Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation 19: 29-46, 2022
ISSN 1823-3902
E-ISSN 2550-1909
Research Article
Preliminary Conservation Checklist of Orchid of Gashaka
Gumti National Park, Nigeria
George I. Nodza*, Temitope O. Onuminya, Oluwatoyin T. Ogundipe
Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Lagos,
Akoka, Lagos State, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author: nodzageorge@yahoo.com; gnodza@unilag.edu.ng
Received 17 January 2022|Reviewed 22 March 2022|Accepted 20 May 2022|Published 15 October 2022
https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v19i.3936
ABSTRACT
A preliminary checklist of the Orchidaceae of Gashaka Gumti National Park (GGNP)
is presented, based on previous reports on the flora of GGNP and recent botanical
explorations. The results from this study recorded 80 orchid species in 38 genera.
The collection consists of 84% epiphytes and 16% terrestrial orchids. The genera with
highest number of species are the Bulbophyllum (16 species) and Polystachya (11
species), while Habenaria is the richest terrestrial genus with five species.
Afropectinariella gabonensis, Bulbophyllum renkinianum and Rhipidoglossum
polydactylum are newly recorded for Nigeria. Other noteworthy taxa include
Angraecopsis elliptica, Bulbophyllum calvum, Holothrix aphylla and Tridactyle
tridentata which are some of the rarest orchid species in Nigeria. The highest species
number was recorded in the lowland forest of the southern sector, particularly
Kwano, with 42 species, followed by 29 species in the montane forest, five species
in the savanna woodland, and four taxa in the lowland gallery forest. Our study
identified recent transhumance to the enclave of the park (leading to grazing), and
illegal logging of Pterocarpus erinaceous and Afzelia africana as the major
noticeable threats to the continued existence of orchid species in GGNP. Therefore,
further inventories with rigorous techniques such as the tree climbing technique are
warranted for an exhaustive inventory and effective conservation of the orchid flora
of GGNP.
Keywords: Chabbal Hendu, Kwano, Montane vegetation, Gumti sector, Orchidaceae
Introduction
Nigeria flora has been better explored and documented than most other West
African countries, particularly the Orchidaceae (Sanford, 1971). Of the 401
species of orchids recorded in West Africa, 157 species are recorded in Nigeria
(Sanford, 1969a). After that, Segerbäck (1983) recorded 104 species. Recently
there has been comparatively less botanical research on orchids in Nigeria. This
lack of interest could be due to a lack of experts working in the group or due to
30
Nodza et al.
the morphological complexity of orchids. Consequently, this has halted the
utilization of orchid species for scientific and aesthetic research in the country
(Folorunso & Jayeola, 2009). Eventhough research on orchids from Nigeria spans
well over several decades, certain areas of the country’s botanical areas were
less explored or not sampled. Also, there is no accurate checklist nor
conservation notes on the orchids of Nigeria hence the published investigations
of Summerhayes (1968), Sanford (1968, 1969 & 1971), are used as the only
reference guides for the orchids of the country. With exception to the reports
of Chapman & Chapman (2001), Akinsoji (1996, 2005 & 2016) and Umar et al.
(2019), the available reports on orchids of Nigeria do not mention the orchids of
Gashaka Gumti National Park (GGNP) thus this area remains poorly documented
and the orchid there are less known.
In recent times, orchid in GGNP is threatened by disturbances resulting from
several anthropogenic activities leading to habitat loss. Floristic studies are the
primary means by which the plant diversity of an area can be understood (Harris
et al., 2012). Obtaining information on distribution patterns of threatened
species like orchids and compiling these in the form of a checklist is pivotal for
conservation planning (Shaheen et al., 2016). Also, providing an updated
checklist will help contribute to forthcoming research into taxonomy and other
aspects of Nigerian orchids (Lehnebach, 2003). Therefore, the study aimed to
provide a comprehensive preliminary account of Orchidaceae occurring in
GGNP, to inform conservation strategies and management decisions for better
management of the national park flora diversity.
Material and Methods
Vegetation types of the study area
Gashaka-Gumti National Park (6,731 km2; 06° 55’ N, 11° 13’E) is the largest
protected area within Nigeria, established through a federal decree in 1991 by
the merging of two previously existing forest reserves (Sommer & Ross, 2011;
Gumnior & Sommer, 2011). This park is managed by Nigeria National Park
Service (NPS) Authority, under the Federal Ministry of Environment of Nigeria.
The Park consists of two sectors: the northern sector, which is completely flat,
and the southern sector, which is mountainous. The southern sector (Gashaka)
varies in elevation from 300 m to 2,467 m and consists of mixed rugged terrain,
with steep slopes, deep plunging valleys, precipitatious escarpments, and
swiftly flowing rivers (Sommer & Ross 2011; Dunn, 1993). The highest mountain
in Nigeria, Chabbal Wadde with a height of 2,647 m above sea level is located
in the Southeast of the park adjoining the Nigerian-Cameroon border (Sommer
Orchid of Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria
31
& Gumnior, 2011). The climatic conditions of the park support forest vegetation,
with a maximum annual rainfall of 1,977 mm, mean minimum temperature of
20.9 °C, and mean maximum temperature of 31.9 °C (Mucunguzi, 2007; Malhi et
al., 2013). Although the soils within the park have not been systematically
examined, Dunn (1999) and Chapman & Chapman (2001) reported humic ferrisols
and lithosols as the soil types occurring at higher altitudes. Ferruginous tropical
soils on crystalline acid rocks are found at lower elevation and alluvial soils in
broad river valleys (Dunn, 1993). The park consists of seven habitat types:
lowland gallery forest, riverine or riparian forest, montane forest, derived
savanna, southern and northern Guinea savanna, and montane grassland. Access
to this park by local communities is illegal. Therefore, hunting, fishing, timber,
firewood, and other non-timber products’ collection is illegal. Seasonal bush
fires in the savanna area are common especially from December to January.
Sometimes this fire enters some forests causing damage especially to the
understorey species of plants. See Figure 1 for map of study area.
Figure 1. Map of GGNP showing main sampling areas.
32
Nodza et al.
For this study, orchids were collected from the following vegetation types within
GGNP:
The Lowland Forest: Kwano (7°20΄N, 11°35΄E)
The vegetation at Kwano consists of a mosaic of derived savanna in the old
human settlement and a block of typical rainforest down Mayo Ngiti, which is
probably the only remnant intact rainforest in northeastern Nigeria, with little
or no human interference. The emergent trees grow up to a height of about
35-40 m, forming large buttresses as in Ceiba pentandra (L.)
Gaertn, (Malvaceae) Entandrophragma angolense (Welw.) C.D.C. (Meliaceae),
Spondias microcarpa A. Rich. (Anacardiaceae) and Khaya grandifoliola C.D.C.
(Meliaceae). Further east, towards the Selbe footpath, there exist several
gallery forests characterized by several lianas such as Acacia
pentagona (Schumach.) Hook. f, (Fabaceae), Landolphia owariensis P. Beauv,
(Apocynaceae), Chasmanthera dependens Hochst, (Menispermaceae) Psychotria
vogeliana (Benth.) (Rubiaceae) amongst others. The transition between the
lowland forest and the montane forest is around Tonga, an old settlement that
extends to a hill called “Hitler” by the locals. A mosaic of rainforest exists here
with most vegetation completely open and dominated by the invasive
species Chromolaena odorata L (Asteraceae) forming a thicket at the edge of
the forest.
Submontane and montane area (1,500-2,000 m asl)
Chabbal Hendu: 7°21΄N, 11°44΄E, 2,000m asl
The montane and submontane areas visited are Chabbal Ta’ale (7°22΄N,
11°36΄E), Chabbal Hendu (7°22΄N, 11°36΄E7°21΄N, and 11° 44΄E) and
Gangirwal located at (°7°21΄N, 11°41΄E).
True montane vegetation in Nigeria is only found at Chabbal Hendu (Akinsoji,
1996; 2005), and Gangirwal which is an extension of Chabbal Hendu (CH), 32 km
to the north (Chapman & Chapman, 2001). These are the two highest peaks in
Nigeria, located at an altitude ranging from 2,000 to 2,467 m asl. Most forest at
CH is located along streams, maintaining constant water year-round. The forest
is characterized by luxuriant vegetation, strewn with ferns and orchid species.
While the vegetation of Gangirwal is similar to that of CH, most of the forest is
located at the escarpment and therefore is not easily accessible. The NigeriaCameroon frontier passes through the highest part of Gangirwal (Chapman &
Chapman, 2001; Ezukanma et al., 2017). The montane vegetation is
characterized Grasslands in Gangirwal by elevated montane grassland and a
typical montane forest along the valleys dominated by Loudetia simplex (Nees)
C. E. Hubbard, (Poaceae) Elionurus argenteus Nees (Poaceae) and Rhytachne
Orchid of Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria
33
rottboellioides Desv. (Poaceae) (Chapman & Chapman, 2001). Trees here do not
form a canopy, with the emergent species not exceeding 35 m in height. They
include Entandrophragma
angolense C.D.C.
(Meliaceae)
and Newtonia
buchananii (Baker)
G.C.C.
Gilbert
&
Boutique
(Fabaceae),
with Pouteria altissima (A. Chev.) Baehni, (Fabaceae) as the most commonly
distributed (Chapman et al., 2004). Other tree species are Albizia
gummifera C.A.Sm. (Fabaceae), Ixora foliosa Hiern, (Rubiaceae) Warneckea
acutifolia (De
Wild.)
Jacq.-Fél.,
(Melastomataceae)
Pterygota
mildbraedii Engl., (Sterculiaceae) Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman,
(Rosaceae) Schefflera abyssinica Harms, (Araliaceae) and Syzygium
guineense subsp. bamendae F. White in the family Fabaceae, (see Chapman &
Chapman, 2001 for a complete description of Northeastern Nigerian montane
forest). Although farming activities seem to be completely absent from some
locations (e.g., Gangirwal), vegetation deterioration is at an alarming rate due
to fire damage from seasonal bush burning and cattle grazing, which is now
posing a major concern for the continual existence of local plant diversity. These
often result in erosion surfaces on the underlying basement complex (Chapman
& Chapman 2001). In turn, CH is probably the largest grazing enclave within
GGNP. Cattle graze the montane grass throughout the year and graze along the
streams in the dry seasons. This is the most obvious threat to the montane
forest. Cattle grazing is very evident everywhere on montane vegetation with
most of the vegetation trampled, thereby reducing the rate of regeneration
(Chapman & Chapman, 2001). Slash-and-burn farming is also expected to
increase due to the migration of people into the montane region.
For the submontane vegetation, we surveyed Mayo Sabere (920 m asl), Filinga
(1,200 m asl), and Ta’ale (1,400 m asl). Ta’ale is about 3-4 km further east of
Kwano (Gashaka Biodiversity Project Camp). It is the continuous extension of
Chabbal Hendu enclave located at altitudes of 1,650 m asl. The vegetation here
is predominantly grassland, with scattered trees that do not form a canopy. The
emergent trees do not exceed 25 m; they include Combretum molle R.Br. ex G.
Don, (Combretaceae), Entada abyssinica Steud. ex A. Rich. (Fabaceae),
Psorospermum febrifugum Spach (Hypericaceae), Syzygium guineense, (Wild.)
D.C.
(Fabaceae),
Croton
macrostachyus Hochst.
ex Del.
(Combretaceae) and Harungana
madagascariensis Lam.
ex Poir.
(Hypericaceae). The vegetation here is progressively experiencing slash-andburn farming from its inhabitants. To the north of Chabbal Ta’ale, there is the
rocky former settlement of Tonga Hill, which is the transition between lowland
forest and montane forest. There is human settlement here; this area is
34
Nodza et al.
experiencing slash-and-burn farming, with rapid expansion and a bush fallow
farming system.
Savanna woodland (500m) (7o25'N, 11o31'E)
This vegetation type is predominantly distributed at the lowest elevations of the
park. It is dominated by tall coarse grasses reaching a height of about 2 m
(Andropogon gayanus Kunth family Poaceae) and some trees. Uapaca
togoensis Pax (Euphorbiaceae) seems to be the dominant woody species. Other
abundant tree species include Afzelia africana Sm., Annona senegalensis Pers
(Annonaceae), Crossopteryx febrifuga Rubiaceae (G.Don) Benth, Daniellia
oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. & Dalziel, (Fabaceae) Nauclea latifolia Sm
(Rubiaceae), Piliostigma
thonningii (Schum.)
Milne-Redhead
(Fabaceae), Prosopis africana (Guill. & Pen.) Taub., (Fabaceae), Parkia
biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth (Fabaceae), Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn
(Sapotaceae) and Terminalia spp (Combretaceae), while Brachystegia
eurycoma Harms (Fabaceae) is the dominant tree along the rivers. This
vegetation is considerably degraded and affected by humans. For
example, Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir (Fabaceae) and Afzelia africana Pers. are
often pollarded to feed cattle and their bark is collected for medicinal purposes
(Akinsoji, 1996 & Sommer & Ross, 2011).
Sample collection and identification
Several field campaigns took place between 2012 and 2019, during which living
plants and herbarium specimens were collected. Identification of the samples
was carried out using detailed comparison with herbarium reference specimens
from the National Herbarium Yaoundé (YA) and Forest Herbarium Ibadan (FHI).
The keys from Hutchinson and Dalziel (1954), Summerhayes (1968), Szlachetko
& Olszewski (2001a, 2001b) were used for identification. We deposited samples
at the Lagos University Herbarium (LUH), at the University of Lagos. Plants that
were not fertile at the time of collection were cultivated and monitored in the
shade house in the University of Lagos until they produced flowers, which
enabled accurate identification following Sanford (1970a) and Stévart et al.,
(2010).
Results and Discussion
Distribution and floristic composition of the orchid flora in GGNP
Results from the survey within the study area recorded a total of 80 taxa
belonging to 37 genera (Table 1). Bulbophyllum Thouars (16 taxa)
and Polystachya Hook. (11 taxa) are the most species-rich genera of epiphytic
Orchid of Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria
35
orchids in GGNP while Habenaria represents the richest terrestrial genus with
five species. These number of species recorded from GGNP alone represents
about 26% of the combined orchid flora of Nigeria recorded by Sanford (1968,
1969a & 1971) approximately 157 species, Segerbäck (1983) illustrating 104
species, and Govaerts et al. (2018) 305 species compiled from the World
Checklist of Monocots of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (Droissart et al., 2019).
Of all the species recorded, three represent new national records,
Afropectinariella gabonensis (Summerh.) M. Simo & Stévart, Bulbophyllum
renkinianum Laurent (De Wild.), and Rhipidoglossum polydactylum (Kraenzl.)
Garay. In addition, four of the rarest orchid species in the country,
viz. Angraecopsis
elliptica Summerh, Bulbophyllum
calvum Summerh, Holothrix aphylla (Forssk.) Rchb.f., and Tridactyle
tridentata Schltr., were recollected after 58 years from the same vegetation
belt. The highest number of species was recorded in the lowland forest (42
species), followed by the montane forest (29 species), the savanna woodland
(five species) and the lowland gallery forest (four species) (Figure 2). With
regard to growth form, most orchids (84 %) were epiphytic, while only 16 % were
terrestrial, recorded mostly in the savanna woodland of the study area.
Figure 2. Distribution of orchids of GGNP in different vegetation types.
The majority of the species recorded in GGNP are epiphytic (84 %), which agrees
with the general pattern found in most tropical orchid floras (Swartz & Dixon
2009, Zhang et al., 2016). The epiphytic orchids with most species belonged to
Bulbophyllum and Polystachya, which are the two most-species epiphytic orchid
genera in tropical Africa. Species richness in these genera is consistent with the
36
Nodza et al.
report of Kurzweil (1992) on the orchid flora of Mt Mulanje in Malawi, Szlachetko
(2008), in his study of the Orchidaceae of Ivory Coast, and Simo et al., (2009),
who recorded the highest number of species from these genera from Mbam
Mikon hills in Cameroon. We recorded the highest number of species (45 taxa)
from the lowland forest around Kwano. This area is highly protected, with
minimal anthropogenic interference. In the northern sector of GGNP, we
recorded four taxa only. This area is dominated by savanna woodland and have
been highly impacted by cattle grazing and consistent annual fire burning
(Gumnior & Sommer, 2011). This comparative high species richness in the
mountainous region of GGNP is possibly due to the heterogeneity of mountains
habitats, which provide different habitats for the survival of several species and
climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) provide a good potential
explanation for orchid species richness along the mountainous areas (Acharya et
al., 2011 & Zhang et al., 2016). However, orchid species richness could be
influenced by the level of habitat disturbance, climatic conditions such as
temperature, moisture availability, humidity, precipitation (length of the dry
season), and amount of rainfall and availability of undisturbed sites (Blanchard
& Runkle 2006, Sanford 1970a).
Conservation threats
Undoubtedly, orchids are among the most threatened flowering plants (Zhao et
al. 2021). Major threats highlighted to be facing orchids include habitat
destruction, unsustainable harvest for horticulture, food, or medicine and
exacerbated by climate change (IUCN/SSC Orchid Group 1996; Swarts & Dixon
2009; Zhang et al., 2015; Kull et al., 2016; Fay 2018). These result from
deforestation, logging, fire, road construction, and the expansion of forest
plantations and agricultural activities (Simo et al., 2009; Gale et al., 2018). In
this study area, despite being a protected area; the orchid species here are
jeopardized by illegal recent transhumance into the enclave of GGNP, which
leads to illegal grazing in the national park. This livestock grazing negatively
affects plant growth, community structure, ecosystem functioning, and services
especially in the grasslands (Kirk et al., 2019; Rahmanian et al., 2019), and
changes the floristic composition and the structure of herbaceous orchids
species (Sonne et al., 2014). During grazing, most herdsmen looped branches of
Afzelia africana Sm, where the leaves are used as forage for livestock. Similarly,
several species are illegally harvested as fuel woods especially the Uapca
togoensis Pax which is regarded as a softwood by the locals. This selective
logging activities result in significant changes in forest structure, composition
and function. It affects the epiphytic orchids by reducing the available habitat
for the species and also alters the microclimate in the forest thereby leading to
Orchid of Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria
37
species loss (Padmawathe et al., 2004). Together, these activities are leading
to sharp forest fragmentation and habitat loss. In turn, one of the major
noticeable threats, especially in the savanna woodland of the park and the
lowland gallery forest vegetation, is phorophyte destruction around the enclave
of GGNP, the greatly been decimated species of Pterocarpus erinaceous, Afzelia
africana have and locally extinct at the buffer zones of the park. Recently,
interest has been shifted to logging of Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.)
Brenan (Fabaceae) Brachystegia eurycoma Harms (Fabaceae), Pseudospondias
microcarpa (A. Rich.) Engl., (Fabaceae) and several other large trees for timber
exportation. To this day almost all the proximate ancestral vegetation in GGNP
has been destroyed through livestock grazing and incessant logging. Regrettably,
attention has been shifted away from the national park, and illegal logging has
taken place in the park. Most of the species logged are phorophytes for orchids
in the study area. For example, Afzelia africana Sm and Uapca togoensis Pax
have been reported as one of the phorophytes for epiphytic orchids and other
epiphytes in the park (Akinsoji 2016). These activities are capable of causing
drastic changes in the forest structure and subsequently affect the growth and
diversity of the epiphytic species in particular (Jalal, 2012). Cattle grazing has
a significant detrimental impact on the growth and survival of terrestrial plants
(Narantsetseg et al., 2018), a result of trampling. Often, the cattle are capable
of eating not only young flowering buds but also whole orchid plants (Jalal,
2012). Grazing and trampling, together, can influence the composition of the
diversity of the terrestrial orchid.
In recent years, gold mining has rapidly increased across the southern sector of
the park, especially along the riverbank, which contributes to deforestation in
some locations. Most of the forest loss within the riverbank of the park is caused
by artisanal miners. The mining activities leave in their wake extensive soil
erosion, and rivers and streams full of soil from the mining sites. This gold mining
usually results in the felling of trees, mostly Brachystegia eurycoma which are
the dominant species of the riverbank. This species is an important phorophyte
of many orchid species in this study area (Akinsoji 2005). Considering all these
threats, the very survival of some of the orchid species in this area are in peril,
given the fact that protected areas are no longer spared from anthropogenic
activities.
38
Nodza et al.
Plate 1: A-J= Aerangis biloba, Tridactyle tridentata, Bulbophyllum falcatum var. bufo, B.
lupulinum, B. intertextum, Calyptrochilum christyanum, Diaphananthe vesicata,
Cyrtorchis arcuata, Cyrtorchis aschersonii
Orchid of Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria
39
Plate 2: J-R= Habenaria zambesina, Eulophia cucullata, Habenaria malacophylla,
Plectrelminthus caudatus, Eulophia horsfallii, Eulophia cristata, Tridactyle anthomaniaca,
Rhipidoglossum polydactylum, Polystachya laxiflora
40
Nodza et al.
Conclusion
With the number of species recorded and the new taxa first recorded for Nigeria
in this study, it is possible that knowledge of the orchid flora of GGNP is far from
complete. We can ascertain this study area is a haven for orchid diversity in
Nigeria given the number of species recorded. Unfortunately, however, there
are looming threats facing this area, with the montane vegetation appearing to
be more vulnerable, predominantly from grazing and constant annual burning
by inhabitants of the enclave. Therefore, further inventories are warranted to
further our knowledge of the regional orchid flora and guarantee its
conservation.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the British Ecological Society (Grant No.
EA19/1131). We are grateful to João Farminhão for his constructive comments
on the earlier version of this paper. Special thanks to Vincent Droissart and Phil
Cribb for plant identification. We are highly indebted to the management of the
National Park Service for granting the permits through Gashaka Gumti National
Park to carry out this work. We especially thank the Park Rangers, Lucas Bello,
and Mackson Azika, who participated in the field trip throughout. This work
would have been impossible without the hospitality of Ardo Gori (Now Sarkin
Fulani) of Chabbal Hendu who hosted us. Also thanks to Mr. Tunde Morakinyo of
Africa Nature Investor (ANI) for the photo of Eulophia horsfallii.
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing
interests.
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Table 1. List of the orchid taxa collected at GGNP during the survey, including their habitats.
S/N
Species
Habit
Savanna
1
Aerangis biloba (Lindl.) Schltr.
E
X
2
Aerangis kotschyana (Rchb.f.) Schltr.
E
10
E
3
Afropectinariella gabonensis* (Summerh.) M.
Simo & Stévart
Afropectinariella pungens (Schltr.) M.Simo &
Stévart
Ancistrorhynchus capitatus (Lindl.) Summerh.
E
X
X
4
Ancistrorhynchus clandestinus (Lindl.) Schltr.
E
X
X
5
Ancistrorhynchus recurvus Finet
E
6
Angraecopsis elliptica Summerh.
E
18
B. falcatum var. velutinum (Lindl.) J.J.Verm.
E
10.
12
Bolusiella zenkeri (Kraenzl.) Schltr.
E
11.
15
Bulbophyllum calvum Summerh.
E
12.
16
Bulbophyllum cochleatum Lindl.
E
13.
26
E
14.
17
15.
14
16.
13
Bulbophyllum cochleatum var. tenuicaule
(Lindl.) J.J.Verm.
Bulbophyllum falcatum Var. falcatum (Lindl.)
Rchb.f.
Bulbophyllum falcatum var. bufo (Lindl.)
Govaerts
Bulbophyllum imbricatum Lindl.,
17.
19
Bulbophyllum intertextum Lindl.
E
18.
20
Bulbophyllum lupulinum Lindl.
E
19.
21
Bulbophyllum oreonastes Rchb.f.
E
20.
22
Bulbophyllum oxychilum Schltr.
E
21.
23
Bulbophyllum pumilum (Sw.) Lindl.
E
X
22.
24
Bulbophyllum renkinianum* (Laurent) De Wild.
E
X
23.
25
Bulbophyllum schimperianum Kraenzl.
E
24.
27
Bulbophyllum sp
E
11
Lowland
gallery
forest
X
Lowland
rainforest
Montane
forest
X
X
X
E
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
E
E
X
E
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Orchid of Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria
45
25.
28
Bulbophyllum winkleri Schltr.
E
X
26.
29
E
X
X
X
27.
30
E
X
X
X
28.
33
Calyptrochilum
christyanum
(Rchb.f.)
Summerh.
Calyptrochilum emarginatum (Afzel. ex Sw.)
Schltr.
Corymborkis corymbis Thouars
29.
35
Cyrtorchis arcuata (Lindl.) Schltr.
E
30.
36
Cyrtorchis aschersonii (Kraenzl.) Schltr.
E
31.
37
Cyrtorchis chailluana (Hook.f.) Schltr.
E
32.
38
Cyrtorchis ringens (Rchb.f.) Summerh.
E
33.
39
Diaphananthe bidens (Afzel. ex Sw.) Schltr.
34.
31
35.
40
36.
32
37.
E
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
E
X
X
Diaphananthe odoratissima (Rchb. f.) P.J.Cribb
& Carlsward
Diaphananthe pellucida (Lindl.) Schltr.
E
X
X
E
41
Diaphananthe vesicata (Lindl.) P.J.Cribb &
Carlsward
Disa equestris Rchb.f.
T
38.
42
Disa welwitschii Rchb.f.
T
39.
7
E
40.
8
Dolabrifolia aporoides (Summerh.) M.Simo &
Stévart
Dolabrifolia disticha (Lindl.) M. Simo & Stévart
E
X
41.
9
E
X
42.
43
Eichlerangraecum eichlerianum (Kraenzl.)
Szlach., Mytnik & Grochocka
Eulophia cristata (Afzel. ex Sw.) Steud.
T
X
43.
44
Eulophia cucullata (Afzel. ex Sw.) Steud.
T
X
44.
45
Eulophia horsfallii (Batem.) Summerh.
T
X
45.
46
Graphorkis lurida (Sw.) O. Kuntze
T
X
46.
47
Habenaria longirostris Summerh.
T
X
47.
48
Habenaria malacophylla Rchb.f.
T
48.
49
Habenaria mannii Hook.f.
T
X
49.
50
Habenaria procera (Sw.) Lindl.
T
X
50.
51
Habenaria zambesina Rchb.f.
T
X
51.
52
Holothrix aphylla (Forssk.) Rchb.f.,
T
X
52.
53
Liparis nervosa (Thunb.) Lindl.
T
X
53.
54
Malaxis chevalieri Summerh,
T
X
54.
55
Nervilia sp.
T
X
55.
56
Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl
T
56.
57
Plectrelminthus caudatus (Lindl.) Summerh.
E
57.
58
Podangis dactyloceras (Rchb. f.) Schltr.
E
58.
59
Podangis rhipsalisocia (Rchb.f.) P.J.Cribb &
Carlsward
E
X
E
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
46
Nodza et al.
59.
60
Polystachya alpina Lindl.
E
X
60.
61
Polystachya bennettiana Rchb.f.
E
X
61.
62
Polystachya cooperi Summerh.
E
X
62.
63
Polystachya dolichophyla Schltr.
E
63.
64
Polystachya elegans Rchb.f.
E
64.
65
Polystachya laxiflora Lindl.
E
65.
66
Polystachya modesta Rchb.f.
E
X
66.
67
Polystachya odorata Lindl.
E
X
67.
68
Polystachya paniculata (Sw.) Rolfe
E
68.
69
Polystachya sp.
E
69.
70
Polystachya tessellata Lindl.
E
X
X
70.
71
Rangaeris rhipsalisocia (Rchb.f.) Summerh.
E
X
X
71.
34
E
X
72.
72
Rhipidoglossum
brachyceras
(Summerh.)
Farminhão & Stévart
Rhipidoglossum kamerunense (Schltr.) Garay
E
X
73.
73
Rhipidoglossum polydactylum* (Kraenzl.) Garay
E
X
74.
74
Solenangis clavata (Rolfe) Schltr.
T
X
75.
75
Stolzia sp .
E
X
X
76.
78
Tridactyle tridactylites (Rolfe) Schltr.
E
X
X
77.
76
Tridactyle anthomaniaca (Rchb.f.) Summerh.
E
X
X
78.
77
Tridactyle bicaudata (Lindl.) Schltr.
E
79.
79
Tridactyle tridentata* (Harv.) Schltr.
E
80.
80
Vanilla sp.
T
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
The species marked with an asterisk (*) are being reported for the first time from the park.
X
X
X