Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences
Abbreviated Key Title: Sch Acad J Biosci
ISSN 2347-9515 (Print) | ISSN 2321-6883 (Online)
Journal homepage: https://saspublishers.com
Biodiversity, Conservation Biology and Botany
Using Endemic Rubiaceae of the Lower Guinea Domain to Locate the
Priority Sites1* for Conservation in Cameroon
1
1
Hermann Taedoumg , Louis-Paul Roger Kabelong Banoho , Nicole Liliane Maffo Maffo
1
Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
DOI: 10.36347/sajb.2021.v09i03.003
| Received: 07.02.2021 | Accepted: 15.03.2021 | Published: 20.03.2021
*Corresponding author: Hermann Taedoumg
Abstract
Original Research Article
From herbarium specimens and literature review of Rubiaceae, we established a list of 387 endemic taxa (species,
subspecies and varieties) from Lower Guinea Domain, with 288 present in Cameroon. Two hundred and three taxa
having specimens from BM, BR, BRLU, P, K, MO, SCA, WAG, and YA were taken into account in our analyses. The
specific diversity was determined by counting the number of species per grid square with Arc view 3.3. The distribution
maps are obtained by projecting the coordinates of collecting sites on map of Cameroon. It appears that there are several
hotspots of Rubiaceae in Cameroun. Four principal zones are distinguished: Mount Cameroon area (86 taxa), Kupe and
Bakossi area (66 taxa), Bipindi-Akom II area (68 taxa), and Yaounde and its surroundings (28 taxa). The most
significant factor to explain the endemism and the specific richness of Rubiaceae in Cameroun is altitude. The high
precipitation and the continental gradient also play an important role in explaining this richness. The confinement of
endemic Rubiaceae in Atlantic forests seems to be an argument in favor of this hypothesis. The area around Yaoundé and
the massifs around Bipindi have no conservation status. Both areas are under permanent threat from logging and
slash-and-burn agriculture and from ever-increasing population pressures. There is an urgent need for conservation
measures to be taken to protect these forests, the importance of which is highlighted in this study. Yaounde is a large
urban agglomeration and the easily accessible hills could be, in the medium term, financially viable through ecotourism.
Keywords: Rubiaceae, Distribution, Specific richness, Endemism, Lower Guinea Domain, Cameroon.
Copyright © 2021 The Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original
author and source are credited.
INTRODUCTION
The conclusions of the 1992 United Nations
Conference in Rio de Janeiro state that biodiversity
refers to the variability of living organisms from all
sources, including terrestrial, marine and aquatic
ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they
are part. Biodiversity is therefore the basis for the proper
functioning of ecosystems that provide essential goods
and services for human subsistence. Natural resources
have always been used to meet the primary needs of
communities, not only to provide food, fuelwood, and
building materials, but also to enable the economic
(small- and large-scale), social, and cultural
development of peoples [1]. Areas teeming with rich
biodiversity generally tend to blend in with those with
some of the world's poorest populations [2]. With an area
of over 2,000,000 km2, the forests of Central Africa is,
after the Amazon, the second largest forest on our planet
[3]. The forests present in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea
and Gabon constitute about 20% of this large forest
complex. Although it represents large areas, this forest
resource is now more threatened than ever by human
activities (industrial plantations, industrial logging) and
galloping demography.
Tropical forest conservation is currently a
major issue; any research to protect significant areas
from deforestation is justified. Conservation requires an
understanding of the historical processes of vegetation
establishment and evolution, as the maintenance of
specific and genetic diversity certainly depends on the
latter factors. The location of forest refuges is an
important tool in this regard. The location of forest
refuges is an important tool in this regard. Indeed, these
refuges constitute areas where lowland and mountain
forests have been maintained during past climatic
changes, in particular, the last ice ages (18,000 years
ago); this has favored the development of a certain
endemism [4]. Studies conducted in Africa on Begonia
[5-7] have shown that these refuges constitute sites with
a very high specific richness and endemism rate. The
development of a method based on the study of indicator
species allowing the location of sites with high
biodiversity without carrying out exhaustive inventories
would be welcome.
Citation: Hermann Taedoumg et al, Using Endemic Rubiaceae of the Lower Guinea Domain to Locate the Priority Sites for
Conservation in Cameroon. Sch Acad J Biosci, 2021 Mar 9(3): 68-83.
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Hermann Taedoumg et al., Sch Acad J Biosci, Mar, 2021; 9(3): 68-83
Rubiaceae family includes about 650 genera
and nearly 13,100 species [8], placing it, after the
Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, and Fabaceae, among the
largest families of Angiosperms. The most famous and
economically valuable genus of the family is Coffea L.
Coffee is the most traded product in the world after oil
[8]. Other economically important Rubiaceae include
Cinchona officinalis L. (quinine), Pausinystalia johimbe
(K. Schum.) Pierre (yohimbine, aphrodisiac), Nauclea
diderrichii (De Wild. & T. Durand) Merr. (Bilinga,
timber), species of Genipa L. (genipapo, beverage),
Calycophyllum DC. (lumber) and Gardenia J. Ellis
(perfume). The family also contains some of the most
beautiful tropical ornamental plants (Ixora L., Gardenia
L., Mussaenda L.). Rubiaceae is a cosmopolitan family;
it is a tree, shrub, vine or herbaceous plant widely
distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate
regions. Most representatives of the family are located in
tropical and subtropical regions. Rubiaceae are present
in all vegetation strata and can sometimes represent up to
50% of the total understory biomass, thus playing an
important ecological role at all levels [9]. The Rubiaceae
of temperate regions are exclusively herbaceous and the
number of species in the family is limited. This vast and
taxonomically complex family has aroused a growing
interest in the last few decades, initiated by the
publication of "Tropical Woody Rubiaceae" [10]. This
pioneering text gives an overview of the characters
(mainly morphological and anatomical, but also
biological and chorological) of the tropical woody
Rubiaceae, proposes a classification of the group, draws
up an inventory of the gaps in knowledge of the family at
the time and suggests avenues for future taxonomic
research.
The present contribution is part of the research
on Rubiaceae and Orchidaceae undertaken to study the
diversity and distribution of Rubiaceae endemic to the
Guinean-Congolian region in Cameroon [11]. The
objective is to locate sites with high diversity and
endemism rates for Rubiaceae. These sites can therefore
be prioritized for protection in order to conserve
biodiversity as effectively as possible. This localization
is, in our opinion, the first step in the conservation effort.
More specifically, the objectives of this paper
are (i) to constitute a database of the Rubiaceae of the
LGD including all the taxa of this zone, using the
available herbarium specimens, the geographical
distribution, the ecological data (altitude, habitat), (ii) to
establish a general distribution map of the species
present in Cameroon and finally (iii) to recommend sites
that can be prioritized in conservation actions in
Cameroon.
The Guinean-Congolian region is subdivided
into 3 domains. The Upper Guinean Domain, the Lower
Guinean Domain (LGD) and the Congolese Domain.
The LGD is the region that encompasses
southeastern Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo,
the enclave of Cabinda, the islands of the Gulf of Guinea
(Bioko, Annobon, Sao Tome and Principe), and the
southern part of Cameroon [12].
MATERIAL ET METHODS
This study is based on the examination of
herbarium specimens available at the Yaoundé National
Herbarium (YA), the Limbe Botanical Garden (SCA)
herbarium as well as those collected during our field
trips. In addition, samples from BM, BR, BRLU, K, P,
and WAG were also included, abbreviations follow
Holmgren et al., [13]. In total 2364 herbaria specimens
were considered in this work.
Data used to set the list of endemic Rubiaceae
of the LGD were obtained from several sources: (i) the
"World Checklist" of Rubiaceae available on the Kew
Botanical Garden Herbarium website; (ii) examination
of herbarium samples collected in Cameroon and
available at BM, BR, BRLU, K, MO, P, SCA, WAG, and
YA; (iii) the bibliography on the Rubiaceae family in
Africa and Cameroon; (iv) the Rubiaceae section of the
Mount Cameroon Plant Checklists [14], Mount Oku
[15], Mount Kupe [16] and Bali Nguemba [17].
Two hundred and three taxa are included in the
analyses for Cameroon, as they have samples present in
the herbaria mentioned above. It should be noted
however, that only samples from YA and SCA were
examined and databased, i.e. 1051 specimens. The
habitats of each species where were collected. A species
reported several times and exclusively in the same
environment is said to be exclusive of this habitat. The
information comes from the herbarium sheets and from
our field observations. The distribution maps were
obtained by georeferencing the collection sites and
exporting them to Arc View 3.3. Specimens with lacking
geographic coordinates (on the herbarium sheets), are
georeferenced from gazetter 60 [18]. Species richness
reflects the number of taxa present in a given grid cell.
Cameroon was divided into grids of different sizes (0.5
degree and 1 degree square). These grids are established
with "Mila Utilities 3.2" and "Geoprocessing"
extensions of Arc View 3.3. Calculation of the number of
species and genera present in each grid was done with
the extension "Counts Points in Polygon".
RESULTS
ENDEMISM AND SPECIFIC RICHNESS OF THE
LOWER GUINEA DOMAIN
Three hundred and eighty-two taxa (species,
subspecies, variety) from 63 genera are endemic to the
LGD. With 288 taxa from 46 genera, Cameroon is the
center of diversity of Rubiaceae endemic to the LGD
(Table-1).
© 2021 Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences | Published by SAS Publishers, India
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Hermann Taedoumg et al., Sch Acad J Biosci, Mar, 2021; 9(3): 68-83
Table-1 Number of taxa endemic or present in each LGD country
Endemic species of the DBG
Species strictly endemic to the
country
Country
Area (km2) Number of
Number of taxa Number of
Percentage of
taxa
/100 km2
taxa
total (%)
Cameroun
475 440
288
0,06
149
51,73
Gabon
267 670
158
0,05
62
39,24
Congo
342 000
18
0,005
3
16,66
Equatorial Guinea
26 000
31
0,11
3
9,67
Nigeria
923 770
63
0,006
1
0,01
Cabinda
7 270
20
0,27
5
25,00
Islands of the Gulf of Guinea 964
38
3,94
10
26,31
To better appreciate the floristic similarity
between Cameroon and the other LGD countries, species
were divided into four categories (Fig-1):
1st category: species common between
Cameroon and each of the countries of the LGD
considered;
2nd category: species absent from Cameroon
and present in each of the countries considered;
3rd category: species present in Cameroon and
absent from the LGD country considered;
4th category: species absent from Cameroon
and from each of the countries considered.
Rubiaceae Endemic to the LGD are reported
from Gabon with 158 taxa, followed by Nigeria with 63
taxa, the Gulf of Guinea countries with 38 taxa,
Equatorial Guinea with 31 taxa, the Cabinda enclave
with 20 taxa and finally Congo with 18 taxa. The number
of genera per country follows almost the same trend.
Meaning that, the number of genera decreases from
Cameroon to Congo, passing through Gabon, Nigeria,
Equatorial Guinea, the Gulf of Guinea islands and
Cabinda.
300
Nbre d'espèces
250
200
150
100
Commun
Non Camer
50
Camer
0
Gab
Nig
G Eq
Cab
Con
Ggi
Non commun
Fig-1: Specific similarities between Cameroon and each country of the Lower Guinea Domain
(Gab = Gabon, Con = Congo, GEq = Equatorial
Guinea, Cab = Cabinda, Nig = Nigeria, Ggi = the Gulf of
Guinea countries, commun: species present in both
countries; non camer: species absent from Cameroon,
but present in the country; Camer: species present in
Cameroon, but absent from the country; non commun:
species absent in Cameroon and in the country)
Cameroon, while Nigeria has only one, Sabicea
urceolata. Congo and Cabinda have the fewest species in
common with Cameroon, 13 and 9 species respectively.
Equatorial Guinea, which shares a border with
Cameroon, has a low floristic similarity with this
country. However, we should expect a higher similarity
close to what is observed for Nigeria and Gabon.
Gabon and Nigeria share 82 and 64 species with
Cameroon respectively, while the others, including
Equatorial Guinea, share less than 27 species with
Cameroon. Similarly, Gabon has 73 species absent from
In terms of strict endemics, Cameroon and
Gabon, with 149 and 62 species respectively, have the
highest number of species (Table-1). There are no LGD
species strictly endemic to Nigeria. The number of
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Hermann Taedoumg et al., Sch Acad J Biosci, Mar, 2021; 9(3): 68-83
endemic LGD species present in each country is also
high in Cameroon and Gabon.
With the exception of Pavetta owariensis var.
glaucescens, and Sherbounia hapalophylla var.
hapalophylla, no species covers the entire LGD.
Aulacocalyx caudata, Mussaenda polita, Pauridiantha
canthiifolia, Pausinistalya johimbe and Vangueriella
chlorantha occur in Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon and
Equatorial Guinea. These four countries share the
coastline that forms a continuum from Nigeria to
Equatorial Guinea. Sabicea urceolata is the only LGD
species strictly endemic to Nigeria.
At the generic level, Psychotria and Pavetta,
with respectively 60 and 45 species, represent about 27%
of the total number of endemic Rubiaceae species of the
LGD. All the species of the genus Coffea endemic to the
LGD are present only in Cameroon and Gabon, the same
is true for the genus Gaertnera.
RUBIACEAE ENDEMIC TO THE LOWER
GUINEA DOMIN PRESENT IN CAMEROON
Ecology of species
Specimens were collected from a wide variety
of habitats. However, Rubiaceae seem to prefer certain
ecological environments. This is the case in particular of
zones with high humidity and high altitude zones
(Table-2). This observation has already been made by
Nguembou [19] and Beina [20] who report the presence
of most Rubiaceae, especially Hedyotideae, in humid
areas. The submontane forests present the greatest
number of exclusive taxa (Rothmannia ebamutensis,
Coffea fotsoana, Chassalia laikomensis...).
Table-2: Habitats and exclusive species.
Number of Exclusive species
species
Secondary roadside vegetation 27
Sabicea gabonica
in forests
Wetlands (stream banks,
91
Belonophora ongensis, Bertiera elabensis, Bertiera rosseeliana, Ixora
wetlands, forest galleries)
euosmia, Tricalysia lasiodelphys, Virectaria angustifolia, Sherbounia
buccularia.
Forest edge
7
None
Degraded forest undergrowth 12
None
Shaded forest undergrowth
43
None
Submontane and montane
61
Alacocalyx camerouniana, Aulacocalyx mapiana, Chassalia
laikomensis, Coffea montekupensis, Ixora foliosa, Psychotria foliosa,
Rothmannia ebamutensis, Coffea fotsoana, Pavetta hookeriana var.
hookeriana, Sabicea urbania
Ruderal areas and crops
33
Bertiera arctistipula
Forest on volcanic soil
27
None
Lighted forest
17
None
Habitats
Distribution and species richness of endemics present
in Cameroon
A total of 2 364 georeferenced herbarium
specimens were included in the mapping. Several maps
were elaborated in this work: a topographic map of
Cameroon obtained by the MTN (Digital Terrain Model)
(Fig-2). This map also mentions the main peaks of
Cameroon and some of the most reported localities in the
herbarium sheets; a general distribution map of
Rubiaceae endemic to the LGD in Cameroon (Fig-3);
two maps showing the species richness made with 0.5
degree (Fig-4) and 1 degree (Fig-5) grids, allow us to
highlight the points of high species richness.
It should be noted that for lack of precise
information on thier distribution, certain specimens or
even certain species were not taken into account in the
cartography; it is about Pavetta longistyla, Tricalysia
fangana and Trichostachys interrupta.
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Hermann Taedoumg et al., Sch Acad J Biosci, Mar, 2021; 9(3): 68-83
Fig-2: Topographic map of Cameroon
Fig-3: General distribution of Rubiaceae of the LGD present in Cameroon
© 2021 Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences | Published by SAS Publishers, India
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Hermann Taedoumg et al., Sch Acad J Biosci, Mar, 2021; 9(3): 68-83
Fig-4: Species richness (0.5x0.5 degree grid cell) (numbers in the grid cells represent the number of species present)
The map with the 0.5 degree grid (Fig-4) shows
quite clearly that medium and high altitude zones are the
richest in endemic Rubiaceae. Four main zones stand
out. One zone in Mount Cameroon (86 species), one in
the Kupe and Bakossi Mountains (66 species), one in
Bipindi and its surroundings (68 species), and one in the
vicinity of Yaoundé (28 species).
Fig-5: Species richness (1x1 degree grid cell) (numbers in the grid cells represent the number of species present)
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The map with the 1 degree grid (Fig-5)
highlights the influence of the continental gradient on
species richness. The coastal zone of Cameroon thus
appears richer than the continental part.
It appears from the general distribution map and
the species richness map that most of the Rubiaceae
endemic to the LGD in Cameroon are found along a strip
that corresponds to what Letouzey [21] calls the Biafran
forests (including the coastal forests). This area, which
extends along the coastal strip, is characterized by very
high average annual rainfall.
DISCUSSION
With 288 LGD taxa recorded, Cameroon has
the greatest specific richness; it is followed respectively
by Gabon, south-eastern Nigeria, the islands of the Gulf
of Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, Cabinda and Congo.
Cameroon also stands out for its rate of endemism,
which is much higher than that of the other countries in
the area. Indeed, of the 387 taxa in the LGD, 148 are
strictly endemic. Gabon follows with 61 taxa. The
floristic similarity of Cameroon in Rubiaceae endemic to
the LGD with Gabon could be explained by the existence
of a strip of coastal forest (forest refuges) that extends
from southern Cameroon, to Gabon and Equatorial
Guinea [7]. Congo and Cabinda are on the fringe of the
LGD, which is why they have the fewest species in
common with Cameroon. On the other hand, Equatorial
Guinea, which shares a border with Cameroon, has little
floristic similarity with Cameroon. One would expect a
higher similarity as is the case for Nigeria and Gabon.
This is probably due to the poor knowledge of the flora
of Equatorial Guinea.
The Rubiaceae reported from southeastern
Nigeria are part of a large group that originates in
Cameroon. This group extends from Port Harcourt in
Nigeria, through Korup National Park and Mount Kupe
to Mount Cameroon [22]. This may explain why Nigeria
has only one species absent from Cameroon.
The low species richness of the other countries
in the area is also due to the lack of extensive sampling.
The lack of data on certain potentially very rich areas has
often led to their erroneous characterization [23]. On the
other hand, many new taxa have been discovered in
Cameroon during the last decade. Indeed, of the 148 taxa
of Rubiaceae endemic to Cameroon considered in this
study, about 40 have been described recently [24-30, 1].
These taxa are generally immediately classified as
endemic to Cameroon; while for some, future
inventories in other countries in the domain could
modify this status.
As for the distribution in Cameroon, the maps
show the existence of several hotspots of Rubiaceae
endemic to the area. The areas that are found to be rich
are overlap on those previously located for Begonia [6,
7], for Rubiaceae [4], Robbrecht [31], for Orchidaceae
[32].
However, it appears here that Yaoundé and its
surroundings mentioned by Sonké et al., [4] as very rich,
seem to be subject to discussion depending on the size of
the grid cells. Indeed, the Yaoundé area shows a high
species richness only on the 1 degree grid map. This
region owes its richness to the mountains that surround it
(Kala, Mbam-Minkom, Eloumden, Nkolbisson). The
distance between these medium-altitude zones makes it
difficult to highlight their richness on the maps,
especially for those with small grids (0.5 degree). On the
other hand, these small grids are ideal for accurately
delineating areas of high richness and endemism. It thus
appears that the species richness attributed to an area
depends closely on the size of the grids chosen; in fact, a
small grid will highlight areas of high species richness
and/or endemism on small surfaces that often fit within a
single grid. A large grid size can make some information
incorrect because it can put together species that in
reality are not.
Several studies have described Mount
Cameroon and its surroundings as one of the most
important hotspots in sub-Saharan Africa for Rubiaceae
and other taxonomic groups [12, 7, 33, 22, 31]. However,
the Bipindi region and its surroundings have a specific
and even generic richness of Rubiaceae that is almost
equal to Mount Cameroon; an observation already made
by Droissart et al., [32] with the Orchidaceae family.
It also appears that the Biafran forests and the
forests of the sub-montane level contain almost all the
Rubiaceae endemic to Cameroon, with a large
proportion of species known from a single locality.
These localities correspond for the most part to the
medium-altitude massifs of southern Cameroon (Bipindi
and Akom II massif) and the southwest (Bakossi and
Kupe massifs). The medium-altitude zones around
Yaoundé also show a fairly interesting richness. The
main factor explaining the variations in species richness
of endemic Rubiaceae seems to be altitude. Spatial
heterogeneity due to the relief (mountains) induces the
establishment of numerous habitats with limited
surfaces; this, associated with favorable climatic
conditions, sets up important speciation mechanisms
[33]. Thus, the more complex the relief of an area, the
higher its specific richness will be.
Speciation alone, however, cannot explain the
endemism and species richness of these areas. In
sub-Saharan Africa, there is a strong correlation between
centers of endemism and areas of high diversity. The
theory of forest refuges from the last ice age may allow
us to justify the endemism of the above-mentioned areas
of high diversity.
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The continental gradient also seems to have
played a significant role in the endemism, species
richness, and distribution of endemic Rubiaceae in
Cameroon. The species richness decreases considerably
with the increase in longitude and therefore with the
distance from the ocean. Thus, the richness decreases
from the Atlantic forests along the coastal strip to the
Congolese forests, passing through the deciduous
forests. This is probably explained by the decrease in
annual rainfall along the same gradient. The high rainfall
could therefore also justify the endemicity of these
hotspots.
The species richness also depends on the
intensity of sampling. In fact, the region located more to
the east of Cameroon seems to suffer from a lack of
surveys, and the same is true for the continental part of
Equatorial Guinea. This raises the inevitable question:
are the zones of great specific richness are they really
rich or simply more prospected than others? Otherwise,
what is the impact of oversampling on the species
richness of an area?
CONCLUSION
The LGD has 387 endemic Rubiaceae taxa.
Cameroon, in addition to its central geographical
position in the LGD, also occupies a central position in
terms of specific richness and rate of endemism. One
hundred and forty eight taxa are exclusive to Cameroon.
However, it should be noted that vast areas in Cameroon
as well as in other countries are still very low
inventoried. Despite all, the present study confirms that
Cameroon has one of the most remarkable species
richness in sub-Saharan Africa.
Altitude appears to be the main factor that
explains the fluctuations in species richness. The
establishment of endemic areas and therefore of species
richness is the result of several factors more or less
related to altitude. But other factors such as speciation
and the continental gradient also contribute to explain
these fluctuations.
Akom II, the third one is located in Mount Kupe and
Bakossi, and the last one is of lesser importance in the
hills around Yaoundé.
Areas around Yaoundé and the massifs around
Bipindi have no conservation status. Both areas are
under permanent threat from logging and slash-and-burn
agriculture and from ever-increasing population
pressures. There is an urgent need for conservation
measures to be taken to protect these forests, the
importance of which is highlighted in this study. The city
of Yaounde is a large urban agglomeration and the easily
accessible hills could in the medium term be financially
viable through ecotourism.
This study proved that Rubiaceae could be
effectively used as bioindicators for the identification of
high biodiversity areas without conducting exhaustive
inventories. However, it is clear that there are many gaps
in data collection. This is true for Rubiaceae as well as
for other taxonomic groups.
Throughout this analysis, areas of high species
richness were by inference considered as areas of
endemism. The use of tools that allow the location of
these areas independently of species richness would be
welcome. Allusion is made here to PAE (Parsimony
Analysis of Endemicity) which is a method for
generating cladograms directly from species distribution
data.
Additional inventories should focus on areas in
east Cameroon and in the other LGD countries,
especially in the mainland of Equatorial Guinea. In
addition, taxonomic research efforts are needed for the
large number of species that have no herbarium
specimens available.
Other taxonomic groups of great numerical
importance (Asteraceae, Fabaceae etc.) should be used in
order to delimit more precisely these areas.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Study of the diversity and distribution of
Rubiaceae endemic to the LGD in Cameroon reveals
four main areas of high diversity. The first one is located
in Mount Cameroon and its surroundings, the second one
is located in the mountainous massifs around Bipindi and
The authors are grateful to the curators and staff
of the Herbaria of Yaounde and Limbe for giving them
access to to their materials and logistics. They also want
to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their useful
comments and suggestions
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ANNEXES
Coffea
Coleactina
Corynanthe
Craterispermum
© 2021 Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences | Published by SAS Publishers, India
GG
Chazaliella
Nig
Calochone
Calycosiphonia
Chassalia
Cab
Bertiera
GEq
Belonophora
Con
Anthospermum
Atractogyne
Aoranthe
Aulacocalyx
Aidia rhacodesepala (K. Schum.) E. M. A. Petit
Aidia rubens (Hiern) G. Taylor
Anthospermum asperuloides Hook. f.
Atractogyne batesii Wernham
Aoranthe annulata (K. Schum.) Somers
Aulacocalyx camerooniana Sonké & S. E. Dawson
Aulacocalyx caudata (Hiern) Keay
Aulacocalyx lamprophylla K. Krause
Aulacocalyx mapiana Sonké & Bridson
Aulacocalyx subulata (N. Hallé) Figueiredo
Aulacocalyx talbotii (Wernham) Keay
Belonophora ongensis S. E. Dawson & Cheek
Belonophora talbotii (Wernham) Keay
Belonophora werhamii Hutch. & Dalziel
Bertiera artistipula N. Hallé
Bertiera elabensis K. Krause
Bertiera heterophylla Nguembou & Sonké
Bertiera lanx N. Hallé
Bertiera laxa var. bamendae Hepper
Bertiera laxissima K. Schum.
Bertiera ledremannii K. Krause
Bertiera longiloba K. Krause
Bertiera retrofracta K. Schum.
Bertiera rosseeliana Sonké, Essono &A.P. Davis
Bertiera thollonii De Wild. & T.Durand
Calochone acuminata Keay
Calycosiphonia uniflora (inédit)
Chassalia Bipindensis Sonké, Nguembou & A.P. Davis
Chassalia cupularis Hutch. & Dalziel
Chassalis laikomensis Cheek
Chassalia pteropetala (K. Schum.) Cheek
chassalia simplex K. Krause
Chassalia subspicata K. Schum.
Chassalia zenkeri K. Schum. & K. Krause
Chazaliellia insidens ssp. Insidens
Chazaliellia letouzeyi Robbr.
Chazaliella obanensis (Wernham) E. M. A. Petit & Verdc.
Chazaliella obovoidea ssp. Villostipula Verdc.
Chazaliella oddonii var. cameroonensis Verdc.
Chazaliella parviflora (R. D. Good) Verdc.
Chazaliella rotundifolia (R. D. Good) E. M. A. Petit & Verdc.
Chazaliella viridicalyx (R. D. Good) Verdc.
Coffea bakossii Cheek & Bridson
Coffea fotsoana Stoff. & Sonké
Coffea heterocalyx Stoff.
Coffea leonimontana Stoff.
Coffea magnistipula Stoff. & Robbr.
Coffea mapiana Sonké, Nguembou & A.P. Davis
Coffea montekupensis Stoff.
Coleactina papalis N. Hallé
Corynanthe mayumbensis (R. D. Good) N. Hallé
Craterispermum aristatum Wernham
Craterispermum inquisitorium var. longipedunculatum R. D.
Good
Craterispermum deblockianum Taedoumg & Hamon
Gab
Aidia
Cam
List of Rubiaceae endemic to the LGD and their distribution
(Numbers in the table: 1 = présence; 0 = absence. Cam = Cameroun, Gab = Gabon, Con = Congo, GEq = Equatorial
Guinea, Cab = Cabinda, Nig = Nigeria, GG = the islands of the Gulf of Guinea)
Genus
Species
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
76
Hymenodyction
Ixora
Lasianthus
Leptactina
© 2021 Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences | Published by SAS Publishers, India
GG
Heinsia
Hekistocarpa
Hymenocoleus
Nig
Galium
Geophila
Cab
Euclinia
Fagodia
Gaertnera
GEq
Didymosalpinx
Ecpoma
Craterispermum gabonicum Taedoumg & De Block
Craterispermum ledermannii K. Krause
Craterispermum parvifolium Taedoumg & Sonké
Craterispermum robbrechtianum Taedoumg & Sonké
Craterispermum rumpianum Taedoumg & Hamon
Craterispermum sonkeanum Taedoumg & Hamon
Cremaspora thomsonii Hiern
Cuviera calycosa Wernham
Cuviera heisteriifolia Mildbr.
Cuviera ledermannii K. Krause
Cuviera leniochlamys K. Schum.
Cuviera physinodes K. Schum
Cuviera pierrei N. Hallé
Cuviera talbotii (Wernham) Verdc.
Cuviera trilocularis Hiern
Cuviera truncata Hutch. & Dalziel
Cuviera wernhamii Cheek in S. Cable & M. Cheek
Didymosalpinx konguensis (Hiern) Keay
Ecpoma apocynacea K. Schum.
Ecpoma geantha (Hiern) N. Hallé
Ecpoma hierniana (Wernham) N. Hallé & F. Hallé
Euclinia squamifera (R. D. Good) Keay
Fagodia cinerascens Robyns
Gaertnera dinklagei K. Schum.
Gaertnera fissistipula (K. Schum. & K. Krause) E. M. A. Petit
Gaertnera salicifolia C.H.Wright ex Baker
Gaertnera spicata K. Schum.
Gaertnera stictophylla (Hiern) E. M. A. Petit
Gaertnera trachystyla (Hiern) E. M. A. Petit
Galium deistelii K. Krause
Geophila aschersoniana Büttner
Geophila emarginata K. Krause
Geophila lancistipula Hiern
Geophila speciosa K. Schum.
Heinsia myrmoecia (K. Schum.) N. Hallé
Hekistocarpa minutiflora Hook. f.
Hymenocoleus glaber Robbr.
Hymenocoleus globulifer Robbr.
Hymenocoleus nervopilosus var. orientalis Robbr.
Hymenodictyon biafranum Hiern
Hymenodictyon bracteatum K. Schum.
Hymenodictyon epidendron Mildbr. ex Hutch. & Dalziel
Hymenodictyon oreophyton Hoyle
Ixora aneimenodesma ssp. Aneimenodesma
Ixora banjoana K. Krause
Ixora batesii Wernham
Ixora delicatula Keay
Ixora euosmia K. Schum.
Ixora foliosa Hiern
Ixora hippoperifera Bremek.
Ixora inundata Hiern
Ixora ledermannii K. Krause
Ixora minutiflora Hiern
Ixora nematopoda K. Schum.
Ixora synactica De Block
Lasianthus longipes K. Krause
Lasianthus urophylloides Good
Leptactina latifolia K. Schum.
Leptactina mannii Hook. f.
Leptactina polyneura K. Krause
Con
Cremaspora
Cuviera
Species
Gab
Genus
Cam
Hermann Taedoumg et al., Sch Acad J Biosci, Mar, 2021; 9(3): 68-83
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1?
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
77
© 2021 Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences | Published by SAS Publishers, India
GG
Pavetta
Nig
Pausinytalia
Cab
Pauridiantha
GEq
Oxyanthus
Leptactina rheophytica Sonké & Neuba
Leptactina tessmannii K. Krause
Mitriostigma barteri Hook. f. ex Hiern
Morinda batesii Wernham
Mussaenda bityensis Wernham
Mussaenda lancifolia K. Krause
Mussaenda leptantha Wernham
Mussaenda macrosiphon Wernham
Mussaenda nijensis Good
Mussaenda polita Hiern
Mussaenda soyauxii Büttner
Mussaenda tenuiflora var. principensis G. Taylor
Mussaenda tenuiflora var. thomensis G. Taylor
Oxyanthus barensis K. Krause
Oxyanthus laxiflorus K. Schum. ex Hutch. & Dalziel
Oxyanthus ledermannii K. Krause
Oxaynthus maymbensis Good
Oxyanthus montanus Sonké
Oxyanthus nangensis K. Krause
Oxyanthus okuensis Cheek & Sonké
Oxyanthus oliganthus K. Schum.
Oxyanthus pulcher K. Schum.
Pauridiantha bulocularis Bremek.
Pauridiantha canthiiflora Hook. f.
Pauridiantha divaricata (K. Schum.) Bremek.
Pauridiantha efferata N. Hallé
Pauridiantha letestuana (N. Hallé) Ntore & Dessein
Pauridiantha micrantha Bremek.
Pauridiantha microphylla R. D. Good
Pauridiantha multiflora K. Schum.
Pauridiantha pierlotii N. Hallé
Pauridiantha pleiantha Ntore & Dessein
Pauridiantha smetsiana Ntore & Dessein
Pauridiantha venusta N. Hallé
Pausinystalia brachythyrsum (K. Schum.) W.Brandt
Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille
Pausinystalia talbotii Wernham
Pavetta annobonensis Bremek.
Pavetta antennifera Wernham
Pavetta baconiella Bremek.
Pavetta bangweensis Bremek.
Pavatta batesiana Bremek.
Pavetta bidentata var sessilifolia S. D. Manning
Pavetta brachycalyx Hiern
Pavetta brachysiphon Bremek.
Pavetta camerounensis ssp. Brevirama S. D. Manning
Pavetta camerounensis ssp. Camerounensis
Pavetta dermatophylla Mildbr.
Pavetta gabonica Bremek.
Pavetta gracilipes Hiern
Pavetta grossissima S. D. Manning
Pavetta hierniana Bremek.
Pavetta hispida Hiern
Pavetta hookeriana var. hookeriana
Pavetta hookeriana var. pubinervata S. D. Manning
Pavetta kribiensis S. D. Manning
Pavetta kupensis S. D. Manning
Pavetta laxa S. D. Manning
Pavetta longibrachiata Bremek.
Pavetta longistyla S. D. Manning
Con
Mitriostigma
Morinda
Mussaenda
Species
Gab
Genus
Cam
Hermann Taedoumg et al., Sch Acad J Biosci, Mar, 2021; 9(3): 68-83
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1?
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
78
Psychotria
© 2021 Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences | Published by SAS Publishers, India
GG
Pouchetia
Pseudosabicea
Nig
Petitiocodon
Poecilocalyx
Cab
Peripeplus
GEq
Pentas
Pavetta macrostemon K. Schum.
Pavetta mpomii S. D. Manning
Pavetta muiriana S. D. Manning
Pavetta namatae S. D. Manning
Pavetta neurocarpa Benth
Pavetta ombrophila Bremek.
Pavetta oresitropha Bremek.
Pavetta owariensis var. glaucescens (Hiern) S. D. Manning
Pavetta owariensis var. opaca S. D. Manning
Pavetta owariensis var. satabiei S. D. Manning
Pavetta plumosa Hutch. & Dalziel
Pavetta renidens (K. Krause) Bremek.
Pavetta rigida Hiern
Pavetta robusta Bremek.
Pavetta rubentifolia S. D. Manning
Pavetta staudtii Hutch. & Dalziel
Pavetta stemonogyne Mildbr. ex Bremek.
Pavetta tenuissima S. D. Manning
Pavetta testui Bremek.
Pavetta urophylla ssp. Bosii S. D. Manning
Pavetta viridiloba var. meurillonii S. D. Manning
Pavetta viridiloba var. viridiloba
Pentaloncha humilis Hook. f.
Pentaloncha rubruflora Good
Pentas ledermannii K. Krause
Pentas nervosa Hepper
Peripeplus bracteosus (Hiern) E. M. A. Petit
Peripeplus klaineanus Pierre
Petitiocodon parviflorum (Keay) Robbr.
Poecilocalyx crystallinus N. Hallé
Poecilocalyx schumannii Bremek.
Poecilocalyx setiflorus (R. D. Good) Bremek.
Pouchetia confertiflora Mildbr.
Pseudosabicea aurifodinae var. aurifodinae
Pseudosabicea aurifodinae var. crystallina N. Hallé
Pseudosabicea batesii (Wernham) N. Hallé
Pseudosabicea medusula (K. Schum. ex Wernham) N. Hallé
Pseudosabicea nobilis (R. D. Good) N. Hallé
Peudosabicea pedicellata (Wernham) N. Hallé
Pseudosabicea proselyta N. Hallé
Pseudosabicea sanguinosa N. Hallé
Pseudosabicea segregata (Hiern) N. Hallé
Pseudosabicea sthenula N. Hallé
Psychotria aemulans K. Schum.
Psychotria alatipes Wernham
Psychotria alluviorum K. Krause
Psychotria articulata (Hiern) E. M. A. Petit
Psychotria bakossiensis Cheek & Sonké
Psychotria bangweana K. Schum.
Psychotria barensis K. Krause
Psychotria batangana K. Schum.
Psyhotria bifaria Hiern
Psychotria bimbiensis Bridson & Cheek
Psychotria brandneriana (L.Linden) Robbr.
Psychotria camerunensis E. M. A. Petit
Psychotria camptopus Verdc.
Psychotria ceratalabastron K. Schum.
Psychotria chrysoclada K. Schum.
Psychotria crassicalyx K. Krause
Psychotria densinerva (K. Krause) Verdc.
Con
Pentaloncha
Species
Gab
Genus
Cam
Hermann Taedoumg et al., Sch Acad J Biosci, Mar, 2021; 9(3): 68-83
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
79
© 2021 Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences | Published by SAS Publishers, India
Nig
GG
Rytigynia
Cab
Rutidea
GEq
Pyrostria
Rothmannia
Psychotria dimorphophylla K. Schum.
Psychotria dodoensis K. Krause
Psychotria dusenii K. Schum.
Psychotria ebensis K. Schum.
Psychotria erythropus K. Schum.
Psychotria fleuryana E. M. A. Petit
Psychotria foliosa Hiern
Psychotria gaboonensis Ruhsam.
Psychotria geophylax Cheek & Sonké
Psychotria globiceps K. Schum.
Psychotria humilis var. humilis
Psychotria ilendensis K. Krause
Psychotria infundibularis Hiern
Psychotria ingentifolia E. M. A. Petit
Psychotria klainei Schnell
Psychotria lanceifolia K. Schum.
Psychotria letouzeyi E. M. A. Petit
Psychotria leucocentron K. Schum.
Psychotria martinetugei Cheek
Psychotria microthyrsa E. M. A. Petit
Psychotria minima Good
Psychotria minimicalyx K. Schum.
Psychotria moliwensis Bridson & Cheek
Psychotria mollipes K. Krause
Psychotria moseskemei Cheek
Psychotria muschleriana K. Krause
Psychotria nebulosa K. Krause
Psychotria oblanceolata (R. D. Good) Ruhsam.
Psychotria oligocarpa K. Schum.
Psychotria owariensis (P.Beauv.) Hiern
Psychotria perbrevis K. Schum.
Pschotria piolampra K. Schum.
Psychotria pleuroneura K. Schum.
Psychotria podocarpa E. M. A. Petit
Psychotria principensis G. Taylor
Psychotria rambouensis De Wild.
Psychotria recurva Hiern in D. Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.)
Psychotria refractiflora K. Schum.
Psychotria rhizomatosa var. minor E. M. A. Petit
Psychotria rubropilosa De Wild.
Psychotria sycophylla (K. Schum.) E. M. A. Petit
Psychotria talbotii Wernham
Psychotria trichanthera K. Schum.
Psydrax bridsoniana Cheek & Sonké
Psydrax dunlapii (Hutch. & Daziel) Bridson
Pyrostria bispathacea (Mildbr.) Bridson
Rothmannia ebamutensis Sonké
Rothmannia jollyana N. Hallé
Rutidea ferruginea Hiern
Rutidea gabonensis Bridson
Rutidea glabra Hiern
Rutidea gracilis var. makokounsis Bridson
Rutidea tenuiccaulis K. Krause
Rytigynia ferruginea Robyns
Rytigynia goosweileri Robyns
Rytiginia krauseana Robyns
Rytigynia lecomtei Robyns
Rytigynia mayumbensis Robyns
Rytiginia membranacea (Hiern) Robyns
Rytigynia subbiflora (Mildbr.) Robyns
Con
Psydrax
Species
Gab
Genus
Cam
Hermann Taedoumg et al., Sch Acad J Biosci, Mar, 2021; 9(3): 68-83
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1
1
1
1
1
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1
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1
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1
1
1
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1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
80
Genus
Species
Cam
Gab
Con
GEq
Cab
Nig
GG
Hermann Taedoumg et al., Sch Acad J Biosci, Mar, 2021; 9(3): 68-83
Sabicea
Sabicea amomii Wernham
Sabicea bigerrica N. Hallé
Sabicea brachiata Wernham
Sabicea cameroonensis Wernham
Sabicea caminata N. Hallé
Sabicea capitellata Benth.
Sabicea composita Wernham
Sabicea cruciata Wernham
Sabicea efulenensis (Hutch.) Hepper
Sabicea fulva Wernham
Sabicea gabonica (Hiern) Hepper
Sabicea gracilis Wernham
Sabicea laxa Wernham
Sabicea leucocarpa (K. Krause) Mildbr.
Sabicea najatrix N. Hallé
Sabicea rufa Wernham
Sabicea schaeferi Wernham
Sabicea spesiosissima K. Schum.
Sabicea stipularioides Wernham
Sabicea trigemina K. Schum.
Sabicea urbaniana Wernham
Sabicea urceolata Hepper
Sabicea xanthotricha Wernham
Schumanniophyton klaineanum Perre ex A.Chev.
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
Schumanniophyton trimerum Good
Sericanthe jacfelicis (N. Hallé) Robbr.
Sericanthe lowryana (inédit)
Sericanthe petitii (N. Hallé) Robbr.
Sericanthe raynaliorum (N. Hallé) Robbr.
Sericanthe testui var. pseudosalacina (N. Hallé) Robbr.
Sherbournia ailarama. N Hallé
Sherbournia buccularia N. Hallé
Sherbournia hapalophylla ssp. hapalophylla
Sherbournia kiliotricha N. Hallé
Sherbournia millenii
Sherbournia myosura N. Hallé
Sherbournia streptocaulon (K. Schum.) Hepper
Spermacoce garuensis (K. Krause) Govaerts
Spermacoce ledermannii (K. Krause) Govaerts
Spermacoce malacophylla (K. Schum.) Govaerts
Spermacoce spermacocina (K. Schum.) Bridson & Puff
Stelechantha arcuata S. E. Dawson
Stelechantha cauliflora (R. D. Good) Bremek.
Stelechantha makakana N. Hallé
Tarenna calliblepharis N. Hallé
Tarenna eketensis var. situtela N. Hallé
Tarenna grandiflora (Benth.) Hiern
Tarenna jolinonii N. Hallé
Tarenna scandens Good
Temnopterix sericea Hook. f.
Tricalysia achoundongiana Robbr., Sonké & Kenfack
Tricalysia amplexicaulis Robbr.
Tricalysia atherura N. Hallé
Tricalysia concolor N. Hallé
Tricalysia fangana (N. Hallé) Robbr.
Tricalysia ferorum Robbr.
Tricalysia idiura N. Hallé
Tricalysia lasiodelphys ssp. anomalura (N. Hallé) Robbr.
Tricalysia lasiodelphys ssp. lasiodelphys
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Schumanniophyt
on
Sericanthe
Sherbournia
Spermacoce
Stelechantha
Tarenna
Temnopterix
Tricalysia
© 2021 Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences | Published by SAS Publishers, India
81
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1
1
1
1
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1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
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0
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0
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0
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