TELOPEA
Volume 2(2): 173–180
Publication Date: 21 August 1981
dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea19814203
T".Ro),al
Journal of Plant Systematics
BOTANIC GARDENS
6 DOPII(liPi Tm st
plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/Telopea • escholarship.usyd.edu.au/journals/index.php/TEL· ISSN 0312-9764 (Print) • ISSN 2200-4025 (Online)
173
Telopea 2 (2): 173-180 (1981)
A CONSPECTUS OF SOLANACEAE TRIBE
ANTHOCERCIDEAE
L. HAEG!
(Accepted for publication 13.2.1981)
ABSTRACT
Haegi, L. (National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney,
Australia 2000) 1981.
19B1. A conspectus of Solanaceae tribe Anthocercideae. Telopea 2 (2):
173-80.~A
summary of the taxonomy of Anthocercis and related genera is presented.
173-1BO.-A
These genera all belong to tribe Anthocercideae which consists of seven genera of which
two, Crenidium Haegi and Grammosolen Haegi, are newly described. Anthocercis Labill.
and Anthotroche End!. are redefined while Cyphanthera Miers is reinstated. The new
name Symonanthus Haegi is provided to replace 1sandra F. Muell. nom. illeg. for another
genus to which 'Anthocercis' aromatica is transferred. Duboisia R. Br. remains
unchanged. Two new species, Crenidium spinescens Haegi and Cyphanthera miersiana
Haegi, and several infraspecific taxa are described. New combinations necessitated by
the reclassification are provided, and a diagnostic key to the genera of tribe
Anthocercideae is presented.
INTRODUCTION
The taxonomy of Anthocercis and related genera has received little attention
since Bentham's (1868) treatment in 'Flora Australiensis'. Since that time a related
new genus (Isandra) and several new species have been described and material
unassignable to existing taxa has been collected. Past disagreement about generic
delimitation (Miers 1853, Bentham 1868) has remained unresolved and the relationships of these genera to other genera in the family have remained unclear (D' Arcy
1979). An overview of this group of genera (Haegi 1979) and pollen-morphological
investigations (Gentry 1979) provided support for its recognition as a distinct tribe
[for which the earliest name is Anthocercideae (Don 1838, as 'Anthocerceae')] but a
sound classification of the group was still lacking. For these reasons a comprehensive
taxonomic revision of the group has been undertaken, and a summary of the
taxonomy, together with nomenclatural changes, are presented here, in advance of
the complete treatment, as a precursor to the imminent volume on Solanaceae for
the new Flora of Australia. In addition to brief discussion of affinities and generic
delimitation under each genus a diagnostic key to genera of the tribe is presented.
The arrangement of the key reflects the generic relationships within the tribe.
DIAGNOSTIC KEY TO GENERA IN TRIBE ANTHOCERCJDEAE G. Don
1.
Anthers bilocular; n = 36; [fruit capsular)
2. Flowers bisexual; corolla with funnel-shaped tube and long ± slender spreading
lobes; stamens 4, didynamous; anthers free; soft-wooded shrubs [9 spp., in
....... ', ........ , .. , ... , ... , ... " .... " ..... , .. ,. 1. Anthocercis
W.A. & S.A.) ..................................................
2. * Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious); corolla with ± cylindrical tube and short
oblique lobes; stamens 3-5, equal; anthers coherent in a cylinder at dehiscence;
herbaceous plants with perennial rootstock [2 spp., in W.A.) " ., .'
2. Symonanthus
1. * Anthers unilocular; n
=
28, 30, 31, 35 or 56
Fruit baccate; plants ± glabrous; inflorescences many-flowered, n = ? 28, 30
spp" in all Aust. states except Tas., Vic., 1 species extending to New Caledonia)
[3 spp.,
.....
" 3. Duboisia
. . . . . ., ..............
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., .' ..........
. . . . . . . . . . ., ., . ., ..
. . ., ., .......
. . . . . . . ., ., ..
. . ., ., ..
. . ,. ..
. . ., ., ...
. . . ., ..
3.* Fruit capsular; plants pubescent (usually densely so) with dendritic eglandular
hairs (simple or forked glandular hairs sometimes predominant); inflorescences
few- to several-flowered
4. Stamens and style included or if exserted then not longer than the broadly
funnel-shaped to patent corolla tube; corolla usually'
usually more than 10 mm,
always more than 5 mm in total length; corolla striations present; leaves
present
5. Stamens 4, didynamous; anthers reniform, oblique at dehiscence; line
of anther dehiscence terminal; n = 30 [9 spp., in all states except N. T.)
. , ... , ........... , . , ... , , , ... , ... , , .. , ........... , ..... , 4. Cyphanthera
.......................................................
3.
Telopea
174
4. *
Vol. 2 (2): 1981
5.* Stamens 5, equal or unequal; anthers hippocrepiform, erect at dehiscence;
line of anther dehiscence abaxial; n = 31 or 56
6. Bracts present within inflorescence; corolla white with purple
striations; corolla lobes glabrous on upper (inner) face, free and
erect in bud; n = 56 [2 spp., in S.A.] ................ S. Grammosolen
6. * Bracts absent from inflorescence; corolla deep violet (though whiteflowered forms rarely occur); corolla lobes densely pubescent with
dendritic hairs on upper (inner) face, coherent and with incurved
apices in bud; n = 31 [3 spp., in W.A.] ................ 6. Anthotroche
Stamens and style exserted, much exceeding the narrow corolla tube in length;
corolla 4 mm or less in total length; corolla striations absent; leaves absent
except on very immature parts; n = 35 [1 sp., in W.A.] ............ 7. Crenidium
1. ANTHOCERCIS Labill.
As treated here the genus Anthocercis is restricted to include only species with
bilocular anthers and bisexual flowers, viz. A. viscosa R. Br., A.jasciculata F. Muell.,
A. angustifolia F. Muell., A. littorea Labill., A. ilicifolia Hook. (formerly included in
A. littorea), A. intricata F. Muell. (including A. arborea F. Muell.), A. genistoides
Miers (including A. spinescens F. Muell.), A. anisantha Endl. and A. gracilis Benth.
Species with unilocular anthers referred to Anthocercis by Cunningham (1825),
Mueller (1855, 1859), Bentham (1846, 1868) and all subsequent authors are assigned
to the reinstated genus Cyphanthera Miers (q. v.). In essence this follows the concept
of Miers (1853). The dioecious species originally described as A. aromatica by
Gardner (1939) is transferred to Symonanthus (q. v.). Three new subspecies in
Anthocercis are here described:
1. Anthocercis anisantha End!. ssp. collina Haegi, ssp. nov. a ssp. anisantha ramis
foliisque praecipue in partibus immaturis trichomatibus appressis antrorsis
eglandulosis breviter tomentosis non trichomatibus longis porrectis glandulosis
pubescentibus differt.
HOLOTYPUS: A. E. Orchard 2171, southwestern part ofYandinga Gorge [32° 33' S, 135° 20' E],
c. 50 km north of Minnipa, Gawler Ranges, South Australia, 15.8.1969 (AD). lsotypi: CANB,
K, MO, PERTH distribuendi.
A. anisantha ssp. collina differs from ssp. anisantha in the branches and leaves
(particularly on the immature parts) being closely tomentose mainly with antrorse,
appressed eglandular hairs. In ssp. anisantha the indumentum is of long porrect
glandular hairs. The new subspecies is confined to the Gawler Ranges and certain
isolated hilltops of northern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. The epithet, from the
Latin collis, a hill, refers to the habitat of this taxon.
2. Anthocercis ilicifolia Hook. ssp. caldariola Haegi, ssp. nov. a ssp. ilicifolia
calyce valde bulboso pariete crasso differt.
HOLOTYPus: L. Haegi 1966, c. 10 km by road SSW. of Kalbarri on coast track to Bluff
Point, 27° 41' S, 114° 08' E, Kalbarri National Park, Western Australia, 5.9.1979 (PERTH).
lsotypi: CANB, K, NSW distribuendi.
A. ilicifoUa ssp. caldariola is distinguished from ssp. ilicifolia by its thick-walled,
markedly bulbous calyx. It is confined to the coastal area immediately about the
township of Kalbarri, Western Australia, where ssp. ilicifoUa does not occur. The
epithet, from the Latin diminutive caldariola, a small cooking pot or cauldron, alludes
to the bulbous calyx.,
A. Wcifolia, published by Hooker (1830) is a name not in general use because the
species to which it applies has been confused with and included under the very closely
related species A. littorea. A. ilicifolia, which often occurs sympatrically with A.
littorea, differs in its large pyramidal (not short racemose) inflorescence and the more
brightly coloured flowers with larger tube and shorter, broader lobes.
Haegi, Conspectus Solanaceae tribe Anthocercideae
175
3. Anthocercis viscosa R. Br. ssp. caudata Haegi, ssp. nov. a ssp. viscosa lobis
corollae (3.0-) 3.3-5.0 -plo [non 1.5-2.3 (-2.6) -plo] longioribus quam latioribus et
tubo minimum (1.6-) 2.0 -plo (haud minus quam 1.5 -plo) longioribus differt.
HOLOTYPUS: L. Haegi 1225, upper southeast side of Condingup Peak, 33° 46' S, 122 0 33' E,
c. 62 km eastnortheast of Esperance, Western Australia, 6.10.1976 (PERTH). lsotypi: AD,
CANB, K, L, MO, NSW distribuendi.
A. viscosa ssp. caudata which occurs on the southern coast of Western Australia
between Esperance and Mt Ragged, and in the Walpole-Nornalup National Park,
differs from ssp. viscosa in having corolla lobes (3.0-) 3.3-5.0 times longer than
broad and usually at least twice, rarely only 1.6 times as long as the corolla tube.
In ssp. viscosa which is found also in Western Australia, from Albany to Bremer Bay
with one outlying occurrence near Denmark, the corolla lobes are only 1.5-2.3 (-2.6)
times longer than broad and less than 1.5 times as long as the corolla tube. The
epithet, from the Latin caudatus, tail-like, refers to the narrow corolla lobes.
2. SYMONANTHUS Haegi, nom. nov.
REPLACED SYNONYM: Isandra F. Mue1l., [Syst. Census Austral. PI.: 140 (1882), nom. nud.J
S. Sci. Rec. 3: 2 (1883), nom. illeg., non Salisb., Gen. PI. Fragm.: 67 (1866) [= Thysanotus R. Br.
(Liliaceae) J.
1. Symonanthus bancroftii (F. Muel!.) Haegi, comb. nov.
BASIONYM: Isandra bancroftii F. Mue1l., [Syst. Census Austral. PI.: 140 (1882), nom. nud.J
S. Sci. Rec. 3: 2 (1883).
2. Symonanthus aromaticus (c. A. Gardner) Haegi, comb. nov.
BASIONYM: Anthocercis aromatica C. A. Gardner, [Enum. PI. Austral. Occ.: 116 (1931),
nom. nud.J Hooker's Icon. PI. ser. 5, 4: t. 3382 (1939).
Symonanthus is most closely related to Anthocercis with which it shares the
characters of bilocular anthers, capsular fruit and gametic chromosome number of
n = 36 (Haegi, unpublished data).
At the time when A. aromatica was described the generic concepts of Anthocercis
and 'Isandra' were such that these genera were separated on the basis of stamen
number, the former with 4 and the latter with 5 stamens. Having 4 stamens only,
the new species was placed in Anthocercis by Gardner who nevertheless recognised
the many similarities of A. aromatica with 'Isandra' banero/tii. The transfer of
Anthocercis aromatica to Symonanthus here is based on its possession in common
with S. banero/tii of several characters which serve to distinguish Symonanthus from
Anthocercis (see key above). Gardner stated that both species were andromonoecious.
In fact, they are both dioecious, the flowers from male plants containing pollenbearing stamens but pistils lacking styles and ovules, and those from female plants
containing fertile pistils but reduced stamens with anthers lacking pollen.
Symonanthus (from the Greek anthos, a flower) is named in honour of David
Symon (Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Adelaide); his work in Australian
botany has included significant contributions to our understanding of the biology
and taxonomy of the Solanaceae.
3. DUBOISIA R. Br.
This genus consists of three species, D. myoporoides R. Br., D. leichhardtii
(F. MuelI.) F. MuelI. and D. hopwoodii (F. MuelI.) F. Muell. No nomenclatural
changes are required.
Te/opea
176
Vol. 2 (2): 1981
4. CYPHANTHERA Miers
Miers (1853) erected the genus Cyphanthera to accommodate those species with
unilocular anthers previously assigned to Anthocercis. Later, Bentham (1868)
reduced Cyphanthera to a section of Anthocercis sens. lat. and this has been followed
by all subsequent authors. The inclusion of Cyphanthera in Anthocercis ignores the
close affinity of the former with Duboisia, a genus which all authors have maintained
as distinct. Both Cyphanthera and Duboisia have unilocular anthers and a gametic
chromosome number of 30 (Barnard 1949; Raegi, unpublished data) [but see Ikenaga
et al. (1979) for a report of n = 28 in D. leichhardtii] while in Anthocercis the anthers
are bilocular and the chromosome number is n = 36. Cyphanthera differs from
Duboisia in having capsular (not baccate) fruit and in a usually well-developed
indumentum of dendritic hairs (not glabrous). For these reasons the three genera
are maintained as distinct and Cyphanthera is here reinstated, necessitating the
following new combinations. A new species and two new subspecies are also
recognised and references to earlier combinations for accepted species provided.
1. Cyphanthera anthocercidea (F. Muell.) Haegi, comb. nov.
BASIONYM: Eadesia anthocercidea F. Muel!., Trans. Philos. Inst. Victoria 2: 71 (1858).
This name applies to the Victorian material widely known as Anthocercisfrondosa
(Miers) J. M. Black. The type of the basionym of the latter name [Cyphanthera
frondosa Miers], a specimen from Allan Cunningham's herbarium, is of unknown
provenance, but is considered to be from a putative hybrid between Duboisia
myoporoides and Cyphanthera albicans. Similar plants have been found from time
to time at Douglas Park on the Nepean River, c. 50 km southwest of Sydney, the
only known locality where the putative parents are sympatric. This was a locality
probably visited by Cunningham.
2. Cyphanthera albicans (A. Cunn.) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, 11: 379
(1853).
t.
BASIONYM: Anthocercis albicans A. Cunn. in Field, Geogr. Mem. New South Wales: 335,
2 (1825).
2a. Cyphanthera albicans ssp. tomentosa (Benth.) Haegi, comb. et stat. nov.
'~.
BASIONYM:
tomentosa'.
Anthocercis albicans [var.] /omen/osa Benth. in DC., Prodr. 10:
92 (1846),
2b. Cyphanthera albicans ssp. notabilis Haegi, ssp. nov. a ssp. albicans corolla
cremeo-alba tomento longiore [0.3-0.5 (-0.7) mm], et a ssp. ovalifolia foliis
longioribus [(15-) 18-25 mm] corolla majore [13-18 (-22) mm longa], differt.
0
HOWTYPUS: L. Haegi 1379, Timor Rock, 31 16' S, 149 09' E, Warrumbungle Ranges,
New South Wales. 10.9.1977 (CANB). Isotypi: AD, K, L, MO, NSW distribuendi.
0
C. albicans ssp. notabilis and ssp. albicans both differ from ssp. tomentosa in the
white to creamy-white (not yellow) corolla and in the longer tomentum [0.3-0.5
(-0.8) mm as compared with 0.2-0.25 (-0.3) mm] on the leaves and branches.
Subspecies notabilis, which is restricted in occurrence to the Warrumbungle Ranges,
where neither of the other subspecies is found, differs from ssp. albicans in its larger
corolla [13-18 (-22) mm as compared with (6.5-) 8-11 (-13) mm long] and longer
leaves [(15-) 18-25 mm as compared with 6-15 (-20) mm long]. C. albicans ssp.
tomentosa is confined to western New South Wales while ssp. albicans occurs in the
Great Dividing Range from northeastern Victoria through eastern New South Wales
to far southeastern Queensland.
This subspecies takes its name from the Latin adjective notabilis, noteworthy,
because of its relatively large attractive flowers and leaves.
Haegi, Conspectus Solanaceae tribe Anthocercideae
177
3. Cyphanthera tasmanica Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 11: 377-378
(1853).
BASED HEREON: Anthocercis tasmanica (Miers) Hook. f., F!. Tasmanica I: 289, t. 92 [not
88A as stated in text] (1857).
4. Cyphanthera scabrella (Benth.) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 11: 380
(1853).
BASIONYM: Anthocercis scabrella Benth. in DC., Prodr. 10: 192 (1846).
5. Cyphanthera racemosa (F. Muel!.) Haegi, comb. nov.
BASIONYM: Anthocercis racemosa F. Muel!., Fragm. I: 211 (1859).
6. Cyphanthera myosotidea (F. Muel!.) Haegi, comb. nov.
BASIONYM: Anthocercis myosotidea F. Muel!', Trans. Philos. Soc. Victoria I: 20-21 (1855).
7. Cyphanthera miersiana Haegi, sp. nov. C. microphyllae et C. myosotideae
affinis sed ab ambabus statura majore (c. 70 cm alta) foliis triangulari-cordatis ad
basin subauriculata differt. Ab C. microphyUa basi bus staminum pubescentibus et
absentia pilorum longorum in lobis corollae, et ab C. myosotidea foliis arcte appressis
lobis corollae emarginatis praeterea differt.
HOLOTYPUS: C. A. Gardner 19061, 25 km east of Wiluna, Western Australia [c. 26" 36' S,
120 0 25' E], 22.10.1966 (PERTH). [sotypi: AD, MO distribuendi.
C. miersiana is known only from the Wiluna area in Western Australia and is
related to C. myosotidea and C. microphylla, with which it shares the characters of
predominantly glandular indumentum, small leaves and short, broadly rounded
corolla lobes. It differs from both in its greater stature (being about 70 cm, not
25-40 cm tall) and in the triangular-cordate (not broadly ovate to oblong) leaves
with sub auriculate (not cuneate to truncate) bases. In C. microphylla the stamen
bases are glabrous and the adaxial surface of the corolla lobes is pubescent, while in
C. miersiana and C. myosotidea the stamen bases are pubescent and corolla lobes
glabrous. Both C. microphylla and C. miersiana differ from C. myosotidea in having
appressed, rather than oblique to spreading leaves, and emarginate, not entire corolla
lobes.
C. miersiana is named in honour of John Miers, an English engineer who turned
to botany and published extensively on the Solanaceae last century, contributing
significantly to the knowledge of the endemic Australian genera.
8. Cyphanthera microphylla Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 11: 381 (1853).
Anthocercis microphylla F. Muell., Fragm. 1: 179 (1859) is a taxonomic synonym
of C. microphylla, being based on a different type.
9. Cyphanthera odgersii (F. Muel!.) Haegi, comb. nov.
BASIONYM: Anthocercis odgersii F. Muel!., Fragm. 10: 19 (876).
91426F-3
178
Vol. 2 (2): 1981
Telopea
9a. Cyphanthera odgersii ssp. occidentalis Haegi, ssp. nov. a ssp. odgersii
indumento Iongiore 1.0-6.0 mm (non 0.3-2.0 mm) foliis majoribus [18-35 x 8-13 mm
(non 11-20 x 7-11 mm)] et 2.3-3.8 -plo (non 1.1-2.0 -pIo) longioribus quam Iatioribus,
lobis corollae brevioribus [1.3-1.8 x 1.0-1.6 mm (non 2.0-2.5 x 1.0-1.5 mm)] et
trichomatibus glandulosis ad bases staminum carentibus differt.
0
HOLOTYPUS: L. Haegi 1100, Cowcowing Railway Siding, 31 00' S, 117 27' E, Western
Australia, 23.9.1976 (PERTH). lsotypi: AD, CANB, K, MO distribuendi.
0
The Latin adjective occidentalis, western, has been used in naming this subspecies,
which occupies the western part of the distribution of C. odgersii.
The two subspecies of C. odgersii are distinguished as follows:
Leaves with length:breadth ratio of 1.1-2.0,11-20 x 7-11 mm; indumentum of branches
0.3-2.0 mm long; corolla lobes 2.0-2.5 mm long; stamen bases pubescent with
eglandular and glandular hairs [Western Australia: Helms district of Eremaean
Province, and Southwestern Interzone] .................................. ssp. odgersii
Leaves with length:breadth ratio of 2.3-3.8,18-35 x 8-13 mm; indumentum of branches
1.0-6.0 mm long; corolla lobes 1.3-1.8 mm long; stamen bases pubescent with
eglandular hairs only [Western Australia: Avon District of Southwestern province
and Austin district of Eremaean Province] .......................... ssp. occidentalis
5. GRAMMOSOLEN Haegi, gen. nov.
Frutices foliis perdurantibus alternis. Flores 1-2 in cymis bracteatis terminalibus
vel axillaribus; cymae interdum 2-3 simul ad idem nodum fasciculatae. Corolla
regularis tubularis; limbus patens 5-lobatus; aestivatio loborum ± induplicata
marginibus loborum multum incurvis, margine uno saepe altrum lobi ejusdem
imbricato, lobis liberis, erectis. Stamina ad basin corollae inserta inclusa 5 duobus
longis et tribus brevibus; filamenta ad basin pubescentia; antherae hippocrepiformes
erectae, linea dehiscentiae abaxiali. Ovarium ad basin disco annulari undulato
circumcinctum. Fructus capsularis dehiscentia septifraga marginicida loculicidaque.
Semina subreniformia; testa reticulata; embryo parum curvatus non circinatus.
Numerus chromosomatum gametarum 56.
HOLOTYPUS: Grammosolen dixonii (F. Muell. & R. Tate) Haegi (vide infra).
1. Grammosolen dixonii (F. Muell. & R. Tate) Haegi, comb. nov.
BASIONYM: Newcastelia dixonii F. Muel!. & R. Tate, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. South
Australia 10: 81 (1888), •Newcastlia Dixoni'.
2. Grammosolen truncatus (Ising) Haegi, comb. nov.
BASIONYM: Anthotroche tn/llcata Ising, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia 46: 605,
t. 38, 39 fig. 1 (1922).
Grammosolen is most closely related to Cyphanthera and Anthotroche. From
the former it is distinguished by its 5 fertile stamens and the hippocrepiform, erect
[not oblique] anthers, and from the latter by the presence of bracts in the inflorescence,
adaxially glabrous corolla lobes, white flowers and by the aestivation, the corolla
lobes being free and erect [not coherent and incurved] in the bud. It differs from
both in the gametic chromosome number of 56 (Haegi, unpublished data); this
number is unique amongst those recorded in the Solanaceae. This genus, comprising
two species, is endemic in South Australia. The name Grammosolen, from the
Greek words gramme (stem gramm-), a line or stroke of a pen, and solen, a pipe,
t:efers to the corolla tube which is white with purple striations.
Grammosolen dixonii was first described as a member of the Verbenaceae, in
the genus Newcastelia (now correctly placed in the segregate family ChloanthaceaeMunir 1978) but clearly belongs to tribe Anthocercideae of the Solanaceae.
Haegi, Conspectus Solanaceae tribe Anthocercideae
179
6. ANTHOTROCHE Endl.
As treated here this genus includes three species, viz. A. myoporoides C. A.
Gardner, A. pannosa EndL (including A. blackii F. MueI!. and A. healiana F. Muell.)
and A. walcottii F. Muell. The species originally described as A. truncata is
transferred to Grammosolen (q. v.).
7. CRENIDIUM Haegi, gen. nov.
Frutices praeter partes immaturissimas aphylli. Folia altern a caduca. Flores
in fasciculis cymosis bracteatis ad nodos dispositi. Corolla regularis anguste
tubularis; limbus patens, 5-lobatus; aestivatio loborum ± induplicata lobis
cohaerentibus et apicibusque incurvis. Stamina ad basin corollae inserta, multo
exserta, reclinata, 4 didynama inter stamina longiora staminodio, vel stamine quinto
interdum fertili; filamenta glabra; antherae ± reniformes uniloculares. Ovarium
ad basin disco annulari undulato circumcinctum. Fructus capsularis dehiscentia
septifraga marginicida loculicidaque. Semina subreniformia; testa reticulata;
embryo parum curvatus non circinatus. Numerus chromosomatum gametarum 35.
HOLOTYPUS et species singularis cognita: Crenidium spinescens Haegi (vide infra).
1. Crenidium spinescens Haegi, sp. nov. Frutex l.0-l.7 m altus in statu maturo
aphyllus. Rami spinescentes photosynthetici granulati, in partibus immaturis
trichomatibus ramosis eglandulosis 0.03-0.05 mm longis dense breviter tomentosi.
Folia in partibus immaturis remota obliqua ad adpressa sessilia caduca. Bracteae
inflorescentiae 0.5-1 x 0.3-0.5 mm. Pedicellus calyxque extus dense tomentosi
trichomatibus ramosis eglandulosis 0.1-0.2 mm longis. Corolla citrina, 2.5-4 mm
longa, extus trichomatibus ramosis eglandulosis 0.1-0.2 mm longis, intus praecipue
in lobis trichomatibus ramosis eglandulosis 0.1-0.25 mm longis cellulis late ellipticis
instructa; tubus cylindricus ad obconoideus; lobi ovati, interdum late ovati.
Stamina 3.5-4 et 4-5 mm longa, quintum ubi fertile 2.5-3.5 mm. Ovarium 8-20
ovula capiens. Capsula ovoidea 4-4.5 x 2-2.5 mm; semina 2--4, 2.5-4 x 1 mm.
Numerus chromosomatum gametarum 35.
HOLOTYPUS: C. A. Gardner 13070, Mongers Lake [= Lake Monger, c. 28° 56' S, 117 0 19' E],
Western Australia, 12.6.1961 (PERTH). Isotypi: CANB, K, MO distribuendi.
The unilocular anthers of Crenidium indicate that it is related to the genera
Duboisia, Cyphanthera, Grammosolen and Anthotroche. It differs from all of these
in its very small flowers with stamens and style much exserted from the narrow corolla
tube, which lacks striations, and in the stamen number varying from 4 to 5. In
Duboisia, Cyphanthera, Grammosolen and one species of Anthotroche (A. myoporoides)
the stamens and style are included within the funnel-shaped corolla tube while in the
remaining species of Anthotroche the stamens do not exceed the tube in length but
are effectively exserted as a result of the upper half of the tube becoming patent at
anthesis. The corolla tube is striated and the stamen number is constantly 4 or
constantly 5 in all these genera. The gametic chromosome number of 35 (Haegi,
unpublished data) is unique among those reported not only from tribe Anthocercideae
but also from family Solanaceae as a whole.
The generic name Crenidium from the Greek krenidion, a small spring or fountain,
alludes to the exserted stamens and style, and the Latin specific epithet refers to the
spinescent branches characteristic of C. spinescens.
C. spinescens is endemic in southern eremaean Western Australia where it occurs
on the margins of salt lakes in the Austin District of the Eremaean Province, the
Cooigardie District (Southwestern Interzone) and the Avon District of the Southwestern Province.
180
Te/opea
Vol. 2(2): 1981
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank my colleagues at the National Herbarium of New South
Wales, especially Jim Armstrong, Don McGillivray and Peter Wilson, for helpful
discussions. I am indebted to David Symon and Bryan Barlow for guidance and
encouragement and to the directors or curators of the following herbaria, and
Mr A. C. Beauglehole, for provision of facilities and/or loan of specimens: AD,
BRI, CANB, CBG, HO, MEL, NE, NT, PERTH, PERTHU, SYD. The support
of the Australian Biological Resources Study in providing grants, initially at the
Waite Agricultural Research Institute where this project was begun, and later at the
National Herbarium of New South Wales, is gratefully acknowledged. I also thank
the Western Australian National Parks Authority for co-operation in providing a
collecting permit.
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Manuscript received 31.8.1980.