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Chapter 2 - Soft Tissue Tumors and Reactive and Inflammatory Lesions of the Oral Cavity and Head and Neck

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 June 2017

Robert O. Greer ,
Robert E. Marx ,
Sherif Said  and
Lori D. Prok
By
Robert O. Greer
Robert O. Greer
Affiliation:
University of Colorado, Denver
Robert E. Marx
Affiliation:
University of Miami
Sherif Said
Affiliation:
University of Colorado, Denver
Lori D. Prok
Affiliation:
University of Colorado, Denver
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Pediatric Head and Neck Pathology , pp. 18 - 76
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

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Pahwa, R, Kurana, N. Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor in the submandibular region. Indian J Otolaryngol Head and Neck Surg, 2010, 62: 189–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
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Dehner, LP. Juvenile xanthogranuloma in the first decades of life. A clinico-pathologic study of 174 cases with cutaneous and extra cutaneous manifestations. Am J Surg Pathol, 2003, 5: 579–593.Google Scholar
Cypel, TKS, Zuker, RM. Juvenile xanthogranuloma: case report and review of the literature. Can J Plast Surg, 2008, 16: 175–177.Google Scholar
Hernandez-Martin, A, Baselga, E, Drolet, BA, et al. Juvenile xanthogranuloma. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1997, 36: 335–367.Google Scholar
Kesavan, TM, Sreedevi, PK. Juvenile xanthogranuloma. Ind Pediatr, 2005, 42: 950–955.Google ScholarPubMed
Wu, SH, Kim, HS, Chang, SN, et al. Generalized eruptive histiocytoma. A pediatric case. Pediatric Dermatol, 2000, 17: 453–455.Google Scholar
Baik, F, Andeen, NK, Schmechel, SC. A large juvenile xanthogranuloma within the tongue. Otolaryngol Head and Neck Surg, 2014, 150: 332–333.Google Scholar
Sonoda, T, Hashimoto, H, Enjoji, M. Juvenile xanthogranuloma. Clinicopathological analysis and immunohistochemical study of 57 patients. Cancer, 1985, 56: 2280–2286.Google Scholar
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Cohen, BA, Hood, A. Xanthogranuloma. Report on clinical and histologic findings in 64 patients. Pediatr Dermatol, 1989, 6: 262–266.Google Scholar
Bellfield, EJ, Beets-Shay, L. Congenital infantile fibrosarcoma of the lip. Pediatr Dermatol, 2014, 31: 88–89.Google Scholar
Yan, AC, Chamlin, SL, Liang, MG, et al. Congenital infantile fibrosarcoma: a masquerader of ulcerated hemangioma. Pediatr Dermatol, 2006, 23: 330–334.Google Scholar
Newton, WA, Soule, EH, Hammond, AB, et al. Histopathology of childhood sarcomas. Intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma studies I and II: clinicopathologic correlation. J Clin Oncol, 1988, 6: 67–75.Google Scholar
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Tsuji, K, Ishikawa, Y, Imamura, T. Technique for differentiating alveolar soft part sarcoma from other tumors in paraffin-embedded tissue; comparison of immunohistochemistry for TFE3 and CD147 and of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for ASPSCR1-TFE3 fusion transcript. Hum Pathol, 2012, 43: 356–363.Google Scholar
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Anmah, HB, Parwani, AV. Epithelioid sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2009, 133: 814–819.Google Scholar
Enzinger, FM. Epithelioid sarcoma. A sarcoma simulating a granuloma or carcinoma. Cancer, 1970, 26: 1029–1041.Google Scholar
Kim, JY, Chung, S, Lee, H-B. Proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma arising in the inguinal area. Arch Plast Surg, 2012, 39: 177–179.Google Scholar
Hasegawa, T, Matsuno, Y, Shimoda, T, et al. Proximal type epithelioid sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Mod Pathol, 2001, 14: 655–663.Google Scholar
Quezado, MM, Middleton, B, Bryant, K, et al. Allelic loss on chromosome 22q in epithelioid sarcoma. Human Pathol, 1998, 29: 604–608.Google Scholar
Lee, MN, Jee, KJ, Han, SS, et al. Comparative genomic hybridization in epithelioid sarcoma. Br J Dermatol, 2004, 151: 1054–1059.Google Scholar
Modena, P, Lualdi, E, Facchinetti, F, et al. SMARCB1/INI1 tumor suppressor gene is frequently inactivated in epithelioid sarcoma. Cancer Res, 2005, 65: 4012–4019.Google Scholar
Baratti, D, Pennacchioli, E, Casali, PG, et al. Epithelioid sarcoma. Prognostic factors and survival in a series of patients treated at a single institution. Ann Surg Oncol, 2007, 14: 3542–3551.Google Scholar
Spillane, AJ, Thomas, TM, Fisher, . Epithelioid sarcoma: the clinicopathological complexities of this rare soft tissue sarcoma. Ann Surg Oncol, 2000, 7: 218–225.Google Scholar
Hansen, T, Katenkamp, D. Rhabdomyoma of the head and neck. Morphology and differential diagnosis. Virchows Arch, 2005, 447: 849–854.Google Scholar
Kelekci, S, Yazicioglu, HF, Yilmax, B. Cardiac rhabdomyoma with tuberous sclerosis. A case report. J Reprod Med, 2005, 50: 550–552.Google Scholar
Favia, G, LoMuzio, L, Serpico, R, et al. Rhabdomyoma of the head and neck: clinicopathologic features of two cases. Head Neck, 2003, 25: 700–704.Google Scholar
Gibas, Z, Miettinen, M. Recurrent parapharyngeal rhabdomyoma. Evidence of neoplastic nature of the tumor from cytogenetic study. Am J Surg Pathol, 1992, 16: 721–728.Google Scholar
Jozwaik, S, Domanska-Pakiela, D, Kwiatkowski, DJ, et al. Multiple cardiac rhabdomyomas as a sole symptom of tuberous sclerosis complex: case report with molecular confirmation. J Child Neurol, 2005, 20: 988–989.Google Scholar
Furihata, M, Fujiimori, T, Imura, J, et al. Malignant stromal tumor, so-called gastrointestinal stromal tumor with rhabdomyomatous differentiation occurring in the gallbladder. Pathol Res Pract, 2005, 201: 609–613.Google Scholar
Hansen, T, Katenkamp, D. Rhabdomyoma of the head and neck. Morphology and differential diagnosis. Virchows Arch, 2005, 447: 849–854.Google Scholar
Kelekci, S, Yazicioglu, HF, Yilmax, B. Cardiac rhabdomyoma with tuberous sclerosis. A case report. J Reprod Med, 2005, 50: 550–552.Google Scholar
Favia, G, LoMuzio, L, Serpico, R, et al. Rhabdomyoma of the head and neck: clinicopathologic features of two cases. Head Neck, 2003, 25: 700–704.Google Scholar
Gibas, Z, Miettinen, M. Recurrent parapharyngeal rhabdomyoma. Evidence of neoplastic nature of the tumor from cytogenetic study. Am J Surg Pathol, 1992, 16: 721–728.Google Scholar
Jozwaik, S, Domanska-Pakiela, D, Kwiatkowski, DJ, et al. Multiple cardiac rhabdomyomas as a sole symptom of tuberous sclerosis complex: case report with molecular confirmation. J Child Neurol, 2005, 20: 988–989.Google Scholar
Furihata, M, Fujiimori, T, Imura, J, et al. Malignant stromal tumor, so-called gastrointestinal stromal tumor with rhabdomyomatous differentiation occurring in the gallbladder. Pathol Res Pract, 2005, 201: 609–613.Google Scholar
Tandon, A, Sethi, K, Singh, AP. Oral rhabdomyosarcoma. J Clin Exp Dent, 2012, 4: 3302–3308.Google Scholar
Hicks, J, Flaitz, C. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children. Oral Oncol, 2002, 38: 450–459.Google Scholar
Qualman, SJ, Coffin, CM, Newton, WA, et al. Intragroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. Update for pathologists. Pediatr Dev Pathol, 1998, 1: 550–561.Google Scholar
Ruymann, FB, Grovas, AC. Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma and related soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer Invest, 2008, 18: 223–241.Google Scholar
Rudzinski, ER, Anderson, JR, Hawkins, DS, et al. The World Health Organization classification of skeletal muscle tumors in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Arch Pathol lab Med, 2015, 139: 1281–1287.Google Scholar
Newton, WA, Gehan, EA, Webber, BL, et al. Classification of rhabdomyosarcoma and related sarcomas. Pathologic aspects and proposal of a new classification. An intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. Cancer, 1995, 76: 1073–1085.Google Scholar
Parham, DM. Pathologic classification of rhabdomyosarcomas and correlations with molecular studies. Mod Pathol, 2001, 14: 506–514.Google Scholar
Bridge, JA, Liu, J, Qualman, SJ, et al. Genomic gains and losses are similar in genetic and histologic subsets of rhabdomyosarcoma, whereas amplification predominates in embryonal with anaplasia and alveolar subtypes. Gene Chromosomes Cancer, 2002, 33: 310–321.Google Scholar
Xiz, SJ, Presey, JG, Barr, PG. Molecular pathogenesis of rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Biol Ther, 2002, 1: 97–104.Google Scholar
Merlino, G, Helman, LJ. Rhabdomyosarcoma – working out the pathway. Oncogene, 1999, 18: 5340–5348.Google Scholar
Sorensen, PH, Lynch, JC, Qualman, SJ, et al. PAZX3-FKHR and PAX7 FKHR gene fusions are prognostic indicators in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol, 2002, 20: 2672–2679.Google Scholar
Langley, G, Thomas, M, McFarland, C, et al. Myostatin inhibits rhabdomyosarcoma cell proliferation through an Rb-independent pathway. Oncogene, 2004, 23: 524–534.Google Scholar
Cessna, MH, Zhou, H, Perkins, SL, et al. Are myogenin and myoD1 expression specific for rhabdomyosarcoma? A study of 150 cases with emphasis on spindle cell mimics. Am J Surg Pathol, 2001, 25: 1150–1157.Google Scholar
Huh, W, Skapek, SX. Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma: new insight on biology and treatment. Curr Oncol Rep, 2010, 12: 402–410.Google Scholar
Das, B, Tsuchida, R, Malkin, D, et al. Hypoxia enhances tumor stemness by enhancing the invasiveness and tumorgenic side population fraction. Stem Cells, 2008, 26: 1818–1830.Google Scholar
Chen, Y, Takita, J, Mizuguchi, M, et al. Mutation and expression analysis of the MET and CDK N2A genes in rhabdomyosarcoma with emphasis on MET overexpression. Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 2007, 46: 348–358.Google Scholar
Sturgis, EM, Potter, RO. Sarcomas of the head and neck region, current opinion. Oncology, 2003, 15: 239–252.Google Scholar
Stanelle, EJ, Christison-Lagay, ER, Healey, JH. Pediatric and adolescent synovial sarcoma. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors and survival outcomes. Ann Surg Oncology, 2013, 20: 73–79.Google Scholar
Kawai, A, Woodruff, J, Healey, HJ, et al. SYT-SSX gene fusion as a determinant of morphology and prognosis in synovial sarcoma. N Engl J Med, 1998, 338: 152–160.Google Scholar
Pai, S, Chinoy, RF, Pradan, SA. Head and neck synovial sarcomas. J Surg Oncology, 1993, 54: 82–86.Google Scholar
Vande Rijn, M, Barr, FG, Xiong, QB, et al. Poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma. An analysis of clinical pathologic and molecular features. Am J Surg Pathol, 1999, 23: 106–112.Google Scholar
Carrillo, R, Rodriguez-Peralto, JL, Batsakis, JG. Synovial sarcoma of the head and neck. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1992, 101: 367–370.Google Scholar
Smith, TA, Machen, SK, Fisher, C, et al. Usefulness of cytokeratin subsets for distinguishing monophasic synovial sarcoma from malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Am J Clin Pathol, 1999, 112: 641–648.Google Scholar
Panago-Poulos, I, Mertens, F, Isaksson, M et al. Clinical impact of molecular and cytogenetic findings in synovial sarcoma: genes chromosomes. Cancer, 2001, 13: 362–372.Google Scholar
Surace, C, Panagopoulos, I, Palsson, E et al. A novel FISH assay for SS18-SSX fusion type synovial sarcoma. Lab Invest, 2004, 84: 1105–1192.Google Scholar
Maurer, HM, Moon, T, Donaldon, M, et al. The intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. A preliminary report. Cancer, 1977, 40: 2015–2026.Google Scholar
Changchien, YC, Jatnai, P, Papp, G, et al. Poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma is associated with high expression of enhancer of Zesta homologue 2 (E2H2). J Transl Med, 2012, 10: 216 doi: 10.1186/1479–5876-10.216.Google Scholar
Harb, WJ, Luna, M, Sheyaskumar, R, et al. Survival in patients with synovial sarcoma of the head and neck. Association with tumor location, size and extension. Head and Neck, 2007, 29: 731-740.Google Scholar
Argyris, P, Reed, RC, Manivel, JC. Oral alveolar soft part sarcoma in childhood and adolescence: report of two cases and review of the literature. Head and Neck, 2013, 7: 40–49.Google Scholar
Zadnik, P, Yurter, A, DeLeon, , et al. Alveolar soft part sarcoma in the sacrum: a case report and review of the literature. Skeletal Radiol, 2014, 43: 115–120.Google Scholar
Ladanyi, M, Lui, MY, Antonescu, CR, et al. The der (17)t (x;17) t(X;17) (p11;q25) of human alveolar soft part sarcoma fuses the TFE3 transcription factor gene to ASPL, a novel gene at 17q25. Oncogene, 2001, 20: 48–57.Google Scholar
Argani, P, Antonescu, CR, Illei, PB. Primary renal neoplasms with ASPL-TFE3 gene fusion of alveolar soft part sarcoma: a distinctive tumor entity previously included among renal cell carcinomas of children and adolescents. Am J Pathol, 2001, 159: 179–192.Google Scholar
Tsuji, K, Ishikawa, Y, Imamura, T. Technique for differentiating alveolar soft part sarcoma from other tumors in paraffin-embedded tissue; comparison of immunohistochemistry for TFE3 and CD147 and of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for ASPSCR1-TFE3 fusion transcript. Hum Pathol, 2012, 43: 356–363.Google Scholar
Ogose, A, Yazawa, Y, Meda, T, et al. Alveolar soft part sarcoma in Japan. Multi-institutional study of 57 patients from the Japanese muscleloskeletal oncology group. Oncology, 2000, 11: 1445–1449.Google Scholar
Kayton, ML, Meyers, P, Wexler, LH, et al. Clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of alveolar soft part sarcoma in children, adolescents and young adults. J Pediatr Surg, 2006, 41: 187–193.Google Scholar
Stacchiotti, S, Negri, T, Zaffaron, N, et al. Sunitinib in advanced alveolar soft part sarcoma: evidence of a direct antitumor effect. Ann Oncol, 2011, 22: 1682–1690.Google Scholar
Leiberman, PH, Brennan, MF, Kimmel, M, et al. Alveolar soft part sarcoma. A clinicopathologic study of half a century. Cancer, 1989, 63: 1–13.Google Scholar
Anmah, HB, Parwani, AV. Epithelioid sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2009, 133: 814–819.Google Scholar
Enzinger, FM. Epithelioid sarcoma. A sarcoma simulating a granuloma or carcinoma. Cancer, 1970, 26: 1029–1041.Google Scholar
Kim, JY, Chung, S, Lee, H-B. Proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma arising in the inguinal area. Arch Plast Surg, 2012, 39: 177–179.Google Scholar
Hasegawa, T, Matsuno, Y, Shimoda, T, et al. Proximal type epithelioid sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Mod Pathol, 2001, 14: 655–663.Google Scholar
Quezado, MM, Middleton, B, Bryant, K, et al. Allelic loss on chromosome 22q in epithelioid sarcoma. Human Pathol, 1998, 29: 604–608.Google Scholar
Lee, MN, Jee, KJ, Han, SS, et al. Comparative genomic hybridization in epithelioid sarcoma. Br J Dermatol, 2004, 151: 1054–1059.Google Scholar
Modena, P, Lualdi, E, Facchinetti, F, et al. SMARCB1/INI1 tumor suppressor gene is frequently inactivated in epithelioid sarcoma. Cancer Res, 2005, 65: 4012–4019.Google Scholar
Baratti, D, Pennacchioli, E, Casali, PG, et al. Epithelioid sarcoma. Prognostic factors and survival in a series of patients treated at a single institution. Ann Surg Oncol, 2007, 14: 3542–3551.Google Scholar
Spillane, AJ, Thomas, TM, Fisher, . Epithelioid sarcoma: the clinicopathological complexities of this rare soft tissue sarcoma. Ann Surg Oncol, 2000, 7: 218–225.Google Scholar
Tandon, A, Sethi, K, Singh, AP. Oral rhabdomyosarcoma. J Clin Exp Dent, 2012, 4: 3302–3308.Google Scholar
Hicks, J, Flaitz, C. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children. Oral Oncol, 2002, 38: 450–459.Google Scholar
Qualman, SJ, Coffin, CM, Newton, WA, et al. Intragroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. Update for pathologists. Pediatr Dev Pathol, 1998, 1: 550–561.Google Scholar
Ruymann, FB, Grovas, AC. Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma and related soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer Invest, 2008, 18: 223–241.Google Scholar
Rudzinski, ER, Anderson, JR, Hawkins, DS, et al. The World Health Organization classification of skeletal muscle tumors in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Arch Pathol lab Med, 2015, 139: 1281–1287.Google Scholar
Newton, WA, Gehan, EA, Webber, BL, et al. Classification of rhabdomyosarcoma and related sarcomas. Pathologic aspects and proposal of a new classification. An intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. Cancer, 1995, 76: 1073–1085.Google Scholar
Parham, DM. Pathologic classification of rhabdomyosarcomas and correlations with molecular studies. Mod Pathol, 2001, 14: 506–514.Google Scholar
Bridge, JA, Liu, J, Qualman, SJ, et al. Genomic gains and losses are similar in genetic and histologic subsets of rhabdomyosarcoma, whereas amplification predominates in embryonal with anaplasia and alveolar subtypes. Gene Chromosomes Cancer, 2002, 33: 310–321.Google Scholar
Xiz, SJ, Presey, JG, Barr, PG. Molecular pathogenesis of rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Biol Ther, 2002, 1: 97–104.Google Scholar
Merlino, G, Helman, LJ. Rhabdomyosarcoma – working out the pathway. Oncogene, 1999, 18: 5340–5348.Google Scholar
Sorensen, PH, Lynch, JC, Qualman, SJ, et al. PAZX3-FKHR and PAX7 FKHR gene fusions are prognostic indicators in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol, 2002, 20: 2672–2679.Google Scholar
Langley, G, Thomas, M, McFarland, C, et al. Myostatin inhibits rhabdomyosarcoma cell proliferation through an Rb-independent pathway. Oncogene, 2004, 23: 524–534.Google Scholar
Cessna, MH, Zhou, H, Perkins, SL, et al. Are myogenin and myoD1 expression specific for rhabdomyosarcoma? A study of 150 cases with emphasis on spindle cell mimics. Am J Surg Pathol, 2001, 25: 1150–1157.Google Scholar
Huh, W, Skapek, SX. Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma: new insight on biology and treatment. Curr Oncol Rep, 2010, 12: 402–410.Google Scholar
Das, B, Tsuchida, R, Malkin, D, et al. Hypoxia enhances tumor stemness by enhancing the invasiveness and tumorgenic side population fraction. Stem Cells, 2008, 26: 1818–1830.Google Scholar
Chen, Y, Takita, J, Mizuguchi, M, et al. Mutation and expression analysis of the MET and CDK N2A genes in rhabdomyosarcoma with emphasis on MET overexpression. Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 2007, 46: 348–358.Google Scholar
Sturgis, EM, Potter, RO. Sarcomas of the head and neck region, current opinion. Oncology, 2003, 15: 239–252.Google Scholar
Stanelle, EJ, Christison-Lagay, ER, Healey, JH. Pediatric and adolescent synovial sarcoma. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors and survival outcomes. Ann Surg Oncology, 2013, 20: 73–79.Google Scholar
Kawai, A, Woodruff, J, Healey, HJ, et al. SYT-SSX gene fusion as a determinant of morphology and prognosis in synovial sarcoma. N Engl J Med, 1998, 338: 152–160.Google Scholar
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Hansen, T, Katenkamp, D. Rhabdomyoma of the head and neck. Morphology and differential diagnosis. Virchows Arch, 2005, 447: 849–854.Google Scholar
Kelekci, S, Yazicioglu, HF, Yilmax, B. Cardiac rhabdomyoma with tuberous sclerosis. A case report. J Reprod Med, 2005, 50: 550–552.Google Scholar
Favia, G, LoMuzio, L, Serpico, R, et al. Rhabdomyoma of the head and neck: clinicopathologic features of two cases. Head Neck, 2003, 25: 700–704.Google Scholar
Gibas, Z, Miettinen, M. Recurrent parapharyngeal rhabdomyoma. Evidence of neoplastic nature of the tumor from cytogenetic study. Am J Surg Pathol, 1992, 16: 721–728.Google Scholar
Jozwaik, S, Domanska-Pakiela, D, Kwiatkowski, DJ, et al. Multiple cardiac rhabdomyomas as a sole symptom of tuberous sclerosis complex: case report with molecular confirmation. J Child Neurol, 2005, 20: 988–989.Google Scholar
Furihata, M, Fujiimori, T, Imura, J, et al. Malignant stromal tumor, so-called gastrointestinal stromal tumor with rhabdomyomatous differentiation occurring in the gallbladder. Pathol Res Pract, 2005, 201: 609–613.Google Scholar
Hansen, T, Katenkamp, D. Rhabdomyoma of the head and neck. Morphology and differential diagnosis. Virchows Arch, 2005, 447: 849–854.Google Scholar
Kelekci, S, Yazicioglu, HF, Yilmax, B. Cardiac rhabdomyoma with tuberous sclerosis. A case report. J Reprod Med, 2005, 50: 550–552.Google Scholar
Favia, G, LoMuzio, L, Serpico, R, et al. Rhabdomyoma of the head and neck: clinicopathologic features of two cases. Head Neck, 2003, 25: 700–704.Google Scholar
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Jozwaik, S, Domanska-Pakiela, D, Kwiatkowski, DJ, et al. Multiple cardiac rhabdomyomas as a sole symptom of tuberous sclerosis complex: case report with molecular confirmation. J Child Neurol, 2005, 20: 988–989.Google Scholar
Furihata, M, Fujiimori, T, Imura, J, et al. Malignant stromal tumor, so-called gastrointestinal stromal tumor with rhabdomyomatous differentiation occurring in the gallbladder. Pathol Res Pract, 2005, 201: 609–613.Google Scholar
Tandon, A, Sethi, K, Singh, AP. Oral rhabdomyosarcoma. J Clin Exp Dent, 2012, 4: 3302–3308.Google Scholar
Hicks, J, Flaitz, C. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children. Oral Oncol, 2002, 38: 450–459.Google Scholar
Qualman, SJ, Coffin, CM, Newton, WA, et al. Intragroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. Update for pathologists. Pediatr Dev Pathol, 1998, 1: 550–561.Google Scholar
Ruymann, FB, Grovas, AC. Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma and related soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer Invest, 2008, 18: 223–241.Google Scholar
Rudzinski, ER, Anderson, JR, Hawkins, DS, et al. The World Health Organization classification of skeletal muscle tumors in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Arch Pathol lab Med, 2015, 139: 1281–1287.Google Scholar
Newton, WA, Gehan, EA, Webber, BL, et al. Classification of rhabdomyosarcoma and related sarcomas. Pathologic aspects and proposal of a new classification. An intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. Cancer, 1995, 76: 1073–1085.Google Scholar
Parham, DM. Pathologic classification of rhabdomyosarcomas and correlations with molecular studies. Mod Pathol, 2001, 14: 506–514.Google Scholar
Bridge, JA, Liu, J, Qualman, SJ, et al. Genomic gains and losses are similar in genetic and histologic subsets of rhabdomyosarcoma, whereas amplification predominates in embryonal with anaplasia and alveolar subtypes. Gene Chromosomes Cancer, 2002, 33: 310–321.Google Scholar
Xiz, SJ, Presey, JG, Barr, PG. Molecular pathogenesis of rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Biol Ther, 2002, 1: 97–104.Google Scholar
Merlino, G, Helman, LJ. Rhabdomyosarcoma – working out the pathway. Oncogene, 1999, 18: 5340–5348.Google Scholar
Sorensen, PH, Lynch, JC, Qualman, SJ, et al. PAZX3-FKHR and PAX7 FKHR gene fusions are prognostic indicators in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol, 2002, 20: 2672–2679.Google Scholar
Langley, G, Thomas, M, McFarland, C, et al. Myostatin inhibits rhabdomyosarcoma cell proliferation through an Rb-independent pathway. Oncogene, 2004, 23: 524–534.Google Scholar
Cessna, MH, Zhou, H, Perkins, SL, et al. Are myogenin and myoD1 expression specific for rhabdomyosarcoma? A study of 150 cases with emphasis on spindle cell mimics. Am J Surg Pathol, 2001, 25: 1150–1157.Google Scholar
Huh, W, Skapek, SX. Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma: new insight on biology and treatment. Curr Oncol Rep, 2010, 12: 402–410.Google Scholar
Das, B, Tsuchida, R, Malkin, D, et al. Hypoxia enhances tumor stemness by enhancing the invasiveness and tumorgenic side population fraction. Stem Cells, 2008, 26: 1818–1830.Google Scholar
Chen, Y, Takita, J, Mizuguchi, M, et al. Mutation and expression analysis of the MET and CDK N2A genes in rhabdomyosarcoma with emphasis on MET overexpression. Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 2007, 46: 348–358.Google Scholar
Sturgis, EM, Potter, RO. Sarcomas of the head and neck region, current opinion. Oncology, 2003, 15: 239–252.Google Scholar
Stanelle, EJ, Christison-Lagay, ER, Healey, JH. Pediatric and adolescent synovial sarcoma. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors and survival outcomes. Ann Surg Oncology, 2013, 20: 73–79.Google Scholar
Kawai, A, Woodruff, J, Healey, HJ, et al. SYT-SSX gene fusion as a determinant of morphology and prognosis in synovial sarcoma. N Engl J Med, 1998, 338: 152–160.Google Scholar
Pai, S, Chinoy, RF, Pradan, SA. Head and neck synovial sarcomas. J Surg Oncology, 1993, 54: 82–86.Google Scholar
Vande Rijn, M, Barr, FG, Xiong, QB, et al. Poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma. An analysis of clinical pathologic and molecular features. Am J Surg Pathol, 1999, 23: 106–112.Google Scholar
Carrillo, R, Rodriguez-Peralto, JL, Batsakis, JG. Synovial sarcoma of the head and neck. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1992, 101: 367–370.Google Scholar
Smith, TA, Machen, SK, Fisher, C, et al. Usefulness of cytokeratin subsets for distinguishing monophasic synovial sarcoma from malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Am J Clin Pathol, 1999, 112: 641–648.Google Scholar
Panago-Poulos, I, Mertens, F, Isaksson, M et al. Clinical impact of molecular and cytogenetic findings in synovial sarcoma: genes chromosomes. Cancer, 2001, 13: 362–372.Google Scholar
Surace, C, Panagopoulos, I, Palsson, E et al. A novel FISH assay for SS18-SSX fusion type synovial sarcoma. Lab Invest, 2004, 84: 1105–1192.Google Scholar
Maurer, HM, Moon, T, Donaldon, M, et al. The intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. A preliminary report. Cancer, 1977, 40: 2015–2026.Google Scholar
Changchien, YC, Jatnai, P, Papp, G, et al. Poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma is associated with high expression of enhancer of Zesta homologue 2 (E2H2). J Transl Med, 2012, 10: 216 doi: 10.1186/1479–5876-10.216.Google Scholar
Harb, WJ, Luna, M, Sheyaskumar, R, et al. Survival in patients with synovial sarcoma of the head and neck. Association with tumor location, size and extension. Head and Neck, 2007, 29: 731-740.Google Scholar
Argyris, P, Reed, RC, Manivel, JC. Oral alveolar soft part sarcoma in childhood and adolescence: report of two cases and review of the literature. Head and Neck, 2013, 7: 40–49.Google Scholar
Zadnik, P, Yurter, A, DeLeon, , et al. Alveolar soft part sarcoma in the sacrum: a case report and review of the literature. Skeletal Radiol, 2014, 43: 115–120.Google Scholar
Ladanyi, M, Lui, MY, Antonescu, CR, et al. The der (17)t (x;17) t(X;17) (p11;q25) of human alveolar soft part sarcoma fuses the TFE3 transcription factor gene to ASPL, a novel gene at 17q25. Oncogene, 2001, 20: 48–57.Google Scholar
Argani, P, Antonescu, CR, Illei, PB. Primary renal neoplasms with ASPL-TFE3 gene fusion of alveolar soft part sarcoma: a distinctive tumor entity previously included among renal cell carcinomas of children and adolescents. Am J Pathol, 2001, 159: 179–192.Google Scholar
Tsuji, K, Ishikawa, Y, Imamura, T. Technique for differentiating alveolar soft part sarcoma from other tumors in paraffin-embedded tissue; comparison of immunohistochemistry for TFE3 and CD147 and of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for ASPSCR1-TFE3 fusion transcript. Hum Pathol, 2012, 43: 356–363.Google Scholar
Ogose, A, Yazawa, Y, Meda, T, et al. Alveolar soft part sarcoma in Japan. Multi-institutional study of 57 patients from the Japanese muscleloskeletal oncology group. Oncology, 2000, 11: 1445–1449.Google Scholar
Kayton, ML, Meyers, P, Wexler, LH, et al. Clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of alveolar soft part sarcoma in children, adolescents and young adults. J Pediatr Surg, 2006, 41: 187–193.Google Scholar
Stacchiotti, S, Negri, T, Zaffaron, N, et al. Sunitinib in advanced alveolar soft part sarcoma: evidence of a direct antitumor effect. Ann Oncol, 2011, 22: 1682–1690.Google Scholar
Leiberman, PH, Brennan, MF, Kimmel, M, et al. Alveolar soft part sarcoma. A clinicopathologic study of half a century. Cancer, 1989, 63: 1–13.Google Scholar
Anmah, HB, Parwani, AV. Epithelioid sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2009, 133: 814–819.Google Scholar
Enzinger, FM. Epithelioid sarcoma. A sarcoma simulating a granuloma or carcinoma. Cancer, 1970, 26: 1029–1041.Google Scholar
Kim, JY, Chung, S, Lee, H-B. Proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma arising in the inguinal area. Arch Plast Surg, 2012, 39: 177–179.Google Scholar
Hasegawa, T, Matsuno, Y, Shimoda, T, et al. Proximal type epithelioid sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Mod Pathol, 2001, 14: 655–663.Google Scholar
Quezado, MM, Middleton, B, Bryant, K, et al. Allelic loss on chromosome 22q in epithelioid sarcoma. Human Pathol, 1998, 29: 604–608.Google Scholar
Lee, MN, Jee, KJ, Han, SS, et al. Comparative genomic hybridization in epithelioid sarcoma. Br J Dermatol, 2004, 151: 1054–1059.Google Scholar
Modena, P, Lualdi, E, Facchinetti, F, et al. SMARCB1/INI1 tumor suppressor gene is frequently inactivated in epithelioid sarcoma. Cancer Res, 2005, 65: 4012–4019.Google Scholar
Baratti, D, Pennacchioli, E, Casali, PG, et al. Epithelioid sarcoma. Prognostic factors and survival in a series of patients treated at a single institution. Ann Surg Oncol, 2007, 14: 3542–3551.Google Scholar
Spillane, AJ, Thomas, TM, Fisher, . Epithelioid sarcoma: the clinicopathological complexities of this rare soft tissue sarcoma. Ann Surg Oncol, 2000, 7: 218–225.Google Scholar
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Hicks, J, Flaitz, C. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children. Oral Oncol, 2002, 38: 450–459.Google Scholar
Qualman, SJ, Coffin, CM, Newton, WA, et al. Intragroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. Update for pathologists. Pediatr Dev Pathol, 1998, 1: 550–561.Google Scholar
Ruymann, FB, Grovas, AC. Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma and related soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer Invest, 2008, 18: 223–241.Google Scholar
Rudzinski, ER, Anderson, JR, Hawkins, DS, et al. The World Health Organization classification of skeletal muscle tumors in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Arch Pathol lab Med, 2015, 139: 1281–1287.Google Scholar
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Parham, DM. Pathologic classification of rhabdomyosarcomas and correlations with molecular studies. Mod Pathol, 2001, 14: 506–514.Google Scholar
Bridge, JA, Liu, J, Qualman, SJ, et al. Genomic gains and losses are similar in genetic and histologic subsets of rhabdomyosarcoma, whereas amplification predominates in embryonal with anaplasia and alveolar subtypes. Gene Chromosomes Cancer, 2002, 33: 310–321.Google Scholar
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Merlino, G, Helman, LJ. Rhabdomyosarcoma – working out the pathway. Oncogene, 1999, 18: 5340–5348.Google Scholar
Sorensen, PH, Lynch, JC, Qualman, SJ, et al. PAZX3-FKHR and PAX7 FKHR gene fusions are prognostic indicators in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol, 2002, 20: 2672–2679.Google Scholar
Langley, G, Thomas, M, McFarland, C, et al. Myostatin inhibits rhabdomyosarcoma cell proliferation through an Rb-independent pathway. Oncogene, 2004, 23: 524–534.Google Scholar
Cessna, MH, Zhou, H, Perkins, SL, et al. Are myogenin and myoD1 expression specific for rhabdomyosarcoma? A study of 150 cases with emphasis on spindle cell mimics. Am J Surg Pathol, 2001, 25: 1150–1157.Google Scholar
Huh, W, Skapek, SX. Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma: new insight on biology and treatment. Curr Oncol Rep, 2010, 12: 402–410.Google Scholar
Das, B, Tsuchida, R, Malkin, D, et al. Hypoxia enhances tumor stemness by enhancing the invasiveness and tumorgenic side population fraction. Stem Cells, 2008, 26: 1818–1830.Google Scholar
Chen, Y, Takita, J, Mizuguchi, M, et al. Mutation and expression analysis of the MET and CDK N2A genes in rhabdomyosarcoma with emphasis on MET overexpression. Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 2007, 46: 348–358.Google Scholar
Sturgis, EM, Potter, RO. Sarcomas of the head and neck region, current opinion. Oncology, 2003, 15: 239–252.Google Scholar
Stanelle, EJ, Christison-Lagay, ER, Healey, JH. Pediatric and adolescent synovial sarcoma. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors and survival outcomes. Ann Surg Oncology, 2013, 20: 73–79.Google Scholar
Kawai, A, Woodruff, J, Healey, HJ, et al. SYT-SSX gene fusion as a determinant of morphology and prognosis in synovial sarcoma. N Engl J Med, 1998, 338: 152–160.Google Scholar
Pai, S, Chinoy, RF, Pradan, SA. Head and neck synovial sarcomas. J Surg Oncology, 1993, 54: 82–86.Google Scholar
Vande Rijn, M, Barr, FG, Xiong, QB, et al. Poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma. An analysis of clinical pathologic and molecular features. Am J Surg Pathol, 1999, 23: 106–112.Google Scholar
Carrillo, R, Rodriguez-Peralto, JL, Batsakis, JG. Synovial sarcoma of the head and neck. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1992, 101: 367–370.Google Scholar
Smith, TA, Machen, SK, Fisher, C, et al. Usefulness of cytokeratin subsets for distinguishing monophasic synovial sarcoma from malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Am J Clin Pathol, 1999, 112: 641–648.Google Scholar
Panago-Poulos, I, Mertens, F, Isaksson, M et al. Clinical impact of molecular and cytogenetic findings in synovial sarcoma: genes chromosomes. Cancer, 2001, 13: 362–372.Google Scholar
Surace, C, Panagopoulos, I, Palsson, E et al. A novel FISH assay for SS18-SSX fusion type synovial sarcoma. Lab Invest, 2004, 84: 1105–1192.Google Scholar
Maurer, HM, Moon, T, Donaldon, M, et al. The intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. A preliminary report. Cancer, 1977, 40: 2015–2026.Google Scholar
Changchien, YC, Jatnai, P, Papp, G, et al. Poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma is associated with high expression of enhancer of Zesta homologue 2 (E2H2). J Transl Med, 2012, 10: 216 doi: 10.1186/1479–5876-10.216.Google Scholar
Harb, WJ, Luna, M, Sheyaskumar, R, et al. Survival in patients with synovial sarcoma of the head and neck. Association with tumor location, size and extension. Head and Neck, 2007, 29: 731-740.Google Scholar
Argyris, P, Reed, RC, Manivel, JC. Oral alveolar soft part sarcoma in childhood and adolescence: report of two cases and review of the literature. Head and Neck, 2013, 7: 40–49.Google Scholar
Zadnik, P, Yurter, A, DeLeon, , et al. Alveolar soft part sarcoma in the sacrum: a case report and review of the literature. Skeletal Radiol, 2014, 43: 115–120.Google Scholar
Ladanyi, M, Lui, MY, Antonescu, CR, et al. The der (17)t (x;17) t(X;17) (p11;q25) of human alveolar soft part sarcoma fuses the TFE3 transcription factor gene to ASPL, a novel gene at 17q25. Oncogene, 2001, 20: 48–57.Google Scholar
Argani, P, Antonescu, CR, Illei, PB. Primary renal neoplasms with ASPL-TFE3 gene fusion of alveolar soft part sarcoma: a distinctive tumor entity previously included among renal cell carcinomas of children and adolescents. Am J Pathol, 2001, 159: 179–192.Google Scholar
Tsuji, K, Ishikawa, Y, Imamura, T. Technique for differentiating alveolar soft part sarcoma from other tumors in paraffin-embedded tissue; comparison of immunohistochemistry for TFE3 and CD147 and of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for ASPSCR1-TFE3 fusion transcript. Hum Pathol, 2012, 43: 356–363.Google Scholar
Ogose, A, Yazawa, Y, Meda, T, et al. Alveolar soft part sarcoma in Japan. Multi-institutional study of 57 patients from the Japanese muscleloskeletal oncology group. Oncology, 2000, 11: 1445–1449.Google Scholar
Kayton, ML, Meyers, P, Wexler, LH, et al. Clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of alveolar soft part sarcoma in children, adolescents and young adults. J Pediatr Surg, 2006, 41: 187–193.Google Scholar
Stacchiotti, S, Negri, T, Zaffaron, N, et al. Sunitinib in advanced alveolar soft part sarcoma: evidence of a direct antitumor effect. Ann Oncol, 2011, 22: 1682–1690.Google Scholar
Leiberman, PH, Brennan, MF, Kimmel, M, et al. Alveolar soft part sarcoma. A clinicopathologic study of half a century. Cancer, 1989, 63: 1–13.Google Scholar
Anmah, HB, Parwani, AV. Epithelioid sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2009, 133: 814–819.Google Scholar
Enzinger, FM. Epithelioid sarcoma. A sarcoma simulating a granuloma or carcinoma. Cancer, 1970, 26: 1029–1041.Google Scholar
Kim, JY, Chung, S, Lee, H-B. Proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma arising in the inguinal area. Arch Plast Surg, 2012, 39: 177–179.Google Scholar
Hasegawa, T, Matsuno, Y, Shimoda, T, et al. Proximal type epithelioid sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Mod Pathol, 2001, 14: 655–663.Google Scholar
Quezado, MM, Middleton, B, Bryant, K, et al. Allelic loss on chromosome 22q in epithelioid sarcoma. Human Pathol, 1998, 29: 604–608.Google Scholar
Lee, MN, Jee, KJ, Han, SS, et al. Comparative genomic hybridization in epithelioid sarcoma. Br J Dermatol, 2004, 151: 1054–1059.Google Scholar
Modena, P, Lualdi, E, Facchinetti, F, et al. SMARCB1/INI1 tumor suppressor gene is frequently inactivated in epithelioid sarcoma. Cancer Res, 2005, 65: 4012–4019.Google Scholar
Baratti, D, Pennacchioli, E, Casali, PG, et al. Epithelioid sarcoma. Prognostic factors and survival in a series of patients treated at a single institution. Ann Surg Oncol, 2007, 14: 3542–3551.Google Scholar
Spillane, AJ, Thomas, TM, Fisher, . Epithelioid sarcoma: the clinicopathological complexities of this rare soft tissue sarcoma. Ann Surg Oncol, 2000, 7: 218–225.Google Scholar
Hansen, T, Katenkamp, D. Rhabdomyoma of the head and neck. Morphology and differential diagnosis. Virchows Arch, 2005, 447: 849–854.Google Scholar
Kelekci, S, Yazicioglu, HF, Yilmax, B. Cardiac rhabdomyoma with tuberous sclerosis. A case report. J Reprod Med, 2005, 50: 550–552.Google Scholar
Favia, G, LoMuzio, L, Serpico, R, et al. Rhabdomyoma of the head and neck: clinicopathologic features of two cases. Head Neck, 2003, 25: 700–704.Google Scholar
Gibas, Z, Miettinen, M. Recurrent parapharyngeal rhabdomyoma. Evidence of neoplastic nature of the tumor from cytogenetic study. Am J Surg Pathol, 1992, 16: 721–728.Google Scholar
Jozwaik, S, Domanska-Pakiela, D, Kwiatkowski, DJ, et al. Multiple cardiac rhabdomyomas as a sole symptom of tuberous sclerosis complex: case report with molecular confirmation. J Child Neurol, 2005, 20: 988–989.Google Scholar
Furihata, M, Fujiimori, T, Imura, J, et al. Malignant stromal tumor, so-called gastrointestinal stromal tumor with rhabdomyomatous differentiation occurring in the gallbladder. Pathol Res Pract, 2005, 201: 609–613.Google Scholar
Tandon, A, Sethi, K, Singh, AP. Oral rhabdomyosarcoma. J Clin Exp Dent, 2012, 4: 3302–3308.Google Scholar
Hicks, J, Flaitz, C. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children. Oral Oncol, 2002, 38: 450–459.Google Scholar
Qualman, SJ, Coffin, CM, Newton, WA, et al. Intragroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. Update for pathologists. Pediatr Dev Pathol, 1998, 1: 550–561.Google Scholar
Ruymann, FB, Grovas, AC. Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma and related soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer Invest, 2008, 18: 223–241.Google Scholar
Rudzinski, ER, Anderson, JR, Hawkins, DS, et al. The World Health Organization classification of skeletal muscle tumors in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Arch Pathol lab Med, 2015, 139: 1281–1287.Google Scholar
Newton, WA, Gehan, EA, Webber, BL, et al. Classification of rhabdomyosarcoma and related sarcomas. Pathologic aspects and proposal of a new classification. An intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. Cancer, 1995, 76: 1073–1085.Google Scholar
Parham, DM. Pathologic classification of rhabdomyosarcomas and correlations with molecular studies. Mod Pathol, 2001, 14: 506–514.Google Scholar
Bridge, JA, Liu, J, Qualman, SJ, et al. Genomic gains and losses are similar in genetic and histologic subsets of rhabdomyosarcoma, whereas amplification predominates in embryonal with anaplasia and alveolar subtypes. Gene Chromosomes Cancer, 2002, 33: 310–321.Google Scholar
Xiz, SJ, Presey, JG, Barr, PG. Molecular pathogenesis of rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Biol Ther, 2002, 1: 97–104.Google Scholar
Merlino, G, Helman, LJ. Rhabdomyosarcoma – working out the pathway. Oncogene, 1999, 18: 5340–5348.Google Scholar
Sorensen, PH, Lynch, JC, Qualman, SJ, et al. PAZX3-FKHR and PAX7 FKHR gene fusions are prognostic indicators in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol, 2002, 20: 2672–2679.Google Scholar
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