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Southern blight of perennial swallowwort (Vincetoxicum spp.) in New York

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 November 2021

Sarah J. Pethybridge ,
Sean Murphy Open the ORCID record for Sean Murphy [Opens in a new window] ,
Sandeep Sharma ,
Jeromy Biazzo  and
Lindsey R. Milbrath
Sarah J. Pethybridge
Affiliation:
Associate Professor, Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, USA
Sean Murphy
Affiliation:
Technician, Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, USA
Sandeep Sharma
Affiliation:
Postdoctoral Research Associate, Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, USA
Jeromy Biazzo
Affiliation:
Biologist, USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, USA
Lindsey R. Milbrath*
Affiliation:
Research Entomologist, USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Lindsey R. Milbrath, USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853. Email: lindsey.milbrath@usda.gov
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Abstract

Pale swallowwort [Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar.; syn.: Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopow) Borhidi] and black swallowwort [Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench; syn.: Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz & Gandhi] are invasive perennial viny milkweeds that have become prevalent across natural and managed habitats in northeastern North America. Southern blight of V. rossicum caused by the fungus Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C. C. Tu & Kimbr. was reported at a New York county park in 2008, resulting in a decline in V. rossicum stands. The disease outbreak and persistence of the pathogen highlighted the potential of A. rolfsii for Vincetoxicum spp. control. To better characterize A. rolfsii’s pathogenicity and biology, we studied virulence to adult Vincetoxicum spp., spatiotemporal attributes of the Southern blight epidemic at the discovery site over 4 yr, and sclerotial survival over 2 yr. Disease incidence and severity were high for both Vincetoxicum spp. in misting chamber experiments. The spatiotemporal spread patterns of Southern blight in V. rossicum suggest the epidemic in the first year of monitoring (2016) was already highly aggregated and that subsequent spread was limited and resulted in significant local aggregation. Sclerotial survival studies at two locations (Pittsford and Ithaca, NY) demonstrated the A. rolfsii isolates can overwinter in upstate New York and are pathogenic to Vincetoxicum spp. the subsequent season. However, shallow burial of sclerotia more rapidly reduced survival compared with placement on the soil surface. Overwinter survival of A. rolfsii sclerotia in New York is notable, as this pathogen is typically associated with subtropical and tropical regions. Broadcast applications of the pathogen would be needed for widespread Vincetoxicum control at a site, but even restricting releases to select locations would not prevent pathogen movement off-site via water or machinery. The known risks of the A. rolfsii isolate to other broadleaf plants in natural and agricultural settings suggest a low feasibility of use for the biological control of Vincetoxicum spp.

Keywords

Athelia rolfsiidog-strangling vineinvasive plantnatural areassclerotiaSclerotium rolfsii
Type
Research Article
Information
Invasive Plant Science and Management , Volume 14 , Issue 4 , December 2021 , pp. 223 - 231
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Creative Commons
To the extent this is a work of the US Government, it is not subject to copyright protection within the United States. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Weed Science Society of America.
Copyright
© US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and the Author(s), 2021

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Footnotes

Associate Editor: Edith Allen, University of California, Riverside

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