Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T11:12:47.766Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Diseases of medicinal and aromatic plants, their biological impact and management

Part of: Evolving Trends in Plant Based Drug Discovery

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 August 2016

Akanksha Singh ,
Rupali Gupta ,
Shilpi K. Saikia ,
Aakanksha Pant  and
Rakesh Pandey
Akanksha Singh
Affiliation:
Department of Microbial Technology and Nematology, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
Rupali Gupta
Affiliation:
Department of Microbial Technology and Nematology, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
Shilpi K. Saikia
Affiliation:
Department of Microbial Technology and Nematology, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
Aakanksha Pant
Affiliation:
Department of Microbial Technology and Nematology, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
Rakesh Pandey*
Affiliation:
Department of Microbial Technology and Nematology, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
*
*Corresponding author: E-mail: r.pandey@cimap.res.in
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

With increasing interest in natural products of plant origin for medicinal and health care benefits there is added emphasis on the quality of the source raw material. In most cases the vegetative tissues and organs are the source of the required raw material. However, such tissues/organs may become infested/susceptible to many diseases causing deterioration of the quality of the desired economic product and loss of genetic resources. Considerable progress has been made with respect to the identification of disease causing organisms, and their pathogenic impact at organ, cellular and biochemical level. This review focuses on various diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, nematodes, viruses and phytoplasmas threatening the yield, biomass, bioactive potential of medicinal and aromatic plants of the sub-tropics. Several studies suggest that management of diseases through biological measures is more effective to check multiple diseases. Necessary management strategies for efficient disease management to realize quality raw material and enhanced metabolite productive potential have been outlined.

Keywords

biological controldiseasesmedicinal and aromatic plantssecondary metabolites
Type
Research Article
Information
Plant Genetic Resources , Volume 14 , Special Issue 4: Evolving trends in plant based drug discovery , December 2016 , pp. 370 - 383
Copyright
Copyright © NIAB 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ajayakumar, PV, Samad, A, Shasany, AK, Gupta, MK, Alam, M and Rastogi, S (2007) First record of a Candidatus phytoplasma associated with little leaf disease of Portulaca grandiflora . Australasian Plant Disease Notes 2: 67–69.Google Scholar
Alam, M, Khan, AM and Husain, A (1983) Leaf blight and leaf spot diseases of Java citronella caused by Curvularia andropogonis . Indian Phytopathology 36: 480–483.Google Scholar
Alam, M, Sattar, A, Chourasia, HK and Janardhanan, KK (1996) Damping-off, a new disease of opium poppy caused by Pythium dissotocum . Indian Phytopathology 49: 94–97.Google Scholar
Amrine, J, Noel, B, Mallow, H, Stasny, T and Skidmore, R (1996) Essential oils used to control mites in honey bees. Available at http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/varoa/oils.htm.Google Scholar
Aranda, S, Montes-Borrego, M, Muñoz-Ledesma, FJ, Jiménez-Díaz, RM and Landa, BB (2008) First report of Pectobacterium carotovorum causing soft rot of opium poppy in Spain. Plant Disease 92: 317–317.Google Scholar
Bajpai, S, Gupta, MM and Kumar, S (1999) Identification of Indian landraces of opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, resistant to damping-off and downy mildew fungal diseases. Journal of Phytopathology 147: 535–538.Google Scholar
Berger, S, Sinha, AK and Roitsch, T (2007) Plant physiology meets phytopathology: plant primary metabolism and plant–pathogen interactions. Journal of Experimental Botany 58: 4019–4026.Google Scholar
Bertaccini, A and Duduk, B (2010) Phytoplasma and phytoplasma diseases: a review of recent research. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 48: 355–378.Google Scholar
Bhagat, S, Birah, A, Kumar, R, Yadav, MS and Chattopadhyay, C (2014) Plant disease management: prospects of pesticides of plant origin. In: Singh, D. (ed.) Advances in Plant Biopesticides. India: Springer, pp. 119–129.Google Scholar
Bhai, RS, Kishore, VK, Kumar, A, Anandaraj, M and Eapen, SJ (2012) Screening of rhizobacterial isolates against soft rot disease of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops 14: 130–136.Google Scholar
Bhandari, S, Harsh, NSK, Sharma, AK, Mao, LP and Thakur, S (2014) A database of diseases of medicinal plants in Uttarakhand. Indian Forester 140: 518–527.Google Scholar
Boby, VU and Bagyaraj, DJ (2003) Biological control of root-rot of Coleus forskohlii Briq.using microbial inoculants. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 19: 175–180.Google Scholar
Burns, JR and Benson, DM (2000) Biocontrol of damping-off of Catharanthus roseus caused by Pythium ultimum with Trichoderma virens and binucleate Rhizoctonia fungi. Plant Disease 84: 644–648.Google Scholar
Chang, ST, Chen, PF, Wang, SY and Wu, HH (2001) Antimite activity of essential oil and their constituents from Taiwania cryptomerioides . Journal of Medicinal Entomology 38: 455–457.Google Scholar
Chi, F, Yang, P, Han, F, Jing, Y and Shen, S (2010) Proteomic analysis of rice seedlings infected by Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021. Proteomics 10: 1861–1874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, YH, Tapias, EC, Kim, HK, Lefeber, AW, Erkelens, C, Verhoeven, JTJ, Brzin, J, Zel, J and Verpoorte, R (2004) Metabolic discrimination of Catharanthus roseus leaves infected by phytoplasma using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. Plant Physiology 135: 2398–2410.Google Scholar
Chowdhury, D, Paul, PC and Dasgupta, B (2011) Management of leaf spot of Centella asiatica (Thankuni) caused by Alternaria sp. and target leaf spot of Rauvolfia serpentina (Sarpagandha) caused by Corynespora cassicola . Journal of Plant Protection Sciences 3: 20–25.Google Scholar
Christensen, NM, Axelsen, KB, Nicolaisen, M and Schulz, A (2005) Phytoplasmas and their interactions with hosts. Trends in Plant Science 10: 526–535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D'Addabbo, T, Laquale, S, Lovelli, S, Candido, V and Avato, P (2014) Biocide plants as a sustainable tool for the control of pests and pathogens in vegetable cropping systems. Italian Journal of Agronomy 9: 137–145.Google Scholar
Dadwal, VS and Bhartiya, S (2012) New report of a leaf spot disease of Chlorophytum borivillianum caused by Macrophomina phaseolina from India. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 42: 397–398.Google Scholar
Doncaster, CC and Seymour, MK (1973) Exploration and selection of penetration site by Tylenchida. Nematologica 19: 137–145.Google Scholar
Dung, JK, Schroeder, BK and Johnson, DA (2010) Evaluation of Verticillium wilt resistance in Mentha arvensis and M. longifolia genotypes. Plant Disease 94: 1255–1260.Google Scholar
Eilert, U, Kurz, WGW and Constabel, F (1985) Stimulation of sanguinarine accumulation in Papaver somniferum cell cultures by fungal elicitors. Journal of Plant Physiology 119: 65–76.Google Scholar
Elad, Y and Pertot, I (2014) Climate change impacts on plant pathogens and plant diseases. Journal of Crop Improvement 28: 99–139.Google Scholar
Elena, K (2006) First report of Phomopsis asparagi causing stem blight of asparagus in Greece. Plant Pathology 55: 300–300.Google Scholar
Favali, MA, Musetti, R, Benvenuti, S, Bianchi, A and Pressacco, L (2004) Catharanthus roseus L. plants and explants infected with phytoplasmas: alkaloid production and structural observations. Protoplasma 223: 45–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furukawa, T and Kishi, K (2001) Alternaria leaf spot on three species of Pelargonium caused by Alternaria alternata in Japan. Journal of General Plant Pathology 67: 268–272.Google Scholar
Garibaldi, A, Minuto, A, Minuto, G and Gullino, ML (2004) First report of downy mildew on basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Italy. Plant Disease 88: 312–312.Google Scholar
Garibaldi, A, Rapetti, S, Rossi, J and Gullino, ML (2007) First report of leaf spot caused by Corynespora cassiicola on basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Italy. Plant Disease 91: 1361–1361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaurivaud, P, Danet, JL, Laigret, F, Garnier, M and Bové, JM (2000) Fructose utilization and phytopathogenicity of Spiroplasma citri . Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 13: 1145–1155.Google Scholar
Gortari, MC and Hours, RA (2008) Fungal chitinases and their biological role in the antagonism onto nematode eggs. A review. Mycology Progress 7: 221–238.Google Scholar
Gupta, ML, Kumar, S, Pandey, R, Shukla, RS, Khaliq, A, Kalra, A and Singh, AK (2000) Leaf blight disease and its effect on essential oil content of palmarosa. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 22: 504–505.Google Scholar
Gupta, ML, Misra, HO, Kalra, A and Khanuja, SPS (2004) Root-rot and wilt: a new disease of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) caused by Fusarium solani . Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 26: 285–287.Google Scholar
Gupta, R and Pandey, R (2015) Microbial interference ameliorates essential oil yield and diminishes root-knot infestation in sweet basil under field conditions. Biocontrol Science and Technology 25: 1165–1179.Google Scholar
Gupta, R, Saikia, SK and Pandey, R (2015a) Bioconsortia augments antioxidant and yield in Matricaria recutita L. against Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood Infestation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences doi: 10.1007/s40011-015-0621-y.Google Scholar
Gupta, R, Tiwari, S, Saikia, SK, Shukla, V, Singh, R, Singh, SP, Ajay Kumar, PV and Pandey, R (2015b) Exploitation of microbes for enhancing bacoside content and reduction of Meloidogyne incognita infestation in Bacopa monnieri L. Protoplasma 252: 53–61.Google Scholar
Gurib-Fakim, A (2006) Medicinal plants: traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 27: 1–93.Google Scholar
Hao, W, Richardson, PA and Hong, CX (2010) Foliar blight of annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus) caused by Phytophthora tropicalis in Virginia. Plant Disease 94: 274–274.Google Scholar
Haseeb, A, Butool, F and Shukla, PK (1998) Relationship between initial inoculum density of Meloidogyne incognita and growth, physiology and oil yield of Ocimum kilimandscharicum . Nematologia Mediterranea 26: 19–22.Google Scholar
Hogenhout, SA, Oshima, K, Ammar, ED, Kakizawa, S, Kingdom, HN and Namba, S (2008) Phytoplasmas: bacteria that manipulate plants and insects. Molecular Plant Pathology 9: 403–423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jagoueix-Eveillard, S, Tarendeau, F, Guolter, K, Danet, JL, Bové, JM and Garnier, M (2001) Catharanthus roseus genes regulated differentially by mollicute infections. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 14: 225–233.Google Scholar
Janardhanan, KK, Gupta, ML and Husain, A (1981) Isolation of a phytotoxic metabolite produced by Drechslera maydis (Nis.) Subra causing leaf blight of Costus speciosus (Koen.) Sm. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 20: 13–16.Google Scholar
Jones, MGK and Northcote, DH (1972) Multinucleate transfer cells induced in Coleus roots by the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria . Protoplasma 75: 381–395.Google Scholar
Kalra, A, Singh, HB, Pandey, R, Samad, A, Patra, NK and Kumar, S (2005) Diseases in mint: causal organisms, distribution, and control measures. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants 11: 71–91.Google Scholar
Kamalakannan, A, Mohan, L, Valluvaparidasan, V, Mareeswari, P and Karuppiah, R (2006) First report of Macrophomina root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) on medicinal coleus (Coleus forskohlii) in India. Plant Pathology 55: 302–302.Google Scholar
Khan, A, Saeed, ST and Samad, A (2015) New record of Catharanthus yellow mosaic virus and a betasatellite associated with lethal leaf yellowing of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) in Northern India. Plant Disease 99: 292–292 Google Scholar
Khan, A and Samad, A (2014) A new isolate of Eclipta yellow vein virus along with a betasatellite associated with yellow vein leaf curl disease of Andrographis paniculata in India. Plant Disease 98: 698–698.Google Scholar
Khan, M and Musharaf, S (2014) Foeniculum vulgare Mill. A medicinal herb. Medicinal Plant Research 4: 46–54.Google Scholar
Kiani, M, Zamani, Z, Nikkhah, MJ and Fatahi, R (2009) Screening of Damask rose genotypes for powdery mildew resistance. In: V International Symposium on Rose Research and Cultivation, Hannover, Germany, vol. 870, pp. 171–174.Google Scholar
Korves, TM and Bergelson, J (2003) A developmental response to pathogen infection in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 133: 339–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krapp, A, Hofmann, B, Schäfer, C and Stitt, M (1993) Regulation of the expression of rbcS and other photosynthetic genes by carbohydrates: a mechanism for the ‘sink regulation’ of photosynthesis? Plant Journal 3: 817–828.Google Scholar
Kulkarni, RN, Kalra, A and Ravindra, NS (1992) Integration of soil solarization with host resistance in the control of dieback and collar and root rot diseases of periwinkle. Tropical Agriculture 69: 217–222.Google Scholar
Lepka, P, Stitt, M, Moll, E and Seemüller, E (1999) Effect of phytoplasmal infection on concentration and translocation of carbohydrates and amino acids in periwinkle and tobacco. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 55: 59–68.Google Scholar
Lerchl, J, Geigenberger, P, Stitt, M and Sonnewald, U (1996) Inhibition of long distance sucrose transport by inorganic pyrophosphatase can be complemented by phloem specific expression of cytosolic yeast-derived invertase in transgenic plants. Plant Cell 7: 259–270.Google Scholar
Li, XQ, Tan, A, Voegtline, M, Bekele, S, Chen, CS and Aroian, RV (2008) Expression of Cry5B protein from Bacillus thuringiensis in plant roots confers resistance to root knot nematode. Biological Control 47: 97–102.Google Scholar
Li, Y, Chen, W, Ma, D and Wu, Y (2013) cDNA-AFLP analysis revealed genes potentially implicated in Catharanthus roseus flowers during wheat blue dwarf phytoplasma infection. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 84: 1–9.Google Scholar
Liu, LYD, Tseng, HI, Lin, CP, Lin, YY, Huang, YH, Huang, CK, Chang, TH and Lin, SS (2014) High-throughput transcriptome analysis of the leafy flower transition of Catharanthus roseus induced by peanut witches’-broom phytoplasma infection. Plant and Cell Physiology 55: 942–957.Google Scholar
Maiti, S and Geetha, KA (2013) Country Status Report on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in India. In: Expert Consultation on Promotion of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in the Asia-Pacific Region: Proceedings, pp. 101–123.Google Scholar
Mandal, K (2005) Bacterial soft rot of aloe caused by Pectobacterium chrysanthemi: a new report from India. Plant Pathology 54: 573–573.Google Scholar
Margina, A and Zheljazkov, V (1995) Evaluation of some fungicides against rust and black spot in Rosa damascena cv. trigintipetala . Journal of Essential Oil Research 7: 515–525.Google Scholar
Mazidah, M, Lau, WH, Yusoff, K, Habibuddin, H, Tan, YH and Hua, LY (2012) Ultrastructural features of Catharanthus roseus leaves infected with cucumber mosaic virus. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 35: 85–92.Google Scholar
Mehrotra, MD and Thapar, HS (1990) Rhizoctonia leaf spotting and blight of Rauvolfia serpentina, a new disease from India. Indian Forester 116: 372–374.Google Scholar
Miklis, M, Consonni, C, Bhat, RA, Lipka, V, Schulze-Lefert, P and Panstruga, R (2007) Barley MLO modulates actin-dependent and actin-independent antifungal defense pathways at the cell periphery. Plant Physiology 144: 1132–1143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Musetti, R, Scaramagli, S, Vighi, C, Pressacco, L, Torrigiani, P and Favali, MA (1999) The involvement of polyamines in phytoplasma-infected periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) plants. Plant Biosystem 133: 37–45.Google Scholar
Nejat, N, Vadamalai, G and Dickinson, M (2012) Expression patterns of genes involved in the defense and stress response of Spiroplasma citri infected Madagascar Periwinkle Catharanthus roseus . International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13: 2301–2313.Google Scholar
Ousley, MA, Lynch, JM and Whipps, JM (1994). Potential of Trichoderma spp. as consistent plant growth stimulators. Biology and Fertility of Soils 17: 85–90.Google Scholar
Pandey, R (2005) Management of Meloidogyne incognita in Artemisia pallens with bio-organics. Phytoparasitica 33: 304–308.Google Scholar
Pandey, R and Kalra, A (2003) Root-knot disease of ashwagandha Withania somnifera and its eco-friendly cost effective management. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology (India) 33: 240–245.Google Scholar
Paramasivan, M, Mohan, S and Muthukrishnan, N (2007) Management of Coleus dry root rot pathogen Macrphhomina phaseolina by fungal and bacterial antagonist. Indian Journal of Plant Protection 35: 133–135.Google Scholar
Pati, PK, Sharma, M, Salar, RK, Sharma, A, Gupta, AP and Singh, B (2008) Studies on leaf spot disease of Withania somnifera and its impact on secondary metabolites. Indian Journal of Microbiology 48: 432–437.Google Scholar
Pliego, C, Kamilova, F and Lugtenberg, B (2011) Plant growth-promoting bacteria: fundamentals and exploitation. In: Maheshwari, DK. (ed.) Bacteria in Agrobiology: Crop Ecosystems. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 295–343.Google Scholar
Postman, JD, Tzanetakis, IE and Martin, RR (2004) First report of Strawberry latent ring spot virus in a Mentha sp. from North America. Plant Disease 88: 907–907.Google Scholar
Rai, PK and Tetrawal, ML (2010) Biochemical changes in senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) leaves infected with Alternaria alternata . Progressive Agriculture 10: 168–169.Google Scholar
Raj, SK, Kumar, S, Pratap, D, Vishnoi, R, Choudhari, S and Chandra, S (2007) Natural occurrence of Cucumber mosaic virus on lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), a new record. Australasian Plant Disease Notes 2: 95–96.Google Scholar
Ramappa, PT and Shivanna, MB (2013) Fungal foliar diseases of Rauwolfia serpentina in wild, its seasonal occurrence, seed transmission and disease management. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 46: 1609–1621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, BRR, Bhattacharya, AK, Singh, HB and Mallavarapu, GR (1999) The impact of wilt disease on oil yield and quality of two cultivars of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium species). Journal of Essential Oil Research 11: 769–775.Google Scholar
Reddy, K (2001) Electron microscopy and molecular characterization of phytoplasmas associated with little leaf disease of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) and periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) in Bangladesh. Journal of Phytopathology 149: 237–244.Google Scholar
Reddy, PP (2014) Medicinal crops. In: Reddy, PP. (ed.) Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria for Horticultural Crop Protection. India: Springer, pp. 279–293.Google Scholar
Saikia, SK, Tiwari, S and Pandey, R (2013) Rhizospheric biological weapons for growth enhancement and Meloidogyne incognita management in Withania somnifera cv. Poshita. Biological Control 65: 225–234.Google Scholar
Sain, SK and Sharma, MP (1999) Factors affecting development of downy mildew (Pseudoperonospra plantaginis) of isabgol (Plantago ovata Frosk) and its control. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 29: 340–349.Google Scholar
Samad, A, Ajayakumar, PV, Gupta, MK, Shukla, AK, Darokar, MP, Somkuwar, B and Alam, M (2008) Natural infection of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) with Cucumber mosaic virus, subgroup IB. Australasian Plant Disease Notes 3: 30–34.Google Scholar
Samad, A, Shasany, AK, Gupta, S, Ajayakuar, PV, Darokar, MP and Khanuja, SPS (2006) First report of a 16SrVI group phytoplasma associated with witches’-broom disease on Withania somnifera . Plant Disease 90: 248–248.Google Scholar
Sattar, A and Alam, M (1993) Sclerotinia collar-rot of Trachyspermum ammi . Indian Journal of Plant Pathology 11: 10–11.Google Scholar
Sattar, A and Alam, M (1998) Bacterial leaf blight disease of Egyptian henbane caused by Xanthomonas campestrispv. campestris . In: Mahadevan, A. (ed.) Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Chennai: Udayam Offset Pub., pp. 404–406.Google Scholar
Sattar, A, Alam, M, Khaliq, A, Shukla, RS and Khanuja, SPS (2006) First report of leaf blight of Chlorophytum borivilianum caused by Colletotrichum capsici in northern India. Plant Pathology 55: 301–301.Google Scholar
Sattar, A, Alam, M, Saini, S, Kalra, A and Kumar, S (2002) Anthracnose disease of Geranium caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in Northern Indian plains. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology (India) 32: 31–34.Google Scholar
Sattar, A, Alam, M, Singh, KP and Hussain, A (1980) Phytophthora leaf blight of Costus in India [drug plant]. Note. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 9: 81.Google Scholar
Scaramagli, S, Vighi, C, Pressacco, L, Torrigiani, P and Favali, MA (1999) The role of polyamines in phytoplasma-infected periwinkle plants. Plant Biosystems 133: 37–45.Google Scholar
Schippmann, U, Leaman, DJ and Cunningham, AB (2002) Impact of cultivation and gathering of medicinal plants on biodiversity: global trends and issues. In: Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Rome, Italy: Inter-Department Working Group on Biology Diversity for Food and Agriculture, FAO.Google Scholar
Seenivasan, N and Devrajan, K (2008) Integrated approach for the management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in medicinal coleus. Indian Journal of Nematology 38: 154–158.Google Scholar
Sharifnabi, B and Nekoei, A (1997) Powdery mildew of dill (Erysiphe heraclei) in Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 33: 91.Google Scholar
Sharon, E, Bar-Eyal, M, Chet, I, Herrera-Estrella, A, Kleifeld, O and Spiegel, Y (2001) Biological control of root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by Trichoderma harzianum . Phytopathology 91: 687–693.Google Scholar
Sharma, A, Sharma, I and Pati, PK (2011) Post-infectional changes associated with the progression of leaf spot disease in Withania somnifera . Journal of Plant Pathology 93: 397–405.Google Scholar
Sharma, A, Vats, SK and Pati, PK (2014) Post-infectional dynamics of leaf spot disease in Withania somnifera . Annals of Applied Biology 165: 429–440.Google Scholar
Shivanna, MB, Parashurama, TR, Achar, KS and Vasanthakumari, MM (2014) Fungal foliar diseases in Withania somnifera and its effect on secondary metabolites. Plant Biosystems-An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology 148: 907–916.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shukla, RS, Alam, M, Sattar, A and Singh, HN (2006) First report of Rhizopus stolonifer causing inflorescence and fruit rot of Rauvolfia serpentina in India. EPPO Bulletin 36: 11–13.Google Scholar
Shukla, RS, Chauhan, SS, Gupta, ML, Singh, VP, Naqvi, AA, Patra, NK, Kumar, S, Kukreja, AK, Dwivedi, S and Singh, AK (2000) Foliar diseases of Mentha arvensis: their impact on yield and major constituents of oil. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 22: 453–455.Google Scholar
Shukla, RS, Kumar, S, Singh, HN and Singh, KP (1993) First report of aerial blight of Coleus-forskohlii caused by Rhizoctoniasolani in India. Plant Disease 77: 429–429.Google Scholar
Shukla, RS, Sattar, A, Kumar, S, Singh, KP and Husain, A (1981) Phytophthora leaf blight of Hibiscus moschatus-new record from India. Note. Indian Phytopathology 34: 539.Google Scholar
Sikora, RA (2008) Mutualistic endophytic fungi and in planta suppressiveness to plant parasitic nematodes. Biological Control 46: 15–23.Google Scholar
Singh, A, Pandey, R and Singh, HB (2004) Important diseases of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. In: PC. Trivedi (ed.) Medicinal Plant Utilization and Conservation. India: Jaipur Aviskar, pp. 217–253.Google Scholar
Singh, HB, Singh, A, Tripathi, A, Tiwari, SK and Johri, JK (2001) Collar rot of Chlorophytum borivilianum caused by Corticium rolfsii: a new disease. EPPO Bulletin 31: 112–113.Google Scholar
Singh, ID (1983) New leaf spot diseases of two medicinal plants. Madras Agricultural Journal 70: 490.Google Scholar
Singh, R, Gangwar, SP, Singh, D, Singh, R, Pandey, R and Kalra, A (2011) Medicinal plant Coleus forskohliibriq.: disease and management. Medicinal Plants-International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries 3: 1–7.Google Scholar
Sinha, R and Chattopadhyay, S (2011) Changes in the leaf proteome profile of Mentha arvensis in response to Alternaria alternata infection. Journal of Proteomics 74: 327–336.Google Scholar
Srivastava, S, Pandey, R, Kumar, S and Nautiyal, CS (2014) Correspondence between flowers and leaves in terpenoid indole alkaloid metabolism of the phytoplasma-infected Catharanthus roseus plants. Protoplasma 251: 1307–1320.Google Scholar
Stirling, AM (2002) Erwinia chrysanthemi, the cause of soft rot in ginger (Zingiber officinale) in Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 31: 419–420.Google Scholar
Stirling, GR, Turaganivalu, U, Stirling, AM, Lomavatu, MF and Smith, MK (2009) Rhizome rot of ginger (Zingiber officinale) caused by Pythium myriotylum in Fiji and Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 38: 453–460.Google Scholar
Stöckigt, J, Obitz, P, Falkenhagen, H, Lutterbach, R and Endress, S (1995) Natural products and enzymes from plant cell cultures. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 43: 97–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Su, YT, Chen, JC and Lin, CP (2011) Phytoplasma-induced floral abnormalities in Catharanthus roseus are associated with phytoplasma accumulation and transcript repression of floral organ identity genes. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 24: 1502–1512.Google Scholar
Taba, S, Takara, A, Nasu, K, Miyahira, N, Takushi, T and Moromizato, ZI (2009) Alternaria leaf spot of basil caused by Alternaria alternata in Japan. Journal of General Plant Pathology 75: 160–162.Google Scholar
Tan, PY and Whitlow, T (2001) Physiological responses of Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle) to ash yellows phytoplasmal infection. New Phytologist 150: 757–769.Google Scholar
Thakur, RN and Husain, A (1975) A new leaf spot disease of Lemon grass. Indian Phytopathology 28: 100–102.Google Scholar
Thakur, S and Harsh, NSK (2014) Efficacy of volatile metabolites of phylloplane fungi of Rauwolfia serpentina against Alternaria alternata . Current Research in Environmental and Applied Mycology 4: 152–156.Google Scholar
Thaung, MM (2008) Pathologic and taxonomic analysis of leaf spot and tar spot diseases in a tropical dry to wet monsoon ecosystem of lowland Burma. Australasian Plant Pathology 37: 180–197.Google Scholar
Thines, M, Telle, S, Ploch, S and Runge, F (2009) Identity of the downy mildew pathogens of basil, coleus, and sage with implications for quarantine measures. Mycological Research 113: 532–540.Google Scholar
Trivedi, M, Tiwari, RK and Dhawan, OP (2006) Genetic parameters and correlations of collar rot resistance with important biochemical and yield traits in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Journal of Applied Genetics 47: 29–38.Google Scholar
Tuffen, MG (2010) The use of Xspecies microarray to study changes in gene expression in phytoplasma-infected Catharanthus roseus . In Phytopathology USA: American Phytopathological Society 100: 127–127.Google Scholar
Tzanetakis, IE, Postman, JD, Samad, A and Martin, RR (2010) Mint viruses: Beauty, stealth, and disease. Plant Disease 94: 4–12.Google Scholar
Vokou, D (2002) Ecological roles of lower isoprenoids in aromatic plants and potential applications of their biological activity. In: 2nd Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of South East European Countries, 29 September–3 October 2002, Chalkidiki, Greece.Google Scholar
Wu, Y, Jenkins, T, Blunden, G, Von Mende, N and Hankins, SD (1998) Suppression of fecundity of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, in monoxenic cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana treated with an alkaline extract of Ascophyllum nodosum . Journal of Applied Phycology 10: 91–94.Google Scholar
Yu, F (1997) Pigment content and in vitro culture of periwinkles infected with aster yellows phytoplasma or Spiroplasma citri . Doctoral Dissertation, University of Georgia.Google Scholar
Zhao, J, Zhu, WH and Hu, Q (2001) Selection of fungal elicitors to increase indole alkaloid accumulation in Catharanthus roseus suspension cell culture. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 28: 666–672.Google Scholar