| | The Families of Angiosperms |
~ Former Liliaceae, cf. Amaryllidaceae subfamily Amaryllidoideae of APG III et al.
Including Brunsvigiaceae Horan., Cepaceae Salisb.(?), Cyrtanthaceae Salisb., Galanthaceae Salisb., Gethyllidaceae Rafin., Operantheae (Operanthaceae) Salisb., Leucojaceae Batsch & Borkhausen, Strumariaceae Salisb., Zephyranthaceae Salisb.; excluding Alliaceae, Doryanthaceae, Hypoxidaceae
Habit and leaf form. Herbs (without allylic sulphides). Plants green and photosynthesizing. Perennial; with a basal aggregation of leaves, or without conspicuous aggregations of leaves; bulbaceous (mostly), or rhizomatous (in that a few have structures transitional between rhizomes and bulbs). Hydrophytic to helophytic (some scapigerous Crinum spp. described as "amphibious", or "having submerged leaves"), or mesophytic (mostly); the hydrophytes rooted. Leaves of rooted hydrophytes submerged. Leaves mostly deciduous; alternate; spiral (not uncommonly, e.g. Crinum), or distichous (mostly?); ‘herbaceous’; sessile, or petiolate (or almost so); sheathing; without marked odour (in particular, not onion-scented); with blades ‘normally orientated’; simple. Lamina entire; linear, or lanceolate, or oblong, or ovate, or orbicular; parallel-veined, or pinnately veined and parallel-veined (i.e., sometimes becoming pinnate distally); cross-venulate, or without cross-venules. Lamina margins entire. Leaf development ‘graminaceous’.
Leaf anatomy. The leaf lamina dorsiventral. Stomata present; anomocytic. The mesophyll containing mucilage cells (with raphides); containing crystals. The crystals raphides. Foliar vessels absent. Minor leaf veins without phloem transfer cells (Amaryllis, Zephyranthes).
Axial (stem, wood) anatomy. Secondary thickening absent. The axial xylem without vessels.
Root anatomy. Root xylem with vessels; vessel end-walls scalariform.
Reproductive type, pollination. Unisexual flowers absent. Plants hermaphrodite. Floral nectaries present. Nectar secretion from the perianth (from the inner tepals, in Galanthieae), or from the gynoecium (from septal nectaries).
Inflorescence, floral, fruit and seed morphology. Flowers solitary, or aggregated in ‘inflorescences’; when aggregated, in cymes (variously condensed), or in umbels, or in heads. The ultimate inflorescence units cymose. Inflorescences scapiflorous; cymose, but often umbels or heads by condensation; with involucral bracts (mostly with two(–8) spathelike, free or connate scales), or without involucral bracts; spatheate. Flowers regular to somewhat irregular to very irregular; when irregular, somewhat zygomorphic; 3 merous; cyclic; tetracyclic, or pentacyclic. Perigone tube present (short to long), or absent.
Perianth of ‘tepals’; 6; free to joined; 2 whorled (3+3, but often with a conspicuous ‘corona’, like an extra, inner whorl); isomerous; petaloid; similar in the two whorls; green, or green to white, or white, or cream, or yellow, or red, or pink, or purple, or brown (in various combinations, but not blue). Tepal apex trichomes (TAT) present (Amaryllis, Calostemma, Crinum, Habranthus, Hessea, Haemanthus, Hippeastrum, Hymenocallis, Leucojum, Narcissus, Nerine, Paramongaia, Proiphys, Scadoxus, Sprekelia, Stenomesson, Strumaria, Vallota, Zephyra, Zephyranthes).
Androecium (3–)6(–18) (nearly always 3+3). Androecial members free of the perianth, or adnate (to the tube); free of the gynoecium; free of one another, or coherent; when joined, 1 adelphous; nearly always 2 whorled (3+3). Androecium exclusively of fertile stamens (at least, reduction to staminodes not mentioned by Dahlgren et al. 1985). Stamens 3 (in Zephyra), or 6 (usually), or 9–18 (Gethyllis); isomerous with the perianth (rarely), or diplostemonous; (nearly always?) alterniperianthial; filantherous (the filaments sometimes appendaged alongside the anthers). Filaments appendiculate (the connate filaments sometimes expanded to form a staminal corona), or not appendiculate. Anthers dorsifixed (epipeltate), or basifixed (rarely); versatile (usually), or non-versatile; dehiscing via pores, or dehiscing via longitudinal slits; introrse (usually), or latrorse (e.g. Crinum); tetrasporangiate. Endothecium developing fibrous thickenings. The endothecial thickenings spiral. Microsporogenesis successive. The initial microspore tetrads tetrahedral, or isobilateral, or decussate. Tapetum glandular (usually), or amoeboid. Pollen grains aperturate; 1(–2) aperturate; sulcate (usually), or sulculate (Amaryllideae); 2-celled.
Gynoecium 3 carpelled. Carpels isomerous with the perianth. The pistil usually more or less 3 celled, or 1 celled (e.g., in Calostemma, and in other forms the dissepiments of an ostensibly trilocular ovary are merely contiguous). Gynoecium syncarpous; eu-syncarpous; inferior, or partly inferior (rarely). Ovary 3 locular (usually), or 1 locular (rarely, though not uncommonly approaching this condition). Gynoecium stylate. Styles 1; apical. Stylar canal present. Stigmas 1, or 3; 1–3 lobed; capitate; dry type (mostly), or wet type (some); papillate; Group II type and Group III type. Placentation when unilocular, basal (viz., in Calostemma,), or parietal; when trilocular (i.e. usually), axile, or basal (rarely, or at least ostensibly so with the ovules solitary or paired and collateral). Ovules (1–)12–50 per locule (i.e. nearly always ‘several to many’); non-arillate; anatropous; without integuments (rarely), or unitegmic, or bitegmic (usually); crassinucellate, or pseudocrassinucellate. Embryo-sac development Polygonum-type (usually), or Allium-type. Polar nuclei fusing prior to fertilization. Antipodal cells formed; 3; not proliferating; ephemeral, or persistent (often). Synergids hooked (with filiform apparatus). Hypostase present (Zephyranthes), or absent. Endosperm formation nuclear, or helobial.
Fruit fleshy, or non-fleshy; dehiscent, or indehiscent; a capsule, or a berry. Capsules loculicidal. Seeds endospermic. Endosperm oily. Seeds winged, or wingless. Seeds without starch. Cotyledons 1. Embryo achlorophyllous (5/5), or chlorophyllous (two species of Haemanthus); straight. Testa encrusted with phytomelan (mostly?), or without phytomelan (e.g., Amaryllis, Hymenocallis); black (mostly), or green, or red.
Seedling. Hypocotyl internode absent. Seedling collar not conspicuous. Cotyledon hyperphyll elongated, or compact; assimilatory, or non-assimilatory; when elongated, dorsiventrally flattened. Coleoptile absent. First leaf dorsiventral. Primary root ephemeral.
Physiology, phytochemistry. C3. C3 physiology recorded directly in Zephyranthes. Anatomy non-C4 type (Zephyranthes). Accumulated starch other than exclusively ‘pteridophyte type’. Inulin not found (Gibbs 1974). Cyanogenic, or not cyanogenic. Alkaloids present (amaryllid type), or absent. Saponins/sapogenins absent. Proanthocyanidins absent. Flavonols present, or absent; when present, quercetin, or kaempferol and quercetin. Ellagic acid absent. Sieve-tube plastids P-type; type II.
Geography, cytology. Holarctic, Paleotropical, Neotropical, Cape, and Australian. Temperate (a few), sub-tropical and tropical (many). Widespread.
Taxonomy. Subclass Monocotyledonae. Dahlgren et al. Superorder Liliiflorae; Asparagales. APG III core angiosperms; Superorder Lilianae; non-commelinid Monocot. APG IV Order Asparagales.
Species about 800. Genera about 60; Amaryllis, Ammocharis, Apodolirion, Bokkeveldia, Boophone, Bravoa, Brunsvigia, Caliphruria, Calostemma, Carpolyza,, Chlidanthus, Choananthus, Clianthus, Clinanthus, Clivia, Cooperia, Crinum, Cryptostephanus, Cybistetes, Cyrtanthus, Eucharis, Eucrosia, Eustephia, Galanthus, Gemmaria, Gethyllis, Griffinia, Habranthus, Haemanthus, Hannonia, Hessea, Hieronymiella, Hippeastrum, Hymenocallis, Ismene, Lapiedra, Leptochiton, Leucojum, Lycoris, Namaquanula, Narcissus, Nerine, Pamianthe, Pancratium, Paramongaia Phaedranassa, Phycella, Placea, Proiphys (Eurycles), Pucara, Pyrolirion, Rauhia, Rhodophiala, Scadoxus, Sprekelia, Stenomesson, Sternbergia, Strumaria, Tapeinanthus, Tedingea, Traubia, Ungernia, Urceocharis, Urceolina, Vagaria, Vallota, Worsleya, Zephyra, Zephyranthes (Dahlgren et al. (1985) omit many genera).
Economic uses, etc. Many cultivated ornamentals.
Quotations.
. . . Daffodils
That come before the swallow dares, and take
The winds of March with
beauty
(‘The Winter’s Tale’, iv., 3)
I wander’d
lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o’er vales and hills,
When
all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake,
beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
(William
Wordsworth, ‘Daffodils’)
Illustrations. • Le Maout and Decaisne: Leucojum. • Le Maout and Decaisne: Narcissus, Galanthus, Oporanthus. • Narcissus, Galanthus, Leucojum (B. Ent. compilation, 1824–35). • Amaryllis belladonna (~ Brunsvigia rosea?): as A. banksiana, Bot. Reg. 11, 1842. Amaryllis banksiana Lindl., = A. belladonna or Brunsvigia rosea? The distinguishing character states, if they are real, are naccessible from the plate and Lindley’s description. 1, vertical section of one cell of the ovary. 2, transverse section of the ambiguously uni- or trilocular ovary. • Apodolirion buchananii: Hook. Ic. Pl. 14 (1882). • Caliphruria hartwegiana: Bot. Mag. 102 (1876). • Caliphruria subdentata (as Calliphruria): Bot. Mag. 103 (1877). • Calostemma luteum: Bot. Reg. xxvi, 19 (1840). • Calostemma purpureum: as C. carneum, Bot. Reg. xxvi, 26 (1840). • Clinanthus incarnatus (as Coburgia trichroma): Bot. Mag. 94 (1868). • Crinum roseum: as C. variabile var. roseum, Bot. Reg. 1844, 9. • Crinum abyssinicum, habit and LS flower: Thonner. • Crinum natans: Bot. Mag. 128 (1902). • Crinum stuhlmannii subsp. delagoense (as C. forbesianum): Bot. Mag. 107 (1881). • Cyrtanthus brachyscyphus (as C. parviflorus): Bot. Mag. 125 (1899). • Cyrtanthus breviflorus (as Anoiganthus): Bot. Mag. 115 (1889). • Cyrtanthus ochroluceus (as C. lutescens): Bot. Mag. 89 (1863). • Cyrtanthus carneus: Bot. Reg. 1462, 1831. • Cyrtanthus huttonii: Bot. Mag. 122 (1896. • Galanthus nivalis: Eng. Bot. 1507 (1869). • Eucharis X-grandiflora (= moorei x sanderii), as E. mastersii: Bot. Mag. 111 (1885). • Eucharis sanderii: Bot. Mag. 109 (1883). • Eucrosia aurantiaca (as Callipsyche): Bot. Mag. 111 (1885). • Galanthis elwesii: Bot. Mag. 101 (1875). • Griffinia blumenavia: Bot. Mag. 93 (1867). • Habranthus tubispathus (as H. andersoni): Bot. Reg. 1345, 1830. • Habranthus brachyandrus (as Hippeastrum): Bot. Mag. 120 (1894). • Habranthus gracilifolius var. boothianus: Bot. Reg. 1967, 1837. • Haemanthus deformis: Bot. Mag. 97 (1871). • Haemanthus deformis, as H. baurii: Bot. Mag. 112 (1886). • Hippeastrum cybister: as Sprekelia, Bot. Reg. xxvi, 33 (1840). Hippeastrum cybister. 1, flower with perianth and stamens cut away, and the inferior ovary sectioned vertically. 3, transverse section of the ovary. 3, detail of the style. • Hippeastrum elegans (as H. solandriflorum): Bot. Mag. 66 (1840). • Hippeastrum harrisonii: Bot. Mag. 126 (1900). • Hippeastrum pratense: as Habranthus pratensis, Bot. Reg. 35, 1842. • Hymenocallis harrisiana: Bot. Mag. 107 (1881). • Hymenocallis schizostephana: Bot. Mag. 127 (1901). • Leucojum vernum: Bot. Mag. 2 (1788). • Lycoris squamigera: Bot. Mag. 123 (1897). • Narcissus broussonetii: Bot. Mag. 114 (1888). • Narcissus cernuus (as N. pallidulus), N. graellsii (as N. bulbocodium), N. rupicola): Bot. Mag. 106 (1880). • Narcissus triandrus: Bot. Mag. 2 (1788). • Narcissus papyraceus subsp. pachybolus: Bot. Mag. 111 (1885). • Narcissus poeticus: Eng. Bot. 1504 (1869). • Narcissus pseudonarcissus: Eng. Bot. 1388 (1869). • Narcissus pseudonarcissus ssp. major: Bot. Mag. 2, 1788. • Assorted cultivated Narcissi: Bot. Reg. 29, 38 (1843). • Nerine angustifolia: Pole Evans, Fl. Pl. S. Africa 17 (1937). • Nerine bowdenii: Bot. Mag. 133 (1907). • Nerine filifolia: Bot. Mag. 107 (1881). • Nerine pudica: Bot. Mag. 97 (1871). • Pancratium maritimum: Lindley. • Phaedranassa carmiolii: Bot. Mag. 137 (1911). • Phaedranassa dubia (as P. obtusa): Bot. Mag. 89 (1863). • Phycella herbertiana: Bot. Reg. 1341, 1830. • Placea ornata: Bot. Reg. 50, 1841. • Pyrolirion arvense (as P. aureum): Bot. Reg. 1724, 1835. • Rhodophiala fulgens (as Habranthus): Bot. Mag. 92 (1866). • Scadoxus multiflorus (as Haemanthus tenuiflorus var. coccineus): Bot. Mag. 97 (1871). • Scadoxus multiflorus subsp. katherinae (as Haemanthus katherinae): Bot. Mag. 110 (1884). • Scadoxus puniceus (as Haemanthus insignis): Bot. Mag. 79 (1853). • Scadoxus puniceus (as Haemanthus natalensis): Bot. Mag. 89 (1863). • Sprekelia formosissima, as Amaryllis: Bot. Mag. 2 (1788). • Sprekelia formosissima: as S. glauca, Bot. Reg. 16, 1841. • Stenomesson aurantiacum: as S. hartwegii, Bot. Reg. 1844, 42. • Stenomesson flavum (as S. latifolium): Bot. Mag. 67 (1840). • Stenomesson flavum: Bot. Reg 29 (2), 1843. • Stenomesson luteoviride: Bot. Mag. 106 (1880). • Stenomesson miniatum (as Urceolina peruviana): Bot. Reg. 1839, 68. • Sternbergia clusiana, as S. macrantha: Bot. Mag. 122 (1896). • Sternbergia vernalis (as S. fischeriana): Bot. Mag. 121 (1895). • Urceocharis edentata: Bot. Mag. 137 (1911). • Urceolina bakeriana: Bot. Mag. 116 (1890). • Zephyranthes citrina: Bot. Mag. 108 (1882). • Zephyranthes americana (as Haylockia pusilla): Bot. Mag. 126 (1900). • Zephyranthes chlorosolen (as Cooperia): Bot Mag. 63 (1836).
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, distributions of character states within any set of taxa, geographical distribution, genera included in each family, and classifications (Dahlgren; Dahlgren, Clifford, and Yeo; Cronquist; APG). See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 25th April 2024. delta-intkey.com’.
