| | The Families of Angiosperms |
~ Burmanniaceae-Thismieae.
Habit and leaf form. Achlorophyllous herbs. Leaves much reduced. Plants somewhat succulent to non-succulent; parasitic; mycoheterotrophic; not green. Perennial; rhizomatous (the rhizome sometimes branched and coral-like). Mesophytic. Leaves small; alternate, or opposite; distichous; membranous; sessile; sheathing; simple. Lamina entire; parallel-veined; without cross-venules. Lamina margins entire.
Leaf anatomy. Stomata present; anomocytic. The mesophyll containing crystals. The crystals raphides.
Axial (stem, wood) anatomy. Secondary thickening absent.
Reproductive type, pollination. Unisexual flowers absent. Plants hermaphrodite.
Inflorescence, floral, fruit and seed morphology. Flowers solitary, or aggregated in ‘inflorescences’; when aggregated, in racemes. The ultimate inflorescence units racemose. Inflorescences scapiflorous; terminal; racemes. Flowers bracteate; small; regular to very irregular; when irregular, zygomorphic. The floral irregularity (when present) involving the perianth (the tube sometimes zygomorphic). Flowers 3 merous; cyclic; pentacyclic. Perigone tube present (circumcissile in fruit, campanulate or urceolate, the lobes sometimes sometimes linear, curved, or fused into a mitre or other strange configuration).
Perianth of ‘tepals’; 6; joined; 2 whorled; isomerous; petaloid; similar in the two whorls, or different in the two whorls (the lobes equal, or those of the inner whorl longer and narrower or even geniculate).
Androecium 6. Androecial members adnate (to the perianth tube); free of the gynoecium; free of one another, or coherent (via connate filaments); when joined, 1 adelphous; 2 whorled. Stamens 6 (usually), or 3; diplostemonous (usually), or isomerous with the perianth. Anthers basifixed; non-versatile; dehiscing via longitudinal slits; introrse; bilocular (the thecae separated); appendaged (with apical enlargement of the connective). Endothecium developing fibrous thickenings. Anther epidermis persistent. Microsporogenesis successive. Pollen grains aperturate; 1 aperturate; ulcerate (at least in some genera).
Gynoecium 3 carpelled. Carpels isomerous with the perianth. The pistil 1 celled. Gynoecium syncarpous; synstylovarious; inferior. Ovary 1 locular. Gynoecium stylate. Styles 1; apical. Stigmas 3. Placentation parietal. Ovules in the single cavity 50–100 (‘many’); anatropous; bitegmic; tenuinucellate. Embryo-sac development Polygonum-type. Polar nuclei fusing prior to fertilization. Antipodal cells not formed (the three nuclei soon degenerating). Synergids pear-shaped. Endosperm formation helobial.
Fruit non-fleshy; dehiscent; a capsule. Capsules circumscissile. Fruit 50–150 seeded (‘many’). Seeds non-endospermic; minute. Embryo rudimentary at the time of seed release. Testa without phytomelan.
Seedling. Germination cryptocotylar.
Geography, cytology. Holarctic, Paleotropical, Neotropical, Australian, and Antarctic. Southeast Asia, Africa, America (mainly Brazil), Australia, New Zealand.
Taxonomy. Subclass Monocotyledonae. Dahlgren et al. Superorder Liliiflorae; Burmanniales. APG III core angiosperms; Superorder Lilianae; non-commelinid Monocot. APG IV Order Dioscoreales (as a synonym of Burmanniaceae).
Species 30. Genera 6–9; Afrothismia, Desmogymnosiphon, Haplothismia, Oxygyne, Scaphiophora, Thismia (Geomitra), Tiputinia, Triscyphus (Thismia).
General remarks. Comparing this description with that of Burmanniaceae (q.v.) using Intkey offers absolute differences in 11 characters, representing inflorescence, floral morphology, details of androecium, gynoecium, fruit, and seed, and embryology.
Illustrations. • Afrothismia pachyantha (as Thismia), Oxygyne triandra: Engler & Drude, Vegetation der Erde 9 (1908). • Scaphiophora appendiculata (as Thismia): Bot. Jahrb. 55 (1919). • Thismia aseroe, Th. brunoniana, Th. macabensis, Th. neptunae, Th. (Bagnisia) episcopalis, Th. (Bagnisia) crocea: Nat. Pflanzenfam. II (1889). • Thismia rodwayi, as Sarcosiphon: Coleman, Vic. Naturalist 52 (1936). • Thismia caudata (as Glaziocharis macahensis), Triscyphus fungiformis (= Thismia): Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. Erganzungshefte II (1908).
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, distributions of character states within any set of taxa, geographical distribution, genera included in each family, and classifications (Dahlgren; Dahlgren, Clifford, and Yeo; Cronquist; APG). See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 25th April 2024. delta-intkey.com’.
