FIGURE 4 - uploaded by Patrícia Oliveira Fiuza
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A. Dendrosporomyces prolifer: conidium; B. Dendrosporomyces splendens: conidium; C. Filosporella versimorpha: conidiophore and conidia; D. Flabellocladia tetracladia: conidium; E. Flabellospora crassa: conidium; F. Flabellospora multiradiata: conidium; G. Flabellospora verticillata: conidium; H. Flagellospora curvula: conidia, conidiophore and conidiogenous cells; I. Flagellospora stricta: conidia, conidiophore and conidiogenous cells; J-K. Geniculospora inflata: conidia. (Scale bar: A-B= 80 µm; C, E, G-H= 25 µm; D, J-K= 30 µm; F= 50 µm; I=10 µm)
Source publication
Ingoldian fungi have a worldwide distribution, but the most species have been described from temperate regions. In Brazil, the studies of Ingoldian fungi started in the 1980’s in the Atlantic Forest, the state of São Paulo. Later studies extended to other biomes such as the Cerrado, Caatinga and Amazon. The aim of this study is to improve our under...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... three from near the base of the straight main axis ......Dendrospora erecta (Fig. 3O) - Lateral branches do not arise in pars or in whorls of three from near the base of the main axis, main axis curved to hook-shaped .. Conidia with a main axis having more than 7 primary lateral branches ..................................Dendrosporomyces prolifer (Fig. 4A) - Conidia with a main axis having less than 7 primary lateral branches ................................ Dendrosporomyces splendens (Fig. 4B) ...
Context 2
... three from near the base of the main axis, main axis curved to hook-shaped .. Conidia with a main axis having more than 7 primary lateral branches ..................................Dendrosporomyces prolifer (Fig. 4A) - Conidia with a main axis having less than 7 primary lateral branches ................................ Dendrosporomyces splendens (Fig. 4B) ...
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Freshwater hyphomycetes are a highly diverse group of fungi with a worldwide distribution and have been mostly reported from tropical and subtropical regions. During investigations of freshwater fungi from the Greater Mekong subregion in China and Thailand, sixteen freshwater hyphomycetes (three of them belong to the class Dothideomycetes while thi...
Citations
... We found 71 taxa as γ diversity of aquatic fungi, 56 were identified at the species level, four were identified at the genus level, and eleven could not be categorised into any genera and were thus reported as sp. Some species had not yet been recorded from Brazil, so 34 are new records from Brazil (NRB); moreover, 42 species are new records from the Atlantic Forest (NRAF) (Table 2) according to Fiuza et al. (2017). Only Amniculicola longissima occurred in all samples. ...
... Studies throughout Brazil and the world have presented fewer species in temperate systems (Bärlocher and Rosset 1981:42 species;Crawford et al. 1990: 36 species;Chauvet 1991: 54 species;Gessner et al. 1993: 43 species;Czeczuga and Orłowska 1997: 33 species;Gulis 1999: 41 species;Baudoin et al. 2008: 37 species) and subtropical areas (Akridge and Koehn 1987: 10 species), while some have similar values in temperate and tropical areas (Bärlocher 2000: 77 species;and Cruz and Gusmão 2009a: 74). Aquatic fungal studies in Brazil are scarce and only 54 species from the Atlantic Forest, in only 18 studies (Fiuza et al. 2017), have been recorded. Thus, our study contributed to the species list from this biome. ...
... Thus, our study contributed to the species list from this biome. It is highly likely that this low number of species from Brazil is due to sampling effort issues (Fiuza et al. 2017), which also occur in other nontemperate areas (Jabiol et al. 2013). Our study registered 34 new records from Brazil and 42 new records from the Atlantic Forest, a great contribution to the subtropical area in the country. ...
Matter and energy fluxes and ecosystem services in streams rely on fungi associated with leaf litter. However, the species diversity of this microbial group may differ between a protected area and its surroundings. Thus, to understand how beta diversity may depend on the conservation status of an area, we aimed to evaluate the structure and diversity (α, β, and γ) of the aquatic fungal community from a subtropical area and how it is distributed in streams from a protected area and from a farmland area. Hence, we compared eight streams inside with eight streams outside of a protected area. This is one of the first studies testing the biotic homogenisation hypothesis for fungi associated with leaf litter in streams. We found new records of fungal species from a global biodiversity hotspot. The gamma diversity of aquatic fungi was surprisingly high. Our analyses indicated a process of environmental homogenisation of streams outside the national park. Intriguingly, neither α nor β diversity differed between areas. Environmental variables presented large differences, especially regarding nutrients, which influence the aquatic fungal community. Altogether, this national park seems to be effective in protecting the environmental heterogeneity of streams to some extent; however, the national park was likely suffering from pollution, which requires further investigation.
... Na classe C11 (ambientes aquáticos) foram encontrados 36 artigos, os quais abordaram temáticas referente à macroinvertebrados (Santos & Rodrigues, 2015;Graça et al., 2015;Hepp et al., 2016) e fungos bentônicos (Fiuza et al., 2017;Casotti et al., 2019). ...
A serapilheira desempenha diversas funções essenciais nos ecossistemas florestais, como a redução da erosão do solo, isolamento térmico, retenção de água, contribuição para o ciclo de nutrientes e criação de nichos ecológicos. Formada pela deposição de materiais orgânicos no solo, sua decomposição regula o ciclo do carbono, armazenando-o e ajudando na redução do CO2 atmosférico, fundamental para a regulação climática. Para compreender melhor seu papel no ecossistema, foi realizado levantamento de artigos científicos em três bases de dados, sobre serapilheira na Floresta Atlântica, publicados até o ano de 2019. A análise dos estudos foi centrada na avaliação das décadas de publicação, identificação dos periódicos de maior relevância e análise das temáticas abordadas nos mesmos. Foram encontrados 393 artigos de 1987 a 2019, categorizados em 11 classes de estudo. A classe mais representativa foi a dos invertebrados, contemplada principalmente por artrópodes como aranhas, besouros, formigas, gafanhotos, crustáceo terrestre, cupins e escorpiões, com foco na alimentação, distribuição, ecologia, inventário, predação e interações com a serapilheira edáfica. A classe dos vertebrados teve os anfíbios como o grupo mais estudado, com ênfase significativa em sua dieta e ocupação de diferentes micro-habitats na floresta. A classe “ciclagem de nutrientes” se concentrou em sua dinâmica, na avaliação da fertilidade do solo por meio da queda de serapilheira, bem como nos componentes químicos e bioquímicos, como o carbono e nitrogênio na biomassa do solo, relacionados à decomposição das folhas. A classe “ambientes aquáticos” abordou a ecologia de macroinvertebrados bentônicos, fungos e a ciclagem de nutrientes neste ambiente. Ademais, os resultados deste estudo destacaram diferentes tendências de pesquisa sobre serapilheira na Floresta Atlântica brasileira, com foco na macrofauna edáfica e nos anfíbios. Houve um aumento significativo na pesquisa sobre serapilheira na década de 2010, destacando seu crescente interesse e importância ecológica. Os resultados têm implicações para a compreensão da biodiversidade e dinâmica dos ecossistemas na Floresta Atlântica, enfatizando a necessidade de políticas de conservação e manejo sustentável mais eficazes. No entanto, o estudo tem limitações, como a falta de pesquisa sobre os fatores abióticos na deposição de serapilheira, uma área subexplorada na literatura atual.
... The disposal of untreated or imperfect treated effluents can impact microbial diversity of natural environments, consequently affecting the functioning and health of aquatic environments [16,17]. In the endeavor to unveil the global distribution patterns of Ingoldian fungi occurring in various water areas, several studies have been conducted worldwide [18][19][20][21][22]. Nevertheless, Cudowski et al. [23] stated that existing knowledge on aquatic fungi is fragmentary and it is estimated that only approximately 7% of the total number of species of aquatic fungi have been identified and described to date. ...
... Slides for microscopical observation were prepared during the incubation period and were observed using an Olympus CX 41 optical microscope. The fungal taxa were mainly identified based on their unique characteristic conidial morphology as they produce conidiophores and conidiogenous cells according to the relevant taxonomical keys [1,2,9,22,36,37]. Photographs were taken using an optical microscope coupled with a camera (Olympus SC30 U-TV1X-2, T2 Tokyo, Japan). ...
In the current study, fifty-eight Ingoldain fungal species assignable to forty-one genera were recovered from two water bodies receiving the treated sewage and the effluents of oils and soaps factory at Assiut Governorate (Upper Egypt), of which Anguillospora, Amniculicola, Flagellospora, and Mycocentrospora were the most prevalent genera. The most widespread identified species were Anguillospora furtive, Amniculicola longissima and Flagellospora fusarioides. Forty-three species were identified for the first time in Egypt. The most Ingoldain taxa were estimated for El-Zinnar canal, with the highest recorded taxa in winter. Whereas, the highest dominance of Ingoldian fungi was estimated for the El-Ibrahimia canal. The highest Simpson and Shannon diversity indexes were estimated for El-Zinnar canal samples recording 0.9683 and 3.741, respectively. The poorest water sites with Ingoldian fungi were those exposed directly to either treated sewage or industrial effluents, with which relatively higher values of water conductivity, cations and anions. Water temperature was the main abiotic factor driving the seasonal occurrence of Ingoldian fungi. It is interesting to isolate some Ingoldian fungal species from the stressful water sites receiving the effluents which provide valuable insights regarding their adaptation, predictive and putative role as bioindicators and their potentiality in pollutants degradation, organic decomposition, and transformation of xenobiotic compounds.
... Geographical distribution: Brazil (Fiuza et al. 2017), Poland (Orlowska et al. 2004), Sweden (Nilsson 1962). ...
... Flagellospora stricta is recognised by straight and small conidia (Nilsson 1962). This species was first found in the Caatinga biome on leaf samples using the submerged incubation methodology (Fiuza et al. 2017). In the present study, F. stricta was found in the Pium and Jiqui streams. ...
Aquatic hyphomycetes decompose submerged detritus in aquatic ecosystems making organic matter more nutritious and palatable for consumption by aquatic invertebrates. They can be classified into three ecological groups based on their morphology and form of sporulation: aero-aquatic fungi, facultative aquatic fungi and Ingoldian fungi. The current study provides an inventory of aquatic hyphomycetes associated with submerged debris (leaves and twigs) of streams and lakes in the Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Norte. In addition, new records for the area are described. Substrate collections were carried out in eight streams and two lakes. Two methodologies were used for the analysis of decomposing substrates: moist chamber and submerged incubation. Seventy-seven taxa were found, distributed in 49 genera of aquatic hyphomycetes associated with plant debris in water bodies of the Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Norte. Sixteen taxa are new records for Rio Grande do Norte, two are new records for Brazil (Gyrothrix encephalarti and Triscelophorus konajensis) and one for the Americas (Flagellospora minuta). The study demonstrated a high species richness of aquatic hyphomycetes for the Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Norte and can serve as a model for studies on the conservation of Funga in these areas.
... The samples were kept in a humid chamber for 30 days, during which time permanent slides were made with PVL resin (polyvinyl alcohol + lactic acid + phenol), or semipermanent slides with lactic acid. Subsequently, the specimens were identified with the aid of specific bibliography (Seifert et al. 2011, Matsushima 1971, Matsushima 1975, Matsushima 1993, Fiuza et al. 2017. Voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (Coleção de Fungos UFRN), Brazil. ...
... Spore morphologies were used to identify the taxonomic composition of aquatic hyphomycetes in each sample according to specific taxonomic keys (e.g., Fiuza et al., 2015Fiuza et al., , 2017Gulis et al., 2020). ...
... However, two species were dominant at all stream sites. Lunulospora curvula and Anguillospora longuissima are considered common species in both temperate (Gessner et al., 1993;Pérez et al., 2018;Gossiaux et al., 2019) and tropical streams (Smits et al., 2007;Fiuza and Gusmão 2013;Sales et al., 2015;Schoenlein-Crusius et al., 2015;Fiuza et al., 2017Fiuza et al., , 2022Del Cid et al., 2019). The higher diversity of aquatic hyphomycete communities in subtropical streams might be related to the similar environmental conditions present, such as high altitudes and low temperatures (Graça et al., 2016). ...
... Among the species that exhibited relationships with temperature, Flagellospora curvula was the only one that was not affected by increased temperature. Because this species is adapted to higher temperatures, it is considered a cosmopolitan species and occurs in both tropical and temperate regions (Sridhar et al., 2010;Fiuza et al., 2017). ...
Aquatic hyphomycetes are microbial decomposers in freshwater environments that, together with detritivores, play an essential role in the functioning of low-order streams. Here, we evaluated aquatic hyphomycetes communities associated with decomposing leaves of Nectandra megapotamica, a common Neotropical riparian tree, along a subtropical-tropical latitudinal gradient. Two forest streams located in subtropical regions and 3 in tropical regions were selected. We identified 29 species of aquatic hyphomycetes, 22 (75.8%) in subtropical streams and 15 (51.7%) in tropical streams. We also found a higher fungal biomass in subtropical streams. However, the amounts of leaf mass loss did not differ between regions, but the values were higher in summer than in winter. High temperature, pH and electrical conductivity values, as well as low dissolved oxygen levels, negatively affected spore production. These results suggest that the subtropical-tropical gradient is an important predictor of aquatic hyphomycete diversity; however, the observed species had different sensitivities to local environmental factors.
... We selected four fungal species commonly found on decomposing litter in Cerrado streams (Fiuza et al. 2017): Aquanectria penicillioides (Ingold) (hereafter A. penicillioides), Lunulospora curvula (Ingold) (heareafter L. curvula), Pestalotiopsis submersus (Steyaert) (hereafter P. submersus) and a species from the Pestalotiopsis (Steyaert) genera (hereafter Pestalotiopsis sp.). Fungal species were collected in foams (Descals 2020) formed in pristine headwater streams in the state of Bahia, Brazil. ...
Terrestrial leaf litter is an essential energy source in forest streams and in many tropical streams, including Cerrado, litter undergoes biological decomposition mainly by fungi. However, there is a limited understanding of the contribution of isolated fungal species to in-stream litter decomposition in the tropics. Here we set a full factorial microcosms experiment using four fungal species (Aquanectria penicillioides, Lunulospora curvula, Pestalotiopsis submerses, and Pestalotiopsis sp.) incubated in isolation, two litter types (rapid and slow decomposing litter) and two nutrient levels (natural and enriched), all characteristics of Cerrado streams, to elucidate the role of isolated fungal species on litter decomposition. We found that all fungal species promoted litter mass loss but with contributions that varied from 1 to 8% of the initial mass. The fungal species decomposed 1.5 times more the slow decomposing litter and water nutrient enrichment had no effect on their contribution to mass loss. In contrast, fungal biomass was reduced by nutrient enrichment and was different among fungal species. We showed fungal contribution to decomposition depends on fungal identity and litter type, but not on water nutrients. These findings suggest that the identity of fungal species and litter types may have more important repercussions to in-stream decomposition than moderate nutrient enrichment in the tropics.
... We added 0.05% blue cotton dye in 60% lactic acid to the filters, and we quantified the spores using an optical microscope (60 fields with 400✕ magnification). We identified spores at the species level, with specific identification keys (Goh and Hyde, 1996;Chan et al., 2000;G€ oncz€ ol and R evay, 2002;Cruz et al., 2007;Gusmão, 2009a, 2009b;Barbosa et al., 2011;Fiuza and Gusmão, 2013;Fiuza et al., 2015Fiuza et al., , 2017. At last, we dried the leaf discs of each sample in a ventilation oven for 48 h, then we weighed the discs, and finally, we corrected the density of conidia expressed in the number of spores released/mg of leaf dry mass. ...
The fungi associated with leaf litter play a key role in decomposition and can be affected both by the warming water and the invasion of non-native species in riparian vegetation. Warming water and invasion of non-native riparian species on stream fungal communities have been studied, mainly in temperate ecosystems. We tested the effects of warming water and non-native plant Psidium guajava on leaf litter decomposition, conidia density, species richness and beta diversity of tropical stream fungi. Thus, we carried out an experiment using the current mean temperature of streams from northwestern Paraná in South Brazil (22 °C) and two temperatures above the current mean temperature (26 °C and 29 °C). We also used the debris of a non-native plant (P. guajava), and two native plants (one of similar nutritional quality, and the other of higher nutritional quality than the non-native species) occurring in Neotropical streams riparian vegetation. Warming water accelerated leaf litter decomposition and reduced conidia density and fungal richness in native and non-native plants. However, species composition and beta diversity were not affected by water temperature. Our study showed that warming affects the fungi of streams, the main microorganisms responsible for decomposition and that the nutritional quality of the leaves may be more important than the origin of riparian plant species. Despite this, further investigations should be conducted on the interaction of P. guajava with the flow of nutrients in these environments and how it can affect other ecosystem processes and the food chain. Efforts to study the effects of water warming and biological invasion on the attributes and distribution of fungi in streams are vital, making them a tool for the conservation of riparian ecosystems.
... Cortez, Sanches, Zelski, and Souza (2016) reported fungi associated with the deterioration of wood in a lentic environment. Recent work on fungal communities in aquatic ecosystems of Brazil has been published as a review of ingoldian fungi, which described 85 species of fungi, 19 from the Amazon, 53 from the Atlantic Forest, 39 from the Caatinga, and 21 from the Cerrado biome (Fiuza, Cantillo-Pérez, Gulis, & Gusmão, 2017), and the freshwater hyphomycete from Ilhabela State Park, city of São Paulo (Moro, Delgado, & Schoenlein-Crusius, 2018). Canto et al. (2020) highlighted the diversity of submerged wood decomposing fungi in two lakes in Pará. ...
Little is known about aquatic mycobiota present in the Amazon, but it is estimated that there are several fungi capable of producing compounds with antimicrobial activity. This review attempts to discuss the diversity of fungi in freshwater environments, especially in the Amazon and review the potential of aquatic fungi to produce compounds with antimicrobial activity. The emergence of drug-resistant pathogenic strains, especially in hospital settings, has become a major public health problem since antibiotics used to treat infections caused by these microorganisms lose their microbicidal action. Therefore, it is emphasised that antibiotics of microbial origin are an essential alternative for controlling these pathogens. For this, a bibliographic survey was carried out on the existing literature from sources such as Pubmed, Researchgate, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Scielo, using the descriptors “fungal freshwater, fungal biodiversity, and fungal antimicrobial”. This review provides information on the diversity of the Amazon, the types of regional hydrography, the diversity of aquatic fungi, and the production of antimicrobials by aquatic fungi. The potential for discovering new antimicrobial compounds in the Amazon exists; however, this potential is limited by the low number of specialists dedicated to this field.
... With about 330 species, Ingoldian fungi are distributed worldwide (Duarte et al. 2016). Studies on these fungi in Brazil started in 1989 and until now 107 taxa (32.4% of known species) have been reported (Schoenlein-Crusius and Milanez 1989;Schoenlein-Crusius et al. 1990;Sales et al. 2014;Fiuza et al. 2017;Gomes et al. 2017;Moro et al. 2018;Scoarize 2018;Del Cid et al. 2019;Biasi et al. 2020). The studies have been performed in four of the six Brazilian biomes (Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Cerrado) through the collection of submerged leaves, wood, and foam (Sales et al. 2014;Fiuza et al. 2017;Biasi et al. 2020;Moro and Schoenlein-Crusius 2020). ...
... Studies on these fungi in Brazil started in 1989 and until now 107 taxa (32.4% of known species) have been reported (Schoenlein-Crusius and Milanez 1989;Schoenlein-Crusius et al. 1990;Sales et al. 2014;Fiuza et al. 2017;Gomes et al. 2017;Moro et al. 2018;Scoarize 2018;Del Cid et al. 2019;Biasi et al. 2020). The studies have been performed in four of the six Brazilian biomes (Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Cerrado) through the collection of submerged leaves, wood, and foam (Sales et al. 2014;Fiuza et al. 2017;Biasi et al. 2020;Moro and Schoenlein-Crusius 2020). Despite the advancement of studies in Brazil, knowledge of Ingoldian fungi is still fragmented in view of the large Brazilian hydrographic size of 55,467 km 2 , which corresponds to 12% of the world's freshwater (ANA 2019). ...
... In the present study both techniques were used and foam gave the largest number of species (35). Foam analysis can quickly provide community structure based on Ingoldian fungi spores (Fiuza et al. 2017). ...
Ingoldian fungi are a dominant group in aquatic environments.
However, they are poorly known and studied, especially in the
tropics. To increase knowledge about their diversity and
distribution, samples of foam and decaying submerged leaves
were collected from 12 areas in Brazil across four biomes
(Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Cerrado). Slides were
deposited in the HUEFS Herbarium. Thirty-five taxa were
identified from foam and 24 from leaf spore suspension. These
were distributed in five classes, mostly belonging to Ascomycota,
with Leotiomycetes being the most representative class.
Angulospora aquatica, Biflagellosporella amazonensis,
Isthmotricladia laeensis and Lateriramulosa bi-inflata are new
records for Brazil; Variocladium rangiferinum and Tricladium
fuscum are new records for the Neotropics; and Polylobatispora
deltoidea is a new record for the Americas. Description,
illustration, and geographical distribution details are provided for
the new records. The study showed a high richness of Ingoldian
fungi and provides a basis for determining the biodiversity and
ultimate conservation of the studied areas.
