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Traditional systems of identifying yeasts and dermatophytes have many disadvantages. Preliminary data on a radically different approach based on optical spectroscopic techniques suggest that these techniques may offer some advantages. We conducted a trial to verify the practical applicability of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the...
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... Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is an archaic technique for obtaining information on complex structures, such as identifying unknown samples, determining sample consistency, and determining the number of components in a mixture [1]. Sir William Hershel discovered the IR radiation in 1800 [2]. ...
Oil authentication has been widely discussed in recent years. One of the issues is the usage of gutter oil. This happened in China where many of the street foods were prepared using oils from sewage, gutters, and restaurant fryers. Other concerning issues including the adulteration of high-quality edible oils with cheaper oils and fresh palm oil with recycled cooking oil are common problems related to oil fraud. This may provoke the safety and the rights of public consumers. Hence, advanced, efficient, and rapid technology such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is needed to overcome the limitations of other technologies such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in analysing edible oils’ quality parameters, authentication, safety, stability and in foods related to oils. This review discusses the uses of FTIR in the analysis of edible oils and their authentication.
... In mycology, FTIR has been proposed mainly for the identification of fungi from cultures that have previously been isolated in the laboratory, such as yeasts of the genus Candida, dermatophyte fungi [23], and black fungi that cause chromoblastomycosis [24]. FTIR has also been used to identify and characterize an isolate of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis [25]. ...
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic granulomatous mycosis endemic to Latin America, whose etiologic agents are fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides. PCM is usually diagnosed by microscopic observation of the fungus in biological samples, combined or not with other techniques such as serological methods. However, all currently used diagnostic methods have limitations. The objective of this study was to develop a method based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and chemometric analysis for PCM diagnosis. We included 224 serum samples: 132 PCM sera, 24 aspergillosis sera, 10 cryptococcosis sera, 8 histoplasmosis sera, and 50 sera from healthy blood donors. Samples were analyzed by attenuated total reflection (ATR), and chemometric analyses including exploratory analysis through principal component analysis (PCA) and a classification method (PCM and non-PCM) through orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The spectra were similar, with the main bands up to approximately 1652 cm–1 and 1543 cm–1 (amide I and amide II bands). This same region was mainly responsible for the partial separation of the samples in PCA. The OPLS-DA model correctly classified all serum samples with only one latent variable, with a determination coefficient (R²) higher than 0.999 for both the calibration set and prediction set. Sensitivity and specificity were 100% for both sets, showing better performance than the reference diagnostic methods. Therefore, the use of FTIR/ATR together with OPLS-DA modeling proved to be a promising method for PCM diagnosis.
... The changes in the material's composition are accompanied by amendments to the characteristic pattern of absorption bands. FTIR is a qualitative and quantitative technique that is used for identifying and characterizing various types of unknown materials, investigating additives, identifying decomposition, and detecting contaminants in the material [107]. Quantitative analysis can be performed by comparing the absorption of the specimen with that of reference material (of known concentration) at selected spectral ranges [108]. ...
Nanotechnology is one of the most important modern sciences that has integrated all sectors of science. Nanotechnology has been applied in the agricultural sector in the last ten years in pursuit of increasing agricultural production and ensuring food security. Plant biotechnology is an essential science that is concerned with plant production. The use of nanotechnology in plant biotechnology under controlled conditions has facilitated the understanding of important internal mechanisms of the plant biological system. The application of nanoparticles (NPs) in plant biotechnology has demonstrated an interesting impact on in vitro plant growth and development. This includes the positive effect of the NPs on micropropagation, callus induction, somatic embryogenesis, cell suspension culture, and plant disinfection. In addition, other biotechnology processes, including the genetic transformation of plants, plant conservation, and secondary metabolite production have improved by the use of NPs. Furthermore, nanotechnology is used to improve plant tolerance to different stress conditions that limit plant production. In this review article, we attempt to consolidate the achievements of nanotechnology and plant biotechnology and discuss advances in the applications of nanotechnology in plant biotechnology. It has been concluded that more research is needed to understand the mechanism of nanoparticle delivery and translocation in plants in order to avoid any future hazardous effects of nanomaterials. This will be key to the achievement of magnificent progress in plant nanobiotechnology.
... A handful of studies have explored the capacity of IR spectroscopy to discriminate between species and strains of various fungi. [168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177] Of these, very few have focused on the determination of fungi specifically isolated from blood. 173,178 Maquelin et al. 178 developed identification models based on ANN and LDS by creating reference libraries of Raman and FT-IR spectra from bacterial and fungal pathogens commonly seen in BSIs. ...
The magnitude of infectious diseases in 21st century created an urgent need for point-of-care diagnostics. Critical shortages in reagents and testing kits have had a large impact on the ability to test patients with a suspected parasitic, bacteria, fungal and viral infections. New point-of-care tests need to be highly sensitive, specific, and easy to use and provide results in rapid time. Infrared spectroscopy, coupled to multivariate and machine learning algorithms, has the potential to meet this unmet demand requiring minimal sample preparation to detect both pathogenic infectious agents and chronic disease markers in blood. This focal point article will highlight the application of FTIR spectroscopy to detect disease markers in blood focusing principally on parasites, bacteria, viruses, cancer markers and important analytes indicative of disease. Methodologies and state-of-the-art approaches will be reported and potential confounding variables in blood analysis identified. The article provides an up to date review of the literature on blood diagnosis using infrared spectroscopy highlighting the recent advances in this burgeoning field.
... All showed impactive results only when it was associating a laboratory-made database, which is laborious and time-consuming in most cases [28], with a trial to extend the existing MALDI-TOF fungal knowledge database to allow the better robust identification of clinically relevant dermatophytes [29], different studies showed an extensive range of accuracy 13.5% to 100% due to inconsistencies concerning critical steps of the routine pre-analysis preparation laboratory process [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. According to the obtained results, some studies showed that MALDI-TOF is an excellent complementary for conventional culturing in routine dermatophytes diagnosis [29,33,36,[39][40][41]. ...
Dermatophytosis is a common contagious disease of both humans and animals. It is caused by a group of filamentous fungi known as dermatophytes, including several genera and various species. An accurate diagnosis of dermatophytes as a causative agent of a skin lesion requires up to one month of conventional laboratory diagnostics. The conventional gold standard diagnostic method is a direct microscopic examination followed by 3 to 4 weeks of Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) culturing, and it may require further post-culturing identification through biochemical tests or microculture technique application. The laborious, exhaustive, and time-consuming gold standard method was a real challenge facing all dermatologists to achieve a rapid, accurate dermatophytosis diagnosis. Various studies developed more rapid, accurate, reliable, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tools. All developed techniques showed more rapidity than the classical method but variable specificities and sensitivities. An extensive bibliography is included and discussed through this review, showing recent variable dermatophytes diagnostic categories with an illustration of weaknesses, strengths, and prospects.
... When used with chemometric techniques (Escandar et al., 2006), the Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) has also shown promising results in the phenotypical differentiation of microorganisms of clinical relevance (Salem et al., 2010;Sandt et al., 2006). More specifically, techniques based on transmission and reflection such as diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), attenuated total reflection (ATR), and microspectroscopy have been reported to produce reliable results, with good performance, particularly with the identification of Candida. ...
Pathogenic Candida species are detected in clinical infections. CHROMagar™ is a phenotypical method used to identify Candida species, although it has limitations, which indicates the need for more sensitive and specific techniques. Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) is an analytical vibrational technique used to identify patterns of metabolic fingerprint of biological matrixes, particularly whole microbial cell systems as Candida sp. in association of classificatory chemometrics algorithms. On the other hand, Soft Independent Modeling by Class Analogy (SIMCA) is one of the typical algorithms still little employed in microbiological classification. This study demonstrates the applicability of the FT-IR-technique by specular reflectance associated with SIMCA to discriminate Candida species isolated from vaginal discharges and grown on CHROMagar™. The differences in spectra of C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei were suitable for use in the discrimination of these species, which was observed by PCA. Then, a SIMCA model was constructed with standard samples of three species and using the spectral region of 1792-1561cm(-1). All samples (n=48) were properly classified based on the chromogenic method using CHROMagar™ Candida. In total, 93.4% (n=45) of the samples were correctly and unambiguously classified (Class I). Two samples of C. albicans were classified correctly, though these could have been C. glabrata (Class II). Also, one C. glabrata sample could have been classified as C. krusei (Class II). Concerning these three samples, one triplicate of each was included in Class II and two in Class I. Therefore, FT-IR associated with SIMCA can be used to identify samples of C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. krusei grown in CHROMagar™ Candida aiming to improve clinical applications of this technique.
... Zoophilic species are basically animal pathogens, often with a single preferred animal host or very limited host range, outside which they are found only in exceptional circumstances (Simpanya, 2000). Traditionally, most commercially available identification systems of dermatophytes are based on physiological (growth temperature), nutritional (sugar assimilation and/or fermentation, enzyme production profiles) and morphological characteristics (Elsayed et al., 2010) Tinea capitis is generally identified by the presence of branching hyphae and spores on KOH microscopy. If hyphae and spores are not visualized, Wood's lamp examination can be performed. ...
Understanding the most prevalent species of Dermatophytes, the age group and sex most affected could form the basis for control and cure. Investigations were carried out on the distribution of Dermatophytes of the scalp (Tinea capitis) among primary school children in two primary schools in Mowe-Ofada area of Ogun State, Nigeria. One of the schools (NUD primary school) located in an urban area while the other (St David’s primary school) is situated in a rural area. A total of seventy-eight children were examined. The samples were collected by scraping and the use of sterile swab. Fungal culturing and microscopy methods were later used to identify the Dermatophytes. Out of 78 children examined 45 (57.7%) were positive while 33 (42.3%) were negative. The species identified include: Microsporum audouinii 3 (6.7%), Trichophyton tonsurans 8 (17.8%), Trichophyton terrestre 4 (8.9%), Trichophyton mentagrophyte 3 (6.7%), Microsporum gypseum 2(4.4%), Microsporum canis 3 (6.7%) and Trichophyton verrucosum 4 (8.9%). The infection was more prevalent in males (94.8%) than in females (5.1%) with T tonsurans (42.1%) have the highest percentage of infection, while M. gypseum (4.9%) had the least. There was a significant difference (p>0.005) in Dermatophytes infection from the two schools, St David’s primary school 32(71.1%) and NUD primary school, 13(28.9%). T. tonsurans (10.4%) was the most prevalent species in both schools, while the least was M. gypseum (2.6%). The highest infection occurred among the 5-7 age bracket (53.3%), (p>0.005) compared with other age brackets. Ages 12-14 (15.6%) had the lowest number of infections.
Keywords: Children, dermatophytes, infection, Microsporum, primary schools, Trichophyton
