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The disease of grapevines known as excoriose has been the source of a certain amount of controversy.
Much of this concerns the identity of the causal agent and this has been further confounded by the taxonomic problems
of the fungal pathogens associated with this disease. Many of these problems have now been resolved and it is
clear that excoriose...
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... species distinct from others in the B. dothidea complex. Strains of F. aesculi that pro- duce a yellow pigment have also been isolated from grapevines in Portugal (Phillips, unpub- lished data). In culture these strains produced numerous unilocular pycnidia compared with few- er, multilocular structures formed by the typical strains of F. aesculi (Fig. 4). Therefore, it is possi- ble that more than one species of Fusicoccum is associated with symptoms of excoriose and this is currently being ...
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Diaporthe species are important pathogens, saprobes, and endophytes on grapevines. Several species are known, either as agents of pre-or post-harvest infections, as causal agents of many relevant diseases, including swelling arm, trunk cankers, leaf spots, root and fruit rots, wilts, and cane bleaching. A growing body of evidence exists that a clas...
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... Canes show brown to black necrotic irregular-shaped lesions, and clusters show rachis necrosis and brown, shriveled berries close to harvest (22). Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is a well-studied grapevine disease, and much has been written about its etiology (30,31,36,48), epidemiology (16,17,22,33,37), and management (11,15,19,32,37). However, P. viticola has not always been associated exclusively with Phomopsis cane and leaf spot symptoms. ...
... Due to these inconclusive results, and after a decade of studies focused on E. lata as the sole causal agent of grapevine dieback (14,25,27,28), Moller and Kasimatis (29) concluded in the early 1980s that grapevine cankers and consequent dead-arm symptoms were caused solely by E. lata and not P. viticola. Consequently, the majority of the studies over the past 30 years have only focused on studying P. viticola as the causal agent of Phomopsis cane and leaf spot (1,16,17,(31)(32)(33)(34)(36)(37)(38)48), and pathogenicity studies of P. viticola and other Phomopsis/Diaporthe spp. only involved testing on green grapevine tissues (30,31,36,40,48,62). ...
... Consequently, the majority of the studies over the past 30 years have only focused on studying P. viticola as the causal agent of Phomopsis cane and leaf spot (1,16,17,(31)(32)(33)(34)(36)(37)(38)48), and pathogenicity studies of P. viticola and other Phomopsis/Diaporthe spp. only involved testing on green grapevine tissues (30,31,36,40,48,62). Therefore, this study represents the first attempt over the past 40 years to re-evaluate the role of P. viticola as a grapevine cankercausing agent, as well as to determine susceptibility of different grapevine cultivars to wood infection caused by P. viticola and other Diaporthe spp. ...
... Among these, the disease is primarily caused by Dia. ampelina (formerly Phomopsis viticola) (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013a;Dissanayake et al., 2015), which has long been known as the causal agent of the grapevine disease named Phomopsis cane and leaf spot in the United States of America, or excoriose in Europe (Phillips 2000;Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013a). ...
Production from crops of pome, stone fruit, nut, berry fruit, citrus, grapevine, and olive is increasingly threatened by fungal trunk diseases (FTD). These diseases and the consequent production losses are major problems. Many fungi (including Botryosphaeriaceae, Calosphaeriaceae, Diaporthaceae, Diatrypaceae, Nectriaceae, Phaeomoniellaceae, Pleosporaceae, Togniniaceae, Valsaceae) infect host wood, mainly through wounds and subsequent colonization of woody tissues, causing symptoms such as cankers, gummosis, wood rotting, blight and dieback. Propagative plant material, seedlings and fruit play a significant role in pathogen spread. Several abiotic factors (e.g. shifts in cultural practices and climate change) are involved in the disease development. This paper reviews recent literature on FTD of fruit crops, particularly focusing on the European status of pathogen occurrence. Case studies are described related to diseases of apple, citrus, grapevine, berry, nut and stone fruit, and olive trees. Aspects related to epidemiology and the increase in disease incidence along with the future perspectives on the FTD research are also discussed.
... Otherwise known as excoriosis, this cryptogamic GTD affects all viticultural plants in temperate regions, with higher intensity in areas with excessive humidity [178,179]. This disease has been the source of a certain amount of controversy, much of it concerning the identity of the causal agent [180]. Nowadays, some confusion still exists, mainly due to the overlaps of the GTDs whose symptoms are noticed by growers long time after the fungal infection occurs. ...
... Nowadays, some confusion still exists, mainly due to the overlaps of the GTDs whose symptoms are noticed by growers long time after the fungal infection occurs. In the past, excoriosis was wrongly associated by the Anglo-Saxons with black dead arm GTD, and Moreover, the symptoms were frequently attributed to Eutypa dieback or Esca because the fungal pathogen responsible is frequently isolated in the wood of grapevines affected by this GTDs [179][180][181]. ...
... [178,181]. The term "excoriose" was introduced in 1925 by Ravaz and Verge [183], for a disease that they observed in several regions of France [180]. ...
Vitis vinifera, known as the common grape vine, represents one of the most important fruit crops in the world. Romania is a wine-producing country with a rich and long tradition in viticulture. In the last decade, increasing reports of damage caused by grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) have raised concerns in all wine producing countries. Up to now, no study was performed regarding the GTDs situation in Romania, an important grapevine grower in Europe. In this study, we aim, after a comprehensive presentation of the fungal GTDs worldwide, to review the scientific information related to these diseases in Romania in order to open a national platform in an international framework. In order to achieve this, we consulted over 500 references from different scientific databases and cited 309 of them. Our review concludes that, in Romania, there is little amount of available literature on this matter. Three out of six fungal GTDs are reported and well documented in all of the Romanian viticultural zones (except for viticultural zone 4). These are Eutypa dieback, Phomopsis dieback, and Esca disease. Of the fungal pathogens considered responsible Eutypa lata, Phomopsis viticola and Stereum hirsutum are the most studied and well documented in Romania. Management measures are quite limited, and they mostly include preventive measures to stop the GTDs spread and the removal of affected grapevines.
... Phomopsis cane and leaf spot (PCLS; known in Europe as "excoriose") is an important fungal disease that is widely distributed throughout the viticultural regions of Europe (Phillips, 2000;Guarnaccia et al., 2018), United States (Schilder et al., 2005;Nita et al., 2008;Urbez-Torres et al., 2013;Wilcox et al., 2015), South Africa (Mostert, 2000), and Australia (Merrin et al., 1995). PCLS mainly affects shoots and leaves, although all green parts of the grapevines can be infected. ...
... PCLS is re-emerging worldwide (Phillips, 2000;Wilcox et al., 2015;Caffi et al., 2020), because of three probable factors: climate change, which has advanced seasonal grapevine growth, including the time of budbreak (Caffarra and Eccel, 2011;Molitor and Junk, 2019); changes in the management of downy mildew from calendar-to risk-based criteria that eliminate early-season, unnecessary sprays ; and the progressive reduction in the application of broad-spectrum fungicides, which although highly effective (Nita et al., 2006a), may negatively affect human health and the environment (Wightwick et al., 2010;Epstein, 2014;Mostafalou and Abdollahi, 2017). At present, PCLS control is still mainly based on repeated treatments with protective broad-spectrum fungicides (mancozeb, dithianon, captan, or metiram), which are more effective than QoI or DMI fungicides (Hewit and Pearson, 1988;Nita et al., 2006a), starting from budbreak or at 2.5 cm shoot growth (Pscheidt and Pearson, 1991;Rawnsley, 2012;Wilcox et al., 2015). ...
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot (PCLS), known in Europe as “excoriose,” is an important fungal disease of grapevines caused by Diaporthe spp., and most often by Diaporthe ampelina (synonym Phomopsis viticola ). PCLS is re-emerging worldwide, likely due to climate change, changes in the management of downy mildew from calendar- to risk-based criteria that eliminate early-season (unnecessary) sprays, and the progressive reduction in the application of broad-spectrum fungicides. In this study, a mechanistic model for D. ampelina infection was developed based on published information. The model accounts for the following processes: (i) overwintering and maturation of pycnidia on affected canes; (ii) dispersal of alpha conidia to shoots and leaves; (iii) infection; and (iv) onset of disease symptoms. The model uses weather and host phenology to predict infection periods and disease progress during the season. Model output was validated against 11 independent PCLS epidemics that occurred in Italy (4 vineyards in 2019 and 2020) and Montenegro (3 vineyards in 2020). The model accurately predicted PCLS disease progress, with a concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) = 0.925 between observed and predicted data. A ROC analysis (AUROC>0.7) confirmed the ability of the model to predict the infection periods leading to an increase in PCLS severity in the field, indicating that growers could use the model to perform risk-based fungicide applications.
... In addition, members of the genus Diaporthe spp., anamorph Phomopsis spp., were frequently observed in our study. These fungi, primarily Diaporthe ampelina, are the causal agent of Phomopsis dieback, but also cause Phomopsis cane and leaf spot [97][98][99]. The basidiomyceteous fungus Phellinopsis sp. ...
Previous works on grapevine-trunk diseases indicate that minimal or non-pruning of the grapevine under certain circumstances can significantly reduce the risk of symptom expression. Nevertheless, knowledge of the mechanisms behind these observations are limited. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to investigate in more detail the effect of pruning intensity on the grapevine trunk by means of trunk integrity and the fungal community in the wood tissue. Two German vineyards partially trained in vertical-shoot position and semi-minimally pruned hedges were chosen for this survey due to the accessibility of multi-annual esca-monitoring data. The results revealed that only in one of the two vineyards was the incidence of external esca symptoms significantly reduced over a period of five years (2017–2021) by minimal pruning, which was up to 73.7% compared to intensive pruning. In both vineyards, the trunks of intensively pruned vines not only had more pruning wounds on the trunk (by 86.0% and 72.9%, respectively) than minimally pruned vines, but also exhibited a larger (by 19.3% and 14.7%, respectively) circumference of the trunk head. In addition, the percentage of white rot and necrosis in the trunks of esca-positive and esca-negative vines was analyzed and compared between the two pruning intensities; hereby, significant differences were only found for esca-negative ‘Dornfelder’ vines, in which the proportion of necrosis was higher for intensively pruned vines (23.0%) than for minimally pruned vines (11.5%). The fungal communities of the differently pruned vine trunks were mainly dominated by four genera, which are also associated with GTDs: Diplodia, Eutypa, Fomitiporia and Phaeomoniella. All in all, the fungal diversity and community composition did not differ between minimally and intensively pruned, esca-positive vines.
... Several fungal species belonging to the family Botryosphaeriaceae (Van Niekerk et al. 2004, Úrbez-Torres 2011, Xie et al. 2010, Yang et al. 2017), Togniniaceae (Edwards & Pascoe 2004, Mostert et al. 2006, Gramaje et al. 2011, Raimondo et al. 2014, Gramaje & Di Marco 2015, Da Silva et al. 2017, Diatrypaceae (Dumot et al. 2004, Butterworth et al. 2005, Pitt et al. 2013, Phaeomoniella (Pa.) chlamydospora (Edwards & Pascoe 2004, Gramaje et al. 2009b, Fleurat-Lessard et al. 2010, Phomopsis spp. (Phillips 2000, Baumgartner et al. 2013, Úrbez-Torres et al. 2013, Senanayake et al. 2015, Pleurostoma (Pl.) richardsiae (Carlucci et al. 2015, Pintos Varela et al. 2016, Cadophora spp. (Gramaje et al. 2011, Travadon et al. 2015 and basidiomycetous species (Fischer 2002, Cloete et al. 2015 Cylindrocarpon liriodendri and basidiomycetous species (Karimi et al. 2001, Mohammadi & Banihashemi 2007, Mohammadi et al. 2009, Mohammadi 2012, Arabnezhad et al, 2013, Arzanlou et al. 2013, Mohammadi et al. 2013a. ...
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are known as the most important factors in crop reduction and cause considerable economic problems in grapevines worldwide. During 2016 to 2018, several field surveys were conducted on numerous vineyards in Khorasan-Razavi province to study fungal species associated with grapevine trunk diseases. In this study, samples were collected from trunk and branches of trees showing yellowing, stunted growth, dieback and wood discoloration in cross sections. In this study, 258 fungal isolates were obtained and identified based on morphological characteristics and comparison of DNA sequence data (ITS-rDNA region and a part of β-tubulin gene). These isolates were identified as Phaeoacremonium minimum (75 isolates), P. parasiticum (19 isolates), P. iranianum (52 isolates), P. tuscanum (8 isolates), Fomitiporia mediterranea (56 isolates) and Seimatosporium vitis (48 isolates). Pathogenicity of the selected isolates was verified by inoculation of potted grapevines shoots under greenhouse conditions. Based on the mean length of wood discoloration in the wood, P. minimum and F. mediterranea were the most and least virulent species, respectively. Our findings indicated that known fungal trunk pathogens such as Phaeoacremonium species and F. mediterranea occur on grapevine in Khorasan-Razavi province. This study is the first report of S. vitis associated with grapevine decline in Iran.
... Members of the family Botryosphaeriaceae and related anamorphs occurring on a wide range of plant species and have been described from numerous woody and non-woody plants with canker symptoms. Members belonging to this genus are considered as opportunistic or weak pathogens (Phillips, 2000;Slippers et al., 2004;Perez et al., 2010). However, number of species of genus Diplodia belonging to family Botryosphaeriaceae are responsible for serious diseases on woody hosts such as apple, with huge economic importance (Stevens, 1933;Brown and McManus, 2000;Savocchia et al., 2007;Epstein et al., 2008;Arzanlou and Bakhshi, 2012). ...
... Based on morphological and molecular studies, both the species showed their presence in almost every apple growing region of Kashmir. However, results obtained by other researchers have shown D. seriata as a weak or secondary pathogen on the grapevine (Phillips, 1998(Phillips, , 2000Phillips et al., 2005;Niekerk et al., 2004;Laveau et al., 2009). But D. seriata is regarded as an important pathogen of apple, which causes canker, leaf spot and fruit rot in apples (Stevens, 1933;Brown and McManus, 2000;Brown and Britton, 1986); however, it is regarded as a secondary and weak pathogen on apple in England and New Zealand (Laundon, 1973). ...
... Indeed, they showed necrotic lesions and dieback symptoms on the inoculated P. lentiscus twigs. The data on the pathogenicity of Botryosphaeria and related anamorphs on woody host plants are controversial because members of this genus are generally considered as secondary pathogens as well as common endophytes of woody plants (Phillips 2000;Slippers et al. 2004;van Niekerk et al. 2004;Slippers and Wingfield 2007). However, some Diplodia species, namely D. corticola, D. mutila, D. pinea and D. seriata are well-known as pathogens of woody plants (Phillips et al. 2012). ...
Lentisk dieback has been commonly observed in Tunisian forests. Nevertheless, the identity of the parasitic factors involved in this phenomenon has not yet been reported. Thus, in order to characterize the dieback-associated agents, symptomatic branches were collected from Pistacia lentiscus in the Rimel forest (Northern Tunisia). Two Botryosphaeriaceae species, Diplodia seriata and D. africana, were isolated and identified firstly based on morphological characteristics. Then, molecular identification was performed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS4), a part of the translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) gene and a partial sequence of the β-tubulin (TUB) gene. The two species were morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from all Diplodia species and represent newly recorded fungal pathogens of lentisk in Tunisia. Pathogenicity tests carried out on asymptomatic detached branches confirmed the virulence of the two species. These findings may confirm D. seriata and D. africana as fungal pathogens associated with lentisk dieback in Tunisia.
... In recent years, an extensive research effort has been concentrated on the role of Botryosphaeriaceae species in trunk diseases of native, ornamental and forest trees worldwide (Encinas 2001;Abdollahzadeh et al. 2009Abdollahzadeh et al. , 2013aAlves et al. 2013;Jami et al. 2013;Pavlic-Zupanc et al. 2015).Various members of Botryosphaeriaceae are pathogenic fungi mostly of woody plants, including forest trees and shrubs worldwide (Slippers and Wingfield 2007;Slippers et al. 2009). Species of this family are predominantly associated with branch and trunk cankers, dieback as well as leaf yellowing and decline (Phillips 2000;Van Niekerk et al. 2004). This family consists of many well-known plant pathogens such as Lasiodiplodia, Neoscytalidium, Neofusicoccum, Diplodia, Dothiorella and Botryosphaeria species which have been reported from a wide range of plant species around the world . ...
From 2012 to 2015, several field surveys were conducted throughout forest areas in the north of Iran in order to determine the occurrence of species of Botryosphaeriaceae on forest trees. Fungal isolations were made from symptomatic branches of 20 tree genera including Acer, Alnus, Carpinus, Crataegus, Cupressus, Cydonia, Diospyros, Fagus, Fraxinus, Gleditsia, Mespilus, Parrotia, Pinus, Populus, Prunus, Pterocarya, Punica, Quercus, Ulmus and Zelkova, as well as fruiting bodies formed on the surface of woody debris. Morphological identification along with molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and a partial sequence of translation elongation factor 1-α (tef-1α) gene showed that at least nine species of Botryosphaeriaceae occur on forest trees in the north of Iran. These include Dothiorella sarmentorum, Dothiorella plurivora, Neofusicoccum parvum, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae, Diplodia seriata, Diplodia sapinea, Lasiodiplodia mahajangana and Diplodia intermedia. Pathogenicity tests were conducted for selected isolates from each species on six tree species (Mespilus germanica, Punica granatum, Parrotia persica, Alnus glutinosa, Quercus castaneifolia and Pterocarya fraxinifolia) under field conditions. Results of the pathogenicity tests showed a variation in lesion lengths (virulence) and re-isolation frequencies of inoculated species on branches of trees, Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae, B. dothidea and D. intermedia being the most virulence species. Based on host plant species, the majority of Botryosphaeriaceae species are new records. This is the first comprehensive study on the species identification, distribution and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae on forest trees in Iran. This is also the first report of L. mahajangana in this country.
... Most previous studies on fungi on grapevine have relied on traditional approaches (Table 6). Some recent identification of isolated taxa have incorporated analyses of ITS sequence data (Guo et al. 2003;Promputtha et al. 2007), Makovetz (1933), Stevenson and Wellman (1944), Mujica and Vergara (1945), Nasyrov (1964), Sarbhoy et al. (1971), Pantidou (1973, Giatgong (1980), Bechet and Sapta-Forda (1981), Zhang (2003), Zhuang (2005) Milholland (1994), Phillips (1998Phillips ( , 2000, Slippers et al. Raabe et al. (1981), Lee et al. (1991), Mendes et al. (1998), Holevas et al. (2000), Phillips (2000), Gadgil (2005) ...
... Some recent identification of isolated taxa have incorporated analyses of ITS sequence data (Guo et al. 2003;Promputtha et al. 2007), Makovetz (1933), Stevenson and Wellman (1944), Mujica and Vergara (1945), Nasyrov (1964), Sarbhoy et al. (1971), Pantidou (1973, Giatgong (1980), Bechet and Sapta-Forda (1981), Zhang (2003), Zhuang (2005) Milholland (1994), Phillips (1998Phillips ( , 2000, Slippers et al. Raabe et al. (1981), Lee et al. (1991), Mendes et al. (1998), Holevas et al. (2000), Phillips (2000), Gadgil (2005) ...
... Mycosphaerellaceae P Leaf spot Palestine Savulescu and Rayss (1935) Fungal Diversity (1942), Greene (1956), Raabe (1966), Alvarez (1976), Grand (1985), Urtiaga (1970), Grasso (1984), Maluta and Larignon (1991) (2007) (2007) Phillips (1998Phillips ( , 2000, Taylor (2011) (Jenkins andBitancourt 1940-1963), Mujica and Vergara (1945), Baker and Dale (1951), Riley (1960), Nattrass (1961), Litzenberger et al. (1962), Whiteside (1966), Orieux and Felix (1968), Benjamin and Slot (1969), Dennis (1970), Norse (1974), Alvarez (1976), Tai (1979), Alfieri Jr. et al. (1984, Grand (1985), Arnold (1986), Pennycook (1989), Greuter et al. (1991), Mendes et al. (1998), Lu et al. (2000), Zhuang (2001) Moller et al. (1974), Pennycook (1989), Shivas (1989), Carter (1991), Larignon and Dubos (1997), Mendes et al. (1998) (1878), Simmonds (1966), Gorter (1977), Mathur (1979), Giatgong (1980), Reddy and Reddy (1983), Arnold (1986), Kummuang et al. (1996), Mendes et al. (1998) L. vitis Tao Phillips et al. (2002, 2005), van Niekerk et al. (2004a, b, 2006, Luque et al. (2005Luque et al. ( , 2009 Ebbels and Allen (1979), Milholland (1994), Ahmad et al. (1997), Phillips (2000), Halleen et al. (2003), van Niekerk et al. (2006 N. stellenboschiana Tao (2003), Guo and Liu (2003) Fungal Diversity Simmonds (1966), Tai (1979), Nag Raj (1988Raj ( , 1993, Cho and Shin (2004) Larignon and Dubos (1997), Pascoe and Cottral (2000), Gatica et al. (2001) P. cronartiiformis Dietel Phakopsoraceae P Rust India Mundkur (1943), Padwick (1946), Watson (1971), Sarbhoy and Agarwal (1990) Fungal Diversity Pantidou (1973), Mathur (1979), French (1989), Shivas (1989), Greuter et al. (1991) Phoma sp.* Gorter (1977), Marais (1980), Pennycook (1989), Shivas (1989), Oudemans and Coffey (1991), Erwin and Ribeiro (1996), Gadgil (2005), Blair et al. (2008), Langrell et al. (2011) P. citricola Sawada Peronosporaceae P Root rot New Zealand Pennycook (1989), Erwin and Ribeiro (1996), Gadgil All over the world Doidge (1950), Riley (1960), Whiteside (1966), Dennis (1970), Stevenson (1975), Gorter (1977), Giatgong (1980), Simonyan (1981) Gilman and Archer (1929), Wiehe (1948), Riley (1960), Vasudeva (1963), Whiteside (1966), Norse (1974), Deighton (1976), Gorter (1977), Giatgong (1980), Thaung (1984), Pons and Sutton (1988), Cook and Dubé (1989), Hsieh and Goh (1990), Ahmad et al. (1997), Roux et al. (1997), Kim and Shin (1998), Liu and Guo (1998), Mendes et al. (1998), Zhuang (2001) ...
This study is unique as it compares traditional and high-resolution culture-independent approaches using the same set of samples to study the saprotrophic fungi on Vitis vinifera. We identified the saprotrophic communities of table grape (Red Globe) and wine grape (Carbanate Gernischet) in China using both traditional and culture-independent techniques. The traditional approach used direct observations based on morphology, single spore isolation and phylogenetic analysis yielding 45 taxa which 19 were commonly detected in both cultivars. The same set of samples were then used for Illumina sequencing which analyzed ITS1 sequence data and detected 226 fungal OTUs, of which 176 and 189 belong to the cultivars Carbanate Gernischet and Red Globe, respectively. There were 139 OTUs shared between the two V. vinifera cultivars and 37 and 50 OTUs were specific to Carbanate Gernischet and Red Globe cultivars respectively. In the Carbanate Gernischet cultivar, Ascomycota accounted for 77% of the OTUs and in Red Globe, almost all sequenced were Ascomycota. The fungal taxa overlap at the genus and species level between the traditional and culture-independent approach was relatively low. In the traditional approach we were able to identify the taxa to species level, while in the culture-independent method we were frequently able to identify the taxa to family or genus level. This is remarkable as we used the same set of samples collected in China for both approaches. We recommend the use of traditional techniques to accurately identify taxa. Culture-independent method can be used to get a better understanding about the organisms that are present in a host in its natural environment. We identified primary and secondary plant pathogens and endophytes in the saprotrophic fungal communities, which support previous observations, that dead plant material in grape vineyards can be the primary sources of disease. Finally, based on present and previous findings, we provide a worldwide checklist of 905 fungal taxa on Vitis species, which includes their mode of life and distribution.
