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Gilbertiodendron bilineatum. A. Leaf and inflorescence. B. Gland on leaf margin. C. Pair of stipules. D. Flower. E. Adaxial petal. F. Staminodial tube with staminodes and base of stamens, exposed by removal of ovary and posterior petals. G. Anther. H. Fruits. Drawn from King 295 A, B, D-G; from Chevalier 22662 C; from Small 709 H. Drawing by Margaret Stones. Reproduced from Keay (1958).
Source publication
Gilbertiodendron (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) is a genus of ca. 30 species of medium to large trees from tropical and subtropical Africa. The genus is represented in Western Africa (from south Senegal to east Ghana) by 11 species, including Gilbertiodendron diphyllum and G. preussii, which are the most widespread species within the genus, with a...
Contexts in source publication
Context 2
... Coast: Medjilagba. Cameroon: Ekop (Pellegrin 1949: 48). Gabon: Abum, Abom (Pellegrin 1949: 48). ...
Context 4
... and Habitat-This species has a disjunct dis- tribution pattern. In the West, it has been recorded in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast and, Ghana; in Central Africa, it has been reported from Cameroon and Gabon; growing in primary forest, in riverbanks, swampy areas, seashores and mangroves, growing gregariously, from 20-400 m. Figure 14. ...
Citations
... Gilbertiodendron are medium to large legume trees endemic to tropical and subtropical Africa (de la Estrella & Devesa, 2014). The highest concentration of species in this genus is found in the Guineo-Congolian region, particularly in Gabon (de la Estrella & Devesa, 2014). ...
... Gilbertiodendron are medium to large legume trees endemic to tropical and subtropical Africa (de la Estrella & Devesa, 2014). The highest concentration of species in this genus is found in the Guineo-Congolian region, particularly in Gabon (de la Estrella & Devesa, 2014). They are understory to large canopy trees occurring in evergreen rainforest and gallery forest (van der Burgt et al., 2015). ...
... Gilbertiodendron is a genus that is important economically with some species used for timber or traditional medicine (de la Estrella & Devesa, 2014;van der Burgt et al., 2015). Many species of Gilbertiodendron have been reported growing gregariously. ...
Societal Impact Statement
Trees are essential to life on earth—playing important economic, ecological and cultural roles. However, the world is facing a biodiversity crisis, and to be able to effectively conserve tree species with limited funds, we need to know which tree species are threatened. The Global Tree Assessment has addressed this gap in knowledge through accelerating the production of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments. Analysing the results of completed taxonomic groups allows for targeted conservation. Here, we explore the extinction risk of six understudied genera with ethnobotanical uses, allowing for conservation priorities to be set.
Summary
To highlight the ongoing progress of the Global Tree Assessment, a synthesis of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List data has been produced for six genera (Gilbertiodendron, Humiriastrum, Liquidambar, Nectandra, Teijsmanniodendron and Tilia) which have all their tree species assessed. This was used to analyse the extinction risk within these groups with the aim of setting conservation priorities and raising awareness of genera not previously publicised in the Global Tree Assessment.
The genera were chosen based on completeness, in terms of number of tree species with published IUCN Red List assessments. IUCN Red List categories, threats and uses from each species' IUCN Red List assessment were analysed. An ex situ survey was also carried out to identify species found in botanic gardens, arboreta and seed banks.
Higher threat levels were found in the predominately tropical genera (Gilbertiodendron, Humiriastrum, Nectandra and Teijsmanniodendron) compared with the broadly more temperate genera (Tilia and Liquidambar). Habitat loss due to agriculture is a major threat in all genera with exploitation also a key threat to Gilbertiodendron and Tilia. Gilbertiodendron, Humiriastrum, Nectandra and Teijsmanniodendron have no threatened species conserved in ex situ collections.
We have identified a need for a range of conservation measures, including collecting threatened species of these groups for ex situ conservation, to ensure no species becomes extinct.
... Zelotes mandae Tikader & Gajbe, 1979* Gujarat (Solanki, 2016Yadav et al., 2017) Madhya Pradesh (Gajbe, 2003a;Gajbe, 2005Gajbe, , 2007 Gujarat (Thumar, 2019) IV. Checklist of Gnaphosidae in Union Territories Simon, 1907 Adjemera (Peckham) (Simon, 1907) A single source of location of Adjemera is mentioned in Ghana (west coast of Africa) by Estrella & Devesa (2014) in available literature and also the title of the article of Simon (1907) describing the species indicates that it was collected from the west coast of Africa indicating its location in Ghana and not in India. Moreover, Siliwal et al. (2005), Keswani et al. (2012), and World Spider Catalog (2021) consider its location in India. ...
... Zelotes mandae Tikader & Gajbe, 1979* Gujarat (Solanki, 2016Yadav et al., 2017) Madhya Pradesh (Gajbe, 2003a;Gajbe, 2005Gajbe, , 2007 Gujarat (Thumar, 2019) IV. Checklist of Gnaphosidae in Union Territories Simon, 1907 Adjemera (Peckham) (Simon, 1907) A single source of location of Adjemera is mentioned in Ghana (west coast of Africa) by Estrella & Devesa (2014) in available literature and also the title of the article of Simon (1907) describing the species indicates that it was collected from the west coast of Africa indicating its location in Ghana and not in India. Moreover, Siliwal et al. (2005), Keswani et al. (2012), and World Spider Catalog (2021) consider its location in India. ...
Faunal biodiversity of the wolf spi ders (Lycosidae: Araneomorphae: Araneae: Arachnida) in different states of India and union territories is presented herewi th. A total of 155 species placed under 25 genera of Lycosidae were recorded i n all states and union terri tori es of India except Nagaland, Daman and Diu and D adra and Nagar Haveli, and Lakshdweep, out of which 91 species (58.7%) were strictly endemic. However, among them 8 species seem to be erroneous report or misidentification. Maximum number of speci es were recorded in Maharashtra followed by 65 species in West Bengal, 57 species in Gujarat, 50 species in Uttarakhand, 39 species in Madhya Prades h, 38 species in Kerala, 36 species in Karnataka, 33 species in Jammu and Kashmir and less than 30 species are recorded in other s tates. Si x species of Lycosidae are widely distributed, viz. Wadicosa fidelis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) (25 states, 3 union terri tories), Pardosa sumatrana (T horell, 1890) (23 states, 1 union territory), Pardosa pseudoannulata (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906) (19 states, 1 union terri tory), Hippasa agelenoides (Simon, 1884) (17 states, 1 union terri tory), Hippasa greenalliae (Blackwall, 1867) (16 states, 1 union territory), and Lycosa tista Tikader, 1970 (16 states). About one-thi rd of the species of Lycosidae reported in India are recorded only in one state or from the type locality. Hence, extensive faunistic surveys for these spiders are required.
... ; de laEstrella & Devesa, 2014;Mackinder & Harris, 2006;Mackinder & Pennington, 2011;Wieringa, 1999; Table S2). A total of three habi- ...
Aim
The Guineo‐Congolian region in Africa constitutes the second largest area of tropical rainforest (TRF) in the world. It covered an estimated 15–22 million km² during the late Miocene (55–11 Ma) and it has experienced since a declining trend, currently reaching 3.4 million km², associated with increasing aridification and the replacement of TRF by savanna habitats. Here, we examine whether rainforest area contraction led to a decrease in net diversification rates linked to increasing extinction, or if it is associated with increasing opportunities for allopatric or ecological speciation during periods of forest fragmentation.
Location
Tropical Africa, Guineo‐Congolian region.
Taxon
Anthonotha, Englerodendron, Berlinia clade (Leguminosae).
Methods
We used a target enrichment approach combined with a complete data set representing all genera within the Berlinia clade. We combined phylogenomic, dating estimates, habitat reconstruction and diversification rate analyses to infer the effect of change in rainforest area coverage at two taxonomic levels: among genera, and within Anthonotha and Englerodendron.
Results
We recovered fully resolved and well‐supported relationships among all genera and among species within the two genera. Most genera (87.5%) diverged before the Pleistocene, but Anthonotha and Englerodendron diversified recently, during the most recent cycles of forest contraction and expansion of the Pleistocene.
Main conclusions
Our results suggest that the Berlinia clade displays an overall trend of accumulation of species over evolutionary time, suggesting the reduction in TRF area has not decreased net diversification rates. Most habitat shifts to savanna occurred in the Miocene, with no major habitat shifts during the most recent phases of forest expansion–contraction in the Pleistocene. Shifts in habitat from lowland forest to savanna did not trigger diversification rates, but habitat fragmentation might have increased diversification rates through allopatric speciation.
... Most genera display a large adaxial (dorsal) petal in the flower (e.g. Gilbertiodendron and Berlinia Fig. 1A and D) with additional lateral and abaxial (ventral) petals of different size and shape de la Estrella and Devesa, 2014a;LPWG, 2017;Mackinder and Pennington, 2011). Within the Berlinia clade, the Anthonotha clade, which comprises a group of three closely related genera with contrasting flower symmetry, is particularly diverse in its flower morphology. ...
Detarioideae is well known for its high diversity of floral traits, including flower symmetry, number of organs, and petal size and morphology. This diversity has been characterized and studied at higher taxonomic levels, but limited analyses have been performed among closely related genera with contrasting floral traits due to the lack of fully resolved phylogenetic relationships. Here, we used four representative transcriptomes to develop an exome capture (target enrichment) bait for the entire subfamily and applied it to the Anthonotha clade using a complete data set (61 specimens) representing all extant floral diversity. Our phylogenetic analyses recovered congruent topologies using ML and Bayesian methods. Anthonotha was recovered as monophyletic contrary to the remaining three genera (Englerodendron, Isomacrolobium and Pseudomacrolobium), which form a monophyletic group sister to Anthonotha. We inferred a total of 35 transitions for the seven floral traits (pertaining to flower symmetry, petals, stamens and staminodes) that we analyzed, suggesting that at least 30% of the species in this group display transitions from the ancestral condition reconstructed for the Anthonotha clade. The main transitions were towards a reduction in the number of organs (petals, stamens and staminodes). Despite the high number of transitions, our analyses indicate that the seven characters are evolving independently in these lineages. Petal morphology is the most labile floral trait with a total of seven independent transitions in number and seven independent transitions to modification in petal types. The diverse petal morphology along the dorsoventral axis of symmetry within the flower is not associated with differences at the micromorphology of petal surface, suggesting that in this group all petals within the flower might possess the same petal identity at the molecular level. Our results provide a solid evolutionary framework for further detailed analyses of the molecular basis of petal identity.
... Pellegriniodendron (one species) was transferred to Gilbertiodendron following recently published phylogenetic analyses (Bruneau et al. 2008) and a morphological reevaluation of its status (Estrella et al. 2012a). A complete taxonomic history of the genus can be found in Estrella and Devesa (2014). Species belonging to Gilbertiodendron have leaflets with marginal or submarginal glands, a pair of bracteoles that encloses the flower bud, five sepals, and five petals. ...
... Gilbertiodendron is a genus that is important both economically (Burkill 1995), with species used for timber or traditional medicine, and ecologically, with species growing gregariously, forming large forest stands (Poorter et al. 2004;Estrella et al. 2012c;van der Burgt et al. 2012;Estrella and Devesa 2014). The highest concentration in both number of species and morphological variation is found in the Guineo-Congolian region, particularly in Gabon, which is a high-diversity area for legumes (Sosef et al. 2006;Estrella et al. 2012b). ...
... Although Gilbertiodendron plays a central role in many African forest areas, as noted by Léonard (1957), the advancement of taxonomic knowledge and species delimitation within the genus has been hampered by a lack of adequate material for study, especially fruiting specimens. Recently, new collections have become available, resulting in, for example, the recognition of many new species (Estrella et al. 2012c;van der Burgt et al. 2012, forthcoming;Estrella and Devesa 2014), but even now there is a lack of good material for many taxa, preventing adequate descriptions (Estrella and Devesa 2014). With the addition of recent collections, the objectives of the current study are to complement and pursue the ongoing effort of the past few years on the taxonomy of this genus (Estrella et al. 2012a(Estrella et al. , 2012cvan der Burgt et al. 2012; Devesa 2014) with a densely sampled species-level phyloge-netic analysis in order to identify species groups within Gilbertiodendron and to resolve relationships among genera considered closely related to Gilbertiodendron (Bruneau et al. 2008). ...
Premise of research: Gilbertiodendron is a genus endemic to Africa with ∼30 species made up of trees of primary dry-land, riverine, and gallery forests. Recently, the west and central African monotypic genus Pellegriniodendron was merged into Gilbertiodendron. Gilbertiodendron is one of 17 genera that form the exclusively African Berlinia clade, and this study presents the findings of a phylogenetic analysis designed to evaluate the generic limits of Gilbertiodendron and its relationships within the Berlinia clade.
On the basis of a new phylogeny of the Detarioideae, with a particular focus on Englerodendron Harms, Anthonotha P.Beauv. and related genera, the possible options for delimiting monophyletic genera are discussed. As a result, Isomacrolobium Aubrév. & Pellegr. and Pseudomacrolobium Hauman are synonymised under Englerodendron. The following 12 new combinations are formed within the expanded Englerodendron: E. brachyrhachis (Breteler). A key to identification of the 17 species now recognised within Englerodendron is presented.
Premise of research. The Neotropical endemic Macrolobium is one of the most species-rich genera (ca. 75 species) within subfamily Detarioideae (Fabaceae, alternatively Leguminosae). Two sections distinguished by floral morphology have been recognized in the past. Although morphologically diverse, species within the genus share several characters, including a single well-developed petal in adaxial position. However, previous analyses based on plastid markers have suggested that the genus is not monophyletic. We produce the most densely sampled molecular phylogeny of Macrolobium and test the monophyly of the genus and the two sections. Methodology. We analyzed nucleotide sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid (matK, trnG) genomes using Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses. Pivotal results. The combined analysis retains Macrolobium as a monophyletic genus, with two well-supported subclades corresponding to the two recognized sections. Macrolobium pendulum is the only species placed in a section different from its taxonomic treatment. The relationships recovered with the plastid markers differ slightly from the combined and ITS analyses, but without significant support.
Conclusions. Macrolobium is shown to be a monophyletic genus and to contain two well-supported and morphologically defined sections with differing Amazonian and Andean/Central American distributions corresponding to the Gentry pattern. Species are also found to group partly according to habitat preferences and leaf morphology. Both sections contain groups of multijugate and unijugate species, and there appear to have been multiple shifts of this character.
The Gilbertiodendron ogoouense species complex consists of 14 tree species. Eight species are here newly described and one is here reinstated: G. bambolense Burgt; G. breteleri Burgt; G. ebo Burgt & Mackinder; G. ecoukense (Pellegr.) Burgt; G. maximum Burgt & Wieringa; G. minkebense Burgt & Estrella; G. quinquejugum Burgt; G. scutatum Wieringa & Estrella and G. sulfureum Burgt. Five species in the complex were already recognised as accepted: G. brachystegioides (Harms) J. Léonard; G. klainei (Pierre ex Pellegr.) J. Léonard; G. newberyi Burgt; G. ngouniense (Pellegr.) J. Léonard and G. ogoouense (Pellegr.) J. Léonard. All 14 species are medium-sized or large trees of evergreen rain forest on well-drained or periodically inundated soil, at 0 – 900 m altitude. Each of the 14 species is distributed in one or more of the following Central African countries: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo (Brazzaville), Angola (Cabinda) and Congo (Kinshasa). Included are a key, a table comparing the main morphological characters, illustrations drawn to the same scale and distribution maps of all species. The conservation status of all species is assessed according to IUCN categories and criteria: G. maximum is classified as Critically Endangered, G. ebo and G. newberyi as Endangered, G. breteleri, G. klainei, G. minkebense, G. ngouniense and G. scutatum as Vulnerable, and the remaining six species as Least Concern.
Gilbertiodendron (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) is an endemic tropical African genus
of ca. 30 species, most of which are trees of primary forest. The highest concentration of species and
morphological variation is found in the Guineo-Congolian region, particularly in Gabon. One of those
species is G. grandistipulatum, which is easily recognized by its stipules (up to 18 cm long) and flowers
(adaxial petal up to 12.5 × 14 cm). The taxonomy, habitat and distribution of G. grandistipultaum are
discussed, extending its known distribution to Congo. A full description, distribution map and two
illustrations are provided for the first time for this species.
