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Mallotus cumingii Müll.Arg. a. Habit of pistillate plant with fruits; b. staminate plant with inflorescences; c. staminate flower; d. stamens; e. pistillate inflorescence; f. pistillate flower with a bract (a: Soejarto, Madulid & Fernando 7786, L; b-d: PNH 22901, L; e, f: Wenzel 211, NSW).
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A recent molecular phylogenetic study of Mallotus and related genera showed that three small Asiatic genera are clearly part of a strongly supported main Mallotus clade (Mallotus s.s. clade), rendering the genus paraphyletic. In this paper these genera, Neotrewia, Octospermum and Trewia, are merged with Mallotus. The monotypic Neotrewia and Octospe...
Citations
... Enlarged thyroids are treated with the bark of T. nudiflora. Decoction of the root is stomachic and alterative and is used in flatulence, gout, and rheumatism (Kulju et al., 2007). Apart from its uses in traditional medicine, it was reported in various published articles that T. nudiflora possesses various biologically active chemical constituents. ...
Due to their excellent catalytic, good biocompatibility, large surface area, conductivity, drug delivery agent, and antimicrobial activity properties, nanoparticles with medicinal plants are great for biomedical applications. The study was conducted from January 2017 to October 2018 at the Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia. The main aim of this study was to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of gold nanoparticles using the fruit of Trewia nudiflora as a primary source. Phyto-constituents of Trewia nudiflora were extracted with water to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). There was a ratio of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) solution and Trewia nudiflora fruit extract (20:1) used to optimize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), respectively. Synthesized gold nanoparticles were confirmed by a visual color change from colorless to ruby-red, Laser beam light was passing through the synthesized gold nanoparticles to observe the Tyndall effect. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to observe the absorption peaks between 500 and 550 nm, which is the characteristic peak range for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The surface morphology of the AuNPs was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the elemental composition of the sample (AuNPs) by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The antimicrobial activity of gold nanoparticles was observed in an 8.5-mm zone of inhibition against gram negative (Klebsiella sp.) and 8-mm zone of inhibition against gram positive (Micrococcus sp.) bacteria.
... These details and information inspired us to use the Trewia nudiflora T. nudiflora is a fast-growing, soft, wooded, versatile, dioecious plant found in most parts of Bangladesh and throughout South Asia [7,8]. The extract and decoction of different plant parts are used for the removal of bile and phlegm, as a cerebroprotective agent in different blood and neuronal disorders, for wound healing, hyper locomotion, flatulence, gout, rheumatism, tumor, and fungal growth inhibition [7][8][9][10][11]. Previous phytochemical studies on the seed and bark of T. nudiflora revealed the presence of valuable bioactive components like cardenolides, triterpenoids, diterpenoids, alkaloids, and nitrogen-containing compounds, lignans, neolignans, flavonoids, ellagic acid derivatives, phenylpropanoid glucosides, α-tocopherol, cucurbitacin-trewinine, scopoletin, and indole-3-carboxylic acid, triglycerides [7][8][9][10][11][12]. ...
... The extract and decoction of different plant parts are used for the removal of bile and phlegm, as a cerebroprotective agent in different blood and neuronal disorders, for wound healing, hyper locomotion, flatulence, gout, rheumatism, tumor, and fungal growth inhibition [7][8][9][10][11]. Previous phytochemical studies on the seed and bark of T. nudiflora revealed the presence of valuable bioactive components like cardenolides, triterpenoids, diterpenoids, alkaloids, and nitrogen-containing compounds, lignans, neolignans, flavonoids, ellagic acid derivatives, phenylpropanoid glucosides, α-tocopherol, cucurbitacin-trewinine, scopoletin, and indole-3-carboxylic acid, triglycerides [7][8][9][10][11][12]. ...
The objective of the current study was to examine the phytochemical and in vitro thrombolytic, anti-arthritic, anthelmintic, and insecticidal effects of Trewia nudiflora (TN) methanolic leaf extract with its methanol (MTN), chloroform (CTN), and ethyl acetate (ETN) fractions. Pheretima posthuma and Tribolium castaneum were employed for evaluating the antihelmintic and insecticidal properties, respectively. All the tested extracts showed the presence of copious potential constituents in phytochemical analysis. Among all extracts, MTN extract exhibited the utmost clot lysis (35.95 ± 4.81%) property compared to standard streptokinase (SK) (53.77 ± 7.52%). All samples displayed striking protein denaturation activity in a dose-dependent manner (100–500 µg/mL), where the highest inhibition was observed for MTN (67.26 ± 6.39% at 500 µg/mL). Each extract demonstrated considerable anthelmintic activity at 25–75 mg/mL dose ranges. ETN showed the strongest anthelmintic activity at the highest dose. Among all samples, the CTN extract displayed the utmost mortality rate (77.22%) in the insecticidal test. The results of the study suggest that T. nudiflora leaf extracts may have potential against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects, which warrants the necessity of extensive isolation and identification of bioactive compounds to develop newer effective drugs upon preclinical and clinical investigations.
... healing of wounds and injuries. Bark is used for the treatment of enlarged thyroid. Decoction of the root is stomachic and alterative. The decoction is used in flatulence, gout, rheumatism and malignancy especially leukemia and hepato-biliary affections. Leaves of T. nudiflora showed cerebroprotective effects, hyper locomotion and neuronal damage (Kulju, et. al., 2007;Kumar and Sastry, 2012). The different parts of T. nudiflora can be regarded as promising resources for antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic drugs (Begum, 2016). ...
The unutilized or underutilized or commercially least exploited species are generally termed as lesser-known species (LKS) or lesser used species (LUS) due to insufficient information about their wood properties and probable end-uses. Trewia nudiflora falls under this category of wood species. It is soft timber and can be used for making light weight wood products, match splints, plyboards, packing boxes, crates, agricultural implements, dug-outs, yokes, slate, and picture frames, carved images, and toys etc. Fruits are edible and seeds yield fatty oil. It is also known as false white teak and largely dry deciduous in nature. Being compatible to flourishing growth in moist and hot parts of India, its efficiency as biodrainage species had been studied under an ICFRE
through Biodrainage
funded project namely, “Phytoremediation of Waterlogged
area
Applications”. Its efficiency as biodrainage species was studied through plantation trials at minor canal areas. Its growth and biodrainage efficiency were found to be effective for phytoremediation of areas having high water table or waterlogged areas. This study concluded that through the plantation of Trewia nudiflora, canal bank areas may be phytoremediated and its plantation may be used as alternatives of soft wood. It may also support livelihoods of rural people.
... Bark of that tree is used for preparation of traditional medicine for the treatment of enlarged thyroid. Decoction of the root is good for increasing appetite and digestion as well as used in rheumatism, flatulence and gout [5]. Ethanol leaves extract of T. nudiflora showed cerebro-protective effects, such as protection from neuronal damage and hyper locomotion [1]. ...
Aims: Trewia nudiflora Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) which is a soft wooded tropical dioecious tree is used as traditional medicinal tree in many countries. Hence, this study was designed to assess the antibacterial activity of fruit extract of Trewia nudiflora against twelve pathogenic bacteria.
Methodology: Twelve pathogenic bacterial strains already available in the lab were used in this
study. The four of the collected bacteria were Gram positive viz. Staphylococcus gallinarum, S.
sciuri, Streptococcus iniae and S. constellatus and remaining eight were Gram negative viz.
Xanthomonas axonopodies, X. campestris, Edwardsiella anguillarum, Siccibacter colletis,
Aeromonas cavernicala, A. diversa, Vibro rotiferianus and Enterobacter xiangfangensis.
Antibacterial efficacy of the methanol extract of fruits of Trewia nudiflora was evaluated by disc diffusion test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test.
Results: The result of disc diffusion test showed the significant antibacterial efficacy as indicated by the generation of zone of inhibition ranging from 15-20 mm around the disc soaked with fruit extract (15 μl/disc) against tested bacteria. The largest zone of inhibition (20 mm) was produced
against E. xiangfangensis, A. cavernicala and V. rotiferianus while the smallest zone (15 mm) was produced against X. axonopodies, X. campestris, S. iniae and S. constellatus. The MIC value for
fruit extract of Trewia nudiflora varied with bacterial species ranging from 100-200 μg/ml.
Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that methanol extracts of the fruits of Trewia nudiflora
may be a good agent for further research to confirm its use as a natural antibacterial compound
against pathogenic bacteria in economic animals and human.
... The geographical distribution of Mallotus was much wider in deep geological time than present (Fig. 2) as most of the older fossils described as Mallotus are found far outside the present day distribution of North and South America and Europe (Nucete et al., 2012). The fossils of Mallotus include leaves (Puri, 1947;Pathak, 1969;Mathur, 1987;Bande and Srivastava, 1990;Antal and Awasthi, 1993;Prasad, 1994) and woods (Lakhanpal and Dayal, 1963;Prakash and Tripathi, 1975;Roy and Ghosh, 1982;Guleria and Srivastava, 2001) which have been described from Maastrichtian to Pleistocene horizons from the Indian subcontinent, but occur in abundance from Miocene onwards; this supports the idea of recent speciation for the genus (Kulju et al., 2007b;Sierra et al., 2010). The origin and evolution of Mallotus is much argued due to the absence of reliable fossil records (Nucete et al., 2012), although the oldest fossil of Mallotus i.e. ...
The present study deals with the reporting and description of the first fossil record of Mallotus Lour. fruit from all over the world. The edible parts of plants are too soft to be preserved and therefore, are rare in fossil records. Fossil fruit of Mallotus mollissimus (Geiseler) Airy Shaw (Euphorbiaceae), a rainforest tree, is described from the early Eocene Palana Formation (Gurha lignite mine) of northwest India. The occurrence of M. mollissimus, along with earlier described fossils from the area demonstrates the existence of dense tropical forests in the area during the depositional time in contrast to the desertic conditions in the area today. This discovery from the early Eocene succession substantiates the Gondwanan origin for the genus.
... However, among the tribe Hippomaneae, where most genera vary from 2 to 3 carpels (Esser 2001), Mallotus pleiogynus Pax and K. Hoffm. has 7-9 (Kulju et al. 2007) and Hippomane spp. 6-9 (Esser 2001). ...
Hura crepitans L. stands out in the family Euphorbiaceae by being bat-pollinated, having inflorescences with a single female flower with a giant multicarpellate gynoecium at the base of a spike with a large number of male flowers. We described the structure and development of flowers of this species to understand the diversification of flowers in the family and how anatomical structures have adapted to bat pollination. Flower buds and flowers were fixed and embedded in paraffin and studied using scanning electron microscopy. Young male flowers are embedded in the axis of a spike. In both male and female flowers, the calyx is extremely reduced, the sepals united, in male flowers lacking vascularization. Petals are lacking. In male flowers, the androecium has 13–30 united stamens, arranged in (2)3(4) whorls. Female flowers have 11–14 uniovulate united carpels, each with a separate locule. The ovules are pachychalazal with vasculature in both integuments. The style is atro-vinaceous, forming a long column ending in a lobed stigmatic plate. Hura crepitans is similar to Algernonia and Ophthalmoblapton of Hippomaneae in the increased carpel number. However, flowers have some features that allow bat pollination, in contrast to the rest of the family which is more often insect- or wind-pollinated. Among these features are numerous stamen whorls with increased number of stamens, giant gynoecium, reduction in the perianth and a large stigma with central receptive surface.
... In relation to the molecular data, regions that provide good results for the phylogeny of other groups, such as the spacer trnL-F useful in phylogenetic analyzes of Croton L., Macaranga Thouars and Mallotus Lour. (Berry et al. 2005, Kulju et al. 2007 does not exhibit phylogenetic signals that allow the distinction of most Manihot species (Chacon et al. 2008). This apparently is due to the fact that the DNA sequences being very well preserved in the Manihot species, thanks to its recent origin, and therefore uninformative (Leotard et al. 2009. ...
Cassava produces about 10 times more carbohydrates than most cereals per unit area, and are ideal for production in marginal and drought prone areas. Cassava, which originated from tropical South America, is a perennial woody shrub with an edible root, which today is grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world where it provides energy food and serves as a veritable source of food and income for over a billion people. This handbook provides new research on the production, consumption and potential uses of cassava.
... The APG III classification system segregated Peraceae from Euphorbiaceae. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies of Macaranga, Mallotus and related sister groups have been presented by , Blattner et al. (2001) and Kulju et al. (2007). A number of infra-generic circumscriptions and sectional revisions of Macaranga and Mallotus have been proposed (Muller 1865, Pax and Hoffmann 1914, Airy Shaw 1968, Bollendorff et al. 2000, Slik and Van Welzen 2001, Sierra and Van Welzen 2005, Kulju et al. 2007, Whitmore 2008, Sierra et al. 2010, Van Welzen et al. 2014. ...
... Morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies of Macaranga, Mallotus and related sister groups have been presented by , Blattner et al. (2001) and Kulju et al. (2007). A number of infra-generic circumscriptions and sectional revisions of Macaranga and Mallotus have been proposed (Muller 1865, Pax and Hoffmann 1914, Airy Shaw 1968, Bollendorff et al. 2000, Slik and Van Welzen 2001, Sierra and Van Welzen 2005, Kulju et al. 2007, Whitmore 2008, Sierra et al. 2010, Van Welzen et al. 2014. Systematic palynological studies (Punt 1962, Takahashi et al. 1995, Nowicke and Takahashi 2002, Nowicke et al. 1998, 1999 have taken an important role to illuminate the classification of the subfamily. ...
... According to the present study Macaranga and Mallotus are sister groups but not embedded in eachother, and they are clearly distinct genera; Macaranga species form a well-supported monophyletic group (clade 1; BS, 100) sister to the paraphyletic Mallotus groups (clade 2 and 3) (Fig. 7). Based on molecular data, Kulju et al. (2007) also indicated the generic distinctness of Macaranga and Mallotus. ...
The present paper deals with the wood microstructure of 18 species belonging to 8 genera classified in four tribes of the subfamily Acalyphoideae s.l. (Euphorbiaceae). The study mainly focuses on the systematic implications of wood anatomy to the subfamily, but also ecological and evolutionary aspects are evaluated. The wood microstructure of the subfamily was found to be considerably homogeneous except for that of the tribe Chaetocarpeae. The results support the segregation of Hancea from Mallotus and merging of Trewia into Mallotus. It is further suggested to include Mallotus nudiflorus in Mallotus sect. Philippinensis instead of Mallotus sect. Rottleropsis. Wood anatomical data turned out to solve the synonymic problem of Mallotus albus, Mallotus macrostachyus and Mallotus tetracoccus as well as Macaranga denticulata and Macaranga pustulata as the results indicate that these species are all distinct. The sectional circumscriptions of Macaranga and Mallotus are evaluated based on wood anatomical data. Radial laticifers are reported for the first time in Macaranga indica. A species identification key to Indian species of Acalyphoideae based on wood anatomical characteristics is provided.
... The Mallotus Lourier-Macaranga Linnaeus generic complex (Euphorbiaceae subfam. Acalyphoideae) has been the subject of several recent taxonomic and/or phylogenetic studies Sierra, 2007;Sierra et al., 2007;Kulju et al., 2007a;Kulju et al., 2007b; van Ee et al., 2008;Wurdack and Davis, 2009). However, macrofossil records for the group (and Euphorbiaceae as a whole) are limited (Lee et al., 2010;Nucete et al., 2012) although pollen is widespread (Raine et al., 2011). ...
A new fossil species of Malloranga is referred to the Mallotus–Macaranga clade (Euphorbiaceae: Acalyphoideae) on the possession of broadly ovate, dentate leaves with a marginally attached, pulvinate petiole, pocket acrodomatia, 3–5 lateral primary veins, agrophic secondary veins, percurrent tertiary and quaternary venation, looped marginal venation, characteristic rounded, paired, basal extrafloral nectaries and disc-shaped, peltate glandular scales. The taxon includes previously reported ‘aff. Euphorbiaceae’ leaf impression material from the Lower Miocene of New Zealand and is here described as Malloranga dentata sp. nov. It is present in oil shale from the Nevis Valley and mudstone from Lauder, Manuherikia Valley; both palaeolacustrine deposits from the former Lake Manuherikia in what is now Central Otago, southern New Zealand.
... 10/1726/suppl/DC1. The nomenclature of some taxa has since been updated to the presently accepted names: the genera Neotrewia Pax & K.Hoffm., Octospermum Airy Shaw and Trewia L. are included in Mallotus [18]; Cordemoya Baill., Deuteromallotus Pax & K.Hoffm. and the species Mallotus eucaustus Airy Shaw, M. griffithianus (Müll.Arg.) ...
Molecular phylogenies and estimates of divergence times within the sister genera Macaranga and Mallotus were estimated using Bayesian relaxed clock analyses of two generic data sets, one per genus. Both data sets were based on different molecular markers and largely different samples. Per genus three calibration points were utilised. The basal calibration point (crown node of all taxa used) was taken from literature and used for both taxa. The other three calibrations were based on fossils of which two were used per genus. We compared patterns of dispersal and diversification in Macaranga and Mallotus using ancestral area reconstruction in RASP (S-DIVA option) and contrasted our results with biogeographical and geological records to assess accuracy of inferred age estimates. A check of the fossil calibration point showed that the Japanese fossil, used for dating the divergence of Mallotus, probably had to be attached to a lower node, the stem node of all pioneer species, but even then the divergence time was still younger than the estimated age of the fossil. The African (only used in the Macaranga data set) and New Zealand fossils (used for both genera) seemed reliably placed. Our results are in line with existing geological data and the presence of stepping stones that provided dispersal pathways from Borneo to New Guinea-Australia, from Borneo to mainland Asia and additionally at least once to Africa and Madagascar via land and back to India via Indian Ocean island chains. The two genera show congruence in dispersal patterns, which corroborate divergence time estimates, although the overall mode and tempo of dispersal and diversification differ significantly as shown by distribution patterns of extant species.
