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Ontogeny of conidiomata: (A-C) Synnemapestaloides rhododendri MAFF 239201; (D-F) Syn. rhododendri TAMA 492; (G-I) Seimatosporium foliicola NBRC 32676; (J-L) Seim. botan NBRC 104200; and (M-O) Seim. discosioides NBRC 104201. (A,G,J,M) Bars = 100 µm; (B-F,H,I,K,L,N,O) Bars = 50 µm.
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Synnemapestaloides rhododendri, the type species of the genus Synnemapestaloides, is a pathogen of Rhododendron brachycarpum. This fungus produces six-celled conidia with appendages at both end cells, and are generated by annellidic conidiogenous cells on the synnema. These conidial structures are similar to those of the genus Pestalotia. The monot...
Citations
... Notes: Genera with acervular and pycnidial conidiomata are recognised as coelomycetes, while those with sporodochia and synnemata are usually considered as typical hyphomycetes ( Seifert et al. 2011). However, unlike other pestalotioid fungi which are coelomycetes, with acervular and pycnidial conidiomata, Synnemapestaloides produces spores on synne- mata and was thus previously regarded to be a hyphomycete ( Handa et al. 2004, Watanabe et al. 2016. So far, Synnema- pestaloides contains two species, namely Syn. ...
... juniperi, and it is notable that the short synnemata of Syn. juniperi are easily confused with acervuli ( Watanabe et al. 2016). In addition, apical and basal appendages as illustrated in Syn. ...
Species of Sporocadaceae are endophytic, plant pathogenic or saprobic, and associated with a wide range of host plants. Recent molecular studies that have attempted to address familial and generic boundaries of fungi belonging to Sporocadaceae were based on a limited number of samples and DNA loci. The taxonomy of this group of fungi is therefore still not fully resolved. The aim of the present study is to provide a natural classification for the Sporocadaceae based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses, using LSU, ITS, tef-1α tub2 and rpb2 loci, in combination with morphological data. A total of 30 well-supported monophyletic clades in Sporocadaceae are recognised, representing 23 known and seven new genera. Typifications are proposed for the type species of five genera (Diploceras, Discosia, Monochaetia, Sporocadus and Truncatella) to stabilise the application of these names. Furthermore, Neotruncatella and Dyrithiopsis are synonymised under Hymenopleella, and the generic circumscriptions of Diploceras, Disaeta, Hymenopleella, Monochaetia, Morinia, Pseudopestalotiopsis, Sarcostroma, Seimatosporium, Synnemapestaloides and Truncatella are emended. A total of 51 new species, one nomina nova and 15 combinations are introduced.
... A later phylogenetic study confirmed the distinction of Synnemapestaloides from Seimatosporium and other Sporocadaceae genera, while also establishing the new combination Syn. foliicola for a presumably saprotrophic species known from Chamaecyparis and Juniperus, previously placed in Seimatosporium [19,20]. The unappendaged three-septate conidia of Synnemapestaloides ericacearum distinguish it from the five-septate conidia of both Syn. ...
... foliicola conidia are broadly ovate with unbranched apical and basal appendages [10,20]. Watanabe et al. [19] described similar conidiomata ontogeny for both Syn. rhododendri, which produces up to ca. 500 μm tall synnemata, and Syn. ...
... MrModeltest v. 2.2.6 was used to determine the most suitable sequence evolution model (GTR+I+G) using the Akaike information criterion [55]. The ex-type culture of Phlogicylindrium uniforme (CBS 131312; Phlogicylindriaceae) was selected as outgroup because of its phylogenetic position outside of Sporocadaceae [19]. MrBayes v. 3.2 was used to perform Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic reconstruction [56]. ...
Surveys of foliar endophytes from the Acadian forest region over the past three decades have identified numerous phylogenetically diverse fungi producing natural products toxic to forest pests and diseases. The life histories of some conifer endophytes can be restricted to plant foliage or may include saprotrophic phases on other plants tissues or even alternate hosts. Considering the potentially broad host preferences of conifer endophytes we explored fungi isolated from understory species and their metabolites as part of an ongoing investigation of fungal biodiversity from the Acadian forest. We report a hitherto unidentified Xylariomycetidae species isolated from symptomatic Labrador tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum) leaves and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) collected in coastal southern New Brunswick, Canada. Morphological and phylogenetic evidence demonstrated the unknown species was a novel Synnemapestaloides (Sporocadaceae) species, described here as Syn. ericacearum. A preliminary screening assay indicated that the culture filtrate extract of the new species was potently antifungal towards the biotrophic pathogen Microbotryum violaceum, warranting an investigation of its natural products. Two natural products possessing a rare 1,3-benzodioxin-4-one scaffold, synnemadoxins A-B (1–2), and their postulated precursor, synnemadiacid A (3), were characterized as new structures and assessed for antimicrobial activity. All isolated compounds elicited in vitro inhibitory antifungal activity towards M. violaceum at 2.3 μg mL⁻¹ and moderate antibiotic activity. Further, the characterization of synnemadoxins A-B provided a perspective on the biosynthesis of some related 1,3-benzodioxin-4-ones produced by other fungi within the Xylariales.
... Bootstrap analyses with 1,000 replicates were used to estimate clade support. The following outgroups closely related to Seimatosporium sensu lato were selected based on previous phylogenetic analyses (Tanaka et al. 2011;Watanabe et al. 2016): Morphology. Mycelial plugs (5 mm in diameter) were taken from the margin of an actively growing culture and transferred to 90-mmdiameter Petri dishes. ...
Seimatosporium species and closely related ‘pestalotioid fungi’ have been isolated from vineyards worldwide, but their ecological status in grapevine wood is unclear. To determine their involvement in the grapevine trunk-disease complex, we tested the pathogenicity of Californian isolates obtained from vines with general symptoms of Botryosphaeria-, Eutypa-, and Phomopsis diebacks. Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses revealed three species: Seimatosporium vitis and two newly described and typified species, Seimatosporium luteosporum sp. nov. and Seimatosporium vitifusiforme sp. nov. Inoculations to woody stems of potted grapevines of both isolates of S. vitis and one isolate of S. vitifusiforme, but not S. luteosporum, were associated with significantly larger lesions than those of non-inoculated controls. Co-inoculations with trunk pathogens (Cryptovalsa ampelina, Diaporthe ambigua, Diatrypella verruciformis, Diplodia seriata, Eutypa lata), co-isolated from the same wood cankers in the field, brought about increased lesion lengths for S. vitifusiforme paired with Dip. seriata, and S. luteosporum paired with Diap. ambigua. In contrast, there were no differences in lesion lengths of S. vitis and Diat. verruciformis or S. vitis and E. lata, inoculated alone or together. Our findings suggest Seimatosporium species are involved in the grapevine trunk-disease complex, and their virulence may depend on or affect that of trunk pathogens.
