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Phylogenetic tree of Xylaria spp. 249 and 214.
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Anthracnose is a crop disease usually caused by fungi in the genus Colletotrichum or Gloeosporium. These are considered one of the main pathogens, causing significant economic losses, such as in peppers and guarana. The current forms of control include the use of resistant cultivars, sanitary pruning and fungicides. However, even with the use of so...
Citations
... Eleven isolates from Burkholderia vietnamiensis were found to be inhibitory to at least two plant pathogens [132]. The endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. was isolated from guarana plant leaves, which produced cytochalasin-D that was fungicidal against the plant pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides that causes anthracnose [133]. Further, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized by the endophytic fungus Cochliobolus lunatus could act as insecticides and effectively kill Anopheles stephensi (the malarial vector) [134]. ...
Endophytes, as microorganisms widely present in plants, have an important role in plant growth and development. Abiotic stresses are very essential influence on plant growth and development. Endophytes in host plants are diverse, however, beneficial endophytes are used to make plants resistant to abiotic stresses. This review focuses on studying the regulatory roles of different endophytes under abiotic stresses, and explained the special pathway and related mechanism of endophytes under heavy metal stress, such as cadmium, manganese and zinc stress. How do the dominant endophytes respond to salt and heat stress and affect plant physiological characteristics? In addition, we also summarized the potential and application of endophytes in reducing the toxicity of plant pathogens, promoting crop growth, biomedicine and ecological restoration, and other aspects, to provide reference for further in-depth research on the mechanism of action of plant endophytes under abiotic stresses and effective utilization of endophytes.
... [51] This genus has also shown promising potential for the production of enzymes (Meshram et al. 2017) and bioactive secondary metabolites with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. [52,53] In addition, given the rise in global temperature, studying the relationship between endophytes and plants from arid and semi-arid regions is extremely important, as fungi promote plant growth and confer resistance to plants to survive in extreme conditions, thus improving sustainable agriculture in the world. [34,[54][55][56] ...
Endophytic fungi are associated with plant health and represent
a remarkable source of potential of enzymes and bioactive
compounds, but the diversity of endophytes remains uncertain
and poorly explored, especially in Cactaceae, one of the most
species-rich families adapted to growing in arid and semi-arid
regions. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic
review on the diversity and bioprospecting of endophytic fungi
from Cactaceae. We analysed peer-reviewed articles from seven
databases using PRISMA guidelines. The results showed that
the Cactaceae family is a source of new taxa, but the diversity of endophytic fungi of Cactaceae is little explored, mainly the
diversity among tissues and by metagenomics. Bioprospecting
studies have shown that these microorganisms can be used in
the production of enzymes and larvicidal and antifungal
compounds. Our results are relevant as a starting point for
researchers to develop studies that expand the knowledge of
plant mycobiota in arid and semi-arid ecosystems, as well as
comprising a remarkable source of fungal compounds with
several biotechnological applications.
... Xylaria are known to produce antimicrobial compounds (Canli et al. 2016;Jayasekara et al. 2022;Liu et al. 2008;Rakshith et al. 2020) that help the fungus survive interactions with other organisms (Elias et al. 2018). Many species have been studied for their use in the medical field and for human health applications. ...
Background
Xylaria is a diverse and ecologically important genus in the Ascomycota. This paper describes the xylariaceous fungi present in an Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest and investigates the decay potential of selected Xylaria species. Fungi were collected at Yasuní National Park, Ecuador during two collection trips to a single hectare plot divided into a 10-m by 10-m grid, providing 121 collection points. All Xylaria fruiting bodies found within a 1.2-m radius of each grid point were collected. Dried fruiting bodies were used for culturing and the internal transcribed spacer region was sequenced to identify Xylaria samples to species level. Agar microcosms were used to assess the decay potential of three selected species, two unknown species referred to as Xylaria 1 and Xylaria 2 and Xylaria curta , on four different types of wood from trees growing in Ecuador including balsa ( Ochroma pyramidale ), melina ( Gmelina arborea ), saman ( Samanea saman ), and moral ( Chlorophora tinctoria ). ANOVA and post-hoc comparisons were used to test for differences in biomass lost between wood blocks inoculated with Xylaria and uninoculated control blocks. Scanning electron micrographs of transverse sections of each wood and assay fungus were used to assess the type of degradation present.
Results
210 Xylaria collections were sequenced, with 106 collections belonging to 60 taxa that were unknown species, all with less than 97% match to NCBI reference sequences. Xylaria with sequence matches of 97% or greater included X . aff. comosa (28 isolates), X. cuneata (9 isolates) X. curta and X . oligotoma (7 isolates), and X . apiculta (6 isolates)., All Xylaria species tested were able to cause type 1 or type 2 soft rot degradation in the four wood types and significant biomass loss was observed compared to the uninoculated controls. Balsa and melina woods had the greatest amount of biomass loss, with as much as 60% and 25% lost, respectively, compared to the controls.
Conclusions
X ylaria species were found in extraordinary abundance in the Ecuadorian rainforest studied. Our study demonstrated that the Xylaria species tested can cause a soft rot type of wood decay and with the significant amount of biomass loss that occurred within a short incubation time, it indicates these fungi likely play a significant role in nutrient cycling in the Amazonian rainforest.
... En este sentido, la mayoría de las especies fúngicas del orden Xylariales (clase: Sordariomycetes) se han relacionado con aplicaciones biotecnológicas y de control biológico 28 . Por otra parte, las propiedades antagónicasmicrobiológicas del género Xylaria también se vinculan con la producción de ciertos compuestos con actividad antibiótica y de competencia por nutrientes 37 . ...
Endophytic fungi inhabit plant tissues internally and asymptomatically, and many of them are involved in the synthesis of bioactive metabolites of antifungal and therapeutic nature, as well as other compounds of biotechnological importance including indole derivatives, among many others. Ecologically, they provide some benefits to plants including protection against phytopathogens and promotion of root growth. In this sense, Xylaria sp. is a cellulose-decomposing fungus with biotechnological potential. It is worth mentioning that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) also plays an extremely important role in plant-micro-organism interactions, as it is essential for physiology and proper plant morphological development. It is known that nitrile-hydrolytic enzymes (nitrilases) are involved in the synthesis of plant indole compounds; however, relatively little information is available concerning the nature of these enzymes in the fungal kingdom. In view of the above, through a biochemical and molecular-genetic approach, it has been demonstrated for the first time that Xylaria sp. carries out nitrile-hydrolytic enzyme activity using nitrogen and carbon-rich compounds as substrate. The studied strain increased its relative gene expression levels and showed mycelial growth, both in the presence of chemical compounds such as cyanobenzene and KCN. Thus, the results of this work suggest that the micro-organism is capable of degrading complex nitrogenous molecules. On the other hand, through fungal biofertilization, it was observed that Xylaria sp. promotes the development of the root system of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, in addition to synthesizing IAA.
... Endophytic Xylaria spp. are known to inhibit some fungal species and, as endophytes, promote plant growth (Adnan et al. 2018;Elias et al. 2018;Bills and Polishook 1992;Rodrigues 1993). Its effect in cinnamon observed here is the first record of it being effective against Phytophthora. ...
Endophytes were investigated for their potential to protect Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon) from Phytophthora root rot. From healthy cinnamon trees in diseased plantations, 134 bacterial and fungal endophytes were isolated and screened in vitro for their ability to antagonise the root rot pathogens Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. multibullata and P. × vanyenensis. Seventeen endophytes exhibiting high levels of antagonism in vitro (more than 45%) were then tested in a glasshouse study for their ability to reduce the impact of Phytophthora infection in cinnamon seedlings. Trials using cinnamon seeds or seedlings inoculated with an endophyte and then infested with Phytophthora identified three endophytes expressing high levels of disease suppression (based on root damage reduction) and plant growth promotion. These were Penicillium citrinum, Xylaria curta and Clonostachys rosea. These endophytes can potentially be used in the biological control of root rot in cinnamon, but this must be explored further under field conditions.
... The demarcation line observed in Xylaria sp. when paired with Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis is probably the result of production of high quantities of inhibitory metabolites. Xylaria sp.is known to produce inhibitory compounds like cytochalasin, piliformic acid and griseofulvin (Elias et al. 2018). Moreover, pigmentation observed in the colony of Xylaria sp. when paired with Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis, Aspergillus tamarii and Euplytella sp. could be an indication of extracellular pigment production like carotenoid, melanin, avins, phenazines and quinones to protect its mycelia from the harmful effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS), toxins and hydrolytic enzymes. ...
Endophytic fungal colonization in plants is governed by complex interactions with the defense mechanism of the host and antagonistic effects of other endophytes. In this study, endophytic fungal interaction was assessed by histological examination and co-culture methods. Results showed fungal colonization in the intercellular space of the epidermis and both intercellular and intracellular spaces of the cortical cells suggesting close interaction with their seagrass hosts. Dense colonization, hyphal branching, coiling and formation of networks were observed in the cortical cells. Less competition for space and reliable source of nutrition in the cortex may favor fungal growth. No fungal hyphae were detected in the vascular tissues of seagrasses.
All the endophytic fungi isolated from seagrasses showed antagonistic activity. Aspergillus tamarii, A. ochraceopetaliformis, Penicillium citrinum, Beauveria bassiana, Eutypella sp. and Xylaria sp were the most active antagonists. Antagonistic interaction involved deadlock and replacement. Deadlock was associated with physical blocking of the antagonist’s colony by hyphal aggregation and production of inhibitory metabolites. Demarcation line and colony pigmentation in Xylaria sp. during co-culture assay indicated the production of high quantities of inhibitory molecules. Endophytic fungi in seagrasses also produced volatile organic compounds (VOC) which resulted to deadlock at mycelial distance. Thus, endophyte colonization and distribution in seagrass tissues are influenced by their interaction with the hosts and other endophytes. But interestingly, cyclical intransitivity of multispecies interaction manifested by these fungal species suggested possible co-existence in seagrass tissues.
... Piliformic acid (17) and cytochalasin D (18) isolated from two Xylaria spp. Showed fungistatic activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Elias et al. 2018). The fungal endophytes (Acremonium sp.) isolated from Mentha piperita exhibited antifungal activity against chickpea rot, causing pathogens possibly because of the release of 1-heptacosanol (19) and 1-nonadecene (20) from the endophytes (Chowdhary and Kaushik 2018). ...
In the current scenario, extensive use of synthetic chemicals in agriculture is creating notable problems such as disease and pest resistance, residues, yield loss, and soil unproductiveness. These harmful chemicals are eventually reaching our food plate through bioaccumulation and biomagnification in a crop. As a result, beneficial microorganisms are regularly being explored as a safer option in the agriculture sector for their ability to produce valuable bioactive secondary metabolites, particularly for crop protection. Such natural (bio) products are harmless to plants, humans, and the environment. In our quest for the search of the sources of bioactive constituents from the microorganisms, endophytes are the front-runner. They mutually reside inside the plant providing support against phytopathogens by releasing an array of bioactive secondary metabolites building climate reliance of the host plant. The purpose of this review is to examine the biocontrol potential of endophytes against bacterial and fungal pathogens in sustainable agriculture. We also attempt to explain the structure and activity of the secondary metabolites produced by bacterial and fungal endophytes in conjunction with their biocontrol function. Additionally, we address potential future research directions for endophytes as biopesticides.
... Singer sclerotium. The absence of saponins, terpenoids and tannins in X. hypoxylon (Table 5) is contrary to the evidence of Jang et al. (2009) andElias et al. (2018) that genus Xylaria contains a diversity of bioactive substances. Different ecological locations, age of mushroom, time of harvest and extraction protocols might account for the variance. ...
This study aimed at investigating the antimicrobial activity of some wild Nigerian mushrooms against selected typed clinical isolates. We collected wild mushrooms from an integrated organic farm in Ilesa, Southwest Nigeria. Crude methanolic extracts of Lentinus squarrosulus Mont., Termitomyces robustus (Beeli) R. Heim, Trametes ochracea (Pers.) Gilb. & Ryvarden and Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev. were screened singly and in different combinations for bioactivity against the selected bacterial and yeast isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and chemical constituents of the extracts were studied following standard procedures. Overall, we obtained a total of 16 mushrooms belonging to 14 genera. The extracts showed varied clearance zones against at least one of the eight bacteria, and one yeast when applied singly with the antimicrobial inhibitory zone ranging from 7.2 mm to 20.0 mm in Staphylococcus aureus (T. ochracea extract) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (L. squarrosulus extract) respectively. Furthermore, the MIC ranged from 2.09 to 16.75 mg/mL. When combined, the blends were active against some Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis) but inactive against the Gram-positive bacteria and yeast. Except for X. hypoxylon, other extracts contained saponins, tannins and terpenoids. Our findings revealed that the wild mushrooms are potential antimicrobial agents against the tested isolates. © 2022, Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. All rights reserved.
... alkaloids, cytochalasins, xylaramide, xylarin and xyloketals) (Boonphong et al. 2001;Lin et al. 2001;Ma et al. 2013;Rajulu et al. 2013). Xylaria possesses broad spectrum of antibacterial and antifungal properties (Ramesh et al. 2012(Ramesh et al. , 2014(Ramesh et al. , 2015Elias et al. 2018;Devi et al. 2020). ...
... Xylaria hypoxylon and X. polymorpha capable to inhibit the bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris in mango (Thirumalesh et al. 2014). They also produce antifungal compound called piliformic acid to control the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Elias et al. 2018). Xylaria hypoxylon and X. polymorpha have been assessed for their proximal and bioactive components by Adeduntan (2014) (Table 21.2). ...
Xylaria is one of the common ascomycetous genera occurring in different niches of the scrub jungles of southwest India. Many species of Xylaria are known for their medicinal potential. Mature sporocarps of Xylaria escharoidea, X. hypoxylon, X. longipes and X. polymorpha occurring in different habitats in scrub jungles of southwest India were assessed for functional groups, elemental composition and antioxidant properties. The FTIR analysis revealed presence of amines, carboxylic acids (O-H) and other functional groups. Elemental analysis through EDS showed differences in their elemental composition. Xylaria escharoidea and X. polymorpha were consistent in total antioxidant activity (TAA), ferrous ion-chelation capacity (FCC) and DPPH radical-scavenging activity. Although X. hypoxylon showed high TAA, the rest of the activities like FCC and DPPH radical-scavenging were relatively low. Xylaria longipes showed relatively low antioxidant activities. One-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference between the four species (p<0.001) for three antioxidant activities. The functional groups, elemental composition and antioxidant potential of Xylaria spp. seem to be dependent on the specific species, substrate, habitat and geographic location. These Xylaria spp. are known for production of a variety of metabolites effective in inhibition of microbes (pathogenic bacteria and fungi), apoptotic, cytotoxic, antioxidants and photocatalytic features. Further studies on the metabolites, bioactive compounds and therapeutic significance of Xylaria occurring in the scrub jungles are warranted.
Keywords: Macrofungi, Ascomycetes, Medicinal mushrooms, Bioactive profile, Antioxidant potential
... γ-Pyrone ring (82) is another frequently observed scaffold among the antimicrobial compounds isolated from ELF. Both Carbanarone A (20) and Aspergyllone (59) are built up of the same skeleton, containing a γ-Pyrone ring [44]. However, they show completely different antimicrobial profiles, owing to the 3-carbamoyl substitution in 20. ...
Citation: Wethalawe, A.N.; Alwis, Y.V.; Udukala, D.N.; Paranagama, P.A. Antimicrobial Compounds Isolated from Endolichenic Fungi: A Review. Molecules 2021, 26, 3901. Abstract: A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism, which is algae or cyanobacteria. Endolichenic fungi are a group of microfungi that resides asymp-tomatically within the thalli of lichens. Endolichenic fungi can be recognized as luxuriant metabolic artists that produce propitious bioactive secondary metabolites. More than any other time, there is a worldwide search for new antibiotics due to the alarming increase in microbial resistance against the currently available therapeutics. Even though a few antimicrobial compounds have been isolated from endolichenic fungi, most of them have moderate activities, implying the need for further structural optimizations. Recognizing this timely need and the significance of endolichenic fungi as a promising source of antimicrobial compounds, the activity, sources and the structures of 31 antibacterial compounds, 58 antifungal compounds, two antiviral compounds and one antiplas-modial (antimalarial) compound are summarized in this review. In addition, an overview of the common scaffolds and structural features leading to the corresponding antimicrobial properties is provided as an aid for future studies. The current challenges and major drawbacks of research related to endolichenic fungi and the remedies for them have been suggested.
