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Caliciopsis pleomorpha sp. nov. is described from a severe stem canker disease of cultivated Eucalyptus cladocalyx 'Nana' (dwarf sugar gum) in Australia. The fungus is a pleomorphic ascomycete (Coryneliales), with pycnidial (pleurophoma-like) and hyphomycetous (phaeoacremonium-like) morphs, and differs in these respects and in ITS sequences from ot...
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... ascomata on host tissue ( Fig. 2) have swollen median to submedian ascigerous locules surmounted by an elongated neck from which ascospores are discharged and accumulate as a dry, reddish-brown mass (mazaedium). Pycnidia ( Fig. 3) are found on the canker surface where they are usually produced before the ascomata. Pycnidia may exude an inconspicuous cirrus of colourless ...
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... (ascomata and pycnidia) seated on rough-edged, longitudinally splitting stem cankers (Fig. 1B, C). Ascomata (Figs 2, 5) separate or loosely grouped, not arising from a visible stroma, dark brown to black, ventricose, 250-700 (rarely up to 900) µm high, 65-130 µm diam, straight or curved, elongate with a submedian to suprabasal swollen ascigerous locule. Ascoma wall of textura porrecta to textura intricata, heavily gelatinised, apex of immature ascomata with a conspicuous cap of clear mucilage, asci (Fig. 5B) 10-13 × 7-8 µm, containing eight ascospores, elongating at maturity and extending up the ascoma neck to the apex before deliquescing to release ascospores at or below the ostiole; discharged ascospores accumulating in a dry reddish brown mass (mazaedium) at the ostiole, ascospores (Fig. 5C) golden brown, thick-walled, smooth, depressed globose to subellipsoid, 3.3-3.7 µm diam, with a thick (0.3 µm) wall. Pycnidial and hyphomycetous morphs produced, the hyphomycete morph usually occurring only in culture, but occasionally sparse on canker surfaces close to sporocarps. Pycnidial conidiomata (Figs 3, 6A) solitary, sub-caespitose or adjoined to ascomata, dark brown to black, globose or depressed globose, 80-150 µm diam, with a prominent papillate ostiole, wall of textura angulata to textura intricata, centrum containing short ampulliform conidiophores and elongated, septate acropleurogenous conidiophores (Fig. 6B) and heavily gelatinised paraphysis-like structures (immature conidiophores?) (Fig. 6C). Conidiophores hyaline, arising from the inner cells of the pycnidial wall, occurring either as simple ampulliform single-celled conidiogenous cells 6-12 × 3-4 µm or more frequently elongate and acropleurogenous conidiophores, 15-45 µm long comprising up to six or more cells, 6-10 × 2-4 µm, producing conidogenous loci as short lateral projections arising directly from beneath each septum; conidiogenous cells phialidic with an inconspicuous collarette; conidia hyaline, asymmetrical, oblong to allantoid, aseptate, smooth, 3-5 × 1-2 µm, with 1-2 guttules. Growth in culture occurring readily on a range of media, cardinal temperatures 5 °C and 35 °C, optimum 25 °C, cultures on potato dextrose agar (PDA) dark olivaceous, felty, with a pale, wet margin, aerial mycelium dense, matted, with false heads of conidia scattered on short lateral phialides or irregularly developed conidiophores, mycelium frequently developing droplets of dark reddish exudate (Fig. 4B); hyphae in vitro sub-hyaline to mid-brown, branched, thick-walled, rough, 4-9 µm wide. Conidiophores of hyphomycete morph (Figs 4F, 7A) phaeoacremonium-like, in culture and occasionally seen on canker tissue, simple or branched, sub-hyaline to pale brown, smooth or rough, conidiogenous cells lageniform, the collarettes usually inconspicuous and parallel-sided but occasionally flared (phialophora-like), mono-or polyphialidic, discrete, smooth or roughened with bubble-like adhesions, 5-22 × 2-5 µm, hyphomycetous conidia (Fig. 7B) aseptate, ellipsoid-ovoid, smooth, 2.8-4.5 × 1-2.5 µm, containing 1-2 guttules. glasshouse, Eucalyptus botryoides, 2 Nov. 1993, P. Maher, VPRI 19598, VPRI 19599, VPRI 19600;E. fastigata, 02 Nov 1993, P. Maher, VPRI 19602;E. globulus, 02 Nov 1993, P. Maher, VPRI 19603;E. grandis, 02 Nov 1993, P. Maher, VPRI 19604, VPRI 19606;E. radiata, 02 Nov 1993, P. Maher, VPRI 19608;E. regnans, 02 Nov 1993, P. Maher, VPRI 19609;E. saligna, 02 Nov 1993, P. Maher, VPRI 19610;E. sieberi, 02 Nov 1993, P. Maher, VPRI 19611;E. obliqua, 02 Nov 1993, P. Maher, VPRI 19607;E. viminalis, 02 Nov 1993, P. Maher, VPRI 19612 ...
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... ascomata on host tissue ( Fig. 2) have swollen median to submedian ascigerous locules surmounted by an elongated neck from which ascospores are discharged and accumulate as a dry, reddish-brown mass (mazaedium). Pycnidia ( Fig. 3) are found on the canker surface where they are usually produced before the ascomata. Pycnidia may exude an inconspicuous cirrus of colourless ...
Context 4
... and hyphomycetous morphs produced, the hyphomycete morph usually occurring only in culture, but occasionally sparse on canker surfaces close to sporocarps. Pycnidial conidiomata (Figs 3, 6A) solitary, sub-caespitose or adjoined to ascomata, dark brown to black, globose or depressed globose, 80-150 µm diam, with a prominent papillate ostiole, wall of textura angulata to textura intricata, centrum containing short ampulliform conidiophores and elongated, septate acropleurogenous conidiophores (Fig. 6B) and heavily gelatinised paraphysis-like structures (immature conidiophores?) (Fig. 6C). Conidiophores hyaline, arising from the inner cells of the pycnidial wall, occurring either as simple ampulliform single-celled conidiogenous cells 6-12 × 3-4 µm or more frequently elongate and acropleurogenous conidiophores, 15-45 µm long comprising up to six or more cells, 6-10 × 2-4 µm, producing conidogenous loci as short lateral projections arising directly from beneath each septum; conidiogenous cells phialidic with an inconspicuous collarette; conidia hyaline, asymmetrical, oblong to allantoid, aseptate, smooth, 3-5 × 1-2 µm, with 1-2 guttules. ...
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... The majority of the species were described before DNA-based techniques were routinely used for taxonomy (Fitzpatrick 1920), and the identity of more than half of the accepted species (including three whole genera) still need to be validated using phylogenetic analyses. Some of the most well-known species in the family are tree pathogens, including Caliciopsis pinea on Pinus spp. in the USA (Munck et al. 2015), Hypsotheca pleomorpha on Eucalyptus spp. in Australia (Pascoe et al. 2018), and Corynelia spp. on Podocarpaceae in South Africa (Wood et al. 2016). Similar to Pewenomyces spp., these fungi are mostly assumed to be native where they have been found, a premise based on their occurrence on tree species native to the area and/or apparently narrow geographical distributions (Wood et al. 2016;Pascoe et al. 2018;Migliorini et al. 2020). ...
... Some of the most well-known species in the family are tree pathogens, including Caliciopsis pinea on Pinus spp. in the USA (Munck et al. 2015), Hypsotheca pleomorpha on Eucalyptus spp. in Australia (Pascoe et al. 2018), and Corynelia spp. on Podocarpaceae in South Africa (Wood et al. 2016). Similar to Pewenomyces spp., these fungi are mostly assumed to be native where they have been found, a premise based on their occurrence on tree species native to the area and/or apparently narrow geographical distributions (Wood et al. 2016;Pascoe et al. 2018;Migliorini et al. 2020). However, no studies have considered the diversity or biology of these fungi using DNA-based techniques. ...
Sequencing fungal genomes has now become very common and the list of genomes in this manuscript reflects this. Particularly relevant is that the first announcement is a re-identification of Penicillium genomes available on NCBI. The fact that more than 100 of these genomes have been deposited without the correct species names speak volumes to the fact that we must continue training fungal taxonomists and the importance of the International Mycological Association (after which this journal is named). When we started the genome series in 2013, one of the essential aspects was the need to have a phylogenetic tree as part of the manuscript. This came about as the result of a discussion with colleagues in NCBI who were trying to deal with the very many incorrectly identified bacterial genomes (at the time) which had been submitted to NCBI. We are now in the same position with fungal genomes. Sequencing a fungal genome is all too easy but providing a correct species name and ensuring that the fungus has in fact been correctly identified seems to be more difficult. We know that there are thousands of fungi which have not yet been described. The availability of sequence data has made identification of fungi easier but also serves to highlight the need to have a fungal taxonomist in the project to make sure that mistakes are not made.
... These studies also revealed a higher species diversity in Caliciopsis that had not been evident based on morphological characteristics. Some examples include the descriptions of Caliciopsis moriondi (Migliorini et al. 2020), long confused with the severe canker pathogen Caliciopsis pinea, and the resurrection of the genus Hypsotheca to accommodate three former Caliciopsis species, namely, H. nigra (= Caliciopsis nigra), H. maxima (= Caliciopsis maxima), and H. pleomorpha (= Caliciopsis pleomorpha) (Fitzpatrick 1942b;Crous et al. 2018;Pascoe et al. 2018;Crous et al. 2019a). ...
The Coryneliaceae is a relatively small family of mainly pathogenic fungi occurring on a diversity of hosts with a wide global distribution. Members of the family are recognized by their black, upright and elongated ascomata. Historically, the taxonomy of this group was mainly based on morphological characters, but in more recent years, DNA sequence data have resulted in new revisions. The genus Pewenomyces was recently described based on P. kutranfy, a canker pathogen on Araucaria araucana in Chile. Morphologically, this fungus resembles species in Caliciopsis and Hypsotheca. During the study in which Pewenomyces was described, three putative species were identified from the same host, two of which were observed only from cultures obtained by isolating from plant tissues. At the time of describing P. kutranfy, there was uncertainty regarding its novelty because two species of Caliciopsis (C. brevipes and C. cochlearis), a closely related genus in the Coryneliaceae, had previously also been described from the same host and location, but for which DNA sequence data were not available. In this study, phylogenetic analyses that were carried out for the three putative Pewenomyces species using sequences for seven gene regions confirmed that they were distinct species. Herbarium specimens for the two Caliciopsis species were obtained for morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analyses. Although the holotypes for the two Caliciopsis species did not yield adequate DNA for a phylogenetic analysis, a detailed morphological study established that these species were clearly different from any of the Pewenomyces taxa. The three putative species are consequently described here as Pewenomyces lalenivora sp. nov., P. tapulicola sp. nov., and P. kalosus sp. nov.
... In addition, there are two Hypsotheca species, including Hypsotheca nigra that causes galls on twigs of different Juniperus spp. and Hypsotheca pleomorpha causing cankers on different Eucalyptus species(Pascoe et al., 2018). Among these, Caliciopsis canker disease on Pinus strobus caused by C. pinea in the USA(Munck et al., 2015) and the canker disease caused by H. pleomorpha on Eucalyptus spp. in Australia, have resulted in recent outbreaks of diseases on both planted and natural forests. ...
Araucaria araucana, (commonly referred to as Araucaria, Pewen or monkey puzzle tree) is an ancient conifer endemic to the Chilean and Argentinean mountain ranges where it has a sacred relevance to indigenous communities. During 2016, a serious disease was noticed on trees of all ages in most of the natural distribution of this iconic tree. Four areas were surveyed, and the most important symptoms of the disease were cankers on branches and stems resulting in copious resin exudation. Trees were monitored for a period of two years and isolations were made from the cankers. Field observations showed that the disease typically begins on the leaves or at the leaf bases and progresses downwards to initiate cankers that can girdle branches or stems within a two‐year period. Black ascomata, resembling those of Caliciopsis species previously described from A. araucana, were consistently found developing in the cankers from which isolations were made. Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS, nucSSU and nucLSU gene regions showed that the fungus resides in the Coryneliaceae but is distinct from other genera in that family. The morphological characteristics and phylogenetic position of the fungus showed that it represents a new genus and species described here as Pewenomyces kutranfy gen. nov. et sp. nov. Pathogenicity trails on trees under field conditions confirmed that this newly described fungus is able to cause cankers on A. araucana similar to those found under natural conditions.
... Caliciopsis arceuthobii infects the flowers of several species of dwarf mistletoe in the genus Arceuthobium (Ramsfield et al. 2009), Caliciopsis rhoina is associated with bark and trunk cankers on Toona sinensis (Rikkinen 2000), while Caliciopsis brevipes was reported on needles and bark of Araucaria araucana and C. cochlearia on needles and twigs of A. araucana, Fitzroya cupressoides, Austrocedrus chilensis, Pilgerodendron uviferum and Podocarpus nubigenus (Butin 1970). More recently, Caliciopsis pleomorpha [now recombined in Hypsotheca as H. pleomorpha (Crous et al. 2019)] has been reported as the causal agent of a canker disease on various Eucalyptus species in Australia (Pascoe et al. 2018). ...
The genus Caliciopsis (Eurotiomycetes, Coryneliales) includes saprobic and plant pathogenic species. Ca-liciopsis canker is caused by Caliciopsis pinea Peck, a species first reported in the 19 th century in North America. In recent years, increasing numbers of outbreaks of Caliciopsis canker have been reported on different Pinus spp. in the eastern USA. In Europe, the disease has only occasionally been reported causing cankers, mostly on Pinus radiata in stressed plantations. The aim of this study was to clarify the taxonomy of Caliciopsis specimens collected from infected Pinus spp. in Europe and North America using an inte-grative approach, combining morphology and phylogenetic analyses of three loci. The pathogenicity of the fungus was also considered. Two distinct groups were evident, based on morphology and multilocus phylogenetic analyses. These represent the known pathogen Caliciopsis pinea that occurs in North America and a morphologically similar, but phylogenetically distinct, species described here as Caliciopsis moriondi sp. nov., found in Europe and at least one location in eastern North America. Caliciopsis moriondi differs from C. pinea in various morphological features including the length of the ascomata, as well as their distribution on the stromata.
... Notes -The genus Hypsotheca was recently resurrected as sister genus to Caliciopsis. Species of Hypsotheca are distinguished from Caliciopsis in having a phaeoacremonium-like synasexual morph in culture (Pascoe et al. 2018. Hypsotheca eucalyptorum is related to H. pleomorpha (conidia (3 -)4 -5(-6) × 1.5(-2) μm), but distinct in that the hyphomycetous morph is dominant in culture. ...
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Chaetomella pseudocircinoseta and Coniella pseudodiospyri on Eucalyptus microcorys leaves, Cladophialophora eucalypti, Teratosphaeria dunnii and Vermiculariopsiella dunnii on Eucalyptus dunnii leaves, Cylindrium grande and Hypsotheca eucalyptorum on Eucalyptus grandis leaves, Elsinoe salignae on Eucalyptus saligna leaves, Marasmius lebeliae on litter of regenerating subtropical rainforest, Phialoseptomonium eucalypti (incl. Phialoseptomonium gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus grandis × camaldulensis leaves, Phlogicylindrium pawpawense on Eucalyptus tereticornis leaves, Phyllosticta longicauda as an endophyte from healthy Eustrephus latifolius leaves, Pseudosydowia eucalyptorum on Eucalyptus sp. leaves, Saitozyma wallum on Banksia aemula leaves, Teratosphaeria henryi on Corymbia henryi leaves. Brazil, Aspergillus bezerrae, Backusella azygospora, Mariannaea terricola and Talaromyces pernambucoensis from soil, Calonectria matogrossensis on Eucalyptus urophylla leaves, Calvatia brasiliensis on soil, Carcinomyces nordestinensis on Bromelia antiacantha leaves, Dendryphiella stromaticola on small branches of an unidentified plant, Nigrospora brasiliensis on Nopalea cochenillifera leaves, Penicillium alagoense as a leaf endophyte on a Miconia sp., Podosordaria nigrobrunnea on dung, Spegazzinia bromeliacearum as a leaf endophyte on Tilandsia catimbauensis, Xylobolus brasiliensis on decaying wood. Bulgaria, Kazachstania molopis from the gut of the beetle Molops piceus. Croatia, Mollisia endocrystallina from a fallen decorticated Picea abies tree trunk. Ecuador, Hygrocybe rodomaculata on soil. Hungary, Alfoldia vorosii (incl. Alfoldia gen. nov.) from Juniperus communis roots, Kiskunsagia ubrizsyi (incl. Kiskunsagia gen. nov.) from Fumana procumbens roots. India, Aureobasidium tremulum as laboratory contaminant, Leucosporidium himalayensis and Naganishia indica from windblown dust on glaciers. Italy, Neodevriesia cycadicola on Cycas sp. leaves, Pseudocercospora pseudomyrticola on Myrtus communis leaves, Ramularia pistaciae on Pistacia lentiscus leaves, Neognomoniopsis quercina (incl. Neognomoniopsis gen. nov.) on Quercus ilex leaves. Japan, Diaporthe fructicola on Passiflora edulis × P. edulis f. flavicarpa fruit, Entoloma nipponicum on leaf litter in a mixed Cryptomeria japonica and Acer spp. forest. Macedonia, Astraeus macedonicus on soil. Malaysia, Fusicladium eucalyptigenum on Eucalyptus sp. twigs, Neoacrodontiella eucalypti (incl. Neoacrodontiella gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus urophylla leaves. Mozambique, Meliola gorongosensis on dead Philenoptera violacea leaflets. Nepal, Coniochaeta dendrobiicola from Dendriobium lognicornu roots. New Zealand, Neodevriesia sexualis and Thozetella neonivea on Archontophoenix cunninghamiana leaves. Norway, Calophoma sandfjordenica from a piece of board on a rocky shoreline, Clavaria parvispora on soil, Didymella finnmarkica from a piece of Pinus sylvestris driftwood. Poland, Sugiyamaella trypani from soil. Portugal, Colletotrichum feijoicola from Acca sellowiana. Russia, Crepidotus tobolensis on Populus tremula debris, Entoloma ekaterinae, Entoloma erhardii and Suillus gastroflavus on soil, Nakazawaea ambrosiae from the galleries of Ips typographus under the bark of Picea abies. Slovenia, Pluteus ludwigii on twigs of broadleaved trees. South Africa, Anungitiomyces stellenboschiensis (incl. Anungitiomyces gen. nov.) and Niesslia stellenboschiana on Eucalyptus sp. leaves, Beltraniella pseudoportoricensis on Podocarpus falcatus leaf litter, Corynespora encephalarti on Encephalartos sp. leaves, Cytospora pavettae on Pavetta revoluta leaves, Helminthosporium erythrinicola on Erythrina humeana leaves, Helminthosporium syzygii on a Syzygium sp. bark canker, Libertasomyces aloeticus on Aloe sp. leaves, Penicillium lunae from Musa sp. fruit, Phyllosticta lauridiae on Lauridia tetragona leaves, Pseudotruncatella bolusanthi (incl. Pseudotruncatellaceae fam. nov.) and Dactylella bolusanthi on Bolusanthus speciosus leaves. Spain, Apenidiella foetida on submerged plant debris, Inocybe grammatoides on Quercus ilex subsp. ilex forest humus, Ossicaulis salomii on soil, Phialemonium guarroi from soil. Thailand, Pantospora chromolaenae on Chromolaena odorata leaves. Ukraine, Cadophora helianthi from Helianthus annuus stems. USA, Boletus pseudopinophilus on soil under slash pine, Botryotrichum foricae, Penicillium americanum and Penicillium minnesotense from air. Vietnam, Lycoperdon vietnamense on soil. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.
... Notes -The genus Hypsotheca was recently resurrected as sister genus to Caliciopsis. Species of Hypsotheca are distinguished from Caliciopsis in having a phaeoacremonium-like synasexual morph in culture (Pascoe et al. 2018. Hypsotheca eucalyptorum is related to H. pleomorpha (conidia (3 -)4 -5(-6) × 1.5(-2) μm), but distinct in that the hyphomycetous morph is dominant in culture. ...
Coniochaeta dendrobiicola Sujit Shah, sp. nov.
Colour illustrations. Dendrobium longicornu orchid species from Chitlang
village, Makwanpur district, Nepal. Colony after 15 d on PDA, OA and CDA;
conidia, conidiogenous cells and hyphae. Scale bars = 10, 10 and 100 μm.
Sujit Shah, Bijaya Pant, Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Nepal; e-mail: b.pant@cdbtu.edu.np
Rohit Sharma & Yogesh S. Shouche, National Centre for Microbial Resource (NCMR), National Centre for Cell Science, India;
e-mail: rohit@nccs.res.in & yogesh@nccs.res.in
Jyotsna Sharma, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech. University, USA; e-mail: jyotsna.sharma@ttu.edu
Etymology. Name reflects the host genus it was isolated from, Dendrobium
longicornu.
Classification — Coniochaetaceae, Coniochaetales, Sordariomycetes.
Vegetative hyphae thin, septate, smooth 1.2–2.4 μm wide.
Conidiogenous cells arising laterally from vegetative hyphae,
broader at base tapering towards apex (1.4 μm at base and
0.67 μm at apex). Conidia hyaline, smooth, cylindrical to allantoid,
variable in size, 4.35–11.28 × 1.2–2.3 μm. Sexual morph
absent which is reported in Coniochaeta velutina, C. prunicola,
C. africana isolated from Prunus (Damm et al. 2010, Weber
2002, Abdalla & Al-Rokibah 2003, Asgari & Zare 2006).
Cultural characteristics — Coniochaeta dendrobiicola was
first isolated on Czapek-Dox agar (CDA). The shape of the
colony was circular, with lemon yellow colour and pale regular
margin with pale white band as growing zone. The surface
was smooth with flat topography and submerged mycelium.
Colony 4 cm diam after 15 d of incubation, with 2–3 concentric
rings. On potato dextrose agar (PDA) the colony was circular
with regular margin, pale brown with yellowish margin having
radiating furrows. The surface was glistening, smooth with flat
topography and the presence of submerged mycelium. Colonies
reach 4 cm diam after 15 d of incubation, with 1–2 concentric
rings present. On oatmeal agar (OA) the colony shape was
circular with regular margin, lemon yellow with 1 cm thick white
growing margin. The colony surface was smooth, shiny with flat
topography and submerged mycelium. Colonies reach 4.5 cm
diam after 15 d of incubation, with a single concentric brown
ring present.
Habitat — Roots of Dendrobium longicornu, District Makwanpur,
Nepal.
Typus. Nepal, District Makwanpur, roots of Dendriobium lognicornu
(Orchidaceae), 25 May 2017, S. Shah (holotype culture and specimen,
MCC1811, preserved as metabolically inactive, ITS and LSU sequences
GenBank MK225602 and MK225603, MycoBank MB830652).
Notes — Phylogenetic trees of the ITS region was prepared
using sequences of C. dendrobiicola and other Coniochaeta
species obtained from GenBank. An NCBI BLASTn search
of ITS sequences showed closest similarity to be 93 % with
C. africana (CBS 120868, GenBank MH863095), 92 % with
C. velutina (STE-U 8315, GenBank KY312638), 92 % with
Coniochaeta angustispora (CBS 871.73, GenBank MH860816)
and 92 % with Coniochaeta nepalica (NBRC 30584, GenBank
LC146727).
An increase in cork oak diseases caused by Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Diplodia corticola has been reported in the last decade. Due to the high socioeconomic and ecologic importance of this plant species in the Mediterranean Basin, the search for preventive or treatment measures to control these diseases is an urgent need. Fungal endophytes were recovered from cork oak trees with different disease severity levels, using culture-dependent methods. The results showed a higher number of potential pathogens than beneficial fungi such as cork oak endophytes, even in healthy plants. The antagonist potential of a selection of eight cork oak fungal endophytes was tested against B. mediterranea and D. corticola by dual-plate assays. The tested endophytes were more efficient in inhibiting D. corticola than B. mediterranea growth, but Simplicillium aogashimaense, Fimetariella rabenhorstii, Chaetomium sp. and Alternaria alternata revealed a high potential to inhibit the growth of both. Simplicillium aogashimaense caused macroscopic and microscopic mycelial/hyphal deformations and presented promising results in controlling both phytopathogens' growth in vitro. The evaluation of the antagonistic potential of non-volatile and volatile compounds also revealed that A. alternata compounds could be further explored for inhibiting both pathogens. These findings provide valuable knowledge that can be further explored in in vivo assays to find a suitable biocontrol agent for these cork oak diseases.
Species of eucalypts are commonly cultivated for solid wood and pulp products. The expansion of commercially managed eucalypt plantations has chiefly been driven by their rapid growth and suitability for propagation across a very wide variety of sites and climatic conditions. Infection of foliar fungal pathogens of eucalypts is resulting in increasingly negative impacts on commercial forest industries globally. To assist in evaluating this threat, the present study provides a global perspective on foliar pathogens of eucalypts. We treat 110 different genera including species associated with foliar disease symptoms of these hosts. The vast majority of these fungi have been grown in axenic culture, and subjected to DNA sequence analysis, resolving their phylogeny. During the course of this study several new genera and species were encountered, and these are described. New genera include: Lembosiniella (L. eucalyptorum on E. dunnii, Australia), Neosonderhenia (N. eucalypti on E. costata, Australia), Neothyriopsis (N. sphaerospora on E. camaldulensis, South Africa), Neotrichosphaeria (N. eucalypticola on E. deglupta, Australia), Nothotrimmatostroma (N. bifarium on E. dalrympleana, Australia), Nowamyces (incl. Nowamycetaceae fam. nov., N. globulus on E. globulus, Australia), and Walkaminomyces (W. medusae on E. alba, Australia). New species include (all from Australia): Disculoides fraxinoides on E. fraxinoides, Elsinoe piperitae on E. piperita, Fusculina regnans on E. regnans, Marthamyces johnstonii on E. dunnii, Neofusicoccum corticosae on E. corticosa, Neotrimmatostroma dalrympleanae on E. dalrympleana, Nowamyces piperitae on E. piperita, Phaeothyriolum dunnii on E. dunnii, Pseudophloeospora eucalyptigena on E. obliqua, Pseudophloeospora jollyi on Eucalyptus sp., Quambalaria tasmaniae on Eucalyptus sp., Q. rugosae on E. rugosa, Sonderhenia radiata on E. radiata, Teratosphaeria pseudonubilosa on E. globulus and Thyrinula dunnii on E. dunnii. A new name is also proposed for Heteroconium eucalypti as Thyrinula uruguayensis on E. dunnii, Uruguay. Although many of these genera and species are commonly associated with disease problems, several appear to be opportunists developing on stressed or dying tissues. For the majority of these fungi, pathogenicity remains to be determined. This represents an important goal for forest pathologists and biologists in the future. Consequently, this study will promote renewed interest in foliar pathogens of eucalypts, leading to investigations that will provide an improved understanding of the biology of these fungi.
One order, seven families, 28 new genera, 72 new species, 13 new combinations, four epitypes, and interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. Pseudorobillardaceae is introduced for Pseudorobillarda (based on P. phragmitis). New genera include: Jeremyomyces (based on J. labinae) on twigs of Salix alba (Germany); Neodothidotthia (based on N. negundinicola) on Acer negundo (Ukraine); Neomedicopsis (based on N. prunicola) on fallen twigs of Prunus padus (Ukraine); Neophaeoappendicospora (based on N. leucaenae) on Leucaena leucocephala (France) (incl. Phaeoappendicosporaceae); Paradevriesia (incl. Paradevriesiaceae) (based on P. americana) from air (USA); Phaeoseptoriella (based on P. zeae) on leaves of Zea mays (South Africa); Piniphoma (based on P. wesendahlina) on wood debris of Pinus sylvestris (Germany); Pseudoconiothyrium (based on P. broussonetiae) on branch of Broussonetia papyrifera (Italy); Sodiomyces (based on S. alkalinus) from soil (Mongolia), and Turquoiseomyces (incl. Turquoiseomycetales and Turquoiseomycetaceae) (based on T. eucalypti) on leaves of Eucalyptus leptophylla (Australia); Typhicola (based on T. typharum) on leaves of Typha sp. (Germany); Xenodevriesia (incl. Xenodevriesiaceae) (based on X. strelitziicola) on leaves of Strelitzia sp. (South Africa). New species include: Bacillicladium clematidis on branch of Clematis vitalbae (Austria); Cercospora gomphrenigena on leaves of Gomphrena globosa (South Africa); Cyphellophora clematidis on Clematis vitalba (Austria); Exophiala abietophila on bark of Abies alba (Norway); Exophiala lignicola on fallen decorticated trunk of Quercus sp. (Ukraine); Fuscostagonospora banksiae on Banksia sp. (Australia); Gaeumannomycella caricicola on dead leaf of Carex remota (Germany); Hansfordia pruni on Prunus persica twig (Italy) (incl. Hansfordiaceae); Microdochium rhopalostylidis on Rhopalostylis sapida (New Zealand); Neocordana malayensis on leaves of Musa sp. (Malaysia); Neocucurbitaria prunicola on fallen twigs of Prunus padus (Ukraine); Neocucurbitaria salicis-albae on Salix alba twig (Ukraine); Neohelicomyces deschampsiae on culm base of dead leaf sheath of Deschampsia cespitosa (Germany); Pararoussoella juglandicola on twig of Juglans regia (Germany); Pezicula eucalyptigena on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (South Africa); Phlogicylindrium dunnii on leaves of Eucalyptus dunnii (Australia); Phyllosticta hagahagaensis on leaf litter of Carissa bispinosa (South Africa); Phyllosticta austroafricana on leaf spots of unidentified deciduous tree host (South Africa); Pseudosigmoidea alnicola on Alnus glutinosa leaf litter (Germany); Pseudoteratosphaeria africana on leaf spot on unidentified host (Angola); Porodiplodia vitis on canes of Vitis vinifera (USA); Sodiomyces alkalinus from soil (Mongolia), Sodiomyces magadiensis and Sodiomyces tronii from soil (Kenya), Sympodiella quercina on fallen leaf of Quercus robur (Germany) and Zasmidium hakeicola on leaves of Hakea corymbosa (Australia). Epitypes are designated for: Cryptostictis falcata on leaves of E. alligatrix (Australia), Hendersonia phormii on leaves of Phormium tenax (New Zealand), Sympodiella acicola on needles of Pinus sylvestris (Netherlands), and Sphaeria scirpicola var. typharum on leaf of Typha sp. (Germany). Several taxa originally described from rocks are validated in this study. New taxa include: Extremaceae fam. nov., and new genera, Arthrocatena, Catenulomyces, Constantinomyces, Extremus, Hyphoconis, Incertomyces, Lapidomyces, Lithophila,Monticola, Meristemomyces, Oleoguttula, Perusta, Petrophila, Ramimonilia, Saxophila and Vermiconidia. New species include: Arthrocatena tenebrosa, Catenulomyces convolutus, Constantinomyces virgultus, C. macerans, C. minimus,C. nebulosus, C. virgultus, Exophiala bonariae, Extremus adstrictus, E. antarcticus, Hyphoconis sterilis, Incertomyces perditus, Knufia karalitana, K. marmoricola, K. mediterranea, Lapidomyces hispanicus, Lithophila guttulata, Monticola elongata, Meristemomyces frigidus, M. arctostaphyli, Neodevriesia bulbillosa, N. modesta, N. sardiniae, N. simplex, Oleoguttula mirabilis, Paradevriesia compacta, Perusta inaequalis, Petrophila incerta, Rachicladosporium alpinum, R. inconspicuum, R. mcmurdoi, R. monterosanum, R. paucitum, Ramimonilia apicalis, Saxophila tyrrhenica, Vermiconidia antarctica, V. calcicola, V. foris, and V. flagrans.
