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This study was conducted to investigate the morphological identification of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) on bulbous plants in the Taurus Mountains in Turkey. Thirteen soil samples and bulbous roots were taken from the rhizosphere of bulbous plants. The soils were analyzed for the number of VAM spores and chemical and physical properties. I...
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Cylindrocarpon destructans causes root rot disease in ginseng and can survive for a long time, producing chlamydospores. We optimized conditions to induce chlamydospore production from the conidia of C. destructans, isolated from Korean ginseng. This will provide the basis for testing the efficacy of control agents targeting these chlamydospores.
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... Esto coincide con el estudio de Apolo (2012) quien identificó a los géneros Glomus y Acaullospora tanto en la provincia de Loja como en las islas Galápagos. Esta tendencia concuerda con los trabajos de Karaarslan et al. (2015), Medina et al. (2010) y Urgiles et al. (2019, quienes han descrito al género Glomus como una especie generalista. Estudios realizados por Guamán (2014) en la provincia de Loja, por Serrano (2013) en las islas Galápagos, por Medina et al (2010) en Cuba y por Pérez y Peroza (2013) en Colombia, coinciden en que el género más dominante es Glomus con un porcentaje que va desde el 64,4 al 92 % de los morfotipos evaluados, Paraglomus y Gigaspora son los menos abundantes con un rango de 1,6 a 4 %. ...
Cinchona officinalis (cascarilla) ha sido usada para combatir la fiebre causada por el paludismo, por esta razón ha sido sobrexplotada en el sur del Ecuador desde la época colonial llegando a diezmar sus poblaciones nativas. Bajo este contexto, es necesario establecer estrategias que permitan la reintroducción de esta especie en sus zonas originales de distribución. Una de estas estrategias es la asociación en su fase temprana de desarrollo con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA). El objetivo de la presente investigación fue identificar los géneros de HMA asociados a poblaciones naturales de Cinchona officinalis a través de un análisis morfológico de las esporas apoyado en descripciones del International Collection of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM). La zona de estudio se concentró en cinco sitios del cantón Loja, de donde se extrajeron muestras de rizósfera y raicillas. Posteriormente se instalaron sistemas trampa para el cultivo de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares con Plantago lanceolata como planta hospedera. Luego de nueve meses del establecimiento de los sistemas trampa, se calcularon los porcentajes de colonización y longitud de colonización de raíces. El análisis morfológico de las esporas permitió identificar cuatro géneros de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares: Gigaspora, Funneliformis, Glomus y Acaulospora, el más abundante fue Glomus, seguido de Acaulospora, mientras que Gigaspora fue el más escaso. El porcentaje de colonización en raíces de C. officinalis varió entre el 80% a 89%, mientras que el porcentaje de longitud de colonización de raíz tuvo una variación de entre el 20,97 y 38,12%. Estos resultados sugieren que, en su ecosistema natural, C. officinalis tiene una alta colonización de hongos micorrízicos, siendo Glomus el género dominante. Los porcentajes de colonización fueron elevados, a diferencia de las plantas trampa, esto pudo deberse a diferencias en las condiciones ambientales y características del suelo.
... On the other hand, Fe and Mn may function as soil redox indicators, being more mobile at reduced soil conditions, which could also be detrimental for AMF and may offer explanation for the negative correlation of AMF spore morphotypes with these two micro-nutrients in this study. Soil texture is another important soil parameter for AMF spores, with clay rather than sand favoring their presence [48]. Other factors such as climate or elevation that were found to be important for AMF spores [49] exceeded the purposes of the present study and thus they were not examined. ...
Wild-growing Greek tulips are protected plants but almost nothing is known about their natural nutrient status and rhizosphere fungal morphotypes in the wild, thus no insight is currently available into their growth and adaptation to their natural environment or artificial settings. To this end, several botanical expeditions were conducted with a special collection permit, and 34 tulip and soil samples were collected, representing 13 species from two phytogeographical regions of Greece (North Aegean Islands, Crete Island) and seven regions of mainland Greece. The tulips’ content in essential macro- and micro-nutrients, respective physicochemical soil properties, and rhizosphere fungal morphotypes were assessed across samples, and all parameters were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis to determine their interrelationships. The results showed that soil variables played a significant role in shaping tulips’ nutrient content, explaining up to 67% of the detected variability as in the case of phosphorus (P) in the above-ground plant tissue. In addition, significant correlations were observed (with an r value of up to 0.65, p
... Variation in spore densities in the studied locations was in accordance with the findings by Othira et al. (2014) in farmlands across Lake Victoria Basin and wheat farms in Njoro District of Kenya. Similar observations were argued by Karaarslan et al. (2015) attributing these variations to the differences in soil texture. Heavy textured soils were shown to exhibit larger spore densities than sandy soils. ...
... To the contrary, Sreevani and Reddy (2004) counted higher AMF spore numbers in sandy and sandy-loam soils associated with tomato compared with silty clay soils. Other soil properties as pH, CaCO 3 and K 2 O contents are known to have a negative effect on the presence of AMF spores (Karaarslan et al., 2015). A similar finding to that observed in the present study regarding negative effect of soil CaCO 3 content on the spore density which can be easily figured out by comparing soil CaCO 3 content (Table, 1) and its spore density (Table, 2). ...
... These results are not in agreement with this research which showed the high presence of mycorrhizal spores in home gardens with a soil pH 6.8 where soils are fertile compared to whose a soil pH was 5.2. [58] found under Turkish conditions that the number of AMF spores varied significantly with soil texture: clay soils had more AMF spores than sandy soils. The same authors mention a negative effect of pH, CaCO 3 and K 2 O on the AMF spores' number in bulbous crops, a significant and positive effect of organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc and soil texture on mycorrhizal root colonization of all studied species. ...
... The same authors mention a negative effect of pH, CaCO 3 and K 2 O on the AMF spores' number in bulbous crops, a significant and positive effect of organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc and soil texture on mycorrhizal root colonization of all studied species. [59] reported low AMF spore abundance in soils rich in organic matter but [58] mention a variable effect of the organic matter content on the AMF spores number depending on the plant species studied. [60] confirmed that available soil phosphorus is the important factor driver of AMF in abundance and diversity of plant species. ...
The largest genetic diversity of plantain banana (Musa AAB subgroup) is found by DRCongo. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are synergistic beneficial organisms with a positive effect on growth vigor. We determined the influence of plantain banana-based agrosystems on the diversity Original Research Article Kasaka et al.; JAERI, 23(3): 72-84, 2022; Article no.JAERI.86807 73 of AMF in agroforestry and home-garden field systems located in the Kisangani region of DR Congo. Soil samples of the different agrosystems showed a high mycorrhizal frequency (82.5%) with an overall mycorrhizal rate of 33.43%. Vigorous plantain plants are growing in soils that rich in AMF spores whereas non vigorous ones were found in soils that had few AMF spores. There were also significant differences between cultivars, in terms of the number of spores. Glomus was the most abundant genus followed by Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Scutellospora and Entrophospora. The diversity indices evaluated, richness, abundance and Shannon_H showed non-significant difference between agroforestry and home-garden plantains. However, agroforestry plantains showed a larger Inv-Simpson and Equitability-J index than home-garden plantains. Soil physico-chemical characteristics had an effect on abundance of mycorrhizal genera in all inventoried mycorrhizal taxa.
... Cellular regu-lation helps maintain the cell's motility and makes cells more open for longer. Drought stress increases the amount of this compound (26). An increase in the proline content of medicinal plants has also been reported in studies by other researchers. ...
Two years experiment were conducted in 2016-2017 as split-plot based on randomized completely block design with three replications to morpho-physiological responses of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) plant to mycorrhizal fungi species treatments (control, Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus hoi and combined application of all three species) under different irrigation regimes (irrigation after 70, 100, 130 and 160 mm evaporation). In results, the highest oil yield was achieved in irrigation at 100mm+application of all three species of mycorrhizal fungi. Irrigation after 100 mm evaporation increased this trait by 33% compared to irrigation after 70 mm evaporation due to increase in essential oil percentage under dehydration conditions, however, increasing drought stress led to a significant decrease in essential oil yield. In terms of physiological parameters, dehydration led to an increase in proline content and antioxidant activates. In general and according to the results, modifying the destructive effects of water deficit stress and the use of mycorrhiza can increase the essential oil of lemon Balm. But aggravating water deficiency conditions can drastically reduce the essential oil yield. The founds could be helpful for herbal medicine researchers to achieve high-quality drugs.
... This would allow us to agree with the ideas of previous authors. Karaarslan et al. (2015) confirmed that the presence of phosphorus in the soil affects rapidly the colonization of plant roots. The length of plant roots to bulbs benefits from the infestation of these AMF which has increased soil fertility in Turkey because, before cultivation, the phosphorus content of these soils was low. ...
Mycorrhization is known to have beneficial effects on growth vigour and protection against certain pathogens in several plant species including plantains, which has so far been little studied in the Kisangani forest region. This study aimed to determine the importance and biodiversity of mycorrhizae under plantains in the slash-and-burn and non-burn cropping systems. This research was carried out in two experimental sites located at Kisangani region in DR Congo, namely: Simi-Simi and Masako villages. Thus, 96 samples each consisting of the plantain roots and the rhizospheric soil, as well as 4 soil samples were analysed. The mycorrhization rate of the roots was calculated and sporal description to determine the mycorrhizal taxa was carried out. The overall mycorrhization rate was 40.75%. The mycorrhizal spore number was higher in non-burned fields than burned fields. There was no significant difference between the 2 practices at Masako, but the difference was significant at Simi-Simi. Moreover, vigorous plants revealed higher number of spores than non-vigorous plants. There was a significant difference between the two types of plantains. Genera of mycorrhizal spores identified were Glomus (54.96%), Gigaspora (27.84%), Acaulospora (10.50%) and Scutellospora (6.71%). The mycorrhizal sporal numbers significantly varied among plantain cultivars. The presence of tree species in the plantain plantations at high density positively influenced mycorrhization to a small extent. The above sporal genera showed a positive correlation with pH, nitrogen, clay, sand and phosphorus and negatively with organic carbon. These results showed the possibility of isolating high-performance biofertilizing mycorrhizal strains from vigorous plantain crops.
... The few present families have abundant members which could have adapted and survived from disturbances. In a study conducted in Turkey, Karaarslan et al. (2015) inventoried only three AMF species on bulb plants with a very variable abundance (61.54 % Glomus mosseae, 23.07 % G. hoi and 15.38 % Scutellospora calospora). The results observed by Brito et al. (2012) reveal that the abundance and the role of AMF are negatively influenced by ploughing and amendments. ...
... In addition, clay, silt and total phosphorus proportions which negatively affect AMF activity, are important in homegarden. However, Karaarslan et al. (2015) found under Turkish conditions that the number of AMF spores varied significantly with soil texture: clay soils had more AMF spores (124 spores per 10 g of soil) than sandy soils (78 spores per 10 g of soil). The same authors have discovered a negative effect of pH, CaCO and K O on the AMF spores number in 3 2 bulbous crops, a variable effect of the organic matter content on the AMF spores number depending on the plant species studied. ...
... Phosphorus levels are one of the most important factors affecting not only mycorrhizal root colonization but also the length of plant roots. Thus, Karaarslan et al. (2015) found that phosphorus positively affect both the rate of root infection and the root length of bulbous plants studied in Turkey. The importance of edaphic parameters for the AMF specific diversity is not very well known, however mycorrhizal production in the form of spores can increase with pH and organic carbon and decrease with increasing soil phosphorus content as mentioned by Menge et al. (1978). ...
Although DR Congo is the global centre of plantain diversity (Musa, AAB subgroup), the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with plantain have not yet been studied in the forest region of Kisangani. This study assessed the abundance and the diversity of AMF in plantain cultivated in different agrosystems. The study addressed also the relation between AMF diversity and plantain vigour as well as the impact of soil characteristics on AMF population. Soil samples were collected from 24 plantain fields from secondary forest, fallow and homegardens. Plantains from fallow exhibited the highest mycorrhizal root colonization followed by those from forest and homegardens. But, the rhizosphere of plantains in forest had a higher amount of AMF spores than those located in fallow and in homegarden. The mycorrhizal root colonization and the AMF spore number were higher in vigorously growing plantain plants than in non-vigorously growing plantain plants. Gigasporaceae (20.4 %) has a positive correlation with plantain fields in forest and in homegardens with a strong link to organic matter, organic carbon, phosphorus and sand content. Glomeraceae (77.5%) was related to plantain fields located in fallow and in forest where the level of silt, nitrogen and hydraulic conductivity was high. Acaulosporaceae (2.1%) did not show any particular correlation with any soil parameters. This study shows that plantain located in forest and fallow agrosystems, and plantain growing vigorously harbour most mycorrhizae in the forest region of Kisangani.
... 60-87%, Gagea sp. 67-80%, Hyacinthella lazulina 40%, Crocus biflorus 27%, Tulipa armena 20% ( Karaarslan et al., 2015). In present study, the same hierarchical order was found for arbuscular mycorrhizae colonization frequency in Muscari > Crocus > Tulipa. ...
Analysis of ten vernal ephemerals from Agro-Botanical Garden UASVM Cluj-Napoca revealed that all were naturally colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizae and fine root endophytes. Dark septate endophytes were observed in seven species. Highest frequency of arbuscular mycorrhizae colonization was found in Muscari armeniacum while second highest in Crocus vernus and Galanthus nivalis. High arbuscular mycorrhizae colonization frequency appears simultaneous with high fine root endophyte colonization in some species, but high arbuscular mycorrhizae frequency is not associated with highest dark septate endophyte presence. Lax arbuscular mycorrhizae symbiosis was identified in Iris reticulata and Hyacinthus orientalis. Plants with intensely arbuscular mycorrhizae colonized roots might be able to avoid carbon drain by allowing less arbuscules to form than presumed higher potential indicated by extensive length of root colonized by AMF hyphae. © 2019 Bulletin UASVM Agriculture 76(1): 21-27
... Identification of the AMF is done based on morphological characteristics of spores and molecular data (Krüger et al. 2012). Identification of the morphological characteristics of spores refers to Schenck and Perez (1990) combined with several other kinds of literature (Lee et al. 2006;Karaarslan et al. 2015). Identification with molecular techniques is performed by the method of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with specific primer of AML1 (5'-ATC AAC TTT CGA TGG TAG AGA GAT-3 ') and AML2 (5'-GAA AAA CCC TTT GGT CAC TTC C-3' ) using spores (Lee et al., 2008). ...
Dasumiati, Miftahudin, Triadiati T, Hartana A. 2017. Short Communication: Sex types in flowering of Jatropha curcas. Biodiversitas 18: 275-279. Commonly, Jatropha curcas ( jatropha) produces male and female flowers in the different flower. But, the other jatropha have male and hermaphrodite flowers in the different flower. The combination of those flowers in one plant causes sex differentiation in jatropha. This study aimed to identify the sex types of flowers and plant in jatropha, as well as to know the stability of sex types after stem cuttings propagation. The survey was conducted to the population of jatropha in Cikampek, Karawang and Pakuwon, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. We found three sex types in both plantations: monoecious that have male and female flowers, andromonoecious that have male and hermaphrodite flowers, trimonoecious that have male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers in the same plant. Andromonoecious and monoecious jatropha have stable sex type, but trimonoecious jatropha has unstable sex type. The stability of sex type is related to the number of primary branch and distance between nodes.
Keywords: Andromonoecious, Jatropha curcas, monoecious, trimonoecious
Aim:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are often regarded as non-specific symbionts, but some AMF communities show host preference in various ecosystems including vineyards. Grapevine plants are very responsive to AMF colonisation. Although these fungi have potentially significant applications for sustainable agricultural ecosystems, there is a gap in knowledge regarding AMF-grapevine interactions worldwide and especially in New Zealand. This study focused on identifying AMF taxa colonising grapevines in New Zealand vineyards and investigated the effect of grapevine rootstocks on AMF community diversity and composition.
Method and results:
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and trap cultures were used to characterise the AMF communities. Grapevine roots from three vineyards and 9 rootstocks were analysed by DGGE and used in trap cultures for AMF recovery. Trap cultures allowed the recovery of six AMF spore morphotypes that belonged to Ambispora sp., Claroideoglomus sp., Funneliformis sp., and Glomus spp. Bands excised, reamplified and sequenced from the DGGE were assigned to Glomus spp., Rhizophagus spp. and Claroideoglomus spp. The AMF community analyses demonstrated that rootstock significantly (p <0.05) influenced the AMF community composition in all sites.
Conclusions:
The study showed that for a comprehensive identification of AMF both results from trap culture and molecular work were needed and that the rootstock cultivar was the main driver of the arbuscular mycorrhizal community colonising the roots.
Significance and impact of the study:
This study provides a firm foundation for future research exploring the beneficial use of AMF in enhancing grapevine production and sustainability.
