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Usnea orientalis (Y. Ohmura 7347, TNS). A. Thallus. B. Base of thallus. C. Apothecia. D. Inflated branch. Scales: A ῌ C ̓̀ 1 mm; D ̓̀ 0.5 mm.
Source publication
A key to the 40 taxa in the genus Usnea in Taiwan is presented. Usnea articulata is new to Taiwan. Usnea mutabilis is excluded from the lichen flora of Taiwan. Photographs of diagnostic features are also provided for the species that have not been adequately illustrated previously based on the Asian materials. Orthographical errors were corrected i...
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Context 1
... uniflated; medulla dense; axis thick ῌῌ U. di # racta Vain. (Fig. 12) 13b. Thallus anisotomic-dichotomously branched; branches inflated; medulla loose; axis thin ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ 14 14a. Pseudocyphellae present on branch sur- farce; salazinic acid present ῌῌῌ U. himalayana C.Bab. (Fig. 17) 14b. Pseudocyphellae absent; fumarprotocetraric acid present ῌῌ U. articulata (L.) Ho # m. (Fig. 5) 15a. Apothecia with few or no fibrils along the thalloid exciple ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ 16 15b. Apothecia with many fibrils along the thalloid exciple ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ 17 16a. Branches uninflated; base of thallus distinctly annulary cracked; barbatic acid present ῌῌῌῌ U. dendritica Stirt. (Fig. 11) 16b. Branches inflated; base of thallus continuous or irregulary cracked; barbatic acid absent ῌῌ U. pseudogatae Asahina (Fig. 26) 17a. Fibrils crisp ῌῌῌ U. masudana Asahina (Fig. 19) 17b. Fibrils straight ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ 18 18a. Thallus with jet black base; thamnolic acid present ῌ U. florida (L.) F. H. Wigg. (Fig. 13) 18b. Thallus with concolor base; thamnolic acid absent ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ 19 19a. Fibrils on apothecia broadened at the base ῌῌῌ U. shimadae Asahina (Fig. 28) 19b. Fibrils on apothecia cylindrical at the base ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ 20 20a. Branches uninflated, matt on the surface; caperatic acid present ῌῌῌῌ U. sinensis Motyka (Fig. 29) 20b. Branches inflated, glossy on the surface; caperatic acid absent ῌῌῌῌῌῌ 21 21a. Apothecia cup-shaped at least when juvenile ῌῌ U. fuscorubens Motyka (Fig. 14) 21b. Apothecia flat through the juvenile to mature stages U. orientalis Motyka (Fig. ...
Context 2
... [Fig. 22] For a description and a synonym, see Ohmura (2001). Chemistry. Usnic, salazinic, and protocetraric ( ῌ ) acids. The distinguishing features of U. orientalis are (1) the erect thallus with anisotomic- dichotomous branching, (2) the inflated branches with glossy surface, (3) the cylindrical papillae on thicker branches, (4) the absence of soralia, (5) the flat apothecia through the juvenile to mature stages, (6) the disc without white rim, (7) the ceratina -type plectenchymatous cortex, and (8) the ...
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The taxonomic histories of Usnea capillacea Motyka and U. articulata (L.) Hoffm. (Parmeliaceae) in New Zealand are discussed. Habitat preferences and molecular and morphological differences between the two species support reinstating Usnea capillacea to the New Zealand lichenized mycobiota for specimens currently referred to U. articulata.
An investigation of the genus Usnea , in the biodiversity hotspot of the Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe in tropical West Africa, is presented here. Fifteen species, or species aggregates, were recorded for the islands: Usnea articulata aggr., Usnea baileyi (Stirt.) Zahlbr., Usnea beckeri P. Clerc & Nadel, Usnea bicolorata Motyka, Usnea erinacea...
Usnea esperantiana is reported as new to Asia. It was collected from Taiwan where it grew on coniferous and broad-leaf trees at elevations between 1716 and 2580 m. The ITS rDNA sequences of Taiwanese and European materials of U. esperantiana form a monophyletic clade within the already reported clade consisting of U. cornuta and the related taxa. A...
New records of macrolichens and increasing distributional range in central Argentina. Four species of lichenized Ascomycetes are mentioned for the first time from Argentina: Endocarpon pallidulum, Placidium arboreum, Pyxine astridiana and Usnea michauxii A brief description of each one is presented considering morphological, anatomical and chemical...
Specimens of the lichen genus Usnea from the southern part of Far East Russia were examined. As the result of our modern taxonomic studies, following 19 species were confirmed: Usnea cornuta, U. dasaea, U. dasopoga, U. diffracta, U. diplotypus, U. fragilescens, U. fulvoreagens, U. glabrata, U. glabrescens, U. intumescens, U. lapponica, U. longissim...
Citations
... The screening and study of the type material of these 1,200 species is a long and tedious work. Modern accounts of the genus Usnea on the Asian continent were published by Awasthi (1986) for India, Ohmura (2001Ohmura ( , 2012, Ohmura et al. (2010), and Lin (2007) for Japan and Taiwan, Golubkova et al. (1996) for Russia and Ohmura et al. (2017) for the Far East Russia. Zhao et al. (1975) described 12 new species occurring in China. ...
... Usnea aciculifera is a common corticolous, more rarely saxicolous species in Japan (Ohmura 2001), China (Wei 2020), India and Nepal (Awasthi 1986) and Taiwan (Ohmura 2001(Ohmura , 2012 Notes. Full descriptions and pictures of U. baileyi can be found in and Ohmura (2001Ohmura ( , 2012. ...
... Usnea aciculifera is a common corticolous, more rarely saxicolous species in Japan (Ohmura 2001), China (Wei 2020), India and Nepal (Awasthi 1986) and Taiwan (Ohmura 2001(Ohmura , 2012 Notes. Full descriptions and pictures of U. baileyi can be found in and Ohmura (2001Ohmura ( , 2012. Diagnostic characters for this species are the erect-shrubby to subpendulous thallus, the punctiform soralia with short isidiomorphs, the thin cortex and the thin medulla (1.5-3%) with red subcortical pigmentation and the tubular central axis. ...
Type material of twelve species of Usnea related to Asia and South Africa were studied and one species from North America is newly described. Holotype specimens of eight Chinese taxa described in 1975 were synonymized as follows: U. mengyangensis is lectotypified and synonymized with U. aciculifera. Usnea recurvata and U. subrectangulata are synonymized with U. baileyi. Usnea kirinensis is synonymized with U. barbata s.str. Usnea crassiuscula and U. yunnanensis (= U. australis J.D. Zhao et al., nom. illeg. non Fr.) are synonymized with U. bismolliuscula. Usnea iteratocarpa is synonymized with U. cristatula (new to Asia, China). Usnea decumbens is synonymized with U. intumescens (new to Asia, China). Usnea entoviolata and U. roseola are synonymized with U. fragilis (new to Asia, China, India, Japan). The lectotype of Usnea trichoideoides was found to belong to the Usnea pectinata aggr. and consequently U. montis-fuji was resurrected for U. trichodeoides sensu Ohmura. Usnea ceratina and U. trichodeoides are excluded from the Japan lichen flora. Usnea macaronesica a recently described Macaronesian and South American species is synonymized with the Asian taxa U. pycnoclada. Usnea chicitae is described as a new species endemic of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. It is characterized by stipitate efflorescent soralia, a tenuicorticata-type of CMA and the presence of salazinic and psoromic acid in the medulla.
... Eumitria is characterized by the presence of a tubular central axis (with the exception of U. pectinata with a partially fistulose axis). It has a wide distribution, with taxa occurring in Africa (Swinscow & Krog 1974;Temu et al. 2019), Asia (Ohmura 2001(Ohmura , 2012, Australia (Stevens 1999) and South America (Truong & Clerc 2013). Its morphological circumscription is diffuse since species without a central tubular axis (but with a partially fistulose axis) might cluster together in a molecular phylogeny (within a strongly supported clade) with species having a central tubular axis (Truong et al. 2013a). ...
... More sequenced specimens of U. angulata need to be analyzed to better understand its variability. Regarding the chemistry, although caperatic acid is reported for this species (Ohmura 2012, 2020), we did not find that Figure 2. Molecular phylogeny of Usnea focusing on the species from the Philippines. The phylogeny is based on ITS rDNA sequence data and analyzed using maximum likelihood (RAxML) inference. ...
... Sequenced specimens from Tanzania and São Tomé also have salazinic and norstictic acids (Temu et al. 2019;) but apparently without zeorin. In addition to norstictic acid and zeorin, eumitrins (red pigment present in the medulla) were found in specimens from Japan and Taiwan (Ohmura 2001(Ohmura , 2012. Eumitrins and zeorin were also reported from South American specimens (Truong & Clerc 2013). ...
A first integrative survey of the genus Usnea in the southern Philippines, taking into account morphological, anatomical, chemical and molecular characters, resulted in the recognition of 20 taxa, including three species new to science: Usnea angulata Ach., U. baileyi (Stirt.) Zahlbr., U. bismolliuscula Zahlbr., U. brasiliensis (Zahlbr.) Motyka, U. confusa Asah., U. croceorubescens Stirt., U. dasaea Stirt., U. himalayana C. Bab., U. krogiana P. Clerc, U. longissima Ach., U. nidifica Taylor, U. norsticornuta A. Gerlach & P. Clerc sp. nov. (characterized by a moderately thick cortex and by the presence of norstictic acid), U. paleograndisora A. Gerlach & P. Clerc sp. nov. (characterized by an orange subcortical pigmentation in the medulla, with enlarging soralia and a moderately thick and shiny cortex), U. pectinata Taylor, U. pygmoidea (Asahina) Y. Ohmura, U. rubicunda Stirt., U. rubrotincta (Stirt.) Zahlbr., U. spinulifera (Vain.) Motyka, U. subscabrosa Motyka and U. yoshihitoi P. Clerc & A. Gerlach sp. nov. (characterized by a lax medulla with non-conglutinated hyphae). Usnea krogiana is a new record for Asia; Usnea brasiliensis , Usnea confusa and U. croceorubescens are new records for the Philippines. This is the first phylogenetic study to include DNA sequences of Usnea from the Philippines. Molecular data from the ITS rDNA (76 newly generated sequences) are presented for most taxa except for U. himalayana , U. longissima and U. subscabrosa . At least six further taxa remain unidentified, awaiting the collection of additional specimens.
... The collected lichen specimens were identified based on a comparison of morphometric data with published identification keys, e.g., Swinscow and Krog (1975), Clerc (1998) [25,26,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. Morphological characters such as thallus growth form, texture, color, length, description of branches and branchlets, the presence and absence of apothecium, and other reproductive structures were recorded and compared with the descriptions on these ID keys. ...
... The thalline spot test is considered as a standard procedure in lichen taxonomy. Although the use of spot tests, for example, the C+ reaction, does not permit the identification of specific metabolites, this remains useful in identifying species based on their medullary reactions [25,26,30,[32][33][34][35][36]. The standard thalline spot test was conducted for the collected Usnea specimens. ...
... U. glabrata has barbatic acid as its main substance, and salazinic and usnic acids as accessories [34]. U. diffracta has diffractaic acid and usnic acid as its key substances, but barbatic acid may constitute 20% of its metabolites [20,26]. In this study, we detected 26 lichen acids from the five species of Usnea, with U. diffracta producing the highest number (21 lichen acids) followed by U. rubicunda (19), U. longissima (18), U. glabrata (16), and U. baileyi (15). ...
The rapid emergence of resistant bacteria is occurring worldwide, endangering the efficacy of antibiotics. Hence, there is a need to search for new sources of antibiotics that either exhibit novel structures or express a new mechanism of action. The lichen Usnea, with its wide range of unique, biologically potent secondary metabolites, may solve this problem. In this study, Usnea species were collected in the Northern Philippines, identified through combined morphological and biochemical characterization, and tested for antimicrobial activities against the multidrug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens, i.e., Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae, two standard antibiotic-sensitive test bacteria, and a yeast. A total of 46 lichen specimens were collected and later identified as Usnea baileyi (10), U. diffracta (10), U. glabrata (12), U. longissima (4), and U. rubicunda (10). The results show that the crude extracts of the Usnea species exhibited promising in vitro inhibitory activities against standard antibiotic-sensitive (E. faecalis ATCC 29212) and multidrug-resistant (methicillin-resistant S. aureus and E. faecalis) Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, lichen compounds of representative specimens per species were identified and profiled using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The detection of lichen acids (LA) via HPLC showed the presence of 24 peaks of lichen acids. TLC-bioautography identified the bioactive lichen acids as alectronic acid, connorstictic acid, consalazinic acid, diffractaic acid, echinocarpic acid, erythrin acid, galbinic acid, hypoconstictic acid, hyposalazinic acid, hypostictic acid, lobaric acid, menegazzaic acid, micareic acid, pannarin, salazinic acid, stictic acid, and usnic acid. Our study highlighted the wide spectrum of opportunities for using lichens for the discovery of potential antimicrobial agents.
... Eumitrioid Usnea has been studied in Africa (Motyka 1936;Dodge 1956;Swinscow & Krog 1974, 1986Krog 1994;Nadel 2016;Temu & al. 2019), Australia (Rogers & Stevens 1988;Stevens 1999), East Asia (Zhao & al. 1982;Ohmura 2001Ohmura , 2012, and South America including the Galapagos (Truong & Clerc 2013). Wei (1991) enumerated about 80 species of Usnea reported in the literature for lichen collections from China before 1989. ...
... Wei (1991) enumerated about 80 species of Usnea reported in the literature for lichen collections from China before 1989. Since then, a series of studies on the diversity and taxonomy of Usnea from China have been carried out (Aptroot & al. 1999(Aptroot & al. , 2002Ohmura 2001Ohmura , 2012Seaward & Aptroot 2005;Zhang & al. 2006;Ohmura & al. 2010;Han & al. 2020). Approximately 90 species of Usnea have now been reported from China, among which seven species are eumitrioid (Zhao & al. 1982;Ohmura 2001Ohmura , 2012Han & al. 2020;Wei 2020). ...
... Since then, a series of studies on the diversity and taxonomy of Usnea from China have been carried out (Aptroot & al. 1999(Aptroot & al. , 2002Ohmura 2001Ohmura , 2012Seaward & Aptroot 2005;Zhang & al. 2006;Ohmura & al. 2010;Han & al. 2020). Approximately 90 species of Usnea have now been reported from China, among which seven species are eumitrioid (Zhao & al. 1982;Ohmura 2001Ohmura , 2012Han & al. 2020;Wei 2020). ...
Usnea jingdongensis from the Ailaoshan Mountain of Southwest China, is described as a new species of Parmeliaceae . It is characterized by the uninflated branches, fistulose axis with pale brown to dark brown loose hyphae, and the absence of pseudocyphellae and soralia. The phylogenetic analysis of the nrDNA ITS sequence data supported the recognition of the species. A key to the eumitrioid Usnea species in China is also provided.
... For species identication, general and specic identication keys were used (i.e. Hale, 1975;Sipman, 1983Sipman, , 2004Brako, 1991;Churchill and Linares, 1995;Ekman, 1996;Ahti, 2000;Gradstein et al., 2001;Aptroot et al., 2007;Cunha, 2007;Timdal, 2008;Coca and David, 2010;Aptroot, 2012;Moncada, 2012;Ohmura, 2012;Kitaura and Marcelli, 2013;Truong and Clerc, 2013;Gradstein, 2020). The nomenclature followed Index Fungorum and Mycobank for lichen species and tropicos.org ...
Deforestation is the most important cause of biodiversity loss in tropical ecosystems. Epiphytic species, lichens and bryophytes, are very sensitive to environmental changes, including those produced by conversion of primary forests into secondary vegetation. However, little is known about the differences between different secondary forests and plantations regarding the epiphytic biota. We compared epiphytic communities among different secondary forests and non-native plantations in southern Ecuador. Four forest types were considered: non-native Pinus patula plantations, monospecific secondary forests of Alnus acuminata, monospecific secondary forests of Andesanthus lepidotus and mixed secondary forests. Within each forest type, two stands were surveyed, establishing a total of 80 plots and analyzing four trees per plot. We estimated lichen and bryophyte cover in four inventories per tree and calculated and compared different metrics for taxonomic and functional diversity, as well as community composition. The results revealed forest type as the major predictor for the species and functional traits richness, and for diversity and composition. In total, 422 taxa were identified (312 lichens and 110 bryophytes), with mixed secondary forests having the richest communities (194 species) and non-native plantations having the lowest richness (105 species). Bryophyte richness was highest in A. lepidotus forests. Taxonomic and functional diversity, and species composition differed greatly among forest types and followed a different pattern depending on the organism considered. Lichens were the most sensitive indicators of environmental conditions associated with different tropical forest types.
... According to Ohmura (2012), the species contains salazinic and stictic acid as the main content. However, the species has different chemotypes such as 4-0 methylphysodic, fumarprotocetraric, usnic, atranorin, obtusatic, imbricaric, protocetraric, physodalic, and diffractaic acid. ...
Lichen is a symbiotic organism consisting of algae (photobionts) and fungi (mycobiont). In Indonesia, Usnea is the only genus of lichen that has been widely recognized and used by the local community for traditional medicine. It is locally known as kayu angin, rusuk angin, or janggot Kai. Furthermore, it produces lichen acid and other compounds as secondary metabolites that need investigation. Therefore, this study aimed to identify species and determine the secondary metabolites of Usnea in West Java. There were 13 species of Usnea identified, with U. rubrotincta, U. mutabilis, and U. barbata being new to West Java. The extraction of U. esperantiana has the highest number of lichen acids, with 20 different types identified. This study showed that Usnea contains lichen acid, flavonoid, and saponin compounds. The secondary metabolites are a potential source of natural products for bioprospecting.
... Usnea sp. can be transplanted for air monitoring [7], and, at the same time, their culture conditions could be optimized, aiming for biomass increasing and antioxidant metabolite production [8]. Due to their significant diversity, the Usnea lichens are mainly studied in various Earth regions: Europe [9], India [10], Russia [11], Taiwan [12], Turkey [13], and New Zeeland [14]. U. barbata is a valuable representative of the Usnea genus, used in ethnomedicine, homeopathy, and the cosmetic industry [15]. ...
Usnea barbata (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg (U. barbata) is a medicinal representative of the lichens from the Usnea genus (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycetes), containing bioactive secondary metabolites. The aim of this study is a comparative analysis between two separated parts of the thallus layers: medulla–cortex (mcUB) and central cord (ccUB) and the whole dried U. barbata thallus (dUB). These three samples were examined regarding color differences. The U. barbata thallus morphology was examined through fluorescent microscopy (FM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mineral content was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) preliminarily established the differences in the metabolite content. Finally, extracts in different solvents (ethanol and acetone) were obtained from all studied samples, and their total phenolic content (TPC) and free radical scavenging activity (antiradical activity, AA) were evaluated by spectrophotometry. The ICP-MS results showed that from 23 elements analyzed, 18 minerals were quantified in mcUB, 13 in dUB, and only 12 in ccUB. The ccUB fraction recorded the lowest mineral content, color intensity (chroma), luminosity (L*), and TPC value, followed in increasing order by dUB and mcUB. FT-IR spectra displayed different peaks in ccUB and dUB samples compared to mcUB. The mcUB fraction also showed the highest TPC, significantly correlated with AA. However, dUB had the highest antiradical activity, followed by mcUB and ccUB, with noticeable differences in the acetone extract. The final correlation between all variable data obtained indicates that 99.31% of the total variance was associated with all minerals, total phenolics, and color parameters and was also related to the antiradical activity. These obtained results complete our previous studies on autochthonous U. barbata. Moreover, being a source of bioactive metabolites, extracting them from the mcUB fraction could increase this process’s yield and selectivity.
... cleistoblephara (Nyl.) Lücking Sudáfrica, Asia, Papua Nueva Guinea y Taiwán en zonas boscosas de montaña (Ohmura 2012) (Figs. 2-4). ...
Tropics harbour the greatest biodiversity in the planet but are still largely unknown. Among these remote areas, there are the Tepuyes of Nangaritza Valley, in the Zamora Chinchipe province, southeastern Ecuador. They constitute isolated mountainous systems with great biological importance and high levels of endemicity. Therefore, the main objective of this study was the elaboration of the first catalogue of epiphytic lichens from several Tepuyes in the Nangaritza Valley. Two expeditions were carried out in two Tepuyes, between 900 and 2000 m of altitude, approximately 1,000 samples of lichens where collected at different habitats: piemontane wet forest, lower montane wet forest, dwarf forest, and paramillo. We identified 174 lichen species, belonging to 57 genera and 26 families. We found thirteen new records for South America, 64 for Ecuador, and 132 for the Zamora Chinchipe province. New chemotypes for species belonging to the Cladoniaceae family were found. Lichens with a crustose growth-form were the most abundant with around 40 % of the total richness, being Graphidaceae the richest family (27 species). Lichen species with green algae as photobiont were dominant, and especially those with Trenthepholia (66 species). This catalogue is a first approximation to the knowledge of the diversity of lichens from the Tepuyes of the Nangaritza Valley, and the high number of new records indicates a lack of knowledge of the biodiversity from these tropical forests.
... Four group hypothesis species composition Group Five group hypothesis species composition species. This is in line with the opinion of Ohmura (2012) which stated that U. himalayana and U. nidifica have very close genetic relationships both morphologically and molecularly. The morphology between U. himalayana and U. nidifica is only distinguished by the absence of soralia in U. himalayana. ...
Lichen of the genus Usnea is quite common being used as a traditional herbal remedy. This genus is characterized by thallus, which is very similar among the species, leads to some difficulties in distinguishing them. In Indonesia, such research report on the availability of this genus based on their morphological characteristic is minimal. This might be due to too high morphological similarities among them. The molecular character, which is based on the DNA Barcode of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences, with its conserved region (5.8S) and varied region (ITS1 and ITS2), are becoming essential characters on identifying as well as analyzing the phylogenetic. The current study then proposed to identify and draw the species dendrogram of species within the Usnea genus obtained from Mount Lawu Forest of Central Java and Turgo Forest of Yogyakarta based on their phylogenetic and phenetic analysis. The dendrogram was constructed with UPGMA using the simple matching coefficient, whereas the phylogenetic tree was constructed with Maximum Likelihood (ML) using Kimura-2 parameter with 1000 bootstrap. The data were unable to draw phenetic relationships among the subgenus Usnea and Eumitria members. The phylogenetic tree shows the primary two clades, distinguishing the subgenus Usnea and Eumitria. The ITS rDNA sequence was able to identify most of the Usnea species.
... The genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in Taiwan was primarily revised by the first author and 41 accepted taxa were reported before the present study (Ohmura, 2001(Ohmura, , 2012(Ohmura, , 2014Ohmura et al., 2010). ...
Usnea esperantiana is reported as new to Asia. It was collected from Taiwan where it grew on coniferous and broad-leaf trees at elevations between 1716 and 2580 m. The ITS rDNA sequences of Taiwanese and European materials of U. esperantiana form a monophyletic clade within the already reported clade consisting of U. cornuta and the related taxa. Although two distinct clades were formed in the U. esperantiana clade, no morphological and chemical differences were found between them. All Taiwanese specimens contain usnic, salazinic and bourgeanic acids. The description is given based on the Taiwanese specimens.
