Fig 5 - uploaded by Sinang Hongsanan
Content may be subject to copyright.
Zeloasperisporium wrightiae (MFLU 15-1309). a. Substrate. b, c. Thyriothecia on surface of leaves. d. Section through thyriothecium. e-h. Thyriothecia in squash mounts and close-up of asci arrangement. i, j. Asci with 8 spores. k, l. Ascospores surrounded by a thin sheath. m. Ascospore germinating, with monilioid hyphae. Scale bars: c = 500 µm, d = 50 µm, e = 100 µm, f-h = 20 µm, i, j, m = 10 µm, k, l = 5 µm.
Source publication
Neomicrothyrium is an epiphytic genus that forms small black dots on the surface of living or dead fallen leaves, although it rarely causes any damage to the host. Based on its flattened thyriothecia, it was considered that Neomicrothyrium belongs in the order Microthyriales, a group of fungi that is relatively poorly studied. "Microthyriaceae"-lik...
Similar publications
Meliolaceae is an obligate biotrophic fungal family which cannot be cultured in artificial media. This has resulted in a lack of DNA sequence data in public databases to better resolve species taxonomy. The main criterion for specific classification, therefore, relied heavily on host association. Fresh collections from living leaves of Croton persi...
Phaeodimeriella is an epiphytic or pathogenic genus that occurs on plant surfaces associated with other fungi and belongs in the family Pseudoperisporiaceae (Dothideomycetes family, incertae sedis). The taxonomy of Phaeodimeriella has been problematic because of lack of molecular data and as some of the important morphological characters having not...
Citations
... Thyriothecia of Microthyriaceae are superficial, flattened, with cells of the upper walls radiating in parallel arrangement from the distinct central ostiolar opening, a have poorly developed basal wall and opening by the dissolving or breaking of the oldest scutellum cells (Wu et al. 2014). Species of Zeloasperisporiaceae have poorly developed thyriothecia without ostioles and comprise ellipsoid angular cells, radiating from the center to the outer rim (Hongsanan et al. 2015a). Ascospore release from thyriothecia in Zeloasperisporiaceae is not clear. ...
... The presence or absence of paraphyses is an important character in the generic segregation of Micropeltidaceae (Wu et al. 2011, 567 Zeng et al. 2019. Pseudoparaphyses are absent in Zeloasperisporiaceae (Hongsanan et al. 2015a). Members of the Meliolaceae have a hamathecium with evanescent paraphyses (Hongsanan et al. 2014). ...
... Species in Meliolaceae have unitunicate asci with 2-3-ascospores (Mibey & Hawksworth 1997, Hosagoudar & Riju 2013, Hongsanan et al. 2015b). The asci of Zeloasperisporiaceae are globose to ovoid or clavate, bitunicate, 8-spored, fissitunicate, apedicellate with an apical ocular chamber (Hongsanan et al. 2015a). The asci in each family are shown in Fig. 4. ...
... Asterinaceae (characterised by brown, dimidiate upper walls), Microthyriaceae (characterised by brown, radial upper walls) and Phaeothecoidiellaceae (characterised by brown, interwoven upper walls) are segregated clades in Dothideomycetes and are distinct to Micropeltidaceae (characterised by greenish, membranous upper walls) in Lecanoromycetes (Fig. 1). Similar phylogenetic scenarios have been reported previously where families have been differentiated based on ascomatal features among the Sordariomycetes and Dothideomycetes (Cai et al. 2006;Kodsueb et al. 2006;Zhang et al. 2009;Hongsanan et al. 2015). The upper wall of Micropeltidaceae is more like a mycelial pellicle covering the leaf surface and not a radial structure. ...
Micropeltidaceae species are flyspeck fungi which have been subjected to few systematic studies. We re-examined 27 genera which were accepted in the Micropeltidaceae and re-described them based on herbaria materials and protologues. Based on morphology and phylogenetic investigations, we transfer Micropeltidaceae to a new order, Micropeltidales (Lecanoromycetes). Genera with bluish or greenish upper walls (Dictyopeltella, Dictyothyriella, Dictyothyrina, Dictyothyrium, Haplopeltheca, Micropeltis, Scolecopeltidium and Stomiopeltopsis) are accepted in the new taxonomic concept for Micropeltidaceae. A molecular clock approach estimated the divergence time of the Micropeltidaceae crown group at 130 (165–104) Mya, which also supports its rank as an order (diverging from 220–100 Mya). The evolutionary histories between Micropeltidaceae species and host plants are interpreted by cophylogenetic analyses calibrated by their divergence times. The result indicates that the diversification of Angiospermae (130–80 Mya) fosters the formation of genera of Micropeltidaceae mainly via cospeciation events, and this codivergent period would be an important reference when establishing generic boundaries of epifoliar fungi.
... Hyde et al. (2013) accepted the Microthyriales based on morphological data and included the families Microthyriaceae and Micropeltidaceae. Members of this order are reported as epiphytes, pathogens or saprobes (Hongsanan et al., 2015;Hyde et al., 2013;Li, Haixia, & Hyde, 2011;Schoch et al., 2009;Wu, Tian, Li, & Hyde, 2014a). Microthyriaceae is the type family of Microthyriales and differs from Micropeltidaceae in the following ways: it has thyriothecia with radiating cells, a prominent central ostiole, fusiform to cylindrical asci, and 1-septate ascospores, often with ciliate appendages (Hofmann, 2010;Hyde et al., 2013;Wu et al. b, 2014a;Hongsanan, Chomnunti, Crous, Chukeatirote, & Hyde, 2014). ...
A new aquatic fungus was isolated from submerged, decaying leaves collected at Phu Quoc Island in Vietnam. The fungus produced hyaline, unique-shaped conidia consisting of a hook-shaped main axis and three arms at the helicoid part of the main axis. Based on its conidial development and morphological characteristics, Hamatispora phuquocensis was newly introduced. Phylogenetic analyses based on LSU nrDNA sequences showed that it clusters with Microthyrium spp. and belongs to Microthyriales. Furthermore, we generated ITS barcode for this hyphomycetous fungus.
... Neomicrothyrium siamense was established with Microthyrium-like taxa (Fig. 3), and treated as genus incertae sedis in Microthyriales because it clustered with freshwater genus Natipusilla without similar morphological characters (Hyde et al. 2013). Hongsanan et al. (2015b) introduced two new species of the asexual genus Zeloasperisporium, which is linked to Neomicrothyrium and therefore Neomicrothyrium was synonymized under Zeloasperisporium in the new order Zeloasperisporiales (Hongsanan et al. 2015b). Chaetothyrina was placed in Micropeltidaceae based on its flattened thyriothecium, comprising interwoven hyphae, but it has 1-septate ascospores. ...
... Neomicrothyrium siamense was established with Microthyrium-like taxa (Fig. 3), and treated as genus incertae sedis in Microthyriales because it clustered with freshwater genus Natipusilla without similar morphological characters (Hyde et al. 2013). Hongsanan et al. (2015b) introduced two new species of the asexual genus Zeloasperisporium, which is linked to Neomicrothyrium and therefore Neomicrothyrium was synonymized under Zeloasperisporium in the new order Zeloasperisporiales (Hongsanan et al. 2015b). Chaetothyrina was placed in Micropeltidaceae based on its flattened thyriothecium, comprising interwoven hyphae, but it has 1-septate ascospores. ...
"Microthyriaceae-like" taxa are fungal epiphytes which appear as black dots on the host surface. The families Micropeltidaceae and Microthyriaceae have been poorly studied, particularly with molecular data, due to the difficulty in obtaining pure cultures. The two families were placed in Microthyriales in many studies based on thyriothecial characters. Two species of Micropeltidaceae (Micropeltis dendrophthoes and M. zingiberacicola ) clustered at the base of Dothideomycetes and were unrelated to Microthyriaceae in previous phylogenetic trees. Their placements were treated as unresolved. We restudied sequence data of Micropeltidaceae and its related strains to clarify the current placement using authentic strains available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses generated from maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses (used ITS, LSU, RPB2, SSU and TEF1 sequence data) including Blast results, indicate that the current placement of Micropeltidaceae is in Ostropales (Lecanoromycetes), although it is not strongly supported. A revised phylogenetic tree for Micropeltidaceae and selected families from Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes is provided with discussions in this paper.
... On PDA surface isabelline, reverse dark mouse grey. Notes -Zeloasperisporium searsiae is a member of the Zeloasperisporiaceae (Zeloasperisporiales) (Crous et al. 2015, Hangsanan et al. 2015. It is closely related to Z. eucalyptorum and Z. hyphopodioides. ...
... Nevertheless, the latter two species are best separated based on their DNA phylogeny. The placement of Z. searsiae as sister to Neomicrothyrium siamense suggests that Neomicrothyrium may be the sexual morph of Zeloasperisporium, a hypothesis that has recently been proven by Hangsanan et al. (2015). ...
Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Australia: Neoseptorioides eucalypti gen. & sp. nov. from Eucalyptus radiata leaves, Phytophthora gondwanensis from soil, Diaporthe tulliensis from rotted stem ends of Theobroma cacao fruit, Diaporthe vawdreyi from fruit rot of Psidium guajava, Magnaporthiopsis agrostidis from rotted roots of Agrostis stolonifera and Semifissispora natalis from Eucalyptus leaf litter. Furthermore, Neopestalotiopsis egyptiaca is described from Mangifera indica leaves (Egypt), Roussoella mexicana from Coffea arabica leaves (Mexico), Calonectria monticola from soil (Thailand), Hygrocybe jackmanii from littoral sand dunes (Canada), Lindgomyces madisonensis from submerged decorticated wood (USA), Neofabraea brasiliensis from Malus domestica (Brazil), Geastrum diosiae from litter (Argentina), Ganoderma wiiroense on angiosperms (Ghana), Arthrinium gutiae from the gut of a grasshopper (India), Pyrenochaeta telephoni from the screen of a mobile phone (India) and Xenoleptographium phialoconidium gen. & sp. nov. on exposed xylem tissues of Gmelina arborea (Indonesia). Several novelties are introduced from Spain, namely Psathyrella complutensis on loamy soil, Chlorophyllum lusitanicum on nitrified grasslands (incl. Chlorophyllum arizonicum comb. nov.), Aspergillus citocrescens from cave sediment and Lotinia verna gen. & sp. nov. from muddy soil. Novel foliicolous taxa from South Africa include Phyllosticta carissicola from Carissa macrocarpa, Pseudopyricularia hagahagae from Cyperaceae and Zeloasperisporium searsiae from Searsia chirindensis. Furthermore, Neophaeococcomyces is introduced as a novel genus, with two new combinations, N. aloes and N. catenatus. Several foliicolous novelties are recorded from La Réunion, France, namely Ochroconis pandanicola from Pandanus utilis, Neosulcatispora agaves gen. & sp. nov. from Agave vera-cruz, Pilidium eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus robusta, Strelitziana syzygii from Syzygium jambos (incl. Strelitzianaceae fam. nov.) and Pseudobeltrania ocoteae from Ocotea obtusata (Beltraniaceae emend.). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.
This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla, seven classes, 26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were collected from Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, French Guiana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Laos, Mexico, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. There are 59 new taxa, 39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination. The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense, Asterina lopi, Asterina brigadeirensis, Bartalinia bidenticola, Bartalinia caryotae, Buellia pruinocalcarea, Coltricia insularis, Colletotrichum flexuosum, Colletotrichum thasutense, Coniochaeta caraganae, Coniothyrium yuccicola, Dematipyriforma aquatic, Dematipyriforma globispora, Dematipyriforma nilotica, Distoseptispora bambusicola, Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis, Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis, Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis, Fusarium purpurea, Gerronema atrovirens, Gerronema flavum, Gerronema keralense, Gerronema kuruvense, Grammothele taiwanensis, Hongkongmyces changchunensis, Hypoxylon inaequale, Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum, Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum, Kirschsteiniothelia extensum, Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum, Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum, Lecanora immersocalcarea, Lepiota subthailandica, Lindgomyces guizhouensis, Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus, Marasmius tangerinus, Neovaginatispora mangiferae, Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum, Pestalotiopsis piraubensis, Phacidium chinaum, Phaeoisaria goiasensis, Phaeoseptum thailandicum, Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum, Pseudocercospora vernoniae, Pyrenophora verruculosa, Rhachomyces cruralis, Rhachomyces hyperommae, Rhachomyces magrinii, Rhachomyces platyprosophi, Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum, Skeletocutis cangshanensis, Skeletocutis subchrysella, Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae, Tetraploa dashaoensis, Tomentella exiguelata, Tomentella fuscoaraneosa, Tricholomopsis lechatii, Vaginatispora flavispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea. The new combination is Torula sundara. The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis, Aplosporella artocarpi, Ascochyta medicaginicola, Astrocystis bambusicola, Athelia rolfsii, Bambusicola bambusae, Bipolaris luttrellii, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Chlorophyllum squamulosum, Colletotrichum aeschynomenes, Colletotrichum pandanicola, Coprinopsis cinerea, Corylicola italica, Curvularia alcornii, Curvularia senegalensis, Diaporthe foeniculina, Diaporthe longicolla, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Diatrypella quercina, Fusarium brachygibbosum, Helicoma aquaticum, Lepiota metulispora, Lepiota pongduadensis, Lepiota subvenenata, Melanconiella meridionalis, Monotosporella erecta, Nodulosphaeria digitalis, Palmiascoma gregariascomum, Periconia byssoides, Periconia cortaderiae, Pleopunctum ellipsoideum, Psilocybe keralensis, Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium dehoogii, Scedosporium marina, Spegazzinia deightonii, Torula fici, Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula. All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses. This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which are important for future studies. An updated, accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important. We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes. In this list, erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly.
Premise:
Fossils can reveal long-vanished characters that inform inferences about the timing and patterns of diversification of living fungi. Through analyzing well-preserved fossil scutella, shield-like covers of fungal sporocarps, we describe a new taxon of early Dothideomycetes with a combination of characters unknown among extant taxa.
Methods:
Macerated clays from the Potomac Group, lower Zone 1, from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian, 125-113 Ma) of Virginia USA yielded one gymnospermous leaf cuticle colonized by 21 sporocarps of a single fungal morphotype. We inferred a tree from nuclear ribosomal DNA of extant species, and coded morphological characters to evaluate alternative, equally parsimonious placements of the fossil in a molecular constraint tree of extant species.
Results:
Bleximothyrium ostiolatum gen. et sp. nov. has an ostiolate scutellum of radiate, dichotomizing hyphae. Unlike otherwise similar extant and fossil taxa, B. ostiolatum has tangled hyphae at its scutellum margin. Scutella of B. ostiolatum are connected to superficial mycelium, to intercalary and lateral appressoria, and to extensive subcuticular "mycélium en palmettes". The gymnospermous host has characters consistent with identity as a non-papillate ginkgophyte or cycad.
Conclusions:
Bleximothyrium ostiolatum is the oldest known fossil fly-speck fungus that occurs on plant cuticles and has the radiate, ostiolate scutellum known only from Dothideomycetes. Its combination of characters, its scutellum margin, and mycélium en palmettes are unknown in other extant and fossil species, and Bleximothyrium ostiolatum likely represents a new group of fly-speck fungi that may now be extinct.
Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of
Dothideomycetes in 2013. A recent publication by Honsanan et al. in 2020 expanded information of families in Dothideomycetidae
and Pleosporomycetidae with modern classifications. In this paper, we provide a refined updated document on
orders and families incertae sedis of Dothideomycetes. Each family is provided with an updated description, notes, including
figures to represent the morphology, a list of accepted genera, and economic and ecological significances. We also provide
phylogenetic trees for each order. In this study, 31 orders which consist 50 families are assigned as orders incertae sedis in
Dothideomycetes, and 41 families are treated as families incertae sedis due to lack of molecular or morphological evidence.
The new order, Catinellales, and four new families, Catinellaceae, Morenoinaceae Neobuelliellaceae and Thyrinulaceae
are introduced. Seven genera (Neobuelliella, Pseudomicrothyrium, Flagellostrigula, Swinscowia, Macroconstrictolumina,
Pseudobogoriella, and Schummia) are introduced. Seven new species (Acrospermum urticae, Bogoriella complexoluminata,
Dothiorella ostryae, Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus, Macroconstrictolumina megalateralis, Patellaria microspora, and Pseudomicrothyrium
thailandicum) are introduced base on morphology and phylogeny, together with two new records/reports
and five new collections from different families. Ninety new combinations are also provided in this paper.
Pseudopalawania siamensis gen. et sp. nov., from northern Thailand, is introduced based on multi-gene analyses and morphological comparison. An isolate was fermented in yeast malt culture broth and explored for its secondary metabolite production. Chromatographic purification of the crude ethyl acetate (broth) extract yielded four tetrahydroxanthones comprised of a new heterodimeric bistetrahydroxanthone, pseudopalawanone (1), two known dimeric derivatives, 4,4′-secalonic acid D (2) and penicillixanthone A (3), the corresponding monomeric tetrahydroxanthone paecilin B (4), and the known benzophenone, cephalanone F (5). Compounds 1-3 showed potent inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Compounds 2 and 3 were inhibitory against Bacillus subtilis with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 1.0 and 4.2 μg/mL, respectively. Only compound 2 showed activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis. In addition, the dimeric compounds 1-3 also showed moderate cytotoxic effects on HeLa and mouse fibroblast cell lines, which makes them less attractive as candidates for development of selectively acting antibiotics.
