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Thismia clavigera (Thismiaceae), a new record for Thailand

  • December 2009
Authors:
Sahut Chantanaorrapint at Prince of Songkla University
Sahut Chantanaorrapint
Amonrat Chantanaorrapint at Prince of Songkla University
Amonrat Chantanaorrapint
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Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell., a species newly recorded for Thailand, is described and illustrated. A key to the species of Thismia in Thailand is provided.
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THAI FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 27–31. 2009.
Thismia clavigera (Thismiaceae), a new record for Thailand
SAHUT CHANTANAORRAPINT1 & AMONRAT CHANTANAORRAPINT2
ABSTRACT. Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell., a species newly recorded for Thailand, is described and
illustrated. A key to the species of Thismia in Thailand is provided.
KEY WORDS: new record, Thailand, Thismia clavigera, Thismiaceae.
INTRODUCTION
The family Burmanniaceae consists of two different tribes, Burmannieae and
Thismieae, according to several authors (e.g. APG II, 2003; Jonker, 1938; Maas-van de
Kamer, 1998; Govaerts et al., 2007). However, in some classications Thismieae are
considered as a separate family, the Thismiaceae (e.g. APG, 1998; Larsen, 1987; Merckx,
2008). According to the World Checklist of Dioscoreales (Govaerts et al., 2007) seven
genera are recognized in the Thismieae (Thismiaceae): Afrothismia Schltr., Geomitra
Becc., Haplothismia Airy Shaw, Oxygyne Schltr., Scaphiophora Schltr., Thismia Griff.
and Tiputinia P.E.Berry & C.L.Woodw. Of these, Geomitra was reduced to synonymy
under Thismia by Mueller (1891), and this status was accepted by Stone (1980), Maas-
van de Kamer (1998) and Merckx (2008). In the monograph of Jonker (1938), Geomitra
was regarded as closely related to Thismia sect. Sarcosiphon (Blume) Jonker , which has
coralliform roots, small outer perianth lobes and inner lobes which are connate to form an
erect mitre with three holes. They are different only in the character of the mitre, which
in Geomitra has three appendages on the top, but absent in Thismia sect. Sarcosiphon.
The distinctive character seems to be rather of specic level than of generic level. Hence,
Geomitra should be regarded as synonymous with Thismia following Mueller (1891),
Stone (1980), Maas-van de Kamer (1998) and the latest phylogenetic systematic research
in Merckx (2008).
The account of the Thismiaceae for the Flora of Thailand has already been
published (Larsen, 1987), including two species of Thismia Griff. In addition, Thismia
alba Holttum ex Jonker was recently reported from Ton Nga Chang Waterfall, Songkhla
(Chantanaorrapint & Sridith, 2007) and T. angustimitra Chantanaorr. has been described
from Phu Wua, Nong Khai (Chantanaorrapint, 2008). During a eld trip to Tarutao Island,
Satun Province, in May 2008, T. clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell. was discovered as a new record
for Thailand. Thismia clavigera had been previously collected from Borneo, Sumatra,
and Langkawi (Beccari, 1977; Jonker, 1938, 1948; Stone, 1980). The description and
illustration below are based on the Thai specimens cited below.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 PSU-Herbarium, Centre for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand (CBiPT), Department of Biology, Faculty of
Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.
2 Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
28 THAI FOREST BULLETIN (BOTANY) 37
Figure 1. Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell.: A. plant habit with mature ower; B. perianth; C. longitudinal
section of perianth; D. outer (abaxial) view of three pendulous stamens; E. inner (adaxial) view of
three pendulous stamens, F. ovary. Scale bars = 1 cm. Drawn by S. Chantanaorrapint.
29
THISMIA CLAVIGERA (THISMIACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR THAILAND (S. CHANTANAORRAPINT & A. CHANTANAORRAPINT)
DESCRIPTION
Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell., Pap. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 1890: 235. 1891;
Blumea 26: 420. g. 1. 1980.— Geomitra clavigera Becc., Malesia 1: 251. 1877; Monogr.
Burmann.: 255. 1938; Fl. Males. I, 4: 25. 1948.— Sarcosiphon clavigerus (Becc.) Schltr.,
Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 39. 1921. Type: Malaysia, Sarawak, Mt. Gadin near
Lundu, Beccari 2642 (holotype FI). Figs. 1–2.
Terrestrial, achlorophyllous, mycoheterotrophic herb. Roots short dichotomously
branched, forming coralliform, hairy, brownish-white apices. Stems erect, simple, to 15
cm tall including 1–2(–3) owers. Leaves scale-like, appressed, 3–8 mm long, triangular-
ovate to lanceolate, translucent, apex acute or acuminate. Involucral bracts 3, white, ca
1.2 cm long, ovate-lanceolate, apex acute to acuminate, slightly hooked. Flowers to 6 cm
long (including appendages); perianth tube urceolate, 1.5–1.9 by 0.6–1.2 cm, narrowed
just above the ovary, widest in the upper third, bright pink-red, translucent, with 12
longitudinal ribs, transverse bars inside present; outer tepals 3, white, minute, ca 1 mm
long, broadly triangular; inner tepals 3, thick, cuneate, broadly fused apically by their
epidermis to form a mitriform hood above the mouth of the perianth-tube with three
lateral apertures, aperture 6.5–8.5 mm in diam., top of mitre with three slender claviform
appendages 1.9–3.2 cm long, all yellow-orange; stamens 6, pendulous from the thickened
margin of the perianth tube; laments short, ribbon-shaped, free, yellowish; connective
broad with a quadrangular wing, apex acute, hairy, indigo blue, translucent, connate to
form a tube around the style; each with two shallow thecae in adaxial view; theca oblong,
ca 2 mm long; nectariferous gland present towards apex on the line of fusion between
each connective; styles short, ca 1 mm long; stigmas ca 2.5 mm long, elliptic-oblong,
papillae, 3-lobed, lobes slightly folded, apex truncate; ovary inferior, ca 5 mm long, cup-
shaped, blackish. Fruit not seen.
Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Satun [Tarutao Island, 6°37’23’’N 99°38’10.6’’E, 3
May 2008, Chantanaorrapint 2022 (PSU)]
Distribution.— Malaysia (Sarawak, Langawi), Indonesia (Sumatra).
Ecology.— In primary lowland forest on sandy soil covered by leaf litter over
sandstone rock at ca 90 m altitude. Flowering in May.
Notes.— The distinctive characters of this species are: 1) the minute outer tepals,
2) the mitriform inner tepals with three slender claviform appendages, 3) the distal part of
stamens acute with transparent hairs, and 4) coralliform underground part.
Five species of Thismia are known from Thailand. A revised key to the species is
provided below.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THISMIA IN THAILAND
1. Inner perianth lobes free, spreading or erect
2. Perianth lobes all equal in size, ± triangular, all 6 with long thread-like appendages 1. T. alba
2. Outer 3 perianth lobes larger than inner 3, broadly ovate, only inner perianth lobes with long thread-like
appendages 2. T. javanica
1. Inner perianth lobes connate at the apex to form a mitre
30 THAI FOREST BULLETIN (BOTANY) 37
3. Top of the mitre with three slender claviform appendages, underground part coralliform 3. T. clavigera
3. Top of the mitre with three fovea, underground part vermiform
4. Mitre broader than perianth tube, annulus erect 4. T. mirabilis
4. Mitre narrower than perianth tube, annulus curved 5. T. angustimitra
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr Obchant Thaithong, Department
of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand and Assoc.
Prof. Dr Kitichate Sridith, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla
University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand for their valuable comments on the rst draft of
the manuscript. Thanks also due to the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince
of Songkla University for the laboratory facilities.
Figure 2. Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell.: A. habit; B. longitudinal section of perianth, C. inner (adaxial)
view of three pendulous stamens; D. ovary showing stigma; E. underground part. Scale bars: A, B, E
= 1 cm; C, D = 5 mm. Photographed by S. Chantanaorrapint.
31
THISMIA CLAVIGERA (THISMIACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR THAILAND (S. CHANTANAORRAPINT & A. CHANTANAORRAPINT)
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orders and families of owering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society 141: 399–436.
Beccari, O. (1877). Burmanniaceae. Malesia 1: 240–254.
Chantanaorrapint, S. (2008). Thismia angustimitra (Thismiaceae), a new species from
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Chantanaorrapint, S. & Sridith, K. (2007). Thismia alba (Thismiaceae), a new record for
Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 35: 34–37.
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Maas-van de Kamer, H. (1998). Burmanniaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (ed.) Families and
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Merckx, V. (2008). Myco-heterotrophy in Dioscoreales: Systematics and Evolution.
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Mueller, F.V. (1891). Notes on a new Tasmanian plant of the Order Burmanniaceae.
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Stone, B.C. (1980). Rediscovery of Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.v.M. (Burmanniaceae).
Blumea 26: 419–425.
... and previously published descriptions, illustrations and photographs of T. clavigera [i.e. Beccari (1878), Jonker (1938, Stone (1980), Chantanaorrapint and Chantanaorrapint (2009)]. The morphological characters of T. clavigera were evaluated based on the following criteria: (i) when the previous descriptions contained information on the lengths of the targeted parts, the values were used and (ii) when the descriptions did not contain information on the lengths of the targeted parts, the lengths were inferred from illustrations, photographs or images and the lengths of the parts that were included in the descriptions of Table 1 for comparison with the unknown specimen. ...
... The distinctive characteristics of Thismia sumatrana include 1) minute outer tepals, 2) stamens with acute distal parts and 3) large flower. The combination of the first two characteristics, which have also been reported for Thismia clavigera and T. kelantanensis, but not for the other Thismia species (Stone 1980, Chantanaorrapint and Chantanaorrapint 2009, Tsukaya and Okada 2012, Yunoh 2018, suggests that T. kelantanensis, T. sumatrana, and T. clavigera are closely related. However, T. kelantanensis can be easily distinguished from the other two species by the six-partite hood on its mitre (Yunoh 2018). ...
... Stone (1980) reported the rediscovery of T. clavigera from Pulau Langkawi, in the western part of the Malay Peninsula and Aceh, in northern Sumatra in 1979. Chantanaorrapint and Chantanaorrapint (2009) also reported that T. clavigera occurs on Tarutao Island, southern Thailand, which is close to Lang- kawi. In addition, one specimen seems to have been collected in Sarawak by Caddick (Caddick et al. 1998) and subjected to DNA sequencing by other authors (e.g. ...
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A new species of the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia Griff. (Thismiaceae), Thismiasumatrana Suetsugu & Tsukaya, from West Sumatra, Indonesia, is described, based on a rehydrated herbarium specimen from National Museum of Nature and Science, Japan. Thismiasumatrana is closely related to T.clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell. but is distinguished by a much larger flower.
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... The genus has received a lot of botanical interest lately with the publication of 16 new species from Asia and the Pacific (Thiele & Jordan 2002, Yang et al. 2002, Tsukaya & Okada 2005, Larsen & Averyanov 2007, Chantanaorrapint 2008, Chiang & Hsieh 2011, Chantanaorrapint 2012, Tsukaya & Okada 2012, Dančák et al. 2013, Li & Bi 2013, Nuraliev et al. 2014, Truòng et al. 2014, Mar & Saunders 2015, Nuraliev et al. 2015, Chantanaorrapint & Sridith 2015, as well as several new records (Chantanaorrapint & Sridith 2007, Chantanaorrapint & Chantanaorrapint 2009, Ho et al. 2009) in the last 15 years alone. ...
... Jonker (1938) nevertheless treated Geomitra at genus level and selected G. clavigera as its type. Various authors have since either maintained Geomitra as a separate genus (Govaerts et al. 2007) or synonymised it under Thismia (Stone 1980;Merckx et al. 2006;Chantanaorrapint & Chantanaorrapint 2009;Hunt et al. 2014;Merckx & Smets 2014). Most recently, Merckx & Smets (2014) listed Geomitra as one of six sections within Thismia subg. ...
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... Morphological differences between Thismia limkokthayi and related species. The characters of previously-described species are taken from the protologues and recent publications on T. betungkerihunensis (Tsukaya and Okada 2012), T. clavigera (Chantanaorrapint and Chantanaorrapint 2009), T. kelantanensis (Siti-Munirah 2018) and T. sumatrana (Suetsugu et al. 2018). ...
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... Therefore, in many species the question arises whether populations from distant regions are conspecific with the type area population/populations. A good example can be Thismia clavigera (Beccari 1877: 251) F. Mueller (1891, originally described from Borneo but later found in Sumatra and Langkawi Island off the west coast of the Malay Peninsula (Stone 1980) and on the neighbouring island of Tarutao (Chantanaorrapint & Chantanaorrapint 2009). However, recently, two species very similar to Thismia clavigera were described from Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula (Siti-Munirah 2018, Suetsugu et al. 2018b), which naturally raises a question of taxonomical identity of populations previously classified as T. clavigera outside of Borneo. ...
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... In contrast, species of four clades occur in mainland South-East Asia (clades 1, 4, 5 and T. clavigera of clade 3), although this region is generally poor for Thismia spp. apart from the Malay Peninsula (Chantanaorrapint & Sridith, 2007, 2015Chantanaorrapint & Chantanaorrapint, 2009;Chantanaorrapint, Tetsana & Sridith, 2015;Chantanaorrapint et al., 2016;Chantanaorrapint, 2018;Siti-Munirah, 2018;Siti-Munirah & Dome, 2019), which is known to be floristically close to Borneo. The geographical distribution of the five clades will probably expand as more species are included in future analyses; nevertheless, the geographical data do not contradict the groups revealed from molecular phylogenetic reconstructions and represent a significant and useful addition to characterization of the clades. ...
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Full-text available
  • Jan 2008
Het hoofddoel van deze doctoraatsthesis bestond erin om de fylogenetische verwantschappen tussen de myco-heterotrofe Dioscoreales soorten op te helderen. Traditioneel werden alle myco-heterotrofe taxa binnen deze orde tot de Burmanniaceae gerekend. Met behulp van DNA sequenties uit de drie genomen werden de verwantschaprelaties binnen de Dioscoreales gereconstrueerd. Hieruit blijkt dat de Burmanniaceae uit minstens twee verschillende families bestaan: Burmanniaceae en Thismiaceae. Mogelijk is het genus Afrothismia ook een aparte evolutionaire lijn, maar bijkomende data zijn noodzakelijk om deze hypothese te testen. Fylogenetische analyses op basis van verschillende genen tonen aan dat ook Dioscoreaceae geen monofyletische groep zijn. De Dioscoreales blijken dus uit minstens zes verschillende families te bestaan: Nartheciaceae, Burmanniaceae, Trichopodaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Taccaceae en Thismiaceae. De evolutionaire stambomen laten tevens zien dat de myco-heterotrofe levenswijze verschillende keren ontstaan is binnen de Dioscoreales. Volgens Bayesiaanse moleculaire klok analyses ontstonden al de Dioscoreales families voor het einde van het Krijt. Nader onderzoek op de Burmanniaceae leert dat deze familie hoogstwaarschijnlijk zijn oorsprong vindt in West Gondawana. De huidige wereldwijde verspreiding van de Burmanniaceae is te danken aan de hoge temperaturen tijdens de eerste helft van het Eoceen, toen de regenwouden oprukten tot relatief hoge breedtegraden. Tijdens deze periode kenden de Burmanniaceae, die uitsluitend in de tropen voorkomen, een snelle radiatie en diversificatie. Bovendien slaagden ze er in om via de transatlantische landbrug tussen Noord Amerika en Europa, Afrika en Azië te bereiken. Ook de Thismiaceae onstonden tijdens het Krijt. De diversificatie binnen het genus Afrothismia startte minstens 50 miljoen jaar geleden. Identificatie van de mycorrhizale schimmels van Thismiaceae soorten bracht een opvallende specialisatietrend aan het licht. Hoewel deze strikt myco-heterotrofe soorten nauw verwant zijn en in dezelfde habitat voorkomen, maakt elke plantensoort gebruik van een verschillende Glomus groep A fungus. Deze soort-specifieke interactie is het resultaat van miljoenen jaren co-evolutie. This PhD thesis aimed to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of the myco-heterotrophic lineages within Dioscoreales. Previously, all myco-heterotrophic Dioscoreales species were assigned to the family Burmanniaceae. Using DNA sequence data from all three genomes we found that Burmanniaceae are not a monophyletic group but consist of at least two independent evolutionary lineages within Dioscoreales: Burmanniaceae and Thismiaceae. Possibly Afrothismia represents a third independent lineage, but additional data are needed to test this hypothesis. Our multigene phylogenetic analyses also suggest that Dioscoreaceae are not monophyletic, raising the number of families in Dioscoreales to six: Nartheciaceae, Burmanniaceae, Trichopodaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Taccaceae, and Thismiaceae. Evidence for multiple independent origins of a strict myco-heterotrophic nutrition strategy were found. According to Bayesian relaxed molecular clock methods all Dioscoreales families have Cretaceous origins. The diversification of Burmanniaceae started during the Late Cretaceous, probably in West Gondwana. During the warm Eocene both Burmannia and Gymnosiphon diverged rapidly and were able to reach the Old World by crossing the North Atlantic Land Bridge. The retraction of the boreotropical flora during the Oligocene caused the extant Old-New World disjunction in both genera. The Thismiaceae, regardless of their monophyletic or paraphyletic status, also have a Cretaceous origin. The diversification of the genus Afrothismia started at least 50 million years ago. Analysis of their mycorrhizal fungi shows that during this considerable evolutionary timeframe, the plants became highly specialized on particular Glomus group A lineages, which led to a delayed cospeciation between the plants and their mycorrhizal fungi. Doctor in de Wetenschappen: Biologie Afdeling Plantensystematiek en -ecologie Departement Biologie Faculteit Wetenschappen Doctoral thesis Doctoraatsthesis
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An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IIIAngiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG)Bot J Linn Soc2009161105121
Article
  • Jan 2003
... Pertinent literature published since the first APG classification is included, such that many additional families are now placed in the phylogenetic scheme. ... The placement of the order has varied among the broad phylogenetic analyses conducted to date. ...
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  • Jan 1980
  • BLUMEA
  • 419-425
  • B C Stone
Stone, B.C. (1980). Rediscovery of Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.v.M. (Burmanniaceae). Blumea 26: 419-425.
Families and genera of vascular plants, Monocotyledons, Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)
  • Jan 1998
  • 154-164
  • H Maas-Van De Kamer
Maas-van de Kamer, H. (1998). Burmanniaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (ed.) Families and genera of vascular plants, Monocotyledons, Lilianae (except Orchidaceae), pp. 154-164. Springer, Berlin.
  • Jan 1877
  • 240-254
  • O Beccari
Beccari, O. (1877). Burmanniaceae. Malesia 1: 240-254.