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193
Tropical Bryology 12: 193-235, 1996
A first checklist of the lichen-forming fungi of the
Venezuelan Andes
Vicente Marcano1, Antonio Morales Méndez1,2, Harrie Sipman3 and
Lorena Calderon1
1 Centro de Investigaciones Liquenológicas Tropicales CEILT, FUNDACITE - Facultad
de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad de los Andes, P. O. Box 234,
Mérida, Venezuela
2 Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de los Andes, P. O.
Box 163, Mérida, Venezuela
3 Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Königin-Luise-Straße
6-8, D-14191 Berlin, Germany
ABSTRACT: Basing on an evaluation of the literature and some unpublished collections, 745
taxa of lichen forming-fungi are reported from the Venezuelan Andes, including 10 infraspecific
taxa. Of these taxa 37 are new records for Venezuela: Actinoplaca vulgaris (Müll. Arg.) Vezda
& Poelt, Asterothyrium decipiens (Rehm) R. Sant., Calopadia foliicola (Fée) Vezda, C. fusca
(Müll. Arg.) Vezda, C. phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) Vezda, Chrysothrix chlorina (Ach.) J. R.
Laundon, Cystocoleus ebeneus (Dillwyn) Thwaites, Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norm.,
Echinoplaca leucotrichoides (Vain.) R. Sant., Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vezda, F. dominicana
(Vain.) Vezda, F. fuscatula (Müll. Arg.) Vezda, F. sublecanorina (Nyl.) Vezda, Gyalectidium
filicinum Müll. Arg., Lecidea limosa Ach., Lepraria neglecta Auct., Ochrolechia africana
Vain., Peltigera vainioi Gyelnik, Phyllobathelium nigrum R. Sant. & Tibell, Phyllophiale alba
R. Sant., Polymeridium albidum (Müll. Arg.) R. C. Harris, Porina epiphylla (Fée) Fée, Racodium
rupestre Pers., Ramalina asahinae W. Culb. & C. Culb., R. calcarata Krog & Swinsc., R.
puiggarii Müll Arg., R. rectangularis Nyl., Rhizoplaca melanophthalma (DC.) Leuckert &
Poelt, Strigula antillarum (Fée) Müll. Arg., S. platypoda (Müll. Arg.) R. C. Harris, Tapellaria
epiphylla (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant., T. nana (Fée) R. Sant., Tephromela aglaea (Sommerf.) Hertel &
Rambold, Tricharia vainioi R. Sant., Trichothelium epiphyllum Müll. Arg., T. bipindense F.
Schill. and Vezdaea foliicola Sérusiaux. Another 4 species are new records only for the
Venezuelan Andes: Dimerella epiphylla (Müll. Arg.) Malme, Porina atrocoerulea Müll. Arg.,
Ramalina peruviana Ach. and Woessia apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Sérus. A list of synonyms used
in the consulted literature is added. Four new combinations are proposed: Dictyonema
zahlbruckneri (Schiffn.) V. Marcano, Heterodermia tropica (Kurok.) Sipman, Parmelinopsis
cleefii (Sipman) V. Marcano & Sipman and Phyllobaeis linearis (De Vries) V. Marcano & Sipman.
194
INTRODUCTION
During the preparation of the Lichen Flora of
Andean Venezuela (1990-1996) a necessity was
felt to have a list of all species recorded from the
Venezuelan Andes. Numerous references have
been published to the lichen flora of the Venezue-
lan Andes, in many scattered publications, and in
particular during the last few decades. Marcano
(1994) listed some of these references, but an
approximately complete survey was still lacking.
Certainly such a catalog cannot be complete,
because currently the distribution of the Andean
Venezuelan lichens is not yet perfectly known.
Nevertheless it is obviously useful to have a first
comprehensive catalog available.
Five publications are of special importance. Dennis
(1970) listed 63 lichen taxa from the Sierra Santo
Domingo in the state of Mérida. Hertel (1971)
published on 27 holarctic, crustaceous species
from the Venezuelan Andes. Vareschi (1973)
produced a first catalogue from the whole country,
comprising 40 genera and 248 species. López-
Figueiras (1978) listed 305 macrolichen species
from the state of Mérida. Later he reported 520
species, mainly macrolichens, from the Andean
States and Falcon (López-Figueiras 1986). Marcano
(1994) listed 116 genera and estimated 638 species
from the Venezuelan Andes. Other important
contributions were made by Tibell (1982), Walker
(1985), de Vries & Sipman (1984), Ahti & Stenroos
(1986), Sipman (1986), Esslinger (1989), Moberg
(1989), Aptroot (1991), Brako (1991), Sipman &
Topham (1992), Marcano & Morales (1994a, b and
c), Marcano et al. (1995, 1996) and Nash et al.
(1995). The frequent new records in recent publi-
cations depend to a large extent on the actvities of
Prof. Manuel López Figueiras.
The present checklist includes not only literature
references but also some unpublished identifica-
tions of herbarium collections. Most of these
collections were obtained by the authors during
1990-1996, and by R. Lücking during 1995-1996.
Also included are a number of misspellings and
unpublished names, which were encountered
during the preparation of the list, in particular in
López Figueiras (1986).
At present 745 lichen taxa are known from the
Venezuelan Andes. They are listed below, with
indications of habitat and altitudinal range in the
investigated area, distribution, pertinent collec-
tion numbers (for newly recorded taxa), and
incidental notes. The systematic arrangement
largely follows Eriksson & Hawksworth (1993),
with occasional changes according to the authors
opinions. Taxa new to the Venezuelan Andes are
marked by an asterisk, and those new to Venezuela
by two asterisks. The most complete set of
collections is kept in the herbarium of the Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of the Andes (MERF) and
in the herbarium of the Lichenological Research
Center of the Foundation for the Development of
Science and Technology (herb. lich. CEILT).
Herbarium abbreviations follow the Index
Herbariorum (Holmgren et al. 1991).
SOME INFORMATION ON THE STUDY AREA
The Venezuelan Andes or Cordillera de Mérida,
as understood here, comprise the states Lara (LA),
Mérida (ME), Táchira (TA) and Trujillo (TR)
(excepting the Sierra de Perijá). They cover 36.120
km2, and are the best known area in Venezuela from
a lichenological point of view. Brief comments on
the lichen flora in the four main vegetation types
(desertic forest, pre-montane forest, montane forest
and paramo) are following. Many lichens occur in
more than one vegetation type. For details of the
floristic composition of these vegetation types
see Huber & Alarcón (1988) and Veillon (1989),
and about their lichen flora see Marcano (1994).
1. Desertic forest
Desertic forest, dry deciduous forest, or semi-
desert occur at a wide range of altitudines, bet-
ween 200-1000 m, but are confined to intermoun-
tain valleys with an arid climate. The vegetation is
xerophytic, deciduous and dominated by species
like Ritterocereus griseus, Opuntia wentiana, O.
caribaea and Prosopis sp. The observed lichen
flora comprises 37 species, mainly from the families
Collemataceae, Parmeliaceae, Physciaceae and
Teloschistaceae.
2. Pre-montane forest
Pre-montane forest gradually replaces the deser-
tic forest at an altitude of c. 700-900 m. It reaches
195
up to about 1200 m where it merges into montane
forest. The annual rainfall seems to be very variable,
300-3000 mm. The vegetation is partly semi-
deciduous, partly evergreen, and dominated by
Vochysia lehmannii, Inga spuria, Ficus sp., Clusia
minor, and other species of the families Lauraceae,
Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Bignoniaceae,
Euphorbiaceae and Araliaceae. It is not rich in
lichens, and some 87 species are known, from the
families Arthoniaceae, Collemataceae, Lecanora-
ceae, Lobariaceae, Parmeliaceae, Peltigeraceae and
Teloschistaceae.
3. Montane forest
Montane forest (including lower- and upper
montane forest) occurs between c. 1500 and 3000
m. The annual rainfall seems to be 800-2200 mm.
The characteristic vegetation is an evergreen,
microphyllous forest, the trees loaded with mos-
ses, filmy ferns, orchids and bromeliads. The
vegetation is dominated by species like
Decussocarpus rospigliosii, Prumnopytis
montana, Podocarpus oleifolius, Oreopanax
moritzii, Weinmannia jahnii, W. microphylla,
Tetrorchidium rubrivenium, Ruagea glabra and
Cyathea spp. It is exceptionally rich in lichens.
However, most of the vegetation is now replaced
by cultivated fields, which may still show a luxuriant
lichen growth. So far 523 species are known,
especially species of Dibaeis, Cladonia,
Hypotrachyna, Leptogium, Oropogon, Peltigera,
Ramalina, Stereocaulon, Sticta, Usnea and many
microlichens.
4. Paramo
Paramo grassland dominates between 3000 and
5000 m. In the transition zone with the montane
forest rather large stands of small Polylepis seri-
cea trees may occur with an abundant corticolous
lichen flora containing species of Everniastrum,
Hypotrachyna, Oropogon, Pseudocyphellaria
and Sticta. The terricolous lichen flora includes
species of Cladonia, Diploschistes, Leprocaulon,
Peltigera, Siphula, Stereocaulon, Thamnolia and
Xanthoparmelia, whereas on rock species of
Melanelia, Neofuscelia, Umbilicaria, Usnea,
Xanthoparmelia and Xanthoria are found.
Currently most paramos are bordered by cultivated
or deforested land. The lichen flora is very rich and
contains 418 species.
THE LICHEN-FORMING FUNGI FROM THE
VENEZUELAN ANDES
**Actinoplaca vulgaris (Müll. Arg.) Vezda &
Poelt
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
119, 95-120, 95-140 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb.
Lücking), ME.
Alectoria imshaugii Brodo & D. Hawksw. var.
venezuelensis V. Marcano & A. Morales
Corticolous, on small shrubs and pines, subpara-
mo, paramo, 3500-3800 m, ME (Hawksworth 1977;
Marcano & Morales 1994c).
Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) Massal. var. tropi-
ca V. Marcano & A. Morales
Terricolous, on wet soils, desertic paramos, 3100-
4500 m, ME, TR (Vareschi 1973, as Alectoria
ecuadorensis; López Figueiras 1986; Marcano
1994; Marcano & Morales 1994c).
Anthracothecium paraguayense Malme
Corticolous, montane forest, 1600 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Anzia americana Yoshim. & Sharp
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2200-
3000 m, ME (López Figueiras 1986).
Anzia dictyorhiza (Massee) Yoshim.
Corticolous, paramo, 3500-3600 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Anzia leucobates (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
Corticolous, paramo, 2800-3600 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Anzia masonii Yoshim.
Corticolous, paramo and montane forest, 2350-
3200 m, ME (López Figueiras 1986).
Anzia parasitica (Fée) A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, paramo and montane forest, 2400-
3500 m, ME, TA (López Figueiras 1986; Marcano
1994).
Arthonia cinnabarina (DC.) Wallr.
196
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 800-3200
m, ME, LA, TR (López Figueiras 1986, as Arthonia
tumidula; Marcano 1994).
Arthonia intexta Almq.
Saxicolous, paramo, 4250 m, ME (Hertel 1971;
Vareschi 1973).
Arthonia rubella (Fée) Nyl.
Corticolous, desertic forest, 500-600 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Arthopyrenia cinchonae (Ach.) Mull. Arg.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2450-
2700 m, ME, TA (López Figueiras 1986).
Arthrorhapis citrinella (Ach.) Poelt
Terricolous, paramo, 2850-4500 m, Marcano 7212
(herb. lich. CEILT, B) ME (Hertel 1971, Vareschi
1973).
Arthrorhapis alpina (Schaer.) R. Sant. in D.
Hawksw., P. James & Coppins
Terricolous, paramo, 3500 m, ME (López Figueiras
1986, misspelt as A. litina).
**Asterothyrium decipiens (Rehm) R. Sant.
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
124 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
Astrothelium eustomum (Mont.) Müll. Arg.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2000-2300 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Auriculora byssomorpha (Nyl.) Kalb
Corticolous, montane forest, 1400-1600 m, TR
(López Figueiras & Morales 1989b, as Lecidea
byssomorpha).
Bacidia millegrana (Tayl.) A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1100 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Baeomyces rufus (Huds.) Rebent.
Terricolous, saxicolous, paramo, 3500-4150 m, ME
(de Vries & Sipman 1984).
Brigantiaea leucoxantha (Spreng.) R. Sant. et
Hafelln.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1200-2600 m, ME, TA
(López Figueiras & Morales 1989b).
Buellia millegrana (Tayl.) A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, freestanding tree in pasture, monta-
ne forest zone, 2750 m, ME (Kalb 1990).
Bulbothrix apophysata (Hale & Kurok.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1400-2400 m, ME, TA
(Hale 1976a).
Bulbothrix fungicola (Lynge) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1300-1400 m, ME, TA
(Hale 1976a).
Bulbothrix goebelii (Zenker) Hale
Corticolous, pre-montane forest and montane
forest, 900-2400 m, ME, TA, LA (Hale 1976a).
Bulbothrix hypocraea (Vain.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1400-1500 m, LA
(Hale 1976a).
Bulbothrix imshaugii (Hale) Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, paramo, 2600-3200 m, ME
(Hale 1976a).
Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 700-1500 m, LA, TR
(Hale 1976a).
Bulbothrix lopezii Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1400 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986a).
Bulbothrix sensibilis (Stein. & A. Zahlbr.) Hale
Corticolous, pre-montane forest, 800-1100 m, TA
(Hale 1976a).
Bulbothrix suffixa (Stirt.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1400-2300 m, ME
(Hale 1976a).
Bulbothrix tabacina (Mont. & Bosch) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 700-1500 m, LA, TA,
TR (Hale 1976a).
Bulbothrix ventricosa (Hale & Kurok.) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest, paramo, 900-3000 m,
LA, ME (Hale 1976a).
197
Bunodophoron melanocarpum (Sw.) Wedin
Corticolous, sometimes terricolous, montane forest
and paramo, 2000-4750 m, ME, TA, TR (Dodge &
Vareschi 1956, as Sphaerophorus; López Figueiras
1986, as Sphaerophorus; Marcano 1994, as
Sphaerophorus).
Byssocaulon tenue (Hue) Vain.
Saxicolous, paramo, 4350 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Calicium chlorosporum F. Wilson in Bailey
Corticolous, montane forest, 2200-2250 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986, as C. auratum Tibell;
Marcano 1994).
Calicium hyperelloides Nyl.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2300-
3000 m, ME, TA (López Figueiras 1986; Marcano
1994).
Calicium salicinum Pers.
Lignicolous, on wood of fencepost between
meadow and road, montane forest, 1200-1400 m,
ME (López Figueiras 1986; Tibell 1996).
**Calopadia foliicola (Fée) Vezda
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
110, 95-136a, 95-140 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb.
Lücking), ME.
**Calopadia fusca (Müll. Arg.) Vezda
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
106 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
**Calopadia phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) Vezda
Foliicolous, on Coffea leaves in shady coffee
plantation (former mossy forest area), montane
forest, 1200-1700 m, R. Lücking 95-109, 95-136b
(herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking); H. Sipman & A.
Morales 38077 (B, herb. lich. CEILT), ME.
Caloplaca brebissonnii (Fée) J. Sant. ex Hafelln.
et Poelt
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo-shrub,
2900 m, ME (López Figueiras & Morales 1989b;
Kalb 1990).
Caloplaca calicioides P. M. Jörg.
Corticolous, paramo, 3500 m, ME (Jörgensen 1986).
Caloplaca erythroleuca (Nyl.) A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1700 m, ME (Hafell-
ner & Poelt 1979).
Caloplaca hensseniana Kalb
Corticolous, dry steppe-vegetation (15 km E of
Barquisimeto), 550 m, LA (Kalb 1990).
Caloplaca herbidella (Hue) Magnusson
Corticolous, montane forest, 800-2400 m, LA
(Kärnefelt 1990).
Caloplaca saxicola (Hoffm.) Nordin.
Saxicolous, desertic forest, xeric, 500-600 m, LA
(López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Candelaria concolor (Discks.) B. Stein
Saxicolous, corticolous, pre-montane forest,
montane forest and paramo, 200-2600 m, ME, LA,
TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Candelaria fruticans Poelt & Oberw.
Saxicolous, corticolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1100-2500 m, ME, TA, LA (López Figueiras
1986).
Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3900 m, ME (Hertel 1971;
Vareschi 1973).
Candelina mexicana (B. de Lesd.) Poelt
Saxicolous, pre-montane forest, montane forest
and paramo, 900-3000 m, ME, LA, TR (López
Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Candelina submexicana (B. de Lesd.) Poelt
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 1700-
3100 m, LA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Canomaculina muelleri (Vain.) Elix & Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1300-1900 m, LA,
ME, TA, TR (Hale 1976c, as Parmelina; López
Figueiras 1986, as Parmelina).
Canomaculina pilosa (Stizenb.) Elix & Hale
Corticolous, pre-montane forest and montane
forest, 1000-1500 m, LA, ME (Vareschi 1973, as
Parmelia; López Figueiras 1986, as Parmelina).
Canoparmelia caribaea (Hale) Elix & Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest, 2000 m, ME (Hale
198
1976b, as Pseudoparmelia).
Canoparmelia carneopruinata (A. Zahlbr.) Elix
& Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, pre-montane forest,
montane forest and paramo, 800-3200 m, LA, ME
(Hale 1976b, as Pseudoparmelia).
Canoparmelia caroliniana (Nyl.) Elix & Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, pre-montane forest and
montane forest, 1000-2900 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(Vareschi 1973, as Parmelia; Hale 1976b, as
Pseudoparmelia).
Canoparmelia cinerascens (Lynge) Elix & Hale
Corticolous, pre-montane forest and montane
forest, 200-300 m, LA (Hale 1976b, as Pseudopar-
melia).
Canoparmelia crozalsiana (B. de Lesd.) Elix &
Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, desertic forest and
montane forest, 700-2300 m, LA, ME, TR (Vareschi
1973, as Parmelia; Hale 1976b, as
Pseudoparmelia).
Canoparmelia scrobicularis (Kremp.) Elix & Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 2000-2400 m, ME
(Hale 1976b, as Pseudoparmelia; López Figueiras
1986, as Pseudoparmelia).
Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Elix & Hale
Saxicolous, also corticolous, desertic forest, pre-
montane forest, montane forest and paramo, 600-
3500, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1976b, as Pseudopar-
melia; López Figueiras 1986, as Pseudoparmelia).
Carbonea vorticosa (Flk.) Hertel
Saxicolous, paramo, 3900 m, ME (Hertel 1971, as
Lecidea; Vareschi 1973, as Lecidea).
Cetrariastrum andense Kärnf. in W. Culb. & C.
Culb.
Corticolous, paramo, 3500-4000 m, ME (Culberson
& Culberson 1981).
Chaenotheca chrysocephala (Turner ex Ach.)
Th. Fr.
Corticolous, paramo, 4000 m, ME (López Figueiras
1986, as Chaenotheca sp.; Tibell 1996).
Chiodecton antillarum Vain.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1200-1250 m, LA
(López Figueiras 1986).
Chiodecton hypochnoides Nyl.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2300-2600 m, ME,
TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Chiodecton sphaerale Ach.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2000-2700 m, ME,
TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
**Chrysothrix chlorina (Ach.) J. R. Laundon
Humicolous, paramo, 3500-4000 m, Marcano 95-56
(herb. lich. CEILT), ME.
Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl.
Terricolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1300-4000 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973,
as Cladonia; López Figueiras 1986).
Cladina arcuata (Ahti) Ahti & Follm.
Terricolous, corticolous, saxicolous, humicolous,
montane forest and paramo, 1800-3600 m, ME, TA,
TR (Vareschi 1973, as Cladonia; López Figueiras
1986).
Cladina boliviana (Ahti) Ahti
Terricolous, sometimes humicolous and muscico-
lous, montane forest and paramo, 1150-3750 m,
LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Cladina confusa (R. Sant.) Follm. ex Ahti fo.
confusa
Terricolous, corticolous, sometimes saxicolous
and humicolous, montane forest and paramo, 1450-
4045 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973, as
Cladonia; López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Cladina confusa (R. Sant.) Follm. & Ahti fo. bicolor
(Müll. Arg.) Ahti
Terricolous, montane forest and paramo, 2000-
3400 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Cladina halei Ahti
Terricolous, montane forest and paramo, 2000-
3600 m, ME, TA, TR (Ahti 1986a).
Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl. ssp. abbayesii (Ahti)
199
W. Culb.
Saxicolous, terricolous, corticolous, montane forest
and paramo, 1800-3600 m, ME, TA, TR (López
Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia andesita Vain.
Terricolous, corticolous, montane forest and
paramo, 2000-3750 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Cladonia bacillaris Nyl.
Saxicolous, corticolous, humicolous, montane
forest and paramo, 1400-3600 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(Ahti & Stenroos 1986).
Cladonia calycantha Del. ex Nyl. em. Ahti
Terricolous, montane forest and paramo, 2442-
3452 m, ME (Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia carassensis Vain.
Terricolous, montane forest and paramo, 1800-
3452 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973; López
Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia cartilaginea Müll. Arg.
Terricolous, corticolous, montane forest and
paramo, 1400-3450 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi
1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia ceratophylla (Sw.) Spreng.
Terricolous, corticolous, musicolous, montane
forest and paramo, 790-4500 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia chlorophaea (Flk. ex Sommerf.) Spreng.
Terricolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1800-3500 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd.
Terricolous, musicolous, montane forest and
paramo, 2200-4000 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi
1973; López Figueiras 1986; Ahti & Stenroos 1986).
Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. fo. ochrocarpia
(Flk. ex Sommerf.) Rebent.
Terricolous, paramo, 3750 m, ME (Ahti & Stenroos
1986; López Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia corallifera (Kunze) Nyl.
Terricolous, montane forest and paramo, 1900-
3500 m, ME, TA, TR (Ahti & Stenroos 1986; López
Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia corniculata Ahti & Kashiw.
Terricolous, saxicolous, corticolous, montane
forest and paramo, 2000-4100 m, ME, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986; Huovinen et al. 1990).
Cladonia corymbites Nyl.
Terricolous, paramo, 3500 m, ME (López Figueiras
1986).
Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot.
Terricolous, corticolous, saxicolous, montane
forest and paramo, 1700-3452 m, LA, ME, TR
(López Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia crispatula (Nyl.) Ahti
Terricolous, montane forest, 1900 m, TA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia cryptochlorophaea Asah.
Terricolous, saxicolous, humicolous, montane
forest and paramo, 1400-3400 m, LA, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia dactylota Tuck.
Terricolous, muscicolous, montane forest and
paramo, 1400-3400 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi
1973; López Figueiras 1986; Huovinen et al. 1990).
Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vain. var. didyma
Corticolous, humicolous, montane forest, 1800-
2400 m, ME (Ahti & Stenroos 1986).
Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vain. var. vulcanica (Zoll.
& Moritzi) Vain.
Corticolous, terricolous, saxicolous, humicolous,
muscicolous, montane forest and paramo, 1225-
4045 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973, as C.
vulcanica; López Figueiras 1986, as C. vulcanica;
Ahti & Stenroos 1986).
Cladonia dilleniana Flk.
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 3000 m, ME (López Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr.
Terricolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 2700 m, TA (Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras
200
1986).
Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schad.
Terricolous, humicolous, montane forest and
paramo, 1700-3630 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi
1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia granulosa (Vain.) Ahti
Terricolous, sometimes saxicolous, montane forest
and paramo, 1400-4000 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(Huovinen & Ahti 1988; Ahti 1986b).
Cladonia grayi Merr. ex Sandst.
Terricolous, montane forest and paramo, 2300-
3000 m, ME (López Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia isabellina Vain.
Terricolous, saxicolous, muscicolous, montane
forest and paramo, 2400-4200 m, ME (Vareschi
1973; López Figueiras 1986; Huovinen et al. 1990).
Cladonia leprocephala Ahti & Stenr.
Terricolous, corticolous, saxicolous, montane
forest and paramo, 2900-4250 m, ME, TA, TR (Ahti
& Stenroos 1986).
Cladonia lopezii Stenr.
Terricolous, saxicolous, or on rotten wood, para-
mo, 2300-3935 m, ME, TR, TA (Stenroos 1989).
Cladonia macilenta Ehrh. ex Hoffm.
Corticolous, terricolous, montane forest, 1400-
2750 m, LA, ME, TR (Ahti & Stenroos 1986).
Cladonia meridensis Ahti & Stenr.
Terricolous, saxicolous, sometimes corticolous,
montane forest and paramo, 1300-4000 m, ME, TA,
TR (Vareschi 1973, as C. hypoxanthoides; López
Figueiras 1986, as C. hypoxanthoides; Ahti &
Stenroos 1986).
Cladonia merochlorophaea Asah.
Corticolous, terricolous, saxicolous, montane
forest and paramo, 2000-3400 m, ME, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia mexicana Vain.
Terricolous, corticolous, saxicolous, montane
forest and paramo, 2000-3600 m, ME, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986; Huovinen, Ahti & Sten-
roos 1990).
Cladonia microscypha Ahti & Stenr.
Humicolous, terricolous, saxicolous, sometimes
corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2300-
3600 m, ME, TA, TR (Ahti & Stenroos 1986).
Cladonia miniata Meyer var. miniata
Humicolous, saxicolous, montane forest and
paramo, 1800-3750 m, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973;
Ahti & Stenroos 1986; Stenroos 1989).
Cladonia mutabilis Vain.
Saxicolous, terricolous, montane forest, 1750-2400
m, ME (López Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia nana Vain.
Muscicolous, montane forest, 1600-2000 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia ochrochlora Flk.
Corticolous, terricolous, montane forest and
paramo, 1800-3500 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López
Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia pityrophylla Nyl.
Terricolous, montane forest, 1500-1600 m, LA
(López Figueiras 1986, misspelt as C. pitriophyl-
la).
Cladonia pleurota (Flk.) Schaer.
Terricolous, paramo, 3000-4000 m, ME, TA, TR
(López Figueiras
1986).
Cladonia pocillum (Ach.) O. Rich.
Corticolous, terricolous, saxicolous, montane
forest, 2300-3400 m, ME, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.
Terricolous, montane forest and paramo, 1600-
3400 m, ME, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia ramulosa (With.) J. R. Laundon
Terricolous, corticolous, montane forest, 1800-
2750 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986, as
Cladonia anomaea).
Cladonia rappii Evans var. exilior (des Abb.)
201
Ahti
Terricolous, corticolous, montane forest and
paramo, 1300-4000 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López
Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia rugulosa Ahti
Terricolous, saxicolous, montane forest, 1750-2400
m, ME (Ahti 1986b).
Cladonia scholanderi des Abb.
Terricolous, corticolous, saxicolous, montane
forest and paramo, 1800-3000 m, ME, TA (López
Figueiras 1986; Huovinen & Ahti 1988).
Cladonia squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm. var. subsqua-
mosa (Nyl. ex Leight.) Vain.
Corticolous, terricolous, saxicolous, montane
forest and paramo, 1400-3750 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia steyermarkii Ahti
Saxicolous, terricolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2400-3100 m, ME, TA (Ahti 1986).
Cladonia subradiata (Vain.) Sandst.
Terricolous, corticolous, montane forest and
paramo, 1400-3400 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López
Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia subsquamosa Kremp.
Terricolous, corticolous, montane forest and
paramo, 1000-4500 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López
Figueiras 1986).
Cladonia verruculosa (Vain.) Ahti
Humicolous, terricolous, muscicolous, cortico-
lous, montane forest and paramo, 2000-4500 m,
LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Cladopycnidium sinense Magnusson
Saxicolous, paramo, 3900-4150 m, ME (Vareschi
1973, as Lecidea tessellata).
Coccocarpia culatensis V. Marcano & A. Mora-
les
Lichenicolous, corticolous, montane forest-para-
mo transition zone, 2900-3000 m, ME (Marcano et
al. 1995.)
Coccocarpia domingensis Vain.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2500-2650 m, ME
(Arvidsson 1982; Marcano et al. 1995).
Coccocarpia erythrocardia (Müll. Arg.) L. Ar-
vidss.
Corticolous, pre-montane forest and montane
forest, 150-2400 m, ME, BA (Arvidsson 1982;
Marcano et al. 1995).
Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Swinsc. & Krog
Corticolous, muscicolous, montane forest and
paramo, 800-3100 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi
1973, as Coccocarpia parmelioides; Marcano et
al. 1995).
Coccocarpia palmicola (Spreng.) L. Arvidss. &
D. Gall.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1800-
3000 m, ME, TA, BA (López Figueiras 1986;
Marcano 1994; Marcano et al. 1995).
Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Müll. Arg. emend. R.
Sant.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1600-2500 m, ME,
TA, BA (Marcano et al. 1995).
Coenogonium linkii Ehrenb.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1100-2600 m, LA,
ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986;
Marcano 1994).
Collema glaucophthalmum Nyl. var. glaucoph-
thalmum
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2600-
4000 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986;
Marcano 1994).
Collema pulcellum Ach. var. subnigrescens (Müll.
Arg.) Degel.
Corticolous, pre-montane forest, 200 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Coniocybe sanguinea Tibell
Corticolous, humicolous, high montane forest,
2300 m, ME (Tibell 1982).
Crocynia gossipina (Sw.) Massal.
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest, 1800-
2400 m, ME (Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986).
202
Cryptothecia rubrocincta (Ehrenb.) Thor
Corticolous, montane forest, 1000-2600 m, ME,
TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986, as Chiodecton
sanguineum).
**Cystocoleus ebeneus (Dillwyn) Thwaites
Saxicolous, paramo, 3000-4500 m, Marcano 95-71
(herb. lich. CEILT), ME.
Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) Mann
Saxicolous, montane forest, 1800 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Dibaeis absoluta (Tuck.) Kalb & Gierl
Terricolous, humicolous, often on dead mosses,
paramo, 1300-3600 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (de Vries &
Sipman 1984, as Baeomyces; Gierl & Kalb 1993).
Dibaeis columbina (Vain.) Kalb & Gierl
Terricolous, roadside bank, 2300-2800 m, ME, TA
(Gierl & Kalb 1993).
Dibaeis fungoides (Sw.) Kalb & Gierl
Terricolous, humicolous, among mosses and on
dead vegetation, montane forest and paramo, 1000-
3400 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (de Vries & Sipman 1984,
as Baeomyces; Kalb 1991, as Baeomyces; Gierl &
Kalb 1993; Marcano 1994, as Baeomyces).
Dibaeis globulifera Kalb & Gierl
Terricolous, paramo, Boconó (Paramo de
Guaramacal), TR (Gierl & Kalb 1993).
Dictyonema glabratum (Spreng.) D. Hawksw.
Corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous, montane forest
and paramo, 1000-4200 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(Vareschi 1973, as Cora pavonia; López Figueiras
1986, as Cora montana; Marcano 1994, as Cora
montana).
Dictyonema sericeum (Sw.) Berk.
Saxicolous, corticolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1300-3300 m, LA, ME, TA (Vareschi 1973;
López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Dictyonema zahlbruckneri (Schiffn.) V. Marcano
COMB. NOV.
Basionym: Corella zahlbruckneri Schiffner in
Zahlbruckner, Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
Math.-nat. Kl. 83: 200 (1927).
Saxicolous, corticolous, montane forest, 1300-2500
m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986, as
Corella). Parmasto (1978) listed Corella
zahlbruckneri as a synonymy of D. glabratum,
but D. zahlbruckneri is a valid species well sepa-
rated from D. glabratum and widely distributed in
the Neotropical region. It is characterized by its
small and dense lobes, of a greenish color when
wet, whereas D. glabratum has wider lobes, of a
whitish to bluish color when wet.
Dimerella chiodectonoides Kalb
Corticolous, montane forest, 2750 m, ME, TA (Kalb
1991).
*Dimerella epiphylla (Müll. Arg.) Malme
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
113 (herb. gr. lich. CEIL), ME.
Diploschistes cinereocaesius (Sw. ex Ach.) Vain.
Terricolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2200-4450 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973;
López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Diploschistes gypsaceus (Ach.) A. Zahlbr.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3450-3500 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986; Lumbsch 1989).
Diploschistes hypoleucus A. Zahlbr.
Terricolous, paramo, 3000-4500 m, ME (Lumbsch
1989).
**Diploschistes vs. scruposus (Schreb.) Norm.
Saxicolous, paramo, 4000-4700 m, Marcano 7130
(B, herb. lich. CEILT), ME.
Dirinaria applanata (Fée) Awas.
Corticolous, saxicolous, desertic forest, montane
forest, pre-montane forest and paramo, 200-3452
m, LA, ME, TR (López Figueiras 1986; López
Figueiras & Morales 1989a).
Dirinaria confluens (Fée) Awas. var. confluens
Corticolous, saxicolous, desertic forest, pre-
montane forest, 850-1900 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986).
Dirinaria confluens (Fée) Awas. var. coccinea
(Lynge) Awas.
Corticolous, montane forest, 900-2600 m, TA (López
Figueiras 1986).
203
Dirinaria confusa Awas. var. saxicola (Räs.)
Awas.
Saxicolous, montane forest, 1300-1450 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986; López Figueiras & Morales
1989a).
Dirinaria consimilis (Stirt.) Awas.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2400 m, ME, TR
(López Figueiras 1986; López Figueiras & Morales
1989a).
Dirinaria leopoldii (Stein) Awas.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1100 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Dirinaria picta (Sw.) Clem. & Shear
Saxicolous, montane forest, 2400 m, ME, TA (López
Figueiras 1986).
**Echinoplaca leucotrichoides (Vain.) R. Sant.
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
118 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
Erioderma chilense Mont.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2500-
3600 m, ME (López Figueiras 1986).
Erioderma sorediatum D. Gallow. & P. M. Jörg.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2450-
3200 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986;
Marcano 1994).
Erioderma verruculosum Vain.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2900 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Erioderma wrightii Tuck.
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 3000-3500 m, ME (López Figueiras 1986).
Everniastrum catawbiense (Degel.) Hale ex Sip-
man
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 2800-3500 m, ME (Culberson & Culberson
1981, as Cetrariastrum; López Figueiras 1986, as
Cetrariastrum; Sipman 1986).
Everniastrum cirrhatum (E. Fr.) Hale ex Sipman
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1400-4000 m, ME, LA, TR (Culberson &
Culberson 1981, as Cetrariastrum; López Figue-
iras 1986, as Cetrariastrum; Sipman 1986).
Everniastrum columbiense (A. Zahlbr.) Hale ex
Sipman
Corticolous, paramo, 3000-3600 m, ME, TA, TR
(Vareschi 1973; Culberson & Culberson 1981, as
Cetrariastrum; López Figueiras 1986, as Cetra-
riastrum; Sipman 1986).
Everniastrum lipidiferum (Hale & Wirth) Hale ex
Sipman
Saxicolous, foliicolous, paramo, 2900-3600 m, ME,
TR (Culberson & Culberson 1981, as Cetraria-
strum; Sipman 1986).
Everniastrum nigrociliatum (Bouly de Lesd.) Hale
ex Sipman
Saxicolous, paramo, 3500 m, ME (Culberson &
Culberson 1981, as Cetrariastrum; López Figue-
iras 1986, as Cetrariastrum; Sipman 1986).
Everniastrum sorocheilum (Vain.) Hale ex Sipman
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 2400-3500 m, ME, TA, TR (Culberson &
Culberson 1981, as Cetrariastrum; López Figue-
iras 1986, as Cetrariastrum; Sipman 1986).
Everniastrum vexans (A. Zahlbr. ex. W. Culb. &
Ch. Culb) Hale ex Sipman
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1400-3600 m, ME, TA, TR (Culberson &
Culberson 1981, as Cetrariastrum; López Figue-
iras 1986, as Cetrariastrum; Sipman 1986; Marca-
no 1994, as Cetrariastrum).
**Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vezda
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
105, 95-140 (herb. lich.CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
**Fellhanera dominicana (Vain.) Vezda
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
108 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
**Fellhanera fuscatula (Müll. Arg.) Vezda
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
107 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
**Fellhanera sublecanorina (Nyl.) Vezda
204
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
102 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous, montane
forest, 1800-3000 m, LA, ME, TR (Hale 1976b, as
Pseudoparmelia).
Flavoparmelia gerlachei (A. Zahlbr.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1800-3750 m, LA, ME, TR (Hale 1976; López
Figueiras 1986).
Flavoparmelia leucoxantha (Müll. Arg.) Hale
Saxicolous, desertic forest, pre-montane forest
and montane forest, 700-2000 m, LA, TA, TR (Hale
1976b, as Pseudoparmelia; López Figueiras 1986,
as Pseudoparmelia).
Flavoparmelia rutidota (Hooker & Tayl.) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest-paramo transition zone,
2200-3100 m, LA, ME (Hale 1976b, as
Pseudoparmelia).
Flavoparmelia soredians (Nyl.) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 2600-
3800 m, ME (Hale 1976b, as Pseudoparmelia).
Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirt.) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 2000-
3300 m, ME, TR (Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras
1986).
Graphina confluens Müll. Arg.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1100 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
**Gyalectidium filicinum Müll. Arg.
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
122 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
Gyalideopsis monospora Kalb & Vezda
On moss and dead plant debris, clearing in paramo
vegetation, 3500 m, ME (Kalb 1990).
Gyalideopsis peruviana Vezda
On moss and dead plant debris, clearing in paramo
vegetation, 3500 m, ME (Kalb 1990).
Gyrostomum scyphuliferum (Ach.) Nyl.
Corticolous, desertic forest, 800 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Haematomma africanum (Steiner) Dodge
Corticolous, pasturefield, montane forest, 1200-
2000 m, ME (Staiger & Kalb 1995); H. Sipman & A.
Morales 38052 (B, herb. lich. CEILT), ME.
Haematomma puniceum (Sw. ex Ach.) Massal.
Corticolous, desertic forest, pre-montane forest
and montane forest, 200-1900 m, LA, ME (Vareschi
1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Haematomma rufidulum (Fée) Massal.
Corticolous, montane forest, LA (Staiger & Kalb
1995).
Hafellia callispora (Knight) Mayrh. & Sheard
Corticolous, paramo, 3300 m, ME (López Figueiras
1986, as Buellia).
Helminthocarpon leprevostii Fée
Corticolous, pre-montane forest, 800 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Heterocyphelium leucampyx (Tuck.) Vain.
Corticolous, pre-montane forest, 1100 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia albicans (Pers.) Swinsc. & Krog
Saxicolous, corticolous, montane forest, 1000-2600
m, LA, ME (López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia antillarum (Vain.) Swinsc. & Krog
Saxicolous, corticolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1400-3400 m, ME (López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia boryi (Fée) Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 900-3500 m, LA, ME, TA (López Figueiras
1986).
Heterodermia casarettiana (Massal.) Trev.
Saxicolous, corticolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1300-3400 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973;
López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia comosa (Eschw.) Follm. & Redon
Corticolous, desertic forest, pre-montane forest
and montane forest, 600-2400 m, LA (Vareschi
205
1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia corallophora (Tayl.) Skorepa
Corticolous, saxicolous, desertic forest, montane
forest and paramo, 600-3300 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia dendritica (Pers.) Poelt
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1800-
2350 m, ME (López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia diademata (Tayl.) Awas.
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest, 1400-
2300 m, LA, ME, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia flabellata (Fée) Awas.
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest, pre-
montane forest and paramo, 1100-3100 m, LA, ME,
TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia galactophylla (Tuck) W. Culb. Cfr.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2300 m, TR (López
Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia isidiophora (Vain.) Awas.
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1200-3500 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973;
López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia japonica (Sato) Swinsc. & Krog
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 700-3600 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Heterodermia lamelligera (Tayl.) Follm. & Redon
Corticolous, montane forest, 2300 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia lepidota Swinsc. & Krog
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest, 1400-
2000 m, LA, ME, TA (López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia leucomela (L.) Poelt
Corticolous, montane forest, 1100-2300 m, LA, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia lutescens (Kurok.) Follm. & Redon
Corticolous, foliicolous, montane forest and
paramo, 1225-3200 m, LA, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973;
López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia magellanica (A. Zahlbr.) Swinsc.
& Krog
Corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous, montane forest
and paramo, 1300-3750 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López
Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia microphylla (Kurok.) Swinsc. &
Krog
Corticolous, saxicolous, folicolous, montane forest,
1000-2500 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trev.
Corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous, montane
forest, pre-montane forest and paramo, 700-3500
m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia podocarpa (Bél.) Awas.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1300-
3500 m, ME (López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia pseudospeciosa (Kurok.) W. Culb.
Corticolous, montane forest, 800-2400 m, ME, TA
(López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia speciosa (Wulf.) Trev.
Corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous, pre-montane
forest, montane forest and paramo, 300-3452 m,
LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia squamulosa (Degel.) W. Culb.
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1300-3100 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973;
López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia tremulans (Müll. Arg.) W. Culb.
Saxicolous, montane forest, 1800-2100 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia tropica (Kurok.) Sipman, COMB.
NOV.
Basionym: Anaptychia tropica Kurokawa, Beih.
Nova Hedwigia 6: 36 (1962).
Saxicolous, montane forest, 2000 m, ME (Vareschi
1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Heterodermia verrucifera (Kurok.) W. A. Web.
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1100-3450 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986, as H. leucomela fo. verrucifera).
206
Heterodermia vulgaris (Vain.) Follm. & Redón
Corticolous, foliicolous, montane forest and
paramo, 1225-3000 m, ME, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Hypogymnia bitteri (Lynge) Ahti
Corticolous, saxicolous, paramo, 3100-4500 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Hypotrachyna andensis Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1600-4000 m, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975; López
Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna bogotensis (Vain.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, muscicolous, terricolous,
montane forest and paramo, 2000-4500 m, ME, TA,
TR (Hale 1975; López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna brevirhiza (Kurok.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1700-4045 m, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975; López
Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna caraccensis (Tayl.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous, montane forest
and paramo, 2350-4500 m, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi
1973, as Parmelia; Hale 1975; López Figueiras
1986).
Hypotrachyna cendensis Hale & López Figueiras
Saxicolous, paramo, 2800-3400 m, ME (Hale &
López-Figueiras 1978; López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna chicitae (Hale) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 2600-
3750 m, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975; López Figueiras
1986).
Hypotrachyna chlorina (Müll. Arg.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous, montane forest
and paramo, 1400-3200 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale
1975; López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna costaricensis (Nyl.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous, muscicolous,
montane forest and paramo, 1400-3500 m, LA, ME,
TA, TR (Hale 1975; López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna croceopustulata (Kurok.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1750-3750 m, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975; López
Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna dactylifera (Vain.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1400-3100 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973,
as Parmelia; Hale 1975; López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna degelii (Hale) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1400-3500 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975;
López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna densirhizinata (Kurok.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, muscicolous, montane
forest and paramo, 2400-3600 m, ME, TA, TR
(Vareschi 1973, as Parmelia; Hale 1975; López
Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna dentella (Hale & Kurok.) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 1600-
4500 m, LA, ME, TA (Hale 1975; López Figueiras
1986).
Hypotrachyna ducalis (Jatta) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2400-3200 m, ME (Hale 1975; López Figueiras
1986).
Hypotrachyna enderythraea (A. Zahlbr.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2000-4000 m, ME, TA, TR (Hale, 1975; López
Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna endochlora (Leight.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2160-3400 m, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975; López
Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna ensifolia (Kurok.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2000-4500 m, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973, as
Parmelia; Hale 1975; López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna erythrodes (A. Zahlbr.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1400-3500 m, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975; López
Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna exsplendens (Hale) Hale
207
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1200-4750 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975;
López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna flavida (A. Zahlbr.) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 900-3800
m, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973, as Parmelia; Hale
1975; López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna flavovirens (Kurok.) Hale
Corticolous, paramo-montane forest transition
zone, 2800-3300 m, ME (Hale 1975; López Figueiras
1986).
Hypotrachyna gigas (Kurok.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous, montane forest
and paramo, 2400-4500 m, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi
1973, as Parmelia; Hale 1975; López Figueiras
1986).
Hypotrachyna gondylophora (Hale) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2000-3600 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973,
as Parmelia; Hale 1975; López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna imbricatula (A. Zahlbr.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, muscicolous, montane
forest, pre-montane forest and paramo, 900-3600
m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975; López Figueiras
1986).
Hypotrachyna immaculata (Kurok.) Hale
Saxicolous, rarely corticolous, montane forest and
paramo 2000-3000 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975;
López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna isidiocera (Nyl.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1400-3000 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975;
López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna laevigata (Smith) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2000-3600 m, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975; López
Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna lineariloba (Kurok.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2100-
3500 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975; López Figueiras
1986).
Hypotrachyna livida (Tayl.) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 1800-
3500 m, ME, TA (Hale 1975; López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna lopezii Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo 2700-4045 m, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975; López
Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna meridensis Hale & López F.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1600-
3100 m, ME (Hale & López-Figueiras 1978).
Hypotrachyna microblasta (Vain.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous, montane
forest, pre-montane forest and paramo, 800-3500
m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975; López Figueiras
1986).
Hypotrachyna minima (Lynge) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest-paramo transition zone,
2400-3000 m, TA, TR (Hale 1975; López Figueiras
1986).
Hypotrachyna monilifera (Kurok.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2000-3600 m, ME, TA (Hale 1975; López
Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna neodissecta (Hale) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1300-
3452 m, LA, ME (Hale 1975; López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna neoflavida Hale & López F.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3000 m, TA (Hale & López-
Figueiras 1978; López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna novella (Vain.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 2000 m, ME (Hale
1975; López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna obscurella (Vain.) Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1450-3500 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975;
López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna oostingii (Dey) Hale
Corticolous, paramo, 3300-3500 m, ME (Hale 1975;
López Figueiras 1986).
208
Hypotrachyna osseoalba (Vain.) Park & Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1225-3300 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975, as H.
formosana; López Figueiras 1986, as H.
formosana).
Hypotrachyna osteoleuca (Nyl.) Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1500-3600 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975;
López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna paramensis W. Culb. & C. Culb.
Saxicolous, corticolous, terricolous, montane forest
and paramo, 2100-3750 m, ME, TA, TR (Hale &
López Figueiras 1978, as Everniastrum; Culberson
& Culberson 1981; López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna partita Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1900-3500 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975;
López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna peruviana (Nyl.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest, 1225-
2400 m, LA, ME, TR (Hale 1975; López Figueiras
1986).
Hypotrachyna physcioides (Nyl.) Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1225-4000 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975;
López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna physodalica (Hale) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest-paramo
transition zone, 2950-4200 m, ME, TA (Hale 1975;
López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna primitiva Hale & López F.
Corticolous, saxicolous, muscicolous, montane
forest-paramo transition zone, 2900-4750 m, ME,
TA, TR (Hale & López-Figueiras 1978; López
Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna producta Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2150-3500 m, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975; López
Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna prolongata (Kurok.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2000-3600 m, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973, as
Parmelia; Hale 1975, also as H. rachista; López
Figueiras 1986, also as H. rachista).
Hypotrachyna protenta Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, pre-montane forest,
montane forest and paramo, 800-4000 m, LA, ME,
TA, TR (Hale 1975; López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna pseudosinuosa (Asah.) Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1400-3750 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975;
López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna pulvinata (Fée) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous, montane forest
and paramo, 2000-4200 m, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975;
López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna reducens (Nyl.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2442-4000 m, ME, TA TR (Vareschi 1973, as
Parmelia; Hale 1975; López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna revoluta (Flk.) Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2000-3200 m, LA, ME (Hale 1975; López
Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna rhabdiformis (Kurok.) Hale
Corticolous, terricolous, montane forest-paramo
transition zone, 2900-3100 m, TR (Hale 1975; López
Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna rockii (A. Zahlbr.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1250-4750 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975;
López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna sinuosa (Smith) Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, terricolous, montane forest
and paramo, 1750-4045 m, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1975;
López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna subformosana Hale INED.
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest, 1500-
2400 m, LA, ME (López-Figueiras 1986)
Hypotrachyna subsaxatilis (B. de Lesd.) Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, paramo, 3000-4045 m, ME,
209
TR (Hale 1975; López Figueiras 1986).
Hypotrachyna velloziae (Vain.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1500-1600 m, LA
(Hale 1975; López Figueiras 1986).
Icmadophila aversa (Nyl.) Rambold & Hertel
Corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous, montane forest
and paramo, 2400-3100 m, ME, TA, TR (López-
Figueiras 1986, as Glossodium; Rambold et al.
1993; Marcano 1994, as Glossodium).
Imshaugia aleurites (Ach.) S. L. F. Meyer
Saxicolous, paramo, 3500-3600 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986, as Parmeliopsis).
Lecanographa illecebrosula (Müll. Arg.) Egea &
Torrente
Corticolous, montane forest, 2600 m, ME (Egea &
Torrente 1994).
Lecanora caesiorubella Ach. subsp. glaucomo-
des (Nyl.) Imsh. & Brodo
Corticolous, montane forest, 1100 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. s. lat.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1100 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Lecanora concilians Nyl.
Corticolous, pre-montane forest, 800 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Lecanora glaucoides Nyl.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1100 m, LA (Vareschi
1973).
Lecidea acerviformis Murray
Saxicolous, paramo, 3500-4750 m, ME (Vareschi
1973, as Lecanora polytropa).
Lecidea biatorina
Saxicolous, paramo, 3500 m, ME (López Figueiras
1986).
Lecidea hypomela Nyl.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1100 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Lecidea lapicida (Ach.) Ach.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3900-4150 m, ME (Vareschi
1973).
**Lecidea limosa Ach.
Corticolous, paramo, 4000-4700 m, Marcano 7160
(B, herb. lich. CEILT), ME.
Lecidella carpathica Körb.
Saxicolous, paramo, 4150 m, ME (Hertel 1971, as
Lecidea durietzii; Vareschi 1973, as Lecidea
durietzii).
Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M. Choisy
Corticolous, paramo, 3500-4720 m, ME (Hertel 1971;
Vareschi 1973).
Lecidella stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel & Leuckert
Saxicolous, paramo, 4250 m, ME (Hertel 1971;
Vareschi 1973).
Lecidella viridans (Flot.) Körb.
Saxicolous, montane forest, 1600 m, ME (Hertel
1971; Vareschi 1973).
**Lepraria neglecta Auct.
Humicolous, saxicolous, paramo, 3500-4000 m,
Marcano 95-03 (herb. lich. CEILT), ME.
Leprocaulon arbuscula (Nyl.) Nyl.
Terricolous, montane forest, 2300-2400 m, TA
(Lamb & Ward 1977; López Figueiras 1986;
Marcano 1994; Marcano et al. 1996).
Leprocaulon congestum (Nyl.) Lamb & Ward
Saxicolous, terricolous, corticolous, montane forest
and paramo, 2700-4500 m, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi
1973, as Stereocaulon congestum and S. albicans;
Lamb & Ward 1977; López Figueiras 1986; Kalb
1991; Marcano et al. 1996).
Leprocaulon microscopicum (Vill.) Gams
Terricolous, humicolous, paramo 3500-3600 m, ME
(Marcano et al. 1996).
Leptogium aciculare P. M. Jörg.
Corticolous, paramo, 3500 m, ME (López Figueiras
1986).
Leptogium andinum P. M. Jörg.
210
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2250-4045 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Leptogium austroamericanum (Malme) Dodge
Corticolous, saxicolous, pre-montane forest and
montane forest, 1000-2300 m, LA, ME, TR (Vareschi
1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Leptogium azureum (Sw.) Mont.
Corticolous, terricolous, saxicolous, montane
forest and paramo, 1400-3500 m, ME, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986).
Leptogium burgessii (L.) Mont.
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2250-3500 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986; Marcano 1994).
Leptogium burnetiae Dodge
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2200-4045 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Leptogium chloromelum (Sw.) Nyl.
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2000-3500 m, ME, TR (Vareschi 1973; López
Figueiras 1986).
Leptogium coralloideum (Mey. & Flot.) Vain.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1600-2000 m, ME
(Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Leptogium corniculatum (Hoffm.) Minks
Terricolous, paramo, 3500 m, ME (López Figueiras
1986, as L. palmatum).
Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) Körb.
Corticolous, terricolous, desertic forest, montane
forest and paramo, 500-3200 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986).
Leptogium denticulatum Nyl.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1400-
3500 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Leptogium diaphanum (Sw.) Mont.
Corticolous, terricolous, saxicolous, montane
forest and paramo, 1400-3450 m, ME, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986, also as Leptogium punctu-
latum).
Leptogium digitatum (Massal.) A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2250-
3750 m, ME, TE (López Figueiras 1986; Marcano
1994).
Leptogium floridanum Sierk
Corticolous, paramo, 3750 m, ME (López Figueiras
1986).
Leptogium furfuraceum (Harm.) Sierk
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo transition
zone, 2700-3300 m, ME (López Figueiras 1986).
Leptogium hibernicum Mitch. ex P. M. Jörg.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2400-
3200 m, ME, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Leptogium aff. moluccanum (Pers.) Vain.
Corticolous, paramo, 3500 m, ME (López Figueiras
1986, misspelt as L. involuccanum).
Leptogium isidiosellum (Riddle) Sierk
Corticolous, saxicolous, desertic forest, montane
forest and paramo, 500-3300 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986).
Leptogium laceroides B. de Lesd.
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2300-3500 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Leptogium mandonii P. M. Jörg.
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2400-4400 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Leptogium marginellum (Sw.) S. F. Gray.
Corticolous, pre-montane forest, 1000-1600 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Leptogium menziesii (Ach.) Mont.
Corticolous, terricolous, montane forest and
paramo, 2250-4045 m, ME, TA (López Figueiras
1986).
Leptogium microstictum Vain.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1225-2450 m, ME, TR
(López Figueiras 1986).
Leptogium milligranum Sierk
211
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo 1300-
3000 m, LA, ME, TA (López Figueiras 1986).
Leptogium olivaceum (Hook.) A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1400-
3500 m, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973, as L.
foveolatum; López Figueiras 1986, as L. foveola-
tum).
Leptogium papillosum (B. de Lesd.) Dodge
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2000-
3300 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Leptogium phyllocarpum (Pers.) Mont.
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 900-3750 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Leptogium resupinans Nyl.
Corticolous, paramo, 3000-3500 m, ME, TA (López
Figueiras 1986; Kalb 1991).
Leptogium reticulatum Mont.
Corticolous, sometimes saxicolous, montane forest
and paramo 1400-3100 m, ME, TA, TR (López
Figueiras 1986).
Leptogium stipitatum Vain.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1400-
3300 m, LA, ME, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Leptogium vesiculosum (Sw.) Malme
Corticolous, pre-montane forest and montane
forest, 1000-1600 m, LA, ME, TA (Vareschi 1973;
López Figueiras 1986).
Lobaria corrosa (Ach.) Vain.
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 2550-2950 m, ME (Vareschi 1973; López
Figueiras 1986).
Lobaria crenulata (Hook. in Kunth) Trev.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1225-
3600 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Lobaria exornata (A. Zahlbr.) Yoshim.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1550-2900 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Lobaria pallida (Hook in Kunth) Trev.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2400-
3600 m, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras
1986).
Lobaria peltigera (Del.) Vain.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2600-2700 m, ME, TA
(López Figueiras 1986).
Lobaria subexornata Yoshim.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2000-2300 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Lopezaria versicolor (Fée) Kalb & Hafelln.
Corticolous, in light, mossy forest, montane forest
and paramo, 1450-3300 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(Vareschi 1973, as Megalospora; Sipman 1983, as
Catinaria; López Figueiras 1986, as Catinaria;
Marcano 1994).
Megalospora foersteri Kalb.
On moss, low paramo forest, 4200 m, ME (Kalb
1990).
Megalospora sulphurata Meyen & Flot. var.
sulphurata
Corticolous, montane forest, 2400 m, TA (Sipman
1983; López Figueiras 1986).
Megalospora sulphurata Meyen & Flot. var.
nigricans (Müll. Arg.) Riddle
Corticolous, rarely saxicolous, in a wide range of
open, humid forests, montane forest and paramo,
2000-3100 m, ME, TA, TR (Sipman 1983; López
Figueiras 1986).
Megalospora tuberculosa (Fée) Sipman
Corticolous, on canopy branches, on shrubs in
clearings or on less exposed branches, in montane
forest and paramo, 1300-3100 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(Sipman 1983; López Figueiras 1986).
Megaspora verrucosa (Ach.) Hafelln. & V.Wirth
Saxicolous, paramo, 4250 m, ME (Hertel 1971, as
Pachyospora; Vareschi 1973, as Pachyospora).
Melanelia panniformis (Nyl.) Essl.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3500-4200 m, ME (Esslinger
1977; López Figueiras 1986).
Menegazzia terebrata (Hoffm.) Massal.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2300-
212
3100 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986;
Marcano 1994).
Multiclavula mucida (Fr.) Petersen
Corticolous, montane forest, 2700 m, ME (Ober-
winkler 1984).
Mycomicrothelia subfallens (Müll. Arg.) D.
Hawksw.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2500-3000 m, ME
(Aptroot 1991).
Myriotrema compunctum (Ach.) Hale
Corticolous, pre-montane forest, 800 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Myriotrema occultum (Eschw.) Hale
Corticolous, pre-montane forest, 800 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Myriotrema pachystomum (Nyl.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 2400 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986, as Ocellularia).
Nephroma helveticum Ach.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2700-
3600 m, ME, TR (López Figueiras 1986; Marcano
1994).
Normandina pulchella (Borr.) Nyl.
Lichenicolous, corticolous, muscicolous, monta-
ne forest and paramo, 2400-3500 m, ME, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Ocellularia cavata (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2600-3000 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Ocellularia eumorpha (Stirt.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 2400 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986, as Thelotrema).
Ocellularia isidiifera Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 2200-2400 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Ocellularia leucomelana (Nyl.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 2400 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986, as Thelotrema).
Ocellularia perforata (Leight.) Müll. Arg.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2400 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
**Ochrolechia africana Vain.
Corticolous, on wood of fencepost between
meadow and road (formar mossy forest area),
montane forest, 1200 m, H. Sipman & A. Morales
38056 (B, herb. lich. CEILT), ME.
Omphalina ericetorum (Pers. ex Fr.) M. Lange
Terricolous, paramo, 3500 m, ME (Oberwinkler
1984).
Omphalina foliacea P. M. Jörg.
Muscicolous, humicolous, corticolous, paramo,
3500 m, ME (Jorgensen M. 1989).
Oropogon aliphaticus Essl.
Corticolous, or on soil among vegetation, paramo
3050-3100 m, ME, TR (Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon americanus Essl.
Corticolous, or on soil or rocks, paramo, 3050-4100
m, ME, TR (Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon atranorinus Essl.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2000-
3100 m, ME, TR (López Figueiras 1986; Esslinger
1989; Marcano 1994).
Oropogon barbaticus Essl.
Corticolous, saxicolous, or on the ground, para-
mo, 2700-4045 m, ME, TA, TR (Esslinger 1989;
Marcano 1994).
Oropogon bicolor Essl.
On soil with other vegetation, sometimes on rock
or bark, montane forest and paramo, 2600-4200 m,
ME, TA, TR (Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon byssaceus Essl.
Saxicolous, paramo, 4045 m, ME (Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon colibor Essl.
Corticolous, sometimes on the ground, paramo,
3650-4000 m, ME (Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon diffractaicus Essl.
Corticolous, sometimes on rock or on soil among
vegetation, montane forest and paramo, 1600-
213
4000 m, ME, TA, TR (Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon fissuratus Essl.
Corticolous, or on soil among vegetation, monta-
ne forest and paramo, 1600-3600 m, ME, TA
(Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon formosanus Asahina
Corticolous, also on rock or on soil among vege-
tation, montane forest, 2400-4200 m, ME, TA, TR
(Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon granulosus Essl.
Corticolous, terricolous, saxicolous, montane
forest, 2600-3600 m, ME, TA, TR (Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon halei Essl.
Corticolous, or rarely on rock, montane forest and
paramo, 2800-4000 m, ME, TR (Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon lateralis Essl.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3100-3200 m, ME (Esslinger
1989).
Oropogon lopezii Essl.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2000-3100 m, ME,
TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986; Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon lorobic Essl.
Corticolous, also on soil, montane forest and
paramo, 2450-3600 m, ME, TA, TR (Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon loxensis (Fée) Th. Fr.
Corticolous, saxicolous, sometimes on soil,
montane forest and paramo, 2200-4000 m, ME, TA,
TR (Dodge & Vareschi 1956; Vareschi 1973; López
Figueiras 1986; Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon maurus Essl.
Corticolous, saxicolous, or on soil among vegeta-
tion, montane forest, paramo, 3000-3600 m, ME, TR
(Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon parietinus Essl.
Terricolous, paramo, 3500 m, TA (Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon pseudoloxensis Essl.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1200-1500 m, ME
(Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon sperlingii Essl.
Corticolous, occasionally on soil or rock, montane
forest and paramo, 2400-4100 m, ME, TA, TR
(Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon striatulus Essl.
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, paramo, 2900-3100 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(Esslinger 1989).
Oropogon venezuelensis Essl.
On soil among vegetation, paramo, 3100 m, ME
(Esslinger 1989).
Pannaria rubiginosa (Ach.) Bory
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2700-
3500 m, ME, TA (López Figueiras 1986).
Paraparmelia alabamensis (Hale & McCullough)
Elix & Johnston
Saxicolous, montane forest, 1400-2500 m, LA, TR
(Hale 1976b, as Pseudoparmelia).
Parathelium indutum Nyl.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2200-2800 m, ME, TA
(López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Parmeliella nigrocincta (Mont.) Müll. Arg.
Corticolous, paramo, 3500 m, ME (López Figueiras
1986; Marcano 1994).
Parmeliella pannosa (Sw.) Müll. Arg.
Corticolous, montane forest and montane forest-
paramo transition zone, 1225-3000 m, ME, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986).
Parmelina versiformis (Kremp.) Hale
Corticolous or saxicolous, montane forest and
paramo, 2600-3500 m, ME (Hale 1976; López
Figueiras 1986).
Parmelinopsis cleefii (Sipman) V. Marcano &
Sipman COMB. NOV.
Basionym: Parmelina cleefii Sipman, Proceed.
Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. C 83(4): 352 (1980).
Saxicolous, paramo, 3450-3500 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986, as Parmelina).
Parmelinopsis cryptochlora (Vain.) Elix & Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest-paramo
214
transition zone, paramo, 2900-3400 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986, as Parmelina).
Parmelinopsis damaziana (A. Zahlbr.) Elix & Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1800-2100 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986, as Parmelina).
Parmelinopsis horrescens (Tayl.) Elix & Hale
Corticolous, pre-montane forest and montane
forest, 900-3000 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Hale 1976c, as
Parmelina; López Figueiras 1986, as Parmelina).
Parmelinopsis minarum (Vain.) Elix & Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1225-2700 m, LA,
ME, TA, TR (Hale 1976c, as Parmelina dissecta;
López Figueiras 1986, as Parmelina dissecta).
Parmelinopsis spumosa (Asah.) Elix & Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 2000-2300 m, ME
(Hale 1976c, as Parmelina; López Figueiras 1986,
as Parmelina).
Parmelinopsis swinscowii (Hale) Elix & Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 1100-
3500 m, LA, ME (López Figueiras 1986, as
Parmelina).
Parmentaria chilensis Fée
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 2350-3000 m, TA (López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema arnoldii (DR) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest-paramo
transition zone, 1800-3750 m, ME, TA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema argentinum (Kremp.) Hale
Corticolous, desertic forest, 600-700 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema austrosinense (A. Zahlbr.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest-paramo
transition zone, 1700-3200 m, LA, ME (Vareschi
1973, as Parmelia; López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema bangii (Vain.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1800 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema blanchetianum (Müll. Arg.) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest, 1550-2200 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema chinense (Osbeck) Hale & Ahti
Corticolous, saxicolous, pre-montane forest and
montane forest, 200-2000 m, LA, ME (López
Figueiras 1986, as Parmotrema perlatum).
Parmotrema concurrens Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema conformatum (Vain.) Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, montane forest and para-
mo 1440-2950 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973,
as Parmelia; López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1200-3600 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973,
as Parmelia; López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema cristiferum (Tayl.) Hale
Corticolous, pre-montane forest and montane
forest, 200-1400 m, LA, ME (López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema dactylinum Hale INED.
Saxicolous, montane forest, 1200-2100 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema delicatulum (Vain.) Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, pre-montane forest and
montane forest, 800-2500 m, LA, ME, TA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema dilatatum (Vain.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1100 m, ME, LA
(Vareschi 1973, as Parmelia; López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema dominicanum (Vain.) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest, 900-1300 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema eborinum (Hale) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 800-3500
m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema ecrinitum Hale INED. (or misspelling
of P. eciliatum (Nyl.) Hale?)
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 2000-3450 m, ME (López Figueiras 1986).
215
Parmotrema endosulphureum (Hillm.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, pre-montane forest and
montane forest, 200-1550 m, LA, ME (Vareschi
1973, as Parmelia; López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema enteroxanthum Hale
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2200-
3000 m, ME, TA (López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema fasciculatum (Vain.) Hale
Corticolous, paramo, 3300 m, ME (López Figueiras
1986).
Parmotrema flavescens (Kremp.) Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, sometimes terricolous,
pre-montane forest and montane forest, 790-2600
m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema fractum (Hale) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest-paramo
transition zone, 2300-3500 m, ME, TA, TR (López
Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema gardneri (Dodge) Sérus.
Corticolous, sometimes saxicolous, montane
forest, 1400-2600 m, LA, ME, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Parmotrema grayanum (Hue) Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, pre-montane forest and
montane forest, 800-2500 m, LA, ME, TA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema hababianum (Gyeln.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1400-2100 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema hypomiltoides (Vain.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1300-1900 m, LA
(López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema larense López Figueiras
Corticolous, montane forest, 1400-1500 m, LA
(López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema latissimum (Fée) Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, pre-montane forest,
montane forest and paramo, 790-3500 m, LA, ME,
TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema leucosemothetum (Hue) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest-paramo transition zone,
1500-3200 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema lopezii Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 2400-2750 m, ME, TA
(López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema madagascariaceum (Hue) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest, 1400-
2400 m, LA, ME, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema mellissii (Dodge) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1225-3452 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Parmotrema mirandum (Hale) Hale Cfr.
Saxicolous, montane forest, 1900-2300 m, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema mordenii (Hale) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest, 2000-2250 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema peralbidum (Hale) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, pre-montane forest,
montane forest and paramo, 200-3200 m, LA, ME,
TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, pre-montane forest and
montane forest, 600- 2600 m, LA, ME, TA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema rampoddense (Nyl.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, desertic forest, montane
forest and paramo, 600-3300 m, LA, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema reitzii Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 2000-2350 m, TA
(López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema robustum (Degel.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1225-3500 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
216
Parmotrema sancti-angelii (Lynge) Hale
Saxicolous, corticolous, terricolous, pre-montane
forest and montane forest, 700-2500 m, LA, ME,
TA, TR (Vareschi 1973, as Parmelia; López
Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema setchellii (Vain.) Hale
Corticolous, paramo, 2950 m, ME (López Figueiras
1986).
Parmotrema sorediiferum Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 2000-2350 m, TA
(López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema stuppeum (Tayl.) Hale
Saxicolous, pre-montane forest and paramo, 800-
3200 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema subarnoldii (des Abb.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1400-1900 m, LA, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema subtinctorium (A. Zahlbr.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1400-1500 m, LA
(López Figueiras 1986, as P. subcrinitum).
Parmotrema sulphuratum (Nees & Flot.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1400-2400 m, ME, TA
(López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema tinctorum (Nyl.) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, desertic forest, pre-
montane forest, montane forest and paramo, 200-
3100 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema ultralucens (Krog) Hale
Corticolous, saxicolous, pre-montane forest and
montane forest, 700-2000 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema virescens Hale
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1400-
3100 m, ME, TA (López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema viridiflavum (Hale) Hale
Corticolous, or on rocks, montane forest and
paramo, 2000-3000 m, ME, TA (López Figueiras
1986).
Parmotrema xanthinum (Müll. Arg.) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest, 1300-2000 m, LA, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Parmotrema zollingeri (Hepp) Hale
Corticolous, pre-montane forest, montane forest
and paramo, 700-3000 m, ME, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Parmotremopsis antillensis (Nyl.) Elix & Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1300-2300 m, ME
(Hale 1976c, as Parmelina; López Figueiras 1986,
as Parmelina).
Peltigera austroamericana A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous, muscicolous,
pre-montane forest, montane forest and paramo,
790-4000 m, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973; López
Figueiras 1986).
Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.
Corticolous, muscicolous, saxicolous, terricolous,
montane forest and paramo, 2400-4500 m, ME, TA,
TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Peltigera dolichorhiza (Nyl.) Nyl.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2300-2400 m, ME
(Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Peltigera laciniata (Merr. ex Riddle) Gyeln.
Terricolous, corticolous, saxicolous, montane
forest and paramo, 790-4750 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Peltigera pulverulenta (Tayl.) Kremp.
Corticolous, muscicolous, terricolous, montane
forest and paramo, 2200-4750 m, ME, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986; Vareschi 1973).
Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb.
Saxicolous, corticolous, terricolous, montane forest
and paramo, 1750-4200 m, ME, TA, TR (López
Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Peltigera spuriella Vain.
Terricolous, corticolous, montane forest, 2000-
2600 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Peltigera ulcerata Müll. Arg.
Terricolous, corticolous, montane forest and
217
paramo, 1200-3600 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
**Peltigera vainioi Gyelnik
Terricolous, montane forest and paramo, 2000-
3300 m, Marcano, Morales et Vidal 7100 (B, H, herb.
lich. CEILT, VEN), López Figueiras 27892 (MERF),
López Figueiras, Ahti & Jörgensen 17934 (MERF),
ME.
Peltula tortuosa (Nees) Wetm.
Saxicolous, desertic forest and pre-montane fo-
rest, 500-800 m, López Figueiras 18961, López
Figueiras & Smith 20879, 20886 (MERF) LA; ME
(Marcano 1994).
Pertusaria culbersonii Vezda
On dead plant debris, paramo vegetation, 3500 m,
ME (Kalb 1990).
Pertusaria hypothamnolica Dibb.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2000-2300 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Pertusaria tuberculifera Nyl.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1800-2100 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Pertusaria xanthodes Müll. Arg.
Corticolous, desertic forest, 600 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Phaeographis lobata (Eschw.) Müll. Arg.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1800 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Phaeophyscia endococcinodes (Poelt) Essl.
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 1900-
4045 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Moberg
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1300-3300 m, LA. ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973,
as Physcia setosa; López Figueiras 1986, also as
Physcia setosa).
Phlytella andensis Nyl.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2400-2800 m, TA
(López Figueiras & Morales 1989b).
Phyllobaeis imbricatus (Hook. in Kunth) Kalb &
Gierl
Terricolous, on loamy or humous soil, among
mosses, sometimes saxicolous, paramo, 1200-3600
m, ME, TA, TR (de Vries & Sipman 1984, as
Baeomyces; Kalb 1991, as Baeomyces; Marcano
1994, as Baeomyces).
Phyllobaeis erythrellus (Mont.) Kalb
Terricolous, in ecology this variety resembles P.
imbricata, paramo, 1800-3452 m, ME, TA, TR
(Vareschi 1973, as Baeomyces; de Vries & Sipman
1984, as Baeomyces imbricatus var.).
Phyllobaeis linearis (De Vries) V. Marcano &
Sipman COMB. NOV.
Basionym: Baeomyces imbricatus Hook. var.
linearis De Vries, Proceed. Kon. Ned. Akad.
Wetensch. C 87(2):243 (1984).
Terricolous, in ecology this species resembles P.
imbricatus, paramo, 2400-3200 m, ME, TA (de
Vries & Sipman 1984, as Baeomyces imbricatus
var.).
**Phyllobathelium nigrum R. Sant. & Tibell
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
123 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
**Phyllophiale alba R. Sant.
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
131 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
Phyllopsora buettneri (Müll. Arg.) A. Zahlbr. var.
glauca (Bouly des Lesd.) Brako
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1400-
3500 m, ME, TA (Brako 1991).
Phyllopsora chlorophaea (Müll. Arg.) A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, montane forest, 900-2200 m, ME, TR
(Brako 1991).
Phyllopsora confusa Swinsc. & Krog
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1600-
3500 m, ME (Brako 1991).
Phyllopsora corallina (Eschw.) Müll. Arg. var.
corallina
Corticolous, montane forest, 1600 m, ME (Brako
1991).
Phyllopsora corallina (Eschw.) Müll. Arg. var.
218
ochroxantha (Nyl.) Brako
Corticolous, montane forest, 1700-2200 m, ME
(Brako 1991).
Phyllopsora fendleri (Tuck. & Mont.) Müll. Arg.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2400-
3500 m, ME, TR (Brako 1991).
Phyllopsora intermediella (Nyl.) A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2100-2400 m, ME, TA
(Brako 1991).
Phyllopsora isidiotyla (Vain.) Riddle
Corticolous, montane forest, 3000 m, ME (Brako
1991).
Phyllopsora kalbii Brako
Corticolous, paramo, 2750 m, ME (Kalb 1991).
Phyllopsora parvofolia (Eschw.) Müll. Arg. var.
parvifolia
Corticolous, montane forest, 2600-2900 m, ME, TR
(Brako 1991).
Physcia aipolia (Humb.) Fürnrohr
Corticolous, pre-montane and montane forest,
700-1200 m, LA, ME (Moberg 1989).
Physcia alba (Fée) Müll. Arg.
Corticolous, desertic forest, pre-montane and
montane forest, 450-3200 m, LA, ME, TR (Vareschi
1973; López Figueiras 1986; Moberg 1989).
Physcia atrostriata Moberg
Corticolous, sometimes saxicolous, desertic fo-
rest, pre-montane and montane forest, 200-2000 m,
LA, ME (Moberg 1989).
Physcia cinerea Moberg
Saxicolous or corticolous, montane forest and
paramo, 2500-4500 m, ME, TR (Moberg 1989).
Physcia crispa Nyl.
Corticolous, pre-montane forest, 500-700 m, LA
(Vareschi 1973; Moberg 1989).
Physcia decorticata Moberg
Corticolous or saxicolous, 1000-2700 m, LA, ME,
TA (Moberg 1989).
Physcia dimidiata (Arn.) Nyl. var. ornata (Nadv.)
Moberg
Corticolous or saxicolous, montane forest and
paramo, 2600-3200 m, ME, TR (Moberg 1989).
Physcia erumpens Moberg
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2200-
3100, ME (Moberg 1989).
Physcia integrata Nyl.
Corticolous, also on exposed rocks, pre-montane
forest and montane forest, 400-3000 m, LA, ME,
TA, TR (Vareschi 1973; Moberg 1989, Kalb 1991).
Physcia krogiae Moberg
Corticolous, also on exposed rocks, pre-montane
forest and montane forest, 700-1200 m, ME (Moberg
1989).
Physcia lacinulata Müll. Arg.
Corticolous, rarely on rocks, pre-montane forest
and montane forest, 600-2000 m, ME (Moberg
1989).
Physcia lobulata Moberg
Corticolous or saxicolous, montane forest, 1225-
2400 m, ME, TR (Moberg 1989).
Physcia lopezii Moberg
Corticolous, saxicolous or muscicolous, montane
forest and paramo, 2200-3600 m, ME, TR, TA
(Moberg 1989).
Physcia manuelii Moberg
Corticolous, rarely saxicolous, pre-montane fo-
rest and montane forest, 300-1700 m, LA, ME, TA,
TR (Moberg 1989).
Physcia pachyphylla Müll. Arg.
Corticolous or saxicolous, pre-montane forest,
montane forest and paramo, 400 m, LA (Moberg
1989).
Physcia poncinsii Hue.
Corticolous or saxicolous, desertic forest, pre-
montane forest, montane forest and paramo, 200-
3600 m, LA, ME (Moberg 1989).
Physcia rolfii Moberg
Saxicolous, desertic forest, pre-montane forest
219
and montane forest, 200-2250 m, LA, ME (Moberg
1989).
Physcia sinuosa Moberg
On cacti or trunks of trees, desertic forest and pre-
montane forest, 700-1500 m, LA, ME (Moberg
1989).
Physcia sorediosa (Vain.) Lynge
Corticolous or saxicolous, pre-montane forest and
montane forest, 700-2800 m, LA, ME, TA (Moberg
1989).
Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl.
Corticolous, desertic forest and pre-montane forest,
500-800 m, LA, ME (López Figueiras 1986, Moberg
1989).
Physcia tenuis Moberg
Corticolous, rarely on rocks, desertic forest and
pre-montane forest, 600-1100 m, LA (Moberg 1989).
Physcia tribacia (Ach.) Nyl.
Saxicolous, montane forest, 2000-2800 m, ME
(Moberg 1989).
Piccolia conspersa (Fée) Hafelln.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1500-2200 m, ME
(Hafellner 1995).
Placopsis gelida (L.) Lindsay
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 1800-
3500 m, ME, TA (López Figueiras 1986).
Placynthiella uliginosa (Schrad.) Coppins & P.
James
Corticolous, montane forest, 2200 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986, as Lecidea).
Polycoccum arnoldii (Hepp) D. Hawksw.
Lichenicolous on Diploschistes cinereocaesius,
montane forest, 2200 m, ME (López Figueiras 1986).
**Polymeridium albidum (Müll. Arg.) R. C. Harris
Corticolous, on bark of fencepost between mea-
dow and road (former mossy forest area), montane
forest, 1200 m, H. Sipman & A. Morales 38060 (B,
herb. lich. CEIL), ME.
Polymeridium catapastum (Nyl.) R. C. Harris
Corticolous, low montane forest, 1000 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986; Harris 1991).
Polymeridium proponens (Nyl.) R. C. Harris
Corticolous, high montane forest, 2000-2300 m,
TR (Harris 1991).
*Porina atrocoerulea Müll. Arg.
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m., R. Lücking
95-130 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
**Porina epiphylla (Fée) Fée
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m., R. Lücking
95-129 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
Porina nucula Ach.
Corticolous or foliicolous, montane forest, 2350-
3000 m, TA (López Figueiras 1986).
Porina octomera (Müll. Arg.) F. Schill.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2200-2500 m, ME
(Hafellner & Kalb 1995).
Porina umbilicata Müll. Arg.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2200-2500 m, ME
(Hafellner & Kalb 1995, as Pseudosagedia).
Porpidia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph
Saxicolous, paramo, 3500 m, ME (Hertel 1971, as
Lecidea crustulata; Vareschi 1973, as Lecidea
crustulata).
Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf.
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 2900-3100 m, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Pseudocyphellaria aurata (Ach.) Vain.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 800-3100
m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras
1986).
Pseudocyphellaria clathrata (de Not.) Malme
Corticolous, montane forest, 1300-2000 m, LA
(López Figueiras 1986); Marcano 16-9/95 (herb.
lich. CEILT) ME new record.
Pseudocyphellaria crocata (L.) Vain.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2200-3000 m, ME, TA
(López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
220
Pseudoparmelia cyphellata Lynge
Corticolous, montane forest, 1750 m, ME (Hale
1976b).
Punctelia reddenda (Stirt.) Krog
Corticolous, pre-montane forest and montane
forest, 800-2900 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López
Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog
Corticolous, also on rocks, 1450-3300 m, LA, ME,
TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Punctelia stictica (Del. ex Duby) Krog
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2000-4200 m, ME, TR (Vareschi 1973, as
Parmelia; López Figueiras 1986).
Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog
Saxicolous or corticolous, desertic forest, pre-
montane forest, montane forest and paramo, 900-
3400 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973, as
Parmelia; López Figueiras 1986).
Pyrenula dermatodes (Borr.) Schaer.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2700 m, TA (López
Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Pyrrhospora cinnabarina (Sommerf.) M. Choisy
Saxicolous, montane forest, 1750 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986, as Lecidea; Marcano 1994, as
Lecidea).
Pyrrhospora russula (Ach.) Hafelln. in Kalb &
Hafelln.
Corticolous, pre-montane forest, 600-800 m, LA
(López Figueiras & Morales 1989b, as Biatora).
Pyxine albovirens (G.Mey.) Aptroot
Saxicolous, pre-montane forest and montane forest,
700-2500 m, LA, ME, TR (Vareschi 1973; López
Figueiras 1986; López-Figueiras & Morales 1989;
all as P. caesiopruinosa).
Pyxine berteriana (Fée) Imsh.
Saxicolous, montane forest, 1200-2100 m, ME
(Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986; López-
Figueiras & Morales 1989; Marcano 1994).
Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl.
Saxicolous or corticolous, desertic forest and pre-
montane forest, 400-600 m, LA, ME, TR (Vareschi
1973; López-Figueiras & Morales 1989).
Pyxine cognata Stirt.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1500-
3100 m, ME, TA, TR (López-Figueiras & Morales
1989).
Pyxine coralligera Malme
Saxicolous or corticolous, montane forest, 1100-
2800 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973; López-
Figueiras & Morales 1989).
Pyxine daedalea Krog & R. Sant.
Saxicolous or corticolous, montane forest and
paramo, 1100-3200 m, ME (López-Figueiras &
Morales 1989).
Pyxine endolutea Kalb
Corticolous or saxicolous, montane forest, 1800-
1900 m, ME, TR (López-Figueiras & Morales 1989).
Pyxine eschweileri (Tuck.) Vain.
Corticolous or saxicolous, pre-montane forest,
montane forest and paramo, 600-3200 m, LA, ME
(López-Figueiras & Morales 1989).
Pyxine limbulata Müll. Arg.
Corticolous or saxicolous, paramo, 3800-4200 m,
ME (López-Figueiras & Morales 1989).
Pyxine microspora Vain.
Saxicolous, montane forest, 1200-2800 m, LA, ME
(López-Figueiras & Morales 1989).
Pyxine petricola Nyl. in Cromb.
Corticolous or saxicolous, desertic forest, pre-
montane forest and montane forest, 400-2900 m,
LA, ME, TA, TR (López-Figueiras & Morales
1989).
Pyxine pungens A. Zahlbr.
Saxicolous or corticolous, montane forest and
montane forest-paramo transition zone, 800-3100
m, ME (López Figueiras 1986; López-Figueiras &
Morales 1989).
Pyxine pyxinoides (Müll. Arg.) Kalb.
Saxicolous, montane forest-paramo transition zone,
221
2950-3000 m, ME (López-Figueiras & Morales 1989).
Pyxine rhodesiaca Vain. ex Lynge.
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 2800-3100 m, ME (López Figueiras 1986;
López-Figueiras & Morales 1989).
Pyxine subcinerea Stirt.
Corticolous, saxicolous, desertic forest, 200-400
m, LA (López Figueiras 1986; López-Figueiras &
Morales 1989).
**Racodium rupestre Pers.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3000-4500 m, Marcano 94-120
(herb. lich. CEILT), ME.
Ramalina africana (B. Stein) Dodge.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1200 m, ME (Marca-
no & Morales 1994f).
Ramalina andina V. Marcano et A. Morales.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2200-2500 m, ME, TA
(Marcano & Morales 1994b).
**Ramalina asahinae W. Culb. & C. Culb.
Corticolous, on tree branches along pasture field,
montane forest and paramo, 600-3500 m, Sipman &
A. Morales 38071 (B, herb. lich. CEILT), ME, LA.
Ramalina aspera Räsänen
Corticolous, desertic forest and montane forest,
1200-1950 m, LA, ME.
Ramalina asperula Kremp.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1200 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
**Ramalina calcarata Krog & Swinsc.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1900-2900 m, Marcano
6108, 6116-B (herb. lich. CEILT) ME, TA; Morales
141 (herb. lich. CEILT) ME.
Ramalina camptospora Nyl.
Corticolous, paramo, 3200-3600 m, ME (Vareschi
1973, López Figueiras 1986).
Ramalina canaguensis V. Marcano et A. Morales
Corticolous, montane forest, montane forest-
paramo transition zone, 1200-3200, ME, TA, TR
(Marcano & Morales 1994d).
Ramalina caracasana Müll. Arg.?
Corticolous, desertic forest, 600-800 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Ramalina celastri (Spreng.) Krog & Swinsc.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1200-
3500 m, LA, ME, TA (López Figueiras 1986, also as
R. ecklonii).
Ramalina chiguarensis V. Marcano et A. Morales
Corticolous, montane forest, 1000-2900 m, ME
(Marcano & Morales 1994b).
Ramalina cochlearis A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1700-
3800 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973; Marcano
1994; Marcano & Morales 1994e).
Ramalina complanata (Sw.) Ach.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1100-
3500 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Ramalina crispata A. Morales et V. Marcano
Corticolous, montane forest, 1200-2900 m, ME, TA
(Marcano & Morales 1994b).
Ramalina cumanensis Fée
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2100-
3550 m, ME, TR (Dodge & Vareschi 1956; Vareschi
1973; López Figueiras 1986; Kalb 1991).
Ramalina dendriscoides Nyl.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1600-
3100 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Ramalina dictyota Dodge & Vareschi
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2600-
3500 m, LA, ME, TR (Dodge & Vareschi 1956;
Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Ramalina escorialensis V. Marcano et A. Mora-
les
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 2500-3000 m, ME (Marcano 1994; Marcano
& Morales 1994e).
Ramalina lopezii A. Morales et V. Marcano
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 2900-3100 m, TR (Marcano & Morales 1994b).
222
*Ramalina peruviana Ach.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2800-2900 m, Marcano
172 (herb. lich. CEILT) ME; López Figueiras 22276,
25107 (herb. lich. CEILT, MERF) ME, TA, first
record for the Venezuelan Andes, but cited by
Vareschi (1973) from Miranda state.
**Ramalina puiggarii Müll. Arg.
Corticolous, paramo, 3100-3500 m, Vareschi 5451,
5932 (VEN), ME, TA.
Ramalina pusiola Müll. Arg.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 900-3500
m, Marcano 6116-A TA; Morales 122 ME; López
Figueiras 17152 LA (herb. lich. CEILT, MERF);
(Marcano 1994).
**Ramalina rectangularis Nyl.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1100-
3350 m, Vareschi 5405, 5448, 5504 (VEN) ME, TA.
Ramalina reducta Krog & Swinsc.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2500-3000 m, ME, TA
(Marcano & Morales 1993).
Ramalina subfraxinea Nyl. var. confirmata (Nyl.)
N. Stevens
Corticolous, montane forest, 900-1200 m, ME
(Morales & Marcano 1994).
Ramalina subpollinaria Nyl.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2000-2900 m, ME
(Marcano & Morales 1994e).
Ramalina tenuissima V. Marcano et A. Morales
Corticolous, montane forest, 2200-3400 m, ME, TA
(Marcano & Morales 1994b).
Ramalina tovarensis V. Marcano et A. Morales
Corticolous, montane forest, 1000-1300, ME
(Marcano & Morales 1994b).
Ramalina usnea (L.) R. H. Howe
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1100-
3500 m, ME (Dodge & Vareschi 1956; Vareschi
1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Ramalina vareschii V. Marcano & A. Morales
Corticolous, montane forest, 1750-3000 m, ME
(Marcano & Morales 1994e).
Relicina abstrusa (Vain.) Hale
Saxicolous, rarely corticolous, pre-montane forest
and montane forest, 900-3100 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(Hale 1975b; López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Relicina subabstrusa (Gyeln.) Hale
Corticolous, montane forest, 1200-2300 m, TR
(Vareschi 1973, as Parmelia; Hale 1975b; López
Figueiras 1986).
Rhizocarpon leptolepis Anzi
Saxicolous, paramo, 3500 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Rhizocarpon superficiale (Schaer.) Vain.
Saxicolous, paramo, 4000-4700 m, ME (Vareschi
1973).
**Rhizoplaca melanophthalma (DC.) Leuckert
& Poelt
Terricolous or saxicolous, paramo, 4000-4200 m,
Marcano 7046 (B, herb. lich. CEILT), ME.
Rimelia cetrata (Ach.) Hale & Fletcher
Saxicolous, corticolous, pre-montane forest,
montane forest and paramo, 400-4200 m, LA, ME,
TA, TR (Vareschi 1973, as Parmelia; López
Figueiras 1986, as Parmotrema).
Rimelia commensurata (Hale) Hale & Fletcher
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 900-3200 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986, as Parmotrema).
Rimelia reticulata (Taylor) Hale & Fletcher
Corticolous, saxicolous, sometimes muscicolous,
pre-montane forest, montane forest and paramo,
300-3500 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973, as
Parmelia; López Figueiras 1986, as Parmotrema).
Rimelia simulans (Hale) Hale & Fletcher
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest-paramo
transition zone, 1400-2750 m, LA, ME, TA (López
Figueiras 1986, as Parmotrema).
Rimelia subisidiosa (Müll. Arg.) Hale & Fletcher
Corticolous, saxicolous, pre-montane forest,
montane forest and paramo, 900-3300 m, LA, ME,
TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986, as Parmotrema).
Rimeliella conferenda (Hale) Kurok.
223
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1200-
3300 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986, as
Parmotrema).
Rimeliella neotropica (Kurok.) Kurok.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1100-2350 m, LA,
ME, TA (López Figueiras 1986, as Parmotrema).
Rimeliella subsumpta (Nyl.) Kurok.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1300-2350 m, LA,
ME, TA (López Figueiras 1986, as Parmotrema).
Rimeliella subtinctoria (A. Zahlbr.) Kurok.
Corticolous, sometimes saxicolous, montane
forest-paramo transition zone, 1300-3000 m, LA,
ME (López Figueiras 1986, as Parmotrema hai-
tiense and Parmotrema sulphuratum).
Rinodina colobinoides (Nyl.) A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, tree in pasture, 2000 m, ME (Kalb
1990).
Sagenidiopsis undulata (Fée) Egea et al.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1600-2500 m, ME, TR
(López Figueiras 1986, as Chiodecton dilatatum).
Polysporina simplex (Dav.) Vezda
Saxicolous, paramo, 4250 m, ME (Vareschi 1973, as
Sarcogyne).
Schistophoron variabile Tibell
Corticolous, low montane forest, 1100 m, LA (Tibell
1982).
Siphula fastigiata (Nyl.) Nyl.
Terricolous, also on rocks, paramo, 3100-4045 m,
ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Siphula pteruloides Nyl.
Terricolous, paramo, 2700-4000 m, ME, TA, TR
(Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986; Marcano
1994).
Solorina crocea (L.) Ach. Cfr.
Terricolous, paramo, 3600 m, TA (López Figueiras
1986).
Sporastatia testudinea (Ach.) Massal.
Saxicolous, paramo, 4250 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Stereocaulon atlanticum (Lamb) Lamb.
Terricolous, saxicolous, muscicolous, montane
forest-paramo transition zone, 2700-3600 m, ME,
TA (López Figueiras 1986).
Stereocaulon crambidiocephalum Lamb
Terricolous, paramo, 3500 m, ME (López Figueiras
1986).
Stereocaulon didymicum Lamb
Terricolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2000-3452 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Stereocaulon meyeri B. Stein
Terricolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 2450-4200 m, ME, TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Stereocaulon microcarpum Müll. Arg.
Terricolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1400-4045, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Stereocaulon obesum Th. Fr.
Saxicolous, terricolous, montane forest-paramo,
2442-3452 m, ME (Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras
1986).
Stereocaulon pachycephalum Vain.
Terricolous, montane forest, 2400-3100 m, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986).
Stereocaulon pityrizans Nyl.
Terricolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2400-3500 m, ME, TA (López Figueiras 1986).
Stereocaulon pomiferum Duvign.
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 1500-
3300 m, ME (López Figuyeiras 1986).
Stereocaulon ramulosum Räusch.
Terricolous, saxicolous, pre-montane forest,
montane forest and paramo, 790-4045 m, LA, ME,
TA, TR (Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Stereocaulon strictum Th. Fr.
Terricolous, montane forest, 3000 m, TA (López
Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Stereocaulon strictum Th. Fr. var. compressum
(Nyl.) Lamb
224
Terricolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1700-3500 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Stereocaulon tomentosum Fr.
Terricolous, saxicolous, montane forest-paramo
transition zone, 2400-4200 m, ME, TA, TR (López
Figueiras 1986).
Stereocaulon vesuvianum Pers.
Terricolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 2000-4000 m, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973).
Stereocaulon vesuvianum Pers. var. nodulosum
(Wallr.) Lamb
Saxicolous, paramo, 3300 m, ME (López Figueiras
1986).
Sticta ambavillaria (Bory) Ach.
Corticolous, paramo, 3450 m, ME (López Figueiras
1986).
Sticta andensis (Nyl.) Trev.
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1800-3500 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras
1986, as S. andina).
Sticta damaecornis Pers. Aggr.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2200-
3500 m, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras
1986).
Sticta filicina Ach.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1800-
3550 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(López Figueiras 1986).
Sticta filicinella (Nyl.) A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1800-2600 m, ME
(Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Sticta filix (Sw.) Nyl.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1800-2100 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Sticta fuliginosa (Dicks.) Ach.
Corticolous, saxicolous, montane forest and para-
mo, 1400-4750 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973;
López Figueiras 1986).
Sticta gyalocarpa (Nyl.) Trev. Cfr.
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 2700-3600 m, ME López Figueiras 1986).
Sticta humboldtii Hooker
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 2600-3500 m, ME (Vareschi 1973; López
Figueiras 1986).
Sticta orbicularis (A. Br.) Hue. Cfr.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1400-2600 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986).
Sticta sinuosa Pers. Aggr.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1400-
3600 m, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras
1986).
Sticta tomentosa Ach.
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1000-
3750 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973; López
Figueiras 1986).
Sticta weigelii (Isert ex Ach.) Vain.
Corticolous, saxicolous, pre-montane forest,
montane forest and paramo, 790-4800 m, LA, ME,
TA, TR (Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986).
**Strigula antillarum (Fée) Müll. Arg.
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
s/n (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), cited for
Mérida by Santesson (1952), ME.
**Strigula platypoda (Müll. Arg.) R. C. Harris
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
132 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
**Tapellaria epiphylla (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
101, 95-103 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
**Tapellaria nana (Fée) R. Sant.
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
104, 95-103 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (L.) Th. Fr.
Corticolous, rarely saxicolous, montane forest and
paramo, 2500-3450 m, LA, ME, TA (Vareschi 1973;
López Figueiras 1986).
225
Teloschistes exilis (Michx.) Vain.
Corticolous, desertic forest, pre-montane forest,
montane forest and paramo, 600-3000 m, LA, ME,
TR (López Figueiras 1986).
Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Norm.
Corticolous, desertic forest, pre-montane forest,
montane forest and paramo, 600-3300 m, LA, ME,
TA, TR (Keogh & Obando 1972; Vareschi 1973;
López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafelln.
Corticolous, sometimes saxicolous, montane forest
and paramo, 1400-3900 m, LA, ME (Vareschi 1973,
as Lecanora; López Figueiras 1986, as Lecanora;
Marcano 1994, as Lecanora).
**Tephromela aglaea (Sommerf.) Hertel &
Rambold
Saxicolous, paramo, 4000-4700 m, Marcano 7090
(B, herb. lich. CEILT), ME.
Tephromela elixii Kalb
Saxicolous, paramo, 3500 m, ME (Kalb 1991).
Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Ach. ex Schaer var.
vermicularis
Terricolous, paramo, 3500-4500 m, LA, ME, TA, TR
(Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986; Marcano
1992).
Thelotrema alborosellum (Nyl.) Tuck.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2400 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986, as Ocellularia).
Thelotrema carassense Vain.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2400 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Thelotrema glaucopallens Nyl.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2400 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.) Ach.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2400-2900 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Thelotrema neoleucomelanum Hale INED.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2400 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Thelotrema sphinctrinellum Nyl.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2200 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986, as Ocellularia lopezii).
Thelotrema plittii Hale INED.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2400 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Trapelia coarctata (Sm.) M. Choisy in Werner
Saxicolous, paramo, 2950-3900 m, ME (Hertel 1971;
Vareschi 1973).
Trapelia mooreana (Carroll) P. James
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 2000-
3500 m, ME (Hertel 1971, as Trapelia torelli;
Vareschi 1973, as Trapelia torelli).
Trapelia obtegens (Th. Fr.) Hertel
Saxicolous, paramo, 3500 m, ME (Hertel 1971;
Vareschi 1973).
Tremolecia atrata (Ach.) Hertel
Saxicolous, paramo, 3900 m, ME (Hertel 1971, as
Lecidea dicksonii; Vareschi 1973, as Lecidea
dicksonii).
**Tricharia vainioi R. Sant.
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
117 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
**Trichothelium bipindense F. Schill.
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
126 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
**Trichothelium epiphyllum Müll. Arg.
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
127 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
Trypethelium aeneum (Eschw.) A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1400 m, TR (López
Figueiras 1986).
Trypethelium ochroleucum (Eschw.) Nyl.
Corticolous, pre-montane forest, 500-1000 m, LA,
ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Trypethelium tropicum (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Corticolous, pre-montane forest, 600-900 m, LA,
226
ME (López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Tuckneraria laureri (Kremp.) Randlane & Thell
Corticolous, paramo, 3500-4200 m, ME (Randlane
et al. 1994).
Tylophorella pyrenocarpoides (Müll. Arg.) Egea
Corticolous, montane forest, 2200-2250 m, ME
(López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994; both as T.
polyspora).
Tylophoron crassiusculum Tibell
Corticolous, montane forest, 1300-2000 m, LA, ME
(Tibell 1982; López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Tylophoron moderatum Nyl.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2200-2300 m, ME
(Tibell 1982; López Figueiras 1986).
Umbilicaria africana (Jatta) Krog & Swinsc.
Saxicolous, paramo, 4045-4750 m, ME (Marcano &
Morales 1994a).
Umbilicaria mifafensis V. Marcano & A. Morales
Saxicolous, paramo, 4115 m, ME (Marcano &
Morales 1994a).
Umbilicaria nylanderiana (A. Zahlbr.) H. Magn.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3800-4700 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986; Marcano & Morales 1994a).
Umbilicaria polyphylla (L.) Baumg.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3200-4045 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986; Marcano & Morales 1994a).
Umbilicaria polyrrhiza (L.) Fr.
Saxicolous, paramo, 2700-3500 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986; Marcano & Morales 1994a).
Umbilicaria subcalvescens Sipman
Saxicolous, paramo, 2440-2700 m, ME (Sipman &
Topham 1992; Marcano 1994; Marcano & Morales
1994a).
Usnea acanthella (Lamb) F. J. Walker
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 1980-
4762 m, ME (Vareschi 1973, as U. sulphurea fo.).
Usnea amabilis Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest, 2000-2300 m, TR
(Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Usnea amazonica Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest, 300-1800 m, ME
(Vareschi 1973).
Usnea andina Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest, paramo, 1800-3550
m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea angulata Ach.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2400 m, TA (López
Figueiras 1986).
Usnea aspera (Eschw.) Vain.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3350 m, ME (Vareschi 1973;
López Figueiras 1986).
Usnea aureola Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 3000-4200 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea bogotensis Vain.
Saxicolous, montane forest-paramo transition zone,
2900-3700 m, ME (Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras
1986).
Usnea bornmuelleri Stnr.
Terricolous, saxicolous, paramo, 3000 m, ME
(Vareschi 1973).
Usnea brasiliensis (A. Zahlbr.) Motyka
Corticolous, paramo, 3520 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea caespitia Motyka
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 1800-
3300 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea cinchonae (Willd.) A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, paramo, 3190 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea cirrosa Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest, 1800 m, ME (Vareschi
1973).
Usnea cladoblephara (Müll. Arg.) Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 1800-
3400 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea cladocarpa Fée.
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
227
zone, 3000 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea columbiana Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest, 2350-3000 m, TA
(Vareschi 1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Usnea concinna Stirt.
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 1980-3190 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea duriuscula Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest, 2400 m, TA (Vareschi
1973; López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Usnea durietzii Mot.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3200-4750, ME (Walker 1985;
López Figueiras 1986).
Usnea finckii A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 3000-3190 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea fruticans Motyka
Corticolous, paramo, 3250 m, TR (Vareschi 1973;
López Figueiras 1986; Marcano 1994).
Usnea furfurosula (A. Zahlbr.) Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest, 1800-2500 m, ME
(Vareschi 1973).
Usnea hawaiiensis Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 3000 m, TA (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea hawaiiensis Motyka. var. sensitiva Moty-
ka
Corticolous, paramo, 3400 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea humboldtii Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest, 1800 m, ME (Vareschi
1973).
Usnea jamaicensis Ach.
Corticolous, paramo, 3550 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea laevigata Vain.
Corticolous, paramo, 3300-3700 m, ME (Vareschi
1973).
Usnea laevis (Eschw.) Nyl.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3500-3750 m, ME (Vareschi
1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Usnea laevis Nyl. var. bogotensis V. Vareschi
INED.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3500-3600 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Usnea laevis Nyl. var. laevis fo. gigas V. Vareschi
INED.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3200 m, TR (López Figueiras
1986).
Usnea laevis Nyl. var. glacialis (Motyka) V.
Vareschi INED.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3500-3600 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Usnea laevis Nyl. var. laevigata (Motyka) V.
Vareschi INED.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3500 m, ME (López Figueiras
1986).
Usnea laevis Nyl. var. roccellana (Motyka) V.
Vareschi INED.
Saxicolous, montane forest, 2400 mm, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Usnea leioclada (A. Zahlbr.) Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 3190 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea lesdainii Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest, 1350 m, ME (Vareschi
1973).
Usnea mearnsii (Vain.) Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 200-3140 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea meridensis Hale INED.?
Corticolous, montane forest, 2500 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986).
Usnea meridionalis A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, montane forest, 2000 m, ME (Vareschi
1973).
Usnea mexicana Vain.
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
228
zone, 3190 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea mirabilis Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest, 2000 m, ME (Vareschi
1973).
Usnea moreliana Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 2000-3190 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea paradoxa (A. Zahlbr.) Motyka
Corticolous, desertic forest, montane forest, 700-
2100 m, ME, TA (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea roccinella Motyka. var. glacialis (A.
Zahlbr.) Motyka
Saxicolous, paramo, 3200-3800 m, ME (Vareschi
1973).
Usnea rubescens Stirt.
Corticolous, sometimes terricolous, montane forest
and paramo, 1800-4200 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea rubicunda Stirt.
Corticolous, montane forest, 1800-2900 m, ME, TR
(Vareschi 1973).
Usnea rubicunda Stirt. var. insensibilis Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest, 1700-1800 m, ME
(Vareschi 1973).
Usnea scaberrima (Mont.) Motyka
Corticolous, paramo, 3000 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea setulosa Motyka
Corticolous, paramo, 3000-3600 m, ME (Vareschi
1973).
Usnea solida Motyka
Corticolous, desertic forest, montane forest-para-
mo transition zone, 700-3190 m, ME, TA (Vareschi
1973; López Figueiras 1986).
Usnea splendida Motyka INED.
Corticolous, paramo, 3900 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea steineri A. Zahlbr.
Corticolous, desertic forest, montane forest and
paramo, 700-3520 m, ME, TA (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea subelegans (Vain.) Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 1700-3000 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea subhirta (Vain.) Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 1800-3000 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea subplicata (Vain.) Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 3000-3200 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea sulcata Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest-paramo transition
zone, 1800-3000 m, ME (Vareschi 1973).
Usnea tenuis Motyka
Corticolous, paramo, 3000-3600 m, ME (Vareschi
1973).
Usnea transitoria Motyka
Corticolous, montane forest and paramo, 2300-
3350 m, ME, TA (Vareschi 1973).
**Vezdaea foliicola Sérus.
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
134 (herb. lich. CEILT), ME.
*Woessia apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Sérus.
Foliicolous, montane forest, 1700 m, R. Lücking 95-
140 (herb. lich. CEILT, herb. Lücking), ME.
Xanthoparmelia alectoronica Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest, 1100-1900 m, LA (López
Figueiras 1986; Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ach.) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest-paramo transition zone
and paramo, 2900-3500 m, ME (Vareschi 1973, as
Parmelia; López Figueiras 1986; Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia (Gyeln.) Hale
Saxicolous, pre-montane forest, montane forest
and paramo, 800-4400 m, LA, ME, TR (López
Figueiras 1986; Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia lopezii Nash & Elix
Saxicolous, paramo, 4100 m, ME (Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyelnik) Hale
Saxicolous, sometimes terricolous, pre-montane
forest, 915-1680 m, LA, ME (Nash et al. 1995).
229
Xanthoparmelia microspora (Müll. Arg.) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 2000-
4200 m, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986; Nash
et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia mougeotii (Schaer) Hale
Saxicolous, rarely corticolous, montane forest and
paramo, 1500-4200 m, LA, ME, TR (López Figueiras
1986; Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia neopropaguloides Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest, 1000-2500 m, ME (Nash
et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia plittii (Gyeln.) Hale
Saxicolous, rarely corticolous, desertic forest, pre-
montane forest and montane forest, 300-2500 m,
LA, ME, TA, TR (Vareschi 1973, as Parmelia;
López Figueiras 1986; Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia sipmanii Nash & Elix
Saxicolous, paramo, 4100 m, ME (Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia somloënsis (Gyelnik) Hale
Saxicolous, paramo, 3800 m, ME (Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia standaertii (Gyeln.) Hale
Terricolous, paramo, 3700-3800 m, ME (López
Figueiras 1986; Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia subplittii Hale
Saxicolous, pre-montane forest and montane forest,
915-1680 m, LA, ME (Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia subramigera (Gyeln.) Hale
Saxicolous, pre-montane forest and montane forest,
800-2300 m, LA, ME, TR (López Figueiras 1986;
Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia subsorediata Hale
Saxicolous, paramo, 3000-4200 m, ME (Nash et al.
1995).
Xanthoparmelia substenophylloides Hale
Saxicolous, pre-montane forest and montane forest,
915-2400 m, LA, ME (Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia subulcerosa Nash & Elix
Terricolous, montane forest, 1800 m, ME (Nash et
al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia succedans Elix & J. Johnston
Saxicolous, pre-montane forest, 610-1220 m, LA,
ME (Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia taractica (Kremp.) Hale
Terricolous or saxicolous, montane forest-paramo
transition zone, 2800-3100 m, TR (López Figueiras
1986; Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia tasmanica (Hook. & Tayl.) Hale
Saxicolous, paramo, 3200-3400 m, ME, TR (López
Figueiras 1986; Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia ulcerosa (A. Zahlbr.) Hale
Saxicolous, montane forest and paramo, 1800-
3400 m, LA, ME, TA, TR (López Figueiras 1986;
Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoparmelia wildeae (Dodge) Hale
Saxicolous, rarely on soil, pre-montane forest,
1680 m, ME (Nash et al. 1995).
Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th. Fr.
Saxicolous, desertic forest and pre-montane fo-
rest, 1000-1100 m, LA, ME (López Figueiras 1986).
Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr.
Saxicolous, paramo, 3900-4200 m, ME (Hertel 1971;
Vareschi 1973, as Caloplaca; López Figueiras
1986; Marcano 1994).
SYNONYMS AND MISAPPLIED NAMES
Alectoria ecuadorensis (A. Zahlbr.) Gyelnik = A.
ochroleuca
Arthonia tumidula (Ach.) Ach. = A. cinnabarina
Arthrorhaphis litina = probable misspelling for A.
alpina
Baeomyces absolutus Tuck. = Dibaeis
Baeomyces erythrellus Mont. = Phyllobaeis
Baeomyces fungoides (Sw.) Ach. = Dibaeis
Baeomyces imbricatus Hook. = Phyllobaeis
Baeomyces imbricatus Hook. var. erythrellus
(Mont.) De Vries = Phyllobaeis erythrellus
Baeomyces imbricatus Hook. var. linearis De
Vries = Phyllobaeis linearis
230
Biatora russula Mont. = Pyrrhospora
Buellia callispora (Knight) Stein. = Hafellia
Calicium auratum Tibell INED. = C. chlorosporum
Caloplaca elegans (Link) Th. Fr. = Xanthoria
Catinaria versicolor (Fée) Sipman = Lopezaria
Cetrariastrum catawbiense (Degel.) W. Culb & C.
Culb. = Everniastrum
Cetrariastrum cirrhatum (E. Fr.) W. Culb & C.
Culb. = Everniastrum
Cetrariastrum columbiense (A. Zahlbr.) W. Culb
& C. Culb. = Everniastrum
Cetrariastrum lipidiferum (Hale & Wirth) W.
Culb & C. Culb. = Everniastrum
Cetrariastrum nigrociliatum (B. de Lesd) W.
Culb & C. Culb. = Everniastrum
Cetrariastrum sorocheilum (Vain.) W. Culb & C.
Culb. = Everniastrum
Cetrariastrum vexans A. Zahlbr. ex W. Culb & C.
Culb. = Everniastrum
Chaenotheca sp. (López Figueiras 1986) = C.
chrysocephala
Chiodecton dilatatum (Nyl.) Vain. = Sagenidiopsis
undulata
Chiodecton sanguineum (Sw.) Vain. =
Cryptothecia rubrocincta
Cladonia aggregata (Sw.) Ach. = Cladia
Cladonia anomoea (Ach.) Ahti & P. James = C.
ramulosa
Cladonia arcuata Ahti = Cladina
Cladonia confusa R. Sant. = Cladina
Cladonia hypoxanthoides Auct., non Vain. = C.
meridensis
Cladonia vulcanica Zoll. = C. didyma var.
Coccocarpia parmelioides (Hook.) Trev. = C.
erythroxyli
Cora montana (Sw.) R. Sant. = Dictyonema gla-
bratum
Cora pavonia L. = Dictyonema glabratum
Corella zahlbruckneri Schiffner = Dictyonema
Everniastrum paramense Hale & López F. =
Hypotrachyna
Glossodium aversum Nyl. = Icmadophila
Heterodermia leucomela (L.) Poelt fo. verrucifera
Kurok. = H. verrucifera
Hypotrachyna formosana (A. Zahlbr.) Hale = H.
osseoalba
Hypotrachyna rachista (Hale) Hale = H. prolon-
gata
Lecanora atra (Huds.) Ach. = Tephromela
Lecanora polytropa (Hoffm.) Rabh. = Lecidea
acerviformis
Lecidea byssomorpha Nyl. = Auriculora
Lecidea cinnabarina Sommerf. = Pyrrhospora
Lecidea dicksonii (Gmel.) Ach. = Tremolecia atrata
Lecidea crustulata (Ach.) Sprg. = Porpidia
Lecidea durietzii = Lecidella carpathica
Lecidea tessellata Flk. = Cladopycnidium sinen-
se
Lecidea uliginosa (Schrad.) Ach. non sensu Vain.
= Placynthiella
Lecidea vorticosa (Flk.) Körb. = Carbonea
Leptogium foveolatum Nyl. = L. olivaceum
Leptogium involuccanum = probable misspelling
for L. moluccanum
Leptogium palmatum (Huds.) Mont. = L. cornicu-
latum
Leptogium punctulatum Nyl. = L. diaphanum
Megalospora versicolor (Fée) A. Zahlbr. = Lope-
zaria
Ocellularia alborosella Nyl. = Thelotrema
Ocellularia lopezii Hale = Thelotrema sphinctri-
nellum
Ocellularia pachystoma Nyl. = Myriotrema
Pachyospora verrucosa (Ach.) Massal. = Mega-
spora
Parmelia austrosinensis A. Zahlbr. = Parmotre-
ma
Parmelia caraccensis Tayl. = Hypotrachyna
Parmelia caroliniana Nyl. = Canoparmelia
Parmelia cetrata Ach. = Rimelia
Parmelia conformata Vain. = Parmotrema
Parmelia conspersa Ach. = Xanthoparmelia
Parmelia crinita Ach. = Parmotrema
Parmelia crozalsiana B. de Lesd. = Canoparme-
lia
Parmelia dactylifera Vain. = Hypotrachyna
Parmelia densirhizinata Kurok. = Hypotrachyna
Parmelia dilatata Vain. = Parmotrema
Parmelia endosulphureum Hill. = Parmotrema
Parmelia ensifolia Kurok. = Hypotrachyna
Parmelia flavida A. Zahlbr. = Hypotrachyna
Parmelia gigas Kurok. = Hypotrachyna
Parmelia gondylophora Hale = Hypotrachyna
Parmelia pilosa Stitzb. = Canomaculina
Parmelia plittii Gyeln. = Xanthoparmelia
Parmelia prolongata Kurok. = Hypotrachyna
Parmelia reducens Nyl. = Hypotrachyna
Parmelia reticulata Tayl. = Rimelia
Parmelia sancti-angelii Lynge = Parmotrema
Parmelia stictica Nyl. = Punctelia
231
Parmelia subrudecta Nyl. = Punctelia
Parmelina antillensis (Nyl.) Hale = Parmotre-
mopsis
Parmelina cleefii Sipman = Parmelinopsis
Parmelina cryptochlora (Vain.) Hale = Parmeli-
nopsis
Parmelina damaziana (A. Zahlbr.) Hale = Parme-
linopsis
Parmelina dissecta (Nyl.) Hale = Parmelinopsis
minarum
Parmelina horrescens (Tayl.) Hale = Parmelinop-
sis
Parmelina muelleri (Vain.) Hale = Canomaculina
Parmelina pilosa (Stizenb.) Hale = Canomaculi-
na
Parmelina spumosa (Asah.) Hale = Parmelinop-
sis
Parmelina swinscowii (Hale) Hale = Parmelinop-
sis
Parmeliopsis aleurites (DR.) Hale = Imshaugia
Parmotrema cetratum (Ach.) Hale = Rimelia
Parmotrema conferendum Hale = Rimeliella
Parmotrema commensuratum (Hale) Hale = Rime-
lia
Parmotrema haitiense (Hale) Hale = Rimeliella
subtinctoria
Parmotrema neotropicum (Kurok.) Hale = Rime-
liella
Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) Hale = P. chinense
Parmotrema reticulatum (Tayl.) Hale = Rimelia
Parmotrema simulans (Hale) Hale = Rimelia
Parmotrema subcrinitum (Nyl.) Hale = P. subtinc-
torium
Parmotrema subisidiosum (Müll. Arg.) Hale =
Rimelia
Parmotrema subsumptum (Nyl.) Hale = Rimeliel-
la
Parmotrema sulfuratum Auct. = Rimeliella sub-
tinctoria
Physcia setosa Ach. = Phaeophyscia hispidula
Pseudosagedia umbilicata (Müll. Arg.) Hafelln.
& Kalb = Porina
Pseudoparmelia alabamensis (Hale & McCul-
lough) Hale = Paraparmelia
Pseudoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale = Flavopar-
melia
Pseudoparmelia caribaea (Hale) Hale = Cano-
parmelia
Pseudoparmelia carneopruinata (A. Zahlbr.) Hale
= Canoparmelia
Pseudoparmelia caroliniana (Nyl.) Hale = Cano-
parmelia
Pseudoparmelia cinerascens (Lynge) Hale = Ca-
noparmelia
Pseudoparmelia crozalsiana (B. de Lesd) Hale =
Canoparmelia
Pseudoparmelia leucoxantha (Müll. Arg.) Hale =
Flavoparmelia
Pseudoparmelia rutidota (Hook. & Tayl.) Hale =
Flavoparmelia
Pseudoparmelia scrobicularis (Kremp.) Hale =
Canoparmelia
Pseudoparmelia soredians (Nyl.) Hale = Flavo-
parmelia
Pseudoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Hale = Canopar-
melia
Pyxine caesiopruinosa (Nyl.) Imsh. = P. albovi-
rens
Ramalina ecklonii Auct., non (Spreng.) Mey. &
Flot. = R. celastri
Sarcogyne simplex (Dav.) Nyl. = Polysporina
Sphaerophorus melanocarpus (Sw.) DC. = Buno-
dophoron
Sticta andina Trev. = probable misspelling for S.
andensis
Thelotrema eumorphum Stirt. = Ocellularia
Thelotrema leucomelanum Nyl. = Ocellularia
Trapelia torelli (Anzi) Hertel = Trapelia moorea-
na
Tylophorella polyspora Vain. = T. pyrenocarpoi-
des
Usnea sulphurea Koen. fo. acanthella Lamb = U.
acanthella
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Dr. R. Lücking (Ulm), Dr. T.
Ahti (Helsinki), Dr. O. Vitikainen (Helsinki), Dr. J. Elix
(Canberra), Dr.I. Kärnefelt (Lund), Dr. R. Harris (New
York), Dr. T. Nash (Tempe), Dr. R. Pankhurst (Edinburgh),
Dr. A. Aptroot (Baarn), Dr. Eldrys Rodulfo de Gil (Mérida)
for their manifold assistance and collaboration. This study
was supported by a grant-in-aid from FUNDACITE (Flora
Liquénica de los Andes Program), and from CDCHT
(proyecto Fa 151-95-08-B), Universidad de los Andes,
Mérida.
232
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