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Four new taxa of Ilyonectria and Thelonectria (Nectriaceae) revealed by morphology and combined ITS and β-tubulin sequence data
Abstract and Figures
Thelonectria beijingensis sp. nov. is characterized by a distinct perithecial wall of textura epidermoidea mixed with textura intricata, purple to brown colonies, curved cylindrical macroconidia with rounded ends, ellipsoid to rod-shaped microconidia, and lacking chlamydospores. Thelonectria yunnanica sp. nov. is distinguished by a three layered perithecial wall with a palisade of short hyphae that are perpendicular to the outer surface, white colonies, ellipticalfusoid to rod-shaped microconidia with rounded ends and lacking chlamydospores. Neonectria hubeiensis and N. sinensis are transferred to Ilyonectria and Thelonectria, respectively. Distinctions between the new taxa and their close relatives are discussed based on morphology and the combined sequence data of nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS1-5.8SITS2 and partial β-tubulin gene.
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... Mariannaea humicola and Mariannaea punicea were recorded from soil (Lombard et al. 2015;Hu et al. 2017), while all other species, including our newly sequenced strains reported from freshwater habitats. Thelonectria are mostly saprobes in terrestrial habitats (Salgado-Salazar et al. 2016), while T. discophora (= Nectria discophora) was reported from aquatic (Shearer and Webster 1991) and terrestrial habitats (Zeng and Zhuang 2013). Our newly sequenced strains clustered together with terrestrial species of Thelonectria with freshwater ancestor and the node was not statistically supported. ...
... Scale bars: c-d = 100 μm, e = 50 μm, f, h, i = 30 μm, g, k-m = 10 μm, j = 15 μm the latter species in having superficial, subglobose to globose, orange red to red ascomata, two layers peridium, subcylindrical asci with an apical ring and uniseriate, fusiform-ellipsoid, uniseptate, hyaline, smooth ascospores. However, T. aquatica differs from T. beijingensis in having smaller ascomata (155-285(-305) × 260-356(-378) vs. 320-391 × 305-385 μm) and ascospores (12-14 × 4-6 vs. 13-17 × 4-7 μm) (Zeng and Zhuang 2013). In addition, phylogenetic analysis also showed that they are distinct (Fig. 31) guangdongensis in a monophyletic clade within the genus (Fig. 31). ...
... μm). In addition, conidia of T. beijingensis are 0-3-septate, while conidia of T. cylindricospora are aseptate (Zeng and Zhuang 2013). Thelonectria cylindricospora can be distinguished from T. guangdongensis in having aseptate and shorter and wider conidia (41-49.5 × 5-7 vs. 48-70 × 4.8-5.3 ...
Hypocreomycetidae is a highly diverse group with species from various habitats. This subclass has been reported as pathogenic, endophytic, parasitic, saprobic, fungicolous, lichenicolous, algicolous, coprophilous and insect fungi from aquatic and terrestrial habitats. In this study, we focused on freshwater fungi of Hypocreomycetidae which resulted 41 fresh collections from China and Thailand. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we identified 26 species that belong to two orders (Hypocreales and Microascales) and six families (Bionectriaceae, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascaceae, Nectriaceae, Sarocladiaceae and Stachybotryaceae). Ten new species are introduced and 13 new habitats and geographic records are reported. Mariannaea superimposita, Stachybotrys chartarum and S. chlorohalonatus are recollected from freshwater habitats in China. Based on phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU, ITS, SSU, rpb2 and tef1-α sequences data, Emericellopsis is transferred to Hypocreales genera incertae sedis; Pseudoacremonium is transferred to Bionectriaceae; Sedecimiella is placed in Nectriaceae; Nautosphaeria and Tubakiella are excluded from Halosphaeriaceae and placed in Microascales genera incertae sedis; and Faurelina is excluded from Hypocreomycetidae. Varicosporella is placed under Atractium as a synonym of Atractium. In addition, phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimates showed that Ascocodina, Campylospora, Cornuvesica and Xenodactylariaceae form distinct lineages in Hypocreomycetidae and they evolved in the family/order time frame. Hence, a new order (Xenodactylariales) and three new families (Ascocodinaceae, Campylosporaceae and Cornuvesicaceae) are introduced based on phylogenetic analysis, divergence time estimations and morphological characters. Ancestral character state analysis is performed for different habitats of Hypocreomycetidae including freshwater, marine and terrestrial taxa. The result indicates that marine and freshwater fungi evolved independently from terrestrial ancestors. The results further support those early diverging clades of this subclass, mostly comprising terrestrial taxa and freshwater and marine taxa have been secondarily derived, while the crown clade (Nectriaceae) is represented in all three habitats. The evolution of various morphological adaptations towards their habitual changes are also discussed.
... P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, was established by Chaverri et al. [10] to include the species formerly placed in the Nectria mammoidea and N. veuillotiana groups with a cosmopolitan distribution [11]. Forty-seven species are accepted in the genus [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. ...
Species of Nectriaceae commonly occur on living and decaying woody substrates, soil, fruitbodies of other fungi, and insects. Some of them are reported as endophytes, opportunistic pathogens of crops and humans, or producers of mycotoxins. To explore the species diversity of the family, specimens from different regions of China were collected and examined. Four novel taxa of Penicillifer, Pseudocosmospora, and Thelonectria were introduced on the basis of morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analyses of combined datasets of the act, ITS, LSU, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, and tub2 regions. Differences between the new species and their close relatives were compared and discussed.
... Gams and Jaklitsch 60 critically addressed the problem of identifying and renaming of species on the basis of molecular analyses and gene bank deposits; this helps to explain our findings. The current detailed knowledge is due to the taxonomists who contributed significantly to the discovery of the diversity within the Nectriaceae in recent years 43,59,[61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68] . It was beyond our goals and capacities to distinguish the isolates with an extended multi-locus analysis in combination with morphological features. ...
Replant disease is a worldwide phenomenon affecting various woody plant genera and species, especially within the Rosaceae. Compared to decades of intensive studies regarding replant disease of apple (ARD), the replant disease of roses (RRD) has hardly been investigated. The etiology of RRD is also still unclear and a remedy desperately needed. In greenhouse pot trials with seedlings of the RRD-sensitive rootstock Rosa corymbifera ‘Laxa’ cultured in replant disease affected soils from two different locations, early RRD symptom development was studied in fine roots. In microscopic analyses we found similarities to ARD symptoms with regards to structural damages, impairment in the root hair status, and necroses and blackening in the cortex tissue. Examinations of both whole mounts and thin sections of fine root segments revealed frequent conspicuous fungal infections in association with the cellular disorders. Particularly striking were fungal intracellular structures with pathogenic characteristics that are described for the first time. Isolated fungi from these tissue areas were identified by means of ITS primers, and many of them were members of the Nectriaceae. In a next step, 35 of these isolates were subjected to a multi-locus sequence analysis and the results revealed that several genera and species were involved in the development of RRD within a single rose plant. Inoculations with selected single isolates (Rugonectria rugulosa and Ilyonectria robusta) in a Perlite assay confirmed their pathogenic relationship to early necrotic host plant reactions, and symptoms were similar to those exhibited in ARD.
... P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, was established by Chaverri et al. (2011) to accommodate the nectriaceous fungi having superficial, globose to subglobose or pyriform to elongated perithecia which do not collapse when dry, with a prominent and darkened papilla; smooth, rarely spinulose or striate ascospores and curved macroconidia with rounded ends (Chaverri et al. 2011;Lombard et al. 2015;Salgado-Salazar et al. 2016). About 44 species are currently accepted in the genus (Chaverri et al. 2011;Salgado-Salazar et al. 2012, 2015Zeng and Zhuang 2013;Crous et al. 2018). Species in the genera Rugonectria and Thelonectria are distributed in the tropics, subtropics and temperate regions and occur on early decaying bark, roots, branches, trunks and rarely in soil (Chaverri et al. 2011;Salgado-Salazar et al. 2015). ...
Recent collections and herbarium specimens of Rugonectria and Thelonectria from different regions of China were examined. Using combined analyses of morphological and molecular data, 17 species are recognised including three species of Rugonectria and 14 species in Thelonectria. Amongst them, R.microconidia and T.guangdongensis are new to science. Rugonectriamicroconidia on mossy bark is characterised by superficial, yellow to orange, pyriform to subglobose perithecia with a warted surface; ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal, striate, uniseptate ascospores; and allantoid to rod-shaped, aseptate microconidia. Thelonectriaguangdongensis possesses bright red perithecia with a slightly roughened surface and a prominently dark papilla; ellipsoidal, smooth, uniseptate ascospores; and subcylindrical, slightly curved, multiseptate macroconidia. Morphological distinctions and sequence divergences between the new species and their close relatives are discussed. Name changes for the previously recorded species in China are noted.
... Thelonectria trachosa followed by T. rubrococca are the most basal lineages in clade I. Thelonectria trachosa is only known from the type collected in Scotland in 1992 (Figs. 1 and 2), and T. rubrococca was first described from specimens collected in French Guiana in 1986. Two additional species have affinities with species in the T. discophora complex, namely T. beijingensis and T. yunnanica, which have been described elsewhere (Zeng and Zhuang 2013). ...
The genus Thelonectria and closely related species with cylindrocarpon-like asexual states are a group of perithecial ascomycetes in the family Nectriaceae that occur as saprobes and in few cases as pathogens of hardwood trees, shrubs or other plants. Although a key component of forest ecosystems around the world, species relationships and distributions of these fungi are largely unknown. The objectives of this study were to: 1) infer species rank phylogenetic relationships of the genus Thelonectria and closely related species with cylindrocarpon-like asexual states and test the monophyly of each of the groups studied; 2) delimit taxa establishing taxon circumscriptions; 3) resolve nomenclatural issues by identifying redundantly used names and synonyms; and 4) provide an updated outline to the genus, geographical distributions data and identification tools, specifically diagnostic keys and molecular data that can be used as molecular barcodes. The recovered consensus phylogeny resulted in a narrow circumscription of the genus Thelonectria, based on the type T. discophora, excluding one of the common species T. jungneri. According to the phylogenetic analyses, T. jungneri belongs in a segregate clade that should be recognized as a different genus. In the genus Thelonectria, a total of four new species and three new combinations are recognized. Additionally, three new genera, closely related to Thelonectria, are described to accommodate species displaying a morphological resemblance to those of Thelonectria: Cinnamomeonectria gen. nov. with C. cinnamomea as type species, Macronectria gen. nov. with M. jungneri as type species and including four additional newly described species, and Tumenectria gen. nov. with T. laetidisca as type species.
Karst caves are unique oligotrophic ecosystems characterised by the scarcity of organic litter, darkness, low to moderate temperatures, and high humidity, supporting diverse fungal communities. Despite their importance, little is known about the fungi in karst caves in Thailand. In 2019, we explored the culturable mycobiota associated with three selected types of substrates (air, soil/sediment and organic litter samples) from two karst caves, the Le Stegodon and Phu Pha Phet Caves, in the Satun UNESCO Global Geopark in southern Thailand. Based on morphological characters and multilocus phylogenetic analyses, eight new species ( Actinomortierella caverna , Hypoxylon phuphaphetense , Leptobacillium latisporum , Malbranchea phuphaphetensis , Scedosporium satunense , Sesquicillium cavernum , Thelonectria satunensis and Umbelopsis satunensis ) were described, illustrated, and compared to closely related species. These new fungal taxa form independent lineages distinct from other previously described species and classified into eight different families across six orders and two phyla ( Ascomycota and Mucoromycota ). This paper provides additional evidence that the karst caves located within the Satun UNESCO Global Geopark, situated in the southern region of Thailand, harbour a diverse range of newly discovered species.
Hypocreomycetidae is a highly diverse group with species from various habitats. This subclass has been reported as pathogenic, endophytic, parasitic, saprobic, fungicolous, lichenicolous, algicolous, coprophilous and insect fungi from aquatic and terrestrial habitats. In this study, we focused on freshwater fungi of Hypocreomycetidae which resulted 41 fresh collections from China and Thailand. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we identified 26 species that belong to two orders (Hypocreales and Microascales) and six families (Bionectriaceae, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascaceae, Nectriaceae, Sarocladiaceae and Stachybotryaceae). Ten new species and 13 new habitats and geographic records are introduced. Mariannaea superimposita, Stachybotrys chartarum and S. chlorohalonatus are recollected from freshwater habitats in China. Based on phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU, ITS, SSU, rpb2 and tef1-α sequences data, Emericellopsis is transferred to Hypocreales genera incertae sedis; Pseudoacremonium is transferred to Bionectriaceae; Sedecimiella is placed in Nectriaceae; Nautosphaeria and Tubakiella are excluded from Halosphaeriaceae and placed in Microascales genera incertae sedis; and Faurelina is excluded from Hypocreomycetidae. Varicosporella is placed under Atractium as a synonym of Atractium instead of Varicosporella. In addition, phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimates showed that Ascocodina, Campylospora, Cornuvesica and Xenodactylariaceae form distinct lineages in Hypocreomycetidae and they evolved in the family/order time frame. Hence, a new order (Xenodactylariales) and three new families (Ascocodinaceae, Campylosporaceae, and Cornuvesicaceae) are introduced based on phylogenetic analysis, divergence time estimations and morphological characters. Ancestral character state analysis is performed for different habitats of Hypocreomycetidae including freshwater, marine and terrestrial taxa. The result indicates that marine and freshwater fungi evolved independently from terrestrial ancestors. The results further support those early diverging clades of this subclass, mostly comprising terrestrial taxa and freshwater and marine taxa have been secondarily derived, while the crown clade (Nectriaceae) is represented in all three habitats. The evolution of various morphological adaptations towards their habitual changes are also been discussed.
Three fungal strains belonging to the class Sordariomycetes were isolated from soils collected from Gyeongsangbuk-do in Korea. They were identified as Cephalotrichum hinnuleum
(UD CT 1-3-3 and KNU-19GWF1) and Thelonectria chlamydospora sp. nov. (UD ST 1-2-1).
T. chlamydospora sp. nov. was morphologically identical to T. truncata, but its specific
macroconidial dimensions, lower number of septations, and chlamydospore diameter render
it distinct from the strains of the genus Thelonectria. The strains UD CT 1-3-3 and KNU19GWF1 were developed flat, velvety to felty, and golden gray to brown-gray after 14 days
of incubation at 25 C on PDA. These strains were produced polyblastic conidiogenous cells
and conidia were pale brown to brown, smooth, thin-walled, subglobose to ellipsoidal,
arranged in chains, and the diameters of 6.7–9.0 � 3.7–5.1 lm. The strains were also confirmed by using the multi-locus genes using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, partial
large subunit (LSU), translation elongation factor 1a (TEF1-a), b-tubulin (TUB2), and actin
(ACT) genes. This is the discovery of T. chlamydospora sp. nov. and Cephalotrichum hinnuleum, a new record from Korea.
The phylogeny of Orbilia aurantiorubra and related species is inferred from ITS sequence data. Orbilia aurantiorubra is redefined according to vital taxonomy. Integrated analyses of molecular and morphological data, and ecological (e.g. substrate) and geographical origin suggest the existence of three new species, which are described in this paper: Orbilia xanthoguttulata from Europe, O. succulenticola from the Canary Islands, and O. jugulospora from Ethiopia (Africa) and Taiwan (Southeast Asia).
Twenty-two fungi of the family Bionectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycota), collected from forests in Taiwan are reported, including Bionectria byssicola, B. compactiuscula, B. grammicospora, B. ochroleuca, B. parviphialis, B. pseudostriata, B. verrucispora, Hydropisphaera ciliata, H. cf. cyatheae, H. peziza, H. suffulta, H. cf. rufofusca, Ijuhya parilis, Ijuhya sp., Nectriella cf. luteola, Nectriopsis cupulata, N. lasiodermopsis, N. sibicola, Ochronectria cf. calami, Stephanonectria keithii, Stilbocrea gracilipes and S. macrostoma. Most of them were found on recently dead broad-leaf trees. All of these species are newly recorded in Taiwan. A dichotomous key to these species is given.
The Hypocreales with over one thousand described species have been the repository for all light- to bright-colored, soft-textured, perithecial ascomycetes with a Nectria-type centrum. Rogerson (1970) published a key to the genera in the Hypocreales and accepted over 115 genera with 26 generic synonyms in the order. Since then, 58 genera have been added. For this study all available type specimens of the type species of genera classified in the Hypocreales were examined. Fifty six genera, including six newly described genera with 43 generic synonyms, are accepted in three families, Bionectriaceae fam, nov., Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae, of the order. Although now considered either part of or closely related to the Hypocreales, neither the Niessliaceae nor the Clavicipitaceae are treated comprehensively in this study. Fourteen genera with two generic synonyms are included in the Niessliaceae and six genera with one generic synonym are placed in the Clavicipitaceae. The remaining 84 genera are excluded from the Hypocreales and redisposed in their appropriate family and order. Genera excluded from the Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, and Nectriaceae are described and illustrated based on their type species. For 16 genera previously placed in the Hypocreales the type specimen was either not located or not sufficient to make a modern taxonomic evaluation of the type species. For each genus the type species and species not recently treated are fully described and documented. A key to species is presented unless a recent key to species in that genus is available. In the Bionectriaceae a new genus, Ochronectria, is introduced for Nectria calami. Nectriella minuta, N. rubricapitula, N. utahensis, Pronectria echinulata, P. pertusariicola, and Protocreopsis viridis are described as new species. The following new specific combinations are proposed: Dimerosporiella cephalosporii, D. gnarapiensis, D. leucorrhodina, D. oidioides, D. pipericola, and D. sensitiva; Hydropisphaera arenula, H. arenuloides, H. boothii, H. cyatheae, H. dolichospora, H. erubescens, H. gigantea, H. haematites, H. hypoxantha, H. leucotricha, H. macrarenula, H. multiloculata, H. multiseptata, H. nymaniana, H. pachyderma, and H. suffulta; Ijuhya peristomialis, I. chilensis, I. aquifolii, I. bambusina, I. corynespora, I. dentifera, I. dictyospora, I. leucocarpa, I. paraparilis, and I. parilis; Lasionectria sylvana and L. vulpina; Nectriella curtisii, N. dakotensis, and N. galii; Nectriopsis sasae and N. queletii; Ochronectria calami; Peethambara spirostriata and for its anamorph Didymostilbe echinofibrosa, Protocreopsis foliicola, P. freycinetiae, P. javanica, P. pertusa, P. pertusoides, and P. phormiicola; Stilbocrea gracilipes and S. impressa. Two new names, Nectriella crouanii for Nectria aurea P. & H. Crouan, and N. halonata for Charonectria umbelliferarum, are proposed. In the Nectriaceae five new genera are introduced: Albonectria for species related with Nectria rigidiuscula, Haematonectria for the Nectria haematococca complex, Lanatonectria for the Nectria flavolanata-group, Rubrinectria for a species previously known as Nectria olivacea, and Viridispora for teleomorphs of Penicillifer. Cosmospora dingleyae and C. obscura are described as new species. The following new specific combinations are proposed: Albonectria rigidiuscula, A. albosuccinea, and A. verrucosa; Corallomycetella repens and C. jatrophae; Cosmospora aurantiicola, C. biasolettiana, C. camelliae, C. chaetopsinae, C. chaetopsinae-catenulatae, C. chaetopsinae-penicillatae, C. chaetopsinae-polyblastiae, C. chlorina, C. consors, C. digitalicola, C. diminuta, C. diploa, C. episphaeria, C. flammea, C. flavoviridis, C. ganymede, C. geastroides, C. glabra, C. joca, C. jucundula, C. kurdica, C. lasiodiplodiae, C. leptosphaeriae, C. macrochaetopsinae, C. magnusiana, C. meliopsicola, C. metepisphaeria, C. nothepisphaeria, C. papilionacearum, C. peponum, C. pseudepisphaeria, C. pseudoflavoviridis, C. purtonii, C. rickii, C. rishbethii, C. rubrisetosa, C. sansevieriae, C. stilbellae, C. stilbosporae, C. thujana, C. triqua, C. tungurahuana, C. vilior, C. viliuscula, C. wegeliana, and C. xanthostroma; Haematonectria haematococca, H. illudens, H. ipomoeae, H. monilifera, and H. termitum; Lanatonectria flocculenta with anamorph Actinostilbe macalpinei, L. flavolanata, L. mammiformis with anamorph Actinostilbe mammiformis, and L. raripila; Neonectria coccinea and N. galligena; Rubrinectria olivacea; Viridispora penicilliferi, V. alata, V. diparietispora, and V. fragariae; Xenonectriella leptaleae, X. ornamentata, and X. streimannii. In the checklist, some genera are excluded from the families treated here and placed among 19 families in 12 orders of ascomycetes and one basidiomycetous genus. Two genera are uniloculate, discomycetous loculoascomycetes; some have true apothecia and belong in the Helotiales and Pezizales, or are lichenized Lecanorales. Many of these taxa are placed in the Diaporthales and Xylariales (Hyponectriaceae and Thyridiaceae). Genera having immersed ascomata are often difficult to place; they include Charonectria and Hyponectria, now placed in the Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales; and Cryptoleptosphaeria, Cryptonectriella and Schizoparme, now placed in the Diaporthales. Several genera are placed in the Niessliaceae and Clavicipitaceae of the Hypocreales. In this section a new species, Charonectria amabilis, is described, and the new combinations Thyridium ohiense, Charonectria sceptri, Cryptoleptosphaeria gracilis, Cryptonectriella geoglossi, and Thelocarpon citrum, are proposed.
A new species, Nectria zangii, is described on Populus branches from Donglingshan in western Beijing. The anatomy of perithecia, which become cupulate when dry, and positive reactions to KOH and lactic acid of the fungus indicates that this species belongs in the genus
Nectria. It is characterized by small, non-septate, allantoid ascospores and small, subcylindrical to narrowly clavate asci. Sequence analysis of the combined nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and partial β-tubulin gene confirm its taxonomic position in Nectria as a species
new to science.