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Xylaria (Xylariaceae, Ascomycota) in the Parque Estadual de São Camilo, Paraná, Brazil

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Kely S. Cruz at Universidade Federal do Paraná
Kely S. Cruz
Vagner G. Cortez at Universidade Federal do Paraná
Vagner G. Cortez
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Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba, 44 (3-4): 129-144. 2015. 129
Xylaria (Xylariaceae,
Ascomycota) in the Parque Estadual de São Camilo,
Paraná, Brazil
Xylaria (Xylariaceae,
Ascomycota) no Parque Estadual de São Camilo,
Paraná, Brasil
KELY DA SILVA CRUZ1
VAGNER G. CORTEZ 2
Xylaria is the type genus of Xylariaceae (STADLER et al., 2013).
Xylaria species produce dark carbonaceous stromata, perithecial
ascomata, cylindrical asci with an apical ring and pigmented ascospores
with a germ slit (ROGERS & SAMUELS, 1986). Members of Xylaria grow
mainly on wood, but also on litter, fruits, dead palm leaves, seeds, dung
and even on ant nests (HSIEH et al., 2010; ROGERS et al., 2005).
Xylaria species are widely distributed in tropical, subtropical
and also in temperate zones (ROGERS et al., 2005). In Brazil, many taxa
has been described or reported – for an historical summary of the
knowledge about Xylaria in Brazil see TRIERVEILER-PEREIRA et al.
(2009). From the State of Paraná 22 species of Xylaria were reported
by (MEIJER, 2006) especially in Curitiba and Coastal regions of the State.
In order to improve the knowledge about Xylariaceae from
Western region of Paraná State, a survey of the family was carried
(CRUZ & CORTEZ, 2015), and in this contribution are presented the results
dealing with the genus Xylaria.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Specimens were gathered from April/2013 and March/2014, in the
São Camilo State Park (abbreviated as PESC), municipality of Palotina,
Western region of Paraná State, South Brazil. PESC is situated between
1Mestranda do Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná,
Caixa Postal 19031, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba - PR, Brazil. cruzsk@outlook.com. 2Prof.
Adjunto, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Paraná, R. Pioneiro
2153, Jardim Dallas, CEP 85950-000, Palotina - PR, Brazil. cortezvg@yahoo.com.br.
130 Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba, 44 (3-4): 129-144. 2015.
coordinates 24°18’00"-24°19’30" S and 53°53’30"-53°55’30" W,
comprising 385.34 ha belonging seasonal semi-deciduous forest (IAP,
2006; VELOSO et al., 1991).
Specimens were examined following standard procedures for xylariaceous
fungi. Micromorphological features were measured based on distilled water
preparations; asci were observed in Cotton Blue, except for the apical ring,
examined on Melzer’s reagent. Ascospores were analyzed under scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) Jeol JSM-6360LV, at the Center of Electron
Microscopy (CME) of the Paraná University, following Suwannasai et al.
(2012). All specimens are preserved at the Herbarium of Palotina Campus
(HCP) and holotype at the Herbarium of the National Botanic Department
of the Paraná University (UPCB).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Xylaria cubensis (Mont.) Fr.
N. Acta R. Soc. Sci. Upsal. 1: 126, 1851.
(Figs. 1a–b, 4a)
Stromata unbranched, cylindric-clavate, sometimes flattened, with
rounded fertile apex, 10–50 mm total length, fertile portion 12–35 × 3–
20 mm, stipe from reddish tomentose base or simple, 5–25 × 2–9 mm.
Texture hard to soft. Surface smooth to slightly rough, externally brown
to dark brown, entostroma white, becoming hollow. Perithecia subglobose,
0.5–0.8 mm diam. Ostioles conic-papillate. Asci cylindrical, 113–217 ×
7–10 µm, spore-bearing parts 67–87 µm, stipes 47–126 µm; apical ring
amyloid, rectangular, 1–2.3 × 1.4–1.8 µm. Ascospores brown to dark
brown, obliquely to ellipsoid-inequilateral, 8–10.5 × 4–5 µm, usually
without germ slit; surface smooth under SEM.
EXAMINED MATERIAL — Brazil, PARANÁ: Palotina, PESC, 13/VI/
2013, K.S. Cruz 89, 83, 93 (HCP 546, 547, 548); 02/VII/2013, K.S. Cruz
125, 123 (HCP 549, 550); 20/I/2014, K.S. Cruz 189 (HCP 551).
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION — Americas (BEUG et al., 2014; HLADKI
& ROMERO, 2010), Asia, Africa, and Oceania (STADLER et al., 2008; VAN
DER GUCHT, 1995).
NOTES – Xylaria cubensis has typical smooth stromata and small,
dark brown ascospores without a germ slit (ROGERS, 1984). HAMME &
GUERRERO (2002) noted differences in the cultured mycelium of some
Brazilian specimens and discussed taxonomic problems in the X. cubensis
complex. It causes a white rot of wood, but can be associated with as
endophyte tropical palms (ROGERS, 1984). The studied specimens were
growing on rotting wood.
Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba, 44 (3-4): 129-144. 2015. 131
Xylaria curta Fr.
N. Acta R. Soc. Sci. Upsal. 1: 126, 1851.
(Figs. 1c–d, 4b)
Stromata unbranched, cylindric-clavate, with rounded fertile apex,
21–29 mm total length, fertile portion 15–27 × 5–7 mm, stipes 2–6 × 2
mm. Texture hard. Surface rough, with whitish to yellowish squamules,
externally brown to dark brown, entostroma white, becoming hollow in
mature. Perithecia subglobose, 0.3–0.5 mm diam. Ostioles papillate,
surrounded by a black disc. Asci cylindrical, 123–189 × 5–7 µm, spore-
bearing parts 66–83 µm, stipes 47–115 µm; apical ring amyloid, rectangular,
1.5–2 × 1.4–2 µm. Ascospores brown, oblique to ellipsoid-inequilateral,
7–10 × 3–4 µm, with a straight germ slit less than the spore-length;
surface smooth under SEM.
EXAMINED MATERIAL – Brazil, PARANÁ: Palotina, PESC, 13/VI/2013,
K.S. Cruz 90 (HCP 542); 10/IX/2013, K.S. Cruz 10 (HCP 543); 13/XII/
2013, K.S. Cruz 177 (HCP 544); 25/III/2014, K.S. Cruz 226 (HCP 545).
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION — Americas (HAMME & GUERRERO 2002;
HLADKI & ROMERO, 2010; STADLER et al., 2008), Africa, Asia and Oceania
(VAN DER GUCHT, 1995).
NOTES — According to HAMME & GUERRERO (2002), Brazilian
specimens of X. curta are very variable in size and shape of the stroma,
color and presence of whitish to yellowish squamules. DENNIS (1956)
stated that this species has similar developmental stages to X. feejeensis
and by this reason they are commonly get confused. X. curta has been
collected on roots and trunks of rotting trees of Luehea divaricata Mart.
(HAMME & GUERRERO, 2002). Our specimens were collected in rotting
wood. This species is a new record from Paraná.
Xylaria feejeensis (Berk.) Fr.
N. Acta R. Soc. Sci. Upsal. 1: 128, 1851.
(Figs. 1e–f, 4c)
Stromata unbranched or branched, cylindrical-clavate, with rounded
fertile apex, 60–135 mm total length, fertile portion 30–70 × 3–7 mm,
stipes short to long, 20–65 × 3–6 mm, from reddish tomentose bases or
simple. Texture cheesy to hard. Surface rough, externally dull black,
often with brown tones, entostroma white, becoming hollow when very
dried. Perithecia subglobose, 0.4–0.8 mm diam. Ostioles finely papillate,
surrounded by a white disc. Asci cylindrical, 68–185 × 4–7 µm, spore-
bearing parts 50–75 µm, stipes 20–122 µm; apical ring amyloid, rectangular,
0.9–2 × 1.1–2.1 µm. Ascospores brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral, 6.5–10 ×
3–4.5 µm, with a straight germ slit spore-length; surface smooth under
SEM.
132 Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba, 44 (3-4): 129-144. 2015.
EXAMINED MATERIAL — Brazil, PARANÁ: Palotina, PESC, 16/V/
2013, K.S. Cruz 007a (HCP 537); 13/VI/2013, K.S. Cruz 87 (HCP 538);
02/VII/2013 K.S. Cruz 122 (HCP 539).
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION — Americas, Africa, Oceania and Asia
(GUZMÁN & PIEPENBRING, 2011; VAN DER GUCHT, 1995).
NOTES — According to DENNIS (1956) and VAN DER GUCHT (1995), X.
feejeensis is a complex taxon. In Brazil, it was reported as X. obtusissima
Sacc. and X. feejeensis var. polymorphoides Rehm (DENNIS, 1956).
Our specimens were collected in decaying wood, some with hair at the
base, according to the material described by (DENNIS, 1956).
Xylaria cubensis: a,
Xylaria
c, stroma; d, ascospores. e,f.
e, stroma; f,
Fig. 1. a, b. Xylaria cubensis: a, stroma; b, ascospores. c,d. Xylaria curta: c, stroma; d,
ascospores. e,f. Xylaria feejeensis: e, stroma; f, ascospores.
Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba, 44 (3-4): 129-144. 2015. 133
Xylaria grammica (Mont.) Mont.
An. Sci. Nat. Bot. 3: 108, 1855.
(Figs. 2a–b, 4d)
Stromata unbranched or rarely branched, cylindrical-fusoid, with
rounded fertile apices, 60–120 mm total length, fertile portion 30–60 × 5–
16 mm, stipes short or long, 15–80 × 3–6 mm. Texture hard. Surface
smooth, with longitudinal black lines, externally gray, entostroma white,
becoming hollow when dried. Perithecia subglobose, 0.4–1 mm diam.
Ostioles punctate in longitudinal black lines. Asci cylindrical, 170–254 ×
7–9 µm, spore-bearing parts 70–84 µm, stipes 90–170 µm; apical ring
amyloid, rectangular, 2.5–3 × 1.5–2 µm. Ascospores brown, ellipsoid-
inequilateral, 10–12 × 3.5–5 µm, with a straight germ slit spore-length;
surface smooth under SEM.
EXAMINED MATERIAL — Brazil, PARANÁ: Palotina, PESC, 16/II/
2011, A.J. Ferreira & R.L Dias 18-32 (HCP 565; 24/VI/2011, A.J.
Ferreira & R.L Dias 21-1 (HCP 566); 15/VI/2011, T.R. Hugen 019
(HCP 564); 16/V/2013, K.S. Cruz 007b (HCP 567); 13/VI/2013, K.S.
Cruz 84, 92 (HCP 568, 569); 02/VII/2013, K.S. Cruz 119 (HCP 570); 20/
I/2014, K.S. Cruz 191, 227 (HCP 573, 573); 25/III/2014, K.S. Cruz 009a
(HCP 574).
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION – South America (HAMME & GUERRERO,
2002; HLADKI & ROMERO, 2010) Africa, Asia, and Oceania (VAN DER
GUCHT, 1995).
NOTES — According to DENNIS (1956) Xylaria grammica is
characterized by cracking in the stromatical crust and also rows of
ostioles within the cracks. Due to these characteristics X. grammica is
easily recognized in the field. In other species with regularly cracking
crusts the cracks surround individual perithecia or form a network
between them DENNIS (1956). Our specimens were collected in decaying
wood. This species is a new record from Paraná.
Xylaria ianthinovelutina (Mont.) Fr.
Syll. Gen. Spec. Plant. Crypt.: 204, 1856.
(Figs. 2c–d, 4e)
Stromata unbranched or branched, cylindrical, with acute sterile
apex, 30–40 mm total length, fertile portion 4–22 × 1–2 mm, stipes
tomentose, 15–30 × 1–2 mm. Texture soft. Surface rough, covered by
tomentum, externally reddish brown to black, entostroma white. Perithecia
mammiform, 0.3–0.6 mm diam. Ostioles slightly papillate. Asci cylindrical,
94–104 × 4–6.5 µm, spore-bearing parts 52–74.5 µm, stipes 21–37.5 µm;
apical ring amyloid, rectangular, 1.6–2.1 × 1.1–1.6 µm. Ascospores light
134 Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba, 44 (3-4): 129-144. 2015.
R
brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral to fusoid, 10–11 × 3–4 µm, with a straight
germ slit spore-length; surface smooth under SEM.
EXAMINED MATERIAL — Brazil, PARANÁ: Palotina, PESC, 02/VII/
2013, K.S. Cruz 117 (HCP 540).
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION — North and South America (HLADKI &
ROMERO, 2010; TRIERVEILER-PEREIRA et al., 2009).
NOTES – Xylaria ianthinovelutina occurs preferentially on fruits of
Fabaceae Lindley (DENNIS, 1956; ROGERS et al., 1988). South Brazilian
collections recorded by THEISSEN (1909) and RICK (1935) were reported
as growing on wood. Xylaria magnoliae J.D. Rogers is described by
occurring only on fruits of Magnoliaceae with its ascospores ranging
from 10–17 × 3–6 µm, navicular-crescentic or fusoid and yellowish with
obscure germ slits (ROGERS, 1979). Our specimen from Paraná was
growing on fruit of Fabaceae, as mentioned by DENNIS (1956) and
ROGERS et al. (1988).
Xylaria multiplex (Fr.) Fr.
N. Acta R. Soc. Sci. Upsal. 1: 127, 1851.
(Figs. 2e–f, 4f)
Stromata unbranched or branched, cylindrical, with acute sterile
apex, 10–35 mm total length, fertile portion 5–15 × 1–3 mm, stipes short
or long, tomentose, 5–20 × 1–2 mm,. Texture hard. Surface smooth to
nodulose, with longitudinal black lines, sometimes with scattered hairs,
externally black, entostroma white. Perithecia subglobose, 0.3–0.6 mm
diam. Ostioles more or less punctate. Asci cylindrical, 90–146 × 5–7 µm,
spore-bearing parts 60–89 µm, stipes 24–60 µm; apical ring amyloid,
rectangular, 1.5–3 × 1–2 µm. Ascospores brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral,
with narrowly rounded ends, 9–14 × 3–5 µm, with a straight germ slit
spore-length; surface smooth under SEM.
EXAMINED MATERIAL — Brazil, PARANÁ: Palotina, PESC, 13/VI/
2013, K.S. Cruz 86 (HCP 553); 02/VII/2013, K.S. Cruz 116 (HCP 554).
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION — Americas (GUZMÁN & PIEPENBRING,
2011; HLADKI & ROMERO, 2010), Africa, Asia, and Oceania (VAN DER
GUCHT, 1995).
NOTES — Xylaria multiplex is another complex taxon within the
genus (DENNIS, 1956). Xylaria hypoxylon has a similar stroma but
differs from it by its ascospores size (9–16 × 5–6.5 µm) with a straight
germ slit slightly less than spore-length (ROGERS, 1986). Our specimens
were collected in decaying wood. This species is a new record from
Paraná.
Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba, 44 (3-4): 129-144. 2015. 135
Xylaria multiplex var. microsperma (Speg.) Dennis
Kew Bull. 11: 418, 1956.
(Figs. 2g–h)
Stromata unbranched, cylindrical, with rounded apex, 8–15 mm total
length, fertile portion 6–12 × 1–2 mm, stipe short, 2–3 × 1–2 mm. Texture
hard. Surface smooth to nodulose, with perithecial contours, externally
black, white inside. Perithecia Asci cylindrical, 90–110 × 5–6.5 µm,
spore-bearing parts 28–86 µm, stipes 28–57 µm; apical ring amyloid,
rectangular, 1.5–2 × 1.2–1.7 µm. Ascospores brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral
with
EXAMINED MATERIAL — Brazil, PARANÁ: Palotina, PESC,
02/VII/2013, K.S. Cruz 121 (HCP 552).
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION — Central and South America (DENNIS,
1956).
NOTES — Xylaria multiplex var. microsperma differs from typical
variety on the basis of rounded apex of stroma, and smaller ascospores
(DENNIS, 1956). Our specime was collected in decaying wood. Xylaria
multiplex var. microsperma is a new record from Paraná and Brazil.
Xylaria poitei (Lev.) Fr.
N. Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal. 1: 125. 1851.
(Figs. 3a–b, 4g)
Stromata unbranched, cylindrical-clavate, acute apex to mucronate
when immature, then rounded when mature, 90–250 mm total length,
fertile portion 65–155 × 20–30 mm, stipes short and broad, occasionally
branched near to the base, 20–65 × 5–25 mm. Texture hard to very hard.
Surface rough, externally dull bronze to brown, entostroma cream,
becoming hollow when dried. Perithecia subglobose, 0.5–1 mm diam.
Ostioles slightly papillate, surrounded by a black a disc. Asci cylindrical,
164–284 × 6–8 µm, spore-bearing parts 129–150 µm, stipes 87–139 µm;
apical ring amyloid, rectangular, 1.6–2.9 × 1.3–2 µm. Ascospores brown,
ellipsoid-inequilateral, 12–15 × 4–6 µm, with a straight germ slit spore-
length; smooth surface under SEM.
EXAMINED MATERIAL — Brazil, PARANÁ: Palotina, PESC, 16/V/
2013, K.S. Cruz 002 (HCP 562); 13/XII/2013, K.S. Cruz 175 (HCP 563);
20/I/2014, K.S. Cruz 197 (HCP 564);
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION — Americas, Africa, and Oceania
(GUZMÁN & PIEPENBRING, 2011; HLADKI & ROMERO, 2010; PATIL et al.,
2012; STADLER et al., 2008; VAN DER GUCHT, 1995).
NOTES — Xylaria poitei exhibits critical morphological variations
according to the developmental stage: when young and immature, the
stromatic surface is pale brown, with acute to mucronate apex, and
cream inside; when mature, the stromatic surface becomes shiny brown,
136 Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba, 44 (3-4): 129-144. 2015.
with a rounded fertile apex, and hollow (ROGERS, 1984). According to
DENNIS (1956), X. guyanensis (Mont.) Fr. is similar to X. poitei, by
producing produce large stromata (<100 mm long); however, the former
having larger ascospores (14–21 × 5–8 µm). The materials from PESC
were collected on a fallen decomposing wood covered by lianas. This
species was known in Brazil only in the state of Acre (FRIES, 1851;
PEREIRA, 2015) and Paraíba (TRIERVEILER, 2014), with its first report to the
State of Paraná.
Xylaria scruposa (Fr.) Berk.
N. Acta R. Soc. Sci. Upsal. 1: 127, 1851.
(Figs. 3c–d, 4h)
Stromata unbranched or rarely branched, cylindrical-clavate, with
rounded fertile apex, 30–80 mm total length, fertile portion 10–40 × 3–
5 mm, stipes short or long, 10–40 × 2–3 mm, sometimes tomentose.
Texture cheesy to hard. Surface rough, externally dull black, entostroma
white. Perithecia subglobose, 0.3–0.7 mm diam. Ostioles papillate,
surrounded by a black disc. Asci cylindrical, 141–249 × 7–9.5 µm, spore-
bearing parts 88–123 µm, stipes 40–135 µm; apical ring amyloid, urn-
shaped, 3.5–10 × 2.5–4.5 µm. Ascospores brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral,
with rounded or narrowed ends, 13–21 × 4.5–7 µm, with a short spiral
germ slit to side; surface smooth under SEM.
EXAMINED MATERIAL — Brazil, PARANÁ: Palotina, PESC, 16/V/
2013, K.S. Cruz 003, 013 (HCP 556, 557); 13/VI/2013, K.S. Cruz 085
(HCP 555); 02/VII/2014, K.S. Cruz 120, 228, 229 (HCP 558, 559, 560).
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION — Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania
(GUZMÁN & PIEPENBRING, 2011; STADLER et al., 2008; VAN DER GUCH,
1995).
NOTES — HAMME & GUERRERO (2002) found misidentified specimens
in Rick’s collection labelled as X. polymorpha. GONZALEZ & ROGERS
(1989) discussed the taxonomic confusion in the X. polymorpha complex,
which includes X. scruposa. According to DENNIS (1956) X. feejeensis
and X. longipes are similar to X. scruposa, but has still larger
ascospores, 16-22 x 6-8 µm, but the latter shows larger ascospores and
germ slit. In Brazil this species was recorded as typus of X. subtorulosa
in Herb. Spegazzinii (DENNIS, 1956). Our specimens were collected in
decaying wood.
Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba, 44 (3-4): 129-144. 2015. 137
Fig. 2. a, b. Xylaria grammica: a, stroma; b, ascospores. c,d. Xylaria ianthinovelutina: c,
stroma; d, ascospores. e,f. Xylaria multiplex: e, stroma; f, ascospores. g,h. Xylaria multiplex
var. microspora: g, stroma; h, ascospores.
138 Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba, 44 (3-4): 129-144. 2015.
Xylaria telfairii (Berk.) Sacc.
Syll. Fung. 1: 320, 1882.
(Figs. 3e–f, 4i)
Stromata unbranched, cylindrical-clavate with rounded fertile apex,
45–140 mm total length, fertile portion 25–120 × 5–15 mm, stipes 10–35
× 5–11 mm. Texture hard. Surface smooth, brown to orange-brown,
entostroma white, soon becoming hollow. Perithecia subglobose, 0.5–
0.7 mm diam. Ostioles punctate, black. Asci collapsed, spore-bearing
parts 126–134 µm, stipes 87–139 µm; apical ring amyloid, urn-shaped, 4–
6 × 3–4 µm. Ascospores brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral or allantoid, with
narrowed ends, 18–25 × 5.5–7.5 µm, with a germ slit straight to curving
side short, 6.5–9 µm; surface smooth under SEM.
EXAMINED MATERIAL — Brazil, PARANÁ: Palotina, PESC, 16/II/
2011, A.J. Ferreira & R.L. Dias 18-32 (HCP 566); 24/III/ 2011, A.J.
Ferreira & R.L. Dias 21-1 (HCP 567); 16/V/2013, K.S. Cruz 012 (HCP
533); 13/VI/2013, K.S. Cruz 088 (HCP 534); 02/VII/2013, K.S. Cruz
118 (HCP 535); 13/XI/2013, K.S. Cruz 178 (HCP 536).
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION — Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania
(GUZMÁN & PIEPENBRING, 2011; STADLER et al., 2008; VAN DER GUCHT,
1995).
NOTES — Xylaria telfairii is distinguished from other Xylaria
species due to its brown to orange-brown stromata and entostroma
hollow, the stroma often splits down the middle and the broken edges curl
inwards (DENNIS, 1956). Xylaria enterogena (Mont.) Fr. looks like X.
telfairii, by the brown stroma and ascospore size and shape, but has
smaller stromata (<20 mm length), and umbilicate ostioles without
exposed discs (DENNIS, 1956). By sharing many features, DENNIS (1956)
considered X. enterogena as young stage of X. telfairii. HAMME &
GUERRERO (2002) and ROGERS (1984) disagree and consider that X.
enterogena has consistent features to consider it distinct from X.
telfairii. Our specimens were collected in decaying wood.
Xylaria tuberoides Rehm
Hedwigia 40: 146. 1901. (Figs. 3g–h)
Stromata unbranched, subglobose, with rounded fertile apex 38 mm
total length, fertile portion 15 × 13 mm, stipe 22 × 3 mm. Texture very
hard. Surface smooth, gray to brown, entostroma white, becoming
hollow. Perithecia subglobose, 0.5–0.8 mm diam. Ostioles punctate.
Asci collapsed, with apical ring amyloid, rectangular, 3.5–5.5 × 2–3 µm.
Ascospores light brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral, 24–29 × 7–9 µm, with
inconspicuous germ slit; surface smooth under SEM.
Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba, 44 (3-4): 129-144. 2015. 139
Fig. 3. a,c. Xylaria poitei: a, stroma; b, ascospores. c,d. Xylria scruposa: c, stroma; d,
ascospores. e,f. Xylaria telfairii: e, stroma; f, ascospores. g,h. Xylaria tuberoides: g, stroma;
h, ascospores and apical ring.
140 Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba, 44 (3-4): 129-144. 2015.
EXAMINED MATERIAL — Brazil. PARANÁ: Palotina, PESC, 02/VII/
2013, K.S. Cruz 127 (HCP 541).
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION — Americas (GUZMÁN & PIEPENBRING,
2011; HAMME & GUERRERO, 2002; STADLER et al., 2008).
NOTES – Xylaria tuberoides is diagnosed by its subglobose stromata,
smooth, and black punctuated ostioles. LOYD (1917) considered X.
obovata was synonymous of X. tuberoides (HAMME & GUERRERO,
2002); finally HSIEH et al. (2010) considered X. tuberoides as the correct
name for this American species. Our specimens was collected in
decaying wood.
Fig. 4. SEM of Xylaria ascospores: a, Xylaria cubensis. b, Xylaria curta. c, Xylaria feejeensis.
d, Xylaria grammica. e, Xylaria ianthinovellutina. f, Xylaria multiplex. g, Xylaria poitei.
h, Xylariascruposa. i, Xylaria telfairii.
Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba, 44 (3-4): 129-144. 2015. 141
Key for identification of Xylaria species from PESC:
1. Stromata growing on fruits of Fabaceae . . . . . .X. ianthinovelutina
1. Stromata growing in wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Stromatic surface smooth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Stromatic surface rough. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3. Stromata subglobose, ascospores 24–29 × 7–9 µm. . . . . . . . .X. tuberoides
3. Stromata cylindrical, ascospores <24 µm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Ascospores dark brown without germ slit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X. cubensis
4. Ascospores brown, with germ slit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
5. Ascospores with a germ slit straight to curving side short. . . . .X. telfairii
5. Ascospores with a germ slit straight spore-length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
6. Stromatic surface gray, with longitudinal black lines. . . . . . . X. grammica
6. Stromatic surface black, without longitudinal lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Stromatic surface with acute apex, ascospores 9–14 × 3–5 µm . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X. multiplex
7. Stromatic surface with rounded apex, ascospores 7–10 × 3–4 µm . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X. multiplex var. microsperma
8. Stromatic surface with whitish to yellowish squamules. . . . . . . . . .X. curta
8. Stromatic surface without squamules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. Ascospores with a short spiral germ slit to side. . . . . . . . . . . . X. scruposa
9. Ascospores with a germ slit straight spore- length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10.Stromata 90–250 mm total length, ascospores 12–15 × 4–6 mm. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X. poitei
10.Stromata 60–135 mm total length, ascospores 6.5–10 × 3–4.5 µ. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X. feejeensis
SUMÁRIO
Durante a pesquisa no Parque Estadual de São Camilo, Palotina,
Estado do Paraná, Sul do Brasil, foram coletados 42 espécimes do
gênero Xylaria. Os quais representam onze táxons: X. cubensis, X.
curta, X. feejeensis, X. grammica, X. ianthinovelutina, X. multiplex,
X. multiplex var. microsperma, X. poitei, X. scruposa, X. telfairii e X.
tuberoides. Destes táxons, cinco são novas ocorrências para o Paraná,
X. curta, X. grammica, X. multiplex, X. multiplex var. microsperma,
X. poitei. Todos os táxons são redescritos e ilustrados e uma chave de
identificação é fornecida.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: estroma; micobiota; fungos lignícolas; taxonomia
142 Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba, 44 (3-4): 129-144. 2015.
SUMMARY
During a survey of Xylariaceae in the Parque Estadual of São
Camilo, Palotina, Paraná State, South Brazil. Were collected 42 specimens
of the genus Xylaria. They represented eleven taxa: X. cubensis, X.
curta, X. feejeensis, X. grammica, X. ianthinovelutina, X. multiplex,
X. multiplex var. microsperma, X. poitei, X. scruposa, X. telfairii, and
X. tuberoides. Among these, five are new records from the State of
Paraná, X. curta, X. grammica, X. multiplex, X. multiplex var.
microsperm and X. poitei. All taxa are described and illustrated and an
identification key is presented.
KEY WORDS: stroma; lignicolous fungi; mycobiota; taxonomy
RÉSUMÉ
Les résultats proviennent d’un sondage mené en famille Xylariaceae
dans le Parc d’Etat de Saint Camille, Palotina, Paraná, Brésil. Nous
avons recueilli 42 spécimens de Xylaria répartis dans Ils représentaient
onze taux: X. cubensis, X. curta, X. feejeensis, X. grammica, X.
ianthinovelutina, X. multiplex, X. multiplex var. microsperma, X.
poitei, X. scruposa, X. telfairii, and X. tuberoides. Ces taux, cinq sont
de nouveaux records de l’État du Paraná, X. curta, X. grammica, X.
multiplex, X. multiplex var. microsperma et X. poitei Tous les taxons
sont décrits et illustrés et une clé d’identification est fourni.
MOTS-CLÉS: strome; champignons lignicoles; mycobiote; taxonomie
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Recebido em 16 de agosto de 2015.
... Thus, the endolichenic fungi recovered in this study exhibit morphological appearance similar to the anamorphic state of five species, X. multiplex, X. longiana, X. longipes, X. polymorpha, and X. schweinitzii. However, is not possible to corroborate this information with other authors, since descriptions of Xylaria usually include descriptions of its teleomorphic state [20,31,[48][49][50] and this feature was not obtained in vitro for the endolichenic Xylaria spp. ...
... In vitro isolates of Xylariaceae specimens can be identified only after comparison with cultures that originated from identified teleomorphic materials [49]. Consequently, is not possible to determine with certainty the species-level identity of the specimen isolated from a tree and that cultured from the lichen C. curta, by its cultural or anamorphic features. ...
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Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2019
Endophyte biology is a branch of science that contributes to the understanding of the diversity and ecology of microorganisms that live inside plants, fungi, and lichen. Considering that the diversity of endolichenic fungi is little explored, and its phylogenetic relationship with other lifestyles (endophytism and saprotrophism) is still to be explored in detail, this paper presents data on axenic cultures and phylogenetic relationships of three endolichenic fungi, isolated in laboratory. Cladonia curta Ahti & Marcelli, a species of lichen described in Brazil, is distributed at three sites in the Southeast of the country, in mesophilous forests and the Cerrado. Initial hyphal growth of Xylaria spp. on C. curta podetia started four days after inoculation and continued for the next 13 days until the hyphae completely covered the podetia. Stromata formation and differentiation was observed, occurring approximately after one year of isolation and consecutive subculture of lineages. Phylogenetic analyses indicate lineages of endolichenic fungi in the genus Xylaria, even as the morphological characteristics of the colonies and anamorphous stromata confirm this classification. Our preliminary results provide evidence that these endolichenic fungi are closely related to endophytic fungi, suggesting that the associations are not purely incidental. Further studies, especially phylogenetic analyses using robust multi-locus datasets, are needed to accept or reject the hypothesis that endolichenic fungi isolated from Xylaria spp. and X. berteri are conspecific.
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... Distribución: África, América, Asia y Oceanía (Ma et al., 2012;Da Silva-Cruz y Cortez, 2015). Observaciones: Xylaria cubensis es similar a X. laevis Lloyd y X. allantoidea (Berk.) ...
... Distribución: Argentina, Brasil, Guyana Francesa, México, Paraguay, Surinam y Trinidad (Dennis, 1956;Da Silva-Cruz y Cortez, 2015). Observaciones: Xylaria ianthinovelutina puede ser confundida con X. magnoliae J.D. Rogers, aunque la segunda solo crece en frutos de árboles de la famila Magnoliceae y posee esporas ligeramente de mayor tamaño (10-17 × 3-6 µm), mientras que la primera es comúnmente encontrada en frutos de la familia Fabaceae. ...
Ascomicetes (Fungi: Ascomycota) del Parque Estatal Agua Blanca, Macuspana, Tabasco, México
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2018
The diversity of the macroscopic ascomycetes currently known from the Agua Blanca State Park, Tabasco, is the result of several previous investigations of macromycetes at the state level. As there is no specific study on the ascomycetes of the aforementioned park, in this work the previous records were combined with the results of new explorations within this project. The Agua Blanca State Park is located in the western and northeastern region of the state of Tabasco, Mexico. Twenty eight explorations were carried out between December 2011 and July 2015. The material collected was deposited in the UJAT herbarium for its preservation and identification. Identification of the samples was carried out following the conventional mycological techniques. 129 specimens were revised, allowing for the determination of 22 species belonging to two classes, three orders, five families and eight genera. The genera Scutellinia and Rosellinia are reported for the first time for the state. The genus Xylaria is the most diverse with 10 species, while the genera Ophiocordyceps, Scutellinia, Hypoxylon and Rosellinia are the least diverse with one species each. Of the 22 species identified, 12(55%) were new records for Tabasco and 18(22%) were this for the study area, while 10(45%) of the species had previously been found in the state and 4(18%) in the reserve. Finally, this study shows a higher number of species evaluated compared to previous work.
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... Distribución: África, América, Asia y Oceanía (Ma et al., 2012;Da Silva-Cruz y Cortez, 2015). Observaciones: Xylaria cubensis es similar a X. laevis Lloyd y X. allantoidea (Berk.) ...
... Distribución: Argentina, Brasil, Guyana Francesa, México, Paraguay, Surinam y Trinidad (Dennis, 1956;Da Silva-Cruz y Cortez, 2015). Observaciones: Xylaria ianthinovelutina puede ser confundida con X. magnoliae J.D. Rogers, aunque la segunda solo crece en frutos de árboles de la famila Magnoliceae y posee esporas ligeramente de mayor tamaño (10-17 × 3-6 µm), mientras que la primera es comúnmente encontrada en frutos de la familia Fabaceae. ...
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... They are also upregulated during insect colonization by Metarhizium insect pathogens [143]. The most closely related clusters to Brevicompactum's ergot alkaloid BGCs are also in animal-associated, plant-pathogenic, or endophytic Xylariales: Daldinia childiae (Xylariales), D. decipiens CBS113046, D. loculata AZ0526, D. loculata CBS113971, Xylaria nigripes, and X. telfairii CBS121673 [144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153]. All of these species have been isolated as endophytes or from decaying wood, while D. decipiens is also a symbiont of Xiphydria woodwasps [146], and X. nigripes is one of several termite-associated Xylaria species [154]. ...
Endophyte genomes support greater metabolic gene cluster diversity compared with non-endophytes in Trichoderma
Preprint
Full-text available
  • Mar 2023
Trichoderma is a cosmopolitan genus with diverse lifestyles and nutritional modes, including mycotrophy, saprophytism, and endophytism. Previous research has reported greater metabolic gene repertoires in endophytic fungal species compared to closely-related non-endophytes. However, the extent of this ecological trend and its underlying mechanisms are unclear. Some endophytic fungi may also be mycotrophs and have one or more mycoparasitism mechanisms. Mycotrophic endophytes are prominent in certain genera like Trichoderma , therefore, the mechanisms that enable these fungi to colonize both living plants and fungi may be the result of expanded metabolic gene repertoires. Our objective was to determine what, if any, genomic features are overrepresented in endophytic fungi genomes in order to undercover the genomic underpinning of the fungal endophytic lifestyle. Here we compared metabolic gene cluster and mycoparasitism gene diversity across a dataset of thirty-eight Trichoderma genomes representing the full breadth of environmental Trichoderma 's diverse lifestyles and nutritional modes. We generated four new Trichoderma endophyticum genomes to improve the sampling of endophytic isolates from this genus. As predicted, endophytic Trichoderma genomes contained, on average, more total biosynthetic and degradative gene clusters than non-endophytic isolates, suggesting that the ability to create/modify a diversity of metabolites potential is beneficial or necessary to the endophytic fungi. Still, once the phylogenetic signal was taken in consideration, no particular class of metabolic gene cluster was independently associated with the Trichoderma endophytic lifestyle. Several mycoparasitism genes, but no chitinase genes, were associated with endophytic Trichoderma genomes. Most genomic differences between Trichoderma lifestyles and nutritional modes are difficult to disentangle from phylogenetic divergences among species, suggesting that Trichoderma genomes maybe particularly well-equipped for lifestyle plasticity. We also consider the role of endophytism in diversifying secondary metabolism after identifying the horizontal transfer of the ergot alkaloid gene cluster to Trichoderma .
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... The monophyletic Xylariales, erected by Nannfeldt (1932), is one of the largest orders of Sordariomycetes and comprise 22 families (McLaughlin & Spatafora 2015, Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016. In Brazil about 290 species of saprobic Xylariales (sexual and asexual) have been reported (Maia et al. 2015, Cruz 2015, Almeida et al. 2016. ...
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  • SYDOWIA
The new genus Roselymyces is established based on morphological and molecular analyses. Roselymyces brasiliensis gen. et sp. nov. is characterized by conidiophores with a lobed basal cell, polyblastic, sympodial conidiogenous cells, and chains of na¬viculate to subcylindrical conidia. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analysis using combined internal transcribed spacer re¬gion (ITS) and partial large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear rRNA gene region places Roselymyces on an isolated clade as sister to Cylindrium, Polyscytalum, Pseudoidriella and Tristratiperidium within the Xylariales.
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... The monophyletic Xylariales, erected by Nannfeldt (1932), is one of the largest orders of Sordariomycetes and comprise 22 families (McLaughlin & Spatafora 2015, Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016. In Brazil about 290 species of saprobic Xylariales (sexual and asexual) have been reported (Maia et al. 2015, Cruz 2015, Almeida et al. 2016. ...
Roselymyces, a new asexual genus of the Xylariales (Ascomycota) from Brazil
Article
  • May 2018
  • SYDOWIA
The new genus Roselymyces is established based on morphological and molecular analyses. Roselymyces brasiliensis gen. et sp. nov. is characterized by conidiophores with a lobed basal cell, polyblastic, sympodial conidiogenous cells, and chains of na­viculate to subcylindrical conidia. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analysis using combined internal transcribed spacer re­gion (ITS) and partial large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear rRNA gene region places Roselymyces on an isolated clade as sister to Cylindrium, Polyscytalum, Pseudoidriella and Tristratiperidium within the Xylariales.
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Endophyte genomes support greater metabolic gene cluster diversity compared with non-endophytes in Trichoderma
Article
Full-text available
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View
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  • May 2022
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New accounts on Hypoxylaceae and Xylariaceae from Brazil
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Ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from Brazil: New records and distributional data
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Abstract — Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa. 2014. “Ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from Brazil: New records and contributions to distributional data”. Lilloa 51 (1). Six species of ascomycetes are described and illustrated herein: Trichocoma paradoxa (Eurotiales), Moelleriella verruculosa (Hypocreales), Galiella spongiosa (Pezizales), Entonaema liquescens, Xylaria magnoliae var. microspora, and X. poitei (Xylariales). Xylaria poitei is reported for the first time from Brazil, and additional data on the distribution of the other species are presented. Keywords: Brazilian fungi, fungal taxonomy, Neotropics, Xylariaceae.
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Three giant Ascomycetes (Pyrenomycetes) from Maharashtra, India
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  • Jun 2012
Patil A, Patil MS, Dangat BT 2012 – Three giant Ascomycetes (Pyrenomycetes) from Maharashtra, India. Mycosphere 3(3), 353–356, Doi 10.5943 /mycosphere/3/3/8 Xylaria poitei, Hypocrea peltata and Xylaria gigantea are recorded for the first time from India. Intoduction During a study of fungi from south-western parts of Maharashtra, India, an ascomycete with a giant ascocarp was collected and identified as Xylaria poitei. Two other giant ascomycetes, Hypocrea peltata and Xylaria gigantea, previously collected from the same study area were scrutinised and revised. All three species are new records for India. species was reported by M.J. Berkeley as a new combination based on Spheria peltata Jungh. from Java. This species shows wide geographical distribution in Asia, Africa and South America. Petch (1920), Kar & Maitey (1979) and Patil & Patil (1983) recorded it as Hypocrea gigantea from Sri Lanka and India. The present material shows stroma centrally stalked, globose, ovoid or flat cushion shaped, laterally plicate and lower side shortly contracted, separate or aggregated, apex pulvinate and lower side depressed, glabrous, yellow, ostioles not prominently seen, 2.5–12 cm in diameter and 3–4 cm in height, flesh white, margin fibrilose/simple, 1–3 septate, hyaline hair, 6.3–8.25 x 20–60 µm; perithecia arranged in the peripheral zone, monostichous or distichous, ovoid, thin-walled, 150–175 x 275-315 µm; asci narrowly cylindrical, first 8-spored then 16-spored, 3.5 x 65–100 µm; ascospores uniseriate, obliquely arranged, globose part-spores hyaline and finely verru-cose, 3.2 x 5 µm in diameter; conidial state absent. The ascostromata in the present specimen is larger than described by others (12 cm in diameter), but the other characters perfectly resemble H. peltata.
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Xylaria Cubensis and Its Anamorph Xylocoremium Flabelliforme, Xylaria Allantoidea , and Xylaria Poitei in Continental United States
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  • Sep 1984
Biological, taxonomic, and nomenclatural aspects of Xylaria cubensis, X. allantoidea, and X. poitei are discussed, with particular reference to their occurrence and activities in continental United States. A new hyphomycetous genus, Xylocoremium, is erected to accommodate separate and distinct coremial anamorphs of Xylaria species. The type species is Xylocoremium flabelliforme comb. nov., the anamorph of X. cubensis.
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Some Xylaria species on termite nests
Article
  • Sep 2005
Xylaria arenicola, X. brasiliensis, X. escharoidea, X. furcata, X. nigripes, X. piperiformis and X. rhizomorpha represent ancient names of fungi known to inhabit abandoned termite nests. We attempt to redescribe them and to reduce the confusion among them. Xylaria tanganyikaensis and X. readeri, species that might be associated with termite nests, are described. We describe a new variety, X. furcata var. hirsuta, and discuss an unnamed fungus that probably represents a new species. Photographs and a key are presented to aid the identification of these taxa.
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Illustrations and Descriptions of Xylariaceous Fungi Collected in Papua New Guinea
Article
  • Sep 1995
A taxonomic treatment of Papua New Guinean species of Xylariaceae is presented. Sixty-four species in seven genera are described and illustrated. A synoptic key allows the identification of the species treated. The majority of species have a pantropical distribution; the next largest number of species has a paleotropical distribution; very few have a cosmopolitan distribution.
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Ascomycetes of New Zealand 8. Xylaria
Article
  • Oct 1986
A floristic monograph of the genus Xylaria (Fungi, Ascomycetes) in New Zealand is presented. Nineteen taxa are recorded including one new species, X. wellingtonensis; two new varieties, X. luteostromata var. macrospora and X. theissenii var. macrospora; and two unnamed taxa related to X. filiformis. Cultural characteristics and anamorphs are described for most of the taxa. Most species of New Zealand Xylaria differ, often subtly, from the same species found elsewhere. These differences are recorded or discussed in the notes following formal descriptions of taxa.
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