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Novel fungi from an ancient niche: Cercosporoid and related sexual morphs on ferns
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The fern flora of the world (Pteridophyta) has direct evolutionary links with the earliest vascular plants that appeared in the late Devonian. Knowing the mycobiota associated to this group of plants is critical for a full understanding of the Fungi. Nevertheless, perhaps because of the minor economic significance of ferns, this niche remains relatively neglected by mycologists. Cercosporoid fungi represent a large assemblage of fungi belonging to the Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae (Ascomycota) having cercospora-like asexual morphs. They are well-known pathogens of many important crops, occurring on a wide host range. Here, the results of a taxonomic study of cercosporoid fungi collected on ferns in Brazil are presented. Specimens were obtained from most Brazilian regions and collected over a 7-yr period (2009–2015). Forty-three isolates of cercosporoid and mycosphaerella-like species, collected from 18 host species, representing 201 localities, were studied. This resulted in a total of 21 frond-spotting taxa, which were identified based on morphology, ecology and sequence data of five genomic loci (actin, calmodulin, ITS, LSU and partial translation elongation factor 1-α). One novel genus (Clypeosphaerella) and 15 novel species (Cercospora samambaiae, Clypeosphaerella sticheri, Neoceratosperma alsophilae, N. cyatheae, Paramycosphaerella blechni, Pa. cyatheae, Pa. dicranopteridis-flexuosae, Pa. sticheri, Phaeophleospora pteridivora, Pseudocercospora brackenicola, Ps. paranaensis, Ps. serpocaulonicola, Ps. trichogena, Xenomycosphaerella diplazii and Zasmidium cyatheae) are introduced. Furthermore, 11 new combinations (Clypeosphaerella quasiparkii, Neoceratosperma yunnanensis, Paramycosphaerella aerohyalinosporum, Pa. dicranopteridis, Pa. gleicheniae, Pa. irregularis, Pa. madeirensis, Pa. nabiacense, Pa. parkii, Pa. pseudomarksii and Pa. vietnamensis) are proposed. Finally, nine new host associations are recorded for the following known fungal species: Cercospora coniogrammes, Cercospora sp. Q, Ps. abacopteridicola, Ps. lygodiicola and Ps. thelypteridis.
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... based on a multi-locus DNA sequence dataset of five genomic loci (ITS, actA, cmdA, his3 and tef1) of a large sampling of species. Since then, numerous molecular examinations of Cercospora species have been carried out based on multi-gene approaches (Dianese et al. 2014, Bakhshi et al. 2015a, Shivas et al. 2015, Soares et al. 2015, Albu et al. 2016, Guatimosim et al. 2016, Nguanhom et al. 2016, Guillin et al. 2017. Bakhshi et al. (2018) applied three more potential candidate gene regions including gapdh, rpb2, and tub2 to perform an eight-gene phylogeny (ITS,actA,cmdA,gapdh,his3,rpb2,tef1 and tub2) for Cercospora species. ...
... References: Ellis 1971, Chupp 1954, Crous & Braun 2003 Groenewald et al. 2013, Bakhshi et al. 2015a, Guatimosim et al. 2016, Nguanhom et al. 2016 Leaf spots amphigenous, circular, 3-6 mm, grey with definite border and yellow halo. Mycelium internal. ...
... (Videira et al. 2017), showed Pseudocercospora nephrolepidicola warranted transfer to a new genus, Pteridopassalora. Many species of Passalora and Pseudocercospora that have been reported on ferns in recent years (Crous et al. 2010, Kirschner & Liu 2014, Kirschner & Wang 2015, Guatimosim et al. 2016, have morphological characteristics that resembling those of Pteridopassalora. Further studies are required to clarify their molecular phylogeny. ...
This paper is the fourth contribution in the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series. The series provides morphological descriptions and information about the pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms, as well as DNA barcodes for the taxa covered. Moreover, 12 whole-genome sequences for the type or new species in the treated genera are provided. The fourth paper in the GOPHY series covers 19 genera of phytopathogenic fungi and their relatives, including Ascochyta , Cadophora , Celoporthe , Cercospora , Coleophoma , Cytospora , Dendrostoma , Didymella , Endothia , Heterophaeomoniella , Leptosphaerulina , Melampsora , Nigrospora , Pezicula , Phaeomoniella , Pseudocercospora , Pteridopassalora , Zymoseptoria , and one genus of oomycetes, Phytophthora . This study includes two new genera, 30 new species, five new combinations, and 43 typifications of older names.
... In this study, a transverse leaf section for the first time in Virosphaerella revealed the presence of hyphae within the intercellular spaces of the host tissues, as also recorded in some other Mycospharellaceae (Kirschner & Okuda 2013). The morphological characteristics were similar to other teleomorphic Mycosphaerellalike ascomycetes such as Clypeosphaerella sticheri Guatim., R.W. Barreto & Crous occurring on members of other fern genera within the Gleicheniaceae (Guatimosim et al. 2016), but the phylogenetic hypotheses (Figs. 3, 4) indicate that these other fungi and our specimens represent different species in different lineages. In each of these diverse mycosphaerellaceous genera with species on Gleichenicaceae, there are also other species associated with seed plants. ...
... In addition, the fungal biodiversity of two collections of fern in Mexico revealed 14 records among 21 taxa, and no new species was found [14]. However, 15% of species novelty (two new species among 13 strains) and 92% diversity (12 species among 13 strains) were recorded by Kirschner and Liu [15] in Taiwan, and 76% of the novel taxa (15 new species and on new genera among 21 taxa) was detected on amazon ferns [76] and five new Pseudocercospora species were discovered on ferns [77]. Our study showed a snapshot of fungi that can cause spot or blight on ferns and the low or high species novelty on ferns. ...
Ferns are one of the most significant plant groupings that comprise a substantial proportion of the plant flora due to the fact of their great diversity, especially in tropical areas. The biodiversity of fungi associated with ferns and fern-like hosts has also received little attention in studies. Plant samples were collected from diseased and dead plants of ten fern or fern-like species from Chiang Rai in northern Thailand. Forty-one isolates were selected from the obtained isolates for molecular and morphological analysis, with a focus on pathogenic fungal genera and consideration of the diversity in host and geographical location. Twenty-six species belonging to seven genera (Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Lasiodiplodia, Neopestalotiopsis, and Pestalotiopsis) in six families were identified. Thirty new hosts, eight new geographical hosts, and one new species, Colletotrichum polypodialium, are described. Nepestalotiopsis phangngaensis, N. pandancola, Diaporthe tectonendophytica, D. chiangraiensis, and D. delonicis were isolated for the first time from leaf spots. Additionally, new reservoirs and geographical locations for species previously isolated from leaf spots or whose pathogenicity was established were found. However, more studies are necessary to prove the pathogenicity of the fungi isolated from the leaf spots and to identify the fungi associated with other species of ferns.
... (Mycosphaerellaceae) is a group of hyphomycetous fungi that are mainly phytopathogenic. This genus causes leaf spots, fruit spots, and blight diseases in a wide range of host plants, including angiosperms, gymnosperms, and ferns [1,2]. In Korea, studies on the diversity of the genus Pseudocercospora date back to the early 1990s [3]. ...
Cornus officinalis plants that grow in several locations in Korea have been found to be infected with leaf spot disease. Symptoms include necrotic lesions, which are angular, irregularly shaped, vein-limited, and dark brown on both sides of the leaves. The causal agent of the disease was identified to be Pseudocercospora cornicola based on morphological characteristics of the fungus and results of molecular-phylogenetic analysis of the obtained multi-locus DNA sequence data. This is the first report investigating P. cornicola on C. officinalis in Korea.
This datasheet on Macrothelypteris torresiana covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
A new hyaline coelomycetous fungus discovered on living leaves of Ficus benghalensis (Moraceae) is described and illustrated. Morphologically, it is similar to Septoria or septoria-like genus, but based on cultural characteristics and multigene (LSU-RPB2-ITS) phylogenetic analysis this strain represents an additional lineage in Mycosphaerellaceae. Hence, a new genus and species, Neokamalomyces indicus is proposed.
This paper provides an updated classification of the Kingdom Fungi (including fossil fungi)
and fungus-like taxa. Five-hundred and twenty-three (535) notes are provided for newly introduced
taxa and for changes that have been made since the previous outline. In the discussion, the latest
taxonomic changes in Basidiomycota are provided and the classification of Mycosphaerellales are
broadly discussed. Genera listed in Mycosphaerellaceae have been confirmed by DNA sequence
analyses, while doubtful genera (DNA sequences being unavailable but traditionally
accommodated in Mycosphaerellaceae) are listed in the discussion. Problematic genera in
Glomeromycota are also discussed based on phylogenetic results.
A new hyaline coelomycetous fungus was discovered on living leaves of Ficus benghalensis ( Moraceae ) is described and illustrated. Morphologically, it is similar to Septoria or Septoria -like genus, but based on cultural characteristics and multigene (LSU- RPB2 -ITS) phylogenetic analysis, this strain represents an additional lineage in Mycosphaerellaceae . Hence, a new genus and species as Neokamalomyces indicus is proposed.
The genus Cercospora represents a group of important plant pathogenic fungi with a wide geographic distribution, being commonly associated with leaf spots on a broad range of plant hosts. The goal of the present study was to conduct a morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Cercospora spp. occurring on various plants growing in Northern Thailand, an area with a tropical savannah climate, and a rich diversity of vascular plants. Sixty Cercospora isolates were collected from 29 host species (representing 16 plant families). Partial nucleotide sequence data for two gene loci (ITS and cmdA), were generated for all isolates. Results from this study indicate that members of the genus Cercospora vary regarding host specificity, with some taxa having wide host ranges, and others being host-specific. Based on cultural, morphological and phylogenetic data, four new species of Cercospora could be identified: C. glycinicola (from Glycine max), C. cyperacearum and C. cyperina (from Cyperus alternifolius), and C. musigena (from Musa sp.). The most common Cercospora sp. found in Northern Thailand was C. cf. malloti, which occurred on a wide host range. Several collections could not be resolved to species level due to the lack of reference cultures and DNA data for morphologically similar species. Further collections from other countries are needed to help resolve the taxonomy of some species complexes occurring on various plant hosts in Thailand.
A simple method is described for designing primer sets that can amplify specific protein-encoding sequences in a wide variety of filamentous ascomycetes. Using this technique, we successfully designed primers that amplified the intergenic spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat, portions of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha, calmodulin, and chitin synthase 1 genes, and two other genes encoding actin and ras protein. All amplicons were sequenced and determined to amplify the target gene. Regions were successfully amplified in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and other sclerotiniaceous species, Neurospora crassa, Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergillus nidulans, Podospora anserina, Fusarium solani, and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. These regions are a potentially rich source of characters for population and speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes. Each primer set amplified a DNA product of predicted size from N. crassa.
Collections of Eucalyptus leaves throughout the forested regions of Indonesia have revealed three species of Mycosphaerella associated with prominent leaf spot symptoms. A new species Mycosphaerella gracilis and its anamorph Pseudocercospora gracilis are described here, the connection between the anamorph and teleomorph having been confirmed by cultural studies. Similarly, Stenella parkii is described as the anamorph of Mycosphaerella parkii, and an additional species of Mycosphaerella is recorded.
The phylogenetic relationships of 17 selected Septoria spp. (eight with a known Mycosphaerella teleomorph), Phloeospora ulmi (teleomorph M. ulmi) and 18 additional taxa (10 with a Mycosphaerella teleomorph) were inferred from ITS and D2-LSU nrDNA sequences. In total, 10 anamorph genera associated with Mycosphaerella were represented. Intraspecific variation in ITS was limited in Septoria, with the exception of three strains that all were identified as S. rubi but originated from different Rubus spp. and probably belong to different species of Septoria. The results of D2 region sequencing confirmed Mycosphaerella sense lato (including Davidiella and Eruptio) as monophyletic. The cereal pathogen Septoria tritici, which is closely related to S. passerinii as found in ITS analysis, clusters with Ramularia spp. in the D2 analyses, distant from the other Septoria spp. The pathogens S. apiicola, S. linicola and S. populicola cluster in a major clade containing Phl. ulmi, and other Septoria spp. and Cercospora spp. Short branch lengths in this clade suggest a very recent evolution. Septoria castaneicola and S. pyricola also might represent relatively distant lineages. Both analyses of the regions indicated that Septoria is not monophyletic within Mycosphaerella and that conidiomatal structure (acervulus, pycnidium) has little value for predicting phylogenetic relatedness. As a consequence, the separation between the acervular Phloeospora and pycnidial Septoria is untenable. The loss of the teleomorph most likely has occurred several times in the evolutionary history of Mycosphaerella.
