3. SYMPTOMS
• The first symptom of the disease in the field is drooping of the plants followed
by sudden death. The leaves may also turn yellow and drop off prematurely.
• Pod formation is severely affected. In collar regions of the wilted plants, necrosis
and discolouration can be seen.
• The diseased plants can be pulled out from the easily than the healthy ones.
• When the diseased stem is cut, there is a dark brown, discoloured band around
the vascular system. Infection occurs directly through the root hairs.
• The fungus survives for indefinite periods in the soil.
4.
5. SURVIVAL AND SPREAD
Primary infection by soil, seed, water
secondary infection by conidia through rain splash.
FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS:
A soil temperature of 23° to 27°C is most favourable for Fusarium wilt.
Hot weather and warm soils.
7. MANAGEMENT
• Treating the seeds with carbendazim (2 g/kg of seed) protects the seedlings during the
initial stages of growth.
• Soil drenching with copper oxychloride 0.25%.
9. SYMPTOMS
• The disease appears as on the foliage and pods.
• Infection is first apparent on the leaves as small slightly darkened areas, which later
become white powdery spots.
• These spots enlarge and cover the entire leaf area.
• Severely infected leaves may become chlorotic and distorted before falling. Affected
pods are small in size and malformed.
10.
11. SURVIVAL AND SPREAD
Powdery mildew spores are carried by air and once active, will continue
to spread in dry conditions.
FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS:
Warm (temperature 15-25°C), humid (over 70% relative humidity)
conditions for 4-5 days late in the growing season, during flowering and
pod filling, favour disease development.
13. MANAGEMENT
CULTURAL CONTROL:
Use resistant varieties.
Burn infected pea stubble soon after harvest where practicable.
Avoid sowing field pea crops adjacent to last season’s stubble.
Control volunteer field peas which can harbour disease.
Adopt bower system.
14. CHEMICAL CONTROL
• Benomyl 50 % WP @ 80g in 240 l water per acre or carbendazim 50%
WP@ 100g in 240 l water per acre ordinocap 48% EC @ 120g in 300 l
water per acre or fenarimol 12% EC @ 0.04% (40 ml/100 lts of water) as
required depending on stage of crop. Second spray after 15 days of
interval or sulphur 40% WP 2.26- 3.00 kg in 300- 400 l of water per acre
or sulphur 52% SC 800 ml in 120- 160 l of water per acre or sulphur 80%
WG @ 750 gm – 1.0 kg in in 300- 400 l water per acre or sulphur 85%DP
@ 6 – 8 kg per acre or triadimefon 25% WP @ 0.1 % in 300 l water per
acre. Second spray after 25 days of interval.
16. SYMPTOMS
• A grayish white, moldy growth appears on the lower leaf surface, and a
yellowish area appears on the opposite side of the leaf.
• Infected leaves can turn yellow and die if weather is cool and damp.
• Stems may be distorted and stunted.
• Brown blotches appear on pods, and mold may grow inside pods.
17.
18. SURVIVAL AND SPREAD
• Primary infection by soil, seed and water secondary infection by
sporangia through rain splash or wind
FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS:
• High humidity and low temperatures (5- 15°C) for few days are ideal for
infection and development of disease.
22. SYMPTOMS
• This often becomes serious in humid regions.
• The plants dry up quickly and the yield is considerably reduced.
• The initial symptoms of the rust infection are flecking of the leaves.
• These flecks soon develop into reddish brown pustules, frequently
merging into one another, finally bursting to expose a mass of brown
spores.
• The entire leaf blade and other affected parts give a brownish
appearance even from a distance.
23. SURVIVAL AND SPREAD
Euphorbia and infected vegetation residues are sources of the infection.
The agent is not transferred by seeds.
FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS:
Frequent precipitations, plentiful dews and air temperature of 20-25°C
promote development.
Dry and hot weather restrains the disease development.
25. MANAGEMENT
CULTURAL CONTROL:
Destroy all diseased plant debris after harvest.
Follow suitable crop rotation with non-leguminous crops.
Mixed cropping. Chemical control:
sulphur 80% WP @ 1.252 kg in 300- 400 l water per acre or
.Sulphur85%dp @ 6 – 8 kg per acre or triadimefon 25% WP @ 0.1 % in
300 l water per acre. Second spray after 25 days of interval.
27. SYMPTOMS
• Early symptoms are most commonly observed under the plant canopy, on lower leaves,
stems, and tendrils, where conditions are more humid.
• Symptoms first appear as small, purplish-brown and irregular flecks.
• Under continued humid conditions, the flecks enlarge and coalesce, resulting the lower
leaves becoming completely blighted.
• Severe infections may lead to girdling of the stem near the soil line, which is known as foot
rot.
• Foot rot lesions are purplish-black in colour and may extend above and below the soil line.
• Foot and stem lesions girdle and weaken the stem, leading to crop lodging and yield loss.
• Disease lesions develop on pods under prolonged moist conditions or if the crop has lodged.
28. Pod lesions are initially small and dark, but may become extensive and lead to early pod
senescence.
Severe pod infection may result in small, shrunken or discoloured seed; or alternatively, seed may
show no symptoms
29. SURVIVAL AND SPREAD
Ascospores carried long distances by wind.
The asexual conidia travel short distances to new hosts via water
splashes from rain.
Infection originates from diseased seed or from spores growing on
debris in the soil near pea plants.
FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS:
Favorable conditions are warm humid conditions with a temperature is
about 15ºC to 25ºC.
31. MANAGEMENT
• Select resistant varieties: B-90, CDC frontier and CDC luna.
• Treat your seed with the fungicide thiabendazole.
• Do not plant chickpeas in a field or adjacent to a field where chickpeas were
grown the previous 2 years.
