3. I. Roses : Rosa spp.
• A. Fungi
1. Powdery Mildew- Podosphaera pannosa
2. Rose Rust-Phragmidium tuberculatum
3. Downy mildew of roses-Peronospora sparsa
4. Black spot -Diplocarpon rosae
5. Botrytis – Botrytis cinerea
6. Canker- Coniothyrium spp.
Vs
4. A1. Powdery Mildew disease
• Pathogen: Podosphaera pannosa (also in Prunus spp.)
• Found everywhere- soil, air, plant debris-different
forms(spores, rusting spores, mycelia)
• Spring/new vegetative growth: Warm days +cool nights +
50-70 % RH (unlinke other fungi)
• Symptoms: White powder on leaves & stems => already
invaded the plant tissues causing serious damage
American Rose Society
5. Diagnosis of Powdery Mildew
1.Beginning of symptoms- the powder is
actually the mycelia of the fungi
2.It spreads progressively in both sides of
the leaves (depending on the species)
3. Eventually the leaves will end up
curled, white to yellow and destroyed.
4. Difference between health and infected
leaves
1
3
2
4 American Rose Society
6. Controlling of Powdery Mildew
• Cultural practices:
1. Excellent air circulation provided by pruning (the center
should be as open as possible), striping dead or diseases
leaves, spacious distance between plants.
2. Take away or destroy debris
3. Keep away from other susceptible plants, such as weeds.
4. Apply thick layer of mulch-compost to prevent spores
from sprouting- also works good for thrips
5. Water should be mitigated in order to be available as free
water and not as RH, humidity in the air or in the
soil=prevents spore germination. Thus, watering should
be in the morning hours, preferably high-pressured.
6. Spraying in a dormant stage, wipes out last years spores
American Rose Society
7. Controlling of Powdery Mildew
• Cure is succeeded only with prevention, against rapid
growth
– Create a protective coat between fungi-plant tissues
– Application MUST START BEFORE spore germination
– Spray every 7-10 days, according to the cover period
– Fungicides as prescribed by the agronomists
– Baking soda - Safer® Sunspray- not to be applied in
the heat, nor rain or in high concentrations
– Anti-Transpirants prevent moisture loss from the
leaves- not yet licensed
American Rose Society
8. A2.Rose Rust Disease
• Pathogen: Phragmidium tuberculatum
• Symptoms: Spring-Summer
– Stem: Spring occurrence leads to distorted young
green stems, with large pustules of bright orange
dusty spores
– On leaves: Yellow spots-upper surfaces=> pustules of
dusty orange spores on the lower surface. Late
summer, the orange pustules turn black. Infected
leaves may fall early.
Royal Horticultural Society
9. Controlling Rose Rust
• Prune out spring infections, to prevent the spread of spring
spores
• Collect and destroy fallen leaves in autumn or apply soil
mulching=> reduce the number of overwintering resting
spores
• Change to a resistant cultivar
• Fungicides as prescribed by the agronomists
Royal Horticultural Society
10. A3. Downy Mildew Disease
• Pathogen: Peronospora sparsa
• Reoccurs in the right conditions in spring (RH>85%, 26
°C), mainly as an epidemic disease.
• Spores may survive and be viable, on fallen leaves for as
long as a month, but temperatures of over 26 °C for a 24-
hour period will kill all active spores.
• Once it takes hold, it will defoliate a plant very rapidly
• It is extremely contagious pathogen (epidemic disease)
• The symptoms of downy mildew are frequently confused
with those of blackspot
American Rose Society
11. A3.Downy Mildew Symptoms
1. Leaves have flat, angular, reddish-black spots, formed
between the leaf veins.
2. Plants are rapidly defoliated
3. Appearance of symptoms, despite early and regular use
of a blackspot-effective fungicide.
4. Appears during periods of moderate temperatures and
high humidity.
American Rose Society
12. A3. Downy Mildew Treatment
• Fungicides
– Dithane T/O(turf & ornamental) , Protect T/O, when
applied to both sides of the leaves.
– Aliette (fosetyl aluminun), Subdue 2E or Subdue
Maxx (copper metalaxyl), Stature
DM (dimethomorph )
• Severely prune back those bushes that were heavily
infected and defoliated, soon after the chemical
treatment.
American Rose Society
13. A4.Black Spot Disease
• Pathogen: Diplocarpon rosae
• Infects the leaves and greatly reduces plant
vigour.
• The black spot lesions are spores, on the upper
leaf surface and can be spread with water.
• The fungus spends the winter in resting
structures on fallen leaves, in dormant infections,
on young stems and buds.
• In spring it produces spores to infect young
foliage. It can be very persistent, as long as the
leaves remain on the plant during wet conditions.
Royal Horticultural Society
14. A4.Black Spot Symptoms
1. Leaves have black and yellow “rounded” spots. The spore
can cross between leaf veins.
2. Plants are slowly defoliated.
3. Early and regular fungicidal use results in an absence of
symptoms.
4. Appears anytime, endemic, not epidemic.
5. Small, black, scabby lesions may also appear on young
stems
American Rose Society
15. A4.Black Spot Treatment
Non-chemical control
• Collect and destroy fallen leaves in the autumn, or bury
under a layer of mulch.
• Prune out all stem lesions in spring before leaves
appear.
• Resistant varieties.
Chemical control
• The fungicides tebuconazole (Bayer Fungus Fighter
Concentrate), tebuconazole with trifloxystrobin (Bayer
Fungus Fighter Plus), and triticonazole (Scotts Fungus
Clear Ultra and Scotts Fungus Clear Ultra Gun) are
labelled for the control of rose black spot.
Royal Horticultural Society
16. A5. Gray mold or Botrytis Blight Disease
• Pathogen: Botrytis spp.
• Mainly attacks tender tissues, such as flower petals, buds or seedlings;
weakened or injured tissues (such as pruning cuts) or aging and dead
tissues. Actively growing tissue is seldom affected, except of flower
petals.
• Outdoors the fungus overwinters on decaying plant material and in
infested soil. Sclerotia are the main structures for surviving outdoors at
4-31οC.
• Anything that moves soil or plant debris can spread the overwintering
stages. Sclerotia germinate they give rise to conidia (gray-brown
powdery spores) or an infection hyphae. The conidia are then
dispersed in large numbers by air currents or splashing water to new
plants. Then conidia penetrates/infest the plant tissue.
• The optimal temperature for germination of the conidia is 22- 25 oC
with free water or with RH=90-100%.
American Rose Society
18. Symptoms of Botrytis Blight
Ghost spots
Grey mycelium growing on flowers & stems
Leaf spots
Petal deformation
19. Controlling Botrytis Blight
• Strict sanitation with removal infected plant material, which should
be placed in the trash or burned and never placed in a compost
pile.
• Water in the morning, avoiding splashing water on foliage
• Space plants to provide for maximum air circulation.
• Avoid over-fertilization and unnecessary wounding of plants.
• Fungicide should not be used more than two consecutive times
without rotating to another effective chemical. These chemicals
should be from different classes.
• Some of the most effective chemicals are from the following four
different classes: Chloronitrile class – chlorothalonil (Daconil
Ultrex); Dicarboximide class – iprodione (Chipco 26019) and
vinclozolin (Curalan); Hydroxyanilide class- fenhexamid (Decree) and
Phenylpyrol class – fludioxinil (Medallion)
• Should be applied prior to the development of disease.
American Rose Society
20. A6.Stem Canker Disease
• Pathogen: Coniothyrium spp.
• Can eventually kill your rose
plant
• Show up after pruning, especially
when the pruners have not been
cleaned/sanitised between the
prunings of different rose bushes.
• Canker is most active during cold
times , when rose bushes are less
active.
• Symptoms: Black splotches on
the canes of rose bushes.
Gardening Know How, http://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/roses/rose-
canker-fungus.htm
21. Stem Canker Prevention & Cure
• Removal of the infected canes, down to healthy cane tissue below
the canker, followed by the spraying of a good fungicide =>getting
rid/ reducing the canker problem.
• Wipe off the pruners with the disinfectant wipes or dip them in the
Clorox/chloride solution after each pruning of a diseased cane!
• Promote vigorous growth, as a healthy thriving rose bush fights off
the canker attacks well.
• Using a good preventative fungicidal spraying program for
elimination
• A rotation of fungicidal sprays is recommended to help keep the
different funguses from becoming resistant to the fungicides effects
Gardening Know How, http://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/roses/rose-
canker-fungus.htm
22. Rosa spp.
• B. Pest
1. Aphids- Macrosiphum rosae
2. Scales
a. Cottony cushion- Icerya purchasi
b. Red scale- Aonidiella aurantii
c. Rose scale- Aulocaspis rosae
3. Thrips
4. Caterpillars-Lepidoptera’s worms
5. Mites- Tetranychus urticae
23. B1.Aphids
• Pest: Macrosiphum
rosae
• Hosts: Rosa spp.,
Rubus spp., Pyrus spp.
Malus spp., Epilobium
spp.
• Characteristics: Large,
Black head, green or
pink
• They hatch from eggs
=> March-August
cycle, includes asexual
reproduction (wingless
females)
www.plantwise.org
24. Aphid Symptoms & Cotrol
• Control:
– Common Synthetic & Natural Insecticides
– Decreased RH, N-fertilizers
– Biological Control with other insects/predators/natural enemies
such as lady bugs.
• Symptoms:
– Growing point/inflorescnence: distortion, dwarfing, honeydew,
wilt, Black sooty moulds
– Leaves/stems: abnormal forms wilting, Black sooty mould
– Virus vector=> no symptoms on roses
www.plantwise.org
25. B2. Scales: a) Cottony cushion
• Pest: Icerya purchasi
• Hosts: Citrus, Roses and many
weeds
• Cottony egg sac & honeydew
production
• 1st & 2nd stage instars infest
leaves and stems
• 3rd & 4th stage instars infest
branches and trunk=>suck juice
• CONTROL
– Rodolia cardinalis (natural enemy)
– Oils (summer)
– Chloropyrifos
UC Pest Management Guidelines
26. B2.b) California Red Scale
• Pest: Aonidiella aurantii
• Hosts: Citrus, roses
• Feeds of from juices by sucking
• Shield: almost rounded shaped/protecting
instars
• Female body: yellow-orange
UC Pest Management Guidelines
27. Controlling of Red Scale
• Natural enemies: Aphytis melinus, A. lingnanensis (coastal
areas) and Comperiella bifasciata releases
– Consideration: avoid wide spectrum pesticides such as
acetamiprid-Assail, Danitol-fenpropathrin, or beta-
cyfluthrin-Baythroid
• Insect growth regulators
• Oil treatments
UC Pest Management Guidelines
28. B2.c) Rose scale
• Pest: Aulacaspis rosae
• Control:
– Prune & irrigate sufficiently
– Also see B2.b) Red Scale
UC Pest Management Guidelines,
http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7408.html
29. B3. Thrips: Thysanoptera
• Pests: A)Frankliniella occidentalis, B)Scirtothrips dorsalis
• Hosts: Strawberries, Tomatoes, Peppers, Roses & other
ornamentals, Citrus
• 2nd , 3rd instar and adults cause damage sucking juice and
scratching the surface
• 4th and 5th instars mature in the soil
30. Control of Thrips
• Weed elimination after removal
• Balanced fertilization
• Mulching of the soil
• Yellow sticky tapes on the bottom of the
plant
32. Control of Caterpillars
• Regular Symptoms check ups
• Resistant cultivars
• Removal of caterpillars by hand, on spring
• Destruction of residues/weeds/infested plants(when is too
much)
• Tracking with pheromone traps
• Pesticides: pyrethrum (biological), deltamethrin etc.
33. B5. Spider Mites: Tetranychidae
• Pest: Tetranychus urticae
• Hosts: Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Citrus, Ornamentals etc
• Diapause in the winter (cold &short days), starting from
September
• Very active infesting and multiplying in the summer, starting
from spring
• Best Conditions: 12-40°C (hot & dry)
34. Control of Two-spotted mite
• Balance fertilizers, watering
• Keep dust and water in low levels
• Right pruning can keep RH with
appropriate exposure to sun
• Natural enemy release: Phytoseiulus
persimilis, Neoseiulus californicus
36. A.Fungi
1. Phoma tracheiphilla
• Host: Citrus aurantii, C.limon, C.medica, C.sinensis etc.
• Produces toxic metabolites=> drying in 1-2 years
• Conditions: from open wounds, grows better at 20-25 oC, from
October to February
• Slowly progress in the plants wood
37. Symptoms
• Drying & decline
• Brown wood
• Green parts turn to brown
Control
• Removal of unhealthy/dead parts
• Removal of dead plants
• Pruning after the raining season
• Spray with copper in Octeber and
after raining of hail
• Resistant varieties/rootstocks
38. A2. Septoria citri
• Epiphytic stage-lives on plants
• Penetrates from open gates
• Control: see A1
39. B1. Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae
Citrus Blast & blackpit
• Infects mostly every plant
• Lives and feeds on plants-saprophytic stage
• Infests plants-disease
• Penetrates from open gates/wounds in winter/spring, 12-20
• Develops good at 24-26
40. Control & Symptoms
• Fence against the wind
• Pruning on time
• Spraying copper
• Precision on time fertilizing
41. C1.Citrus Tristeza Virus
• Host: most of Citrus, Passiflora, Poncirus spp.
• Vector: Aphis gossypii, Toxoptera citricidus
• 4 strains
• Causes instead defoliation due to rootstock infections and
death of the vascular bundles.
1
5
37
6
2
4
8
42. Control
• Healthy & certified reproduction material
• Exclusion of the vector/virus, declaring protected zones
• Eradication & suppression of the virus
• Cross protection
• Resistant rootstocks
50. D4. Mediterranean fruit fly: Ceratits capitata
• Lays eggs almost in every soft fruit
• Larvaes feed of the flesh of the fruits
• Control
– International Pheromone Plastic McPhail trap (IPMT)
– Destruction of infested fruits
– Massive, Cover & Bait traps with pyrethrins (cypermethrin)
51. D5. Phyllocnistis citrella
• Can survive the whole year
• Mainly infests the fresh leaves spring-autumn from larvaes
• Damage: serious when plants are young
• Control: Ageniaspis citricola, Citrostichus phyllocnistoides(N.E)
– Timing of fertilization(January), regulation of irrigation and vigor
growth
– Flufenoxuron (15), imidacloprid (4A), oils when the
infestation covers the 20% of foliage
53. A1. Downy Mildew- Plasmopara viticola
• Endemic in wet regions after the raining seasons, between 11-
32 °C, from April-June
• Spray: Azoxystrobin-kresoxym-methtyl-
trifloxystrobin,pyraclostrobin + boscalid, benalaxyl-
metalaxyl,fosetyl-Al, *captan-mancozeb ziram-ferbam
– 8-10 cm long shots(no *copper fungicides)
– After 10 days
– Just Before bloom
– After fruit set
54. A2. Powdery Mildew- Uncinula necator
• Rests in the buds and grows on young- green, every year if
untreated
• 21-30 °C, low RH<90, low sugars
• Treatment: Application of sulfur
– 18<T<30 oC morning or night
• 3 leaves
• Bloom
• Just after bloom
• Color break
55. Α3. Exocoriosis - Phomopsis viticola
• Rests in wooden vines and grows on spring after cold and wet
weather, only on young parts
• Control:
– Proper pruning with disinfected tools
– Destruction of infected parts
– Fungicides
– Certified propagation material
56. B1. Xylophilus ampelinus
• Chronic vascular infection: slow and mild symptom occurance
• Productivity decreases & brown vascular color change
• Brown Ulcers & hyperplasia & ripped bark
• Control:
– Certified &healthy propagation material
– Avoid wounds & disinfect with spraying copper
– Right early pruning
– Removal of unhealthy parts
57. B2. Pierce Disease - Xyllela fastidiosa
• Infects vascular bunds-xylem tissue
• Many strains on different hosts
• Hosts: Peaches, Almonds, Nerium oleander, Avocado, Pecan, Citrus,
Spartium, Οlives
• Vectors: Cicadellidae and Cercopidae
• Reports in France an Italy- Potentially a very big thread
• Control:
– Healthy Certified Propagation Material
– Protected Zones
58. C1. Grapevine Fan Leaf Virus
• 2 strains
• Chromogenic
• Deforming
• Vectors: Xiphinema index & X.italiae
• Control: Immuno-Certified Plant Material for
propagation
59. C2. Grapevine Leaf Roll associated
Virus
• Strains: -1,-2,-3
• Vectors: Planococcus ficus, Planoccocus citri, Pseudococcus
longispinus
• Control: Immuno-Certified Plant Material for propagation
60. III. Grapes – D.Pests
D. Lobesia botrana: Lepidoptera
• 3-4 generations grow between 10-30 °C, from April-
Sepember
• 1st generation eats the flowers
• 2nd -3rd generation eats the fruits
• Damage: Decrease of production, bad wine
61. European grapevine moth: Lobesia botrana
• Conjugation prevention
• Pheromone traps & degree days : check 100 grapes for each
generation
– Indoxacarb , alpha cypermethrin, fenoxycarb ,
flufenoxuron, azadirachtin, pyrethrum , Bt
63. IV. Carob Trees: Ceratonia siliqua
• Powdery Mildew: Oidium cerationiae
• Control: see roses
64. V. Palm trees: Phoenix theophrasti
• Pest: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
• Adults: Lays 200-300 eggs making holes on the tree bark, with
their beak
• Larves dig holes and feed of tips & leave base, then make
cocoon with the tree fibers
• Up to 21 generations when temperature and habitat are ideal
• Prefers P.canariensis
65. V. Control of Red Beetle
• Attractive pheromones & food on trees= capture with water
• Proper pruning without dead residues(Dec-Jan)
• Avoid wounds
• Destruction of unhealthy plants
• Pesticides: systemic from roots & or protective all over the
tree( chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, diazinon,cypermethrin,
imidacloprid & thiamethoxam )
• Natural enemy : Apple Steinernema carpocapse (nematode),
every 40 days
69. A2.Silba adipata
• Lay eggs on closed flowers causing problems to
pollinators/pollination = rotting/unripe/dropping figs
• Control:
– McPhail traps
– Bait traps
– Removal of rotten figs
70. A3. Zaprionus tuberculatus
• Found in Myrtos, Crete on 2014
• Same damage as A2
• Many generations
• No licensed or scientific research on controlling, yet.
71. A4. Fig Bud mite- Aceria fici
• Lives between the buds causing Bud blasting, impedance of
new growth, bud distortion and leaf chlorosis by sucking&
scratching the leaves.
• Severe infestation may result in defoliation of branches or
whole trees.
• Vector of Fig Mosaic Virus
72. Β1. Fig Mosaic Virus
• Control of the vector
• Natural enemies: predacious mites-1) Pronematus ubiquitus,
2) Amblyseius swirskii and 3) Agistemus exsertus
• See also: Control of mites/roses
74. A1. Spilocea oleagina
• Causes defoliation, fruit drop and tree decline in the summer
• Cold & wet weather
• Control:
– Copper Sprays
– Bordeaux mixtures
75. A2. Verticillium dahiae
• Hosts: Broad spectrum
• Hot conditions
• Infects from wounds, mainly from the roots
• Lives and grows in the wood
• Stops the flow of water in the xylem, causing drying and the
quick or slow decline
• Control:
– Healthy soil use
– Destruction of weeds
– solarization
76. Β1. Pseudomonas sevastanoi pv. sevastanoi
• Damage: Loss of tree vitality, Drying of branches
• Enters through wounds in wet and windy weather
• Control:
– Removal & destruction of infected parts
– Disinfect pruners and tools
– Healthy propagation material
– Copper spray for heavy infections
78. Aspidiotus nerii
• Many hosts
• Sucks juices from every part, at wet and cold climate
• Control:
– Natural enemies: Chilocorus bipustulatus, Rhyzobius
lophanthae, Aphytis spp.
– See other Diaspididae
79. Parlatoria oleae
• Many hosts
• Red haloes on olives & less oil
• Control : see other Diaspididae
80. Saissetia oleae
• Active from spring-autumn
• Feeds of small young parts of the olives, causing decline and
defoliation
• Control: See other Coccidae
• Natural enemies: Chilocorus bipustulatus, Metaphycus
bartletti, M. helvolus
81. Bactrocera oleae
• Only hosts: Olives
• Lays eggs on Juny-July in olilves
• The holes help other diseases to grow
• Control: See Ceratitis capitata
82. Phloetribus scarabaeoides
• Enters through open wounds as larva and feeds of the wood
until it matures
• Control:
– Destroy weak branches &Pruning
– Vigorous growth
– Chemichal : dimethoate
83. VIII.Ornamentals: Pistacia- Aphid gall
• Baizongia pistaciae - aphid
• Spring: Sexual generation is layed as eggs and then winged
Females Infest buds or small leaves and cause them to bend
=>hypertrophy (increase in
cell size) and/or hyperplasia (increase in cell number)
• There they feed and reproduce asexually until autumn when
they disperse as wingless aphids in the roots of grass
• Control:
– Spray on Spring- Bud Break
– Removal of the galls
84.
85. VIII. Carolina diaz Vs Stephanitis pyri
• Hosts: Apples, Pears, Roses
• Groups can cause serious damage
• Causes yellow lesions & black honeydew
• Control: cypermethrin (pyrethrum)
88. General tips
• Pests
– Great unfriendly environment for pests
– Use traps and natural enemies
– Right pruning
• Diseases
– Destroy/remove debris/alternate hosts/infected
areas
– Aeriation and sunlight, low RH, no wounds
– Right pruning for each plant
