2. -Developed in 1924.
-Father of Biodynamic farming
Rudolph Steiner.
-First modern organic agriculture.
-Biodynamic method based on
Anthroposophy.
-It means “ Wisdom of human being”
-Techniques by 60 countries.
-Leading Germany with 45% global.
3. Biodynamics refers 2 Greek words i.e.,
bios (life) & dynamos (energy)
hence Biodynamics refers to
“working with energies which creates
and maintain life”
A method of farming to treat farm as
living system, to build healthy soil, to
produced nourished food, vitalize and
help to develop humanity.
4.
5. APPLICATION OF BIODYNAMIC FARMING
• Bio dynamics is a system of organic agriculture which recognizes
the biological and chemical values of soil and treats soil fertility,
plant growth and livestock care.
• Bio dynamic farming is an alternative where the chemical fertilizers
are totally replaced by microbial (biological) nutrients derived from
bacteria, algae, fungi and it emphasizes the use of manures and
composts.
• Bio dynamic farming treats animal, crops and soil as single system
and fertilizers the use of traditional systems and development of
new local breed and varieties.
6. • It uses various herbal and mineral additives in the
manufacture of composts and field sprays.
Bio dynamic farming also emphasizes on the use of
astronomical sowing and moon planting calendar.
• Bio dynamic farming promotes composting, green manuring,
crop rotations, inter cropping, mixed cropping, etc. as well as
employing predators, parasites, which are natural enemies of
pests.
7. GOODAGRICULTURE PRACTICES
“Global Principles of GAP”
• Form 11 components of agri.
Practices.
• Identify hazards to be avoided.
• Identify outcomes to be promoted =
• Provide a basis for the development
of codes of practice for individual
production systems.
8. The 11 components
• Soil
• Water
• Crop and fodder production
• Crop protection
• Animal feed and livestock production
• Animal health
• Animal welfare
• Harvest and on-farm processing and
storage
• Energy and waste management
• Human welfare, health and safety
• Wildlife and landscape
9.
10. • The guidelines described for GAP are
intended to streamline the cultivation of
medicinal plants as per the well regulated
methods and follow a systematic way in
cultivation process as it is important for the
production of good quality plant material.
• The various stages of processing which are
included in good agricultural practice
(GAP) are described as follows.
11. 1. Seeds as utilization material
The seeding materials are to be identified botanically,
indicating plant variety, cultivar, chemo type and its
origin.
Biodynamic agriculture: it is also known as organic farming
technique.
The material used should be 100% traceable.
The above same rule applies to vegetative materials as
well.
The parent material of vegetative part used in organic
productions should be certified and authentically organic.
12. 2. Cultivation:
• Depending on the method of cultivation
(conventional or organic) growers should be
allowed to follow different standards operating
procedures (SOP) for cultivation.
• Care should be taken to avoid environmental
disturbances.
• The principles of good crop husbandry must
be followed including appropriate rotation of
crops.
13. • Medicinal and aromatic plants should not
be grown in soils that are contaminated by
sludge.
• The soil should also not be contaminated
by heavy metals, pesticidal residues and
other unnatural chemicals.
• The use of fertilizers and other chemical
products should be as minimum as possible
and in accordance with the demands of the
plant.
3. Soil and fertilization:
14. • Irrigation should be minimized as much as
possible and only applied as per the needs
of the plant.
• Irrigation water should be free from
contaminants such as faeces, heavy metals,
pesticides, herbicides and other hazardous
substances.
4. Irrigation:
15. • Tillage (Preparation of land for growing
crops) should be adapted to enable good
plant
growth and must be carried out whenever
required.
• Pesticides and herbicides should be
avoided as far as possible.
• The use of pesticides and herbicides has
to be documented.
5. Crop maintenance:
16. • Harvesting should be done when the
plants are in their best quality and
quantity.
• Harvesting should be done in optimum
conditions as wet soil, dew, rain, high
humidity can produce unfavorable effects.
6. Harvesting:
17. • It includes steps such as washing, drying, freezing
etc,
• Processing equipment must be cleaned and
regularly serviced. • Buildings used for processing
should be clean, aerated & provide protected for the
harvested crop from birds, insects, rodents and
animals.
• All the processed material should be inspected
and substandard products must be
discarded.
7. Primary processing:
18. • The product should be packed in clean,
dry preferably new sacs, bags or cases.
• The label must be clear, permanently
fixed and made from non -toxic material.
• Re-usable packaging materials should be
well cleaned and dried before use, care
should be taken that they do not cause
contamination.
8. Packaging:
19. • Packaged dried materials and essential oils should
be stored in a dry, well aerated building in which
temp. Fluctuations are controlled and good aeration
is provided.
• Fresh products should be stored between 1 to 5 ‘C,
while frozen products should be stored below -18’C
or below -20’C for long term storage.
• Essential oils should be stored as per the chemical
storage standards.
• During transportation, sufficiently aerated vehicles
should be used.
• National regulations on transport have to be
followed.
9. Storage and transport:
20. • Personnel involved in the good agricultural
practice (GAP) should receive adequate
training and education related to the nature
of the work being carried out.
• The staffs who work with the plant material
must have a high degree of personal hygiene.
• Staff with infectious diseases should not be
allowed into the rooms in which they can
come into contact with plant material.
10. Staff requirements:
21. • All the propagation material and steps in the production process
must be documented.
• All the starting materials,
• Processing steps including location of cultivation have to be
documented.
• All agreements between producer and buyer should be fixed in a
written form.
11. Documentation:
12. Quality assurance:
• In order to ensure a good quality of the produced crude drug, it is
extremely advisable to educate all personnel dealing with the crop at
various stages.
• Consultation and feedback should be taken from buyers of
medicinal and aromatic plants regarding the quality & other
properties of plant material and an agreement have to be made.
27. PESTS:
Pest is the undesirable animal or plant species which affect the plant of our importance.
Plant also gets bacterial and viral decease as animals.
Types of Pests:
•Fungi and viruses
For examples:
•Ascochyta atropae – Formation of white irregular spots and leaf necrosis. (Fungi)
•Cercospora atropae – Round and angular brown spot on both side of leaf. (Fungi)
•Diaphania nilgirica, Indomia cretaceous – attacks Rauwolfia plant. (Insects)
•Gonocephalum species , Agrotis inflammatra – Cause leaf fall in Belladona. (Insects)
•Phytopthora nicotianae – Falling of leaf in tobacco plant (insects)
•Weeds- Undesirable plants
•Non-insect pests including rodents.-
•Vertebrates---- Rats, Monkey, Birds, Rabbit etc
•Invertrbrates--- Nematods, Crabs, Snail Mites etc
28. Pest control
Mechanical Method
Including Manual labor along with device like Sickle, Axe etc. Simple
Technique like Hand Picking, pruning, burning etc
Agriculture Method
Systemic Insectiside used. Ploughing deep to remove weed
Biological Method:
Chemical Method
Rhodenticide------ Warfarin, Strychine, Arsenic trioxide etc
Insecticides-------- DDT, Gammaxin, Rotenoids etc
Fungicides---------- Bordeaux Mixture, Chlorophenols,Antibiotics
Herbicides---------- 2,4-dichorophenoxy acetic acid, Calcium arsenate
Control Progeny.
Exposure to UV radiation to make them sterile . Release them into environment
to as to succeed mating with female than other male.
30. These are pesticides obtained from natural sources
like microorganisms, plants, animals,
insects & certain minerals.
Advantages of bio pesticide over chemical
pesticides:
• They are non-toxic to plants as well as humans.
• They are biodegradable & do not leave any toxic
residues.
• They are less expensive and can be grown along
with the cultivated medicinal plants.
• They are ecofriendly and do not affect soil
fertility.
• They are safe to handle and use
32. 1.Microbial pesticides:
• They consist of microorganisms, microbial pesticides can
control different kinds of pests and are relatively specific for its
target pests. It is reported that some fungi are used to control
weeds and insects.
2.Biochemical pesticides:
• These are naturally occurring chemical substances which are
obtained from insects and animals which have the ability to
control the pests by non-toxic mechanism. These include
substances like insect sex hormones.
3.Plant pesticides:
• Various plant are reported to poses pesticidal and insecticidal
properties. They can be grown along with cultivated plants to
combat insects and can be used in powdered form or the
constituents can be extracted from them and used to spray on
the crops.
Examples: Neem, Tobacco, Pyrethrum, Derris, Ryania.
33. • Bio-pesticides are typically microbial biological pest control that are
applied in a manner similar to chemical pesticides.
• Available in different formulations.
• Also used to control soil borne and seed borne fungal pathogens.
• Disadvantages of them are, high specificity slow speed of action and their
requirement of suitable condition for their survival.
• Even though, biopesticides are best for controlling the pests of agriculture
then the chemicals.
• Therefore, there should be more works on production on biopesticides and
encourage people to use biopesticides to control the pests.
• Bio-pesticide is a formulation made from naturally occurring substances
that controls pests by non-toxic mechanisms and in ecofriendly manner.
• Bio-pesticides may be derived from animals (e.g. nematodes), Plants
(Chrysanthemum, Azadirachta) and micro-organisms (e.g. Bacillus
thuringiensis, Trichoderma, nucleopolyhedrosis virus), and include living
organisms (natural enemies) etc.
• However, bio-pesticides are generally less toxic to the user and are non-
target organisms, making them desirable and sustainable tools for disease
management.
