2 ipomoea batatas
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The document provides information on the taxonomy, botany, morphology, germplasms, varieties, ecology, cultivation, harvesting, yields, and pests and diseases of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). Key points include that sweet potato is a hexaploid species in the family Convolvulaceae, it is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, and it faces numerous fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode diseases as well as insect pests that require control methods.
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2 ipomoea batatas
- 1. Sweet potato Ipomoea batatas
- 5. Taxonomy Kingdom: Plantae (Plants) Subkingdom: Tracheobionta (Vascular plants) Superdivision: Spermatophyta (Seed plants) Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants) Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) Subclass: Asteridae Order: Solanales Family: Convolvulaceae (Morning-glory family) Genus: Ipomoea L. (morning-glory) Species: Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. sweetpotato
- 6. Botany It is the only hexaploid (6x = 90) in this section its origin is unknown Section Batatas contains approximately 12 other species most are diploid (2n = 30) a few tetraploids (4x = 60). Tetraploid sweet potatoes have been collected in the wild although rarely Ipomoea trifida, a diploid, is purported to be one of the likely progenitors of sweet potato.
- 7. Botany Species in section Batatas have been shown to contain unreduced gametes the derivation of the hexaploid sweetpotato remains a mystery The major center of diversity for I. batatas: northwestern South America (northern Peru, southern Ecuador) sub-Saharan Africa Papua New Guinea Indonesia
- 8. Morphology leaves ovate-cordate borne on long petioles palmately veined angular or lobed depending on variety green purplish.
- 9. Morphology flowers rare, especially in US like common morning glory white or pale violet axillary funnel-shaped borne singly or in cymes on short peduncles; pods round; seeds 1–4 per pod, flattened, hard-coated, angular.
- 10. Germplasms Reported from the Indonesia-Indochina Middle and South American Centers of Diversity more than forty cvs that have been grown in the US, about 10 are of commercial value two categories: food types feed types. further divided into dry or firm types and moist or soft types.
- 11. Sweetpotato
- 12. Potato
- 13. Peanut
- 14. Varieties The present outstanding soft-fleshed cvs 'Porto Rico', 'Nancy Hall', 'Triumph', and 'Australian Canner'; firm-fleshed types 'Big-stem Jersey', 'Yellow Jersey', 'Maryland Golden', and 'Orlis' (Jersey orange).
- 15. Ecology Sweetpotato is cultivated in tropical subtropical lowland agroecologies The crop will grow with between 15°C and 35°C Storage roots are sensitive to changes in soil temperature depending on stage of root development a drought-tolerant crop deep rooted developing storage roots under very dry conditions grow best in a sandy loam, well-drained soil have been produced at altitudes >2000m and as far north as Canada.
- 16. Morphology Tuberous-rooted perennial, usually grown as an annual top herbaceous drying back to ground each year stems forming a running vine up to 4 m long usually prostrate and slender with milky juice lateral stem-branches arising from the short stem usually not branched.
- 17. Ecology tolerate annual precipitation of 3.1 to 42.9 dm (mean of 153 cases = 15.0), pH of 4.3 to 8.7 (mean of 88 cases = 6.4) Well-adapted to tropical and subtropical climates Days and nights must be fairly warm.
- 18. Ecology fairly drought-tolerant Soils must be well-drained. Subsoils of clay are satisfactory unless they are tight and sticky Some friable, well-drained loams and silt loams are highly productive Excellent soils have surface layers more than 30 cm in depth, those from 15–30 cm are considered good Slopes should be gentle, with little tendency to become eroded.
- 19. Cultivation In tropical areas, sweetpotatoes flower and cross-pollinate easily seeds are rarely used for propagation purposes propagation is by vegetative means, from transplants produced by bedding mother roots, or from rooted cuttings. grown over a wide range on farms of various types: truck farms, dairy farms, cotton farms, tobacco farms, corn-and-hog farms, and others..
- 20. Harvesting Sweetpotatoes develop a substantial amount of the total yield in the last 4–5 weeks before frost. For large yields 130 to 150 days growth is required. Early harvested crops are lower in carotene content and in total solids. Probably the best time to harvest for storage is after the leaves show slight yellowing. A 16- to 18-inch tractor-drawn turning plow with a vine-cutting colter in front of it is probably the best tool for harvesting.
- 21. Yields and Economics Average yields vary from 17.5 to 27.5 MT/ha, depending on the cv and growing conditions . Sweetpotatoes have long been considered the second most important vegetable crop in the US, second only to white or Irish potatoes. Spain is major producer in Europe; India grows sweetpotato in all states and it ranks third in importance among tuber crops, exceeded only by potato and cassava. In China, where it was introduced in 1594, sweetpotato is often used more than rice and has been used to relieve famines.
- 22. Biotic Factors Sweetpotato is subject to injury from a number of diseases that may attack the young plants in the hot bed or the growing crop in the field or may cause decay in storage. The worst of these are stem-rot, black-rot, foot-rot, soft-rot or ring-rot,and in the Southwest, root-rot. These are described and illustrated, and control measures are given in Farmers' Bulletin No. 1059, Sweet Potato Diseases. The sweetpotato is not seriously injured by many insects but the sweetpotato root weevil has been very injurious in sections of the South, especially in the Gulf States.
- 23. Pests and Diseases Cutworms frequently destroy the young plants by cutting them off soon after they are set in the field . Agriculture Handbook No. 165 (1960) lists the following as affecting this species: Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae (white rust), Alternaria sp. (secondary leaf spot), Aspergillus spp. (secondary storage rot),
- 24. Pests and Diseases Botrytis cinerea (gray-mold rot), Cercospora sp. (leaf spot), Choanephora cucurbitarum (leaf mold), Coleosporium ipomoeae (rust), Diaporthe batatas (dry rot of roots, stem rot), Elsinoe batatas (spot anthracnose), Endoconidiophora fimbriata (black rot of roots and stems), Epicoccum sp. (storage rot), Erwinia carotovora (bacterial soft rot), Fuligo violacea, Fusarium oxysporum (surface rot of roots in storage), F. oxysporum.f. batatas (stem rot), Helicobasidium purpureum (root rot), Hypomyces ipomoeae, Macrophomina phaseoli (charcoal rot of stored roots, stem rot),
- 25. Pests and Diseases Meliola clavulata and M. malacotricha (black mildew), Monilochaetes infuscans, Mucor racemosus (storage rot), Penicillium sp. (bluemold rot), Pestalotia batatae (on roots), Phyllosticta batatas (leaf blight), Phymatotrichum omnivorum (root rot), Physarum cinereum, P. plumbeum, Phytophthora sp. (root rot), Plenodomus destruens (foot rot of stems and roots), Pyrenophora terrestris (pink rot), Pythium spp. (rootlet rot, mottle necrosis of mature roots, leak and ring rot in transit and storage), Rhizoctonia solani (sprout rot, rootlet rot, stem canker), Rhizopus spp. (soft rot, ring rot of stored roots), Schizophyllum commune (dry rot of roots),
- 26. Pests and Diseases Sclerotinia sp. (storage rot following chilling), S. minor (sprout rot in seedbeds), Sclerotium rolfsii (southern blight, cottony rot), Septoria bataticola (leaf spot), Streptomyces ipomoea (soil rot), Trichoderma spp. (punky rot of stored roots), Verticillum albo-altrum (wilt) (Ag. Handbook 165, 1960). Several viruses are known to infect sweetpotatoes: A virus, B virus, Feathery mottle (sweetpotato internal cork virus), Mottle and Mosaic, Tobacco mosaic, Vein-clearing, and Mizugusare disease. Internal brown spot is due to boron deficiency.
- 27. Pests and Diseases many nematodes have been reported on the crop: Aphelenchoides besseyii, Aphelenchus avenae Belonolaimus gracilis B. Longicaudatus Criconemella onoensis Ditylenchus destructor D. dipsaci Helicotylenchus multicinctus H. Cavenessi H. Concavus H. Microcephalus H. Pseudorobustus Hemicriconemoides cocophillus Meloidogyne hapla M. Incognita M. incognita acrita M. Javanica Nothotylenchus affinis Pratylenchus brachyurus P. Coffeae P. Pratensis P. Penetrans P. Scribneri P. Thornei P. Zeae Quinisulicius capitatus Radopholus similis Rotylenchulus reniformis Scutellonema brachyurum S. Clathricaudatum Tylenchorhynchus annulatus T. claytoni, and Xiphinema americanum
- 28. Pests and Diseases Insects attacking sweetpotato plants: Long-horn beetles (Cerambicid), Sweetpotato flea beetle (Chaetosnema confinis), Wireworms (Conoderus amplicollis, C. falli, C. vespertinus), Sweetpotato weevil (Cylas formicarius elegantulus), Cucumber beetles (Diabrotica balteata and D. undecim-punctata), American plum borer (Euzophera semifuneralis), Wireworm (Melanotus communis), Tortoise beetles (Metriona sp.), Flower beelte (Notoxus calcaratus), Variegated-cutworm beetles (Systena blanda, S. elongata, S. frontalis), Sweetpotato leaf-beetle (Typophorus nigritus viridicyaneus). Methods for control should be obtained from local agricultural agents
- 29. Thank you