Eggplant production overview by Reja

Prepared By
Group No -14
Crop Production (AGR-351)
Sl no Name Id#
1 Md.Shamim Reja 13109072
2 Md.Rashidul Islam 13109075
3 Md.Zillur Rahaman 13109084
4 Md.Shadek Ali 13109012
3

Prepared for
Dr. M Sayadur Rahaman
Faculty
Collage of Agricultural Sciences
IUBAT
4

Contents
1. Description
2. Names and etymology
3. Scientific classification
4. Origin & History
5. Cultivated varieties
6.Climate
7.Soil
8. Growth stages
9. Production technology
10.Statistics
11.Producing countries map
12. Cooking
13. Health properties
14.Allergies
15. See also
16.Public reaction about BT Eggplant or GM
crop
17. References
5

1. Description
Eggplant is a frost tender, heat loving, branching bushy
plant with thick, woody stems. The green to grayish green
leaves are large, lobed, and alternate with the underside
typically covered with spiny fuzz. Mature plants range
from 1 to 8 feet in height. Although eggplant is a
perennial, it is more commonly grown as an annual.
6

2.Common Names and etymology
Common Names
Eggplant, Bagun,eggfruit, aubergine, brinjal, tomato-fruited
eggplant, gilos, guinea squash, mad apple, nasubi
Some 18th-century European cultivars were yellow or white
and resembled goose or hen's eggs, hence the name
"eggplant".
7

3.Scientific classification
Common name: Begun
English name: Eggplant
Scientific name: Solanum melongena L.
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: solanum
8

4. Origin & History
The ancient ancestors of eggplant grew
wild in India and were first cultivated in
China in the 5th century B.C. Eggplant was
introduced to Africa before the Middle
Ages and then into Italy, the country with
which it has long been associated, in the
14th century. It subsequently spread
throughout Europe and the Middle East
and, centuries later, was brought to the
Western Hemisphere by European
explorers. Today, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, China
Bangladesh and Japan are the leading
growers of eggplant.
9

5.Cultivated varieties
Bangladesh cultivated lot of variety without any name. But some
popular variety is – Islampuri, Laffa, Tolla, Singnath, Essordi-1,
Khotkhotia, nayon, kajol, Muktokasi, Kuli etc. From Bangladesh
Agriculture Research Institute Developed this variety, such as-
Tarapuri, Uttara, Kajla, Nayantara, Sukhtara these are very high
yielded. Bt Brinjal- 1 ,Bt Brinjal -2.
10

Genetically engineered variety
Bt brinjal is a transgenic eggplant which has a gene from the soil
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis inserted into it. This variety was
designed to give the plant resistance against lepidopteran insects
like the brinjal fruit and shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) and fruit
borer (Helicoverpa armigera)
11

6.CLIMATE
Eggplant is a summer-growing
vegetable that requires warm to hot
conditions over a 5–6 month growing
period to produce high yields and
quality fruit. Periods of cool weather
during the growing period will retard
plant growth and reduce yields.
Young seedlings are sensitive to frost.
The optimum growing temperature
range is 21°–30°C, with a maximum of
35°C and a minimum of 18°C. The
optimum soil temperature for seed
germination is 24°–32°C.
12

7.SOIL
Eggplants are moderately deep rooting
and can
be grown on a wide range of soils.
They do best
on light-textured soils such as sandy
loams or
alluvial soils that are deep and free
draining.
These soils warm up quickly in spring
and are
suitable for early plantings. Avoid soils
with
high clay content.
A soil pH in the range 6.0–7.0 is
desirable.
13

8.Growth stages of Eggplant
1.
1.Seed to sprout
Eggplant seeds need to be started indoors about two hour before your
region's last frost date. Kept moist and warm, the seed absorbs water and
germination occurs. The seed uses its stored energy to produce a small
root and two seed leaves. These seed leaves, or cotyledons, provide
enough energy until the seedling can grow a set of true leaves.
14

2.Seedling to Plant
The seedling continues to grow indoors until the weather warms
outside. The seedling needs to be kept in a sunny window so it doesn't
get lanky. During this time, the seedling adds height and leaves, and
the roots will typically fill the pot. When daytime temperatures
average 70 degrees Fahrenheit, the eggplant can be planted outside in
a garden area that receives full sun.
15

3.Flowering
Over the next couple months, the eggplant adds more height,
fuller leaves and deeper roots. Eventually, small green buds
form at the ends of several stems. Within a couple of days,
these buds open to reveal the eggplant's showy purple
flower.
16

4.Flower to Fruit
As bees and other pollinators visit the eggplant
flowers, pollen is transferred from one flower to
another. When pollination occurs, seeds develop
within in the eggplant's ovary. The ovary itself
becomes fleshy and grows into the eggplant that are
harvested and eaten. 17

5.Fruit to Death
Eggplants are annual plants, which means they complete
their entire life cycle in one year. Once the eggplant has
finished producing fruit, or if no flowers are pollinated,
the plant starts to shut down. The leaves stop producing
energy for the plant. Within a few weeks, the plant
withers and dies. 18

9.Production technology
Contents:
1.Variety Selection
2.Time For Eggplant Production
3.Seed ret and plant population
4.Seedling Production
5.Soil and Land Preparation
6.Transplanting
7.Weed Control
8.Fertilizer Requirements
9.Irrigation
10.Pollination
11.Diseases
12.Insect Pests
13.IPM tactics and Control Measures
14.Environmental Stress
15.Harvest
16.Average Yield
17.Postharvest Handling
19

1.Variety Selection
Many eggplant cultivars are readily available from major seed companies.
Cultivars differ in earliness, as well as in size, shape and color of mature fruit. A
primary consideration in cultivar selection is market preference. Individual
markets usually prefer or require a specific type(s) of eggplant. Ideally, a
potential grower should identify the prospective market.
20

2.Time For Eggplant Production
Season Time of sowing Time of transplanting
Kharif 2 nd week of June July-August
Rabi End of September October-November
Summer 2 nd week of January February
21

3.Seed ret and plant population
1.Seed Planting Depth (cm): 1.0 Seed
2.Requirement Transplant (gm/ha): 200gm
3.Seeds per gram (approx): 200-250
4.Plant Population: 4800-13000 /ha
5.Dependant on type Row spacing: 1.5-2 Meters
6.Plant Spacing: 0. 5-0.8 Meter
22

4.Seedling Production
There are two methods that can be used to produce seedlings,
the seedbed method and seedling tray method. In both
methods, use a rain shelter to protect the seedlings.
23

A. Seedbed Method
1. Remove weeds and cultivate the proposed area for seedling production using a hoe
or shovel
2. Make 5 plots where beds are 6 inches high and 10 meters long. Thoroughly mix
compost, humus, and carbonized rice hull ash at a ratio of 1:1:1. Level the beds.
3. Sow 300-400 grams/hectare of seeds in a horizontal rows with a distance of 5
centimeters apart. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil.
4. Water the seedbeds after sowing until seed emerged. Drench the seedbeds with
fungicide at a rate of 1 tablespoon/gallon of water once damping-off is observed.
5. Regulate watering as soon as the seed germinates.
6. Harden the seedling by watering the seedbeds only when plants show temporary
wilting.
7. Seedlings are ready for transplanting 30 days after seed emergence.
24

B. Seedling Tray Method
1. Using this method, a hectare needs 200 grams of
seeds and 200-250 pieces of plastic seedling tray with
100-104 cells or holes.
2. Prepare the soil medium by mixing garden soil,
organic fertilizer, and rice hull ash at a ratio of 1:1:1,
then fill the holes of tray with the prepared soil
medium.
3. Sow 2-3 seeds per hole and cover them with the
prepared soil medium. Water the seeds to trigger
germination.
5. Seven days after seed emergence, prick the extra
seedlings from a hole into another tray. Maintain only
one seedling per hole.
6. Reduce watering and gradually expose to direct
sunlight one week before transplanting to harden the
seedlings.
7. Three weeks after emergence, seedlings are ready
for transplanting.
25

5.Soil and Land Preparation
Well-drained, sandy loam soils are ideal for eggplant production. Poorly drained
soils usually result in reduced functional root area, poor plant growth and low
yields.
Site selection can be important if early eggplant production is required. For
early production, select sites with a southern to southwestern exposure. Soil
with a southern exposure receives more sunlight in the spring and therefore
warms more quickly.
26

6.Transplanting
hills 1-2 days after
planting. Irrigate the
furrows before
transplanting. Transplant
30-day-old seedlings at
the side of the furrows
with a distance of 50
centimeters between
hills at a depth of 4-6
centimeters depending
on the height of the
seedlings. Replant
missing
27

7.Weed Control
Weed control is one of the most serious concerns to commercial eggplant
growers. Off-bar or re-plow 14-21 days after transplanting and hill-up at 30-40
days after transplanting.
Mechanical. Mechanical control is very effective is requires supplementary Hand
weeding to remove weeds in the rows.
Herbicides. Herbicide control is limited to chemicals recommended .weeds that
emerge before eggplant is transplanted.
Fumigation. Fumigation for weed control is expensive and dangerous and must
be handled by trained personnel. The cover is then removed and the soil is
allowed to aerate for seven days before the eggplant is transplanted.
Plastic mulch. The use of Black plastic is the most effective plastic mulch because
the color prevents the light penetration which is necessary for weed seed
germination.
28

8.Fertilizer Requirements
This plant take many nutrient from soil.
For eggplant have to need this amount
of fertilizer,
cow dung - 14tan/ hec
Urea- 250 kg/ hec
TSP- 220 kg/ hec
MOP- 125 kg/ hec
Cow dung and half amount TSP should
be sprinkled over the whole field in
general during opening on the field.
Rest amount of TSP applied on the hole
for the plant. Urea & MOP should be
applied in two installments.
29

9.Irrigation
During deficient water
conditions, eggplant
responds well to
irrigation. In the
absence of sufficient
rainfall, irrigation can be
very beneficial from
transplanting until the
plants are well
established. When the
plants are established,
maintain enough
available moisture to
keep plants actively
growing.
30

10.Pollination
Research indicates that
eggplant is not self-fruitful
and not wind-pollinated;
therefore, insect pollination
is required for good yields. If
feral (wild) bee activity is
inadequate, beehives should
be placed in or near the
field. Depending on
conditions and the native
population of wild bees, one
hive for one to three acres is
adequate.
31

11.Diseases
Eggplant is susceptible to a number of
diseases capable of causing serious
losses. Most diseases can be
prevented if precautions are taken
early. Basic cultural practices help
provide good disease control, but
sometimes chemical control is also
necessary.
Root-knot nematodes cause major
damage to eggplant.
Southern stem blight is the second
most common problem. This is a soil-borne
disease common to many crops.
Phomopsis blight is another disease
affecting eggplant. This is primarily a
fruit disease and is controlled by
chemical sprays. The degree of control
depends upon early diagnosis and
weather conditions.
32

12.Insect & Pests
Eggplant may be severely damaged by several insect pests. Most pests are sporadic
and scouting is the most cost-effective means of determining the need for insecticide
applications.
Eggplant Shoot and Fruit Bore
Cutworm (Rottenburg)
Jassid,
Leaf Roller
Epilachna Beetle
33

13.IPM tactics and Control Measures
A combination of methods is of paramount
importance to keep the pest population
below economic injury level for minimizing
the yield loss. followings:
(i) cultivation of tolerant eggplant varieties
such as ISD006, BL114 & BL095
(2), or growing grafted seedlings,
(ii) growing healthy seedlings.
(iii) practicing adequate field sanitary
(iv) clipping off and destroying the infested
shoots and fruits
(v) undertaking weekly field checking to spot
out the presence of the insect in the field,
(vi) placing sex pheromone ((E)-11-
hexadecenyl acetate and (E)-11-hexadecen-1-
ol, mixed in 10:1
34

14.Environmental Stress
Stressful growing
conditions are caused by
insufficient moisture,
excessive moisture,
insufficient availability of
plant nutrients, or
adverse temperatures.
Stress results in poor
plant growth and
reduced yields of
eggplant. For optimal
yields and quality,
prevent or alleviate
stressful conditions as
much as possible.
35

15.Harvesting
Eggplants are ready for harvest when the fruit is glossy, firm, and full colored
and not streaked with brown. Time from planting to harvest is 100 to 150 days
from seed, 70 to 85 days from transplants. Harvest eggplant young before the
flesh becomes pithy. The eggplant fruit grows on a sturdy stem; cut the fruit
from the stem with a sharp knife.
36

16.Average Yield
Yield Potential Average Yield: 6500-8000
Cartons per Ha Packing: Eggfruit is usually packed in cartons of
size graded fruit in cartons of 9 - 11kg, or tray packed "gourmet"
style fruit to 6 kg.
37

17.Postharvest Handling
Eggplant is too delicate to be run across a grading line, so it is packed in
the field for marketing. Before packing, eggplant fruits are sorted by size
and culls are removed. They are washed, if needed, individually wrapped
in tissue paper and carefully packed to prevent the stems from puncturing
other fruits. Proper sizing achieves a specified count per carton and is
important for marketing. Eggplant is packed in waxed, corrugated or wire
bound cartons, depending on market preference.
38

10.Statistics
The largest production of eggplant in 2012
(million tones)
Rank Country Production
1 China 28,800,000
2 India 12.200,000
3 Iran 1.300,000
4 Egypt 1,193,854
5 Turkey 799.285
6 Indonesia 518,827
7 Iraq 460,000
8 Japan 327,400
9 Spain 246,600
10 Italy 217,690
39

11.Eggplant producing countries MAP
40

12.Some cooking food by Eggplant
41

13.Health properties
Nutritionally, eggplant is low in fat,
protein, and carbohydrates. It also
contains relatively low amounts of most
important vitamins and minerals.
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 104 kJ (25 kcal)
Carbohydrates 5.88 g
Sugars 3.53 g
Dietary fiber 3 g
Fat 0.18 g
Protein 0.98 g
42

14.Allergies
Case reports of itchy skin or mouth, mild
headache, and stomach upset after
handling or eating eggplant have been
reported anecdotally and published in
medical journals. A 2008 study of a
sample of 741 people in India, where
eggplant is commonly consumed, found
nearly 10% reported some allergic
symptoms after consuming eggplant.
Contact dermatitis from eggplant leaves
and allergy to eggplant flower pollen have
also been reported. Cooking eggplant
thoroughly seems to preclude reactions in
some individuals, but at least one of the
allergenic proteins survives the cooking
process.
43

15.See also
Advantage of BT Eggplant
Bacillus thuringiensis microbial formulations have been
shown to be very specific to target insect pests. Tests have
shown that Bt brinjal’s effectiveness is 100% pest mortality
in shoots and fruits, compared to 30% or less with
conventional pesticide treated varieties.
Disadvantage of BT Eggplant
The most serious disadvantage is that long-term effects of
genetically modified organisms is not known. BT varieties of
GM crops are the result of taking DNA from a bacteria and
inserting it into the seeds .
44

16.Public reaction about BT Eggplant or GM crop
45

Public reaction about BT Eggplant or GM crop cont..
46

17.References
1.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant
2. www.realsimple.com/.../easy-
3. www.whfoods.com/genpage
4. www.finecooking.com
5. www.organicgardening.com
6. https://www.google.com.bd/
7. https://www.plantvillage.com
8. www.genet-info.org
9. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
10. www.vegparadise.com
47

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