Prevalence and Management of Pests and Diseases Under Changing Climate

HIMA AGRI CLINIC 8088981212 agriclinicsira@gmail.com
PREVALENCE OF PESTS AND DISEASES UNDER CHANGING
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
Agriculture is the dominant sector of Indian economy, which determines the
growth and sustainability. About 65 per cent of the population still relies on
agriculture for employment and livelihood. India is the first in the world in the
production of milk, pulses, jute and jute-like fibres; second in rice, wheat,
sugarcane, groundnut, vegetables, fruits and cotton production; and is a leading
producer of spices and plantation crops as well as livestock, fisheries and poultry.
Total food grains production in 2011-12 was 257.44 MT while in 2010-11 was
244.78 MT; projected demand by 2030 is 280 MT. Agriculture and its allied
activities accounted for about 13.9 percent of the GDP in the period 2011-12. Major
crops such as wheat, pulses and oil seeds showed decline in output. Farm area with
deficit rainfall increased by 40% from 28% during last 3 years and delayed irrigation
projects has made matters worse. Weather plays a large role in plant disease
development. Most fungi require free water or specific levels of humidity or moisture
for prolonged periods of time to develop. Dry climates are not conducive to their
survival.
Climate change on plant diseases and insect pests are being witnessed all
over the world. Many factors are responsible for this and majorly by the human
interference like afforestation, industrialization and increased population. Even a
slight change in the environmental and weather factors will have a huge impact on
the growth and development of agricultural crops. In this regard, recently we are
noticing variations in the incidence and occurrence of diseases and pests than
before. For example, minor diseases have became major in few cases. Sucking pests
have become very much serious because of increase in dry spells in most of the
regions of India. There is a necessity to educate the farmers about how to overcome
the problems due to changing climatic conditions. Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR) has implemented “National Initiative on Climate Resilient
Agriculture (NICRA)” to promote climate resilience agriculture in India. Knowledge of
common pests and diseases, favorable climatic conditions and their successful
management is very much essential to increase their crop production. This book will

going to be useful for the farmers to notice, diagnose and to manage the some
extent.
Major pests and diseases of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea)
Major Diseases:
Insect Pests:
Peanut bud necrosis Collar rot Dry root rot Rust
Stem rot Early leaf spot Late leaf spot
Red hairy caterpillar
Termite damage Thrips
Leaf miner

Major pests and diseases of Ragi/Finger millet (Eleusine coracana)
Diseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions Man
Peanut Bud
necrosis
Tomato spotted wilt
virus transmitted by
Frankliniella schultzei
and Scirtothrips
dorsalis
 Chlorotic rings on leaves
 Necrosis of terminal bud
 Plants stunted and mottled
During January-March and
August-September Kharif
when thrips population high
a) Early sowing.
b) Spray Dimethoate
c) Border crops- Sorg
Collar rot Aspergillus niger Pre-emergence rotting of seeds,
hypocotyl, rapid wilting of the entire
plant or its branches.
High soil moisture,
Deep sowing of seeds
Deep ploughing, crop
Seed treatment with t
g/kg seed or Captan 8
Spray mancozeb 3gm
Dry root rot Macrophomina
phaseolina and
Rhizoctonia bataticola
Water soaked necrotic spots on the
stem just above the ground level.
Sclerotia develop on roots, stems.
Moderate to high soil
moisture
Seed treatment with c
or Captan 3 g/ kg see
seed.
Rust Puccinia arachidis Orange colored pustules appear on
the lower leaf surface
Wet weather coupled with a
temp of 22-25o
C
Chlorothalonil 2g/lit
Mancozeb 2g/l
Early leaf spot Cercospora
arachidicola
Spots are sub circular.
With light to dark brown centre and
a yellow halo. Dark brown in colour
on the upper leaflet surface
Lower temp (25o
C), long
periods of high RH and RF
Intercropping pearl m
groundnut (1: 3). Spr
mancozeb 0.2% or ch
Late leaf spot Phaesariopsis
personata
Circular, black spots appear on
lower leaf surface.
18-30o
C, leaf wetness, Mg
deficiency and heavy
application of N and P
Remove volunteer cr
pearl millet. Mancoz
2ml/lit, Carbendazim
Pests
Leaf miner Aproaerema
modicella.
Small blister like mines seen on the upper leaf
surface near mid rib.
Crop rotation with non
Spray Quinolphos 2ml
Red hairy
caterpillar
Amsacta albistriga Early stage of the larvae scrape the leaves.
Full grown larvae devour the entire foliage,
flowers and growing points.
Collection of egg mass
Poison bait, light traps
Quinolphos @ 25-30 k
to prevent the marchin
Termites Odontotermes
obesus
Termites penetrate and hollow out the tap root and
cause wilting and premature death of the plant.
It also feed on the pod shell.
Drenching 5ml of chlo
at the localised spots.
Thrips Frankliniella
schultzei,
Scirtothrips
dorsalis
Both nymphs and adults suck the sap. Develops
dull yellowish green patches on upper surface
High temp. with low
rainfall favours
multiplication.
Sow border crops.
Spray dimethoate or m
Leaf blast Pink stem borer
Earhead bugAphids
Root aphid Root aphid

Major pests and diseases, their symptoms and management practices of ragi (Finger millet)
Diseases Causal
organism
Symptoms Favourable conditions Management
1) Leaf and neck
blast
Pyricularia grisea a) Water soaked lesions on leaf lamina
b) Spindle shaped necrotic spots with
grayish center
Low night temp. (<24°C)
coupled with high RH helps in
rapid spread of the disease.
Avoid excess application of
N. Spray Tricyclozole (0.6
g/l) or Hinosan or Kitazine.
GPU-28, GPU-48, C-5
Pests
1) Pink stem
borer:
Sesamia inferens Larvae enters into the stem and causes
dead heart symptoms
The optimum temperature for
the hatching is 24-29o
C with RH
90-100%.
Spray phorate 10% CG @ 1
lit/ha at every 20 days
interval after germination.
2) Earhead bug: Calocoris
angustatus
Nymphs and adult suck the juice from
grains during milky stage. Grains
shrink and turn black and chaffy.
Spray carbaryl 50 WP @ 1.0
kg/ha at milky stage.
3) Aphids Rhopalosiphum
maidis
Yellowing of leaves
Aphid colonies present on the central
leaf whorl and ears
Presence of ants
Requires warm temperature Spray dimethoate 30 EC@ 2
ml/lit (using high volume
sprayer)
4) Root aphid Tetraneura
nigriabdominalis
Wilting and drying of plants in patches.
Black ants attend them for honeydew
and their presence confirm the root
aphid attack
Spray carbaryl 50 WP@ 1
kg/ha (500 l spray fluid/ha).

Major pests and diseases of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)
Minor pests
Fusarium wilt Phytophthora blight Dry root rot Powdery mildew
Cercospora leaf spot Sterility mosaic Termites damage Blister beetles
Jassids Eryophid mite Pod borer
Cow bugs
Scale insects

Diseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions Management
Fusarium wilt Fusarium udum Yellowing of leaves followed by
partial or complete premature death
of the plant.
Dark brown to black discoloration of
the xylem in the stem and root
regions.
Low soil temp. and
increasing plant
maturity favours the
disease. Contnous
cultivation of pigeonpea
Resistant var’s (Maruthi, Asha), summer
ploughing, crop rotation with cereals,
Seed treatment with carbendazim50%
+thiram50% @3g/kg seeds.
Phytophthora blight Phytophthora
drechsleri
Water soaked, irregular lesions on
leaves often causing blighting of the
leaf/leaflets. Brown sunken lesions
on the stem causing girdling.
Cloudy weather and
drizzling rain with
temperature 25°C
Good drainage, wide inter-row spacing,
Ridge planting. Seed dressing with
metalaxil @ 3g/kg. Foliar sprays (two) at
15 days interval after 15 days of
germination.
Dry root rot Macrophomina
phaseolina
Early symptoms are spindle-shaped
lesions on stems and branches.
Infected plants prematurely dry up.
Roots are brittle and break when
touched.
Hot (above 30°C) and
dry weather encourage
disease development.
Rain after prolonged dry
spell pre-disposes the
plant to the disease.
Avoid late sowing. Seed treatment with
Trichoderma 4g+thiram 3g per kg seeds
Powdery mildew Leveillula taurica White powdery growth of the
fungus seen on aerial parts of
the plants.
Severe infection leads to
defoliation.
Dry humid climate
following rainfall
favours the disease
Late sowing (After July).
Spray wettable sulphur @ 1g/litre or
Triademefon 25 @ 0.03%.
Cercospora leaf spot Cercospora cajani,
Cercospora indica
The circular spots on leaves
coalesce leading to severe
defoliation. Severe infection
leads to the die back of
the tender branches of the plant.
Cool temperature and
humid weather is
favourable
Select field away from perennial pigeon
peas.
Spray Maneb 3g/litre of water or
carbendazim 1g/lit
Sterility mosaic
disease
Sterility mosaic virus
transmitted by
Eriophyid mite Aceria
cajani
Bushy and stunted appearance
of the plants, reduction in of the
leaf size Light and dark green
mosaic pattern on the infected
leaves of younger plants. Partial
or complete sterility of the plant
resulting in low or no flowering
and podding
Shade and humidity
encourages
multiplication of virus
Use certified seeds, uproot infected
plants and destroy in the early stage
itself.
Seed treatment with 10% aldicarb at
3g/kg. spray Kelthane @ 0.1% to
control mites
Pests
Termites Odontotermes obesus Wilting and death of plants with Red soil with less 1. Seed treatment with aldrin or HCH.

a hole in the stem, just below the
soil surface.
The stems are coated with soil.
Tunnels are seen in stem and
roots when split.
moisture, high
temperature
2. Drenching of termite nests with
aldrin or HCH
Blister beetles Mylabris pustulata Adult beetles feed on flowers
and tender pods.
Peak activity during
Aug-October
Manual picking and destruction of adult
blister beetles
Jassids or leaf
hoppers
Empoasca kerri Leaflets are cup-shaped and
have yellow edges and tips.
Seedlings may be stunted and
have red-brown leaflets
followed by defoliation.
Summer days Application of any systemic
insecticides. Dimethoate, Malathion
Mites Aceria cajani Transmit sterility mosaic
disease. light green, chlorotic
foliage.
Population is high when
dry spells are more
Spray Kelthane (2 ml/l) to control
mites. Heavy rain reduces the mite
population
Pod borers Helicoverpa armigera destroys buds, flowers and pods All over the year Bird perches placed just above the crop
canopy.
Applying HNPV at a rate of 500 larval
equivalents (LE) per ha. physical
shaking of pigeonpea plants to dislodge
larvae.

Major pests and diseases of chilli (Capsicum annuum)
Fusarium wilt Chilli mosaic
Mites Thrips
Aphids Whiteflies
Fruit borer
Damping off Anthracnose Leaf curl Cercospora leaf spot

Damping off Pythium
aphanidermatum
Seed may rot or the seedlings may be killed before they
emerge from the soil. Stems show water soaking lesions
and shriveling of stem which fall over and die.
High soil moisture and
relatively higher soil
temperature
Soil drenching with 1% Bordeaux mixture or 3g Copper
Oxychloride or 1.5g Ridomyl MZ per litre of water.
Seed treatment with Metalaxyl MZ @ 2g/kg of seeds will
control the damping off
Anthracnose Colletotrichum
capsici
Dark sunken spots are formed on fruits and pink or dark
coloured dots appear in the centre of the sunken spots.
Moist weather, shade and
heavy dew
Seed treatment with Capton (2.5g/l) before sowing.
Mancozeb (Dithane M-45) @ 2.5 gm per litre of water,
Hexaconazole @ 2g/l.
Leaf curl Chilli leaf curl virus,
Bemisia tabaci
Leaves become small in size accompanied by downward
curling.
High temperature (30-35°C) is
optimum for disease
Imidacloprid (Confidor) @ 0.3-0.5 ml/l
Cercospora
leaf spot
Cercospora capsici small brownish spots on the leaves, gradually develops
into the big circular grayish spots with whitish center
Mean temperature 22.5-
23.5o
C, relative humidity of
77-85 per cent
Seed treatment with Captan 3g/kg of seed.
Spraying with 1g Carbendazim or 2g Mancozeb/1lit
Fusarium wilt Fusarium solani Initially, water soaked areas developed at the collar
region.
brown sunken lesion which soon appear as girdled
resulting in seedling collapse.
Warmer and drier climates
(>25o
C) favor disease
Proper drainage, Drenching with 1% Fytolan may give
protection.
Mix 2kg T.viride formulation with 50kg FYM, sprinkle
water and cover with a thin polythene sheet and apply after
15 days
Chilli Mosaic Chilli mosaic virus mottling of yellow and green colour on the leaves Whenever the incidence of
aphids is more
Removal and destruction weeds.
spraying dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml or monocrotophos 36
WSC 500 ml
Mites Tetranychus spp Spider mites suck the sap of the plants, causing mottling
of the upper leaf surface, High infestations cause
defoliation
Hot dry conditions Spraying of miticides (eg. Mitac, Omite) during the off-
fruiting period. Kelthane/Karathane @ 2ml/l.
Thrips Frankliniella
occidentalis
Both adult and nymph suck sap from the leaves, stems
and fruits.
damaged leaves curling upwards
Higher temperature is ideal
for infestation
Use yellow sticky traps for monitoring
Grow hedge crops like jowar, maize, bajra
Spray systemic insecticides.
Aphids Aphis gossypii &
Myzus persicae
Suck the sap and reduce the vigour of the plant.
Secrete sweet substances which attracts ants and develops
sooty mold
Spray with 0.1% Dimethoate or Methyl demeton (2 ml in
one litre of water) or Monocrotophos 1.5ml or Acephate (1g
in one litre of water)
Whiteflies Bemisia tabasi Chlorotic spots, leaves become brittle and drop
prematurely.
Hot summer days are ideal.
They cannot tolerate cold
weather.
crop rotation with non-preferred hosts of white fly.
Spray 5% NSKE, During early stages, spray methyl
demeton 25 EC @ 500 ml (500 lit. of spray
fluid/ha). Imidacloprid (Confidor) @ 0.3-0.5 ml/l.
Fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera Young larvae feed on flower buds and young pod by
making a circular hole.
peak activity is noticed during
October to June month in
chilli ecosystem.

Major pests and diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon)
Bacterial wilt Early blight Fusarium wilt Discolouration of vascular tissue
Late blight Powdery mildew Septoria leaf spot Root knot nematode
Tomato Spotted wilt disease Anthracnose Fruit borer Leaf miner
Leaf eating caterpillar
White flies
Thrips damage on leaves On fruits
Mealybugs Red spider mites

Bacterial
wilt
Ralstonia solanacearum Rapid wilting and death of plants.
Brown discoloration inside the stems of
infected plants
Bacteria do not survive
under lower
temperature.
Infestation is severe at
>30°C
Plant in non-infested soil.
Soil fumigation
Remove and destroy infected plants
immediately
Early blight Alternaria solani Symptoms of early blight occur on fruit, stem
and foliage.
small 1-2 mm black or brown lesions.
he lesions will enlarge and are often
surrounded by a yellow halo
Warm, humid (24-
29°C). Presence of
free moisture
Field sanitation.
Mancozeb (2 g/l) and chlorothalonil 2
ml/l, Quintal (Iprodione25 wp +
Carbendazim 25wp).
Fusarium
wilt
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
lycopersici
Yellowing and partial or complete wilting of
the plant.
Interior of main stem (when split) shows
discolored streaks
The fungus favors
temperatures between
70º-90ºF and wet
weather
Plant resistant varieties
Remove infected plants from the field
Avoid over-application of high nitrogen
fertilizers
Crop rotation with non-solanaceous
Late blight Phytophthora infestans Irregularly shaped water soaked lesions can
be observed on young leaves.
leaves shrivel and become necrotic and die.
Brown lesions can occur on stems and leaf
pedicels.
High humidity,
prolonged periods of
cool, wet, humid
weather
Stake up tomato plants.
Keep stems and branches away from the
ground.
Do not plant potatoes near tomatoes,
Chlorothalonil or mancozeb
Powdery
mildew
Leveillula taurica White, powdery spots appear on leaf
surfaces, spreading to cover leaves and even
stems.
Prefer humidity, which
lead to wet leaves
Avoid overhead watering. Remove
weeds. Preventive treatments are sulfur
dusts and spray neem oil.
Triademefon 25wp (Bayleton),
Tridemorph
Septoria leaf
spot
Septoria lycopersici Initially, small, water-soaked circular spots
appear on the undersides of older leaves.
centers of the spots are gray with dark brown
margin
Wet conditions with
temperature of 25°C is
optimum
Remove weeds, Deep ploughing. Seed
treatment with Mancozeb (2g/kg)
Fungicides: maneb, mancozeb (3g/l),
chlorothalonil, at 10 days interval.
Root-knot Meloidogyne spp. Infected plants are stunted, appear yellow or
pale green in color, and wilt easily, even
when soil moisture is adequate. produces
small, discrete galls
Irrigation water, soil
adhering to
implements help in
dissemination of
juveniles and eggs of
nematodes
Two-year crop rotations with resistant
ps crops like corn, soil fumigation
Incorporation of cruciferous green
manures such as cabbage, mustard.
Nursery bed treatment with carbofuron
3G
Tomato
spotted wilt
Tomato spotted wilt virus,
transmitted by Frankliniella
Young leaves may show small, dark-brown
spots and eventually die.
Yellow sticky traps, remove weeds
Control thrips with systemic

schultzei, Scirtothrips
dorsalis
Growing tips severely affected with systemic
necrosis and stunted growth.
Immature fruit have mottled, light green
rings with raised centers; the unique orange
and red discoloration patterns on mature
fruits
Insecticides. Dimethoate or methyl
demeton at 10 days interval.
gloeosporioides
Initially small, slightly sunken, water soaked
circular spots on fruits. Lesions increase in
size and become depressed and central potion
darkens.
Warm, moist weather.
poorly drained soils
Three- to four -year crop rotations.
H Harvest and use fruit before it fully
ripens.
Insect pests
Fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera Young larvae feed on tender foliage
Mature larvae bore circular holes
Thrust only a part of its body into fruit and eat the
inner content
Collect and destroy the infected fruits and
grown up larvae.
Grow marigold in borders
Setup pheromone trap with Helilure at
12/ha
Novaluron 10 % EC 7.5 ml/10 lit.
Quinalphos 25 % EC 13 ml/10 lit.
Serpentine
leaf miner
Liriomyza trifolii • Leaves with serpentine mines
• Mining symptom on leaf
• Drying and dropping of leaves
• Collect and destroy mined leaves
• Spray NSKE 5%
Leaf eating
caterpillar
Spodoptera litura • Young larva scrap leaves on ventral surface
• Grownups defoliate crops
• Plough the soil to expose and kill
the pupae
• Grow castor along border and
irrigation channel as trap crop
• Collect and destroy egg masses in
castor and tomato
• Hand pick grown up larvae and kill
them
Spray chlorpyriphos 20 EC 2lit/ha or
dichlorovos 76 WSC 1 lit/ha

Whitefly Bemisia tabaci • Chlorotic spots
• Yellowing
• Downward curling and drying of leaves.
• Vector of tomato leaf curl disease.
Uproot and destroy the diseased leaf
curl plants
• Use nitrogen and irrigation
judiciously.
• Remove alternate weed
host Abutilon indicum
• Use yellow sticky traps at 12/ha to
attract and kill insects.
Apply carbofuran 3G @ 40 kg /ha or spray
Dimethoate 30 % EC 1.0 ml/lit.or
Malathion 50 % EC 1.5 ml/ lit.
Thrips Thrips tabaci,
Frankliniella schlutzei
• Silvery streaks on leaf surface
• pre-mature dropping of flowers
• Bud necrosis.
• Vector of tomato spotted wilt virus.
• Mechanically uproot the diseased
plants and destroy them
• Use yellow sticky traps @ 15/ ha
• Release larvae of Chrysoperla
cornea @ 10,000/ ha
• Spray methyl demeton 25 EC @
1lit/ha or dimethoate 30 EC
@1lit/ha
Striped
mealybug
Ferrisia virgata • Presence of white, cottony mealy bugs on
the leaves and twigs
Stunted growth.
Spray Phosphomidon 40 SL 2ml/lit
o Imidacloprid 80.5 SC 0.6
ml/lit
o Chlorpriphos 20 EC 2ml/lit
o Thiamethoxam 25 WSG
0.6 mg/lit
o Profenophos 2ml/lit
Red spider
mite
Tetranychus spp • Affected leaves become reddish brown and
bronzy
• Severe infestation larvae silken webbing on
the leaves
• Leaves wither and dry
• Flower and fruit formation affected
Spray dicofol 18.5 EC 2.5 ml/lit or
wettable sulphur 50 WP 2g/lit

Major pests and diseases of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Bacterial brown spot Bacterial brown spot Common blight Common blight
Halo blight Halo bloght Anthracnose Anthracnose
Powdery mildew Rust Bean common mosaic Bean golden mosaic
Leaf beetle damage Leaf beetle Bean black aphids

Major pests and diseases of cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae) var.
botrytis
Diseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions
Bacterial
brown spot
Pseudomonas
syringae pv.
syringae
Initial foliar symptom is small water-soaked
spots. Later these spots develop into distinctive
necrotic brown spots, often with a narrow,
diffuse yellow margin.
Sunken brown spots can form on the pods
cool, moist weather, and especially by hail
storms which cause enormous damage to
foliage
Spray with
(Streptocycl
conditions f
to prevent in
Seed treatme
streptomycin
Common
blight
Xanthomonas
campestris pv.
Phaseoli
Small water soaked lesions at the bottom of the
leaves. Spots enlarge and coalesce becoming
brown, dry and brittle. Infected pods exhibit
circular, water-soaked areas.
Warm humid weather is ideal. Warm
temperature (>28°C)
Plant certifie
Avoid the us
practice 2 to
Bactericides
generally no
Halo blight Pseudomonas
syringae pv.
phaseolicola
first symptoms of infection are small water-
soaked spots on leaflets.
A broad yellow-green halo then develops
around necrotic spots. Haloes are not evident
in hot weather
Wet weather and plant injury from rain,
hail or equipment.
Crop rotatio
Avoid the
which can p
and humi
developmen
lindemuthianum
Small, reddish brown to black blemishes and
distinct circular, reddish brown lesions are
typical symptoms.
Infected seeds have brown to black blemishes
and sunken lesions
Cool (16°C) to moderate temperatures and
prolonged periods of high humidity or free
water on the foliage and young pods
promote anthracnose development.
Use resistan
Spray Thiop
Chlorothalon
Powdery
mildew
Erysiphe polygoni White powdery patches appear on both sides of
the leaves
Increased humidity can increase the
severity of the disease, and infection is
worse during periods of heavy dew.
Use disease
Spray Sulph
season. Grow
Rust Uromyces phaseoli pustules of red-brown powdery spores
(urediniospores) which rupture the epidermis.
Extended hours of relative humidity greater
than 95% and moderate temperatures (17-
27°C)
Resistant va
Maneb (2g/l
(2g/l) and az
Bean common
mosaic
Bean common
mosaic virus
(BCMV)
light green-yellow and dark green mosaic
pattern developing on the trifoliolate leaves.
puckering, blistering, distortion, and
downward curling and rolling
Mosaic symptoms are best expressed at
moderate temperature (26-32°C).
Use resistan
Adjust pla
exposure to
Control
Imidacloprid
Bean golden
mosaic
Virus
Bean Golden mosaic
virus (BGMV)
The most striking foliage symptom is a bright
yellow or golden mosaic. Leaf wrinkling and
rolling is also apparent, along with plant
distortion and stunting
Successful mechanical transmission of
BGMV requires warm temperature (24-
30°C).
Similarly whitefly transmission is optimum
at 26.5°C and above
Isolation of
reservoir pla
cotton and to
susceptible c
Control the w
insecticides.
Pests
Bean leaf
beetle
Cerotoma trifurcata Round holes in foliage, within the leaf margins.
Stunted plant growth due to larvae feeding on
roots.
Black bean
aphid
Aphis fabae Aphids feed on plant sap and excrete plant
sugars as honeydew
Spray the in
a strong jet o
numbers dow
ml/l).
Blackleg Downy mildew Whiptail

Blackspeck
Wire stem
Diamond back moth
Leaf webber Tobacco caterpillar Aphids on leaves

Blackleg Leptosphaeria
maculans
Pale, irregular spots on leaves.
black rot of lower stem and roots.
plants are stunted, wilt, and turn a dull blue-red
color
Treat infested seed 25 to 30 min in
water at (50°C).
Seedbeds should not have crucifer
crops nearby. Eradicate susceptible
weeds, and remove plant debris.
Downy
Mildew
Peronospora
parasitica
Small, light green-yellow lesions on the upper leaf
surface, later on undersurface.
Grayish white moldy growth underside. Cabbage
heads develop sunken black spots,
High humidity, fog, drizzling
rains, and heavy dew
Eradicate cruciferous weeds.
Seed treatment with Apron 35 SD @
6g/kg. Spray Metalxyl+ Mancozeb
(Ridomil-MZ) @ 4g/l
Chlorothalonil, Ridomil.
Whiptail nutritional,
molybdenum
deficiency
Chlorosis of leaf margins.
The leaf blades do not develop properly.
When the deficiency is severe, only the midribs
develop. growing point deformed and do not form
curd
Light sandy soils with pH
levels close to or below pH 6
under conditions of high
fertility can show severe Mb
deficiency.
Raise the soil pH above 6.5.
Molybdenum is essential in the
nitrogen fixation process in legumes.
Blackspeck A physiological
disorder
Black specks on the cauliflower. Foliar spray, with calcium nitrate
may control the problem or
alternatively by a reduction in
nitrogen fertilizer levels.
Wirestem Rhizoctonia solani This is the same Rhizoctonia that causes seedling
blight in canola.
Sterilized soil and seedbed drenches
with fungicides will give good
disease control.
PESTS
Diamond
Back Moth,
Plutella xylostella Larva is small and green in colour. It feed on
leaves and makes bite holes, causes excessive
defoliation, mostly on the growing part i.e
primordial. Severe attacks could abort head
formation. It may cause yield up to 80 to 90%.
Hot periods. Planting Indian mustard as trap crop.
4 % Neem Seed Kernel Extract at
head initiation stage i.e 17 to 28 days
after planting.
Repeat at 10 to 15 days interval,
avoid the spray after curd formation.
Spray of contact insecticides like
quinalphos or chlorpyriphos 0.05%
Leaf webber Crocidolomia
binotalis
Group of hairy larvae damage the leaves.
he leaves are skeletonized and larvae remain on
the under surface of the leaves in webs. They also
damage the heads
The same management measures
recommended for DBM would be
followed against this pest also
Tobacco
caterpillar
Spodoptera litura Young larvae feed gregariously and skeletonize
the leaves. Large larvae bore into heads
Treat the nursery soil with
neem cake at 1.0 kg/m2
Soil solarisation with use of
white polythene.
Funnel trap baited with pheromone
for S. litura @ 12/ha.
Collection and destruction of egg
masses and gregariously feeding
early instar larvae.
Spray of NSKE 4 % in early stage of
larvae

Major pests and diseases of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.
capitata)
Diamond back moth Leaf webber
Damage by leaf webber larva Adult moth
Blackleg White rust Clubroot
Cabbage aphids

Blackleg Leptosphaeria
maculans
Pale, irregular spots on leaves.
black rot of lower stem and roots.
plants are stunted, wilt, and turn a dull blue-red
color
Treat infested seed 25 to 30 min in water at (50°C).
Seedbeds should not have crucifer crops on or near
them for at least 5 years.
Eradicate susceptible weeds, and remove plant
debris.
White Rust Albugo candida White rust, sometimes called white blister, is
easily recognized by the chalk-white, cheesy,
raised spore masses (sori) which occur mostly
on the underleaf surfaces
prolonged periods of cool
dewy nights and slightly
warmer days. Plants are
rarely attacked inwarm,
dry weather
Crop rotation with non cruciferous host plants is
also effective.
Weed control
Spray by fungicide Ridomil (2g/l) or Blitox (2g/l)
ClubRoot Plasmodiophora
brassicae
chlorosis or yellowing, wilting during hot days,
and exhibit stunted growth.
swollen, club-shaped roots instead of the
normal fine network of roots.
Acidic pH The pH of the soil should be raised to 7.2 or higher
with
hydrated lime.
Diamond
Back Moth,
Plutella xylostella Larva is small and green in colour. It feed on
leaves and makes bite holes, causes excessive
defoliation, mostly on the growing part i.e
primordial. Severe attacks could abort head
formation. It may cause yield up to 80 to 90%.
Hot periods. Planting Indian mustard as trap crop.
4 % Neem Seed Kernel Extract at head initiation
stage i.e 17 to 28 days after planting.
Repeat at 10 to 15 days interval, avoid the spray
after curd formation. Spray of contact insecticides
like quinalphos or chlorpyriphos 0.05%
Leaf
webber
Crocidolomia
binotalis
Group of hairy larvae damage the leaves.
he leaves are skeletonized and larvae remain on
the under surface of the leaves in webs. They
also damage the heads
The same management measures recommended for
DBM would be followed against this pest also.
Cabbage
borer
Hellula undalis The larva webs the leaves and bore into the
stem, stalks or leaf veins
Collect and destroy mechanically caterpillars in the
early stages of attack
Bacillus thuringiensis @ 2g/lit at primordial stage
Cartap hydrochloride @ 500g /ha or malathion
50EC @500ml/ha
Aphids Brevicornea
brassicae, and
Lipaphis erisim
They suck the plant sap from the under surface
of the leaves and infested leaves shows whitey
mealy covering. Severe cases it affects quality
of curd.
Planting mustard as trap crop
Use of NSKE 4% when control is necessary
Application of Oxydemeton methyl
0.02%

Major pests and diseases of Brinjal (Solanum melangena)
Damping off Bacterial wilt Cercospora leaf spot
Alternaria leaf spot Phomopsis blight Little leaf
Shoot and fruit borer Shoot and fruit borer Leaf eating beetle Epilachna beetle
Jassids
Red spider mite
Mealybug Root knot nematode

Damping
Off
Pythium
aphanidermatum, P.
debaryanum. P. ultimum,
Phytophthora spp.,
Rhizoctonia spp.
Rotting the base of the nursery plants and then die
off.
High soil, moisture and
moderate temperature along
with high humidity
especially in the rainy
season
The seed should be treated with Thiram @ 2g/kg of
seed.
Trichoderma viride in soil @ 1.2kg/ha
Phomopsis
Blight
Phomopsis vexans Small circular spots develop in leaves.
Turn grey later with light colored centre
21°C to 32°C, wet weather
with 26°C favours fruit rot
in storage.
Seed treatment with Thiram (2 g/kg seed).
Spraying with Dithane Z-78 (0.2%) or capton (2g/l) or
Bordeaux mixture (1%) effectively controls the disease
in the field
Leaf spot Cercospora melongenae Chlorosis lesion, angular to irregular in shape, later
turning greyish-brown. Severely infected leaves drop
off prematurely
Warm temperature, frequent
rain, and high humidity
spraying the affected plants with Bavistin (0.1%) or
Chlorothalonil (2 g/litre of water)
Alternaria
Leaf Spots
Altrenaria melongenae characteristic leaf spots with concentric rings 26.6°C when abundant
moisture is present
Drip irrigation helps to avoid wetness on
leaves.chlorothalonil, mancozeb
Bacterial
Wilt
Ralstonia solancearum Wilting, stunting, yellowing of the foliage and finally
collapse of the entire plant
High soil moisture and soil
temperature
Crop rotation with cruciferous vegetables.
Spray Copper fungicides to control the disease.(2%
Bordeaux mixture
Little Leaf
of Brinjal
Phytoplasma transmitted
by leaf hopper
(Hishimonas phycitis)
Reduction in leaf size and rosette appearance Barriers of trap crops
Spraying Malathion (3 ml/litre of water), Methyl
demeton (2 ml.litre)
Shoot and
Fruit
Borer
Leucinodes orbonalis Short pinkish larva of the pest initially bore into the
terminal shoots resulting in withering and drying of
the shoot
Favoured by moderate
climate
Carbaryl (0.1%) or
Cypermethrin (0.5ml/litre of
water)
Leaf Eating
Beetle
Epilachana
vigintioctopunctata
The yellowish coloured grubs and adults feed
voraciously on the leaves and tender parts
Collection and destruction of infested leaves along
with the grubs, adult and eggs reduces the pest
incidence. Spraying the crop with Malathion (2ml/litre
of water) or Carbaryl (2-4 g/litre of water)
Jassids Amrasca biguttula
biguttula
Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from the lower
surface of the leaves. The infested leaf curl upward
along the margins, which may turn yellowish and
show, burnt up patches
Malathion (0.1%) or Dichlorvos (0.05%) 20 days
after transplanting
Red
Spidermite
Tetranychus
neocaledonicus,
Nymphs and adults suck cell sap and white patches
appear on leaves. Affected leaves become mottled,
turn brown and fall
Low relative humidity
favours mite multiplication
Dicofol (0.05%) and Wettable Sulphur (0.3%)
Mealy Bug Centrocccus insolitus Nymphs and adults of mealy bugs suck sap from the
leaves, tender shoots, and the fruits. Leaves show
characteristic curling symptoms similar to that of a
virus
Dichlorvos (0.02%) or Chlorpyriphos (0.05%)
Root-Knot
Nematodes
Meloidogyne incognita Development of galls on the roots.
plants become stunted and the leaves show chlorotic
symptoms
Crop rotation with crops like marigold etc.
Treating the nursery beds with Aldicarb or
Carbofuran @ 2g a.i./m2
.
application of Aldicarb or Carbofuran @1-2 kg a.i. /ha

Major pests and diseases of carrot (Daucus carota)
Aster yellows Black root rot Cavity spot
Common scab Alternaria leaf blight Sclerotinia rot Bacterial soft rot
Carrot rust fly Carrot rust fly
Carrot weevil Aster leafhopper

Diseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable
conditions
Management
Aster
yellows
Mycoplasma Vein clearing and chlorosis, production
of many adventitious shoots, with the
tops looking like a witches’-broom.
Leaf hoppers transmit
the disease. Leaf
hoppers are more when
plants have lush
growth, during hot
weather supplied with
high N.
Removing infected plants from the garden to
minimize spread.
Control leaf hoppers by spraying 5% NSKE
Black Root
Rot
Thielaviopsis basicola
(Chalara elegans)
Carrots may show black scattered lesions
when stored in polythene bags.
When temperatures are above 25 °C,
dark, irregular lesions will develop on the
surface of the root
Root damage and high
storage temperatures
and high RH
Rapid cooling of harvested carrots and
storing them at 0°C Minimise mechanical
damage during harvesting and in the
packing shed
Cavity Spot Pythium spp. carrots have small
brown spots (usually less than 10mm in
diameter)
on the surface
Occur in early stage of
carrot development.
Favoured by moist soil
conditions, High N
Practice 3-year crop rotations with crops
other than carrots. Do not over-irrigate.
Harvest soon after they mature. Spray
Ridomil (2g/litre)
Common
Scab
Streptomyces scabies Both raised and sunken, dry, corky
lesions may form on the carrot root
Alkaline soils and
dryish high organic
soils are conducive.
20° to 22°C
Rotation with small grains, grasses, corn,
sorghum, soybeans. thoroughly
incorporating Terraclor, PCNB into the top
4 to 6 inches of soil at or just before planting
Leaf Blight Alternaria dauci and/or A.
radicina
Small brown, dead spots on the
leaves and petioles (leaf stalks). These
spots grow rapidly and eventually join so
that the leaf yellows and dies. The
petioles also break during harvesting
Periods of prolonged
wet, humid weather.
Chlorothalonil (2g/litre), copper,
difenoconazole, mancozeb (2g/litre),
metiram and zineb
Sclerotinia
Rot-White
Mold
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum soft, watery rot with white mold and
black sclerotia present
Crop rotation, weed control (to improve air
circulation), planting on raised beds, winter
flooding, rapid cooling prior to storage
Bacterial
soft rot
Erwina
carotovora subsp.carotovora
soft rots are characterized by a watery,
smelly decay
soil conditions are wet
or storage conditions
are poor
Careful harvest handling, grading and
sanitation are the only ways to reduce the
problem
PESTS

Carrot
Rust
Fly
Psila rosae The young larvae feed at first on root
hairs and small rootlets
Carrot rust fly adults can be monitored with
range/yellow sticky traps placed in the
carrot
field or in nearby trees where the adults rest.
Carrot
Weevil
Listronotus oregonensis Adult females chew small cavities in the
petioles or crown of the young larvae
tunnel down into the root and enter the
roots from the soil. Some young plants
may wilt and die.
Aster
leafhopper
Macrosteles fascifrons Nymphs extract plant sap from the
underside of leaves and cause a general
yellowing of plant foliage. Adults
transmits aster yellows
Remove the weeds

Major Pests and Diseases Cucurbits
Powdery mildew of bottle gourd Downy mildew Anthracnose
Fruit flies Aphids Jassids

conditions
Management
Powdery
mildew
Erysiphe
cichoracearum
Foliage and green stems is
characterized by the appearance of
tiny. white to dirty grey spots. The
superficial powdery mass may
ultimately cover the entire green
surface of the host
Winter season crops,
Dry weather and less
humidity
Remove cucurbitaceous weeds near
field. Spray Karathane @ 6g in 10 litre
of water. About 2-3 sprayings will be
required when early symptoms observed.
Downy
mildew
Pseudopernospora
cubensis
First symptom on leaves resemble
mosaic mottling. On the lower sides
of these spots a purplish downy
growth appears
Serious during later
part of the rainy
season.
15 -22ºC is optimum
Remove severely affected leaves.
Ridomil-MZ (3g/litre) at 30 days interval
Anthracnose Colletorichum
lagenarium
On foliage symptoms begin as small
yellowish or water soaked areas
Temperature of 20 to
30ºC and 100%
relative humidity for
at least 18 hours.
Crop rotation, proper field drainage,
destruction of wild hosts etc.
Spray Difoltan (0.2%) or Toprin (0.1%)
or Captan (0.2%) at 10 days interval.
Seed treatment with Thiram or Capton
4g/kg.
Fruit flies Dacus cucurbitae fruits are attacked in the early
immature soft stage, and they do not
develop properly. They may rot and
drop down prematurely
Humid hot weather is
most suitable for its
attack
Destroy the damaged fruits along with
maggots.
Spraying Carbaryl (Sevin 50% W.P. at 4
g/litre) or Malathion (Cythion 50% EC at
2 mI/litre), 2 -3 times at 10 days interval
Aphids They damage the plant by sucking the
leaf sap. In young stage, cotyledonary
leaves crinkle and in severe cases the
plants wither.
Spray Rogar 0.1 to 0.2 per cent
Jassids They suck the sap of the leaves. The
plant loses its vigour and the leaves
give shriveled appearance.
Jassids can be controlled by spraying
0.1 % Malathion

Major pests and diseases of banana (Musa paradisa)
PESTS:
Panama disease Bunchy top Anthracnose
Sigatoka Moko disease Mosaic
Rhizome weevil
Cut worm

HIMA AGRI CLINIC 8088981212 agriclinicsira@gmail.comDiseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions M
Panama disease Fusarium
oxysporum f sp.
cubense
Yellowing and dying of the leaf edges, leaves later
collapse, Internally, the water conducting tissue is
discoloured.
Warm soil temperature
and bad drainage and
also light soils and high
soil moisture
Spray carbendaz
quarantine regu
of infected mate
through movem
materials
Bunchy top Banana bunchy
top virus (BBTV)
Characterized by the 'bunched' appearance of
newly emerging leaves. Affected plants do not
produce fruit, which can cause significant loss of
production on commercial farms.
The virus spreads
through infected
suckers and by banana
aphid Pentalonia
nigronervosa
The aphid shoul
spraying with (M
Dimecron or Pa
Regular inspect
plants and plant
Anthracnose Gloeosporium
musarum
Ripe fruits develop symptoms from the tip as
minute, circular dark brown sunken spots invading
the entire tip which becomes black.
Severe during June-
September when
temperatures are high
accompanied by rain
Careful harvesti
refrigeration at
dip in aqueous s
1000 ppm or au
in reducing blem
Spraying Chloro
interval is effec
infections.
Leaf Spot Or
Sigatoka
Disease
Cercospora
musae
Spots towards the leaf edges. First appears as pale
yellow or greenish yellow streaks running parallel
to leaf veins on both the leaf surfaces. Streaks
enlarge and form small spindle or eye shaped spots
with greyish centre and dark brown or black
borders and chlorotic halo around them.
Most common during
the rainy season with
temperature above 21°
C.
Removal of infe
Proper drainage
management Sp
methyl 1 g/l, or
Bacterial Wilt
Or Moko
Disease
Ralstonia
solanacearum
Affected plants show more or less rapid- wilting
and collapse of leaves with a characteristic
discolouration of vascular bundles, wilting and
blackening of suckers.
Production of yellow fingers, discoloured vascular
bundles and internal dry rot of fruits.
Selection of hea
eradication of in
Disinfecting cut
providing better
Banana Mosaic
Or Infectious
Chlorosis
Cucumber Mosaic
Virus
(CMV),Aphis
gossypi.
Light yellow streaks run parallel to leaf veins
giving the leaf a striped appearance. The streaks
run usually from mid rib to edge of the blade.
Mosaic plants are easily recognized by their dwarf
growth and mottled, distorted leaves.
Virus is disseminated
by suckers and Aphis
gossypi.
Use of disease f
Treating sucker
for 1 day follow
ppm aureofungi
PESTS
Rhizome
weevil,
Cosmopolites
sordidus
Grubs bore into the rhizome and cause death of the
plant
Presence of dark coloured tunnels in the rhizomes.
Death of unopened pipe, withering of outer leaves.
Select healthy s
Trimming the rh
Grow less susce
Poovan, Kadali,
Soil incorporati
planting: carbof
G 5 g/plan.
Before planting
dipped in 0.1 pe
emulsion.
Banana aphid, Pentalonia
nigronervosa f.
typica
Leaves bunched into rosette appearance
Leaf margins are wavy and upward curling
Stunted growth, do not produce bunches
Use clean sucke
plants with rhiz
demeton 25 EC
monocrotophos
monocrotophos
diluted in 4 ml o
Avoid injection
flowering
Cut worm Spodoptera litura Young larvae feed by scrapping the leaves from
ventral surface. Later feed veraciously during night
time
Hand pick and d
destroy the affe
ploughing, Spra

Major pests and diseases of grapes (Vitis vinifera)
Anthracnose
Mealy bugs
Flea beetle Thrips damage Stem borer Stem borer
Mites
Anthracnose
Downy mildew
Powdery mildew
Downy mildew

Diseases Causal
organism
Symptoms Favourable conditions Management
Downy mildew Plasmopara
viticola
Small yellow oilspots on upper leaf surface, Downy
growth on the undersides of the oilspots. Flower
clusters, bunches and young berries may be covered
with white downy growth.
18 to 25 ºC with high
relative humidity of
>90%.
Remove abnormal un-harvested bunches
from vines and burn them.
Spray Bordeaux mixture 0.5 % or Copper
hydroxide 2.0 g/l or COC 3.0 g/l at 15-20
days interval to cover all rainy period. Or
spray Ridomil MZ 2g/lit
Powdery mildew Uncinula
nacator
Whitish or greenish-white powdery patches on the
undersides of basal leaves.
Low temperature of 25-
30°C, RH of above 90%
is optimum
Spray Sulfur 2.0 g/l or Dinocap 0.25 ml/l or
Potassium bi carbonate 10.0 g/l.
Anthracnose Elsinoe
ampelina
Numerous small, circular and reddish spots appear on
young shoots. Spots then enlarge, become sunken,
and produce lesions with gray centers and round or
angular edges
low temperature and high
RH favours the disease
Prune out and destroy (remove from the
vineyard) diseased plant parts during the
dormant season.
Spray Benomyl/Bavistin/Bitertanol
(1gm/lit) or Chloronthalonil 2 kg/ ha
PESTS
Mealybugs Maconellicocc
us hirsutus,
Planococcus
citri
Nymphs and adult mealybugs suck the sap from the
trunk, buds, aerial roots, leaves, shoots, flower,
panicles and bunches
It attains peak population
before harvesting of
bunches during March-
April.
Buprofezin 25 SC 1.25 ml/l, Azadirachtin
1% 2 ml/l.
Flea beetle Altica spp Feed on primary buds, which prevents them from
developing into shoots, and also decreases grape yield
Cool springs Foliar spray of Carbaryl 50 WP @ 2 g/l. 7-
15 days after pruning
Thrips Scirtothrips
dorsalis
nymphs and adults by rasping the lower surface of the
leaf with their stylets and sucking the oozing cell sap.
The affected berries develop a corky layer and
become brown
Peak population
seen in November
and December
months
Foliar spray of Imidacloprid 200 SL @ 0.3
ml/l.
The spread of the infection can be
controlled by spraying the entire orchard
with Quinalphos (0.06%) + Dichlorvos
(0.08%)
Stem borers Celosterna
scabrator
The adults feed on the outer bark of the vine by
scraping
Injecting vines with 2 ml of Dichlorvos
76% EC 60-75 days after pruning to kill the
larval stage of stem borer
Mites Tetranychus
urticae
Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from lower
surface of tender leaves. The infested leaves turn
yellowish
Pest is highly active
during summer months
High humidity and rainfall reduces mite
numbers

Major pests and diseases of mango (Mangifera indica)
Diseases:
Pests:
Physiological disorders:
Leaf hoppers Mealy bug Stone weevil
Anthracnose Sooty mold Powdery mildew
Malformation Blak tip
Stem borer (Adult)Stem borer (Larva)Fruit flies

Diseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions
gloeosporiodies
Leaves show oval or irregular greyish ,brown spots
which may coalesce to cover larger area of the
leaves.
These enlarge and cause girdling and drying of
affected area. Often, black necrotic areas develop on
the twigs from the tip downwards causing a dieback
High humidity, frequent
rains and a temperature of
24-32.C at the time when
the young shoots or flowers
or fruits are produced, are
very favourable for its large
scale infection and damage
The fungus su
therefore, the
as soon as pos
The disease ca
Bordeaux I mi
(0.3%), Bavist
year (i.e. in Fe
Powdery mildew Odium mangiferae A white superficial powdery mass of fungus growth
covers the leaves, the stalks of the panicles, the
flowers and tender fruits
Rain and mist accompanied
by cool nights during the
flowering period, favours
the development of the
disease
dusting finely
branches.
application o
(0.1%) or Ben
given before t
measure.
Sooty mould Caponodium ramosum Dry, black encrustation contains innumerable fungal
spores, which arrest the photosynthetic process in
the leaves resulting in leaf shedding and weak trees
The mango trees with the
infestation of scales or
hoppers leave honey like
exudates on leaves, on
which the moulds causing
blackening develop
Spraying of or
ml/one litre of
litre of water o
of water, contr
population dur
ultimately pre
followed by sp
water
PESTS
Mango leaf
hopper
Amritodus atkinsom Both adult hoppers and their nymphs suck the sap of
new shoots, buds and flowers resulting in drying of
the entire inflorescence and even small fruits
Periodic insect pest attack
starts from end of March
arid continues till the end of
June. The old trees arc more
intensively damaged than
the newly planted ones.
Spraying with
1 litre water) (
Chlordane) or
50% W.P. is e
Mango mealy bug Drosicha mangiferae Suck the sap from the twigs, fruits and flowers.
Flowers dry up and only few fruits are set. The fruit
bearing twigs become weak. They secrete honey
dew which attracts fungus due to which black spots
may be seen on twigs and shoots.
More serious during the
spring when the twigs or
shoots are richly supplied
with cell sap. The attack
persists from November to
April- May
Raking the so
tree so that eg
and are killed
Application of
1/2 to 1 m abo
Phosphamidon
Mango stone
weevil
Sternochetus
mangiferae
makes a tunnel inside the ripe fruit, thus destroying
it
The adults have been found
throughout the years on the
trees
Proper disposa
fruits should b
It has been dis
seed stone get
hot water at 50
Fruit flies Ceratitis cosyra They cause dark punctures in the fruits. Later, a
brownish rotten patch appear on the surface of the
fruits The fruits ultimately drops when the maggot
comes out and enters the soil for pupation.
June to August Collection and
Undersized fru
picked and des
The flies can a
Carbaryl (0.2%
Mango stem borer (Bactocera
rufomaculate
It attacks the main trunk and branches resulting in
their complete drying.
The infested trunk or branches become hollow and
break down very easily.
Holes are plug
carbon disulfid
One or two sp
Nuvacron (0.0
of vegetative f
Physiological disorders
Mango
malformation
Pathological, nutritional
and physiological
aspects, Fusarium
monoliniformae, Aceria
mangiferae
Vegetative malformation: The shoot gives the
appearance of "witches broom".
Floral malformation: abnormal development of
inflorescence takes place.
Broad spectru
Encouraging r
Benomyl and
spray of 200 p
acid) in the mo
deblossoming
Black tip or
mango
Brick kilns are the causal
factors. carbon dioxide,
sulphur dioxide and
acctylene which
constitute the brick kiln
fume are responsible.
Affected fruits are also
deficient in boron.
Characteristic yellowing of tissues at the distal end.
Gradually the colour intensifies into brown and
finally black. At this stage, further development is
retarded and the black spot at the tip gradually
extends towards the upper part of the fruit. Such
fruits prematurely drop off and become
unmarketable.
Orchards situated on the
eastern side of the kilns arc
more vulnerable to the
disorder.
The disorder c
kiln only at a d
west, and 0.8 k
orchard, The c
increased to at
Soil applicatio
i.e. (10 g in 1
fruit set reduce

Major Pests and Diseases of Marigold (Tagetes erecta)
Cercospora leaf spot Collar rot Botrytis blight
Bud caterpillar Aphids
Damping off Alternaria leaf spot
Septoria leaf spot

conditions
Management
Damping off Rhizoctonia solani Brown necrotic spots and girdling on the
radicle, later on extends to plumule and
causes pre-emergence mortality.
Damping Off fungi
need high humidity
Infected seedlings are pulled,
sterilization of soil with Formalin@2%
or Captan 2g/ litre of water.
Leaf spot and
blight
Alternaria sp.,
Septoria tageticola.,
Cercospora sp.
The minute brown circular and
brownish-grey spots appear on the
leaves.
Wet weather and
temperature of
27°C
Spraying fungicides regularly.
Copperoxychloride (Blitox) 2.5g/litre.
Collar and root
rot
Pythium ultimum,
Sclerotinia
slerotiarum
Rotting of root and collar portions is
noticed in nursery stage which resulting
in wilting of the plant.
Wet weather and
temperature of
27°C
Soil sterilization and controlled
watering.
BOTRYTIS
FLOWER
BLIGHT
Botrytis cinerea Flower parts turn brown and die. Gray
masses of spores form on the infected
tissue when wet.
Cool moist
conditions and high
RH
Avoid overhead irrigation. Apply
chlorothalonil , fludioxonil,
azoxystrobin, iprodione, mancozeb (2g/
litre), thiophanate methyl + mancozeb,
or ferbam.
Bud
caterpillars
Helicoverpa
armigera
Eggs are laid singly on young buds.
Larvae feed on developing flowers by
damaging florets. Larvae of Phycita sp.
feed on heads of buds and flowers.
Collection and destruction of infested
buds and flowers.
Aphids Aphis gossypii Aphids mainly infest lower surface of
flowers and base of petals. Nymphs and
adults suck the sap from the flowers
causing discolouration and withering.
2-3 sprays of Imidachloropid solution
0.25%.

Major pests and diseases of Rose
Pests:
Black spot Powdery mildew Botrytis nold
Rust Downy mildew
Aphids Thrips Spider mites
Leaf cutter bees Leaf hoppers

Blackspot Diplocarpon rosae Circular black spots appear on
upper leaf surfaces.
Each spot surrounded by a
yellow halo.
As the spots enlarge and
coalesce, the entire leaf turns
yellow and falls from the plant.
Hot, humid or rainy summers
and hot days with cool, damp
nights.
Avoid overhead irrigation.
Remove black spot infested
leaves and fallen leaves
To prevent black spot from
infecting new plants, spray
2g/ litre Chlorothalonil as
soon as leaves appear in
spring and repeat according to
label directions. Benomyl 2g/
litre
Powdery mildew Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae Leaves, especially new leaves are
covered with a white powder.
Flower buds and canes may also be
affected
warm days and cool nights.
Shade or low light favours
disease
Remove and destroy all
infected leaves.
Carbendazim 1g/ litre,
Wettable Sulfur (3g/ litre) /
Triademefon/Thiophenate
Methyl (2g/ litre) / neem oil.
Botrytis blight Botrytis cinere Small flecks on infected petals.
sunken, grayish-black spots (lesions)
may be found on the stem
cool, damp, cloudy weather Strict sanitation. Avoid over-
fertilization. Spray fungicides
like chlorothalonil or
mancozeb (2g/ litre)
Rust Phragmidium tuberculatum orange, powdery substance appears
on the undersides of the leaves
Need cool temperature and
high moisture
Burn fallen and infected
leaves. Spray mancozeb (2g/
litre)
Downy mildew Peronospora sparsa Black patches appear on upper
leaves, then spread to rest of the
plant. Leaves fall off within a few
days of patches appearing.
Cold temperatures, lower light
and lower growth rates
Prune out and destroy all
affected parts of the plant.
Spray remaining plants with
Stature, Subdue, or Aliette.
PESTS
Aphids: Macrosiphum rosae Suck the juice from the plant and
secrete the sticky substance. Leaves
curl, rosebuds and foliage wither or
become distorted
18-25°C and 80% RH. Aphids may be knocked off
plants with a stream of water.
In severe infestations, spray
with an insecticide
Thrips F. occidentalis brownish yellow streaks and small
dark spots seen on leaves.
The survival of thrips from
egg-hatch to adult was the
highest (62.8%) at 20°C.
spray plants with a systemic
insecticide just before the
buds open. Acephate 75 SP at
1g/l
Spider mites Tetranychus spp Tiny specks may be visible on the
undersides of the leaves.
Eventually, thin webbing appears on
the foliage
high temperature (above 85°
F.) and low relative humidity
(below 60% RH)
Use different miticides; mites
may build up resistance to a
single miticide
Leaf cutter bees Megachile spp Small circles or ovals appear in leaf
margins
Active from early spring to
late summer
Prune out canes that have
damaged foliage
Leafhoppers Edwardsiana rosae Upper surfaces of leaves are covered
with small yellow specks.
Temperature above 30°C is
favourable
Systemic insecticides

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