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Phyto toxins
- 2. CONTENT 1. Aconite 2. Curare 3. Lilly of the valley 4. Ergot 5. Poison ivy 6. Abrus 7. Belighia 8. Yew 9. Mashrooms 10. Psoralea 11. Datura
- 3. 1. ACONITE Syn: wolfbane root Source: dried roots of Aconitum napellus (Europe) A. Japonicum (Japan), A. carmichaelli (China), A.chasmanthum (India) Family: Ranunculaceae GS: Western Europe-spain, Himalaya Constituents: total alkaloid 0.3-1.2% terpene ester alkaloids: 30% aconitine, mesoaconitine,hypaconitine, neopelline, napelline, neoline
- 4. Use: arrow poison, potent-quick acting poison -not used internally in UK except in homeopathic doses -formerly used for anti- neuralgic liniment
- 5. 2. CURARE History: generic name applied to various south american arrow poisons from family menispermaceae- chondendron spp and Loganiaceae 1. Effect is too immediate that the animal can’t flee 2. The muscle relaxation induced by the poison prevents parrots 3. Toxic only to parenteral route GS: upper amazon region: brazil and peru BS: Chondrodendron (Ch. tomentosum, Ch. Platyphyllum, Ch. Microphyllum) Curarea: Cu. Toxicofera, Cu. Candicans, Cu. Tecunarum, Cu. Caurtecasasii)
- 6. 2. CURARE Constituent: Tubocurarine, isochondrodendrin dimethyl ether, curine, chondrocurine, isochondrodendrine Use: as source of alkaloids, Tubocurarine chloride official in BP/EP is used to secure muscular relaxant n surgical operation and in certain neurological conditions. Death that kills slowly.
- 7. 3. LILY OF THE VALLEY BS: dried flower tops of Convallaria majalis Family: Liliaceae GS: Europe, North America, Western Asis Compostion: complex nearly 40 glycosides built upon about 10 aglycone and closely dependent on the geographical origin. Chief glycoside: aglycone with 5-beta—hydroxyl group : k-strophanthidin of convalloside, convallatoxin, desglucocheirotoxin), convallataxol & lokundjoside
- 8. 3. LILY OF THE VALLEY Convallatoxin: very active glycoside but fortunately it is very poorly absorbed in the intestine Although the ingestion of lily of the valley is frequently at the origin of calls to poison centers, symptoms are observed only in 10-15% cases. Nausea, vomiting Toxicity even found in flower vases containing lily.
- 9. 4. ERGOT BS: rye plant Claviceps purpurea Already studied under ALKALOIDS in Semester- VII Refer PDF
- 10. 5. POISON IVY Syn: sumacs, poison dogweed BS: Toxicodendron radicans GS: USA Constituents: Phenols: urushiols, o-diphenols substituted by an aliphatic chain of 15-17 carbon atoms, and more or less unsaturated Oxidized to quinones, they formed covalent bond with proteins and yields an antigenic complex. Use: contact with the fresh plant results in sever and extended dermatitis with blisters. Hands and clothing; objects and disseminate the phenol that remain intact for months.
- 12. 6. ABRUS Syn: Prayer beads, Jequirity, Indian Licorice Source: dried seeds of Abrus precatorius Family: Leguminosae or Fabaceae Color: attractive red and black Taste: root-sweet Nature: Poisonous Constituents: Toxic glycoprotein (abrin) resembling ricin -Alkaloids: abrine, hyaphorine, precatorine, sterols, lectin o Use: to procure abortion and to hasten labour. -As oral contraceptive agent -To make necklace & bracelets -The lectin (abrin) induce severe GIT problems like dehydration, hypotension, confusion, coma, convulsion
- 13. 7. BLIGHIA Syn: Akee Source: dried ripe seeds of Blighia sapida Family: Sapindaceae GS: Tropical west Africa Toxicity & Constituents: -unripe fruit contains Hypoglycin-A & B methylene cyclopropyl acetic acid Use: seeds contain hypoglycins, which are toxic and can be fatal. -leads to vomiting and sickness. -leads to breakdown of glucose stores.
- 14. 8. YEW BS: Taxus spp. T. baccata (europe), T. brevifolia (US), T.canadensis (Canada), T. cuspidata (Japan), T. wallichiana (Himalaya) Family: Taxaceae History: known since remote antiquity for their toxicity to humans and domesticated animals, and have been making medical headlines for a few years: directly or indirectly, they provide two diterpenoid anticancer compounds with a novel MOA namely paclitaxel and docetaxel.
- 15. 8. YEW Constituents: saccharides, polysaccharides, cyclitols, fatty acids, sterols, bisflavanoids, proanthocyanidins, lignan and cyanogenetic glycosides Imp: tricyclic diterpene: taxane skeleton: taxusine,, taxagifin, baccatin-III, Taxine, Taxol, cephalomannine, taxicins. o USE: - spindle mitotic poison -breast cancer -murder, suicide attempt
- 16. 9. MASHROOMS Because of chemistry of the active principles in many poisonous mushrooms is still imperfectly known and positive botanical identification is often extremely difficult, these species must be classified on a physiologic basis, that is, according to the type of symptoms observed in human beings following ingestion. Four basic types: 1. Protoplasmic: amatoxins, gyrotoxin, orellanine 2. Compounds exterting neurologic effects: muscarine, ibotenic acid-muscimol, psilocybin-psilocin 3. GIT irritants 4. Coprine
- 17. 1. PROTOPLASMIC POISONS-AMATOXINS Source 1: Amanita phalloides (deadly amanita) Amanita bisporigera, Atkinson, Amanita verna, Amanita virosa GS: Europe Characteristics: White spores, presence of both an annulus and a volva, typically free gills. Constituents: alpha,beta, gamma-amanitin Source 2: Galerina Characteristics: nondescript carpophores with yellowish brown spores Constituents: alpha,beta-amanitin Actions: asymptomatic latent period lasting up to 24 hours precedes violent vomiting and diarrhoea which may continue untill death results. -Progressive injuries to liver, kidney, heart and CNS.
- 18. TREATMENT OF POISONING Treatment of poisoning: Removal of toxic material from the GIT Administration of analgesics to control pain IV infusion of liquid to prevent dehydration and shock Hemodialysis or hemoperfusion to eliminate toxin Appropriate measure to maintain a brisk urine flow. IV corticosteroids to inhibit toxin fixation in the liver IV penicillin G or thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid) to protect that organ. Administration of cytochrome C, Vitamin C, K and B complex and dextrose, NaCl injection Most used: Penicillin G, chloramphenicol, phenylbutazone, Co-trimaxazole.
- 19. GYROMITRINS-N-METHYL-N-FORMYLHYDRAZINE DVT. Source: certain false morels, especially Gyromitra esculenta, G.gigas, Helvella GS: Europe, Pacific north-west region Characteristics: pileus surface that varies from nearly smooth to strongly convulated, never pitted Constituents: aliphatic aldehydes: hydrazone of acetaldehyde, N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine (MFH), oxidation product-N-nitroso-N- methylformamide(NMFA) Actions: latent period of 6-10 hours and vomiting Treatment: similar to amatoxin poisoning
- 20. ORELLANINE-CORTINARIN-A & B Source: Cortinarius species Constituents: cyclopeptides: cortinarin A & B -cortinarin B is more toxic Action: nephrotoxic, latent period of 3-14 days, burning thirst, GIT disturbance, headache, pain in limbs, spasms, loss of conciousness, liver-kidney damage Treatment: supportive & symptomatic --- particular attention to the maintenance of kidney function.
- 21. COMPOUNDS EXERTING NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS: MUSCARINE Source: Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina, Boletus, Lepiota, Hebeloma, Russula, Clitocybe, Inocybe-brownish spores Symptoms: increased salivation, perspiration, lacrimation, abdominal pain, sever nausea, diarrhea, slow pulse, asthmatic breathing, constricted pupil. Treatment: Gastric lavage and administration of atropine, a specific antidote.
- 22. COMPOUNDS EXERTING NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS: MUSCIMOL Source: Amatina muscaria, Amanita pantherina Symptoms: stimulate CNS, alcoholic intoxication, muscular twitching, depression Constituents: 2-isoxazole derivative, ibotenic acid, decarboxylation product muscimol, muscazone Treatment: Mild anti-depressant
- 24. COMPOUNDS EXERTING NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS: PSILOCYBIN- PSILOCIN Source: Psilocybe (P. cubensis) and Conocybe (P.mexicana, C.cyanopus) GS: Mexico Characteristic: brownish Symptoms: anxiety and difficulty in concentration, Hallucinogenic Constituents: tryptamine derivative Psilocybin and Psilocin Use: By indian for magicoreligious ceremonies
- 25. psilocin
- 26. GIT IRRITANTS: Source: Boletus satanus, Lactarius torminosus, Paxillus involutus, Rhodophyllus lividus, Russula emetica, Tricholoma pardinum Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Rhodophyllus: liver toxix Constituents: resin like compounds Treatment: symptomatic treatment along with bed rest, light diet
- 27. COPRINE Source: Coprinus atramentarius Symptoms: alcohol disulfiram syndrome, Retarded alcohol metabolism: flushing, palpitation, dyspnea, tachycardia, vomiting Characteristic: black spore Constituents: N-(1-hydroxycyclopropyl)- L-glutamine: coprine, breakdown to form cyclopropanone hydrate. Treatment: Gastric lavage and symptomatic treatment
- 28. 10. PSORALEA TOXIN-FURANOCOUMARINS Syn: Bavchi, Malaya tea Source: dried ripe fruits and seeds of Psoralea corylifolia Family: Leguminosae GS: India, China, Srilanka, Nepal, Vietnam Constituents: coumarin like psoralen, isopsoralen, psoralidin, isopsoralidin, carylifolean, bavachromanol and psoralenol, Fixed oil 10%, essential oil 0.05% and resin Seeds: Flavonoids: bavachalcone, bavachinin, isobavachalcone, bavachin and isobavachin Seed oil: limonene, aelemene, beta- caryophyllenoxide, 4-terpineol, linalool, geranyl acetate, angelicin, psoralen, bakuchiol
- 29. • Chemical Test: 1) psoralen, dissolved in alcohol + NaOH UV light observation yellow fluorescence 2) Psoralen, dissolved in small amount of alcohol, 3 times propylene glycol, 5 times acetic acid, 40 times water UV light observation blue fluorescence • USES Aphrodiasic, antibacterial, astringent, cytotoxic, deobstruent, diaphoretic, diuretic, stimulant, stomachic , tonic, lower back pain, skin disease, bed wetting, leprosy, hair loss Psoralen Psoralidin
- 30. 11. DATURA Syn: Jimson weed, Dhotara, Thorn apple Source: dried leaves and seeds of Datura Stramonium Family: Solanaceae Constituents: Tropane Alkaloids Hyoscyamin, Hyoscine Toxicity & Indication: Hot, dry, and flushed skin, hallucinations, pupil dilation, headache, delirium, rapid and weak pulse, convulsions, and coma.