1. Università degli Studi di Firenze
Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell’Ambiente (DISPAA)
Sezione di Patologia vegetale ed Entomologia
Action 16 & Action 17
Establishing a monitoring network to assess
lowland forest and urban plantation in Lombardy
and urban forest in Slovenia
2. Disease management in urban forests
Alessandro Ragazzi, Beatrice Ginetti, Salvatore Moricca
Phytopathology unit
www.pmnatura
3. Species: Acer pseudoplatanus, Quercus robur, Alnus cordata
Sampling years: 2005 , 2006
Sampling months: march…………october = 8
Number of sampled plants per species: 3 healthy and 3 declining = 18 (9 + 9)
Number of samples per plant: two plants every month = 288 (144 + 144)
Number of Petri dishes per sample: 5 = 1440 (720 + 720)
Number of Petri dishes evaluated (of the 5 dishes above): 3 = 864 (432 + 432)
Number of samples seeded per Petri dishe: 5 = 4320 (2160 + 2160)
Protocol of sampling and isolation
5. Biscogniauxia mediterranea (De Not) Kuntze
Agente di cancro carbonioso
Agent of charcoal canker
Protologo: Kuntze, O. 1891, Revisio generum plantarum: 398
Basionym: Sphaeria mediterranea De Not., 1851
Position in classification: Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Xylariomycetidae,
Sordariomycetes, Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota,
6. Biscogniauxia mediterranea (De Not) Kuntze
EPPO Alert list
Quercus spp.
Fraxinus excelsior
Fagus sylvatica
Castanea sativa
From Marocco
present all the
our peninsula,
including the
islands
Foto Capretti-Ragazzi
7. Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug. ex Fr.) Ces. et De Not.
Agente di cancro corticale
Agent of cortical canker
Protologo: Cesati et De Notaris 1863, Comm. Soc. crittog.
Ital. 1 (4): 212
Sanctioning author: Fr. (SM2 : 423, Sphaeria dothidea)
Anamorph: Fusicoccum aesculi
Position in classification: Botryosphaeriaceae,
Botryosphaeriales, Ascomycota
8. Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug. Ex Fr.) Ces. Et De Not.
EPPO Alert list
Acer
pseudoplatanus
Quercus rubra
Q. robur
Q. suber
Ostrya spp.
Platanus spp.
present all the our peninsula,
including the islands
9. Locus: DQ168265 466 bp DNA linear PLN 04.10-2005
Definition: Botryosphaeria dothidea isolate B5 internal transcribed
spacer 1. Partial sequence; 5.8 ribosomal RNA gene and internal transcribed
spacer 2, complete sequence; and 28S ribosomal gene, partial sequence.
Accession: DQ168265
Version: DQ168265; GI: 76563848
Reference: 1
Journal: Plant Disease
Origin:
1 GCGGGCCGCG GTCCTCCGCG GCCGGCCCCC CTCCCCGGGG GGTGGCCAGC
51 GCCCGCCAGA GGACCATCAA ACTCCAGTCA GTAAACGATG CATCTGAAAA
101 AACATTTAAT TTTAAACTAA AACC ...
151
Molecular characterization of Botryosphaeria dothidea
(target regions of ribosomial DNA )
10. Botryosphaeria parva
Pennycook & Samuels
Botryosphaeria obtusa
(Schwein.) Shoemaker
Neofusicoccum parvum
(Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers
& A.J.L. Phillips
Diplodia seriata De Not
Foto Capretti
11. ……and a very high number of
endophytic fungi
(pathogens and other)
12. Plots Non thinned plot (2Ant)
State of healthy Symptomatic Asymptomatic
Endophytic fungi 2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013
Alternaria
alternata (Fr.: Fr.)
Keissl.
4.2 4.7 5.8 3.9 * *
Apiognomonia
quercina (Kleb)
Höhn
8.1a 3.1a 5.6a 4.4a 3.2a *
Aposphaereia sp. * * * - - -
Aureobasidium
pullulans (de Bary
et al.)
3.0 3.1 * 3.1 * *
Biscogniauxia
mediterranea (De
Not.) Kuntze
7.7a 3.1a 4.4a * * *
Botryosphaeria
dothidea (Moug et
al.)
51.6b 33.3b 41.4b 30.2b 17.6b 13.8a
Ceratocystis
coerulescens
(Münch) Bakshi
7.8a 4.3a 5.4a 4.9a 4.3a 4.1b
Chaetomium
indicum Corda
3.1 * * - -
Cladosporium
herbarum Pers.:
Fr.
- - - - - -
Curvularia lunata
(Wakker) Boedijn
8.1 * * 6.7 6.4 6.3
Diplodia mutila
(Fr.) Mont.
29.6c 17.4c 23.4c 17.1c 11.9c 10.4c
Tab. 3 – Endophytic fungi detected in twigs of symptomatic and asymptomatic tress, isolated from thinned (2At)
and non thinned (2Ant) plot in North Park (Lombardy, North Italy). The data show the average value of the
endophytic assemblage of seven trees present in both plots: Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus cordata, Fraxinus
angustifolia, F. excelsior, F. ornus, Quercus cerris, Q. robur. The colonization frequency is expressed as percentage.
t = thinned; nt = non thinned
Tab. 3 – Endophytic fungi detected in twigs of symptomatic and
asymptomatic tress, isolated from thinned (2At) and non thinned
(2Ant) plot in North Park (Lombardy, North Italy). The data
show the average value of the endophytic assemblage of seven
trees present in both plots: Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus cordata,
Fraxinus angustifolia, F. excelsior, F. ornus, Quercus cerris, Q.
robur. The colonization frequency is expressed as percentage.
t = thinned; nt = non thinned
13. Diplodina acerina
(Pass.) B. Sutton
6.8a 3.8a 4.9a 3.3a * *
Epicoccum nigrum
Link
6.4 6.6 5.9 7.1 7.6 7.3
Gliomastix
murorum (Corda)
S. Hughes
7.1 7.9 6.8 11.6 10.2 10.9
Glomerella
cingulata
(Stoneman et al.)
3.2 3.0 3.1 - - -
Gnomonia sp. * * * - - -
Nectria sp. 4.2 * * 3.6 4.2 4.1
Neofusicoccum
parvum
(Pennycook et
al.)
52.2b 30.3b 44.1b 28.7b 19.1b 17.6d
Phialocephala sp. 4.9 5.2 5.0 - - -
Phomopsis
quercina (Sacc.)
Höhn. ex Died.
8.2a 3.4a 5.1a 11.0d 4.1a 3.4b
Phomopsis
acerina Pirone &
J.C. Carter
4.2d 3.3a 4.1a 3.2a * 3.3b
Pseudovalsa
longipes (Tul.)
Sacc.
3.8d * * 4.3a 3.2a 3.9b
Ramichloridium
sp.
- - - - - -
Septoria alni
Sacc.
7.3a 3.3a 4.8a 4.2a 4.1a 3.2b
Trichoderma
atroviride P.
Karst.
18.8 16.4 16.6 20.9 18.8 17.4
Trichoderma
viride Pers.: Fries
19.1 17.7 17.6 20.6 18.8 18.9
Values in column followed by the same letter do not differ
significantly per P< 0,05. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
performed according to the values of only fungal
(endophytic) pathogens.
*Isolation frequency below the 3% threshold
15. a lot of Phytophthora species…
•Phytophthora lacustris
•Phytophthora taxon Pg chlamydo (1^ report in Italy)
•Phytophthora gonapodyides
•Phytophthora inundata
•Phytophthora taxon walnut (1^ report in Italy)
•Potential hybrid between P. lacustris et P. Pg chlamydo
The new pathogen Phytophthora acerina
(first description )
Phytophthora acerina B.Ginetti, T. Jung, D.E.L.
Cooke, S. Moricca sp. nov.
16. Phytophthora acerina B. Ginetti, T. Jung, D.E.L. Cooke , S. Moricca sp. nov.
Peronosporaceae, Incertae sedis, Oomycota, Chromista
not yet included in the EPPO lists
Acer
pseudoplatanus
Lombardia
causal agent of widespread sycamore maple mortality
17. Anthostoma decipiens (DC.) Nitschke
Agent of canker
Basionym:
Sphaeria decipiens DC., in Lamarck et de Candolle 1805
Sanctioning author: Fr.
Citations in published lists or literature: Saccardo's Syll. fung. I:
302; III: 263; XII: 21; XV: 45
Position in classification : Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Xylariomycetidae,
Sordariomycetes, Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota
causal agent of widespread hornbeam mortality
21. Eliminate in winter death or diseased plants
Avoid sawdust, or limit its spread, during cutting and pruning
Remove and destroy the cut material
Extirpate the stumps
Avoid any type of wound
Prune only during the winter months
Protect large cutting surface with polyvinylic paste added with a
chemical compound or with biological mastic
Periodically check the large cutting surface to control the development
of the scaring process
Importe propagating material only from areas where there are not
reported some pathogens
Respect the distance in new plantations
Use resistant clones
Observe the decrees of obligatory control
Educate the staff that manages the urban green
General criteria for urban forest
22. Inform the citizenship
Make the treatment in the early morning or evening ones
Never make treatment in presence of wind
Prohibit access to treated areas
Ensure the protection of the operator
Use of chemical compounds at doses indicated on the label
Before proceeding to a treatment in urban
areas need to follow specific precautions:
www.magieraansaloni.it
23. Prescriptions at European level to adopt criteria in urban
and suburban area for a phytosanitary pruning
Prevent cutting, keeping the plants in appropriate conditions (distance)
Prevent cutting of large twigs and branches working on small branches, on which
the compartimentation is more easy
Cutting after windbreakage or traumatic wounds: need to trim the injured part
and protect the exposed tissues
Cutting due to decay or necrotic processes: make the cut on the surface healthy (15-
20 cm below the dead tissue). Protect the exposed tissues.
Cutting of twigs or branches dead: the practice of "Dead-wooding" is needed to
secure the plant, thereby eliminating not only the dead branches, but even those
with necrotic phenomena in extension
Lightening of the crown: fundamental in areas with presence of foliar fungal
agents. The lowest humidity values of a crown "lightened" in fact hamper many
pathogns. Moreover a lightened crown, in high windy areas, allows the wind to
traverse the crown without resistance, thus avoiding injuries, potential sites of entry
of pathogenic agents
The cutting must always be carried out in the vicinity of buds or other branches,
in order to allow the plant to form the healing tissue
24. Criteria to control Biscogniauxia mediterranea
(Franceschini, com. pers.)
Reduce the inoculum mass through the cutting of infected plants and
pruning of branches by way of desiccation or with cankers
Burn all the material or to carry it away, making sure to cover it with a cloth
during wood hauling
If the spread of the pathogen is not yet at epidemic level, we can cut as
simple coppice. The consequent "opening of the forest" create conditions less
favourable to the spread of the pathogen
If the pathogen reached an epidemic spreading is necessary to proceed as
coppice with standards or with a conversion to a high forest. In this case,
instead of preventing the further spread of the pathogen, is more important
to maintain soil moisture to avoid the plants come easily in water stress
resulting in colonization of its organs by the pathogen
25. Criteria to control Phytophthora spp.
.
.
Strict quarantine rules
Obligation to contact Regional plant protection services
Cortical treatments with phosphites and tacky at the base of the trunk,
repeating annually in the spring
Inspection of imported plants
In case we suspect the presence of Phytophthora in soil, it’s recommende soil
treatment, having uprooted and destroyed symptomatic plants, using
sunburn.
26. Criteria to control endophytic fungi
????????????????????????????????????????
Avoid thermic and water stress to the plants
Reduce the inoculum biomass by a phytosanitary pruning
Biological control in planta???
Pre-immunization??
27. The results of our work are perhaps the first to point
out that a thinning can lead to an increase
in the incidence of some fungal pathogenic
endophytes in forest trees.
Increase the biomass of leaves, understood as “a
territory” by colonizing
The Thinning
