Session 5.4 agroforestry for rehabilitation of degraded lands
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Session 5.4 agroforestry for rehabilitation of degraded lands
- 1. Agroforestry for Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands and Poor Quality Waters: Livelihood Security and Mitigating Climate Change J.C. DAGAR Emeritus Scientist & Fellow NAAS Former ADG (Agr/AF) ICAR dagarjc@gmail.com
- 2. Global Degraded Lands (FAO 1996, 2011) ~2 billion ha land is degraded due to anthropogenic factors Water erosion Wind erosion Chemical degradation Physical degradation 56% (1.12 billion ha) 28% (0.56 billion ha) 12% (0.24 b ha) 4% (0.08 b ha) Overgrazing Deforestation Agricultural mismanagement Fuelwood (overexploitation) Industry & Urbanization 680 m ha (35%) 580 m ha (30%) 550 m ha (27%) 137 m ha (7%) 20 m ha (1%)
- 3. Land degradation in India (120.8 m ha) • • • • Water erosion 82.6 m ha (68.4%) Chemical degradation 24.7 m ha (20.4%) Wind erosion 12.4 m ha (10.3%) Physical 1.1 m ha (0.9%)
- 4. ♥ To produce 310 million tons of food grains, 190 million tons of other food products, 1000 million tons of fodder, 629 million tons of fuel wood, and 347 million tons of timber and other raw materials by 2050 from limited land resources is a big challenge ♥ We would have to utilize all kinds of degraded lands for productive use
- 5. Eroded lands Ravine lands (~4 m ha)
- 7. AF Tree Species for Eroded Habitats Acacia eburnea, A. catechu, A. nilotica, A. jacquemontii, A. tortilis, Balanites roxburghii, Butea monosperma, Azadirachta indica, Feronia limonia, Pongamia pinnata, Capparis decidua, C. sepiaria, C. zeylanica, Salvadora oleoides, Dichrostachys cinerea, Dalbergia sissoo, Carissa carandas, Emblica officinalis, Leucaena leucocephala, Species of Eucalyptus, Cordia, Ziziphus, Prosopis, Albizia, etc Silvo-pastoral system is most suitable for ravine lands
- 8. Silvo-pastoral systems • Dichanthium annulatum, D. caricosum, Eulaliopsis binata, Bothriochloa pertusa, Cenchrus ciliaris, Panicum antidotale, P. maximum, Brachiaria mutica, Chrysopogon fulvus, Heteropogon contortus, Sehima nervosum, Iseilema laxum, Themeda triandra, Saccharum munja, Vetiveria zizanoides • Species of Stylosanthes, Alysicarpus, Desmodium, Tephrosia, Melilotus, Rhynchosia, Trigonella, etc • Aloe vera, Agave sisalana, many medicinal plants • Watershed approach
- 9. Medicinal & aromatic crops • Palma rosa, Lemon grass, Vetiveria, Aloe vera, Withania, Adhatoda vasica, Barleria, Ocimum, Balanites, Achyranthus……..
- 10. Acid soils • About 30% of worlds land area is acidic and 50% of arable lands are acidic • In India about 90 m ha area is acidic out of which 7% are strongly acidic (pH < 4.5); 28% moderately acidic (pH 4.5-5.5); and 65% slightly acidic (pH 5.5-6.5) • ~3 mha coastal area suffers due to acid sulphate soils having Al and Fe toxicity and non-availability of P
- 11. In NEH region Shifting Cultivation needs to be replaced with: ♠ Improved fallows ♠ Multi-tiered plantation-based cropping systems
- 12. Left: Bun method of cultivation in Meghalaya Right: Alder (Alnus nepalensis) and Large Cardamum AF system
- 13. Salt-affected & Waterlogged Areas • Alkali/Sodic 3.83 m ha • Saline 2.92 m ha ---------------------------------------------------• Total 6.75 m ha --------------------------------------------------Waterlogged 6.41 m ha Sub-surface 4.75 m ha Surface ponding 1.66 m ha --------------------------------------------------
- 14. Alkali Soils ♥ pHs 8.2 or more ♥ ECe <4 dS/m ♥ Dominated by Na2CO3 or NaHCO3 ♥ Kankar pan of CaCO3 at different depths ♥ Highly dispersed ♥ Poor infiltration rate
- 15. Saline Soils ECe 4 dS/m or more pHs < 8.2 Dominated by chlorides & sulphates of Na, Ca & Mg High osmotic pressure of soil solution Associated mainly with arid and semi- arid areas
- 16. Afforestation on highly alkali soil Augerhole technique
- 17. Relative tolerance of tree species for soil sodicity pH2 Fuelwood/fodder/timber species Fruit tree species > 10 Prosopis juliflora, Acacia nilotica, Tamarix Not recommended articulata 9.6 – 10.0 Eucalyptus tereticornis, Capparis decidua, Pithecellobium dulce, Prosopis alba, P. cineraria, Casuarina equisetifolia*1, Salvadora persica, S. oleoides, Terminalia arjuna Carissa carandus, Psidium guajava, Zizyphus mauritiana, Emblica officinalis 9.1-9.5 Cordia rothii, Albizia lebbeck, Cassia siamea, Pongamia pinnata, Sesbania sesban, Parkinsonia aculeata, Dalbergia sissoo, Kigelia pinnata, Butea monosperma Punica granatum*2, Phoenix dactylifera, Achrus japota*1,Tamarindus indica*1, Syzygium cuminii, Feronia limonia 8.2-9.0 Grevillia robusta, Azadirachta indica, Melia azedarach, Leucaena leucocephata, Hardwickea binnata, Moringa loiefera, Populus deltoids, Tectona grandis Grewia asiatica, Aegle marmelos*2, Prunus persica, Pyrus communis, Manigifera indica, Morus alba, Ficus spp., Sapindus laurifolium, Vitis vinifera *1 (Frost sensitive), *2 Does not stand water stagnation, may be raised on bunds.
- 18. Fruit-based AF for moderate sodic soils Fruit trees such as Anwla, Karonda, Ber, Guava, Jamun, Pome granate (on bunds) Inter-croping with tolerant varieties of arable crops Under-explored plants such as Matricaria, Isabgol, Mallati, Tulsi, etc as intercrops
- 19. Cultivation of fruit trees on sodic soil Psidium guajava
- 20. Silvi-pastoral System for Sodic Soils • Kallar grass (Leptochloa fusca) could produce 13.4 to 20.0 t/ha fresh forage per annum with different tree plantations • Other grasses include Brachiaria mutica, Chloris gayana, Panicum laevifolium, P. antidotale, P. virgatom, Sporobolus spp. • These could produce 6-16 t/ha fresh forage
- 21. Raised and sunken bed technique Grain yield of 3.6 –4.2 t/ha of paddy (CSR-10) & 1.31.6 t/ha of wheat (KRL-14), and 21-32 & 40-52 t/ha fresh forage from kallar grass and berseem, respectively could be obtained in sunken beds
- 22. Commercial AF on Partial Reclaimed Land
- 23. B:C ratio of some systems tested on partial reclaimed land Poplar-rice-wheat 3.30 Poplar-rice-berseem 2.95 Eucalyptus-rice-berseem 2.23 Eucalyptus-rice-wheat 2.06 Poplar alone 2.38 Eucalyptus alone 1.99 Rice-wheat 2.79 Rice-berseem 2.39
- 24. Plantations on saline soils • Planting and irrigation in furrows was found most superior and successful method of planting trees on saline waterlogged soils as compared to traditional ridgetrench method
- 25. Species suitable for saline soils Tolerance / (ECe, dS/m) Trees and shrubs Very High (> 35) Tamarix, Prosopis, Salvadora, Acacia farnesiana High salt tolerant (25-35) Casuarina ,Terminalia catappa, Thespesia populnea and Cocos nucifera (on specific sites) Tolerant (15-25) Casuarina (glauca, obesa, equiselifolia), Acacia tortilis, A. nilotica, Callistemon lanceolata, Pongamia pinnata, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Crescentia alata, Albizia lebbeck, Ziziphus mauritiana, Parkinsonia aculeata etc. Moderately tolerant (10-15) Casuarina cunninghamiana, Eucalyptus tereticornis, E. rudis, E. microtheca, Acacia catcechu, A. ampliceps, A. eburnea, A. leucophloea, Terminalia arjuna, Samanea saman, Cassia siamea, Albizia procera, Borassus flabellifer, Prosopis cineraria, Azadirachta indica, Dendrocalamus strictus, Butea monosperma, Cassia siamea, Feronia limonia, Leucaena leucocephala, Tamarindus indica, Guazuma ulmifolia, Ailanthus excelsa, Dichrostachys cinerea, Balanites roxburghii, Maytenus emarginatus, Dalbergia sissoo, Salix babylonica, Cordia rothii, Kigelia pinnata.
- 26. Species for Saline Vertisols • Among trees Azadirechta indica (neem), Prosopis juliflora, Acacia nilotica, A. eburnea, Butea monosperma, Jatropha curcas, Salvadora persica, Feronia limonia • Among grasses Dichanthium annulatum, Leptachloa fusca, Eragrostis spp., Bothriochloa pertusa, Heteropogon contortus, Chrysopogon aciculatus, Themeda triandra, Tragus biflorus, *Cymbopogon martinii, * C. flexuasus*Vetiveria zizanioides, etc. * Aromatic grasses Raised and sunken bed technique is ideal for moisture conservation and crop production for vertisols
- 27. Extent of Waterlogging and Salinity in Canal Irrigation Areas of India • In India there are 1701 major and medium irrigation commands covering ~89 M ha (27% of GA) • About 125 Th ha is most critical (<1m) and 2.5 M ha critical (1-2m) waterlogged for premonsoon and 1.74 M ha most critical and ~11 M ha critical for post monsoon • About 1.035 m ha area in command area is salt-affected (Cetral Water Commission & ISRO, 2009)
- 28. Saline/Sodic Waterlogged Soils along Canals
- 29. Tools to combat water logging • Sub-surface drainage • Vertical & horizontal drainage • Biodrainage
- 30. BIODRAINAGE • “Pumping of excess soil water by deep-rooted plants using their bio-energy”
- 34. C sequestration in 5 yrs old Eucalyptus trees Tree components Oven dry biomass (t ha-1) Carbon (%) Timber 22.1 47.0 Fuelwood 0.8 43.5 Twigs & leaves 1.1 43.9 Roots 8.9 Total Carbon content (t ha-1) 10.39 0.35 0.48 32.9 48.0 4.27 47.1 15.49
- 35. • CSSRI model proved assured total returns of Rs. 600800/day from less than one ha land holding after 2 years • Whole family employment • A way to organic agriculture
- 36. Trees on calcareous soil with saline irrigation Tamarix articulata, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Acacia nilotica, Acacia tortilis, Prosopis juliflora, Cassia siamea and Feronia limonia are most
- 37. Biomass of trees at 8 & 16 years of age After 8 Years 250 After 16 Years Biomass (t/ha) 200 150 100 50 0 Ta An Pj At Cs Et Ai Af Pd Ma Tree species Af- Acacia.farnesiana, An- A. nilotica, At - A. tortilis, Ai- Azadirachta indica, , Cs – Cassia siamea, Et - E. tereticornis, Gu- Guazuma ulmifolia, Ma - Melia azedarach, Pd - Pithecelubium dulce, Pj - Prosopis juliflora, Ta- Tamarix articulata
- 38. Performance of different forage grasses with saline irrigation About 30 % of total annual forage may be obtained during lean period when most nomads migrate to the irrigated areas
- 39. Agroforestry with saline water Barley with karonda (Carissa carandus)
- 40. Anowla with cluster bean after 4 years
- 41. Bael with cluster bean after 4 years
- 42. Grain and straw yield (t ha-1) of barley and cluster bean after 4 years Fruit tree Treatment Yield of barley Yield of cluster bean Grain Straw 4.10 4.21 1.83 2.63 T2 3.81 3.89 1.78 2.37 T3 3.40 3.49 1.68 2.12 T1 4.38 4.58 1.80 2.72 T2 3.84 4.02 1.63 2.44 T3 3.52 3.61 1.50 2.27 T1 Anowla Straw T1 Karonda Grain 3.96 4.08 1.63 2.34 T2 3.62 3.73 1.48 2.00 T1, T3 and T2 –irrigation with water of low (ECiw 5-7 dS/m), high Bael (ECiw 8-10 dS/m) and alternate low/high salinity, respectively T3 3.26 3.34 1.45 1.89
- 43. & Castor (Ricinus communis) crops Dill Castor Tara-mira
- 46. Cultivation of aromatic grasses irrigating with saline water Vetiver Lemon grass
- 47. Fresh yield*of different varieties of lemon grass under saline irrigation Yield (t/ha) Varieties OD-58 28.3 RRL-16 27.6 Praman 17.4 Krishna 11.7 OD-19 3.3 Pragati 0.9 Nima 0.2 CKP-25 0.1 CV LSD (p=0.01) 16.88% 3.78 *Total of 4 cuttings
- 48. Floriculture with saline irrigation Chrysanthemum is among the most promising Evaluation of various flower species