Deuteromycotina is a polyphyletic group of fungi that reproduce asexually by the generation of conidia (asexual spores). Because these fungi lack a sexual reproductive cycle, they do not have a known sexual stage in their life cycle. The categorization of Deuteromycotina has been debated, as the lack of a documented sexual stage has made determining their evolutionary links with other fungal taxa problematic. With the introduction of molecular biology tools in recent years, several Deuteromycotina species have been reassigned into other fungal phyla based on genetic similarities. Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Trichoderma are examples of Deuteromycotina that are commonly used in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries for the synthesis of antibiotics and other chemicals. However, genetic analysis has led to the reclassification of many of these fungi into different phyla.
Adaptive Restore algorithm & importance Monte Carlo
The Anamorphic Fungi.pptx
1. The Anamorphic
Fungi Deutromycetes,
MitosporicFungi,
Imperfect Fungi,
Asexual Fungi
By
V.AjayDesouza
M.Sc.(Agri) Plant Pathology
Annamalai university
ajaydesouza0003@gmail.com
2. Anamorphic Fungi
Anamorphic fungi are known as septate fungus, which
are unable to reproduce sexually and only reproduce
asexually. These are referred to as "imperfect fungi"
because they lack the sexual stage or the "perfect
stage." Since these fungi only produce mitospores, or
conidia, and do not produce meiospores, they are
referred to as mitosporic fungi.
3. Since the conidia that these fungi produce
resemble those of Ascomycota, it is believed that
these organisms are Ascomycetes that abandoned
their sexual stage. The sexual stages are often
identified, and depending on the type of
meiospore—ascospore or basidiodpore—they
have been moved to Ascomycota and occasionally
Basidiomycota.
4. Reproduction
Conidia can form either directly on the hyphae or
on the conidiophore. The latter can grow on the
hyphae or in cavities known as Acervuli and
Pycnidia. It is comparable to the creation of
conidia in Ascomycota.
5. Acervuli Pycnidia
(Sing. Pycnidium) are flask- to
globose in shape, with a little
papilla or long neck with an
apical opening termed an
ostiole. The pycnidia are
embedded in the host tissue
beneath the epidermis and have
their own wall that is bordered
by conidiophores. Conidia can
be hyaline or pigmented, as well
as septate or non-septate.
(Sing-Acervulus) are flat, disk-
shaped cavities that occur
beneath the plant's cuticle or
epidermis. Short conidiophore
grow from hyphae-formed
immersed pseudoparenchyma.
Conidia cause the overlying
epidermis and cuticle to tear.
The acervulus does not have
its own wall.
Reproduction
Asexual
fruiting body
6. Classification
Anamorphic fungi are not the same as other fungus
and hence cannot be categorized into phylum, class,
order, and so on. Their only designations are genus
and species. Previously, these were classified as
sub-divisions (Deuteromycotina, Deutromycetes), but
their lower status was known. (Deutero means
"secondary"). However, this division into classes or
orders is no longer valid, and these fungi are now
arranged alphabetically by genera (Hawksworth et
al., 1995; Krik et al., 2001; Dictionary of Fungi).
7. Genus ALTERNARIA
There are various saprobic and parasitic species in
the genus. The mycelium, which is branching and
septate, is hyaline (transparent) at first but darkens
over time. The conidiophore is short and has
obclavate conidia with pointy distal ends and
transverse and longitudinal septa. Scars are left on
the conidiophore after separation. A. solani and A.
tenuis are the most prevalent species that cause
major disease condition
9. ● Conidia or mycelia lei in the soil or on plant debris and
perennate the fungus in absences of the crop
● When the potato crop is sown and the leaves formed (3
weeks) the conidia reach the leaves through wind and
germinate
● The germ tube enter the leaves through stomata or by direct
penetration of the epidermis, form inter or intra cellular
mycelium.
● The mycelium secretes enzymes and toxins which kills the
cells. The fungus derives nutrition from these dead cells.
Life cycle of the Alternaria solani
10. ● When the cells dies leaf spots appears
● Clavate conidia having both transverse and longitudinal
septa are formed on the hyphae
● The conidiophore show ‘knee’- like swellings which indicates
the position of the detached conidia. The conidia are wind-
disseminated and in this way disease spread to more plants
throughout the season. In the absence of the host plant., the
hyphae or conidia remain in the fallen leaf tissues or in the
soil
Life cycle of the Alternaria solani
11.
12. ● Aspergillus species that develop sex organs are now
classified as Ascomycota genera Eurotium, Emericella, or
Neosartorya, and are no longer referred to as Aspergillus.
Those, like A. niger, that have not yet been linked to a
sexually reproducing organism are classified as Aspergillus.
Genus ASPERGILLUS
14. ● Colletotrichum is known as anthracnose fungus because it
produces anthracnose (coal-like) leaf spot disease in
several crops.Gloeosporium, a previous genus, has been
combined with Colletotrichum. Acervuli can be subcuticular
or subepidermal, with a distinctive ring of black setae
around the circumference.
Genus COLLETOTRICHUM
(anthracnose fungus)
16. Anthracnose fungus-
Colletotrichum
• The conidia are hyaline elongated, with rounded ends and
a slightly narrower centre. Colletotrichum is responsible for
several significant diseases, including red root of sugarcane
caused by C. falcatum, bean anthracnose caused by C.
lindemuthianum, and jute anthracnose caused by C.
corchorum.
17. ● Fusarium species are significant because they cause root rot
and wilt disease in a variety of plants. The water received by
the roots is not transmitted to the leaves due to hyphae
blockage of the xylem arteries in wilt diseases, as it is in
undesired plants. All Fusarium wilt-causing species are known
as Fusarium oxysporum because their leaves droop, dry, and
die because of a lack of water. The septate and branching
hyphae. Conidiophores are short and made up of spore-
producing cells known as phialides.
Genus FUSARIUM
18. ● These each produce curved, sickle-shaped macroconidia
and globular microconidia. Because the spores are held
together by slime, they are known as slime spores. They
are not spread by wind.
Genus FUSARIUM
20. ● Conidia are brown, cylindrical, and transversely septate,
resulting in numerous cells. There are 20 Helminthosporium
species that cause major plant diseases such as brown leaf
spot of rice (H. oryzae), maize leaf spot (H.maydis), and
Victoria blight of oats (H.victoriae).
● Much research has been conducted on the toxins secreted
by H. victoriae and H. maydis. It has been demonstrated
that the pathogenicity of these species is due to their toxins.
These toxins have greatly helped to our understanding of
parasitism's mechanism.
Genus HELMINTHOSPORIUM
22. ● The species of penicillium
that reproduce purely
asexually are still classified
as penicillium, whereas the
sexually reproducing
species have been
classified as Eupenicillium
or Talaromyces of the
Ascomycetes class.
Genus PENICILLIUM
23. ● Conidia are spindle-shaped or clavate, five celled, with
three coloured centre cells and hyaline terminal cells. The
higher terminal cell, known as the apical hyaline cell, has 2-
3 setae. The lower hyaline cell is the posterior hyaline cell.
It has a short pedicel from which the conidia of the
Acervulus are attached. Pestalotiopsis causes a variety of
serious diseases, including grey blight of tea (P.theae), leaf
spot of litchi (P. paucista), and mango leaf spot (P.
mangiferae).
Genus PESTALOTIOPSIS
26. ● Hyaline, septate, branching hyphae grow inter and intracellularly
within the host.
● Acervuli are generated beneath the epidermis and have a unique
basal wall from which conidiophores and conidia emerge.
● Later, the epidermis breaks and the conidia fall to the leaves' surface.
● The conidia are spindle-shaped and 5-celled, with three dark center
cells and three hyaline terminal cells.
● The apical hyaline cells contain 2-3 setae, while the lower hyaline
cells have a pedicel.
● Conidia germinate mostly through the center cells and infect
additional leaves. Mycelium remains in dead host tissues in the
absence of the host.
Life cycle of Pestalotiopsis theae
28. ● Phyllostica is a widespread fungus that causes leaf spots. The
pycnidia have thin walls and are dark brown in colour,
resembling black dots on the leaf spot.
● When the leaf spots are probed with a needle and studied under
a microscope, an endless stream of minute conidia begins to
flow out of the pycnidia.
● The conidia are hyaline, 1celled, globose to oval, and guttaulate,
meaning they contain one or more oil drops.
● The conidia are distinguished by a minute apical mucilaginous
appendage.
Genus PHYLLOSTICA
30. ● Conidia are pyriform, bi-septate, with a tiny hilum at the
base. These are carried apically on conidiophores that
emerge through the stomata P.oryzae causes "the blast of
Rice"
Genus PYRICULARIA
32. ● Conidia can be found in plant debris, soil, or collateral hosts.
Wind-blown conidia land on the leaves when the rice crop is
accessible.
● Germ tubes enter the leaves during germination to form an
intracellular mycelium.
● The fungus develops within the host tissue, producing
conidiophores that emerge from the stomata and bear conidia.
● Throughout the season, the conidia spread the infection. When
the crop is harvested, the residue is left in the fields as debris.
● Alternatively, until the next rice crop is available, the conidia may
infect and live on other collateral hosts.
Life cycle of Pyricularia oryzae