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Diseases of carnation and their management
- 1. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY (Affiliated to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-3) Kullapuram (Po),ViaVaigai Dam, Theni-625 562 DISEASES OF CARNATION STUDENT Miss. GOWRI SANKARI P ID. No. 2015021040 COURSE TEACHER Dr. PARTHASARATHY S Asst. Professor (Plant Pathology)
- 2. Major diseases: 1. Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi 2. Bacterial wilt Burkholderia caryophylli 3. Alternaria leaf spot Alternaria dianthi Minor diseases: 1. Rust Uromyces dianthi 2. Bacterial slow wilt Erwinia chrysanthemi 3. Charcoal rot Macrophomina phaseolina 4. Downy mildew Peronospora dianthicola 5. Fairy ring spot Mycosphaerella dianthi 6. Carnation ring spot Carnation ringspot virus (CRSV) 7. Carnation vein mottle Carnation vein mottle virus (CVMV) 8. Rhizoctonia stem rot Rhizoctonia solani
- 3. Fusarium wilt: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi • The fungus was first recognised as a pathogen of carnations in 1899 and has subsequently been regarded as one of the most important diseases of Dianthus grown in commercial horticulture, making carnation pink production uneconomic in some areas. MODE OF SPREAD: • Primary: Chlamydospores in infected plant debris and soil. • Secondary : Water borne conidia
- 4. Systematic position: • Kingdom: Fungi • Division: Ascomycota • Class: Sordariomycetes • Order: Hypocreales • Family: Nectriaceae • Genus: Fusarium • Species: F. oxysporum • Subspecies: F. o. f.sp. dianthi
- 5. PATHOGEN: Fungus produces three types of spores. • Microconidia - Ovate/ elongated/ 1 celled, hyaine • Macroconidia - Spindle shaped, tapered, 3-4 septate hyaline • Chlamydospores - Terminal or intercalary
- 6. Fusarium wilt: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi Symptoms • In young plants, the first sign of the disease is fading or graying of the normal colour of the leaves with wilting of the leaves and young stems. • The vascular tissues of infected stems is stained dark brown. • Mature plants show wilt symptoms over a ©agriportal period of several months before they die and eventually become straw coloured.
- 7. Management • The diseased plants should be removed immediately after noticing the disease. Complete root system and surrounding soil should be dug out and disposed off carefully. • Soil solarization using clear transparent polyethylene film (0.1 mm thick) for 30 days gives satisfactory control.
- 8. Bacterial wilt: Economic loss: • Bacterial Wilt of Carnations causes devastating losses for areas in which carnations play an important economic role. Its impact areas include the former Yugoslavia, Italy, Serbia, Montenegro, China Taiwan, India, South America, and the United States. • It is one of the leading diseases which infect carnations in Japan; it has caused serious crop losses of carnations which are grown in warm districts. • Bacterial Wilt of Carnation is also defined as an A2 quarantine pest by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO).
- 9. PATHOGEN: • Rod shaped gram negative bacterium with single polar flagellum (monotrichus). MODE OF SPREAD: • Primary : Infected suckers • Secondary : Bacterial carried by irrigation water
- 10. Bacterial wilt Burkholderia caryophylli Symptoms • The upper parts of established plants turn pale and wilt. • The stem develops elongated discolored stripes and split open which is characteristic of the ©agriportal disease. • The roots are rotted partially and the cortical tissues become sticky and shows discoloration, a tendency to straighten out instead of remaining curled. ©agriportal
- 11. Management • Use of cuttings taken from upper parts of the healthy stock plants are less liable for infection and hence advocated as a control measure. • Diseased plant debris should be collected and burnt. Overhead watering and splash watering should be avoided. • Disease-free planting materials are to be used. Role cultivars viz., Elegance, Northland and Starlite are less susceptible to bacterial wilt.
- 12. Alternaria leaf spot: History: • Alternaria dianthia was first recorded in the scientific literature by F.L. Stevens and J.G. Hall in 1909, from florists in the United States. • Although A. dianthi has been found in wild and commercial varieties of Dianthus plants worldwide, no studies of the economic impacts or losses due the disease have been published.
- 13. Systematic position: • Kingdom: Fungi • Phylum: Ascomycota • Class: Dothideomycetes • Subclass: Pleosporomycetidae • Order: Pleosporales • Family: Pleosporaceae • Genus: Alternaria • Species: A. dianthi
- 14. MODE OF SPREAD: • Primary : Through Ascospores • Secondary : Wind borne conidia
- 15. Alternaria leaf spot: Alternaria dianthi Symptoms • The chief symptom is blight or rot at leaf bases and around nodes, which are girdled. ©©© • Spots on leaves are ashy white. ©agriportal • The centre of old spots are covered with dark brown to black fungal growth. • Leaves may be constricted and twisted and the tip may be killed. • Branches die-back at the girdled area and black ©agriportal crusts of conidia are formed on the cankers.
- 16. Management • To reduce the disease incidence, humidity may be kept low by providing proper air circulation. • Disease-free planting material should be used. • Planting material should be dipped in Bacillus subtilis 2g/litre of water.
- 17. RUST: Systematic position: • Kingdom: Fungi • Division: Basidiomycota • Class: Urediniomycetes • Order: Uredinales • Family: Pucciniaceae • Genus: Uromyces • Species : U . dianthi
- 18. Symptoms: • Carnation rust first appears as an indistinct yellowing of the leaf and stem, soon turning into an elongated raised brown spot which yields brown dust (spores) when rubbed. Management: • Preventative control includes the use of rust-free cuttings, sterilization of border soils and careful maintenance of greenhouse ventilators to prevent damp patches occurring in the crop. • Spray products containing a systemic ingredient, myclobutanil, and products containing the protectant mancozeb.
- 19. CARNATION RING SPOT : Carnation ringspot virus • Group: Group IV ((+)ssRNA) • Order: Unassigned • Family: Tombusviridae • Genus: Dianthovirus • Species: Carnation ringspot virus
- 20. SYMPTOMS: • Infection in carnations results in diagnostic ringspots, mottling, and leaf and flower distortions. • In severe infections or in susceptible carnation cultivars, leaf tip necrosis can also be observed. • Symptoms can become more severe at sustained temperatures between 15 and 20°C. Symptoms are greatly reduced at temperatures above 20°C.
- 21. MODE OF SPREAD: • Spread in carnations occurs as a result of careless propagation and leaf and root contact. • In orchard crops, it has been observed that nematode infestation increases incidence. MANAGEMENT: • Cultural practices and chemicals that control nematode populations reduce the spread of the virus in orchard crops. • The most effective control is by eradication of virus in plant shoots or meristems by chemo- and thermotherapy is routinely accomplished to produce certified virus free nuclear stocks.