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The Great Tzotzil Dictionary 

of San Lorenzo Zinacantan 

Robert M. Laughlin 

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

NUMBER 19

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S. DILLON RIPLEY 

Secretary 

Smithsonian Institution


NUMBER 19 

\ .

FRONTISPIECE: Hillside home overlooking Zinacantan Center on a misty morning, 1960.


of San Lorenzo Zinacantan 

Robert M. Laughlin 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS 

CITY OF WASHINGTON 

1975

ABSTRACT 

Laughlin, Robert M. The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantan. Smithsonian 

Contributions to Anthropology, number 19, 598 pages, 5 figures, 5 foldout maps, 6 

tables, 1975.— This dictionary of Tzotzil (Mayan) vocabulary from the town of 

Zinacantan, Chiapas, Mexico, was compiled by the author over a period of fourteen 

years. In addition to unsystematic data gathering in Zinacantan, formal interviews 

were conducted in San Cristobal. Two Zinacantec men accompanied the author to the 

United States on two occasions for further interviewing. All hypothetically possible 

CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant) roots were tested to discover their existence and to 

determine their productivity. In addition to verbal suggestions, props were helpful: 

objects in everyday use, dolls, sound-effect records, play-acting. Special attention was 

directed to ethnobotanical lexicon and data; over 3000 specimens were collected and 

identified both by their Tzotzil name and by their scientific name. With the aid of 

aerial photographs and ground surveys the township and adjoining areas were mapped. 

Over one thousand place names were located. A system was developed to present 

considerable ethnographic context for the vocabulary within each root as succinctly as 

possible. Wherever possible, the etymology of loan words is indicated. Each entry is 

furnished with grammatical analysis. The approximately 30,000 Tzotzil entries and 

15,000 English entries (including scientific names) were placed on magnetic tape to 

permit offset printing and further scholarly investigation. The body of the text is 

preceded by an introduction that records the eliciting techniques, organization of 

material, assessment and justification of the author's ethnographic approach, together 

with a sample of Tzotzil oral literature. Explanatory notes provide a more technical 

description of the contents and organizations of the dictionary as well as observations 

on Tzotzil grammar. 

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handsiamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the 

Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 4987. 

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 

Laughiin, Robert M. 

The great Tzotzil dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantan. 

(Smithsonian contributions to anthropology, no. 19) 

Includes bibliographical references. 

Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.33:19 

1. Tzotzil language—Dictionaries—English. 2. English language—Dictionaries—Tzotzil. I. Title. II. 

GN1.S54 no.19 [PM4466.Z5] 301.2'08s [497'.4] 74-32060 

For sale by the Superintendent of Ducuments, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402—Price SM.40 

Stock Number 4701-0115 

IV

Acknowledgments 

li?abteh ta (Zinakanta ta spreserentealik mol Yermo Nuh sci">uk Cep Telakrus sciûk Cep Santis 

sci9uk Petul Peres, kol iyalik ti lisp'isik ta yamikoike. 

h'JAIus Mentes Ton, lavi preserente ta Tenehapa, buc'u lek sna 1 ? t sloîlah ta bae'i k'op, kol iyal 

ti liscanubtasotikotik smekanel ti e'i^leletike. 

Maryan Peres Moci-lum, kol iyal iâbteh hayib fu hciûk. lek i">abteh. 

">a li hkumpare Maryan Martinis sciûk mol Maryan Ciku 1 ? sciûk Cep ''Aje'am, kol iyalik 

iâbteh ta seobel ta smekanel li e'Meletike. nat isanavik ta te'Hik ta c'entik ta hobeltik ta "talon ta 

"?ak'ol ta korismatik ta vo*?tik. pero mu k'usi isiîk 9o yaêl, mi ha'Juk con, mi ha"?uk mas, mi haûk 

mak'-camel ti k'al ti iyaîik te sWon ta vieetik. ee"?eh loîl nos ya"?el li 'Jabtele. 

lek i"?abtehik i yan hsa9-e'i?leletike. 9a li sbiike ta slok' ta spat, kol iyalik. 

ta 1963 lik "?abtehuk hciûk hkumpare ''Anselmo Peres "June, ta primero ''a ciînon k'al nom, 

k'al Santa-Pe. te ise'ik ti h-p'eh nos marueana ta ve?lil 9une. pero muk' ta "telel yu">un yaêl li vi^nale, 

yu9un "?a scMnon 9otro hun bwelta ta nom, ta Wasinton, ta 1965. ta 1966 ilok' ta sa^-e^^lel nostok, 

hutuk mu shunuluk habil. pero toh lek iâbteh ikil, lek mi ta sanbal 9i lek mi ta cotleh nostoke. kol 

iyal ti ispas ti svokol 9uk 9une. 

ta slikeb ta yayaneb ti diksyonaryoe isva'Janoh sba istek'anoh sba li hkumpare Romin Teratole. 

ta lahceb habil ta lahceb k'ak'al koôl lisanavotikotike, koôl libeinotikotike. ta eeêh ta lo">il 

liâbtehotikotike. ti mi lek ik'opoh ti mi lek ihoyp'ih ti yo hk'ope ti yo hrasone ti yo kee ti yo htiê 

ha? liscanubtas ha 1 ? lisp'ihubtas. kol iyal ti ispas ti svokol 9uk ûne. 

°a li hkumpare Romin sciûk li hkumale Matal liyotesotikotik ta skusobil yoôn ta svik'obil 

ssat, ti mi t sivi^nah ti mi stakih hti 1 ? t siyak'be hveêl t siyak'be kuc' vo^. kol iyalik ihc'amunbe ti 

sme'tanal nae ti sme'Janal k'ulebe, ti hkumpare ti hkumale. 

Durante mi peregrinacion por San Cristobal de las Casas siempre conte con los valiosos consejos 

y aiin con el socorro providencial del personal del Institute Nacional Indigenista. En particular quiero 

agradecer al Prof. Alfonso Villa Rojas, y a los Drs. Gonzalo Aguirre Beltran y Armando Aguirre. 

Mi primer trabajo de campo data del ario 1957. Acompane entonces a este ultimo antropologo a la 

mazateca. Ingenuo respecto a las teorias de las sciencias humanas, en esa ocasion D. Armando me 

inicio en los misterios de la endogamia y de los patrones socio-culturales dirigiendome asi rumbo a 

la antropologia humanista. 

Tambien por su amable ayuda, mi agradecimiento a D. Manuel Castellanos Cancino, entonces 

Director del Departamento de Asuntos Indigenas; al desaparecido D. Belisario Lievano, Secretario 

Municipal de Zinacantan; y al parroco D. Juan Bermudez. 

Cuando los problemas legales o administrativos me embrollaban o cuando ignore detalles claves 

de las costumbres y tradiciones coletas, recurri a D. Leopoldo Velasco Robles y al Lie. Angel Robles. 

Ellos en un ambiente hospitalario y amistoso me ofrecieron consejos sensatos mientras procuraban 

distraer mis preocupaciones con relatos picarescos de la provincia. 

De igual manera, no puedo menos que agradecer al Prof. Jose Weber por sus eruditas 

explicaciones sobre la geografia y otros aspectos de la region; al Dr. Ovidio Rodriguez quien con su 

sensibilidad y tratamientos, barria con los temores y los dolores del trabajo de campo; a Dona Uvenza 

Hernandez por su devocion hecha sabor en la riqueza de sus comidas. A estas personas y a otros 

inumerables nativos de la bella Ciudad Real, mi mas sincero agradecimiento. 

En los estudios etnobotanicos conte con la ayuda de Juan Manuel Cardenas, alumno de la 

Universidad Veracruzana quien, durante 1966, condujo a los recolectores por brechas escabrosas y 

vados fangosos siempre con buen humor; me asistio en la preparacion de las muestras, saco y anoto 

los datos etnobotanicos; con cierta facilidad aprendio el vocabulario tzotzil apropriado, enriqueciendo 

asi con su labor, esta rama del diccionario.

VI SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 

Le agradezco tambien al Ing. Efraim Hernandez Xolocotzi por su identificacion de una gran 

variedad de frijoles. 

A mi paso por Chiapas siempre encontre posada y hospitalidad en la casa de Dona Concepcion 

Bermejillo de Cuevas (q.e.p.d.), mujer de facil platica, cuya experiencia, que trataba de transmitirme 

con vivacidad y a traves de cuentos preiiados de enseiianzas, no siempre me parecio el que debia 

seguir. 

Estoy en deuda con la Seriorita Evangelina Ramirez M. por su fe, que como un manojo de 

recuerdos me ha acompanado a la manera de "ocote" en las horas de oscuridad. 

In San Cristobal, the late Frans Blom and his widow, Gertrude "Trudi" Duby, have provided 

weary travelers with a mythical haven where gourmets become gourmands and where tales of 

exploration and human endeavor are spun out before a blazing hearth. Their hospitality, extended 

by Patricia Area and Laura Hastings, has handed us a folio of memories. In Trudi's garden, stalked 

by tiger lilies, swirling with hummingbirds, under the gaze of a blue-bellied lizard these words of 

thanks are written. Vivid hours were spent with Marcey Jacobson and Janet Marren, whose encouragement 

and keen understanding of Chiapas realities contributed surreptitiously to this dictionary. 

In the midst of our society, where the quest for knowledge is so often confused by the demands 

for careers, Professor Evon Z. Vogt has created, together with his wife, Catherine (Nan) Vogt, a 

human community of Tzotzil scholars that seems many times to be riding on a magic carpet above 

all the divisions of race, age, sex, nationality, economics, even temperament. As a now almost 

prehistoric member of this curious community, I have been a witness and partaker of its perpetual 

vitality and growth. It seems crass to speak of the financial benefits that Vogtie's generosity has 

extended to the support of this dictionary under the National Institute of Mental Health Grant 

MH-02100, but these benefits have been of critical importance. Vogtie's open hand with every 

resource of the Chiapas Project, from aerial photos to jeeps, to publications, to student assistance, to 

an open door that always welcomes renewed acquaintance provides a security and a sense of permanence 

very rare in academia. But most important of all, the excitement of discovery and the irrepressible 

fellowship that inspires this community, quickening the search for knowledge so that it is not a 

drag, but a Salty Dog Rag—for that I am uncommonly lucky and thankful. 

Through the years, Nicholas and Lore Colby, Frank and Francesca Cancian, George and Jane 

Collier, Francesco and Philippa Pellizzi, John and Leslie Haviland, Carter Wilson, and Victoria 

Bricker have contributed so to my understanding and appreciation of Tzotzil language and culture 

that this dictionary is in great part theirs. 

Out of the host of Chiapas Project companions, I will list those whom I know have influenced 

my thinking or advanced the completion of my task. Such a cold inventory, doubtless incomplete, 

of friends cannot hint at their contribution: Nicholas Acheson, Nicholas Bunnin, John Early, Susan 

Tax Freeman, Gary and Eleanor Gossen, Carol Greenhouse, Priscilla Rachin Linn, Richard and 

Sally Price, Eric Prokosch, Renato and Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo, Richard Schweder, James 

Warfield. Eric and Susan Vogt aided me in transforming illegible manuscript into readable typescript 

for further polishing. 

My thanks to Frances Mendez and Vera Breedlove who devoted many hours of typing during 

the initial stages of my ethnobotanic lexigraph. 

In searching for first causes of my exploration in word and meaning, in language and culture, 

the trail leads straight back to Paul Friedrich's first graduate course at Harvard. With infectious 

enthusiasm and meticulous scholarship, he assaulted my ears with undreamt of sounds and concepts. 

He encouraged me to immerse myself in language at the Summer Institute of Linguistics at Ann 

Arbor, and in later years, whenever self-doubt and weariness urged me to abandon my adventure, 

he knew how to stiffen my resolve. Past curses are now willed into today's praises. 

In 1959, when Tzotzil was just gibberish to me, Lore Colby pioneered valiantly in carving out 

a reliable lexicon and in revealing the grammatic framework. Without such a generous and accomplished 

predecessor, I doubt if I would have dared venture further into Tzotzil lexicography. 

Since the inception of this dictionary, I have leaned as heavily as I could on Terrence Kaufman 

for linguistic direction. Together we devised and applied a system for root classification and for the 

grammatic analysis of entries. His unequaled knowledge of the full spectrum of Mayan languages 

provided a perspective and degree of authority that lifted me from the paralysis of indecision. For

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VII 

hours he scrutinized my Tzotzil monosyllables, sustained only by spoonsful of Bulgarian yogurt. My 

stubborn refusal to follow his advice on repeated occasions released him from all responsibility for 

errors, but, I hope, will not diminish the credit to which he is due. 

Brent Berlin, Nicholas Hopkins, and Harvey Sarles gave freely of their own materials and, over 

the years, when my spirits lagged, urged me forcefully to keep my hand on the plow. To this company 

of advisors and advocates also belong Robert Adams, the late Chalao Chaiyaratana, Harold Conklin, 

Munro Edmonson, John Hotchkiss, Floyd Lounsbury, Norman McQuown, Duane Metzger, John 

Murra, and Sol Tax. 

Without the expertise and concerted cooperation of Peter Raven and Dennis Breedlove my 

efforts to identify Tzotzil plant names would have been an attempt at getting figs from thistles. Only 

a fanatic could have ignored the passing of years, poring over another's material so unstintingly as 

has Dennis Breedlove. I can only hope that the trips these hours of tedium have inspired have been 

good ones! 

The following scholars gave generously of their time to provide determinations of the more than 

3,000 botanical specimens: W. R. Anderson, R. Barneby, D. Bates, D. E. Breedlove, L. Constance, 

A. Denham, C. Epling, F. Ehrendorfer, P. D. Fryxell, H. S. Gentry, F. W. Gould, S. Graham, P. C. 

Hutchinson, H. Iltis, H. S. Irwin, C. Jeffrey, T. Koyama, C. L. Lundell, P. C. Mangelsdorf, E. 

McClintock, R. McVaugh, F. Meyer, H. N. Moldenke, H. E. Moore, the late C. V. Morton, H. 

Piers (fungi), P. H. Raven, H. Robinson, R. Rollins, V. Rudd, J. Rzedowski, J. Sauer, B. Schubert, 

L. Shinners, L. B. Smith, J. A. Steyermark, D. Wasshausen, U. T. Waterfall, G. Webster, L. O. 

Williams, and J. J. Wurdack. Dr. Velva Rudd was a ready target for my unending leguminous 

queries. Her knowledge and enthusiasm contributed significantly to this dictionary. 

I was exceedingly fortunate to lure Alexander F. Skutch from his Costa Rican finca for several 

weeks to aid me in the identification of Tzotzil bird names. He could provide a measure of certitude, 

which would otherwise have been but a forlorn hope. 

Dr. Ronald H. Pine aided me in the identification of various mammals, especially rodents, and 

Dr. J. F. Copp gave brave guesses on the basis of my collaborators' descriptions of snakes. 

During the years when I was sifting and sorting my heaps of knowledge, I was aided by a selfless 

team of sanitary engineers who held their noses and plunged their hands deep into the rich hoard. 

Sometimes despairing and sometimes rejoicing, sometimes chuckling, we sorted and sifted, sifted and 

sorted as if oblivious of the rise and fall of civilizations. To these fellow toilers who turned the foul 

to fair, perfuming the official air, my heartfelt thanks—Sophia Lotowycz Stoller, Eleanor (Randy) 

Thompson Russin, Karin Abbey, Wendy Frosh, Susan Bliss, also Shiela Berman, Rosalind Bresnehan, 

Martha Burgess, Barbara Kane, and Marsha Sprintz. 

Capitulating to John Haviland's persuasiveness, I transferred my material from paper slips to 

computer tape. My worst misgivings were confirmed and compounded, but without computerization 

this dictionary would never have emerged from file boxes to appear on a printed page. The discovery 

of important omissions also was made possible by John Haviland's infernal machine. 

Stanwyn Shetler, at no little inconvenience to himself, kindly arranged that I share the use of 

a computer terminal and the special skills of the terminal operator, Mary Jane Petrini. Miss Petrini, 

despite her misgivings, soon prepared clean copy with unusual speed and dedication. 

With a keen eye and firm hand, Eric Vogt charted the course of this vessel through many storms. 

That it should nearly break up after his departure for the Gulf of Tonkin was no fault of his own. 

Having programmed and produced, together with John Haviland and Victoria Bricker, a computerized 

field dictionary of Tzotzil abstracted from my material, he never shared my doubts of the 

mission's ultimate success. No glory won, but I hope satisfaction that he did in fact know best. 

For several years Arthur Fink put Eric Vogt's program into action, refining it and perfecting 

it, forcing it to comprehend the stubborn idiosyncracies of my language. He devised a method to speed 

the editing or correcting process, and he marshaled the keypunchers for the accomplishment of this 

thankless task. But eventually even this dictionary became a victim of the Viet Nam war as Arthur's 

priorities shifted to a campaign to stop the criminal destruction of life. 

He initiated his replacement, David Grabel, into the mysteries of the "true word"—mysteries 

that David quickly absorbed and mastered only to find that light was followed by dark, that questions 

followed answers, that logical solutions produced seemingly illogical results, that no decision was final. 

But from this vortex of confusion he emerged with the dictionary intact and, I trust, with new 

knowledge and strength.

VIII SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 

When engaged in mortal combat with the pitiless computer I took refuge in the demesnes of 

Timothy Rush, Carter Wilson, and Francesco and Philippa Pellizzi. They dressed my wounds and 

freshened my body and soul so that I could reenter the fray undaunted. To them should go the 

trophies. 

The roster of keypunchers (many unknown to me), who have struggled over and cursed the exotic 

words of this dictionary includes Claire Bachelder, Connie Dionne, Arthur Fink, Marcia Fishman, 

Eric Kauffman, Gigi MacMillan, Cheryl McFadden, Sarah Markel, Keith Ohmart, Mona Opatow, 

Carolyn Pope, Douglas Seay, Ann Shum, Jane Szurek, Eric and Susan Vogt. I would like to make 

special mention of Eric Kauffman who, assailed by the devils of this century, still gave of himself 

phenomenally, so that the Tzotzil floral could be included here. 

To Neil Rudenstine I owe my introduction to Dr. Samuel Johnson, whose spiritual fellowship 

has ever been a great solace and encouragement. Robert Greene knows why he too belongs here. 

The late Howard Cline, director of the Hispanic Foundation, United States Library of Congress, 

offered invaluable advice when we were planning the preparation of the dictionary for offset printing. 

Since even before the tragic demise of the Bureau of American Ethnology, William Sturtevant 

has been for me a bulwark of faith and an arsenal of ideas. His insistence that this seemingly endless 

compilation of words in an obscure language was a worthwhile endeavor is largely responsible for 

its absurd dimensions. As a fellow comrade in arms, he never begrudged my repeated interruptions 

when I would burst in with the demand, "Give me a word! " —a label for an outlandish grimace, 

for the sound of a marimba, for the basal scar of a bean. Seldom was he at a loss for words. 

When grappling desperately with linguistic problems that slipped, like piglets, out of my grasp, 

I could always count on Paul Voorhis to restore my equanimity with firm, well-reasoned solutions. 

He, as well as Henry Collins, Gordon Gibson, Sam Stanley, William Trousdale, Irving Zaretsky, Ives 

Goddard, and Peter Stone kept the faith and supplied the word. 

Over the years the Smithsonian has provided me the secretarial assistance of Jessie Standish 

Shaw, Anne Mason Lewis, and Rosemary Macchiavelli De Rosa. Only a bureaucracy would try to 

reduce these individuals to "clerk-typists." Rising above the mindless hassles, refusing to accept a 

former museum director's assessment of this dictionary as a mere "catalog," they energetically and 

resourcefully advanced the progress of my work. The term "midwifery" is far too archaic and 

unromantic to describe their occupation, but without their attentions surely I would have witnessed 

a stillbirth. Eleanor Haley and Susan Brown kept the lines of communication open between me and 

my distant programmers. 

The abstraction of the nonbotanical material which forms the base of the English to Tzotzil 

index, and its preparation for computer processing, was a task that fell upon Sandra Wilcox, my 

research assistant, and Penelope Packard of the Smithsonian Information Systems Division. What 

was promised to be a relatively simple, speedy, automatic process, was contrariwise. When hopefulness 

seemed but insanity, they persevered unabashed, not only devising solutions, but carefully laying the 

groundwork for offset printing. My indebtedness to them is self-evident, but gives no hint of the good 

feelings and good times that they not only salvaged, but celebrated in my company. 

I am thankful to Reginald A. Crcighton, Jr., Manager of Information Storage and Indexing of 

the Information Systems Division, for accepting the challenge of this dictionary and giving so 

generously of Penny Packard's time. 

Edward G. Schumacher and Marcia P. Bakry, scientific illustrators of the Department of 

Anthropology, shared the laborious task of inking the figures and maps. 

Albert L. Ruffin, Jr., managing editor of the series publications of the Smithsonian Institution 

Press, has been most sympathetic to the curious tribulations of this lexicographer and has sped this 

dictionary toward its completion. Charles L. Shaffer and Stephen J. Kraft of the Smithsonian 

Institution Press provided valuable advice in preparation for offset printing. 

The continued interest and support of Dr. Sydney R. Galler, former assistant secretary for science 

of the Smithsonian Institution, was a source of great encouragement. 

This dictionary was largely funded by Smithsonian Fluid Research Fund grant 26-A, and 

Smithsonian Research Foundation grants 3311, 3364, and 3619. 

Had it not been for the providential involvement of Secretary S. Dillon Ripley, who, listening 

to my pleas and refusing to share the indifference of certain administrators and scholars to my 

endeavors, directed that an emergency grant (1B00) be provided to ensure completion of my project. 

Except that it must seem self-seeking, I would be pleased to dedicate this dictionary to the secretary

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IX 

of the Smithsonian Institution in the spirit of my fellow lexicographer, G. C. Praharaj, who inscribed 

his monumental work to the Maharaja of Mayurbanjh! 

My parents, Ledlie I. Laughlin and Roberta H. Laughlin, as well as my parents-in-law, Reese 

Wolfe and Dorothee S. Wolfe, have borne much of the brunt and very little of the pleasure of this 

long drawn out affair. I look forward to the day when I see their love and mine reflected in a glass 

of champagne. 

What words can I offer to my wife, Miriam W. Laughlin, who thought she had wed a poet and 

woke to find a lexicographer? This dictionary I can never forgive for the sacrifices it demanded of 

her. That Mimi could keep us all sane and healthy, well-fed and well-loved, raising our hearts and 

minds above a decade's temptations of despair is a tour de force of the first magnitude. Without her, 

never. 

And what words to my children? This tome, soon to collect dust on library shelves, can scarcely 

stand in meaningful tribute to the memory of my son, Robert M. Laughlin, Jr., a casual victim of 

its creation, but I know he, too, if granted new life, would be amused to see that what once uplifted 

his bottom at the breakfast table now is food for scholars. To Liana De Wolf Laughlin and Reese 

Turnor Laughlin who learned to read their father's face, who heard him rage and snap and seldom 

laugh, I can only say, "Thank God, it's over, let's run out and play!" And maybe tomorrow The Great 

Tzotzil Dictionary will help them and a few others trade outrageous jokes in the lively language of the 

"people of the bat"! 

17 July 1973

Contents 

Page 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v 

EPIGRAPH .xiv 

INTRODUCTION 1 

History of the Language and the Literature 1 

Author's Qualifications 3 

Collaborators 3 

First Stage—Compilation 4 

Second Stage—Organization and Assessment 6 

Third Stage—Presentation 12 

Justification 14 

The Genius of the Language 17 

Conclusion 21 

EXPLANATORY NOTES 22 

Introductory 22 

Phonemics and Phonetics 22 

Root Classification , 23 

Etymology 24 

Transcription 24 

Nouns 24 

Numeral Classifiers 25 

Particles 25 

Affixes 25 

Compounds 27 

Order of Entries 27 

Nonphonemic Symbols 27 

Capitalization 27 

Variants 27 

Noun Phrases 27 

Speech Categories 28 

Taxonomic Entries 28 

Color Terms 29 

Architectural Terms 29 

Sound Effects 29 

Place Names 29 

Cross-References 30 

Ethnographic Notes 30 

Declensions and Conjugations 30 

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 32 

TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 35 

ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 391 

SCIENTIFIC NAMES 539 

ATLAS 571 

MAPS 581 

APPENDIX 587 

REFERENCES 589 

EPILOGUE 598 

XI

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 

TABLES 

1. "A Maze" 7 

2. "Bug Test," based on Teach Me About Insects Flash Cards ("One of a series 

that trains young minds to think!") 9 

3. "Kandy-kolored Tangerine-flake Streamline Baby Test," based on color 

photographs selected from dealers' brochures of current 1967 models 9 

4. "Flapdoodle (food for fools) Test" 10 

5. "Semantic Differential Test" 11 

6. Inventory of root assignments 23 

FIGURES 

FRONTISPIECE: Hillside home overlooking Zinacantan Center on a misty 

morning, 1960 II 

1. Mushroom or toadstool? 8 

2. Edible fungi chart illustrating overlap of Tzotzil generic names 8 

3. Root classes 31 

4. "?Anselmo Peres and Romin Teratol in Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1963 34 

MAPS 

(foldouts following page 581) 

1. Zinacantan (central sector, including Muk'ta Hok') 

2. Zinacantan (northern sector, Salinas and trail to Ixtapa) 

3. Zinacantan (southeastern sector including northern edge of VLetik) 

4. Zinacantan (southeastern sector, VLetik) 

5. Grijalva River basin 

Page


of San Lorenzo Zinacantan

EPIGRAPH 

It is the fate of those, who toil at the lower employments of life, to be rather driven by 

the fear of evil, than attracted by the prospect of good; to be exposed to censure, without 

hope of praise; to be disgraced by miscarriage, or punished for neglect, where success would 

have been without applause, and diligence without reward. 

Among these unhappy mortals is the writer of dictionaries; whom mankind have considered, 

not as the pupil but the slave of science, the pioneer of literature, doomed only to remove 

rubbish and clear obstructions from the paths, through which Learning and Genius press 

forward to conquest and glory, without bestowing a smile on the humble drudge that 

facilitates their progress. Every other author may aspire to praise; the lexicographer can only 

hope to escape reproach, and even this negative recompense has been yet granted to very 

few. 

Samuel Johnson 

we have made the dictionary a list of irregularities, the refuse of grammatical 

description 

Harold Gleason 

Ragpicker: "Countess, there was a time when garbage was a pleasure. A garbage can was 

not what it is now. If it smelled a little strange, it was because it was a little confused —there 

was everything there—sardines, cologne, iodine, roses. An amateur might jump to a wrong 

conclusion. But to a professional—it was the smell of God's plenty." 

Jean Giraudoux 

The block containing the needed data was missing from the dump; a possible cause is 

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romance archy romance is the word 

don marquis 

I showed to Dr. Johnson verses in a Magazine, on his Dictionary, composed of uncommon 

words taken from it; 

Little of Anthropopathy has he, etc. 

He read a few of them, and said, "I am not answerable for all the words in my Dictionary." 

James Boswell 

"You may call it 'nonsense' if you like," said [the Red Queen], "but I've heard nonsense, 

compared with which that would be as sensible as a dictionary!" 

Lewis Carroll 

I wouldn't want to have to swear on a dictionary! 

There is no solution, because there is no problem. 

Martha Mitchell 

Marcel Du Champs

The words of this dictionary, as opposed to others, are more 

diligently collected, more accurately spelled, more faithfully explained, 

and more authentically ascertained. Of an abstract it is not 

necessary to say more; and I hope it will not be found that truth 

requires me to say less (Johnson, 1797:4). 

Introduction 

By so boldly imprinting the stamp of Dr. Johnson on The 

Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantan, I risk the fate 

of one Jonathon Fairbanks of Sherborn: 

convicted of notorious cousinage by cheating in casting off 

pewter pieces with a stamp or impression upon them for good silver. 

Sentanse, to stand one hour in the pillory immediately after the next 

lecture in Boston, with a paper of his crime fastened to the pillory 

(quoted in L. Laughlin, 1971, 3:33). 

No piece of Jonathon Fairbank's handiwork is known today. 

If he is indeed my example, my future rests assured. 

A certain rash assurance must be the hallmark of a lexicographer—I 

have just discovered a letter to my secretary, reporting 

my progress: 

An extensive dictionary of the Mayan language, Tzotzil, spoken 

today by 78,000 Indians of the state of Chiapas. . . has not been 

compiled since the eighteenth century. In 1960 a vocabulary of 2200 

items of the dialect of Zinacantan was collected by Lore M. Colby. 

I have expanded this vocabulary to 4000 items. It is hoped that this 

material will be ready for publication in a year's time. 

My letter was dated "July 2, 1963." 

In the passage of a decade the Tzotzil population has 

grown with fearful exuberance, as has the compilation of 

their words. 

The Tzotzil or "people of the bat" now number upwards 

of 120,000 corn-farming peasants living in 24 communities in 

the heart of Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico. 

These hardy mountaineers, so jealous of their ancient traditions 

yet so quick to incorporate modern technology, have 

become the target of intensive government and anthropological 

programs. 

At the time of the Spanish Conquest the Tzotzil (known 

variously as Quelen, Queren, Sotsil, Sotslem, Sotzil, Ts'ots'il, 

Tzotzlem, Zotzil, Zozil) controlled the Chiapas highlands. 

The principal town, Zinacantan, was in perpetual warfare 

with the lowland Chiapanecs who threatened to disrupt the 

Zinacantecs' monopoly of the salt trade. A network of trade 

relations was maintained by the Zinacantecs between Guatemala, 

Tabasco, and the Aztecs to the north. Reports that the 

Aztecs maintained a garrison in Zinacantan in the fifteenth 

century are suspect, conflicting with Sahagun's account of 

Robert M. Laughlin, Associate Curator, Department of Anthropology, National 

Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 

20560. 

Aztec merchants who were so eager for amber and precious 

feathers that they penetrated the highlands at the risk of their 

lives and only after mastering Tzotzil and traveling disguised 

in Zinacantec clothing. 

In 1523 the army of Bernal Diaz del Castillo gained easy 

access to the highlands after conquering the Chiapanecs. 

Aided by Zinacantec warriors, Diaz stormed the fortifications 

of Chamula and Huistan. Spanish rule was entrusted 

to a handful of soldiers who, when they soon met opposition 

from the natives, fled to Comitan. Their entreaties were answered 

in 1528 by the expeditionary force of Diego de Mazariegos, 

who established the town of San Cristobal de las Casas 

(then known as Ciudad Real), which ever since has been the 

political and commercial center of Ladino (non-Indian) supremacy 

in the highlands. 

In 1545 Dominican friars built their first monastery in the 

Chiapas highlands in Zinacantan. It was both a center of 

missionary activity and a refuge from the vituperative and 

scornful attacks of the conquistadors. The friars' courageous 

criticism of Spanish abuses were forcefully carried to the king 

by Bishop Las Casas. The chiefs of Zinacantan, too, sent 

pleas directly to King Philip II, who was moved by their 

eloquence to lower the tributes throughout Mexico and Central 

America. But from the Conquest to the Revolution and 

even decades beyond, "history" was for the Tzotzil what they 

defined in a sixteenth century dictionary as "the book of 

suffering, the book of hardship" — famines and epidemics, 

tributes and taxes, servitude and destitution (Dicaonano en 

lengua sotzil, p. 190). Twice, in 1712 and again in 1869-70, 

segments of the native population of Chiapas rebelled in 

dramatic religious violence against Ladino exploitation and 

acculturation. Today, despite the most enlightened efforts of 

government authorities to provide a viable base for the natives 

of the highlands, and despite the Tzotzils' new confidence 

and ability to adapt political and anthropoligical interest 

to their own advantage, the explosive population 

growth presents a specter of dread that gives credence to 

Tzotzil beliefs of cosmic destruction in the year 2000. This 

dictionary has been a minute piece in the mammoth puzzle 

of Tzotzil hopes and fears through the past decade. 

HISTORY OF THE LANGUAGE AND THE 

LITERATURE 

Recent linguistic analysis and comparison of the 30 Mayan 

languages spoken today, traces the roots of the Tzotzil 

tentatively to the heartland of northwestern Guatemala 

where proto-Mayan began to diversify around 2200 B.C., 

when Europe was barely entering the Bronze Age, and while

the pharoahs of the Old Kingdom were building the last of 

the great pyramids. Roughly 500 years later, the bearers of 

the language that became Huastec moved north up the eastern 

coast of Mexico. A second Mayan exodus from Guatemala 

followed three centuries later as the Yucatecs spread 

into the peninsula of Yucatan while another group, now 

represented by Quichean and Mamean speakers, moved into 

eastern and central Guatemala. From 1000 to 500 B.C., perhaps 

even while Homer was telling of the fall of Troy, some 

of the Western Mayans, i.e., Cholans and perhaps the Tzotzilans, 

penetrated the jungles of Chiapas. Around 100 B.C., 

during Julius Caesar's lifetime, the Tzotzilans split off from 

the Chols and pushed into the pine and oak forested mountains 

of Chiapas. Around 700 A.D., at the height of Classic 

Mayan florescence, while the Arabs were conquering Spain, 

and Pepin was preparing the throne for Charlemagne, the 

Chiapas highlanders were splitting into two language groups, 

the Tzotzils and Tzeltals, who to this day share their mountainous 

terrain. Because of archaic features in Tzotzil verb 

inflexion, it appears that this westernmost penetration of 

Mayan speakers became a relic area with few innovations 

from the east (Kaufman, 1969). When the linguistic evidence 

can be associated more closely with archeological discoveries, 

this sketch will surely have confirmed G.B. Shaw's definition 

of history as "the tricks we play on dead men," but until that 

time it will have to suffice. 

Among the Mayan languages, Tzotzil, with over 120,000 

speakers, ranks sixth in importance. Of the native languages 

of Mexico, Tzotzil has the seventh highest number of speakers, 

and of Mayan languages in Mexico is second only to 

Yucatec. 

Tzotzil is spoken in 19 townships, which can be mapped 

into five dialect areas distinguished by phonological and lexical 

differences. The northwestern area includes Huituipan, 

Simojovel, Chalchihuitan and Pantelho. The northeastern 

area includes Larrainzar, Soyalo, Bochil, Jitotol, El Bosque, 

and Pueblo Nuevo. The eastern area is restricted to Ixtapa. 

Zinacantan shares the central area with Chamula, 

Chenalho, and Mitontic. The southern area includes 

Huistan, Teopisca, El Zapotal, Totolapa, and Venustiano 

Carranza. This dictionary records the dialect spoken by over 

10,000 Zinacantecs, and most especially by the men who live 

in the ceremonial center of Htek-lum. Despite concerted efforts 

to educate Zinacantecs in the Mexican school system, 

perhaps half of the men and an overwhelming majority of the 

women are essentially monolingual. 

No pre-Columbian document in Tzotzil has been discovered, 

nor is there any evidence that Tzotzil was a written 

language before the Conquest. Antonio de Remesal, who 

journeyed from Guatemala City to Zinacantan in 1616 in 

search of a copy of a letter sent by the Zinacantecs to King 

Philip II, convened a meeting of the townspeople. He gained 

no clues, but as the meeting broke up, an old man appeared 

with an ancient book written in Tzotzil that described the 

Conquest and the cruelties the Zinacantecs had suffered under 

Spanish rule. Perhaps this history met the strange fate of 

many of the indigenous documents collected by Bishop Or- 


NUMBER 19 

ozco y Jimenez in San Cristobal. In 1915 Carranza's troops 

stabled their horses in the bishop's library, and those ravenous 

creatures were seen munching the parchments. The 

bishop's inventory of his library did not include a Tzotzil 

history, but if it still exists its whereabouts are a mystery. 

Not until I had put an end to my own compilation of 

Tzotzil words did I discover the earliest Tzotzil dictionary, 

Diccionario en lengua sotzil, sometimes known as the Diccionario 

grande. This work was copied under the direction of Bishop 

Orozco y Jimenez and the copy fortunately dispatched from 

San Cristobal shortly before the arrival of revolutionary cavalry. 

Eventually and ironically, it reached my hometown, 

where it is carefully preserved in the rare book room of the 

Princeton University Library. This sixteenth century dictionary 

by an anonymous lexicographer is truly a "great 

dictionary" of over 350 pages of Spanish-Tzotzil. One entry 

hints that it was compiled in Zinacantan, but the phonetics 

point to a more northerly dialect. Had my patience not been 

exhausted, this dictionary would have greatly expanded my 

knowledge. Even by a cursory examination, I discovered that 

an archaic word now used only in formal speech to indicate 

"pauper" was once the word for "slave." Hopefully, this 

colonial midden will be sifted by future scholars. 

Also from the sixteenth century was Francisco de Zepeda's 

Artes de los idiomas chiapaneco, zoque, tzendaly chinanteco [sic], but 

this study has disappeared. A second major work still extant 

is the Arte de la lengua tzotzlem o tzinacanteca compiled by Juan 

de Rodaz in 1688. It consists of a thorough grammar and a 

description of the calendar. In 1732 Dionycio Pereyra added 

to this material a list of kin terms, body parts, and conversational 

examples. 

In the eighteenth century, Manuel Hidalgo wrote a grammar, 

a Spanish-Tzotzil vocabulary, a collection of sermons, 

prayers, and catechisms whose original disappeared. Nevertheless, 

the subsequent publications of two anonymous authors 

(Gramatica del tzotzil, 1818, and Ltbro en que se trata de la 

lengua tzotzil, 1832), and of Count Hyacinthe de Charencey 

(1866, 1885, 1899, 1912) apparently are based on Hidalgo's 

work. This material seems to derive from the town of Chamula. 

Perhaps the most remarkable Tzotzil document, whose 

very existence is owed to the faithful copyists of Bishop Orozco 

y Jimenez, is the Proclama del duque infantado presidente. In 

eloquent couplets, the Tzotzil are exhorted to remain faithful 

to the King of Spain and to spurn the advances of the "whirlwind," 

the "horned serpent," the "jaguar," Napoleon! A 

small number of grammatical lapses suggest that the author 

was not a native speaker of Tzotzil, but rather a Spanish 

churchman. To this proclamation is appended explanatory 

notes of great sensitivity, as relevant to modern Tzotzil as to 

its colonial ancestor. 

Entirely different is the tone of the proclamation of 1869 

addressed to the rebellious Tzotzil towns. Also composed by 

a churchman in oratorical style, its harshness is unrelieved by 

any eloquence (Lazos and Solorsano, 1869). 

Tzotzil publications of the twentieth century reflect current 

pressures from the outside—primers of the Institute Na-

cional Indigenista; vocabularies, grammatical studies, and 

translations of the New Testament by members of the Summer 

Institute of Linguistics; anthropological and linguistic 

studies primarily by members of North American, European, 

and Mexican academia. 

AUTHOR'S QUALIFICATIONS 

INTRODUCTION 

Before tracing the life history of the dictionary, it may offer 

some perspective to present what the Indian lexicographer 

Rai Bahadur G. C. Praharaj chose to title in the preface to 

his monumental Oriya lexicon: "Humble claim of the present 

compiler to undertake the work" (Praharaj, 1937:8). At 

the age of 18, after a summer's study at the Smithsonian 

Institution's Canal Zone Biological Area on Barro Colorado 

Island, my literary career was confirmed with "A Nesting of 

the Double-toothed Kite in Panama," (R. Laughlin, 1952). 

My interests in ornithology and English literature were happily 

combined in my undergraduate thesis, To Chase With 

Fire: A Study of W. H. Hudson which enabled me to receive a 

Bachelor of Arts degree cum laude from Princeton University 

in 1956. Hudson's dramatic depiction of the conflicts 

between "civilized" and "primitive" man had guided me to 

Homo ludens on the periphery of anthropology, a discipline 

which was itself considered peripheral to a sound Princeton 

education. Following graduation, I enrolled in the University 

of Mexico summer school where I took an introductory 

course in Mexican folklore, and Nahuatl. Despite the frustrations 

of a semester at the Escuela Nacional de Antropologia 

e Historia, my commitment to anthropology was assured by 

the inspiration of Miguel Covarrubias. A two-month field 

session among the Mazatecs of the Papaloapan basin, who 

were shortly to be evicted from their ancestral lands, introduced 

me to the tragic confrontations that seemed then so far 

from home. After aborting a draft call, I entered Harvard 

University in the fall of 1957 where I received my Masters 

of Arts degree in 1959. A course in language and culture was 

supplemented by a summer at the University of Michigan 

where I studied morphology and syntax, tone languages, and 

linguistic field methods. Because of my previous experience 

in Mexico, it was perhaps inevitable that I should be chosen 

by Evon Vogt to become a member of his Chiapas Project 

in the third year of its existence. A preliminary glimpse of 

Zinacantan in 1958 was followed by a year of fieldwork in 

1959-60. "Dumb as any stone," my eyes weeping from the 

smoke, I sat in Zinacantec huts recalling in misery Clyde 

Kluckhohn's injunction to commit to memory 75 words a 

day, as streams of unintelligible and unpronounceable 

sounds swirled around my feet. After seven months of exposure 

to "the boundless chaos of a living speech" (Johnson, 

1797:8), and with frequent recourse to Lore Colby's dictionary, 

I felt sufficient confidence to begin recording the folktales 

and myths that I hoped would reveal the wisdom of 

Zinacantec life. Though my expectations were not so easily 

satisfied, I returned to Harvard with reels of tape that could 

be unwound to produce Through the Looking Glass: Reflections 

on Zinacantan Courtship and Marriage, in partial fulfillment of 

the degree of Doctor of Philosophy that was awarded to me 

in 1963. 

No sooner had I completed my dissertation and been employed 

as an assistant curator in the Smithsonian 

Institution's Bureau of American Ethnology than I returned 

to Zinacantan, where I spent a year collecting dreams. 

Weighed down by my inadequacy to interpret those dreams, 

I hoisted a new burden on my shoulders. It was clear at that 

moment that my proficiency in Tzotzil was not matched by 

any of my colleagues. Who but I should bear the responsibility 

of compiling an extensive dictionary for the project's use? 

Anyway, I had assembled already a vocabulary of 4,000 

words which, in the course of conversations and narrations, 

had been subjected to translation. And so what had begun 

as a lighthearted search for myths and dreams, for fanciful 

creations, was suddenly transformed into a no-nonsense pursuit 

of words and meanings. With a butterfly net, I stooped 

to chase after caterpillars. 

COLLABORATORS 

I asked Romin Teratol to be one of my two major collaborators. 

Romin, then 29 years old, had been the second Zinacantec 

I had come to know on my first glimpse of Zinacantan 

five years before. He had braved the uncertainties of public 

ostracism by taking me into his mother's house when anthropologists 

still seemed like pale apparitions from the underworld. 

Though the necessities of life forced us into an employer-employee 

relationship with all its latent anxieties, we 

became the closest of friends. Our families remained in touch 

during births and deaths as we witnessed the early years of 

each other's married lives. 

Romin, an only child, whose mother had been divorced 

soon after marriage, had three years of schooling. He became 

a sacristan, accumulating a great store of ritual knowledge. 

Unsuccessful years of corn farming were followed by roadwork 

and finally a position as agent of the Instituto Nacional 

Indigenista where he gained a perspective on the regional 

differences of the highland towns. Stimulated by his view of 

the outside world, he agreed to work for my predecessors in 

the Chiapas Project, Nick and Lore Colby. With the greatest 

sensitivity and tact he guided us all through thickets of linguistic 

and cultural perplexity, sharing our excitement in the 

solution of intellectual problems, and sharing our pleasure in 

the partial mastery of formal Zinacantec behavior. I could 

think of no one better equipped to protect me from poisonous 

caterpillars. 

Wishing to have a third party to sharpen our wits, after 

consulting with Romin, we chose ">Anselmo Peres. "JAnselmo, 

a strikingly handsome bachelor of 21 years, had made a 

lasting impression on me after I had witnessed him hauled 

into court on what might be termed "morals" charges. His 

self-defense before the magistrate and justices of the peace 

was so eloquent, and his self-assurance so manifest that he 

seemed a natural choice to join the word hunt. rAnselmo's 

father had died years ago, so he, too, lived with his mother, 

together with his younger brothers. His three years of school-

ing were followed by the usual corn farming and roadwork. 

His mental alertness was dramatically proven when, after 

little over a week of training by Romin, he learned to write 

Tzotzil almost flawlessly. Unbeknownst to us both, ?Anselmo 

had also just initiated his career as a shaman. 

For a month we worked together in San Cristobal transcribing 

and translating dream texts while I watched to see 

if my intuitions had been worthy of trust. Then, in September 

1963, I sprang my plot: "Would you be willing to travel 

with me to Santa Fe, New Mexico, to work for three months 

compiling a Tzotzil dictionary?" I had chosen Santa Fe for 

two reasons: To avail myself of the advice of Lore Colby, who 

was finishing her dissertation on Tzotzil grammar there; and 

because Santa Fe seemed the closest that the United States 

could come to replicating San Cristobal, providing a Spanish-speaking 

environment that would not be too threatening 

to my collaborators. Their affirmative responses projected us 

into weeks of tense activities as we strove to secure blessings 

from relatives and documents from bureaucrats. 

FIRST STAGE—COMPILATION 

This is not the place to describe my collaborators' reactions 

to Mexico City, the anthropology meetings in San Francisco, 

the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy and Lee 

Harvey Oswald, the Zuni Shalako, snow, and supermarkets, 

though these were intrusive facts of life or exciting diversions 

as we plodded from la to k'. 

Six days a week, from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., we sat in the 

Museum of New Mexico inventing words. Capitalizing on 

the monosyllabic nature of most Mayan roots, we followed 

a method Norman McQuown's students had applied successfully. 

That is, I would suggest a hypothetical root, 9a? to 

which I would add what I believed to be an appropriate affix 

to create what I hoped would be a Tzotzil word. Systematically, 

I would substitute one affix after another, attaching 

them to the root. After I had exhausted all possibilities that 

I could think of, I would move to the next hypothetical root 

âb and carry out the identical procedure. The .advantages 

and disadvantages of such a mechanical approach to language 

are readily apparent. By testing every possible combination 

of letters an extraordinarily broad coverage of the 

vocabulary can be obtained, a coverage that gives the 

lexicographer's whims no play. At the same time, the tedium 

takes an almost unbearable toll on the lexicographers' minds 

as they are battered for hours by sheer nonsense. "Is 'ab' a 

word?" "Abbing?" "Aborator?" "Abes?" "Aber?" And then 

miraculously, "Ably?" Even more taxing is the partial nonsense: 

"All mimsy were the borogoves and the mome raths 

outgrabe" (Carroll, 1962: 182). Torrents of words that collapse 

one's sanity, and yet sometimes provoke hilarity. So 

trying is this total immersion in words that defense mechanisms 

build up, permitting one to deny an authentic word 

and insist upon a fraud. More frequent is the urge to provide 

outrageous examples, to throw up preposterous obscenities 

that will bring to an uproarious halt the dehumanizing advance 

of the word processor. 


NUMBER 19 

In an attempt to convey as much context as possible, as 

compactly as I could, I asked for hypothetical referents for 

adjectives, and hypothetical subjects and objects for verbs. 

For example, "long (boy's hair)"; to "bristle /hair/ (dog)." 

While I could indulge my fancy by producing "mimsy" 

words, my collaborators could give full play to their whimsy 

by making "borogoves" their subjects, objects, and referents. 

When we reached the end of k' it was 1964. We had 

compiled 6000 entries, and nothing could have persuaded us 

to proceed a letter further. 

After giving our minds a healthy respite, I returned to 

Chiapas to tackle the second half of the alphabet. Almost 

daily a new suffix would come to light, increasing the harvest 

of the second three-month stretch to 10,000 entries. Fortified 

with a far more comprehensive knowledge of Tzotzil than I 

had possessed before, but dogged by the suspicion that boredom 

had had too fertile an impact on the word production 

of this dictionary, I resolved after a year's interlude to repeat 

the whole process. Intensive rechecking boosted the tally to 

roughly 25,000 entries. This mushrooming seemed quite endless, 

for during the last week of interviewing, after seven years 

of labor, I discovered three suffixes which I had never heard 

before and which had to be tested against every transitive 

verb root! As for the validity, during the course of rechecking, 

my collaborators claimed that some 300 of the entries did 

not, in fact, exist. They, who had supplied me these words, 

complete with examples, categorically denied their existence 

and insisted that the examples were not even conceivable. 

Three months later I reintroduced all 300 non-words without 

explanation to my fellow lexicographers. Now they vowed 

that nearly a third were genuine words, and in case I doubted 

their judgment they provided me with examples, frequently 

the very ones I had, at their insistence, stricken out. They 

mocked me for my ignorance. 

Prominent among the words finally discarded were color 

terms that are formed by adding qualitative suffixes to the 

basic color term. George Collier had had a computer printout 

the color terms with all possible combinations of the 

consonant-vowel-consonant suffix. A poor Zinacantec had 

gone through this list of thousands of hypothetical words, 

reducing it to 900. His mind had obviously been numbed by 

the experience, for my collaborators reduced the tally by still 

another hundred. 

Now that the Tzotzil base of the dictionary was fairly well 

established, I tried to refine my translations. I extracted an 

English-Tzotzil index and grouped apparently synonymous 

Tzotzil roots together. With, for example, a stack of ten 

Tzotzil roots that seemed to mean "split" I tried to tease out 

the distinctive range of each root. I checked my own translations 

of numeral classifiers against Brent Berlin's rigorous 

translations of their Tzeltal cognates. In addition to verbal 

suggestions, props were helpful; objects in everyday use, 

dolls, sound-effect records, play acting. The sound-effect recording 

provided surprises—what the Voice of America presented 

as a simulation of rainfall was identified as sizzling 

corn gruel. Many voices talking was interpreted as a clattering 

wheel. The gobbling of turkeys and frantic women's

screams bursting through the door of my office in San 

Cristobal brought alarmed neighbors into the midst of our 

sober linguistic investigations. 

Dissatisfied with my own knowledge of Chiapas bird life, 

I was able to secure the aid of a foremost ornithologist, Alexander 

Skutch, who accompanied us into the woods and fields. 

We were able to make sight identifications of a significant 

portion of the bird population of the highlands. Some of the 

more elusive birds, such as owls, were identified tentatively, 

by voice recordings, but even here there were problems, for 

the hoot of an owl was solemnly identified as the voice of a 

turtle! 

In February 1966, the dictionary-making entered a new 

stage. Dennis Breedlove, the authority on Chiapas flora, offered 

his plant-drying equipment and his knowledge if I 

would make a collection of Zinacantec plants. Once again 

what began as a modest venture grew with tropical exuberance. 

As a first step to arouse the interest of my colleagues in 

botanical collecting and to give me some idea of the scope of 

the Tzotzil botanical lexicon, I asked my fellow lexicographers 

and two others, also from Zinacantan Center, to write 

separate lists of all the plant names they could recall. Combining 

the results of their one day's endeavor produced a 

master list of over 650 names! The multiplicity was surprising, 

for Zinacantecs are far less dependent on uncultivated 

plants than the neighboring Tenejapanecs or even Chamulas. 

In an effort to assure some control over the naming procedure, 

the original team of from two to four collectors was 

comprised of residents of the ceremonial center only. Whenever 

possible, they collected an original and three copies of 

all plants in fruit and flower from each of the three major 

habitats. The specimens were named separately by the collectors, 

numbered, and dried. A file of plant lore was developed 

with the aid of the following questionnaire, which I 

asked my collectors to apply to every plant soon after a copy 

of it was secured. 

1. What is it called? If it has another name, where do they use that 

name? 

k'usi sbi? mi toy yan sbi buy salbeik yec? 

2. Have you heard stories about why it was named that? 

mi avatyoh lotil ti k'u yutun yec sbiinoh ti votne? 

3. If you don't know its name, what is it like? 

mi mu sana 1 ) li sbie k'usi I "skotolah scituk? 

4. Is it a tree, a plant, a vine, a grass, or not any of these? 

mi tet mi e'itlel mi tak' mi hobel mi mu hatuk? 

5. Is there a form -tik or -allik? (expanse or large expanse of) 

mi. .tik mi. .altik? 

6. Where does it grow; in the highlands, temperate zone, or 

lowlands? 

buy s "c'l? mi la sikil tosil mi la vktik mi ta toion? 

7. Where does it grow; in the yard, in the woods, in fields, etc.? 

buy s t'i? mi ta yut mok, mi ta tettik, mi ta stentehtik? 

8. Is it cultivated? When? How? Who does it? 

mi e'unbil? k'u torn? k'u "stelan la e'unel? buc'u sifun? 

9. What part of it is used? 

k'usi "stun fo? 

INTRODUCTION 

10. Who uses it? 

buc'u stun yutun? 

11. What is it used for? 

k'usi stun to? 

12. Is it "cold" or "hot"? 

mi sik mi k'din? 

13. What effect does it have? 

k'u I spas to? 

14. How is it gathered? Who brings it? When? Is it bought or 

gathered? 

k'u stelan ta said? buc'u t sat tal? k'u tora? mi manbil mi 

satbil ta Uttik? 

15. How many are used? 

hayib stun? 

16. How is it prepared? 

k'u stelan ta mekanel? 

17. Is it used alone or is there another ingredient. If so, what is it? 

mi stuk mi toy skap? k'usi h skape? 

18. How is it taken? 

k'u stelan la tCc'el? 

19. How much is drunk? After meals or not? 

k'u yepal I sue'? mi vetem sa Ids to mi mutyuk to ids? 

20. When is it used? If it is medicine, how often is it taken? 

k'u fora ti t "stune? ti mi pose hay-tec'el sk'an la tic'ele? 

21. Is it the preferred kind? If not, what is? 

mi hat mas lek stune? mi motohe k'usi ti mas lek "stun tune? 

22. If it is poisonous, what remedy is there? 

mi pukuh k'usi sposil? 

At the end of five months, overweening pride goaded me 

to try to determine whether my team's essential agreement 

on plant names and uses was shared by members of the 

outlying hamlets. Together, we chose individuals whom we 

thought would be knowledgeable. Several were shamans. 

Obvious ignoramuses were speedily replaced. Before collecting, 

each initiate was asked to name all of the plants that he 

could. His knowledge was tested against the master list from 

Zinacantan Center to fill out his own list and to spot variant 

pronunciations. On a rotating basis the additional collectors, 

ideally one from each of the major hamlets, accompanied by 

one or two from the original team, collected through January 

1967. They, too, were asked to identify the plants and to 

respond to the items in the questionnaire. Over 3000 numbered 

specimens were obtained, of which several were species 

new to science. Excluded from the dictionary were Tzotzil 

names that seemed suspect or that had the qualifier, "yit'is," 

i.e., "false. . ."; or "bastard. .," e.g., "bastard evening 

primrose," and also had no known use. Even so, 1170 species 

are represented, as well as another 100 identifications at the 

generic level. Examples for nearly every one of the plant 

names on the master list were secured, so that the collection 

was comprehensive both from the botanical and lexical point 

of view. This dry account gives no hint of the pleasures of 

plant collecting; the mornings spent in crisp pine forests and 

along torrid lowland stream beds, the nights beneath giant 

fig trees, the dizzying verbal duels as we sorted and prepared 

the plants for drying. Nor does it hint at the problems; the 

collectors sunk deep in hangovers, the collectors who, rather 

than wrinkling their pants, would rely on me to bother 

climbing a tree to wrench down a spectacular orchid. Imagine 

a collecting party; myself, three veteran teammates from 

the Center, and three hamlet beginners. Everyone has been

instructed that I only want genuine names, and that unfamiliarity 

with the plant should cause no concern. First, the 

beginners would be asked to name each plant. If they answered, 

"I don't know," four or five times, the veterans would 

begin exchanging superior winks. After the first 15 minutes 

of collecting, no plant was ever left unnamed. An enormous 

lexicon of several thousand names was created with extreme 

variations from one individual to the next. Some control was 

provided by having the members of the original team all 

from Zinacantan Center and by collecting in the same localities 

many times throughout the year. The variations seldom 

could be explained by noting the origins of the collectors, nor 

was it a simple question of the ignorance or widsom of the 

collector, though this was a critical, but elusive factor. The 

impact of group dynamics upon the choice of plant names 

was terrible to behold. Of paramount importance was the 

social criteria of the collector within the team such as his age 

or bonds of friendship. Social position and temperament often 

determined who would align with whom in assigning 

which names. Efforts to prevent collectors from influencing 

their colleagues' decisions frequently were unsuccessful. Even 

so, there was substantial agreement on culturally significant 

plants. 

Having completed a year of collecting in January 1967, I 

returned to the States. In my absence my two fellow lexicographers 

began what proved to be an extraordinarily frustrating 

chapter in our lives—the identification of place names. 

After walking the major trails of the township and visiting 

every hamlet—a venture sure to arouse the suspicions of their 

countrymen—Romin and 9Anselmo would return to San 

Cristobal to attempt to pinpoint on aerial photographs the 

places they had visited. Anyone familiar with the problems 

of distortion, shadows, blurs in aerial photographs of rugged 

mountainous terrain with elevations varying 5000 feet, in an 

area of over 50 square miles, will appreciate the enormity of 

the task. 

In the fall of 1967, Romin and *>Anselmo once again 

braved the northern climes so that we could transfer their 

work from one series of unacceptable photos to another that 

was slightly less distorted. My own jigsaw-puzzle approach 

in trying to piece together the series of photographs proved 

far less accurate than their mental retracing of their steps 

along mountain trails. 

In preparation for their arrival, I had conceived of two 

additional labors. Although the thrust of this dictionary is 

primarily from Tzotzil to English, lest I inadvertently ignore 

important English concepts, I examined semantic frequency 

lists which contained the 1000 concepts most frequently expressed 

in English, German, French, and Spanish (Eaton, 

1940). I was able to match these cognates with Tzotzil equivalents 

in all but 210 instances. For these latter we derived 

Spanish sentences containing the key word, and asked Romin 

and 9Anselmo to translate them into Tzotzil. Their 

difficulties were a boost to my ego, validating my own intuitions. 

Nevertheless, after gnawing away at these recalcitrant 

concepts we reduced their number to 50. Among the concepts 

for which we could conjure up no equivalent were "ques- 


NUMBER 19 

tion," "plan," "family," "peace," "liberty," and "faith," 

though verbal forms of several of these were readily at hand. 

The second labor was the result of my inability to comprehend 

the meanings of some 300 abstract expressions that with 

surprising frequency appeared in the context of disputes or 

court cases, and so appeared to be critical to an understanding 

of the culture. I asked my fellow lexicographers to 

illustrate the range of their meaning by providing me with 

several sentences apiece for each troublesome word. The consensus 

was encouraging. The most illuminating of these exemplary 

sentences have found their way into the dictionary. 

The presence of my collaborators in our home in Alexandria, 

Virginia, added zest to our undertaking. It also added 

Tzotzil definitions for such foreign elements as chaise longues 

which were promptly dubbed in Tzotzil "foot-watchers." 

Identifications of elusive insects and larger animals were 

made after visits to museums and zoos. With the aid of a 

pointer, stars could be easily tracked in the Hayden Planetarium. 

And lest my colleagues become too bored, in our free 

time we made our pilgrimage to Mount Vernon, watched a 

Princeton-Cornell football game, collected conchs at Assateague, 

and marched on the Pentagon. Except for continued 

fussing with the maps, the addition by Romin of considerable 

animal folklore, and the culling of my field notes for ethnographic 

flavor, this ended the first collection stage of the 

making of this dictionary—four years, from November 1963 

to November 1967, of relentless pursuit after what seemed 

now to be unquestionably noxious caterpillars. 

SECOND STAGE—ORGANIZATION AND 

ASSESSMENT 

It would be merciful to the reader who has followed me 

this far to characterize the second stage as the light at the end 

of the tunnel. It was not. Twenty-five thousand handwritten 

entries were typed up by a commercial secretarial firm. The 

typographical errors must have approximated the number of 

entries. The botanical information, written in three languages, 

by various collaborators, formed a small mountain of 

lined paper pads, graph sheets, typed lists that had to be 

thoroughly threshed, sifted, and weighed. I had to decide 

which plant names were genuine and which spurious. As the 

botanical identifications came trickling in, the Latin names 

and the common English names had to be matched with all 

their Tzotzil equivalents. An endless shuffling of cards filled 

every day from dawn to dark. My invaluable assistants 

through these three years all fell victim to the card game. 

One walked around clutching a copy of Sartre's No Exit, 

referring insidiously to the dictionary as "mother." Another 

dreamt that she was the k'os 'lahateies card and that she was 

wandering through the plant file being incorrectly filed and 

ultimately lost. When she related her dream to me, I asked 

her if she knew what plant k'os fahateês was. She didn't 

know and wasn't interested, but I pursued the matter into a 

card file she had never seen. When I informed her that her 

alter ego was wild blueberry she turned livid, exclaiming

helplessly, "Blueberry, that's my nickname!" Our uneasiness 

was not stilled as we proceeded the rest of that afternoon to 

make a series of grammatical corrections only to find that 

every one had mysteriously been anticipated, including the 

final entry, "God"! 

As we slowly began to impose some order on the botanical 

material, I became obsessed with doubts about the value of 

my collection. I was well aware that a project which had 

brought together 3000 specimens, 22 informants not always 

sober, and countless thousands of names would demonstrate 

inconsistencies. So, for reassurance, I turned to the results of 

our mushroom picking—a mere 200 specimens, four informants, 

and 100 names. I paired the Tzotzil generic names with 

their Latin generic determinations to produce the simplified 

chart (Figure 1). 

One wishes, of course, to have not merely generic but 

specific Latin identifications, but the mycologist protested 

that this was impossible as I had not provided him with a 

thorough comparative description of the specimens' flavors. 

I had, in fact, asked my wife, who loves raw mushrooms, to 

taste the specimens and record their flavors. I learned the 

limits of her loyalty. 

Dzit-Bacal 

Race of maize 

Dzit-Bacal 

Dzit-Bacal Mixed with Negro.. 

Imbricado 

Imbricado Mixed 

Nal-Tel Blanco Tierra Alta 

Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro 

Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro 

Nal-Tel Mixed with Oloton 

Negro de Chimaltenango 

Olotillo 

Olotillo 

Olotillo Mixed with Nal-Tel.... 

Olotillo Mixed with Salpor 

Quicheno Mixed 

Quicheno Rojo Mixed 

Quicheno Amarilln Mixed 

Quicheno Modified by 

Teocinte 

San Marceno Mixed 

San Marceno Mixed 

A 

lae Tisim 

sakil ''isim 

pinto 9isim 

masanil ?isim 

eahal 9isim 

k'os sakil 9isim 

pinto ?isim 

k'os masanil 9isim 

sakil 9isim 

9ik'al ''isim 

k'os napalu9 

napalu9 

lae sakil ''isim 

k'os lae 9isim 

sakil 9isim 

muk'ta k'anal 

9isim 

eahal 9isim 

k'anal 9isim 

k'anal 9isim 

muk'ta k'on 

k'anal ''isim 

INTRODUCTION 

TABLE 1.—"A Maze'- 

B 

k'os napalu9 

bik'it napalu? 

muk'ta napalu? 

pinto ?isim 

9olon 9osilal pinto 

9isim 

muk'ta sakramentual 

9isim 

eahal 9isim 

lae 9isim 

sikilal 9osil ?isim 

muk'ta pinto 9isim 

bik'it sakramentual 

9isim 

sikilal 'Josil 9isim 

sikilal 9osil 9ik'al 

9isim 

bik'it napalu9 

?olon 9osilal ?isim 

lae 'isim 

9olon 9osil bik'itik 

lae 

vietikal 9isim 

sak-vayan sikilal 

7osil 9isim 

vurtikal eahal ''isim 

cis-te?al 7isim 

cis-te7 

k'anal 9isim 

muk'ta k'anal ?iiim 

k'anal masanil ''isim 

9olon 9osilal muk'ta 

k'on 

Figure 2 shows how even the mushroom specimens considered 

edible by the Zinacantecs are linked by their Linnaean 

identifications in a complex way. For instance, eahal cikin is 

a mushroom of the genus Lactarius. Manayok belongs to Lactartus, 

but also to Cantharellus, Clitocybe, and Collybia. It also belongs 

to Cortinarius, Mycena, and Tricholorna, but not to Lactarttts, 

Cantharellus or Clitocybe ! At least, after having implicitly 

trusted my informants and feasted on many a leftover mushroom 

I was relieved to learn that not a single deadly specimen 

had found its way into this category. 

Mushrooms are of minor importance in the diet, but no 

plant is more central to Zinacantec culture than corn. Everyone 

grows corn, everyone talks about corn, everyone depends 

upon corn for his survival. My collaborators from 

Zinacantan Center collected twenty ears of corn (îsim) 

which they claimed were different from each other and 

which they called by different names. When I was still in 

Chiapas I strung the ears up across the room and brought in 

five men, each from a different hamlet. I asked them to name 

the corn. They could handle the ears, chip off kernels, and 

so forth. If each informant had assigned a different name to 

each ear there would be 100 names. Here are the results. 

C 

bik'it napalu9 

sakil 7isim 

pinto 9isim 

sakil 9isim 

eahal •'isim 

sakil 9isim 

pinto 9isim 

k'ob-e'i? 7isim 

sakil ?isim 

9ik'al 7isim 

napalu'' 

lae 9isim 

— 

vietikal 7isim 

sak-vayan k'anal 

9isim 

eahal ''isim 

k'anal 1 ?isim 

k'anal ?isim 

k'anal tusteko 

k'anal ?isim 

D 

13JZ 'Msim 

salcil *)isim 

'ik'al pinto 9isim 

ye e'i? 9isim 

eahal 7isim 

sakil •'isim 

pinto sakil ''isim 

cimpo ?isim 

sakil ?isim 

9ik'al ?isim 

napalu'' 

sakil 9isim 

napalu? 

teheringo 9isim 

k'anal ''isim 

eahal ''isim 

k'anal cis-te? ?isim 

k'anal ?isim 

k'anal cimpo 

k'anal 9isim 

E 

sakil napalu 

sakil napalu 9isim 

•Jik'al tempranero 'isim 

sakil 9iiim 

eahal ?isim 

sakil ''isim 

pinto 7isim 

sakil lisim 

sakil ''isim 

7ik'al ?isim 

sakil napalu 

sakil paca 9isim 

sakil ?ivriro 

sakil muk'ta masanil 

?isim 

eahal ''isim 

eahal 9isim 

bik'it k'on 

k'anal ?isim 

rustail k'on 

vietikal k'on

Tzotzil Generic Names 

yat h'ik'al 

ya+ ka? 

yisim cih 

yo ? on 

bililus 

cakat'ob 

ce£ev 

0ahal ciki 

cikin h'ik'a 

Cikin c'o 

colcol be 

e'en sok 

skacuca cohver 

kusum 

k'abistoh 

mana yok 

c is mana yok 

morw 7 - 

pila 

pisolito 

posil T'ahel 

p'okoyok 

sak-?iTah 

sak-balon 

sa+ pukuh 

sekub +ul 

sekub vakas 

sulub cih 

+ahcu£ 

s+enal yisim 'uc 

+'ot- 

yasal vinahel 

yuy 

yuy cauk 

FIGURE 1.—Mushroom or toadstool? 


Latin Generic Names 

Agaricus 

"grocybe 

Amani+a 

Armillaria 

Auricularia 

Boletus 

Cal va+ia 

Cantharellus 

,C\avana 

Clavariadelphus 

Clitocybe 

ollybia 

Conocybe 

Coprinus 

'Cor+ioarius 

Craterellus 

Crepidotus 

lyathus 

'aldinia 

Fomes 

Gyroporus 

Helvetia 

Hydnum 

Hygrophorus 

Hypomyces 

Inocybe 

Laccana 

Lactorms 

Leccinum 

Lentimus 

Lepioia 

Lycogala 

Lycoperdon 

Marasmius 

Mycena 

Naemotoloma 

Panaeolus 

Panus 

Pholia+a 

Phylloporus 

Phyllotopsis 

Pleurotus 

Plu+eus 

Polyporus 

Psilocybe 

Rhodophyllus 

Russula 

Schizophyllum 

Scleroderma 

Stereum 

S+ropharia 

Suillus 

Trametes 

remella 

'Tricholoma 

Us+Lilina 

Xerocomus 

Xylana 

yo'on +uluk' 

-yuy 

"yuy cauk 

ahal cikin 

yok 

'k'abis+oh 

NUMBER 19 

*• = span of La+in genera shared 

by Tzo+zil generic names 

FIGURE 2.—Edible fungi chart illustrating 

overlap of Tzotzil generic names.

For these 20 ears that Di. Paul Mangelsdorf assigns to 16 

races there are 47 different Tzotzil names. Forty-one descriptive 

terms of such things as shape, color, habitat, season, and 

size are used to produce a majority of the distinctive names. 

Despite this extraordinary diversity, which might lead one to 

believe that these men were thoroughly confused by the array 

of corn—and they confessed bewilderment at the time—not 

INTRODUCTION 

lowland corn, while the mistakes in identifying temperate 

corn that grows in the foothills only confirmed its intermediate 

quality. 

Escaping from my unlettered Tzotzil informants, I sought 

reassurance from a group of undergraduates and Smithsonian 

colleagues sharing a literate, bookish culture. I gave them 

a simple test. The instructions were to look at each of 15 flash 

a single one mistook an ear of highland corn for an ear of cards and write down what they called the thing. 

TABLE 2.—"Bug Test," based on Teach Me About Insects Flash Cards ("one of a series that trains young minds to think !") 

1. Luna moth 

2. Millipede 

3. Ichneumon fly , 

4. Giant walking stick. 

5. Japanese beetle 

6. Green peach aphid... 

7. Earwig. 

8. Katydid 

9. Firefly 

10. American cockroach 

11. Common silver fish.. 

12. Cotton boll weevil... 

13. Bald-faced hornet.... 

14. Monarch butterfly... 

15. Black widow spider . 

moth 

millipede 

wasp 

stick bug 

Japanese beetle 

aphids 

Cinchu beetle 

grasshopper 

firefly 

cockroach 

Blattera americana 

"bug—" 

"bug—" 

bee 

Monarch butterfly 

black widow spider 

moon moth 

centipede 

mosquito? 

stick insect 

beetle 

aphids 

•> 

grasshopper 

aphid 

wasp 


spider 

Notice the spelling mistakes (italicized)—no problem in 

Tzotzil. Look at the "fairy" (No. IE). The most knowledgeable 

informant correcdy identified half of the insects. Following 

their judgment, I would confidently name No. 8 "grasshopper." 

But even Dr. Seuss would be hard put to invent a 

creature sharing the attributes of aphid, termite, and mos- 

1. Ford Fairlane Wagon 

2. Ford XL 2-Door Hardtop.. 

3. Ford XL Convertible 

4. Chevrolet Corvair 

5. Chevrolet Camaro 

6. Chevrolet Malibu 

7 Dodge Dart 

8. Ford Thunderbird 

2-Door Hardtop 

9. Chevrolet Biscayne 

2 seat Wagon 

10. Ford Thunderbird 

moth 

worm 

termite 

kalidid 

beetle 

bug 

bug 

grasshopper 

lightening bug 

roach 

bug 

bug 

wasp 

butterfly 


"[type of moth]" 

calerpiller 

termite? 

walking twig 

beetle 

"[type of insect]" 

cricket? 

grasshopper 

moth 



termite 

wasp 



fairy 

centipede 

wasp 

insect 

beetle 

beetle 

insect 

praying mantis 

bug 

but 

silverfish 

mosquito 

bee 

butterfly 


quito (No. 12). Everyone knows the song about the boll 

weevil, "I'm looking for a home." Well, he'd find no home 

in this people's dictionary! 

Agreed that college students don't know their entomology. 

How about cars? 

TABLE 3.—"Kandy-kolored Tangerine-flake Streamline Baby Test," based on color 

photographs selected from dealers' brochures of current 1967 models 

A 

Chevy II Station 

Wagon 

Ford sports car 

Ford convertible 

Corvair 

Camaro 

Pontiac 

Dodge 

Thunderbird 

Chevrolet station 

wagon 

4-Door Thunderbird 

B 

White Chevy Station 

Wagon 

Red Thunderbird 

Yellow ? convertible 

Chevelle, plum sedan 

Ford—blue Mustang 

Pontiac convertible, 

green 

Brick red sedan 

Red Chevy sedan 

Chevy blue station 

wagon 

Blue Lincoln 

convertible 

Ford 

C 

•> 

? 

Mustang? 

or Corvair? 

Chevy Super-sport 

7 

Thunderbird 

•? 

A station wagon 

? 

D 

White station wagon, 

Rambler 

?car 

Yellow convertible, 

Pontiac 

Purple Corvair, 

Chevrolet 

Ford, Mustang? 

Green Cadillac 

Buick 

Thunderbird hardtop 

Blue station wagon, 

Plymouth 

Lincoln? Chrysler 

Imperial? 

E 

Chevrolet Station 

Wagon 

2-door hardtop 

Pontiac convertible 

Corvair 4-door 

sedan 





Station wagon 

Thunderbird 4-door 

sedan

10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 19 

The best informant correctly identified eight out of ten, the 

rest, despite Madison Avenue, only two or three. Look at 

those names and think of them as potential dictionary entries. 

Three out of five know that Ford is a Chevy (No. 1) and 

one knows that Chevy is a Cadillac (No. 6D). Look at the 

personal distinctions: "2-door hardtop" vs. "4-door hardtop" 

(informant E), "plum" vs. "brick red" (informant B). Look 

at the syntax: "White Chevy Station Wagon" (No. IB); 

"White station wagon, Rambler" (No. ID); "A station wagon" 

(No. 9C). Rubbish! Remember we are searching for 

% 

.0 

In) 

A. 

B. 

C. 

D. 

E. 

F. 

G. 

H. 

I. 

J- 

K. 

L. 

M. 

N. 

O. 

P. 

Q 

R. 

S. 

T. 

U. 

V. 

w. 

X. 

Apple 

Jacks 

X 

X 

Sugared 

Cheerios 

Cheerios 

Frosty O's 

OK's 

Shit 

Orange O's 

X 

Frosty O's 

Frosti O's 

Frosty O's 

Cheerios 

Frosty O's 

Frosty O's 

Frosty O's 

Frosted 

Cheerios 

Frosted O's 

Frosty O's 

Trix 

Frosty O's 

Frosty O's 

Lucky 

Charms 

Lucky Stars 

Oat Cereal with 

Marshmallow 

Cereal 

Weirdo 

Flakes 

Floaties 

Shit 

Candy Alphabet 

Cereal 

Party Mix 

X 

Alphabits 

X 

Alphabets with 

Marshmallow 


Marshmallow 


Marshmallow 

X 

Stars 

X 

X 

Alphabets 

Candy Wheat 

X 

X 

Sugar 

Pops 

X 

X 

X 

Kix 

X 

X 

Shit 

Sweet Corn 

Cereal 

X 

X 

X 

Puffa Puffa 

Rice 

Puff Rice 

Puff Rice 

Puffed Rice 

X 

X 

TABLE 4.— "Flapdoodle (food for fools) Test" 

(x = correct answer; = no answer) 

Wheaties 

Bran Flakes 

Bran Flakes 

X 

Grapened 

Flakes 

Corn Flakes 

X 

X 

Shit 

Wheat Flakes 

Corn Flakes 

TEST 1. 

truthful identifications, that is, not deceptive ones. Consider 

the results above in the light of truth, truth as "conformity 

with fact, agreement with reality, agreement with the thing 

represented, the actual state of the case" (C. T. Onions 

[ed.], 1955:2258). 

Disappointed in the blatant ignorance of American youth 

represented above, my research assistant and I puzzled over 

what domain of knowledge was as rich in vocabulary and as 

important to American culture as corn to Zinacantec culture. 

We chose breakfast foods. 

Froot Com Flakes 

Loops 

X X 

Colored Sweet x 

Cheerios 

Trix x 

X X 

Cheerios x 

Colored Plain Flakes 

Cheerios 

x Post 

Toasties 

Shit Shit 

Raspberry Orange x 

& Yellow O's 

Party Mix 

Number 2 

TEST 2. 

X Country Corn Flakes x 

X 

All Bran x 

Sugar Puffs 

Rice 

X X 

X 

Sugar Puffs 

X X 

Product 19 x 

Special K x 

X X 

Protein x 

X X 

Brand K x 

Country Corn Flakes x 

X X 

X X 

X 

X 

s 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Toucan 

Food 

Chicken Feed 

Chicken Feed 

Barley 

Cereal 

Granules 

Grapenuts 

Flakes 

(crushed) 

Shit 

Raisin Bran 

Fertilizer 

Scented Breakfast 

Food 

Dog Food 

Dog Food 

Dirt 

Dog Food 

Bran Flakes 

Grape Nuts 

Grape Nuts 

Grain 

Wheat Germ 

Wheat Germ 

Grape 

Nuts 

Wheat Germ 

X 

Pep 

X 

Cereal 

Krunchies 

X 

Shit 

Bran 

Wheat Germ 

Special K 

» 

Oatmeal 

X 

Germ 

Wheat 

Bran Buds 

Poast Toasties 

Rice 

Chat 

X 

Wheat Chex 

X 

Rice Chects 

Wheates 

Wheat Checks 

X 

Shit 

Shredded Wheal 

X 

Corn Chex 

Wheat Chex 

Wheat Chex 

Wheat Chex 

Wheat Chex 

Corn Chex 

(not included) 

„ 

„ 

„ 

••

Dishes of cereal were offered for inspection and tasting first 

to white college students and then to black high school students. 

In the first test the subjects gained a total score of 36 

percent correct, each informant correctly identifying from 

five out of the eight cereals to no cereals (unless one credits 

the informant who identified them all as "shit" as an appropriate 

response). In the second test die number of correct 

answers rose to 53 percent, ranging also from five out of the 

eight cereals correctly identified to two cereals out of eight. 

Comparing the two results it appears that white college students 

are most familiar with Sugar Pops and Rice Chex while 

black high school students score best on Cornflakes and Froot 

Loops, each group scoring very low on the other's favorite 

breakfast food. One could deduce from the names ascribed 

that there is a negative corollary between knowledge and 

inventiveness. The more highly educated were more ignorant 

yet more inventive and facetious. Similarly there were many 

fewer students of the first category who left blanks on the 

answer sheet. One could deduce that the less educated are 

less compulsive, soberer, and more honest, or perhaps that 

blacks are less compulsive, soberer, and more honest than 

whites. 

The plethora of names is reminiscent of the Zinacantecs' 

labeling of corn. The eight kinds of actual cereal are dubbed 

with 53 names! As with the Zinacantecs, it is difficult to 

determine which names are authentic and which are merely 

descriptive. Regardless of race or level of education the number 

of informants who were duped into believing that Toucan 

Food was a kind of cereal is disturbing, though I must 

confess that I later learned that what the pet shop had represented 

to me as special bird food was in fact dog food! The 

errors of substance are astonishing—Rice Chex are identified 

eight times as wheat, five times as rice, and twice as corn. Not 

only is there a failure to identify the substance properly, but 

even the form is misconstrued. How could Grape Nuts possibly 

be described as "flakes" (R7)? The levels of discrimination, 

too, are thoroughly mixed; cereal, flakes, food, dirt, 

grain, germ, granules, protein, wheat. If majority is master 

than we can conclude safely that Cornflakes, Froot Loops, 

Sugar Pops and Frosty O's are correctly identified. But un- 

1 blue 

2 wretched 

3 peevish 

4 woebegone 

5 surly 

6 morose 

7 saturnine 

8 wistful 

Words 


TABLE 5.—"Semantic Differential Test" 

like the Tzotzil names for corn there is one and only one 

genuine name for the product contained in the box labeled 

"Apple Jacks" and that name is not "Frosty O's," "Frosti 

O's," or "Frosted O's" despite the claims of ten of the fourteen 

black informants. Majority rule does not assure the 

truth. 

As a last resort, I gave a greatly simplified test to ten 

college professors (anthropologists and linguists)—ten vegetables 

were handed to them for identification. They scored 

58 percent correct, the best informed individual identified 

nine out of ten, the dullard scored two and a half (with half 

points for partial identification). 

Demoralized by the apparent inability of most Americans 

to master the most mundane domains of common knowledge, 

I retreated and restaged one of my techniques that had 

proved most successful in the field for narrowing the range 

of meanings. I tossed a doll on the table and asked those 

present to describe it in one word. They replied, "lying," 

"crying," "flopped," "sprawled," "raggedy," "prone," 

"sleeping," "supine," and "dead." I wondered at the success 

of my efforts in Chiapas. I worried over experiences that were 

as common to English speakers as to Tzotzil speakers, but 

which stubbornly evaded labels. I tested the ingenuity of my 

colleagues by having a boy come in, put his finger in his 

cheek and pop it. O_: "What was that?" A: "Somebody just 

stepped in and made a popping noise." Q_: "What do you call 

it?" A: "There's no word for it." 

Quite opposite is the problem presented by those in the 

know. Take for instance hunters' names for ducks. The ruddy 

duck has nearly one hundred colloquial names including 

such diverse titles as blatherskite, booby, bumblebee-buzzer, 

chunk duck, dopper, dummy duck, fool duck, god-damn, 

greasey, Johnny Bull, paddywack, sleepy brother, soldier 

duck, spoon-billed butterball, tough-head, and wiretail 

(Kortright, 1953:364). 

Samuel Johnson has said: "The rigour of interpretative 

lexicography requires that the explanation, and the word 

explained should always be reciprocal" (Johnson, 1797:9). 

I gave a final matching test to five of my literate informants 

with glosses from Webster's Third New International Dictionary. 

low in spirits 

Definitions 

deeply afflicted, dejected, or distressed from want, disease, 

or mental anguish 

querulous in temper or mood 

exhibiting a condition of suffering, sorrow, or misery 

repelling, churlish, or rude sulkiness 

bitter, cynical, or misanthropic uncommunicative ill humor 

heavy, forbidding, taciturn gloominess 

musingly sad


Only one word was correctly matched by all informants— 

"blue." One informant correctly paired six out of eight. The 

remaining scores were too shameful to reveal. I was tempted 

to conclude reluctantly with Dr. Johnson that "most men 

think indistinctly, and therefore cannot speak with exactness" 

(Johnson, 1797:12), but it seems more likely that the 

fault lies not in my informants' lack of native ability, but 

rather in their lack of instruction and their unfamiliarity 

with literary aspects of the English language. 

In the absence of a dictionary, in the absence of recognized 

authorities, who is your authority? Is it the majority? Is it the 

people? The above array of popular wisdom is disconcerting. 

Frank Cancian was able to derive further clarification of 

the structure of the Zinancantec religious hierarchy by utilizing 

his informants' errors, but he was sufficiently canny to 

choose a domain where error could be readily determined 

and measured (Frank Cancian, 1963a). Either a man was 

"grand alcalde" in 1956 or he was not. My own attempts to 

sort out the rubbish were not marked with such success. 

A task allied to the problem of meaning was the proper 

sorting out of roots and their classification by types. I had 

replied on Terrence Kaufman's advice from the very start in 

establishing grammatical classes. His comparative knowledge 

of Mayan languages would be especially useful. So we 

spent a Christmas season poring over the vocabulary trying 

to delineate homonymous roots, and trying to generate a 

syntactic system that would take into account the various 

assemblages of words under one root. Even after days of 

persistent sifting through the mass of material, we had only 

reached halfway through the alphabet. What at first had 

seemed would be a realistic and simple linguistic ordering 

soon became cluttered with innumerable anomalies. The flu 

and the mindless variety of linguistic facts drove us to despair. 

It was left to me to continue to the end, supported by 

long distance calls to my mentor for help. I don't believe it 

is false to report that his own confidence was severely tried 

as he witnessed even the most basic rules of Tzotzil soundchange 

violated not 20 percent of the time, not 40 percent, 

but 60 percent! 

On this note of disorder ended my second stage of lexicography. 

The caterpillars continued to wriggle on their pins in 

the most alarming way. Even so I looked forward to the final 

presentation of my collection, secure that despite its inconsistencies 

it was a considerable achievement. 

THIRD STAGE—PRESENTATION 

The final stage was inaugurated by a game of jotto which 

I was induced to play on a computer terminal to prove to me 

that even I could face the new world bravely. It was the first 

step into the heart of darkness. A team of keypunchers trans- 

ferred the information from the 25,000 typed vocabulary 

slips to a computer tape. I rented time on a computer terminal 

and hired an operator to make corrections. When the 

representative from the VIP Company stopped by to look at 

her work, he exclaimed, "That's all garbage!" In retrospect 

his reaction was not surprising, for in addition to the bizarre 

combination of letters was the insertion of percentage signs, 

commercial ats, knot signs, pound signs, a host of code letters 

that would eventually indicate such things as capitalization, 

italics, and boldface. 

The decision to computerize the dictionary was based on 

the following grounds: (1) it would permit offset printing at 

a much lower cost than type-setting; (2) it would eliminate 

proofreading at the galley-proof stage and avoid the introduction 

of new errors by typesetters; (3) it would permit the 

creation of the English-Tzotzil section by automatic means; 

and, finally (4), it would store the data in a form that would 

be susceptible to manipulation by future scholars who could 

pull out whole classes of data for investigation. On the face 

of it, the grounds are logical and eminently sensible. 

But it must be remembered that computers tolerate no 

errors. The "input" must be perfect. My terminal operator 

did her best. It was not good enough. Every space in the 

80-character line had to be properly filled. If a correction 

involved a change in spacing, then not only that line, but 

every succeeding line of that entry had to be changed by a 

complicated procedure that was itself subject to human error. 

Endless proofreading always revealed new errors that had 

been overlooked. Once this material was transferred to tape 

at considerable expense, we were left with the botanical data 

that was still awaiting final determinations. A quick glance 

at the plant entries hardly suggests their complexity now that 

they have been stripped of all the code characters—characters 

which demanded that the keypuncher shift constantly 

from upper to lower case and back again. Tzotzil, English, 

Latin, abbreviations of botanical authors, specimen numbers, 

informant numbers—so much gibberish. By mispunching 

the line number, the line would be inserted at the wrong 

end of the dictionary. One 80-character line of input with its 

number tells the story eloquently as shown in the box below. 

Neither professional keypunchers, Harvard amateurs, nor I 

were sufficient to the task. My most experienced keypuncher, 

forced to seek confirmation of his insanity to escape the draft, 

worked with phenomenal speed and accuracy while thoroughly 

stoned. But even he could take only so many months 

of gibberish. Each successive keypuncher compounded the 

errors as she made corrections. One finally rebelled, calling 

it "shitwork," berated my programmer for involving her in 

such "immoral, antihuman" activity. I learned then how 

right she was. Zeno's principle of infinite progression seemed 

truer and truer as I proofread on planes, boats, beds, in buses, 

MATAS, MATAS, N1E., RAILWAY$BEGGARTICKS$(@BIDENS PILOSA)*@L.*, #104(1,2,4,5), 91001011

cars, subways, doctors' offices, computer centers, at home, 

and in the field with never an end in sight. 

I can speak with no authority on the difficulties of programming 

this dictionary. I only saw the results of errors and 

did my best to guide my programmers to the solution of these 

18 CAPCHAT = '' 

20 CAPCENT = ' + • 

21 TZLG = 'ABDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWY' 

CAPCHAT CAPSHAT CAPCENT 

22 TZSM = 'abdefghijklmnopqrstuvwy' CHAT SHAT CENT 

23 SPECOLD - '7CXZcxz' 

24 SPECNEW = GLOTAL CHAT SHAT CENT CHAT 

SHAT CENT 

25 TZOLD = TZLG SPECOLD 'e' BOLDFACE ROMAN 

26 TZNEW = TZSM SPECNEW ']' ROMAN BOLDFACE 

27 TOACCENT = 'aeiounAEIOUN' 

* MUST ASSIGN CHARACTER CODES HERE 

* ACCENTED = 'AEIOUNAEIOUN' 

28 ACCENTED = '431062431062' 

29 SMALL = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' 

30 LARGE = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPO.RSTUVWXXZ' 

31 RAISE = REPLACE(&ALPHABET,SMALL,LARGE) , 

My Great Tzotzil Dictionary was run on SNOBOL (pronounced 

snowball) and SPITBOL (pronounced spit ball). My mind 

was twisted by algorithms and concatenations. The simplest 

of manipulations proved the most difficult to program. The 

"automatic" conversion of Tzotzil-English to English-Tzotzil 

required a nearly endless series of intermediate steps to 

render the material amenable to the rules which we hoped 

would produce the desired result. Often we were forced back 

to the keypunch stage to sidestep otherwise insoluble problems, 

to eliminate ambiguities. 

While I was fully aware of the necessity to present my data 

in a consistent format, and tried with excruciating care to do 

so, I never dreamed that there could be so many minor 

irregularities. It began to seem that just as numerical order 

was the basis of computer technology, so literal rebelliousness 

was the nature of a dictionary, that what we were attempting 

was impossible. A single error in the program could produce 

such devastating results; the inability to handle a single instance 

of a class of phenomena meant obviously that it could 

handle no instance of that class of phenomena. The dependence 

of the program on perfect data produced bizarre results 

when a comma was excluded or a semicolon substituted for 

a colon. English words would be printed in Tzotzil characters, 

half of a line would be dropped and another line repeated, 

lines would begin halfway across the page. Because they 

began with a capital letter enclosed by a parenthesis, "God 

cursing," the "Voice of America braying," and "God damning" 

were listed in Latin in the scientific index. 

A sense of doom descended upon me as print-outs were lost 

not once, but three times in the mail. Each print-out became 

shorter and shorter while the letter "y" mysteriously contracted 

as if the dictionary were an autodigestive mushroom or a 

serpent with its tail in its mouth. For seven months the com- 


errors. I have the greatest respect for their competence, but 

it has been a humbling experience for us all. The program 

rules that governed the Tzotzil field numbered only four, but 

those that governed the English field ran to many, many 

pages of extraordinary complexity. For example: 

32 TZOTREP = REPLACE(&ALPHABET,TZOLD, 

TZNEW) 

33 CROSS = REPLACE(&ALPHABET,TOACCENT, 

ACCENTED) 

34 SHRINK = REPLACE(&ALPHABET,LARGE V, 

SMALL ']') 

35 ENGPICK = BREAK('@%]e():l') $ PIECE LEN 

(1) 8 CODE 

36 GRAPICK = BREAK(']@(/:') $ PIECE LEN(l) SCODE 

LEN(l) $ CHAR 

37 GRAPICK = BREAK(']@(/:') . PIECE LEN(l) . CODE 

LEN(l) . CHAR 

38 RPPICK - '•' BREAK(') ') ')' (BREAK('*') ] RPOS(l)) 

+ LEN(l) . CHAR 

39 SPPICK = RTAB(l) ANY(' (/-#"' ITALIC LARGE 

GLOTAL) 

40 TZOTPICK = BREAK(']@') $ PIECE LEN(l) $ CODE 

LEN(l) S CHAR 

puter work was described as within two weeks of conclusion. 

For as many months I pestered my programmers with long 

distance phone calls as we tried to define and redefine the 

constantly shifting requirements. I confess that unbeknownst 

to my programmers, their names, with slight alterations became 

the despairing epithet for the enterprise of this period—"Fink, 

Garble, and Vote." Finally in March 1973, we 

produced the first perfect sample of Tzotzil-English and English 

Tzotzil. Because the charges for the Columbia University 

computer were nine times more economical than those 

for the Harvard computer, we had the first complete copy of 

the dictionary produced in New York. When I went to pick 

it up I discovered that the Tzotzil-English section was very 

much as I had desired. But the English to Tzotzil section of 

The Great Tzotzil Dictionary had been reduced to the lowest 

common denominator; page after page of one letter per line 

arranged in a single column. This was followed by all the 

Latin names neatly decapitated and arranged alphabetically 

according to the second letter. The final section consisted of 

English plant names, one name to a page. More stunned 

than suicidal, I trundled my rubbish back to Washington. 

My dictionary became known around the museum as The 

Great Tzotzil Disaster. Then followed three weeks of grim encounter 

with the computer. I spoke of Mayan curses, but was 

politely corrected—not superstition, but Murphy's Law that 

declares that all significant computer programs will have 

bugs, and conversely, that any computer program lacking 

bugs is trivial. Every misadventure of the past three years 

seemed to be recapitulated in these three weeks. We seemed 

to be harrowing hell, for the deeper we dug, the more pestilence 

we uncovered, and simultaneously the computer system 

crashed, the interpreter misinterpreted, the duplicator 

made false comparisons, the lister listed numbers instead of


letters and when I cried out in despair I was comforted by 

a computer jock who reassured me, saying, "It's perfectly all 

right, you can still read the numbers 1 ." Our semifinal run of 

the dictionary was halted by a card whose presence in the 

deck was totally inexplicable, and by a malfunctioning tape 

drive whose chances of disrupting our work in this way were 

authoritatively assessed at one in ten million. One day before 

April Fool's, as if by magic, the computer mechanically discharged 

The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantan. 

When I proudly showed it to a technician in the Government 

Printing Office where I had anticipated it would be published, 

he observed dryly, "Our linotron can't handle that 

junk." At this writing I can only await the future dispassionately, 

remembering the fate of the great Indian lexicographer, 

Praharaj, who lived to witness his mammoth quadrilingual 

dictionary, the fruit of twenty-five years of labor, carted 

off in wheelbarrows to be sold by the pound as scrap paper. 

JUSTIFICATION 

What belongs in a bilingual dictionary? 

Ideally speaking, the bilingual dictionary would anticipate every 

conceivable need of the prospective user. (1) It would provide for 

each word or expression in the source language (SL) just the right 

translation in the target language (TL) including, most importantly, 

the one needed for the passage in hand. (2) It would contain all 

the words, locutions, circumlocutions, and idioms that any user 

might ever want to look up. (3) It would contain all the inflectional, 

derivational, syntactic and semantic information that any user 

might ever need. (4) It would contain certain information on all 

levels of usage, including special warnings about words not to be 

used in the presence of ladies, in the presence of children, or to or 

in the presence of one's superiors. (5) It would contain all personal 

names, names of personages past and present, place names, names 

of famous books and plays, names of characters therein, and any 

other names that any user might want to look up. (6) It would 

contain all specialized vocabulary items of all the sciences, professions, 

manufacturing industries, and trades, each carefully and appropriately 

labelled as to its field. (7) It would contain all necessary 

information about correct spellings, as well as information on alternate 

or commonly-encountered incorrect spellings. (8) It would 

include all the information needed to instruct the user in the proper 

way to pronounce each word so as to be indetectable from the 

pronunciation of a native speaker. ... (9) It ought to be equally 

oriented to speakers of both languages. . . . [10 not included] (11) 

Above all, it should be compact . . . (Haas 1962:45). 

The dictionary which would serve for an adequate semantic theory 

is not, however, merely some typical exhaustive dictionary, such 

as is commonly published today. What is required is a listing of all 

the meanings (linguistic, referential, and emotive) structured in 

such a way as to reveal the patterns of structured contrasts which 

form the framework of meaning (Nida, 1964:102). 

The pioneering aims of Samuel Johnson, whom I will call 

on frequently for enlightenment, are scarcely outmoded by 

modern demands. 

I resolved to show likewise my attention to things. To pierce deep 

into every science, to inquire the nature of every substance of which 

I inserted the name, to limit every idea by a definition strictly 

logical and exhibit every production of art or nature in an accurate 

description, that my book might be in place of all other dictionaries 

whether appellative or technical. But these were the dreams of a 

poet, doomed at last to wake a lexicographer (Johnson 1797:12). 

After such a preface, how do I speak of "the romance of 

words"? My work, now in a form which computer specialists 

are pleased to call a "storage dump," must seem either comic 

or tragic, but surely not romantic! Am I compelled to review 

my efforts to compile these 30,000 entries as "procedures for 

obtaining and interpreting dumps"? (IBM System/360 Operating 

System: Programmer's Guide to Debugging, 1972: title page.) 

How can I justify the expenditure of $67,000 in grants and 

private contributions as well as ten salaried years of labor, 

largely devoted to this enterprise? Is there no metaphor that 

can rightly convey the adventure and will lead to a more 

positive evaluation? I believe there is. A contemporary linguist 

speaks of translating from the "jungle language" into 

English (Quine, 1964). The literal exuberance of spoken 

forms cannot but inspire admiration for the varieties of human 

experience. The heaviness of this tome makes a mockery 

of the conventional wisdom that "primitives" speak "primitive" 

languages. "Of all adults in our world today, four out 

of ten can neither read nor write. Words are a mystery to 

them, and they live by signs" (Miami Herald, sometime during 

spring 1959). Once again, Dr. Johnson provides a healthy 

perspective: 

When I took the first survey of my undertaking, I found our 

speech copious without order, and energetick without rules; wherever 

I turned my view, there was perplexity to be made out of 

boundless variety, without any established principle of selection; 

adulterations were to be detected, without a settled test of purity; 

and modes of expression to be rejected or received, without the 

suffrages of any writers of classical reputation or acknowledged 

authority (Johnson, 1797:5). 

But my own approach has been diametrically opposed to 

Dr. Johnson's, who wrote: 

I could not visit caverns to learn the miners' language, nor take 

a voyage to perfect my skill in the dialect of navigation, nor visit 

the warehouses of merchants, and shops of artificers, to gain the 

names of wares, tools, and operations, of which no mention is made 

in books; what favourable accident, or easy inquiry, brought within 

my reach, had not b'een neglected: but it had been a hopeless labour 

to glean up words, by courting living information, and contesting 

with the sullenness of one, and the roughness of another (Johnson 

1797:12). 

Living information is the content of this dictionary. It was 

collected on the premise that "the most fruitful approach to 

the semantic problem of any language is the ethiiological 

one" (Nida, 1945:97), that "in effect one does not translate 

languages one translates cultures" (Casagrande, 1954:338), and 

that with no context there is no sense. I cannot claim that 

simply by immersing myself in the culture of Zinacantan I 

was able always to distinguish primary from secondary 

meanings nor that I was freed from making quite arbitrary 

distinctions "between different shades of the same meaning 

and different meanings of the same word" (Ullman, 

1962:69).

To interpret a language by itself is very difficult; many words 

cannot be explained by synonyms, because the idea signified by 

them has not more than one appellation; nor by paraphrase, because 

simple ideas cannot be described. When the nature of things 

is unknown, or the notion unsettled and indefinite, and various in 

various minds, the words by which such notions are conveyed, or 

such things denoted, will be ambiguous and perplexed. And such 

is the fate of hapless lexicography, that not only darkness, but light, 

impedes and distresses it; things may be not only too little, but too 

much known, to be happily illustrated. To explain, requires the use 

of terms less abstruse than that which is to be explained, and such 

terms cannot always be found; for as nothing can be proved but by 

supposing something intuitively known, and evident without proof, 

so nothing can be defined but by the use of words too plain to admit 

a definition (Johnson, 1797:9). 

"When I use a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in a rather scornful 

tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor 

less." 

"The question is," said Alice, "whether you can make words mean 

so many different things." 

"The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, '"which is to be master— 

that's all" (Carroll, 1962:247). 

Nevertheless, because of my aging in Zinacantan, I can 

claim a perspective and knowledge of Tzotzil that would 

have been impossible to acquire in any bookish way. 

It is natural that the recent interest in ethnoscience, which 

by its insistence on the definition of cultural domains in 

native terms, has generated a new respect for lexical items, 

would not extend that respectful attitude to a list of words in 

meaningless, endless alphabetical order. The logical meeting 

ground not only of sister sciences, but of poet and scientist, 

has been left largely to missionaries for the spreading of the 

Word. General dictionaries of obscure languages are not 

fashionable, but if the understanding of human cultural behavior 

is the goal of anthropology, and if language is, in a 

sense, a "mirror for man," the pragmatic and semantic investigation 

of man's socially patterned linguistic habits is surely 

relevant (Morris, 1938). While a lexicon should not be equated 

with language, it offers valuable clues to the question: "To 

what extent and in what ways is a language an index of its 

associated culture?" (Hymes, 1962:167). In more dynamic 

terms: What is the impact of language upon thought? 

Even a general dictionary, whose structure tells so little 

about a language, may carry the contents for the study of 

semantic universals: semantic regularities not manifested in 

form, recurrent types of associated or discriminated concepts, 

transparent and opaque words, metaphoric patterns, synaesthesia, 

and onomatopoeia (Casagrande, 1963; Ullman, 

1963). This same raw material, presenting the fields or emphases 

of lexical concern specific to a particular language, 

the "structure" of its vocabulary, should provide insight into 

the structure of native concepts (Newman, 1954), and aid 

later scholars in making more narrowly defined comprehensive 

studies. 

An ethnographic dictionary can aid the linguist in the 

realignment of grammatic categories. Even though the Tzotzil 

noun classes and root classes that we conjured up from the 

material have proved not to be the master, even though after 

INTRODUCTION 

a decade of their use I have failed to commit them to memory, 

and discovered their unwieldiness too late to subject them 

to improvement, they do not mask the complexities of the 

language nor do they conceal the evidence. 

It seems likely that cutting across many spheres, there 

exists a Pan-Mayan system of metaphoric associations which 

persists despite the lexical and grammatical fragmentation of 

proto-Mayan into many languages. But the limited nature of 

most Mayan dictionaries until recently has discouraged comparative 

studies (Kaufman, 1964, 1969; McQuown, 1964). 

The establishment of such a Pan-Mayan system of associations 

should aid in the decipherment of ancient Mayan inscriptions. 

To the historian a general dictionary lays bare a stratum 

of cultural artifacts, words, which define important segments 

of a culture and illustrate the impingement of foreign influence 

(Voegelin, 1959). For instance, Nahuatl loan words that 

were never hispanicized and must therefore have been introduced 

directly into Tzotzil number less than ten, casting 

considerable doubt on Herrera's claim that Zinancantan was 

once under Aztec domination. 

As an ethnologist, I have benefited and suffered from the 

intellectual currents of my time. This dictionary is not free 

from those influences. I maintained that a broad and unbiased 

coverage of the vocabulary was assured by journeying 

from root to root. But as Romin, ''Anselmo, and I proceeded 

on our quixotic pilgrimage I could see my fellow anthropologists 

engaged in a far more serious endeavor, tedious beyond 

words, but at least true science, inspiring severe determination, 

awesome in its resolve. In these hard times, 

"Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else, and root out 

everything else. You can only form the minds of reasoning animals 

upon Facts: nothing else will ever be of any service to them. Stick 

to the Facts, sir!" 

" .Bitzer," said Thomas Gradgrind. "Your definition of a 

horse." 

"Quadruped. Graminivorous. Forty teeth, namely twenty-four 

grinders, four eye-teeth, and twelve incisive. Sheds coat in the 

spring; in marshy countries, sheds hoofs too. Hoofs hard, but requiring 

to be shod with iron. Age known by marks in mouth." Thus (and 

much more) Bitzer. 

"Now girl number twenty," said Mr. Gradgrind, "You know 

what a horse is." 

" .You must discard the word Fancy altogether. . .. You must 

use. .for all these purposes, combinations and modifications (in 

primary colors) of mathematical figures which are susceptible of 

proof and demonstration. This is the new discovery. This is fact. 

This is taste" (Dickens, 1854:1-4). 

I confess that componential analysis had no influence on 

this dictionary. Not so with "contrast level" studies which 

map native words in hierarchies of different levels of generality. 

When collecting plants it seemed incumbent upon me 

not only to collect the names of plants, but to capture in part 

the native taxonomy—to indicate where the name fit in the 

Tzotzil taxonomy, whether it belonged to such things as the 

"life form" of U") (tree), Oak'(vine), zW


specific name such as k'anal toh (yellow pine), or a varietal 

name such as vktikal k'anal toh (temperate yellow pine) (Berlin, 

Breedlove, and Raven, 1973a). 

Theoretically, a primary virtue of ethnoscientific method 

is that it excludes the ethnographer's bias because the emphasis 

is on the native culture's view of the world. This is, of 

course, pure fiction. It can hardly be said that the 

ethnographer's bias has been excluded after he has spent a 

year collecting and recording the names and uses of plants, 

paying informants daily for such activity. No matter how 

important natives believe plants to be, they cannot but think 

that the ethnographer's interest is obsessive and totally irrational. 

No sooner had I discovered the clearly delineated 

domain of ethnobotany than my dictionary and I became its 

victims. The careful balance was lost, the clean impartiality 

was sullied as botanical entries threatened to engulf the 

whole dictionary. 

There was a horrifying fascination in watching the development 

of a complex Tzotzil botanical taxonomy. I do not 

mean to say that this taxonomy is false or adulterated, but 

it is newly created. My fellow collectors, confronted with 

hundreds of weeds that they had never paid the least attention 

to, became expert taxonomists, adept at distinguishing 

fine-grained differences in form and habitat, and applying 

names accordingly. The Tzotzil "life forms" and generics 

were unaffected, but the specific and varietal names are a 

tribute to the perceptivity and inventiveness of a team of 

Tzotzil botanists. 

I introduced my remarks on ethnoscience by presenting 

Bitzer's graminivorous horse, because I believe it is relevant 

to the ethnoscientific field methods whereby native informants 

are led to discriminate one creature from another. Bulmer 

and Tyler when studying the Karam people's taxonomy 

of Philippine frogs, discovered the unreality of Bitzer's horse: 

In so far as Karam informants are prepared to construct artificial 

keys at the behest of the anthropologist, or even, possibly, instructing 

their children (we have no evidence on this point), the characters 

which they consciously draw attention to may, in fact, only 

constitute a very small part of the total configuration which is the 

basis for the informant's actual recognition of examples of 

particular specimens. As Simpson puts it, such "non-technical recognition—identification—is 

normally not by. . .separate characters 

but by a mental image of the whole animal" (Bulmer and 

Tyler, 1968:353). 

Charles Dickens clearly anticipated the current rebellion 

against the imposition of artificial constraints on our perception 

of reality. 

Dr. Johnson eschewed "the courting of living information" 

lest he provoke "the sullenness of one and the roughness of 

another" (Johnson, 1797:12). I am more concerned with 

ignorance and prevarication. Herbert Passin speaks of the 

kinds of lies which the anthropologist should beware of: (1) 

lies to match facts with values; (2) lies to match facts with 

outside values; (3) prestige lies; (4) lies to match facts with 

factional interests; and (5) lies which are individual habits of 

the informant (Passin, 1942). The identification of error and 

deception in an ethnobotanic study such as forms part of this 

dictionary poses truly formidable problems. An informant's 

consistency can only be tested by multiple collections. The 

five botanists from Zinacantan Center collected an average 

of 1400 plants. Ten of the hamlet botanists collected an 

average of 380 plants, but even with this high number, multiple 

collections of a single plant cluster around the commonest 

plants. Not only must many collections be made, but there 

must be many collectors. 

This is of utmost consequence in ethnoscientific studies. 

Nearly three years passed before 80 percent of my specimens 

were identified and this was achieved under inconceivably 

favorable circumstances. Unless the investigator combines a 

comprehensive knowledge of plants in general, with a specific 

knowledge of the flora of the particular area, he must wait 

for the specimens to be identified by a host of specialists in 

various herbaria. Few botanists wield such control, and certainly 

no anthropologists. Without the Latin referent, it is 

difficult to know which questions to ask. Knowing now that 

Zinacantecs use five different names for one species of mallow 

I could ask more pointed questions, but even then I 

would have to collect new specimens as vouchers, because my 

original dried specimens would be too greatly altered in form 

to be recognized by informants. And then I would have to 

wait for the new specimens to be identified to be sure that we 

had collected the same species. Only because of the uniquely 

comprehensive study by Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven of 

ethnobotany in the closely allied language, Tzeltal, is my 

data susceptible to some verification (Berlin, Breedlove, and 

Raven, 1973b). 

A second method of investigation that has achieved its best 

results here in the highlands of Chiapas is "programmed 

specification" where native phrases and statements are carefully 

manipulated in a question and answer form "to elicit 

further statements about a given topic in a way that preserves 

as much of the native thought pattern as possible" (Colby, 

1966a: 17). While I appreciated the sophistication and precision 

of this technique which often illuminated the structure 

of segments of native thought, I was constrained by temperament 

from subduing either myself or my fellow lexicographers 

to such inexorable rigors. Even the very simple questionnaire 

that we used to derive plant lore soon proved frustrating. 

Some of the questions (2, 7, 10, 13, 21) evoked 

automatic answers or no answer at all. Others (15, 19) demanded 

a specificity that I don't believe was real. For most 

herbal cures, there is no traditionally accepted formula for 

the prescriptions nor for the quantity nor schedule of application. 

As a last remonstrance, I would like to add the observations 

of two students of Navajo linguistic behavior. They 

point out that any domain can be classified in a multiplicity 

of ways, that a "people's perception of their culture is not 

always best shown by taxonomy." They "suggest that ethnoscience 

should focus its attention on the total system of lexicalsemantic 

relationships in the cultural universe—not merely

on the taxonomic one" (Perchonock and Werner, 1969:237). 

How that should be done is not suggested by them nor will 

it be by me! 

I have been asked how I secured the information in this 

dictionary. And aside from the techniques described for the 

botanical section, I have no answer. I know that sober and 

drunk we laughed and groaned and chatted in "the true 

language" for ten days and ten years, in museums, and on 

mountain trails, shivering in icy San Cristobal rooms, and 

basking beneath a Zinacantec sun. I like to think we have 

painted in bold strokes a bright impression of San Lorenzo 

Zinacantan; that our poisonous caterpillars will wriggle free 

and be transformed into a cloud of golden butterflies. 

THE GENIUS OF THE LANGUAGE 

It was once the fashion to speak of the "genius" of a 

language. A dictionary can only scratch the skin. It does not 

touch the heart. For the Tzotzil, as for the Quiche, "Words 

matter, and formal discourse matters even more" (Edmon- 

son, 1971 :xii). The first words one hears and learns are greet- 

ings. They are spoken from a distance, tentative yet soothing. 

From the fiercest faces can come the softest phrases repeated 

and repeated hesitantly, questioningly, drawn out in a high- 

pitched cadence so familiar, setting a tone designed to wrap 

the speakers in a protective blanket of trust, yet never really 

succeeding, for life is not to be taken on trust. 

MARYAN Are you there, young lady? 

MATAL I'm here, sir. 

MARYAN IS your husband there? 

MATAL He's here, sir. 

MARYAN Are you there, Romin? 

ROMIN I'm here, sir. 

MARYAN Are you still at home? 

ROMIN I still seem to be at home for awhile, sir. 

MARYAN Ah, God, I've come here, son. I wonder if I can visit 

you for a minute? 

ROMIN Ah, what do you want, sir? 

MARYAN I don't want anything, son. I just [want] to visit you 

for a minute. Can I come in? 

ROMIN Come on in, sir. What do you want? 

MARY AN All right son. I'm paying you a visit for a minute, then, 

son. 

ROMIN Fine sir. Come on in, sir. Sir! (bowing) 

MARYAN Come here, at ease! 

MATAL Sir! 

MARYAN Come here, at ease! 

ROMIN Sit down, sir! There's a little chair. 

MARYAN All right son. Are you still at home, son? 

ROMIN I'm still at home, sir. I'm still at home. We haven't 

been able to go very often, it seems. It seems I'm still 

here for a day or so. 

If the talk and perhaps the cane liquor flows, formal dis- 

course subsides and is replaced by a rapid exchange of pleas- 

antries interspersed with verbal pyrotechnics, duels and 

taunts lightly testing who is master, and then the sober insis- 

tence of ritual phrases demanding that individual differences 

be forgotten so that the proper way, the traditional way 

continue unabated. 

INTRODUCTION 

MARYAN I am paying you a visit here. Grant a little pardon for 

our tiny bit of cold water, since you suffered the pain 

and the hardship. You sustained the lowly soul, the 

lowly spirit of God's humble angel. 

ROMIN God, are your lordly heads still anxious, your lordly 

hearts, My Father, My Lord? That should have 

been all, I wish nothing, My Father, I wish nothing, 

My Lord. I wish nothing, my holy companion, my 

holy compadre. Thank you so much. May God repay 

you a little. It isn't that I have said a thing, it 

seems. 

MARYAN This way it has always been from the beginning, from 

the start, grant a very little pardon. God, comadre, 

grant the holy pardon, a little, a bit. I have brought, 

I come holding in my possession, the sunbeams, the 

shade of Our Lord. Thanks for suffering the lordly 

pains, enduring the lordly hardship, you sustained 

the lowly soul, the lowly spirit of God's humble angel, 

the way you, too, are measured as a lordly man, 

as a lordly person. 

ROMIN God, thanks, then, thanks. They say there is still a 

little, a bit. 

Well, see here, compadre, it seems that now you offered 

me the little, the bit, it seems. I partook of the 

lordly liquor of your table. Let's share the little, the 

bit, it seems of what you offered me, too. It's not as 

if I am fine, by myself, proper by myself. It won't 

happen that I will go by myself to drink next to the 

house, of course. 

MARYAN Think it over, if you [want to] go out now that we have 

finished drinking, too. 

ROMIN Lord, no! Let's share a little, let's share a bit, otherwise, 

then you'd certainly mock me! 

MARYAN Why would I mock you if you know how to toss down 

a whole liter? 

ROMIN Why a whole liter, it isn't as if Fungus from the Upper 

Ranch were a brother of mine! 

MARYAN Ah, maybe you are starting little by little to turn into 

him. 

ROMIN Lord, that couldn't be so! 

MARYAN Ah, then, think it over, what you want [to do], if just 

the two of you will get together there now. 

ROMIN Maybe three! Lord, you dish it out, then, compadre! 

MARYAN Maybe a little. You know that's what we came to do. 

ROMIN Fucker! Lord, you're so wrong-headed! 

MARYAN Ah, maybe [it feels] bad because you know those two 

liters are almost finished. 

ROMIN Three, Lord, but that's the way it is, you're right. We 

reciprocate equally. 

MARYAN Ah, you think it's funny that we reciprocate! 

ROMIN Oh, what the hell, forget it, compadre. Thank you for 

visiting us, for sharing like this. Thank you for offering 

it to me, too. 

MARYAN Ah, it's worth a little. 

ROMIN Your behind! 

MARYAN You'll surely fall on your behind if you get drunk now! 

It's really very little. God, compadre, compadre, 

that's all there is. We have finished folding the lordly 

tortillas. 

ROMIN Ah, all right, compadre. [Grant] a little, a bit of pardon 

for the sunbeams and the shade of Our Lord, 

compadre. Or might I have in drunkenness, said 

something [rash] or could I have said something 

[like] "He gives me nothing. He offers me nothing." 

My lowly head did not say that, my humble heart 

did not say that, compadre. See here, Father Maryan, 

I have not said a thing either. God, My Lord, 

17


you measure me as a man. You measure me as a 

person, Father Maryan. 

MARY AN No, indeed! This is the way it has always been from 

the beginning, from the start. It is not that we begin 

it in a moment. It started with our fathers, with our 

mothers the way we speak together. It was set aside, 

it was reserved by our first fathers and mothers. 

Grant pardon, a little, a bit. 

ROMIN God, thanks then, My Father, thanks then, My Lord. 

You measure me as a man, you measure me as a 

person. There is still a little. There is still a bit. I 

receive your lordly hardship, I receive your lordly 

suffering, your lordly weariness, your lordly sickness, 

your lordly sweat, your lordly moisture, compadre, 

My Father, compadre, My Lord, may God repay 

you. Thanks, then, Father Maryan, thanks a little. 

MARYAN Ah, thank you all. May God repay you for measuring 

me as a man, as a person, too. I took the sunbeams 

and the shade of Our Lord, too. 

ROMIN God, with just that we talk and converse together too, 

compadre. 

MARYAN Ah, yes, thank you. May God repay you. 

ROMIN God, it was just a little, a bit of the humble sunbeams 

and shade of Our Lord, compadre. 

But this is only one face of the spoken word. There is 

another offered "beneath the feet, beneath the hands" of the 

cods. Through flickering candles and clouds of incense, 

smoothed by liquid spirits, the appeals are sent on high. In 

heartrending voices, the chants for long life and prosperity 

are repeated over and over at such breathless speed and with 

such interminable insistence that the gods could hardly seem 

to refuse. 

May there not arise, 

May there not pass, 

The seeming good, 

The evil, 

He of the fiery heart, 

He of the crimson heart. 

Thou it is who standest erect, 

Thou it is who standest firm. 

Take heed, My Father, 

Take heed, My Lord! 

In unison, circle, 

In unison, shine. 

In unison, take counsel, 

In unison, move Thy lips, 

Thou who art the four holy fathers, 

Thou who art the four holy mothers, 

With reverend St. Lawrence, 

With reverend St. Dominic. 

Here I borrow, 

Here I partake, 

Of as many holy days, 

As many holy hours, 

For as long as Thou hast granted me, 

For as long as Thou hast offered me, 

Here beside Thee, 

Here before Thee. 

Take heed, My Father, 

Take heed, My Lord! 

May they still be borne, 

May they still be swallowed, 

However many my crimes, 

However much my evil, 

However great my doggishness, 

However great my piggishness, 

At dusk, 

At dawn. 

May there not yet arise, 

May there not yet pass, 

The seeming good, 

The evil. 

So I beg holy pardon, 

So I beg divine forgiveness. 

May there be pardon, 

May there be forgiveness. 

Reject not my lowly back, 

Reject not my lowly side, 

When at times I have remembered Thee, 

And at times forgotten Thee. 

If they be just stuffed in my mouth, 

Just crammed between my lips, 

Thy lordly sunbeams, 

Thy lordly shade. 

But take heed, My Father, 

But take heed, My Lord! 

Grant pardon to my lowly back, 

Grant pardon to my humble side, 

To me, who am Thy lowly dog, 

To me, who am Thy humble pig, 

To me, Thy dunce, 

To me, Thy fool, 

My Father, 

My Lord. 

For this I come, kneeling, 

For this I come bent low, 

To Thy thresholds, 

To Thy altars, 

My beauteous Father, 

My beauteous Lord. 

There is still another face to Tzotzil, the other cheek. 

Brave words screamed at the stars by a drunken man, stamping 

his feet in outrage at the injustices of his life, the devilish 

people who would thwart his destiny: "You have no shame 

you whorish old woman!" And in broad daylight in the 

courthouse, the righteous shouts of offended wives and mothers 

calling up with angry tears the long history of abuses 

borne til now in silence: "Is your nose still pink, are you still 

a baby, you red-whiskered, white-thighed old man?" 

Turn the words again as a handsome bachelor (perhaps) 

and a fair maid (perhaps) meet in the meadow (for the third 

time) to make or break a promise. 

MAN Well, how is it? Have you finished watching your 

sheep? 

WOMAN Not yet. You've come? 

MAN I've come, then. How could I not see your face when I 

love you so much that it seems you are already mine? 

That's why I came, thinking of you. 

WOMAN Haha, I have to laugh! You came because you missed 

me. 

MAN Oh, laugh! Who won't let you laugh, since you have a 

mouth! I say what [I mean], because I'll surely marry 

you. How could I just molest you, since you see I talk 

like a man, with my pants fastened? How could we 

be made the same?

WOMAN Ah, fine, if you talk like a man. Then I'll see if you're 

telling the truth—if you aren't just deceiving me like 

some men do. 

MAN Well, tell me how many men have deceived you and 

who the men are who deceived you like that. 

WOMAN Ah, me, I'm certainly not saying that I've been deceived 

by men! I've just heard that some women have that 

happen to them. They are deceived and abandoned. 

They are just assaulted and abandoned. 

MAN Ah, but if you just listen in the distance to gossip, don't 

believe it, because you haven't seen it yourself. And, 

besides, all men aren't like that. They aren't all the 

same. So you can't believe what others say. If it's 

heard that that is the way I'm talking to you, don't 

believe their meddling talk. There's probably lots of 

meddlesome talk, of course, because they don't want 

you to get a husband. It's the ones who have no 

husbands who are envious. That's why they meddle. 

But you know it's good to have a husband. You lack 

nothing. You are happy. There's no one to gossip 

about you. And there isn't any man who would accost 

you on the path—not any more, because it will be 

known that you have a husband now. And that's the 

way it will be when we get married. Happily now we 

will grow rich. Our corn and our beans will grow. 

And you will be freed from the hardship of looking 

for spinning jobs, fluffing jobs, weaving jobs. If you 

want to weave, it will just be our clothes [and] our 

cloths that you will make. And we will dress elegantly 

wherever we go and we will be happy, indeed! But 

don't believe the interfering words of other people. 

WOMAN Ah, okay, just so long as you're telling the truth, that 

you aren't deceiving me. I don't want you to deceive 

me. 

MAN I'm not deceiving you, no! Because I will marry you for 

sure. But see here, gal, see here, Manic, but what 

little thing will you give me as security so the deal will 

be final, so that our deal won't be forgotten? 

WOMAN Me, I can't give anything. It's you who should give 

something as security if you are telling the truth that 

you will marry me for sure. 

MAN Well, as for me, I'll give you a necklace and a ribbon, 

but you, what will you give me? 

WOMAN Well, if you will surely marry me, then we'll leave it at 

that. I can't give you anything, I don't have anything. 

MAN Well, if you won't give me anything, then, but still you 

know I'll marry you for sure. But today give me a 

little taste. It's time for us to get to know each other. 

WOMAN I certainly can't do that! Ah, son of God don't come 

telling me this right off. You are lucky I answered 

your words, but what you're saying—no! When we 

get married then you will surely be happy. 

MAN Well, but if you won't give it to me, then it's because 

you really don't want us to be married. It's because 

you are just lying, of course! But it's only right if we 

could still enjoy each other at least once. Because now 

you are mine, now you are my wife for sure, as we say. 

But what more do you want? Even if somebody sees 

us it doesn't matter anymore, since now you will be 

my wife. Now we won't be gossipped about. And even 

if your mother and father hear we have nothing to 

fear. If your father and mother beat you, flee right 

away and go then to my house. 

WOMAN Well, but only if you aren't just deceiving me. Don't you 

just molest me, otherwise God will surely punish you. 

And I'll only look at your face from the distance if you 

don't talk like a man. 

INTRODUCTION 

MAN Well, now, because what we said is for sure. If you give 

me a sample then both of us will be happy, of course! 

It won't be for nothing, because now you are mine for 

sure. And then I'll bring you your necklace and your 

ribbon next Sunday. 

Head bound in a crimson turban, a brightly beribboned 

rosary suspended over his heart, wearing a cloak of midnight 

blue, green velveteen breeches, pink knee socks, high-backed 

ceremonial sandals, an ensign-bearer kneels in the churchyard 

on a satin cloth, entrusting to his successor, with reverence, 

the sacred staff, its scarlet pendant snapping in the 

mountain breeze, symbol of authority. 

Ah, beloved ancient father, 

Has your earth arrived, 

Has your mud arrived, 

Beneath the feet, 

Beneath the hands, 

What else should we do? 

What else could we do? 

The day has arrived, 

The hour has struck, 

Here you receive, 

Here you possess, 

The Lord, 

The blessed holy oath, 



Of Lord Esquipulas. 

Ah, beloved ancient father, 

You shall receive your lowly name, 

You shall receive your humble title, 

For twelve months, 

For twelve days. 

Will you serve, 

Will you lead, 

Will you drop your lowly sins, 

Will you drop your lowly evil, 


Beneath die hands, 

Of Lord Esquipulas, 

Of the Lord of the Most Holy Trinity? 

Beloved ancient father, 

Will you be a worthy servant, 

Will you be a worthy leader, 

Have you seen, 

Have you watched, 

As I have seen, 

As I have watched? 

To another father, 

To another mother, 

May you not give the burden, 

May you not give the onus. 


So it enters your hands, 

So it enters your feet, 

The blessed holy oath, 



Of Lord Esquipulas. 


For this we take counsel, 

For this we converse. 

Will you recall your lowly chunk of incense, 

Will you recall your humble cloud of smoke, 

19


Beneath his feet, 

Beneath his hands. 

A splinter of your lowly torch, 

A shaving of your humble candle, 



Of Lord Esquipulas? 


With the holy martyr, 

And the holy creditor. 


We [speak] one [word], 

We [speak] two [words]. 

You are my father, 

You are my mother. 

Spin out the words again, call up the gossip or the ancient 

words; the myths and legends, even the tales of Uncle Rabbit. 

Spin out the knowledge that entertains and instructs, 

that warns of perils and points to solutions. 

Well, do you want to hear about when the king appeared, the 

Indian king? Me, I heard about it. My father told me. My grandmother 

told me about when the Indian king appeared here at Our 

Holy Mother, Musul VLe. A bo—y* would bar the way there. He 

was always ly—ing there on his stomach, every day, every single 

day. He would stop the people going to and from San Cristobal, on 

the path. "Give me one of your torti—lias!" he said. "Give me one 

of your o—ranges!" he said. 

"See here, what do you do, loafer? Work! You have hands, too! 

I buy fruit to eat because I work, because I'm a man," said the 

travelers to San Cristobal. Whoever were his friends, then, "Well, 

do you want a tortilla?" said the people, those people [who were his 

friends]. 

"Well, give me some, then," said the boy. 

"Do you want an orange?" 

"Well, thank you," he said. He was playing there. He was 

scratching about there under a rock, under a rock at Our Holy 

Mother, Musul Vie. Yes sir, it was there! 

Ooh, who knows how long he had asked for alms, begged for 

tortillas, begged for fruit. He was given things there by the poor 

people, whoever was kind. Whoever was stupid gave him a bawling 

out. 

You see, when he was scratching about under the rock, the boy 

discovered a lucky piece, a green ring for his hand. It was bright 

gree—n. Ha, the boy left. He left. He had a house. 

The boy's parents, then, had a chest. But it was a worm-eaten old 

chest, sir, but it was a big old chest. When the holy dawn came, 

then, the next morning, [the chest] was filled to the top. The following 

night there were some pots, too. The next morning they were 

brimful. It was a ring, a green ring. In one night, by the next 

morning, the poor boy's parents' old chest was filled with money, 

ju—st money. There were pots there, sitting face down. He turned 

them up. They were filled to the brim the next morning. He went 

to the houses of those who were his friends. Their chests came. He 

borrowed them. "Either I will buy them," he said, "or I will borrow 

them," he said. 

"No, just borrow them," said the ones who were his friends. 

Then they heard about it here in San Cristobal. They went [to 

see]. "But where did that lazy Indian come from? No, he won't win. 

That money is ours," they said. But you can't imagine how many 

chests, how many pots, how many houses [full] there were. He had 

it by the houseful now. 

Then the lords here [in San Cristobal] went to look. 

• Dash indicates prolongation of vowel by the speaker 

But you see they went to match the boy's money, then. God, (their 

money) didn't reach even half of his. It was counted up and left. 

The gentlemen, the lords, came walking back empty-handed. 

Then reports about it went as far as Mexico City, reports went 

everywhere, to the governor in Tuxtla. Soldiers came. [The boy] 

became a king. The money, then, ooh God, since there didn't used 

to be trucks, who knows how the money went. He became a king, 

but an Indian king, but a real man when he arrived in Mexico City. 

Then the king looked after the Mexicans there. So they made him 

a legitimate Zinacantec Indian king. 

Now, if the king hadn't upped and left, if they hadn't come and 

taken him away long ago, then Zinacantan, here, would be sitting 

on top today and the ladinos would be face up. The ladinos got on 

top because the king left. He went to Mexico City. That's how the 

place, here, lost. 

And do not forget the dreams; the voice of past, present, 

and future. This is our soul speaking. 

I'll tell about that cow, too, that I dreamt about, that I was telling 

you about earlier. It was about to gore me. My mother had a shawl. 

I cli—mbed up a tree. 

"The cow is going to gore us," she said. It was a cow, a big cow. 

It was going to gore us. I climbed up. It was on the trail to San 

Cristobal. It was on the trail to San Cristobal—in the place where 

a spring comes up, there where it's swampy. The cow was standing 

there in the middle of the trail. It had a baby. Its baby was nursing 

and nursing. Bu—t its head was [going up and down] like this. [The 

cow] was simply trying to gore me now. 

My mother tossed her shawl to me. I kept holding it up so it 

wouldn't gore me. Yes! 

I cli—mbed up on a little house. Yes! 

I was ri—ding on top of the house. I was dancing about with the 

cow. The cow was wa—tching to see if it couldn't gore me, [to see] 

how it could gore me, too. In the very sa—me way, I was learning 

how the cow danced. I was doing the sa—me thing now. 

You see the house was ro—eking now. I was riding on top of the 

house. Yes! 

"Your shawl, Mother! Where did your shawl go?" I asked my 

mother. 

"Ah, take it along with you! It fell down there by the foot of the 

little house. You should dance on top of the litde house!" my mother 

told me. 

I pi—eked up the shawl. I da—ngled it. I held the little shawl 

like this. Then I kept co—vering the cow's face with it. I was 

dancing on top of that little house. The cow wasn't able to gore me, 

because I bio—eked it with the little shawl. I was perched on the 

little house. The little house was made of palm. It was a little palm 

[-thatched house]. The palm that comes from the lowlands. It was 

the large brahea palm. Yes! 

It's the same as the kind called "ramos." Yes! 

That's what it seemed to be. Yes! 

It didn't gore me, and the cow was left behind standing there. Me, 

I went inside a fence. I fled. I climbed down from the house. I got 

i—n under the fence. [The cow] went off into Ravoltik [Ranch]. 

Yes! 

That's how it ended. 

Did you dream it long ago? 

No, not very long ago. I think it could have been. . I think 

it was probably two or three days ago. Yes! 

What could it mean? 

What could that mean? They say it's a witch. The people say 

that. Who knows if it is so. That person was a witch. We probably 

have an enemy. "She turned herself into a cow," we said to ourselves. 

Yes!

That person is a witch. "Who could have seen you yesterday? 

Who could have seen you yesterday at the mill?" asked my mother. 

"Ah, there was only the spinster, Mother Kavilan, Losa 

Koko9on. She was the only one who saw me. She was pulling along 

her little girl," I said. Yes! 

"Ah, that's who it could have been if she got angry and ridiculed 

you at the mill," said my mother. Yes! 

"Ah, so that's why it had a baby—the calf, then! The little girl 

was probably the calf. The cow was her mother," we said. Ah, that's 

her, of course. I met her in the middle of the trail. Yes! 

I met her in the middle of the trail. In the very same way, it 

seemed, she went and blocked me on the trail to San Cristobal. She 

was a big cow. It had teats. Its teats were ha—nging down. The little 

calf was sti—eking to them, su—eking them. I was good and smart. 

I cli—mbed up on the house. I rode on the house. And [the cow] 

didn't get me. I kept co—vering its face with the shawl so it wouldn't 

gore me. I was supposed to be playing the toreador, it seems. 

This is spoken Tzotzil, this is the root of genius. 

CONCLUSION 

In retrospect, I wish that I had chosen a standard alphabet 

that would have been more convenient both for the printer 

and the reader, but the cost of such a change was prohibitive. 

My main regret is that this dictionary bears heavy witness 

to the school of imperialistic anthropology—lacking Spanish 

definitions, it could have but one use for the Zinacantecs, the 

same alluded to discretely by Don Juan, "You know what we 

do with paper in Mexico" (Castaneda, 1972:19). I can only 

hope that some day a literate Zinacantec will shoulder my 

burden and relieve my conscience. 

My confession is over. With "frigid tranquillity" I accept 

the failings of this lexical extravaganza that I have dared to 

INTRODUCTION 

call The Great Tzotzil Dictionary. Dr. Johnson's eloquence, I can 

hardly match. 

That [my book] will immediately become popular I have not 

promised to myself: a few wild blunders, and risible absurdities, 

from which no work of such multiplicity was ever free, may for a 

time furnish folly with laughter, and harden ignorance in contempt; 

but useful diligence will at last prevail, and there never can be 

wanting some who distinguish desert; who will consider that no 

dictionary of a living tongue ever can be perfect, since, while it is 

hastening to publication, some words are budding, and some falling 

away; that a whole life cannot be spent upon syntax and etymology, 

and that even a whole life would not be sufficient; that he, whose 

design includes whatever language can express, must often speak of 

what he does not understand; that a writer will sometimes be hurried 

by eagerness to the end, and sometimes faint with weariness 

under a task, which Scaliger compares to the labours of the anvil 

and the mine; that what is obvious is not always known, and what 

is known is not always present; that sudden fits of inadvertency will 

surprise vigilance, slight avocations will seduce attention, and casual 

eclipses of the mind will darken learning; and that the writer 

shall often in vain trace his memory, at the moment of need, for that 

which yesterday he knew with intuitive readiness, and which will 

come uncalled into his thoughts tomorrow (Johnson, 1797:14). 

But if this dictionary could speak Tzotzil to even one 

person, if you could hear the butterflies, then I, too, would 

sprout wings of exultance. My romance with Tzotzil words 

has come to an end. To any who doubt that history rolls not 

forward, but around, I toss the words of a fellow "harmless 

drudge," Ernest Weekley, who on the conclusion of his dictionary 

more than half a century ago wrote: 

If some of the more austere are scandalized by an occasional tone 

of levity, most unbecoming in such a work, I would remind them 

that its production has coincided with the sombre tragedy of the 

War and the sordid tragedy of the Peace, and that even a lexicographer 

may sometimes say, with Figaro, "Je me presse de rire de tout, 

de peur d'etre oblige d'en pleurer" (Weekley, 1921:xiii). 

21

INTRODUCTORY 

Explanatory Notes 

I have attempted at the outset of these notes to provide 

very briefly the technical information required to describe 

accurately the contents and organization of this directory. In 

a somewhat lighter vein, I have added observations which I 

hope may contribute to the reader's understanding of Tzotzil. 

A rule of thumb for locating unfamiliar Tzotzil words in 

this dictionary is to try sloughing off possible prefixes and 

searching under the consonant-vowel-consonant root; for example, 

sk'ob is found under k'ob,yav under ")av, sicam under 

cam. 

PHONEMICS AND PHONETICS 

The Tzotzil phonemes are arranged in the following alphabetical 

order, with the commonest variant symbols of 

other authors indicated. 

Present 

work 

a 

I 

c 

c' 

g 

h 

k 

k' 

I 

m 

n 

o 

P 

P' 

r 

s 

s 

t 

f 

v 

w 

y 

Colby 

(1960) 

b' 

i 

c 

Delgaty 

(1963) 

ts 

ts' 

ch 

ch' 

J 

c, qu* 

c, q'u* 

Holland 

(1963) 

m* 

ts 

ts' 

ch 

ch' 

•Holland writes m to represent b when it is followed by a consonant and 

when it is in final position. Delgaty uses c and c' for my k and k' when they 

are followed by a, o or u, and qu and q'u for the same phonemes when they 

are followed by « or i. 

J c 

X 

22 

c 

c' 

d 

f 

k' 

I 

m 

n 

P 

P' 

T 

S 

s 

t 

The phonetic value of Tzotzil phonemes is: 

Vowels 

low, occasionally higher low, central, unrounded vowel, 

lower mid, front, unrounded vowel, 

high, front, unrounded vowel. 

lower mid, back vowel fluctuating between rounded and unrounded. 

high, back vowel, fluctuating between rounded and unrounded. 

glottal stop, 

voiced labial stop. 

Consonants 

In initial position b is weakly glottalized. b is frequently 

implosive, especially in initial position; e.g., buô,.&nd when 

intervocalic, e.g., k'abin. Between vowels b is preceded by a 

strong glottal stop, e.g., kobel. When b is followed by a consonant, 

the preceding vowel is nasalized and glottalized and b 

is a voiced m preceded by a glottal stop, e.g., labtel. 

In final position the preceding vowel is nasalized and glottalized 

and b is a voiceless m preceded by a glottal stop, e.g., 

nab. 

e voiceless, aspirated, alveolar affricate (like ts). 

e" voiceless, glottalized, alveolar affricate. 

w 

y 

voiceless, aspirated, alveo-palatal affricate (like tsh or ch). 

voiceless, glottalized alveo-palatal affricate. 

voiced, alveolar stop (occurring only in recent loans). 

voiceless, labiodental spirant (occurring only in recent loans). 

voiced, velar stop (occurring only in recent loans). 

voiceless, glottal spirant. When followed by a glottal stop, h is 

very weak, e.g., htilol. 

Voiceless, aspirated velar stop, k is more strongly aspirated in 

final position, e.g., cak. 

voiceless, glottalized velar stop. 

voiced alveolar lateral with voiceless off-glide in final position, 

e.g., mol. 

voiced, bilabial nasal. 

voiced, alveolar nasal. 

voiceless, aspirated, bilabial stop, p is more strongly aspirated 

in final position, e.g., pop. 

voiceless, glottalized bilabial stop. 

voiced, alveolar flap. In final position r is a trill, e.g., lir. 

voiceless, alveolar spirant. 

voiceless alveo-palatal spirant (like sh). 

voiceless, aspirated, alveolar stop, t is more strongly aspirated 

in final position, e.g., kat. 

voiceless, glottalized, alveolar stop. 

voiced, labiodental spirant. Medially, when followed by an a, 

v may vary to a bilabial w, e.g., kahval. u has a voiceless 

off-glide in final position. 

voiced, bilabial spirant (occurring only in loans). 

voiced, alveopalatal spirant. j> has a voiceless off-glide in final 

position, e.g.,yuy. 

Glottalization is simultaneous with the oral articulation of

a glottalized consonant in pre-vowel position, e.g., k'abil. It 

begins slightly prior to the oral articulation of a glottalized 

consonant in final position, e.g., pik'. It is simultaneous with 

the vowel preceding a glottalized consonant in pre-consonant 

position, e.g., âk'bon. 

The recognition of glottalized consonants in medial position 

when followed by a consonant and in final position, 

probably the most difficult phonetic aspects of Tzotzil for the 

beginner, is made easier by noting the apparent lengthening 

and tenseness of the vowel that precedes a glottalized consonant. 

Primary stress occurs on the final syllable of single words 

in isolation except in affective verbs with -luh, first person 

plural exclusive suffixes, and reduplicated stems of two syllables. 

In the latter instances, the stress is indicated by an 

acute accent. In normal speech, however, primary stress 

falls upon the root vowels (on the first, if there are two) and 

at the end of a phrase. 

ROOT CLASSIFICATION 

CLASSES 

Tzotzil vocabulary has been grouped under 2715 putative 

roots which are printed in boldface and ordered alphabetically. 

The roots are stems with no derivational suffixes. They 

have been classified according to the following scheme. 

A adjective root; often combined with suffixes -ib/-ub. 

E expletive root. 

I Intransitive verb root; combinable with -es transitive suf- 

fix. 

I2 intransitive verb root; combinable with -VI adjectival 

suffix. 

N noun root, often combined with intransitivising suffixes 

-ah, -an, and transitivising suffix -la. 

Num numeral root. 

O onomatopoeic root. 

P positional root; combinable with -an transitive suffix, -i 

intransitive suffix, and -VI adjectival suffix. 

Pj positional root; combinable with -0 transitive suffix and 

lacking -an transitive suffix. 

Pt particle root. 

T transitive verb root. 

T2 transitive verb root; combinable with -VI adjectival suffix. 

X undeterminable root. 

U unique CVC (consonant, vowel, consonant) occuring only 

in adjectives, between the adjective root and an -an suffix. 

The determination of root boundaries and the separation 

of homophonous roots from each other was made by following 

a combination of semantic and grammatical criteria. 

If a segment of the vocabulary shared a common stem, a 

common range of meaning, and the suffixes typical of a 

particular root class, it could be assigned confidently to a 

single root, identified in one of the above categories. Unfortunately, 

this ideal was not encountered with overwhelming 

frequency. Often certain diagnostic suffixes were not present 

in the material. This necessitated an either/or determination, 

or a probable determination. 


Por Pj if lacking transitive verb forms. 

P2 or T2 

if lacking intransitive verb forms. 

prob P or P2 if lacking transitive and intransitive verb 

forms. 

prob O if lacking -0 onomatopoeic form. 

prob N if lacking noun form, but having verbal derivational 

suffixes normally associated with 

noun roots. 

A or N if range is so restricted that it is not clear 

whether the term is an adjective or a modifying 

noun occurring in a noun type noun 

phrase. 

prob A or N same as above, usually restricted to plant and 

animal names. 

No less frequent was a surfeit of diverse forms sharing a 

common stem and a common range of meaning: 

P, P2 

positional root occurring with the derivational 

suffixes typical of P roots and with -0 transitive 

suffix as well. 

P, T, or T2 positional root as above, but with semipassive 

-0 intransitive suffix as well. 

Occasionally words that I grouped together under a single 

root because of their obvious semantic similarities produced 

a baffling combination of what I had thought to be mutually 

exclusive forms. Typical of this situation are roots that combine 

all the characteristic forms of both transitive and intransitive 

verb roots. Unusual noun and adjective forms are frequently 

included under positional roots because of their clear 

semantic kinship with a full array of positional forms. (See 

Figure 3, p. 31.) 

A 

prob A 

A or N 

prob A or N 

A, I 

A, N 

A,P2 

E 

I 

prob I 

I, N 

I, P 

I, P, P2 

I, T 

I,T2 

TABLE 6.—Inventory of root assignments 

143 

2 

17 

16 

1 

1 

1 

40 

47 

3 

1 

4 

5 

6 

6 

h 

I2, P, P2 

I2,P2 

I2,T2 

N 

prob N 

Num 

O 

prob O 

P 

prob P 

PorP2 

P,P2 

P, P2, T2 

P, T 

18 

1 

2 

1 

1393 

8 

22 

99 

76 

115 

1 

45 

82 

3 

4 

SEMANTIC CRITERIA 

P, T, or T2 

P,T,T2 

P,T2 

P 2 

P2orT2 

P2,T2 

Pt 

T 

prob T 

TorT2 

prob T or T2 

T, T2 

T 2 

X 

6 

1 

3 

49 

37 

4 

65 

166 

2 

1 

8 

1 

77 

132 

2715 

Using semantic criteria for establishing the relationship of 

diverse forms is a treacherous proceeding. It requires the 

ability to provide faultless definitions of Tzotzil words and a 

consummate knowledge of Tzotzil patterns of association. As 

I boast neither power, my solutions in grouping words with 

identical stems under roots must be considered tentative. For 

instance, I would not have realized a semantic link existed 

between the concept of covering and that of easing pain had 

these two concepts not been linked in two separate roots, lam 

and mak. The stream of associations encountered may be-

24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 

come nearly surrealistic as in the root bal(l) which comprises 

entries that mean: 

Round off/log/; braid/rope/; twine/thread/; roll up/blanket/; 

make (rocket); lose control of self (drunk); flog; flower (corn field); 

fall a great distance; die; become dry (mouth); rolling; tossing; 

bubbling; and boiling. 

Many roots seem to display a few entries whose semantic 

relationship to the other entries is not at all evident. If, when 

separated out, these represented a grouping of suffixes that 

was characteristic of a particular root class, they were assigned 

to a distinct root, but if they made no grammatical 

"sense" as a unit they were retained in one root with the 

others. 

ETYMOLOGY 

Wherever possible, I have indicated the etymology of loan 

roots. For Spanish loan words that are derived from Nahuatl, 

I have relied on Santamaria's etymological analysis 

(Santamaria, 1959) particularly of plant names. I have 

frankly guessed at the possible Chiapanec origin of names of 

a number of lowland trees, such as hutuhu and mukumu. Zoque 

loans I have identified as proto Mixe-Zoque, because I have 

no evidence to date their incorporation into Tzotzil. The two 

roots derived from English, pikot from pickup, silete from 

Gillette, have been introduced via Spanish. Although a 

large number of roots are of Spanish origin these roots are 

productive to only a very minor degree compared to native 

Tzotzil roots whose productivity provides that only a relatively 

small percentage of the total vocabulary is composed 

of Spanish loans though admittedly some of the Spanish 

loans such as pero, dyos, and bweno are used with great frequency. 

The abbreviations employed for language names 

and the tally of foreign roots are as follows. 

Ch 

E 

M-Z 

N 

Sp 

Tze 

Chiapanec 

English 

proto Mixe-Zoque 

Nahuatl 

Spanish 

Tzeltal 

3 

- 

8 

12 

836 

2 

TRANSCRIPTION 

Vocabulary entries have been written in a transcription 

which resolves all automatic morphophonemic rules within 

words and indicates all syntactic word boundaries by space. 

Generally, inflexional suffixes have not been written out, but 

an exception was made for -V7 (vowel + / ) absolutive noun 

suffixes, and for -ik plural suffixes to reflexive pronouns, adjectives 

and affective verbs with the suffix -et. 

NOUNS 

The classification of nouns in this dictionary requires special 

mention. It was initiated with the intention of signaling 

to the reader, in a kind of shorthand, what nouns may be 

possessed and what their shape is when they are unpossessed, 

possessed animately, or possessed inanimately: 

NUMBER 19 

nl animate possession same as absolute form. 

n2 animate possession same as absolute plus -VI (vowel + / ). 

n3 animate possession same as absolute minus -W. 

n4 always possessed. 

n5 unpossessed. 

Animate and inanimate possession occur: 

a if inanimate has -VI, animate does not, if inanimate lacks -VI, 

animate adds it. 

b inanimate same as animate, 

c inanimate with or without -VI. 

d only animate occurs, 

e only inanimate occurs with -VI. 

f only inanimate occurs without -VI. 

g only inanimate occurs with or without -V7. 

Words that are always, possessed (n4) will present problems 

initially for the user of this dictionary; if the initial consonant 

of the root is a glottal stop, the possessed form loses the glottal 

stop and takes the possession markers k-, av-, ory-; e.g.,yav 

"its place" is the possessed form of 9av under which it will 

be found. If the root begins with any other consonant, the 

possession marker will be h-, a-, or s-; e.g., sk'ob "his hand" 

will be found under k'ob. If the noun is inanimately possessed 

and occurs with a vowel + / suffix it will be found under the 

stem; e.g.,yoyal "its post" under 'loytyicd "its chili" under ">ic; 

svunal "its paper" under vun; sternal, "its bed" under tent; and 

spatil, "its back" under pat. 

The classificatory system reflects properties of nouns 

which, in turn reflect the shape of the world. For instance, 

while it was theoretically possible in 1959 for a Zinacantec 

to own a bus, no one did. Nor did Zinacantecs know personally 

anyone who did. And while it was within the resources 

of their language to say "my bus" or "his bus," my informants 

steadfastly refused to do so. I dutifully assigned "bus" to 

the category "n5," unpossessed nouns. Times have changed. 

Still no Zinacantec owns a bus, but they know a man from 

San Cristobal who frequently transports them in his bus. 

There is no longer any hesitation in saying "his bus," and so 

the category of that word has changed to "nla." I do not 

pretend to claim that all Zinacantecs would agree to my 

assignment of labels, but there was a fair degree of consensus 

throughout the years of investigation. 

Not only may the nature of a noun change in time, but its 

assignment to a particular class is determined also by the 

context in which it is used. For example, the phrase ")ak' krasia 

means to bless. A ritual tutor may give a blessing, may say 

grace, but only God can give his blessing. Consequently, in 

the first situation krasia is labeled "n5," a noun that is never, 

in this context, possessed. But in the second situation it is 

labeled "n4f," a noun that is always, in this context, possessed 

by an inanimate subject, God. Or the word leal, "mouth," is 

labeled "n3b," indicating that it may be possessed by both 

animate and inanimate beings and that when it is possessed 

it drops the -al suffix. In the entry kacet ">e "with mouth 

agape," the word for mouth is always animately possessed 

and so is marked here "n4d." 

The usefulness of category "n2" became increasingly questionable 

to me. It seemed to be a cover for my own bewil-

derment over the multiplicity of homophonous suffixes whose 

nature was not and still is not clear to me. In almost all 

instances, I have eliminated "n2" nouns by listing them as 

two separate stems. I have done the same with categories "c" 

and "g." Unfortunately, the task of revising the entire numbering 

system accordingly was too arduous to be undertaken 

at this late date. 

Inanimate possession is a noteworthy feature of Tzotzil. It 

is applied not only in ways familiar to English speakers, as 

in "the table's legs," but also to indicate the linkage of two 

objects, or of an object and an action, either by location or 

by design. For example: 

"the bowl's dirt"—the dirt in the bowl 

"my leg's mosquito"—the mosquito on my leg 

"the corn field's raccoons"—the raccoons in the corn field 

"the beans' chili"—the chili in the beans, or, the chili for the beans 

"the com field's weeding"—the weeding of the corn field 

EXPLANATORY NOTES 

Inanimate possession markers may be combined with 

animate possession markers to provide a purposive rather 

than a possessive link between person and object. For instance, 

capal amacilail means "the machete to kill you with is 

ready [and waiting]." 

NUMERAL CLASSIFIERS 

A wide variety of things and actions may not be counted 

by the standard numbering system, but require the use of an 

alternate system of numbers that are compounded to numeral 

classifiers. These numeral classifiers are used to describe 

the nature of the object being counted. Rather than 

counting simply "two oranges," one must count "two spherical 

oranges," or instead of "three men," "three erect men." 

These classifiers have been given a special notation. When a 

numeral classifier is reduplicated, it indicates a "single" object; 

e.g., h-p'ehp'eh na, "a single house." After the definition, 

I have placed /1 only/ to denote that only the numeral prefix 

h- may be appended. There is no way, using a reduplicated 

classifier, to say "two single" objects. Following the definition 

of other numeral classifiers, I have placed /2-3/ or /I -4/ etc., 

to indicate how many of these items or actions are usually 

counted. For example, the numeral classifier sap, for "rinse," 

is followed by /I-3/ since more than three rinses are very 

improbable. 

PARTICLES 

I have considered as particles words with a rather wide 

variety of functions. They include the definite articles, It and 

ti; the demonstrative, si; the locational preposition, to; and 

sentence fillers and hesitants such as ">a, fun, ce*>e. They also-etik 

include words that act as conjunctions, binding clauses to- -ik 

gether, such as 1o,yoi. Aspect—completion, duration, or relative 

time—is expressed by particles, e.g., los, sa, ta, to,yolel. -ik- 

Status particles express the degree of certainty or extent, such -il 

as la, kik, k'ahom, nan, no or express a desiderative, beseeching -k- 

quality, e.g., me. Affirmation and denial are represented by 

the particles ffti, ha*>, A?, and mofoh. And, finally, there are 

modal particles that are interrogative: e.g., k'u; k'usi; mi; or 

negative, e.g., mu. 

AFFIXES 

The following affixes were included for consideration only 

when they provided unexpected meanings. 

av- 

-OVh--hi- 

-ik--kl- 

s- 

-5s- 

y- 

-y- 

0- 

-ab 

-aU-il 

-an 

-at 

-b- 

-e 

-eh 

-el 

-em 

PREFIXES 

2d person possessive (preceding a consonant). 

2d person subject of affective, intransitive and transitive 

verbs (preceding a consonant). 2nd person object. 

2d person possessive (preceding a vowel). 

2d person subject of tv (preceding a vowel). 

1st person possessive (preceding a consonant). 

1st person subject of tv (preceding a consonant). 

completive aspect marker preceding 1 st person subject of 

tv and 3d person subject of tv and iv. 

1st person subject of av and iv. 1st person object. 

1st person possessive (preceding a vowel). 

1st person subject of tv (preceding a vowel). 

completive aspect marker preceding 1st and 2d person 

subject of iv. 

completive aspect marker preceding 1st and 2d person 

subject of iv /infr/. 

3d person possessive (preceding a consonant). 

3d person subject of tv (preceding a consonant). 

continuative aspect marker preceding 1st, 2d, and 3d 

person subjects of av, iv, tv that precede vowels, and 

preceding 2d person subject of tv that precedes a consonant. 

A limited number of nouns are prefixed by an 

absolutive s. 

3d person possessive (preceding a vowel). 

3d person subject of tv in completive aspect preceding a 

vowel. 

continuative aspect marker for 1st and 3d person of tv 

preceding a consonant. Completive aspect marker for 

2d person of tv. 3d person object. 

3d person subject of iv. 

SUFFIXES 

collective plural of possessed nouns /archaic/. 

attributive. Generalizing suffix. 

imperative of iv. 2d person subjunctive. 

passive. 

dative. 

passive. 3d person indirect object (preceded by -b-). Enclitic. 

nominalizer of polysyllabic verbs exclusive of affective 

verbs. 

nominalizer of monosyllabic verbs and affective verbs. 

perfective of iv. 

plural of unpossessed nouns. 

plural with 2d and 3d person subjects of av, iv, tv, past 

participles, perfectives, with imperatives and with 

nouns possessed by 2d and 3d person. 

hortatory. 

past participle of tv (preceded by -b-). 

hortatory. 

25


-o- imperative of tv. 

-oh perfective of tv. 

-on 1st person singular subject of past participles, hortatory 

forms, and a few nouns. 1st person singular object. Passive 

(3d person subject and object). 

-osuk 2d person plural subject of past participles, hortatory 

forms, and a few nouns. 2d person plural object. 

-ot 2d person singular subject of past participles, hortatory 

forms, and a few nouns. 2d person singular object. 

-otik 1st person plural subject of past participles, hortatory 

forms, and a few nouns. 1st person plural object. Plural 

with 1st person subject of av and iv. 

-otik'otik 1st person exclusive plural subject of past participles, hortatory 

forms, and a few nouns. 1st person exclusive 

plural object. 

-tak collective plural of possessed nouns /archaic/. 

-tik plural with 1st person subject of tv, and with perfectives. 

Plural with nouns possessed by 1st person. 

-uk subjunctive. Numeral diminutive. 

SEMANTICS 

It would be too tedious and beyond my power to try to 

point out the semantic qualities of each of the affixes that are 

included. There are, though, a number of miscellaneous observations 

that can be made in regard to a few of them, which 

may be helpful. 

Positional roots, that is, roots which are concerned primarily 

with shapes or states, normally have two transitive verb 

forms and an intransitive verb form. The CVC-J0' tv form 

usually implies moving an object in the state specified by the 

root. The CVC-an tv form usually implies that the object is 

arriving at or presently in the state specified by the root. 

Affective verbs, occurring most frequently with positional 

and onomatopoeic roots, but also with transitive verb roots, 

are declined like intransitive verbs, but only in the continuative 

aspect. Two forms, -luh and -lah, lack infinitives. Affective 

verbs are used characteristically in narrative description 

with a certain gusto, a desire to convey a vivid impression. 

They have dash. Their specific semantic value, however, is 

not easy to ascertain. CVC-et and CVC-Con frequently appear 

to have the same meaning. CVC-et emphasizes permanence, 

a single location, and a state of neglect or abandonment. 

CVC-Con intensifies the particular state of the root. It 

may stress the slowness or ponderousness of its motion, the 

ineffectiveness or repetition of an action, the loudness of a 

noise. The plural of the former suffix is -ik. But the form 

CVC-lahet seems at times to be the plural of CVC-*< and at 

other times the plural of CVC-Con. The subject of this verb 

form may be plural or it may be singular yet with a plural 

quality, as a horse thrashing its four legs, or a man gesticulating, 

or a pain that spreads through the body. In addition, 

there is the semantically similar plural form CVC-lahetik 

which, however, appears to require a human or at least an 

animate subject. The affective verb CVC-/aA occurs always 

in the sequence av + sa + directional verb. It implies the 

rapid motion of an object or animal towards or away from 

either the narrator or the protagonist. The affective verb 

CVC-/«A indicates a single sudden sound or movement. 

And, finally, the form CVC-te-CVC-te denotes a sequence of 

subjects, locations, or actions; for example, walking one after 

another, walking along, walking here and there, or walking 

time and again. 

Three adjectival forms frequently pertain to positional 

roots. They are a reduplicated CVC, a CVC-V/, and a 

CVC-el. The first two are semantically similar. The former 

seems to have greater immediacy, being used to describe an 

object before one's eyes or, like affective verbs, to convey an 

emotional reaction. The form CVC-V/ has two plurals, 

CVC-Vlik and CVC-ahtik, whose semantic distinctions have 

eluded me. CVC-el is used invariably in derogatory remarks 

tossed at another person, e.g. banel ahol "You are bald!" 

In intransitive and transitive verb roots the suffix -ilan/ulan 

indicates that the action is repetitive, constant, or slow 

and ineffective. 

Transitive verb roots and some positional roots have a 

suffix -an which expresses the plurality of the object or sometimes 

of the subject. It may imply hurried action. This suffix 

may be reduplicated, the CVC-an may be reduplicated, or 

die CVC-an may be reduplicated with the -an reduplicated 

again to produce a form like ismahanmahanan "he hit one after 

another." The reduplication of CVC-an seems to imply sequential 

action, but I was unable to elicit any semantic distinction 

between CVC-an and CVC-anan or between 

CVC-anCVG-an and CVC-anCVC-anan. The second member 

of the above pairs is used, though, with much less frequency. 

Transitive verb stems may take an intransitivizing suffix 

-van. In nearly all instances, it denotes that the action is 

directed towards, on behalf of, or in relation to people (people 

in general). 

Noun stems with -ebal generally indicate a moment in time 

or a locus in space. This same association of spatio-temporal 

realms applies to the -antik suffix of numeral classifiers and 

adjectives. It denotes a wide separation in space or time. 

Finally, transitive verb stems may take the nominalizing 

suffix -ob or -obil. Both of these forms indicate instrumentality; 

either the place where an action is accomplished or the 

implement required to carry out that action. The -obil suffix 

seems to imply a greater permanence. It implies, for example, 

a tool that is designed for a particular purpose, not 

simply a tool that may be used temporarily for that same 

purpose. 

PHONETICS 

When affixation produces consonant clusters "79, hh, nn, ss, 

or is'., the phonetic value of only one consonant is retained. 

All other clustered consonants produced by affixation are 

separated by syllable division. An s prefixed to a stem with 

an initial "c, c' or s changes to s by assimilation. It may also 

assimilate if the final consonant is s. The s prefixed to a stem 

with an initial or final e or s changes to s. In earlier studies 

(Colby 1970) the continuative aspect particle, ta was com-

ined with s- by eliding the vowel and written c-. Here, it is 

represented as t J-, although it is pronounced c. 

I am not entirely happy with the decisions I have made in 

assigning to one morpheme the status of a word and to another 

the status of an affix. The very first entry of the dictionary 

is a case in point: ala, meaning "surely, indeed, certainly." 

If it is a word, it violates the canon that all Tzotzil 

utterances begin with a consonant. If it is a suffix, and that 

is how my informants write it, it may be attached to verbs, 

nouns, adjectives, and perhaps even to particles. Particles 

which I have dignified with the status of words are more often 

written by my informants as affixes. There is little consistency, 

however, in their decision of what a particle should be 

attached to, whether to the word preceding or the word 

following. In the face of such inconsistency, it seemed safer 

to set the particles free. 

COMPOUNDS 

There are surely many words which under more careful 

analysis will prove to be compound forms. 

Compounding has been indicated by hyphenation. For 

aesthetic reasons I have omitted the hyphens in most compounds 

that are made up of more than two words, such as 

hlik tav lak'al, "censer bearer." Compound verbs may be 

recognized as those words which may be enclosed between 

aspect and person marker prefixes and the appropriate plural 

suffixes. For instance, mukul-êlk'amk, "they snitched it." 

Noun and adjective compounds are frequently recognized 

by the absence of a -VI suffix on the first word. I made a 

single conscious exception to this rule in expressions that 

juxtaposed a body-part term with another noun; e.g., when 

holol, "head" a"nd vie, "mountain" are combined as hoi vie to 

mean "mountaintop" or when satil, "eye" and vo">, "water" 

are combined as sat vof to mean "spring." Noun compounds 

whose first unit is a verb may be recognized by the absence 

of aspect, person, or plural markers on the verb. 

[See "Special Note," p. 33.—Ed.] 

ORDER OF ENTRIES 

1. All stems with the same phonemic sequence as the root 

are listed alphabetically. Compounds are listed in the same 

alphabetical sequence as phrases. 

2.They are followed by stems with derivational prefixes, 

3. then by expressions in which that stem is not the first 

member of the phrase. These phrases are also listed alphabetically. 

4. If the stem does not have the same phonemic sequence 

as the root, it succeeds the above, followed by 

5. such stems with prefixes and 

. 6. such stems embedded in phrases. 

For example: 

pak'—mend, plaster, hang on wall 

pak'al—lying (clothes), low-lying, flattened, bedridden 


hpak'tan—person who pats tortillas 

e'U pak'al—red striped turban 

pok'—neckerchief, scarf 

*hpok' 

/il pok'—red-striped turban 

The order of taxonomic entries does not conform to the above 

scheme (cf. "Taxonomic Entries"). 

NONPHONEMIC SYMBOLS 

In the grammatical analysis section of the entries there 

may be three orders of increasing complexity. 

1. Parentheses, as in nphr(n of n)5. 

2. Slashes, as in nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n)5. 

3. Colon, as in nphr: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n)5. 

In the English definition section, parentheses and slashes 

serve a different purpose. Parentheses enclose appropriate 

subjects for the verb or for the modifying adjective being 

defined. That is, the concepts enclosed by parentheses were 

suggested to me in response to my query: "What does that?" 

or "What is described by that word?" They are not intended 

as an exhaustive list, but merely as pointers to likely contexts. 

Slashes enclose appropriate objects of the verb, subjects modified 

by other nouns or brief incidental comments. 

When an appropriate subject or object could not be reduced 

to a single word, an attempt has been made to have 

the first word of the phrase be the word which one would 

translate into Tzotzil if one wished to use the entry in that 

particular context; e.g., mash /beans and corn with hands to 

make bean tamales/. 

CAPITALIZATION 

Capitalization has been used in Tzotzil words only to indicate 

personal names or place-names that are embedded in 

the dictionary or that appear directly on the maps. 

VARIANTS 

Words which vary from the form spoken in the ceremonial 

center, Htek-lum, are labeled as variants, and the hamlets 

where they are spoken are indicated wherever possible. 

Words which vary from the form in most common use in 

Htek-lum are simply marked as variant. 

NOUN PHRASES 

Noun phrases comprised of two nouns have been classified 

into three categories. Where the second noun indicates the 

owner or origin of the first noun, as in ton e'unun, "egg of 

hummingbird" (i.e. "hummingbird egg") or hoi ")akan, "head 

of knee" (i.e. "kneecap,"), the phrase is labeled "noun of 

noun." Where the first noun describes the quality or content 

of the second, as in "leather bag," "baby bird," the phrase 

is labeled "noun type noun." The third category is a variant


of the second and is distinguished in Tzotzil by a -V/ attributive 

suffix. It is represented by phrases which, in translation, 

might be rendered as "land crab," "tree fern," and "house 

boat." These phrases are labeled "noun attribute and noun." 

Noun phrases may be possessed. The numbering system 

used to describe noun possession is used to describe the possession 

of noun phrases. 

SPEECH CATEGORIES 

Lacking a knowledge of native categories of speech, I have 

essayed, nevertheless, to delimit with slightly greater precision 

the context of certain vocabulary entries by inventing a 

number of speech categories whose degree of reality varies 

considerably. Some entries have been marked as "archaic." 

This means that they seem archaic to my younger informants 

who associate these words with the oldest living Zinacantecs. 

"Baby talk" is restricted to the speech of young children or 

to adults addressing young children. Other entries are labeled 

as pertaining to "male speech" or "female speech." 

While I am not positive that such expressions are used exclusively 

by men or by women, I know that they are spoken 

predominantly by men or by women. Again, entries labeled 

"male joking speech" may perhaps be used appropriately by 

drunken women, but they are associated primarily with cantina 

talk or with male joking situations during ritual or at 

work. "Polite speech" and "scolding speech" have been used 

characteristically when one wishes to make a graceful remark 

or to upbraid another. They have no particular structure 

and are less real categories than the above. Quite the 

contrary is true of "ritual speech" and "denunciatory 

speech." These terms distinguish what we would consider to 

be two different contexts for the same speech phenomenon, 

but which I would venture Zinacantecs consider as a single 

context. Entries labeled "ritual" or "denunciatory" speech 

invariably form a part of traditional couplets or blocks of 

speech which, according to the occasion, may be used during 

ritual activities at home, in church, or at a mountain shrine 

when addressing the gods or may be used in self-righteous 

declamations at home or at the courthouse. 

In attempting to convey the archaic flavor of ritual and 

denunciatory speech in translation, I have resorted to the use 

of archaic second-person-singular forms, "thee," "thou," and 

"thy." 

TAXONOMIC ENTRIES 

The Tzotzil names of flora and fauna have been arranged 

in an order that differs from the rest of the dictionary. Some 

effort has been made to recognize increasing degrees of specification, 

when that was possible within a single root. To take 

an English model as an example, "oak" would be listed first, 

followed by "large grove of oaks" and "grove of oaks" (this 

order was necessitated in Tzotzil because "large grove" precedes 

"grove" alphabetically). Then would follow such combinations 

as "black oak," "live oak," and "red oak," listed 

alphabetically and indented one space. If, however, there 

was a "southern live oak" that would follow "live oak" directly 

and be indented two spaces. If, further, there was a "dwarf 

southern live oak" that would follow "southern live oak" and 

be indented one additional space so that you would have the 

following appearance: 

oak 

large grove of oaks 

grove of oaks 

black oak 

live oak 

southern live oak 

dwarf southern live oak 

red oak 

This scheme was followed for all animals and plants. 

In the press of collecting and preparing plant specimens, 

I neglected .to inquire of my informants how a particular 

plant name was possessed. If the plant name had not been 

categorized grammatically by my informants in earlier years, 

this information was and still is lacking. The grammatical 

analysis of these forms is even more inadequate than that 

provided in the rest of the dictionary. 

The definition of taxonomic forms adheres to the following 

ideal pattern: Literal translation of name (enclosed by apostrophes), 

common English name, scientific name (italicized). 

Botanical entries have additional information succeeding 

the above: Collection number, informant number (enclosed 

by parentheses), ecological zone, and supergeneric class (enclosed 

by quotation marks). 

For example: the botanical entry lic'ak mut and its grammatical 

analysis nphr (n4d of n5) are followed by 'bird claw,' 

lilac fuschia (Fuscia arborescens), #420(1,2,5). Highland 

"tree." 

In literal translations, if the Tzotzil generic name is untranslatable, 

but has a simple English equivalent, English 

has been substituted for Tzotzil as in bak û, 'skinny chili'; 

but if the English equivalent was "virgin's bower," I would 

not present the literal translation as 'skinny Virgin's bower', 

but as 'skinny t?usub\ Such common modifiers as ba/i, yit'is 

and terms for color and size have not been translated. 

The collection number for a botanical name refers to a 

botanical specimen, marked with my name and the same 

number and deposited at the Stanford University Herbarium, 

with copies, when available, deposited also at the Smithsonian 

Institution. Collection numbers preceded by B refer 

to specimens collected by Dennis Breedlove that are also 

deposited in the Stanford University Herbarium. 

The informant numbers refer to the following individuals:

Informants 

1. Maryan Martinis 

2. Maryan Cikul 

3. lAnselmo Peres 

4. Cep Êmantis 

5. Romin Teratol 

5a. Maryan Peres Moci-lum 

7. Sun Konte 

8. tAntun Tan-hol 

9. Markui Santis 

10. Maryan Sarate 

11. Manvel Simenes 

12. Mikel Konte 

13. Maryan Vaskis 

14. tAntun Vaskis 

15. Cep Peres 

16. Palas Sut 

17. Mikel Vaskis 

18. Maryan lEmantis 

19. Teles Sulub Ten 

20. Cep Boi 

21. Maryan Su/ub 7V> 

22. Sun Lopis 

Residence 

of informant 

Von-Voh Von 

« 

Htek-lum 

" u 

ft 

Caynatik 

OApas 

Voi-bu 

Voi-'c'oh Voi 

Muk'ta Hok' 

Hok' C'enom 

Na Cih 

Sek'emtik 

Na Cih 

Pat tOsil 

Naben Cauk 

•>Apas 

" 

Vof-bie 

Pastel 

nElan Von 

EXPLANATORY NOTES 

Specimens 

collected 

2390 

779 

1722 

1364 

845 

20 

375 

24 

18 

28 

433 

319 

37 

210 

225 

376 

175 

35 

49 

220 

237 

232 

Informants 3, 11, and 21 are shamans. The age of the 

informants ranged from around eighteen years (11, 12, and 

22) to fifty (11) and sixty years (14). Most of the informants 

were men in their thirties or forties. 

The ecological zone refers to the area in which the plant 

specimen was collected. If two or more zones are cited, it is 

because the collectors stated that the plant was native to 

those zones as well. 

Included in the definition of each plant is the supergeneric 

class to which it was assigned by the informants. The major 

classes are: 

"tree" (W>) 

"plant" (fitld) 

"vine" pak') 

"mushroom" (canul te%ik) 

Occasionally informants assigned plants to three other categories: 

"grass" (hobel) 

"moss" (eon-ttf) 

"agave" (met) 

The first two are considered to be subdivisions of "plant" and 

the third is an anomalous category which falls between 

"tree" and "plant." There is little confusion regarding 

"vines;" but if a species that would normally be classed as a 

"plant" grows with great vigor, it may be identified as a 

"tree." Conversely, "trees" whose growth is stunted or which 

are collected in their early stages of growth may be identified 

as "plants." 

The additional ethnographic information concerning 

plants was pooled by informants 1 through 5. Information 

contributed by other collectors that conflicted with or elaborated 

on that material is identified by informant number. 

The reliability of the identifications of flora and fauna 

varies rather considerably. Plants and birds were identified 

live and with relatively good control. Mammals not seen in 

the wild or at the zoo were identified often from pictures or 

from skins supplemented by notes as to their habits and 

habitat. Least reliance should be placed on the specific identifications 

of the various kinds of mice and rats. Amphibians 

were identified with better authority. Snake identifications 

were made with authority in a few instances, but for the most 

part they were educated guesses based on informants' descriptions 

of their behavior. Insects were identified rarely as 

to species. The greatest insect differentiation in Tzotzil is 

accorded the bees and wasps. In addition to field identifications, 

informants examined museum specimens in an attempt 

to arrive at more precise identifications. 

COLOR TERMS 

No attempt has been made to give an adequate translation 

of the adjectival forms of color terms which are composed of 

CVC color terms compounded to CVC roots and an -an 

suffix. The translation should include not only the color, but 

the meaning of the CVC root; for instance, cak-ôtan, "red 

and plaited"; cak-p'itan, "red and bulging." But the meaning 

of the CVC root that qualifies the color term is unclear in 

nearly half of such words. To retain some consistency, I have 

simply translated the color term and left the rest of the word's 

meaning to be deduced from the examples given. For 

economy's sake, I have also restricted the translation of these 

color terms to a single appropriate color. Thus, yas-balan is 

translated as "green" even though yds- includes the colors 

"blue" and "gray." 

Reduplicated color terms and color terms with reflexive 

pronouns have not been listed. They indicate off-shades, such 

as greenish or yellowish. 

ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 

Names for the different structural elements of Zinacantec 

houses; e.g., pole plate, have been drawn from Wauchope 

(1938). 

SOUND EFFECTS 

A large number of Tzotzil expressions which describe 

particular sounds have been tested against the Elektra Sound 

Effects records EKL-252, 255, 258, 259, and Voice of America 

tapes 1—4. The latter will be deposited in the National 

Anthropological Archives. 

PLACE NAMES 

A very limited number of place names are embedded alphabetically 

in the dictionary. These are either names which 

may take a variety of affixes that could not have been included 

otherwise in the dictionary, or they are geographic terms 

29


which are not located on maps 1-5. The named locations on 

the maps are listed alphabetically at the end of the dictionary. 

They are listed by numerical sequence adjacent to the 

maps. 

Names of rivers and trails, like the names of places with 

a limited geographical extent, are identified by a numbered 

dot that has been placed at a random point along their path. 

While less than satisfactory, this was necessitated both by the 

difficulty of including so many place-names and by the difficulty 

of tracing the trails and rivers on the aerial photographs. 

CROSS-REFERENCES 

When a vocabulary entry consists of a noun phrase comprised 

of an adjective and a noun, the main entry can be 

found generally under the noun, with a cross-reference under 

the adjective. Because so many plant names contain color 

and size modifiers, there is no cross-referencing under these 

adjectives. Entries consisting of noun-type noun phrases are 

listed generally under the latter noun with a cross-reference 

under the former, though this ideal was not met in every case. 

Plant names which are always possessed and whose roots 

have an initial glottal stop are listed under their root even 

though this may cause some confusion to the beginner. For 

examp\e,j>arna cauk is listed under tama as larna cauk, nphr(n4f 

of n5). Or yoyal vinahel is listed under loy as toy vinahel, 

nphr(n4e of vn5). The majority of plant names beginning 

Withy fall into this category. 

ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES 

In addition to the ethnographic information enclosed 

within slashes or parentheses following the translation of a 

Tzotzil entry, more extensive notes may be included. Because 

an excellent ethnography of Zinacantan exists (Vogt, 

1969b), much data of importance to the culture has not been 

included. I have included, however, scraps of miscellaneous 

information, such as omens that I have culled from my field 

notes, and from my folk tale and dream texts. A special effort 

was made to acquire beliefs and knowledge regarding the 

fauna. This was supplied largely by Romin Teratol. Entries 

containing such ethnographic information may be found by 

searching the English index where the English equivalents of 

these entries are marked by an asterisk. Since the definitions 

of all Tzotzil generic plant names are accompanied by ethnographic 

data, they are not so marked. 

DECLENSIONS AND CONJUGATIONS 

As an aid in reading the illustrative phrases and sentences 

scattered throughout the dictionary, principal declensions 

and verb conjugations are included here: 

Without initial glottal stop 

hsat 

asat 

ssat 

hsattik 

hsattikbtik 

asatik 

ssatik 

satil 

With initial glottal stop 

ke 

ave 

ye 

ketik 

kelikkik 

aveik 

yeik 

leal 

Stative 

vimkon 

vinikot 

mnik 

vimkotik 

uimkotikbtik 

vinikosuk 

vimkik 

kusulon 

kusulot 

ku'sul 

kuiutotik 

kusulotikbtik 

kusuldsuk 

kuhtlik 

lncompletive 

(t or ta) aloe 

(t or ta) satoc 

(t or ta) tfoc 

(t or ta) silocotik 

(t ot ta) sii6c(o)tikbtik 

(t or ta) satoiik 

(t or ta) hook 

Completive 

(lipoi 

laioc 

(i)yl 

(li)focotik 

(Hpoc(o)tik'otik 

laio'cik 

(i)idcik 

Stative 

tocemon 

fo'cemot 

NOUNS 

ray face 

your face 

his, her, its face 

our faces 

our, but not your, faces 

your faces 

their faces 

face 

my mouth 

your mouth 

his, her, its mouth 

our mouths 

our, but not your, mouths 

your mouths 

their mouths 

mouth 

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 

I am a man 

you are a man 

he is a man 

we are men 

we, unlike you, are men 

you all are men 

they are men 

I am sober 

you are sober 

he, she is sober 

we are sober 

we, unlike you, are sober 

you all are sober 

they are sober 

INTRANSITIVE VERBS 

I (will) enter 

you (will) enter 

he, she, it (will) enter 

we (will) enter 

we, but not you, (will) enter 

you all (will) enter 

they (will) enter 

I entered 

you entered 

he entered 

we entered 

we, but not you, entered 

you all entered 

they entered 

I have entered 

you have entered

tocem 

focemotik 

Vocemotikbtik 

fo'cemo'suk 

tocemik 

he, she, or it has entered 

we have entered 

we, unlike you, have entered 

you all have entered 

they have entered 

1RANSITIVE VERBS— WITHOUT INITIAL GLOTTAL STOP 

Incompletive 

(t or ta) hnai 

(t or ta) sana"} 

(t or ta) snai 

(t or ta) hnaitik 

(t or ta) hnaitikbtik 

(/ or ta) sanatik 

{t or ta) snalik 

Completive 

ikruP 

ana") 

isnat 

ihnaitik 

ihnaitikblik 

anaOik 

tsna">ik 

Stative 

hnaioh 

anatoh 

snaioh 

hnaiohtik 

hnaôhtikbtik 

I I2 T 

CVC iv CVC iv CVC tv 

I (will) know it 

you (will) know it 

he (will) know it 

we (will) know it 

we, but not you, (will) know it 

you all (will) know it 

they (will) know it 

I knew it 

you knew it 

he, she, or it knew it 

we knew it 

we, but not you, knew it 

you all knew it 

they knew it 

I have known it 

you have known it 

he, she, or it has known it 

we have known it 

we, unlike you, have known it 

CVC-es +v CVC-es +v CVC iv (semi passive) 

CVC-V,I aj 


anatohik 

snaiohik 

Incompletive 

(/ or la) "skat 

(t or ta) "savat 

(I or ta) "sat 

(t or ta) "skattik 

(t or ta) "skattikbtik 

(t or ta) "savatik 

(t or ta) satik 

Completive 

ikat 

aval 

lyat 

ikattik 

ikattikbtik 

avatik 

yalik 

Stative 

katoh 

avatoh 

yaloh 

kalohtik 

kalohlikblik 

avatohik 

yalohrk 

you all have known it 

they have known it 

TRANSITIVE VERBS—WITH ROOT INITIAL GLOTTAL STOP 

T2 P P2 

CVC tv CVC-an tv CVC tv 

CVC ivfsemipassive) CVC-i iv CVC-i iv 

CVC-V,I aj CVC-V,I aj CVC-V,I aj 

And all other derivations of P roots including CVC nc, CVC-R aj,and affective verbs 

FIGURE 3.—Root classes. 

I (will) count it 

you (will) count it 

he, she, or it (will) count it 

we (will) count it 

we, but not you, (will) count it 

you all (will) count it 

they (will) count it 

I counted it 

you counted it 

he, she, or it counted it 

we counted it 

we, but not you, counted it 

you all counted it 

they counted it 

I have counted it 

you have counted it 

he, she, it has counted it 

we have counted it 

we, unlike you, have counted it 

you all have counted it 

they have counted it 

P and P2 

CVC +v 

CVC-an tv 

CVC-i iv 

CVC-VJ aj

Key to Abbreviations and Symbols 

A adjective root 

Acpd adjective root compound 

agn agentive noun 

agncpd agentive noun compound 

aj adjective 

ajcpd adjective compound 

ajphr adjective phrase 

an. poss. animate possession 

av affective verb 

avcpd affective verb compound 

cf. compare 

Ch Chiapanec 

contr contraction 

cpd compound 

dr directional verb 

E English 

E expletive root 

EKL Elektra record, e.g., EKL 252: 2-1, side 

two, cut one 

esp especially 

excl exclamation 

exclphr exclamatory phrase 

fig. figuratively 

I intransitive verb root 

I2 

intransitive verb root occurring with the 

derivational suffixes typical of P roots, 

except for -an, -i, and with the suffixes 

typical of T roots 

Icpd intransitive verb root compound 

impv imperative 

inan. poss. inanimate possession 

infr infrequent 

irreg. irregular 

iv intransitive verb 

iv // tv same person marker for intransitive and 

transitive verbs 

ivcpd intransitive verb compound 

lit. literally 

M-Z proto-Mixe-Zoque 

N Nahuatl 

N noun root 

n noun 

nl animate possession same as absolute 

form 

n2 animate possession same as absolute plus 

-v; 

n3 animate possession same as absolute minus 

-VI 

32 

n4 

always possessed 

n5 

unpossessed 

Animate and inanimate possession occur: 

a if inanimate has -VI, animate does not; if inanimate 

lacks -VJ, animate adds it 

b inanimate same as animate 

c inanimate with or without -VI 

d only animate occurs 

e only inanimate occurs with -VJ 

f only inanimate occurs without -V7 

g only inanimate occurs with or without -VJ 

n of n 

n type n 

natt 

nc 

nccpd 

ncpd 

Ncpd 

nphr 

nphrcpd 

Num 

num 

numatt 

O 

onom 

onomcpd 

P 

/2p/ 

Pcpd 

phr 

plu 

pn 

pred 

pref 

prep 

prepphr 

prob 

Pt 

Pt 

ptphr 

rpn 

rpncpd 

noun of noun phrase, e.g., "hummingbird 

egg" 

noun-type noun phrase, e.g., "tin can" 

noun attributive 

numeral classifier 

numeral classifier compound 

noun compound 

noun root compound 

noun phrase 

compound including a noun phrase 

numeral root 

number 

numeral attributive 

onomatopoeic root 

onomatopoeic 

onomatopoeic compound 

positional root 

positional root occurring with the derivational 

suffixes typical of P roots, except 

that -an does not occur, and -0 tv 

does 

second person plural subject 

positional root compound 

phrase 

plural 

pronoun 

predicate 

preferred 

preposition 

prepositional phrase 

probably 

particle root 

particle 

particle phrase 

reflexive pronoun 

reflexive pronoun compound 

reflexive verb

2s/ 

sing 

Sp 

T 

T 2 

Tcpd 

tv 

tv // n 

tv //tv 

tvcpd 

Tze 

U 

Ucpd 

usu. 

V 

var. 

vn 

vphr 

X 

second person singular subject 

singular 

Spanish 

transitive verb 

transitive verb root occurring with the 

derivational suffixes of P roots, except 

for -an, -i, and with the suffixes typical 

of T roots 

transitive verb root compound 

transitive verb 

possession of n4d parallels person marker 

of verb 

same person marker for both transitive 

verbs 

transitive verb compound 

Tzeltal 

unique CVC occurring only in the environment 

A. . . -an 

unique CVC compound 

usually 

Voice of America tape, e.g., VI: 10, tape 

one, cut ten 

variant 

verbal noun 

verb phrase 

undeterminable root 

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 33 

X 

Xcpd 

xcpd 

xphr 

Ijj £4.1111 [ Id 111 

Definition: 

() 

/ / 

SPECIAL NOTE 

undeterminable form 

undeterminable root compound 

undeterminable compound 

undeterminable phrase 

Because of a technical restriction imposed by computerized type-setting, 

hyphens were introduced in Tzotzil terms for the end-of-line breaks within 

the "English-Tzotzil" and the "Scientific Names" sections. The grammatical 

analysis immediately following each Tzotzil expression indicates whether or 

not the word is in fact a compound. In the few cases where ambiguities occur, 

reference should be made to the "Tzotzil-English" section. 

enclose the constituents of the item immediately 

preceding, e.g., nphr (n of 

n), 

but for clarity, parentheses within parentheses 

are rewritten as slashes within 

parentheses (/ /), e.g., nphr (n/aj 

& ncpd/ of n), 

and additional parentheses around this 

sequence are rewritten as a colon before 

the first parenthesis :(/ /), e.g., 

nphr: aj & nphr (n/aj & ncpd/ of n). 

enclose appropriate subjects of verbs and 

nouns when modified by adjectives 

enclose appropriate objects of verbs, 

nouns when modified by other nouns, 

and brief incidental remarks 

enclose literal translations of plant and 

animal names

Tzotzil-English 

Pictograph of Lorenzo 

(Codex Mexicanus).

FIGURE 4 —9Anselmo Peres and Romin Teratol in Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1963 

(Helga Gilbert photograph). 

J

•9* E. 

a?a, excl. indeed! surely! certainly! of course! 

t sibat a9a. I'm certainly going. 

hi? a9a. Yes, indeed! 

9.(1) Pt. 

9a, pt. phrase or sentence initial particle /always followed by la, li, or ti/. 

te t skaTi hba ka?tik. Then I'll see how it turns out /legal case, 

sickness/. 

9a, went. cf. 9ay. 

»(3) E. 

9a, excl. ah! /exclamation of assent or contemplation/. 

9*9(1) E. 

?a9, excl. baby talk; ugh! /called out by adults or siblings to prevent baby 

or crawling child from touching excrement or dirt/. 

9»9(2) T. 

9a9, tv. suppose, assume, think or believe mistakenly, try unsuccessfully 

/occurs always with subjunctive suffix, third person may be saiuk or 

ycemk/. 

ka9uk me Ia9ay. I thought you went. 

Scolding speech; mu sa ya9uk ana9ulan mi ?oy ame?. Don't bother 

to remember you have a mother. 

Used in conversation to express agreement with speaker; hi9 avavuk. 

Yes you are right. 

yec ka9uktik. lit., just as we assume, i.e., That's right! 

9a9el, n4f. it seems or feels. 

mu sisp'is ta vinik ya9el. It seems that he does not respect me. 

9.9(3) 

9a9, water, liquid, cf. vo?(l). 

9a9(4) 

9a9, mumbUng to self. cf. ha9(2). 

9a9cam, salt. cf. 'ar'am. 

9«9i T. 

9a9i, tv. feel, feel like, hear, hear of, heed, listen, think, understand, want. 

ta hti9 ka9i bek'et. I want to eat meat. 

mu sa?i 9albel. He pays no attention. 

?a9yibil nos k'u s?elan sue', lit.. It is just heard how he drinks, i.e., 

It is common knowledge how he drinks. 

?a9y ava9i. Pay attention! 

va9i s9elan. lit., You hear then /expression used by narrator to permit 

him to collect his thoughts before proceeding/. 

mu ta hpak'alin hba va9i mu sahk'anotikotike. I won't offer myself 

since you don't want us. var., nay. 

9a9i Tosil, vphr(tv & n5). awaken /in morning/. 

muk' bu ka9i 9osil toyol k'ak'al lik'ot. I arrived late, I didn't wake 

up. 

?a9i ba, rv. feel, see how it turns out, act like, know one's capabilities, 

recognize the extent or limit of one's strength. 

te t ska?i hba ka9tik. Then I'll see how it turns out /legal case, 

sickness/. 

iya9i nos sba mu masuk iyakub. He knew his capacity; he didn't get 

very drunk. 

Tzotzil-English 

37 

ya9i sba ti scam sae iyak r be sa komel mantal sd'amaltak. lit., He 

knows he can (so) he bought it, i.e., He knows he has enough money 

so he bought it. 

hun yo9on t sa9i sba. He feels happy. 

9a?i ba ta 9ob, vphr(rv & prep & n5). have a cough. 

9a9i kuyel, vphr(tv & vn5). have smallpox. 

9a9i k'ob, vphr(tv & n4d). feel in both hands /restricted to testing weight 

of chickens/. 

lek sa9i hk'obtik. lit., It feels good in our hands, i.e., It is plump. 

9a9i k'op, vphrdv & n5). listen to dispute. 

tol sk'ot ya9i k'op ta kavilto k'al 9oy hmeleaneh-baile. He always 

goes to listen to disputes in court when there are litigants. 

9a?i Io9il, vphr(tv & n5). cf. 9a9i k'op. 

9a9i misa, vphr(tv & n5). lit., hear mass, i.e., attend mass. 

9a9i rason, vphr(tv & nS). listen to or heed advice or counsel, receive 

directions. 

9a li krinsupale t sk'ot ya9i rason ta kavilto hu-hun rominko. The 

principal goes to borough hall every Sunday to receive directions. 

9a9i sie'il, vphr(tv // n). crave food /after illness/. 

wi ta c'ic', vphrltv & prep & n5). diagnose by reading the pulse. 

•)a9ibe 9ik', vphr(tv & n4f). smell, sniff. 

?a9ibe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). pay attention, heed, 

bal 9a9i, vphrfaj & tv). be satisfied or glad, 

copol 9a9i, vphr(aj & tv). think ill of, be offended, disapprove of. 

copol hoi 9a9i, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d & tv). be angry, 

c'ay 9a?i, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv). forget. 

ic'ay ska9i. I forget. 

hun 9o9on 9a9i, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d & tv). feel happy, 

lek 9a9i, vphr(aj & tv). think well of, approve of. 

mu 9a9ibah, ajphr(pt & aj). not known, never known, impossible to know, 

there's no telling. 

mu 9a9ibah mi stal. It is not known whether he is coming. 

mu 9a9ibah t sa9i skotol k'ak'al. He never knows what he is doing. 

9a?yeh, vnld. story. 

h9a?yeh-k'op, agn(vn & nepd). eavesdropper /person who eavesdrops on 

conversation intending to gossip about it later/. 

h9a?yeh-lot, agn(vn & nepd). eavesdropper /person who eavesdrops on 

conversation intending to gossip about it later/, three stars in Orion; 

theta, 1, d that are believed to be eavesdropping on delta, epsilon and 

xi. 

h?a9yeh-mantal, agnlvn & nepd). person who goes to town hall to hear 

public announcement. 

h?a?yel, agn. guy /male or female/. 

bud'u li h9a9yel Ie9e. Who is that guy? 

h9a9yel, excl. Gosh! /exclamation of surprise/. 

va9i, tv(contr of avaii). You hear! You know! 

9a9y 

9a9y, hear, feel, understand, etc. cf. iv)\. 

?abin 

9abin, urine, cf. k'ab. 

9abol A. 

•>abol ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn). be suffering. 

9abol hba ta camel. I am suffering from sickness. 

9abol hba ta vi9nal. I am suffering from hunger. 

9abol sba yu9un stot. His father suffers on account of him. 

Ritual speech, prayer; 9abol hba 9ue'ue > hba. I am suffering, I am

38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 

in misery. 

Denunciatory speech; 9abol hba 9uk 9ue'ue > hba 9uk. I too am 

suffering, I too am in misery. 

9abolah, iv. do a favor. 

oabolah isk'el labtel. He did the favor of looking at his work. 

lek S9abolah d'amunel. He is generous in lending money. 

9abolta, tv. Female speech; scrounge up. 

bu avabolta tal. Where did you scrounge it up from? /a small 

amount of firewood or greens/. 

9aboltabil, aj. illegitimate (child). 

9aboltasel, vn4d. Ritual speech; lit., travail, i.e., child. 

hmoton kaboltasel. my present, my travail. 

9aboltayel, vn4d. cf. kaboltasel. 

c'ul-?abolah, iv(aj & ivcpd). Ritual and polite speech; lit., do the holy 

favor, i.e., do a great favor. 

•Jabulah, iv. cf. tabolah. 

£'ul-?abulah, iv(aj & ivcpd). cf. c'ul-iabolah. 

?abt N. 

9abteh, iv. work. 

?abtehebal, n3a. tool. 

k'al 9oy yabtehebale smbtehotik. When there are tools we work. 

9abtel, vnla. work, religious office. Ritual speech; cf. patan. 

tol yabtelal li balamil. The land needs so much work. 

mu 9abteluk ta meleanel. It's not hard to do. 

Denunciatory speech; k'usi aves avabtel. lit., What is your way of 

life, your work? i.e., What kind of person are you? 

9abtelan, tv. do work. 

t skabtelan kik. I guess I will do the work. 

Scolding speech; k'usi t savabtelan. What work can you do? 

9abtelil, n5. work. 

mu stak' t spoh 9abtelil. One should not steal /another's/ work, 

hiabtel, agn. worker, laborer. Ritual speech; religious official, cf. hpatan. 

li yah?abtele li yahpatane. His laborer, His contributor. 

hpas-9abtel, agn(tv & ncpd). religious official /general term for any member 

of the religious hierarchy/. 

pas 9abtel, vphr(tv & vn5). hold religious post, be in office. 

9abul 

9abul, suffering, favor, etc. cf. ?abol. 

'mr'atn N. 

•»ac'am, nld. salt. inan. poss.; yae'mel. If salt is spilt, water should be 

poured on it and it should be told "to return and join its companion", 

i.e., to return to where it came from. To step on salt will bring punishment 

in the afterlife. 

lae'am 9at, nphr(n type n)5. sterile /male/. Sterility is thought to be 

characterized by watery semen that causes cold to enter woman's belly 

and provoke stomachache. 

vae'am te9, nphr(n type n). 'salt tree', Viburnum hartwegii, #2102(11). 

Temperate "tree". 

9av lae'am, nphr(n4f of nld). saltcellar. 

9a9cam, n5. Baby talk; salt. 

?ae"mel, n4f. salt, 

•rae'meltas, tv. salt. 

9ae"m, salt. cf. r 'ac'nm. 

9ac'(l) A. 

9ac', aj. new, remade, virgin or recently virgin /male or female/. 

•>ac' habil, cf. habii. 

9ac' to, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt). recently. 

9ac' vah, nphr(aj & n)5. tortilla made of fresh corn. 

?ac' vo9, cf. vo9. 

9ac'?ac'tik to, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt). rather recently, rather new. 

?ac'ub, iv. become like new, be rebuilt (roof, house), be renewed (debt, 

crime), grow in (new fingernail), refoliate. 

yos 9ac'ub ti c'ul-habil 9une. God, the holy new year has arrived. 

9ac'ub sa ti balamile. The world is not as it used to be. 

•?ac'ubtas, tv. renew /debt/, apply new coat /paint/, replace /livestock/, 

remake, rebuild. 

9ac'(2) I. 

9ac\ iv. become damp /inside of house/. 

9ac' lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). leak. 

9ac'ac', av. have tears rush to /one's eyes/. 

9ac'ac'et, av. seeping (spring, moisture in floor, pot), watering in great 

quantities (vagina, eyes from smoke or chili). 

9ac'9on, av. leaking, dripping (water in cave), seeping. 

9ac'el, vnla. mud. 

9ac'el, vn4d. spleen. 

9ac'el mut, nphr(vn type n)5. 'mud bird', spotted sandpiper Actitis macularia/Hok' 

C'enom, Muk'ta Hok'/. cf. me) lac'el. 

9ac'el pom, cf. pom. 

9ac*elal, vn4d. Ritual speech; mud. 

mi tal alumal mi tal avac'elal. lit., Has your earth come, has your 

mud come? i.e., Have you come? 

9ac'eltik, vn5. swamp, muddy stretch, mudhole. 

?ac'et, av. leaking, seeping, watering (eye, vagina). 

S9ac*et ya"?lel balamil. Moisture is seeping through the ground. 

s9ac'et ya9lel hsat. My eye is watering. 

9ac"lahet, av. leaking, seeping, or dripping in many places. 

9ac'luh, av. leaking or watering suddenly. 

9a4'te9a£'te, av. seeping here and there. 

9at'es, tv. sprinkle /flowers, hair when combing it, on floor when sweeping 

/ (women). 

9at'esob, nlf. instrument for sprinkling /watering can/. 

?at'esobil, nlf. cf. Wesob. 

?at'esvan, iv. sprinkle water on person. 

•?agosto N(Sp, agosto). 

9agosto, n5. August. August and September are considered to be a time 

of divine punishment; rain, mud and cold. 

9ah(l) N. 

9ah, nld. reed. (5)-The young tips are brewed alone or together with 

peperomia and Synardisia venosa tips. The water is used to bathe newbora 

infants. It is "cold". 

9ahtik, n5. expanse of reeds. 

9aneil 9ah, nphr(natt & n). 'female reed', reed Phragmites communis, 

#582(1). Highland "tree". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs in their 

yards. The young plants are transplanted in the rainy season. These 

reeds are used for flutes. Sixteen dozen are used for wattle and for 

thatch roofs. (23)-Two dozen are provided by the stewards of Our 

Lady of the Rosary on the Seventh Posada for the construction of 

the creche, 

k'os 9ah, nphr(aj & n). tibisee Lasiacis divaricata, #2553(21,22). 

Temperate "tree*. 

vinik ?ah, nphr(n type n). 'man reed', Phragmites communis, #581(1,2). 

Highland "tree" 

9ah 9ama, nphr(n4e of n5). reed Phragmites communis, #1292(1,3,4,5). 

Lowland "tree". Two or three sections are cut off with a machete to 

make into a flute. 

9ah kotom, nphr(n4d of n5). 'coati reed', tibisee Lasiacis divaricata, 

# 1953(16). Temperate and highland "tree". It is used for brush fences. 

9ah(2) O. 

?ah, excl. ugh! /exclamation of disgust, disapproval or refusal to obey/. 

9ahahet, av. gasping /from cold/, groaning /pain/. 

9ah9ah?ah, onom. ha-ha /laughing/, oh-oh /gasping/. 

9ah9on, av. laughing /EKL 258: 2-13/, groaning or gasping (person V4: 

10). 

9ah9onah, iv. laugh. 

9ahlahet, av. laughing (plu). 

9ahlahetik, av. laughing (plu) /preferable to tahlahet/. 

9ahte9ahte, av. walking about groaning /enduring sickness/. 

?ah(3) 

9ah, white sapote. cf. 9ohov. 

9aha 

9aha, rattlesnake, honey, wintergreen. cf. 9ohov. 

9ahan N. 

9ahan, nld. mature ear of corn /fresh, not dried/. Com on the cob is

"cold". 

9oy sa 9ahan hu-huntik. A very few ears are mature /sixteenth developmental 

stage of corn/. 

cap sa ta 9ahan. The mature ears are ready /seventeenth developmental 

stage of corn/. 

c'abal sa lahan. The ears are no longer fresh /twentieth and final 

developmental stage of corn, also called k'an-pocanik and k'onik sa/. 

9ahan cue, nphr(n4d of n5). 'squirrel's ear of corn', Conopholis americana, 

#459(1,2,3). Temperate "plant" 

9ahan cuc'tik, nphr(n4d of n5). expanse of Conopholis americana. 

9ik'al '»ahan cue, nphr: aj & nphr(n4d of n5). mexican broom rape 

Helosis mexicana, #845(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant" 

9ahan hoh, nphr(n4d of n5). 'raven's ear of corn', Conopholis americana, 

#459(1,2,3). Temperate "plant". 

9ahan hohtik, nphr(n4d of n5). expanse of Conopholis americana. 

vahensya N(Sp, agencia). 

''ahensya, agn. hamlet deputy. 

9ahis N. 

lahis, n. tibisee Lasiacis divaricata, #2289(19). Temperate plant". 

Tahnil N. 

9ahnilal, n3d. wife. 

lahmlm, tv. acquire a wife, marry (man), 

hvahnilahel, agn. Female speech; groom. 

•who? N. 

?aho9 to, nphr(n type n). Saurauia scabrida, # 1243(7). Lowland and 

temperate 'tree" It is used for firewood. The berries are eaten occasionally. 

They are medium" 

9ahoh, n. see below. 

9it'is 9ahoh, nphr(n4f of n5). Saurauia oreophila, # 1511(11,12). Lowland, 

temperate, and highland "tree" 

9ahoh to, nphr(n type n). Rhamnusnelsonii, # 1779(15). Highland "tree" 

9ahoh 

lahoh, cf. litMt'i. 

Tahval 

9ahval, lord, owner, etc. cf. 9ohov. 

9ak(l) N. 

9ak lei, nphr(n type n)ld. staff of Chamula constable. 

ttk(2) O. 

?ak, excl. Ow! 

"lakaket, av. moaning, groaning laboriously (truck). 

'akanah, iv. moan, groan. 

9ak9on, av. moaning, groaning. 

9aket, av. moaning, groaning. 

?aketik, av. cf. takel (plu). 

laklahet, av. cf. aket (plu). 

•Jaklahetik, av. moaning /people/. 

9akte9akte, av. walking about moaning or groaning. 

tmkanahel, agn. moaner, groaner. 

Takan N. 

vakan. n4f. internode /sugar cane, reed, bamboo/, part of flower stem 

still joined to flower when flower is picked and stem is broken in half. 

vakan hobel, nphr(n type n)5. 'leg grass', slender beard grass Polypogon 

elongaius, #594(1). Highland "plant" It grows in yards and is used for 

horse fodder. Paspalum bolterii, #1293(8). Lowland "plant", beard 

grass Andropogon glomeratus, #1516(11,12), #2258(19). Highland 

"plant". Sporobolus poirelii, #2188(19). Highland plant" Oplismenus 

burmanni, #2833(11). Lowland 'plant". Arundinelia deppeana, 


9akan hobel, nphr(n4f of n5). 'grass' leg', goose grass Eleusine indica, 

#1985(16,17). Lowland "plant". 

vakan hobeltik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of lakan hobel. 

9it'is âkan hobel, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). windmill grass Chloris 

virgata, #1838(15,16). Temperate "plant". (16)-When other grass is 

scarce it is used for thatching, 

bae'i 9akan hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). witch grass Panicum 

hirlicaule, #1113(1,4). Lowland "plant". 

?akan holobil, nphr(n4f of n3d). shed roll or shed rod, leash /loom/. 

TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 

lakan k'ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). phalanx /hand/. 

9akanil, n3b. foreleg, leg /human/. 

•ttkit N. 

9akit, n5. Guazuma ulmifolia, #229(1,2,3,5), #2847(3,4,5,11,12). Lowland 

"tree" (1,2,3,5)-The trunk is used for hoe and sickle handles, for 

digging sticks, and for posts for barbed wire fences. As a remedy for 

diarrhea a handful of bark is brewed. The decoction is drunk before 

breakfast and supper for three or four days. It is "hot" Three or four 

fruits are peeled and chewed for cough medicine. They are "hot". 

(12)-The trunk is used for firewood. Guazuma lomentosa, 

#847(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree* The trunk is used as above. As a 

remedy for dysentery the bark is brewed and the tea is drunk two 

or three times. It is "medium". Xylosma albidum, #2693(21). Lowland 

"tree" 

9akitaltik, n5. large grove of lakit. 

•Jakittik, n5. grove of lakit. 

k'os lakit, nphr(aj & n). Neopringlea viscosa, #1654(1,4). Lowland 

"tree". 

•>stkoha N(Sp, aguja). 

9akoha, nla. stile. 

•>akov N(M-Z, -)akov). 

9akov, nla. wasp nest Vespula sp. /including inhabitants/. Wasp nests 

are said to contain grubs when the moon is young, but only honey when 

the moon is full. 

9icil 9akov, nphr(natt & n)5. highland wasp Vespula sp.. cf. muyan 

meiel. The grubs are edible. The nest need not be knocked far off 

if one says twice, "muyan meiel havlan mol" (Climb on old woman, 

lie face up old man) for then the wasps are confounded and abandon 

the nest, enabling the comb to be cut off quickly. But anyone 

so foolhardy as to say to them climb on, old man, lie face up old 

woman" will suffer immediate painful consequences. 

9ik'al 9akov, nphr(aj & n)5. highland and lowland wasp. Its grubs 

are edible and the nest can be cut down readily, because of the wasps' 

relative docility, 

eahal 9akov, nphr(aj & n)5. lowland wasp. Its grubs»are edible, but 

difficult to get at because of the fierceness of the adults. 

e"ibal 9akov, nphr(aj & n)5. lowland wasp. The grubs are edible. They 

are roasted. 

canul ''akov, nphr(n of n)5. wasp. 

9akta N(Sp, acta). 

9akta, nld. affidavit. 

9aktail, nld. affidavit. 

9aktavus N(Sp, autobus). 

9aktavus, nld. bus. 

9akus N(Sp, Agustina). 

9akus, nld. Augusta/formerly/. v&i.,Tinik, Tin /when young/. 

9akusa N(Sp, aguja). 

9akusa, nla. needle, injection. 

9akusa e"i9lel, nphr(n type n). 'needle plant", stork bill Erodium moschaturn, 

#61(2,4,5). Highland "plant", stork bill Erodium cicularium, 

#1754(4,5). Highland "plant* wild geranium Geranium seemannii, 

#1414(3), #1732(3), #2051(3,17,18), #2739(20). Highland "plant". 

Akhemillapringlei, #989(7). Highland plant" 

hli'il 9akus"a e'i9lel, nphrfaj & nphr/n type n/). stork bill Erodium 

cicularium, #1054(1,3,5). Highland "plant" 

k'os 9akusa e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild geranium Geranium 

seemannii, #2327(3,4). Highland "plant", stork bill Erodium cicutarium, 

#2359(3,4). Highland "plant" 

sakil k'os 9akusa eM9lel, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild 

geranium Geranium seemannii, #2501(4). Highland "plant", 

muk'ta 9akusa e'i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild geranium Geranium 

goldmanii, #741(1,2,4,5), #962(1,3), #1758(4,5). Highland 

"plant". 

sakil 9akusa 0*19161, nphrfaj & nphr/n type n/). wild geranium Geranium 

seemannii, #2739(3,4). Highland "plant" 

9akusa Con, cf. con 

9akusa habnal, nphr(n type n). stork bill Erodium cicularium, # 1754(15). 

39


Highland "plant" 

9ak' 9akusa, vphr(tv & n5). inject. 

9ic' 9akusa, vphr(tv & n5). be injected. 

>akustin N(Sp, Agustin). 

9akustin, nld. Augustus, 

'akwerto N(Sp, acuerdo). 

9akwerto, n5. likeminded. 

9ak'(l) N. 

9ak', nla. vine. inan. poss.; plant of — -, /cultivated vines; squash, 

gourd/. 

9ak' eu, cf. eu. 

9ak' con, cf. con. 

9ak' c'o, nphr(n4d of n5). 'rat's vine', paroquet bur Triumfetla semitriloba, 

#2111(14). Temperate "tree". 

9ak' c'um, cf. c'um. 

9ak' moletik, nphr(n4d of n5). 'elder's vine', Heleropteris beecheyana, 

# 1642(7). Lowland and temperate vine". It is used to lash fences. 

9ak' pulun vo9, cf. pulun vo9. 

9ak' vob, nphr(n4e of n5). 'fiddle string', see below, 

muk'ta ?ak' vob, nphr(aj & nphr/n4e of n5/). Cologania broussonetii, 

#2144(1). Lowland and temperate "vine" 

9ak' vob 9ak\ nphr(nphr/n4e of n5/ type n). Cologania broussonetii, 

#2544(1,4). Temperate "vine" 

9ak'il, nib. strap. 

yak'i] mocebal. drawstring of shawl. 

yak'il ka 1 ?. halter. 

yak'il eT. leash. 

yak'il vob. string of fiddle, guitar or harp. 

9ak'(2) T. 

9ak', tv. give, put, produce /fruit, corn, beans, etc./, permit, let, suppose, 

believe mistakenly, charge, cause. 

mu sak' lok'ikon. He does not let me leave. 

skak' to lekuk skak' to su9uk. I thought it was all right, I thought it 

could be done. 

na9tik k'u ca9al avak'. Who knows how much you will charge. 

t sak' ta h-mek. He retorts cleverly (or) attacks furiously. 

pero mi ha?uk h-c'is 9ahan muk' bu iyak' ta yeik ti scobike. lit., But 

not even an ear of corn was given to their mouths by their corn fields. 

i.e., Their com fields produced no corn. 

Ritual speech, prayer; mu savak'on ta mahel mu savak'on ta mile]. 

Do not cause me to be beaten, do not cause me to be killed. 

9ak'o. let, have, (or) make . 

9ak'o batuk. Let, have, (or) make him go. 

9ak'o hc'ay ta h-moh. I had better throw it away. 

S9ak'atuk. It was thought /mistakenly/ that.... 

9ak' , vphr(tv & n5). attack with /rock, stick, machete, gun, 

knife, slingshot, etc./. 

?ak' 9akusa, vphr(tv & n5). inject. 

?ak' 9alal, vphr(tv // n). bear down on, tamp /with feet/. 

9ak' 9elav, vphr(tv & n5). entertain /clown, player of St. Sebastian fiesta/, 

make a fool of oneself or expose self to ridicule /drunk, clumsy person/. 

tol sak' 9elav syakub tol slok' sk'u9. He keeps making a fool of 

himself when he gets drunk (because) he keeps taking off his clothes. 

t sak' 9elav yu9un skoh sc'ahil. He exposes himself to ridicule because 

he is lazy. 

9ak' 9entrokal, vphr(tv & n5). deliver, turn over or hand over to. 

9ak' 9ic'-vo9, vphr(tv & vn/tv & ncpd/5). baptise. 

9ak' 9ikaeil, vphr(tv & n3d). load, be heavy (child)/older child who demands 

to be carried/. 

?ak' 9ik'ti9, vphr(tv // n). suffer in vain. 

9ak' 9il, vphr(tv & tv/2s/). show you. 

9ak' 9i]uk, vphr(tv & tv). show /by pointing, by holding palm down to 

show height of object, cornfield, or animal, with forefinger raised to 

show height of child/. 

yak'el nos 9iluk mi sk'an. He just showed it to him to see if he 

wanted it. 

yak'el nos •ttluk ta hc'uleltik ti yo9 htuk'ulan hbatik hutukuke. It is 

just a sign in our dreams for us to behave a bit better. 

9ak' ?inteksyon, vphr(tv & n5). inject. 

9ak" ?o, vphr(tv & pt). even though, even if. 

9ak' 90 mi sob sbat pero mu sk'ot. Even if he leaves early he will not 

reach there. 

9ak' 9o9on, vphrftv // n). be happily accustomed to, be devoted to, 

dedicate oneself to. 

lek iyak' yo9on isc'unbe sk'op isc'unbe smantal smalal. She was 

devoted to her husband,she accepted his words, she followed his 

advice. 

t sak' yo9on ta yabtel. He dedicates himself to his office. 

9ak' 90rten, vphr(tv & n5). give permission /civil authorities/, authorize. 

yu9un la tol sak' 9orten mil-bail ta. spreserenteal. In his term as 

magistrate they say he has authorized many killings. 

9ak' ba, rv. present oneself /before authorities/, offer self /sexually/. 

9ak' ba 9entrokal, vphr(rv & n5). turn oneself in, hand oneself over, 

k'ahom 9a yak' sba 9entrokal ta cukel bae"i hyakubel. All he did was 

to go and turn himself in at the jail - he was very drunk. 

9ak' ba "riluk, vphr(rv & tv). reveal oneself. 

9ak' ba ta k'ecel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). lean against person /husband 

leaning against wife to be deloused/. 

9ak' ba ta k'ob kahvaltik, vphr(rv & prep & nphr/n4f of n5/). partake of 

the sacraments /baptism, confession, communion/. 

9ak' ba ta k'ob rios, vphr(rv & prep & nphr/n4f of n5/). partake of the 

sacraments /baptism, confession, communion/. 

9ak' baik, rv. station selves, give to each other, offer selves /sexually/. 

9ak' bentisyon, vphr(tv & n5). bless /priest/, bless meal /shaman, ritual 

tutor/. 

9ak' bwelta, vphr(tv & n5). turn, take a turn around. 

9ak' eieel, vphr(tv & vn5). punish. 

9ak' camel, vphr(tv & vn5). lit., give sickness, i.e., witch. Male joking 

speech; impregnate. 

t sak' camel pero ta slok'. lit., He caused sickness but it will leave, 

i.e., the child will be born. 

9ak' kantela, vphr(tv & n5). offer candles /shaman at shrine, principal or 

constable to incoming stewards as announcement of their appointment/. 

t sak'ik kantela ta c'ul-vinahel ta htot ta hme9tik. lit. They are giving 

candles in the holy heaven by our father by our mother, i.e., They 

are visiting the mountain shrines. 

9ak' kastiko, vphr(tv & n5). punish. 

t sak' kastiko li preserente ti mi ta ssa9 ta yan vinik li 9ane k'al 9oy 

sa smalale. The magistrate punishes a woman if she looks for another 

man when she already has a husband. 

9ak' komel, vphr(tv & dr). deposit, leave. 

9ak' krasia, vphr(tv & n5). bless (ritual tutor) /blessing is also exchanged 

between stewards, ensign-bearers, elders, ritual tutors, and civil authorities 

after flag ceremony during change of office of ensign-bearers/. 

9ak' krasia, vphr(tv & n4f). bless (Our Lord). 

9ak' kwenta, vphr(tv & n5). complain or protest before civil authorities, 

give an accounting. 

t sba kak' kwenta k'al hlumaltik si li paraheletik a9a. "I'm going to 

town to protest", say the hamlet-dwellers. 

t &k' kwenta svinik li krinsupaletik ta sk'esolike. The principals give 

their successors the list of all their men /the men of the hamlet whom 

they represent/. 

9ak' kwenta, vphr(tv // n). do one's part, fulfill one's obligation. 

9ak' k'ak'al, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4e). cause to wither (frost), cause to burn 

(sun). 

9ak' k'ak'al 9o9on, vphr(tv/3s/ & nphr/n4f of n4d/). arouse anger, hatred, 

resentment or envy. 

t sak' sk'ak'al ko9on. It makes me mad! 

9ak' k'ob, vphr(tv // n). release" in greeting /touching the top of younger 

or less prestigious person's head with the back of one's hand when 

meeting, toasting, and departing, or during formal occasion/, give a 

hand /in work/. 

9ak' k'ok', vphr(tv // n). wage war.

9ak'-k'ok\ vn(tv & ncpd)5. war. 

9ak' k'op, vphr(tv // n). promise, give one's word, state definitely, advise. 

9ak' k'op, vphr(tv & n5). cause gossip. 

•?ak' mahel, vphr(tv & vn5). beat. 

9ak' mantal, vphr(tv & n5). advise, counsel, bring up properly. 

iak' manya, vphr(tv & n4d). climb with aid of climbing loop /formerly 

people climbed a greased pole on the fiesta of St. Lawrence/. 

9ak' manya, vphr(tv & n5). lead astray, corrupt. 

?ak' me 1 ) k'ob, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). impress fingerprint. 

9ak' milel, vphr(tv & vn5). kill. 

9ak' nompra, vphr(tv & n4d). serve coffee (ensign-bearers on the first day 

of fiesta). 

9ak' parte, vphr(tv & n5). complain or protest before civil authorities. 

9ak" pee", vphr(tv & nld). set a trap /for dog, rat or bird/. 

?ak* persa, vphr(tv & n5). strive, exert oneself /person, animal, car, com/, 

persist /sickness, hunger/. 

iyak' persa mbteh. He exerted himself and worked. 

•>ak' pertonal, vphr(tv & n5). pardon, forgive. 

9ak' pinna, vphr(tv // n). sign. 

•?ak' punto, vphr(tv & n5). show the way, lead, set the pace /in agricultura 

work/. 

t sak' punto k'u s9elan t sbat li labtele. He shows how the work 

should go. 

yak' punto 9abtel. He set the pace for the work. 

9ak' p'ok, vphr(tv & n4f). knot. 

9ak' rason, vphr(tv & n5). advise, counsel, bring up properly. 

9ak' raya, vphr(tv & n5). draw line. 

9ak' responso, vphr(tv & n5). chant responsory for the dead at funeral or 

on All Souls' Day. cf. responso. 

9ak' sat, vphr(tv // n). keep an eye out for. 

yak'oh ssat li h9elek' k'al slok' ec'el yahval nae. The robber kept an 

eye out for when the owner left. 

t sak' ssat bu 9oy lek eeb. He keeps an eye out for pretty girls. 

9ak' siîl, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). cause craving for food. 

9ak' sin, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). show movie. 

9ak' si9el, vphr(tv/3s/ & vnle). be frightening or fearsome, inan. poss.; 

be intimidating, cause misgivings. 

9ak' ta 9istalal, vphr(tv & prep & n5). let touch, make a ring out of. 

mu sak' ta "ristalal k'usuk yu9un. He doesn't let anyone touch his 

things. 

iyak' ta •nstalal li srostone. He made a ring out of his fifty cent piece. 

?ak' ta ?o9on, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). be concerned about, heed, take to 

heart, be offended. 

mu sak' ta yo?on h-p'el lutel. He doesn't take to heart a word of 

criticism. 

tol sak' ta yoôn k'usi S9albat. He is offended too often by what he 

is told. 

9ak' ta c'amunel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). loan. 

9ak' ta kwenta, vphr(tv & prep & n5). take seriously, heed, pay attention, 

be offended. 

mu sak' ta kwenta camel. He pays no attention to sickness. 

9ak' ta k'elel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). demonstrate, show. 

9ak* ta k'es, vphr(tv & prep & n5). loan. 

9ak' ta k'eslal, vphr(tv & prep & n5). shame publicly, disgrace. 

9ak'e ta k'eslal yu9un seeb ti mi ihatave. He is disgraced by his 

daughter if she elopes. 

i9ak'e ta k'eslal yu9un skrem ta kavilto ti mi seak eebe. He is disgraced 

in court if his son assaults a girl. 

Ritual or Denunciatory speech; mu savak'on ta k'eslal mu Savak'on 

ta namal. Do not shame me, do not mortify me. 

9ak* ta maltisyon, vphr(tv & prep & n5). damn or curse (God). 

9ak'e ta maltisyon ii'aye yu9un kahvaltik yu9un mu sa bu stoh tohel 

lak'el. He was damned, he was rejected by Our Lord because he no 

longer paid the communal tax. 

t sak' ta maltisyon sc'ulel ti mi mu sik' sbaik. Their souls are damned 

if they don't marry /after having an affair/. 

9ak' ta muk', vphr(tv & prep & aj). take seriously, heed, pay attention 


to. 

mu sak' ta muk' svayic. He pays no attention to his dreams. 

9ak' ta namal, vphr(tv & prep & n5). shame in public, disgrace, cf. iak' 

la k'eslal. 

9ak' ta persa, vphr(tv & prep & n5). be forced to give, rape. 

iyak' ta persa iyik' smalal li 9anee. They /the parents/ were forced 

to give her away; the woman took a husband. 

9ak' ta postael, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). be treated /medically/. 

?ak' tyempo, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). have (or) allow time. 

?ak' vayel, vphr(tv/3s/ & vn5). be or feel sleepy. 

9ak' vokol, vphr(rv // n). act in vain, strive, take the trouble, waste one's 

time. 

yec iyak' svokol ta se'itesel. They just wasted their time raising him 

/child who falls into evil ways/. 

Polite speech; mu savak' avokol. Don't bother. 

9ak'an 9ak'an ta naetik, vphr(tv & tv & prep & n5). give at one house after 

another /vaccination/. 

9ak'an komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave one after another hurriedly, 

lak'anan komel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. iak 'an komel. 

9ak'9on, av. giving constantly. 

lak'be, tv. give to, have sexual relations with, serve /religious post/, 

lak'be 7e, vphr(tv & n4f). sharpen blade, roughen surface /metate/. 

9ak'be 9ic'-vo9, vphr(tv & vn/tv & ncpd/5). have baptized. 

9ak'be 9il, vphr(tv & tv). show, demonstrate. 

ta sak'be yil k'u sielan ta meleanel. He shows him how to do it. 

yak'be yil "Jabtel sc'amal. He showed his child how to work. 

9ak'be 9utel, vphr(tv & vn5). criticize, scold, rebuke, reproach, reprimand, 

bawl out. 

tol t sak'be lutel sc'amal ta h-set' nos' k'op. He always criticizes bis 

children for the least things. 

9ak'be bwelta, vphr(tv & n5). turn around. 

iyak'be bwelta ska9. He turned his horse around. 

iyak'be bwelta li sk'ope. He corrected the logic of his argument, 

sak'be eieel, vphr(tv & vn5). punish. 

t sak'be eieel sc'amal li vinik ti mi naka tahimol t sk'ote ti mi mu sk'ot 

ta can-vune. The man punishes his child when he just goes /to 

school/ to play and doesn't go to learn. 

tol hal sak'be eieel hcukel k'al hutuk nos smule. He gives the prisoner 

too long a punishment when his crime is not great, 

lak'be cu9, vphr(tv // n). nurse. 

•Jak'be kastiko, vphr(tv & n5). punish. 

9ak'be krus, vphr(tv & n5). make sign of cross on. 

•>ak'be k'el, vphr(tv & tv). show, demonstrate. 

•Jak'be k'ok', vphr(tv & n5). shoot at, blow sparks, 

•tak'be k'u ca9al yu9, vphr(tv & pt & pt & iv/3s/). do one's best, try one's 

hardest. 

t sak'be k'u ca9al su 1 ? li 9abtele. He tries his hardest at work. 

•7ak'be pat macita, vphr(tv & nphr/n of n/5). strike with flat of machete. 

9ak'be punto, vphr(tv & n5). aim at /with gun/. 

9ak'be senya, vphr(tv & n5). mark. 

9ak'be ta mas 9elav, vphr(tv & prep & nphr/aj & n4f/). expose to ridicule. 

9ak'be ve9el, vphr(tv & vn4d). feed, Male joking speech; have sexual 

relations with. 

9ak'ben 6amel, nphr(n type vn)5. sickness caused by witchcraft, illicit 

pregnancy. 

9ak'lahet, av. cf. lak'ion (plu). 

9ak'lahetik, av. cf. lak'ion (plu). 

•Jak'ob kantela, nphr(n of n)5. pit for candles /at foot of shrine/. 

9ak'ob k'esolil, nphr(n of n)5. repository for sacrificial chicken /behind 

shrine; Calvary, Musul Vie, Sisil Vie/. 

9ak'ob k'ok', nphr(n4f of n5). fortress, camp. 

9ak'ob pec", nphr(n of n)5. 'trapping implement', paroquet bur Triumfetta 

semitriloba, #2111(11), #2839(11). Temperate "tree". The bark is 

used by children to make traps. 

9ak'ob responso, nphr(n of n)5. aspergal. 

9ak'obil h9ilol, nphr(n4f of agn). gift to shaman for services rendered. 

9ak'ulan, tv. keep giving. 

41


9ak'ulan ba ta k'eslal, vphr(rv & prep & n5). keep disgracing oneself. 

9ak'ulan vokol, vphr(tv & n5). keep acting in vain. 

9ak'ulan vokolil, vphr(tv & n3d). keep acting in vain. 

9ak'ulanan, tv. keep giving /plu/. 

9ak'ulanan baik ta pana, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep going outside (plu). 

9ak'van, iv. let wife ... /visit/, give daughter in marriage. 

9ak'van ta c'ail, vphr(iv & prep & n5). treat person with smoke cure/pus 

ton/, (shaman, bone-setter). 

•Jak'van ta maltisyon, vphr(iv & prep & n5). damn or curse person /God/, 

t sak'van ta maltisyon kahvaltik ti mi mu hna9tike. Our Lord damns 

us if we don't remember Him. 

h9ak' , agn(tv & ncpd). lit., giver of /worms, tadpoles, 

etc./, i.e., witch. 

h9ak'-9elav con, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ type n5). circus animal. 

h9ak'-9uc, agn(tv & ncpd). 'cause of yellowing', indian paintbrush Castilleja 

arrensis, #3(1,3,4), #1459(3), #1776(1), #2331(3,4). Highland 

"plant" #1942(1,3,4). Temperate "plant" The yellowing of corn 

plants is attributed to the influence of this plant when it grows in the 

corn field. Children pull up the plants and pretend that they are the 

flowers for a curing ceremony. 

blk'tal lmk'-?uc, nphr(aj & agn/tv & ncpd/). Castilleja integrifolia, 

#951(1,3). Highland "plant". 

h?ak'-eeluel, agn(tv & ncpd). 'giver of cramps', butterfly bush Buddleia 

nitida. (9)-An unattested variety of eele-pat causes cramps if the wood 

is burned in the fire. 

h9ak'-camel, agn(tv & vncpd). witch. 

h9ak'-camel e'unun, nphr(agn/tv & vncpd/ type n5). supernatural hummingbird, 

evil messenger of earth lord. 

h9ak' canul 9itah, agn(tv & nphr/n of n/cpd). highland butterfly; two 

varieties, one white, one yellow. 

h9ak'-cin, agn(tv & ncpd). groove-billed ani Crotophaga sulcirostris. 

h9ak'-kantela, agn(tv & ncpd). shaman who lights candles at mountain 

shrines during each of the three year renewal ceremonies. 

h9ak* k'ak'al 9o9on, agn(tv & nphr/aj & n/cpd). offender (dog that eats 

eggs, sheep or horse that breaks fence.). 

h?ak*-k'esolil, agn(tv & ncpd). shaman who places sacrificial chicken at 

Calvary. 

h9ak'-k'ok', agn(tv & ncpd). warrior, soldier. 

h?ak' k'op I091I, agn(tv & nphr/n & n/cpd). person who causes gossip 

/loose woman, amorous man/, 

lmk'-manya, agn(tv & ncpd). depraver /person who influences others to 

quarrel or leads them to drink/. 

h9ak'-musika, agn(tv & ncpd). person who escorts musicians back to their 

town. 

hiak'-pulatu, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /assistant to the stewards-royal 

who guards their supplies in Vot-bie during the Fiesta of Our 

Lady of the Rosary/. 

hâk'-responso, agn(tv & ncpd). chanter of responsory for the dead. 

h9ak'-rios, agn(tv & ncpd). each of two wedding petitioners, cf. hpacol. 

h?ak'-tak'in, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /man who delivers 

token money from wedding godfather to groom's father/. 

h9ak'-ve9elil, agn(tv & vncpd). religious functionary /each of the women 

who hands food to guests at wedding, to religious officials at banquet 

during fiestas of St. Sebastian, Carnival, Saint John's Day/. 

h9ak'-vokol, agn(tv & ncpd). nuisance /horse that keeps running 

away/. 

hiak'ben-camel, agn(n & vncpd). illegitimate child. 

h?ak'vaneh, agn. religious functionary /male wedding official, chosen by 

bride's family to provide trousseau/. 

h9ak'vaneh ta si9el, nphr(agn & prep & vn5). person who inspires fear 

/epileptic/. 

•mk'al N. 

9ak'al, nld. charcoal, inan. poss.; yak'lel. 

9av 9ak'al, nphr(n4f of nla). censer. 

hk'us-9ak'al, agn(tv & ncpd). Charcoal cruncher. Charcoal crunchers 

were anthropomorphic mythical figures who, in former times, disattached 

their heads from their bodies at night and ate charcoal at the 

fireside. 

hlik 9av 9ak'al, agn(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/cpd). censer-bearer. 

9ak'lel, n4f. charcoal. 

9ak'in N. 

?ak'in, nla. weeding. 

9ak*inah, iv. weed. 

9ak'inahebal, n3d. instrument for weeding /hoe, billhook/. 

9ak'inta, tv. weed. 

9ak'intaan, tv. weed a lot. 

9ak'intik, n5. weeding season. 

h9ak'in, agn. weeder /person/. 

9ak'l 

9ak'l, charcoal, cf. 9ak'al. • 

•mk'ol N. 

9ak'ol, nib. above, over, upper, East. 

ta yak'ol ec'el. up there. 

ta yak'ol tal. up here. 

te nakal ta yak'ol hna. He lives above my house. 

9ak'oltik, n5. Tenejapa. 

h9ak'ol, agn. person who lives to the east /plu form is most freq/. 

h9ak'oltik, agn. Tenejapan. 

h9ak'oltikahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from Tenejapa. 

9ak'ot N. 

9ak'ot, n5. dance. 

9ak'otah, iv. dance, charge (bull or cow on rampage), spin (top). 

9ak'otahes, tv. dance /doll/, spin /top/. 

9ak'otan, tv. do a dance. 

Scolding speech, addressing rambunctious child or drunk; k'usi t 

savak'otan. What dance are you doing? 

9ak'ottas, tv. dance /doll/, spin /top/. 

h9ak'ot, agn. dancer. 

9ak'utah, iv. cf. lak'otah. 

9ak'nbal N. 

9ak'ubal, nle. night. 

ta yak'ubalil. on that night. 

isk'opon sbaik ta rominko ha9 sa yak'ubalil 9un. They talked to each 

other on Sunday, on /Sunday/ night. 

9ak'ubal 9us, nphr(n4d of n5). 'gnat's night', Stevia rhombifolia, 

# 1781(16). Highland "plant". The flowers are placed in altar vases on 

All Saints' Day. They are sold at market in Tuxtla. 

9ak'ubaltik, n5. nighttime, dark. 

9ak'ut 

9ak'ut, dance, cf. 9ak'ot. 

9al(l) T. 

9al, tv. say, mean, request, tell, announce, notify, declare, decide, sound, 

sound good (traditional music), do, think or assume incorrectly /past 

participle only/. 

ha9 me t skal. so I ask you (or) but please. 

savale mas lek. Don't you think it would be better? (or) I think it 

would be better. 

mu sna? k'u sal. Don't mention it (or) He does not do anything. 

stak' k'u t sal. It can be done, why not? 

mu k'u t sal. Don't mention it /response to thanks/. 

mu k'u t skal sibat. I can't go. 

mu sal lek. It doesn't sound right. 

9a ti kalohe. I thought (or) assumed that 

t skal vo9one copol ti k'u spasulane. From my point of view what 

he is doing is bad. 

t skal vo9one ta stal vo9 tana. I suppose (or) I think it's going to rain 

today. 

t sakalbe buy. I'll tell you where (or) I'll point out to you where it 

is. 

hamal t sakalbe h-moh Ii9 toe mu sata 9elk'anel. I can assure you 

frankly that you won't be robbed here. 

9al won, vphr(tv // n). wonder, be worried about, be apprehensive, long 

for, intend. 

yalohbe to 90s" yo9on ti t sbate. He had intended to go.

t sal yo9on mi "Hi k'u spas ta be. He wonders if something happened 

to him on the way. 

t sal yo9on mi t sk'oponbat ta yan li slekome. He is afraid that his 

fiancee has been spoken to by someone else. 

9al ba, rv. announce one's plans, leave word, admit one's involvement. 

ba yal sba wyuk komel t sbat ta Hobel. He is going to leave word 

that he is going to San Cristobal. 

mu sal sba ti ha 1 * stamoh li tak'ine. He does not admit that it was 

he who took the money. 

•>al ba 9a9yuk, vphr(rv & tv). announce one's plans. 

9al ba vokol, vphrfrv & n5). have curing ceremony for oneself. 

9al krasia, vphr(tv & n5). bless (ritual tutor), /infr/. 

9al k'op, vphr(tv // n). promise, give one's word, state definitely. 

mu skal k'op ti. I am not saying that... 

mu skal hk'op htuk ha 1 ) ti k'u si li htote. I can't give my word on my 

own; it depends on what my father says. 

?al mantal, vphr(tv & n5). order, command, be in charge, give directions, 

advise, make declaration. 

yu-mn lek sal mantal ta kavilto k'alal ta yalkalteale. He gave good 

counsel in court when he was justice of the peace. 

9al mul, vphr(tv // n). confess. 

9al pavor, vphr(tv & n5). ask a favor. 

?al rason, vphr(tv & nld). advise, counsel. 

mu s'tohob ta 9al-rason ta totil modal. He is not good at counselling 

as a ritual tutor. 

9al vokol, vphr(tv & n5). hold curing ceremony /for family member/, 

request a favor. 

9alan, tv. say many things. 

•)alan, aj. phlegmatic, unresponsive. 

?alan 9alan ta naetik, vphr(tv & tv & prep & n5). peddle from house to 

house (ladino). 

inhon, av. repeating endlessly. 

•Jalbe 'Won, vphr(tv & n4d). be happy. 

?albe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). tell the whole story, tell the true story, tell 

one's version, make a declaration, give a speech. 

yalbe smelol k'u s9elan issaiik k'op. He told his version of how they 

quarrelled. 

9albe pavor, vphr(tv & n5). cf. lal pavor. 

9albe rason, vphr(tv & n5). cf. lal rason. 

•lalbel, vnlb. telling. 

mu hna9 mi su9 yalbel. I don't know if it can be told. 

mu saî 9albel. He pays no attention. 

9aleL vnld. naming, an. poss.; gossip or talk about individual. 

mi ava^yoh avalel. Have you heard the talk about you? 

ta 9alel. supposed to. 

Ii?ay ta 9alel. I was supposed to have gone. 

muk' ta 9alel. It makes no difference. 

•fallahet, av. repeating endlessly (plu). 

•»allahetdt, av. cf. tallahet (plu). 

9alob-bail vokol, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ of n5). ritual objects, herbs, or 

prayers used in curing ceremony. 

?alob sermun, nphr(nlf of nld). pulpit. 

•Jali) hi I sermun, nphrfnlf of nld). cf. lalob sermun. 

9alte9alte, av. peddling from place to place (salesman). 

9alulan, tv. keep repeating from day to day. 

9alvan, iv. give information about person. 

9alvan vokol, vphr(iv & n5). hold curing ceremony for person. 

h?al-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). informer, person in charge /ritual tutor/, 

person who conveys message for another. 

hial-k'op e'unun, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ type n5). supernatural hummingbird. 

It serves as a messenger for the tutelary gods. By its nocturnal 

song it gives notice of the death of an absent member of the family. 

h?al-mantal, agn(tv & ncpd). person in charge /ritual tutor/. 

Iml-mantal e'imun, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ type n5). cf. hial-k'op e"unun. 

Iml-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). informer. 

Iml-rason, agn(tv & ncpd). counselor, 

hfal-vokol, agn(tv & ncpd). person who requests shaman to perform 


curing ceremony. 

lmlvaneh, agn. person who gives information about another, 

mu 9albah, ajphr(pt & aj). not mentioned, never mentioned, impossible 

to discuss. 

mu lalbanah, ajphr(pt & aj). cf. mu lalbah. 

9al(2) 

•>aL birth, child, cf. 9ol(2). 

9al, heavy, numb, speechless, etc. cf. 701(1). 

9alak' N. 

9alak', n4a. chicken. 

9ocem yalak'il li lisime. The chickens have entered /to eat/ the corn. 

9alak' balamil, nphr(n4f of n5)5. 'earth chicken' rufescent tinamou Crypturellus 

cinnamomeus /Hok' C'enom, Muk 'la Hok'/. cf. luyhan mut, penis 

mul. 

'alambra 

lalambra, wire. cf. 'alampre. 

lalampre N(Sp, alambre). 

9alampre, nla. wire, barbed wire, var., lalambra. 

9alampretik, n5. length of barbed wire fence. 

lalasas N(Sp, naranjas). 

9alasas, n. sour orange Citrus auranlium, #389(1,3). Highland "tree" A 

few Zinacantecs grow sour oranges in their yards. The slips are planted 

in the middle of the rainy season. A burlap bagful of young sprigs are 

gathered or purchased by the wedding petitioners. These, together 

with geraniums, are made into bouquets that are held by each of the 

wedding guests during the dance. Some guests make the leaves whistle. 

Three or four leaves may be brewed as a substitute for coffee. 

They are "hot". The fruit is eaten occasionally. It is "hot". The juice 

is used to season cabbage. 

9alavaniis N(Sp, rabano). 

9alavanus, nld. radish Raphanus salivus, #1720(15,16). Highland 

"plant". (15)-The seeds are sown by Chamulas at the end of April and 

are harvested in June. They are sold at market. The root is eaten raw. 

It is cold" 

9alavanusaltik, n5. large field of radishes. 

">alavanustdc, n5. field of radishes. 

c'is 9alavanus, nphr(n type n). radish Raphanus salivus, #1720(3). 

Highland "plant" The seeds are sown at the beginning of the rainy 

season by a few Zinacantecs. They are harvested in August and 

sold in San Cristobal and Tuxtla. The roots are eaten raw. They are 

"cold". 

kaslan lalavanus, nphr(aj & n). see below. 

k'os kaslan 9alavanus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). radish Raphanus 

salivus, #2775(1,4). Highland "plant" The seeds are sown in June 

by a few Zinacantecs and by Chamulas. The young plants may be 

transplanted. The radishes are harvested in August and sold at 

market. The root is cold" 

muk'ta kaslan 'alavanus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). radish Raphanus 

sativus, #2744(1,4). Highland "plant" Same use as k'os kaslan 

talavanus. The greens are eaten. 

muk'ta lalavanus, nph r( aj & n). radish Raphanus salivus, # 109( 1,2,3,4), 

#987(1,3). Highland "plant". The seeds are sown in June by a few 

Zinacantecs and by Chamulas. The radishes are harvested in October 

and sold by Chamulas in San Cristobal. Radishes and radish 

greens are brewed. They are cold". 

natikil talavanus, nphr(aj & n). radish Raphanus salivus, 

#2907(3,4,5). Highland "plant" Same use as k'os kaslan talavanus. 

sakil 9alavanus, nphr(aj & n). radish Raphanus sativus, #2908(3,4,5). 

Highland "plant". The seeds are sown by some Chamulas at the 

beginning or middle of the rainy season. The root is bought by Zinacantecs 

and brewed. It is "cold" 

•'alavena N(Sp, hierbabuena). 

?alavena, nla. mint. 

•>alavcnailtik, n5. large expanse of mint. 

?alavenatik, n5. expanse of mint. 

bae"i 9alavena, nphr(aj & n)5. bergamot mint Mentha cilrata, 

43


#2765(1,4). Highland "plant". It is planted in yards at the beginning 

of the rainy season. The tips are used to season cabbage and beef. 

They are "hot". (5)-When all the mint plants disappeared for many 

years it was thought that their souls had gone to the afterworld. 

bae*i 9alavenatik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of bergamot mint, 

c'is 9alavena, nphr(n type n)5. mint. (5)-An unattested variety of wild 

mint is used for seasoning cabbage and beef, 

c'is 9alavenatik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of c'is lalatena. 

•?alavena e"i9lel, nphr(n type n). 'mint weed', wild heliotrope Heliotropium 

angiospermum, #257(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant" wild lantana Lantana 

achyranthijolia, #760(1,2). Temperate "plant", monkey flower Mimulus 

glabratus, #1413(3). Temperate "plant" verbene Verbena carolina, 

#1448(11,12). Highland "plant" bush mint Hyplis verticillata, 

# 1696(1,4). Lowland "plant". Sahia misella, #2816(11,12). Lowland 

plant" 

9alavena nic nab, cf. nic nab. 

9alib N. 

9alib moelil, nphr(n type n)3d. female's mother-in-law /term of reference/. 

9alib molil, nphr(n type n)3d. female's father-in-law /term of reference/. 

•Jalibal, n3d. daughter-in-law /term of reference/. 

9alibin, tv. become parent-in-law of girl. 

ibat ta 9alibinel. She entered her husband's home forever /archaic/. 

valkalte N(Sp, alcalde). 

9alkalte, agn. justice of the peace or alcalde juez. 

•Jalkalte-suves, agn(n type ncpd). judge ordinary or alcalde shuves /terminal 

post of religious hierarchy/. 

bik'it lalkalte, nphr(aj & agn). petty alcalde or junior alcalde viejo /second 

most prestigious official of fourth grade of religious hierarchy/, 

muk'ta 9alkalte, nphr(aj & agn). grand alcalde or senior alcalde viejo 

/most prestigious official of the fourth level of the religious hierarchy/. 

9alkaveta A(Sp, alcahuete). 

lalkaveta, aj. pimp-like, henpecked /dominated by women/. 

•Jidkin N(Sp, arco). 

9alku9, nle. arch. 

yalkiml ti"> 9eklisya. lit., The arch of the church entrance, i.e., decorations 

attached to church entrance. 

9alku9 moc, nphr(n type n)ld. basket with handle. 

9alku9 nicim, nphr(n of n)5. flower arch /arch of tinsel flowers used to 

decorate altars, also to decorate mountain shrines on the fiesta of the 

Holy Cross/. 

9alku9 p'in, nphr(n type n)Id. pail with bail handle /used by religious 

officials to receive gifts of food/, 

lalmario N(Sp, armario). 

9almario, nle. closet for priest's vestments. 

>almorsal N(Sp, almuerzo). 

•>almorsal, nld. snack /eaten by members of curing ceremony at various 

crosses, most frequently at Kalvario/, meal /eaten by religious officials 

outside church/, var., larmusal. 

t sbat ta ?almorsal ta 9ora li 9unene. lit., The baby is going to be a 

snack right away, i.e., The baby is going to die right away. 

'almul N(Sp, almud). 

9almul, nla. almud /15 or 20 liters/, wooden measure for corn or beans, 

large basket used for gift of bread during courtship, large shot glass 

/archaic/. 

9almul moc, nphr(n type n)5. fifteen liter basket measure, 

bik'it ?almul, nphr(aj & n)5. fifteen liter dry measure. 

muk'ta "?almul, nphr(aj & n)5. twenty liter dry measure. 

?alpaho N(Sp, alfalfa). 

?alpaho, nld. sweet clover Melilotus alba, #B9550(5,5a), #31(1,3,4,5), 

#2389(3,4), #2510(4). Highland plant" It is planted by ladinos for 

forage. The seeds are mixed with sand and sown in rows in February. 

As a remedy for liver damage caused by excessive drinking, a handful 

is brewed and the tea is drunk before breakfast for three or nine days. 

?alpahoaltik, n5. large field of sweet clover. 

9alpahotik, n5. field of sweet clover. 

ralperes N(Sp, alferez). 

lalperes, agn. ensign-bearer or alferez /official of the second or third level 


lalperes mut, nphr(agn type n)le. 'ensign-bearer bird', magpie jay Calocilla 

formosa. Magpie jays are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. They 

are "cold. "They are notorious for flocking together and ravaging fruit 

crops in the lowlands. Magpie jays are believed to be transformations 

of an ensign-bearer who betrayed Our Lord by revealing his presence 

to the devils when He was walking abroad on the earth. 

9altal N(Sp, altar). 

9altal, nle. altar, corn with two ears inside one husk, 

altamisa N(Sp, artemisa). 

laltamisa, nld. ragweed Ambrosia cumanensis, #1100(1,3), #2505(4). 

Highland "plant" To prevent post-partum hemorrhaging, a handful is 

brewed and a cupful is drunk before the mother's first meal. It is 

"hot" 

9altamisatik, n5. expanse of ragweed. 

9altavo N(Sp, aldaba). 

9altavo, nle. latch. 

yaltavoal hna. My door latch. 

9altik X. 

oaltik, pt?. never mind, forget it! skip it! 

mu 9altikuk. in vain, needlessly, unnecessarily. 

mu me 9altikuk sibat. Don't make me go for nothing. 

9alus N. 

9alus, nle. soft metal. 

9oy yalusal li 9ek'ele. The axe is of soft metal. 

lalvanil N(Sp, albanil). 

9alvanil, agn. mason. 

9alvasil N(Sp, alguacil). 

9alvasil, agn. constable /lowest official in religious hierarchy/, supernatural 

assistant of tutelary gods. 

9am(l) prob O. 

9amam, av. bellowing (bull). 

9amamet, av. bellowing repeatedly (bull), groaning (heavily-laden truck), 

lowing (cow V2: 14). 

•>amet, av. bellowing, groaning (heavily-laden truck), lowing (cow V2: 

14), mooing (cow EKL 252: 1-14). 

•>ametah, iv. moo, bellow, low. 

9amlah, av. cf. lamam (plu). 

"Jamlahet, av. bellowing (bulls), lowing (cows V2: 15). 

9amlahetik, av. bellowing (bulls), lowing (cows V2: 15). 

9amte9amte, av. walking about bellowing (bull, cow that has lost calf). 

9am(2) 

9am, spider, cf. 9om. 

9ama N. 

9ama, nla. flute. 

9ama cauk, nphr(n4f of n5). 'thunderbolt's flute", wild rakacha Arracacia 

bracteata, # 113(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "plant". A man suffering venereal 

disease gathers twelve plants. They are brewed and the tea drunk 

before breakfast for as many days as necessary. The tea is medium", 

meadow rue Thalictrum guatemalense, #1487(1,3), #1782(4), 

#2448(1). Highland "plant", red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #2105(1), 

#2439(1). Temperate "plant". Digilicatia chiapensis, #1932(16,17). 

Temperate plant". (16)-To reduce fever a small bunch is brewed 

and a half cup of the warm tea is drunk before breakfast and lunch 

for one day. It is cold". Coaxana ebracteata, #2927(1,3). Highland 

"plant". Bocconia arborea, #1522(11,12). Highland "tree" 

9ama daukaltik, nphr(n4f of n5). large expanse of oama cauk. 

9ama Cauktik, nphr(n4f of n5). expanse of lama cauk. 

9o9lol 9ama £auk, nphr(n type nphr/n4f of n5/). meadow rue Thalictrum 

guatemalense, #742(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant", 

eahal 9ama cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). bracelet-wood Jacquinea 

aurantiaca, #1940(1,3,4). Temperate "plant" (RML)-Probably a 

misidentification. 

k'os 9ama cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). meadow rue Thalictrum 

guatemalense, #1487(11,12). Highland 'plant" (ll)-The tips are 

used as toys.

muk'ta ram cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). red dahlia Dahlia 

coccinea, #1426(1), #1757(4,5), #2267(3,4). Highland "plant". 

#1488(3). Temperate and highland plant" (5)-An unattested variety 

is used for thevo/im ceremony. Bocconia frutescens, 

#495(1,2,3). Highland "plant" #1798(1). Temperate and highland 

"plant". Bocconia arborea, #1379(7). Temperate "tree". 

#1522(1,3). Highland "tree" Equisetum myriochaetum, #546(1,3). 

Temperate "plant". As a remedy for dysentery a handful is brewed. 

The tea is "hot". Pedilanthus tithymaloides, #894(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"plant". Prionosciadium nelsoni, #1138(1,4), #1550(1,3). Temperate 

"plant". 

9amain, tv. make flute of. 

hiamarero, agn. flutist. 

9imak' N. 

lamak', nla. yard /bare yard in front of house/. 

•MinaHo 

lamalio, cf. >aiiK>li. 

lanut N(N, amatl). 

ramat, n5. wild fig Ficus glabrata, #884(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". The 

trunk is used to make metate platforms. The fruit is eaten by birds and 

tossed at people by jaguars to frighten them, wild fig Ficus glaucescens, 

# 1704(1,4,7,11,12,14). Lowland 'tree". (1,4)-The trunk is used 

for making gates, benches, shelves, lamp stands. (7,11,12)-The trunk 

is used for fence posts and firewood. The fruit is edible. It is "hot" 

lamiko N(Sp, amigo). 

•'amiko, nld. friend /reciprocal term of address between Zinacantecs, 

Ixtapanecs, and the people of Larrainzar/. 

lamikoin, tv. become friends with. 

Tamoc 

lamoc, cf. >amuc. 

•amolin N(N, amolli). 

?amolio, nla. morning glory Ipomoea microsticta, #2827(11). Lowland 

"vine" It is planted in May. The fruit is pounded on a stone and 

dissolved in water for women's shampoo, man. poss., yamolial. var., 

'lamalio /Caynatik, Hok' C'enom/. 

lam oliotik, n5. expanse of tamolio. 

mmai N. 

ramuc, nla. toad Bu/o valliceps. Because the toad is believed to call for 

rain at the onset of the rainy season, the person who kills one will be 

punished with sickness and death. It is also called men von. cf. rana, 

var., lamoc. 

k'os yasal lamuc, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. tree frog Hyta walkeri. It 

is considered inoffensive. 

•feM(l) Pt. 

*)an, pt. oh /optional phrase and sentence initial form/. 

•?an mi t sabat. Oh, are you going? 

?an c'an. Oh be quiet! 

•>an to me c'an. Oh please be quiet! var., tana. 

lana, cf. tva. 

•»n(2) I. 

lan, iv. glow (embers). 

t siianotik ya9el. We feel as if we are burning up /from hot sun/. 

•»anahtik, aj. cf. tanal /plu/. 

lanal, aj. burning /fever/. 

?analik, aj. cf. tanal /plu/. 

lana net, av. smarting, 

lamon, av. smarting (bum, chafe, eye from sickness, tweaked ear, ear 

when distant person speaks ill of us), 

lanes, tv. rekindle /embers/. 

lanlahet, av. tingling, smarting /sensation caused by exhaustion, or by 

having ears tweaked/. 

?antoante, av. glowing here and there, smarting here and there /burn, 

chafe/. 

•»n(3) T. 

7an, tv. hew /beam/, carve /stone/, 

lanan, tv. hew /beams/, carve /stones/. 

•Jananan, tv. cf. lanan. 


lanob, nlf. hewing or carving instrument /axe, chisel, sledgehammer, 

hammer/. 

lanobil, nlf. cf. tanob. 

lanulan, tv. keep hewing or carving, 

hian-co"', agn(tv & ncpd). metate-maker /Chamula/. 

hian-tei, agn(tv & ncpd). hewer, wood-carver, 

âna(l) 

lana, oh. cf. 'an(l). 

/ >ana(2) prob A or N. 

lana hobel, nphr(x type n)ld. rat tail muhly Muhlenbergia macroura, 

#630(1,2,3), #1506(1,3,11,12), #2241(1,3,4,19). Highland "plant". 

This grass is cut with an axe and used for thatching. For a small 

house 1200-1600 bundles are needed; for a large house 2400 bundles. 

It is considered inferior to feather grass for this purpose, 

lana hobelaltik, nphr(x type n)5. large field of rat tail muhly. 

lana hobeltik, nphr(x type n)5. field of rat tail muhly. 

•>anal N. 

''anal, n4f. leaf, cap /flat-capped mushroom/. 

yanal toh. pine needles /still attached to branch/. 

lanal leal, nphr(n4f of n3d). lip, lips, 

lanal loibol, nphr(n4f of nld). banana leaf, 

lanal pisalal, nphr(n4f of n3d). brim of hat. 

•»anal tiiil leal, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n3d/). lip, lips, 

lunen lanal, nphr(aj & n)4f. new leaf, 

yanal to, nphr(n of n)la. branch /for fence/. Ritual speech; cane liquor. 

lak'on t apertonal htot lak'on t apertonal kahval ibat ti sba yo 1 ap'ise 

ibat ti sba yo 1 asalue ti yo 1 ae'uhulale ti yo 1 anak'obale ti yo 1 anicime 

ti yo 1 ayanal toe. Forgive me my father, forgive me my lord, the 

first of Thy lordly glasses went (to my head), the first of Thy lordly 

pitchers went (to my head), Thy lordly dew, Thy lordly shade, Thy 

lordly flower, Thy lordly bough. 

lane N. 

lane, nla. woman, absolute form; term of address for wife. 

talem laneetik pero mu hnai bu svaiet. My wife has arrived, but I 

do not know where she is. cf. sinyora. 

laneil, n3d. mistress. 

k'usi toh laneil Ice. lit., Why is she like a mistress? i.e., Why doesn't 

she obey? 

laneil ''ah, cf. iah. 

lancil lee", cf. iec\ 

laneil lumai lee', cf. lef. 

land! puh, cf. pun. 

laneil voitus, cf. voitus. 

laneilal, n4d. wife, 

lanein, tv. take a mistress. 

lanhel N(Sp, angel). 

lanhel, agn. angel, earth lord, talking saint, vampire bat, each of two sons 

of the dames and the dudes in Christmas festivities /under supervision 

of the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary/. 

c"ul-ianhel, n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech, term of address to earth lord; 

lit., holy angel. 

c'ul-rey f'ul-ianhel c'ul-con d'ul-cauk. holy king, holy angel, holy 

snake, holy thunderbolt. 

lanhe-rios, agn(n of ncpd). Ritual speech, godparents referring to godchild 

of baptism; lit., God's angel. 

kik'be sc'ulel kik'be yanima yahianhe-rios. I have taken the soul, I 

have taken the spirit of God's angel /to be baptised/. 

?anll N. 

•»anil, n5. quickly, fast. 

lani] t Sibat (or) t sibat ta 9anil. I am hurrying. 

ianil-9ik\ tv(n & tvcpd). summon at the last moment. 

9anil camel, nphr(n type vn)5. sudden fatal illness. 

•?anil kai, nphr(n of n)5. horse race, 

lanil-ta, tv(n & tvcpd). find or get at the last moment, 

lani] tok, nphr(n type n)5. fast-moving cloud. 

•(anilah, iv. run. 

lanilaheb, n4d. hurrying, running.


lista ta kanilaheb. 1 was caught when I was running. 

•?anilta, tv. make run. 

•Janiltaan, tv. make /people/ run. 

Itfanil, agn. racer /at fiesta/, 

lmnil ka 1 ?, nphr/agn of n5/. horse racer. 

h?anilahel ka9, nphr(agn type n5). race horse. 

h?anilahel ta ka 1 ?, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). horse racer. 

Tanima N(Sp, anima). 

•'amma, nld. dead person, ghost, soul, dream. 

?anima , nphr(n type n3d). the late . 

ti fanima htot. my late father, 

'animal N(Sp, animal). 

•?animal, n5. animal: 

lanimal, aj. lots of. 

?animal 9ac'el. lots of mud. 

?animal 9ep tak'in. loads of money. 

Tanke Pt(Sp, aunque). 

lanke, pt. although. 

Wttas N(Sp, andas). 

•>antas, nle. litter /for carrying saints in procession/. 

Tantel N(Sp, Andrea). 

Tantel, nld. andrea /infr/. 

rantivo N(Sp, antiguo) 

lantivo, n5. ancestor /person of former times/. 

?antivo k'op, nphr(n type n)5. myth, legend, talk of times past. 

9antivo tak'in, nphr(n type n)5. old coin. 

•Jantun N(Sp, antonio) 

•>antun, nld. anthony. 

Tantunina N(Sp, Antonia). 

''antunina, nld. antonia /infr/. var., tonik. 

lap 

•Jap, shout, cf. ?av(3). 

•>apob N. 

?apobal, n3b. water for moistening com or for moistening hands of 

tortilla-maker, remainder drunk by tortilla-maker, var., tapubal. 

Tapon N. 

lapon, n5. child's illness /diarrhea and fever/ caused by "evil eye," fever 

of grown person caused by embarrassment or shame, 

wponab, iv. Denunciatory speech; be embarrassed or ashamed. 

mu sak'esav mu sa9aponah. You aren't ashamed, you aren't embarrassed. 

sakil 'Japon, nphr(aj & n)le. dandruff, 

sal-wpon, n(aj & ncpd)le. dandruff. 

•Japoral A(Sp, apurar). 

?aporal, aj. urgently. 

•Japoral t sibat. I must go right away. 

TOpostal N(Sp, apostar). 

?apostal, n5. bet. var., âpv/esto /less freq/. 

pas ?apostal, vphr(tv & n5). bet. 

Tapostol N(Sp, apostol). 

•?apostol, n5. apostle /term for stewards on Maundy Thursday/, var., 

")apusiol. 

?apub 

?apub, water for moistening corn, etc. cf. âpob. 

Tapwesto 

•>apwesto, bet. cf. ^postal. 

?ap'(l) prob O. 

7ap'ap'et, av. making crunching sound /bone/. 

•>ap'et, av. farting /sound/, squeaking /door/. 

?ap'luh, av. farting suddenly /sound/. 

7ap'(2) X. 

Tap'al, aj. narrow /cave, vagina of young girl/, open a crack /door/, torn 

slightly. 

Tap'et, av. squint-eyed. 

Tar E. 

?ar, excl. ouch! /r is trilled/. 

9araret, av. saying "ouch". 

•?arariy, excl. ouch! 

laret, av. saying "ouch". 

*>arluh, av. saying "ouch" suddenly. 

laranya N(Sp, arafia). 

7aranya, nle. chandelier. 

lararo N(Sp, arado). 

•)araro, nla. plow. 

•?araro, n5. 'plow', antlion. cf. stalah. 

•>ariero N(Sp, arriero). 

•>ariero, n5. muleteer. 

larmusal 

•Jarmusal, snack, cf. lalmorsal. 

larnero N(Sp, haraero). 

•?amero, n5. sieve /perforated cowhide on which com is threshed/. 

?aros N(Sp, arroz). 

?aros, nla. rice. It is "cold". 

mi sak'anbe yarosal. Do you want rice /with your meal/? 

9aros £enek', cf. cenek'. 

•Jarova N(Sp, arroba). 

"Jarova, nla. arroba, measure of about twenty-five pounds /flour/. 

•Mirpa N(Sp, harpa). 

•?arpa, nla. harp /eighteen string/. 

c'abal yarpail. /the musical group/ has no harp. 

•?arpain, tv. take possession of harp. 

ârsial N(Sp, sarcia). 

9arsial, nla. whip. 

ta htambe yarsialil. I will give him a whipping. 

9arsial , nphr(n type n). skinny /girl, man/ /exceedingly 

deprecatory phrase, used only in joking context among younger generation/. 

Tarsial con, cf. con(2). 

?arsial te"?, nphr(n type n). 'whip tree', Baccharis trinervis, #2431(20). 

Highland and temperate "tree". It is used for making horse whips. 

•>arsialin, tv. make into a whip. 

larvahaka N(Sp, albahaca). 

")arvahaka, nld. basil. (1)-An unattested variety is brewed with wild basil 

and c'ailpos to reduce swelling /pumel/. A cup is drunk before breakfast 

every morning until recovery. It is "hot", var., lavrahaka /Hok' 

C'enom, Muk'ta Hok'/. 

"?arvahakatik, n5. expanse of basil. 

?it'is ?arvahaka, nphr(n type n). Ocimum micranthum, 

#2610(1,3,15,21,22). Temperate plant". (15)-As a remedy for malaria 

/pasmo/, two or three plants are crushed in the hand and mixed 

in cold water. A cupful is drunk before breakfast for one or two 

days. It is "hot" 

bue'i 'Jarvahaka, nphr(aj & n). american basil Ocimum cf. americanum 

L. , #804(1,2). Lowland "plant". The seeds are sown by ladinos.in 

the rainy season. They put the flowers in altar vases. Zinacantecs 

buy sprigs that are brewed, and the tea drunk for 

"wind".(4)-A cup is drunk before breakfast. (1,2)-As a remedy for 

earache the sprigs are brewed. A wad of cotton is soaked in the 

decoction and put in the ear. 

k'os larvahaka, nphr(aj & n). american basil Ocimum americanum, 

#677(1,2,3,4). Lowland "plant". It is grown by Ixtapanecs and the 

people of San Lucas. When the saints from there visit Zinacantan 

basil plants are brought along and placed at the feet of the saints. 

Likewise when Zinacantec saints visit there, basil plants are bought 

by the Zinacantecs and are offered in the church. The plant is sold 

in San Cristobal and Tuxtla. (5)-As a remedy for mahbenal a cup of 

basil tea is drunk. It is "hot". For other medicinal uses cf. bae"i 

larvahaka. Ocimum micranthum, #2610(20). Temperate "plant". 

•Jarvahaka e"i?lel, nphr(n type n). self heal Prunella vulgaris, #2352(20). 

Temperate "plant". As a remedy for embarrassment suffered by young 

children who have accompanied their mothers to market in San 

Cristobal, young tips are smeared on their face and head two times 

each morning for three days. They are "hot". 

9arvensa N(Sp, audiencia?).

9arvensa, n5. hermitage /chapel of Lord Esquipulas in Htek-lum/. 

Tasak' 

9asak', potato, cf. 9is(3). 

Tasahina N(Sp, azadon). 

•'asaluna, nla. grub hoe. 

pirn sa pero bu t sbat ta k'op ti k'al tombil ec'el yasalunaile. /The 

weeds/ are already thick, but how can they talk back when the hoe 

is held? var., lasarana. 

•malunain, tv. take possession of hoe. 

tanhero lasaluna, nphr(aj & n)la. imported hoe /formerly/. 

tranhero lasaluna, cf. tanhero >asalnna. 

9asarana 

'fasarana, hoe. cf. lasaluna. 

fasarol N(Sp, asador). 

9asarol, nla. spit /for meat/. 

lasasena N(Sp, azucena). 

9asasena, nla. lily. Ritual speech; cf. lavalena. var., lasusena. 

•Jasasenailtik, n5. large expanse of lasasena. 

9asasenatik, n5. expanse of nasasena. 

bae'i 9asasena, nphr(aj & n). easter lily Liliumsp., #812(1,2,3,5). Highland 

'plant". The tubers are planted by a few Zinacantecs in their 

yards, during the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases. 

Seven or eight dozen flowers are bought by the stewards' assistants 

to decorate the litter on which the Christ Children are carried on 

Christmas Eve. (23)-Each steward provides three flowers for the 

above purpose on the Sixth Posada. Escobedia laevis, #1771(15). 

Highland 'plant'. 

?it*is bae'i ?asasena, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/). Escobedia laevis, 

# 1771(4,5). Highland "plant" The stewards' assistants gather the 

flowers to put in the altar vases. 

k'anal lasasena, nphr(aj & n). day lily Hemerocallis fulva, 

#18(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant" The tubers are planted in a few 

yards in the rainy season. The flowers are cut or purchased by 

stewards to decorate the church altar or their coffer on Sundays 

and fiestas. They are also used by ladinos. 

sakil lasasena, nphr(aj & n). white amaryllis Hippeastrum sotandriflorum, 

#17(2,3,4), #2506(4,21,22). Highland "plant" The tuber is 

planted in yards in the rainy season. The plants also grow wild 

along streams. The flowers are cut or purchased by stewards, stewards-royal, 

and elders to put in altar vases. They are also used by 

ladinos. They are sold at market in Tuxtla. 

tise T(Sp, hace cuenta). 

9ase-kwenta, pt(tv & ncpd). clearly, evidently. 

taseatero N(Sp, hacendado). 

hâsentero, agn. rancher. 

•Jasero N(Sp, acero). 

"'asero, nle. steel. 

c'abal yaseroal li luk'e. lit., The billhook has no steel, i.e., The metal 

is soft. 

Tasete N(Sp, aceite). 

9asete, n5. oil. It is thought that Zinacantecs were once and still may be 

captured by foreign enemies and rendered into oil. 

9asta Pt(Sp, hasta). 

?asta, pt. even. 

lasta ke, ptphr(pt & pt). until. 

isisuhvre N(Sp, azufre). 

9asuhvre, nla. sulphur /used to make gunpowder for blasting iron/. 

lasoka N(Sp, azucar). 

•'asuka, nla. raw sugar. 

eahal ?asuka, nphr(aj &'n)5. raw sugar. It is "hot". 

sakil 9asuka, nphr(aj & n)5. refined sugar. It is "cold" 

Tasyento N(Sp, hacienda). 

9asyento, n5. ranch. 

9as I. 

las, iv. provide cover /from rain/. 

9as9as, iv. provide scant cover /from rain/. 

•'asibal, n3a. rain cape, plastic sheet used as rain cover. 


lasiltas, tv. stay under cover. 

t skasiltas vol. I will wait for the rain to pass. 

9asinah, iv. take cover from rain. 

9asinal, n4a. rain cover /tree, overhang/. Ritual speech, prayer; cover. 

cf. kevual. 

•lasinta. tv. take cover from rain. 

9asintaan, tv. stay under cover /people/. 

9asintasan, tv. take cover from rain /people/. 

san âsibal, nphr(n type n)3d. palm rain cape /worn formerly/. 

•>asu£ N(Sp, ajo). 

9asus, nla. garlic. (5)-An unattested variety is rubbed on the limbs of 

children suffering soul-loss. It is also buried at the spot where the child 

is believed to have lost his soul. For other medicinal uses cf. mee'ta. 

?asus eis 9uc, cf. ris tai. 

•lasus ka9, nphr(n4d of n5). 'horse's garlic', garlic Allium salivum, 

#632(1,2). Highland "plant" The bulbs are planted by a few Zinacantecs 

in their yards, during the rainy season. As a remedy for swelling 

/poslom/, two cloves are pounded on a rock and rubbed on the affected 

part. Garlic is "hot". 

9at(l) N. 

9at, nib. penis, stinger /wasp, bee/, trigger, pendulum, convex base /bottle/, 

core /chili/. Scolding female speech; vagina, 

kat mi ha9 yec. Is that what it's really like? /used only in male 

company/. 

9at buro con, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). 'donkey penis animal', horn 

of plenty Craterellus cornucopoides, #190(4). Highland mushroom" 

9at e"i9, nphr(n4d of n5). sty /in the eye/. 

9at e?i"> 9ak', nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. 'dog penis vine', bomarea 

Bomarea hirtella, #1375(3), #1965(1,3,4), #2552(1,4,21,22). Temperate 

"vine" #1509(1,3). Temperate and highland "vine" #2323(3,4). 

Highland "vine". Bomarea aculifolia, #1857(1). Highland "vine". Asclepias 

sp., #323(1,2,3,5). Lowland "vine" 

9at e"i9 e'iilel, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. 'dog penis plant', ladies' 

tresses Spiranthes hemichrea, #78(2,4,5). Highland "plant*. bloodflower 

milkweed Asclepias curassavica, #1694(1,4,7). Lowland 

"plant". Smilacina scilloidea, #1853(1). Highland "plant" 

9at e"i9 te9, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. 'dog penis tree', white milkweed 

Asclepias similis, #1080(1,3,5). Temperate "tree" 

9at citom po9on, cf. poion. 

9at hîk'al, nphr(n4d of agn). 'spook's penis', false morel Helvetia lacunosa, 

#166(4,5). Highland "mushroom" 

sakil 9at h9ik'al, nphr: aj & nphr(n4d of agn). false morel Helvetia 

crispa, #189(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" 

9at ka9, nphr(n4d of n5). 'horse penis', see below. 

lik'al 9at ka">, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). club-footed clitocybe Clitocybe 

clavipes, #177(4,5). Highland "mushroom" Panaeolus sp., 

#4(1,3,5). Lowland, temperate, and highland "mushroom", 

balahtik 9at ka9, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). round horse penis', see 

below, 

sakil balahtik 9at ka9, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). lawyer's 

wig Coprinus comatus, #76(1,3,4,5). Highland 'mushroom", 

eahal 9at ka9, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Mycena sp., #170(4,5). 

Highland "mushroom" 

k'anal 9at ka9, nphr: aj & nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5). see below, 

k'os k'anal 9at ka9, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Psilocybe 

sp., #50(1,3). Highland mushroom". Mycena sp., #87(1,3,4,5). 

Highland "mushroom", 

k'os' 9at ka9, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Mycena sp., #82(1,3,4,5). 

Highland "mushroom". 

sakil 9at ka9, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Conocybe sp., #3(1,3,5). 

Lowland, temperate and highland "mushroom" Inocybe sp., 

# 101(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" 

k'os sakil 9at ka9, nphr: aj & nphr(aj St. nphr/n4d of n5/). Lepiota sp., 

#154(3,4,5). Highland 'mushroom". Mycena sp., #83(1,3,4,5). 


9at karnero 9ak', nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. 'sheep penis vine', Prestonia 

sp., #2658(1,3). Lowland "vine".


9at kotom, nphr(n4d of n5). "coatipenis', Chysissp., #1586(1,3)- Temperate 

"plant". The stalks are chewed by boys who want to lengthen their 

penises. They are "hot". (4)-The stalks are chewed once a day for 

three days. They are considered more effective than wild yams for 

this purpose. 

?at kotomaltik, nphr(n4d of n5). large expanse of tat kotom. 

9at kotomtik, nphr(n4d of n5). expanse of lat kotom. 

9at k'ok*, nphr(n4f of nld). flame. 

?at nab, nphr(n4f of n5). 'river penis', land snail Turitella?. The shell of 

this lowland and highland snail may be used by men who want to 

torment a woman who refuses all advances. The snail's shell is passed 

over her meal. Its "heat" is said to inflame her passions so that she 

provides a spectacle for all. A man who has a male enemy may pass 

the snail shell over his enemy's posol so that he will lust after many 

women. 

9at nab, nphr(n4f of n5). 'lake penis', dotted smartweed Polygonum 

punclatum, #2031(17). Highland "plant". 

9at vakas 9ak', nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. 'bull penis vine', Prestonia 

sp., #2658(20). Lowland "vine" 

?at vesal, nphr(n4f of n3d). fly of pants. 

9atil, n3d. penis /infr/. 

laâm 9at, sterile, cf. âeain. 

came-9at, centipede, cf. cam. 

?at(2) T. 

9at, tv. count up, consider. 

?at, iv. be counted /chaplet/. 

9at 909on, vphr(tv // n). wonder, fret, be anxious. Ritual speech; cf. 

k'opohes ")oion. 

i9oc ta 9at-9o?on ti eake ta smule. He has become worried that he 

will be caught for his crime. 

t sat yo9on yu9un yil. He is worrying about his debt. 

9at-9o9on t sak' si ti mi mu sa skol yahcamel. They say it causes 

anxiety when one's patient isn't recovering. 

9at hoi, vphr(tv // n). worry, be anxious. 

t sat shol yo9on yu9un yiltak. He is worried and he is fretting over 

his debts. 

9atan, tv. count /plu/. 

9atanan, tv. count one after another. 

9atob, nlf. table or tablecloth on which money is counted. 

?atobil, nlf. cf. tatob. 

9atol, nle. counting. 

ta yatolal 9u. on a fixed date /fiesta/. 

9atolah, iv. count up. 

9atulan, tv. keep counting. 

?atulanan, tv. keep counting /plu/. 

9atvan, iv. count people. 

h?atol, agn. counter. 

h9atolahel, agn. counter, 

hoatvaneh, agn. person who counts others. 

Totol, nle. cf. tatol. 

h?otol, agn. cf. hiatol. 

9at(3) prob N. 

9atiltas, tv. bathe /child, patient, corpse, horse/. 

9atiltasan, tv. wash /children, horses/. 

9atiltasob, n4f. water for washing corpse or patient. 

9atiltasobil, n4f. cf. latiltasob. 

9atiltasvan, iv. wash person, get person wet /rain/. 

?atimol, vn5. washing /not ceremonial/. 

9atin, tv. be soaked by /rain/, be stained, dirtied or begrimed by. 

t skatin eaeal vo9. I am soaked by the rainstorm. 

t satin Tik'ubal. It is getting dirty. 

9atin, iv. wash self, be washed. 

9atin-kasa, vn(iv & ncpd)5. washing of steward's coffer. 

9atinahebal, n3d. bathing place, half gourd for "flower water". 

Ritual speech, shaman when bathing patient, and referring to each of 

the wells from which "flower water" is drawn; ta smaki ta skevu ti 

yatinahebe ti seebinahebe ti c"ul-totile ti c"ul-me9ile. He /the patient/ 

will share, will enjoy the bathing place, the shampooing place 

of the holy fathers, the holy mothers. 

9atinan, tv. be stained or dirtied by /people/. 

9atintas, tv. cf. latiltas. 

9atintasan, tv. cf. latihasan. 

9atintasob, n4f. cf. latiltasob. 

9atintasobil, n4f. cf. laliltasob. 

9atintasvan, iv. cf. latiltasvan. 

h9atiltasvaneh, agn. rain that wets people, person who washes corpse, 

shaman who washes patient. 

h9atimol, agn. bather /not ceremonially/. 

h9atintasvaneh, agn. cf. hiatiltasvaneh. 

?atah 

9atah, cabbage, greens, cf. 9itah. 

9atu9 

9atu9, cat. cf. karur 

9at' 

9at', sprinkle, cf. 9ac'(2). 

9av(l) N. 

9av 9a9al, nphr(n4f of n4d). water storage jug, fontanel. 

9av 9abtel, nphr(n4f of nld). callous. If a man arrives in the afterworld 

with no callouses on his hands it is said that he will be given tools to 

work with until the blood pours from his hands. Likewise, a woman 

whose hands bear no mark of having woven cloth will be given a 

loom to work on until blood pours from her hands. 

9av 9ae"am, nphr(n4f of nld). saltcellar. 

9av 9ak'al, nphr(n4f of nla). censer. 

9av 9e, nphr(n4f of n4d). bite /dog, snake, spider/. 

9av 9okol, nphr(n4f of n3d). footprint. 

•)av 9ol, nphr(n4f of n4d). uterus. 

9av 9unen, nphr(n4f of n5). uterus. 

9av bino, nphr(n4f of nld). chalice. 

9av e'uiltasbil vo9, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/5). bowl for holy water. 

9av cob, nphr(n4f of nld). corn field /unplanted/. 

9av htotik sakramentu, nphr(n4f of nphr/agn type n5/). ciborium. 

9av kantela, nphr(n4f of nla). candlestick. 

9av kas, nphr(n4f of nla). petroleum lamp. 

9av k'abil, nphr(n4f of n3d). bladder, chamber pot. 

9av k'obol, nphr(n4f of n3d). handprint, bruise made by blow of the fist. 

9av lastima, nphr(n4f of nla). scar. 

9av limosna, nphr(n4f of nla). alms box. 

9av me9 k'ob, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n4d/). fingerprint. 

9av na, nphr(n4f of nld). house lot. 

9av nab, nphr(n4f of n5). dry lake bed. 

9av pom, nphr(n4f of nld). priest's censer, net or shoulder bag for carrying 

incense. 

9av tak'in, nphr(n4f of nla). wallet, billfold, inan. poss.; drawer /of 

table/. 

9av ve9el, nphr(n4f of n4d). stomach and intestines. 

9av vo^, nphr(n4f of n5). water storage jug, fontanel. 

9av vo£', nphr(n4f of n4d). crop. Male joking speech; stomach. 

9avil, n3c. place, booth. 

ba hkuc'tik tal ta yavil. Let's go bring it from where it is made (or) 

where it grows (or) where it is permanently established. 

ha9 kav h'9e. This is my seat. 

•>avin, tv. use, make, or possess as a booth. 

t savin yok t savin sk'ob. His foot is bruised, his hand is bruised. 

9av(2) T. 

9av, tv. plant corn. 

t sav scob. He is planting his cornfield. Eggs, snails, or fish should 

not be eaten before planting corn lest the roots of the corn plants take 

their form and be unable to withstand the force of a strong wind. 

9av, iv. be planted /corn field./ 

9av, nc. corn planting /infr/. 

9avan, tv. plant corn fields.

9avel, nc. corn planting /infr/. 

9aven, nla. replanting of corn one week after initial planting, replanted 

corn. inan. poss.; corn for replanting. 

9avenah, iv. replant corn. 

9aventa, tv. replant corn. 

t skaventa hcob. I am replanting my corn field. 

9aventaan, tv. replant much corn. 

?aventaobil, n4f. corn for replanting. 

9avol, nla. corn planting. 

9avolah, iv. plant corn. 

vavolahebal, n3d. net or shoulder bag for seed corn and beans. 

9avolahebal te9, nphr(n type n)5. digging stick /archaic/. 

9avulan, tv. keep planting corn. 

9avulanan, tv. keep planting a lot of corn /if corn does not come up/, 

hiaven, agn. replanter of corn. 

9ovol, nla. corn planting, newly planted corn. 

9ovolah, iv. cf. lavolah. 

9ovoltik, n5. planting season. 

h9ovol, agn. com planter. 

9av(3) N. 

9avan, iv. shout /to person/, yell, hoot, or scream (drunk), roar (tiger), 

howl (coyote), yelp (dog), ache. 

t sfravan kok. My leg is aching. 

•Javavet, av. screaming /in fear VI: 7/. 

9avavet ta lok'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). sobbing or wailing without 

cease /in church/. 

9av9on, av. shouting (drunk), howling (coyote), yelping (dog V2: 19). 

9av9on ta 9ok'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). howling (baby). 

9a vet, av. shouting (drunk), roaring (tiger), screaming (siren V3: 11, woman 

EKL 258: 2-17), howling (coyote). 

9an c'an 9avetel. Oh, stop shouting! 

9avet ta 9ok'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). sobbing or wailing /in church; 

accusing Others of causing sickness/. 

9avetah, iv. howl (drunk, coyote). 

wlah, av. shouting (drunks), howling (coyotes). 

9avlahet, av. shouting (plu) /when playing, working contentedly, or 

drunk/, howling (dogs, coyotes). 

9avlahetik, av. shouting (plu) (people). 

9avluh, av. yelping suddenly (dog), screaming suddenly /fear, pain/. 

9avte9avte, av. howling or shouting from place to place (person), howling 

from place to place (coyote, lost dog), 

hâvanel, agn. shouter /infr/. 

?apta, tv. shout at, call to, recall soul /infr/. 

•Japta baik, rv. call to or shout at each other. 

9apta vun, vphr(tv & nld). read aloud /proclamation, list of names/. 

•mptaan, tv. shout at or call to /many people/. 

laptael, vn5. ceremony to recall soul. 

•Mptaluh, iv. recall /soul/. 

9aptaobil, n4f. gourd for recaUing souls. 

9aptaob-baiL vn(n & rpncpd)5. recaUing of soul. 

9aptavan, iv. shout at person, recall person's soul (shaman). 

h?aptael, agn. person who is shouted at. 

lmptavaneh, agn. person who shouts at another. 

?ov, n5. shouting, 

vavariente N(Sp, aguardiente). 

lavanen te, nla. cane liquor, 

warto N(Sp, albarda). 

?avarto, nla. packsaddle. 

9avartoin, tv. saddle /horse/. 

Tavasena N(Sp, aguacen). 

9avasena, nla. patent medicine /drunk by poor Chamulas as a substitute 

for cane liquor/. 

Tivena N(Sp, avena). 

•Javena, n. wild oat Avena fatua var. fatua, #593(1). Highland "plant". 

The seeds are sown by ladinos in the rainy season. They are eaten by 

ladinos. (3)-They are "cold". 


9aver Pt(Sp, a ver). 

9aver, pt. let's see. 

9avranaka 

•Javrahaka, basil, cf. lanahaka. 

9avril N(Sp, avril). 

9avril, n5. April. 

9avyon N(Sp, avion). 

9avyon, nla. airplane. 

yavyonal 9ak' k'ok'. warplane. 

9ay(l) I. 

9a, iv(contr of lay), went /acts as auxiliary verb/. 

9a stam tal. He went and brought it. 

9ay, iv. go and return /restricted to past tense/. 

mi 9ay nas. Did he come this morning? /person no longer present/. 

bu Ia9ay. Where did you go or where have you been? /asking person 

who has returned/. 

9ay(2) O. 

9ay, excl. ugh!, ow! /exclamation of disgust, annoyance, pain or fear/. 

9ayayet, av. squealing (dog in pain V2: 19). 

9ay9on, av. squealing (dog in pain V2: 19). 

9aylahet, av. squealing (hungry puppies). 

9ayluh, av. squealing suddenly (dog in pain or fear). 

9aytcayte, av. shouting about (drunk). 

9ayan 

9ayan, birth, cf. 9oy(l). 

9e(l) Pt. 

9e, pt. oh /phrase or sentence initial term, allowing pause for thought, or 

expressing doubt/. 

9e mu hna9 k'u si. Oh, I don't know how. var., ie /lengthened 

vowel/, he. 

•>e(2) N. 

•)eal, n3b. mouth /person, animal, flute/, voice, notch /warping bar/, 

grinding surface /metate/, blade /knife, axe, hoe/, speech, tooth /person, 

animal, comb/, fever sores /in mouth/, mortise. 

ye nos. He is just talking big. 

lok'an tal ye e"i9, lok'an tal ye 9inatab, lok'an tal ye ka9, lok'an tal 

ye vakas. Come out dog's tooth, come out iguana's tooth, come out 

horse's tooth, come out cow's tooth /said by mother to induce 

growth of strong new tooth when she tosses her child's baby tooth 

on the roof/. 

9ein cak, vphr(tv // n). Scolding speech, generally between women; accusing 

person of refusing to tell the truth. 

mi ha9 avein 1 acake. Was it your ass you were quoting? 

9einbe 9e, vphr(tv & n4d). misquote. 

iyeinbe ye li buc'u ta slooilahe. He misquoted the person who was 

talking. 

9e(3) N. 

•?eah, iv. carry burden a short distance /infr/. 

9ean, tv. carry burden a short distance /either on one's back or by mule/. 

•Jeanan, tv. carry burdens 

9eanluh, iv. carry burden a short distance. 

9ehan, tv. cf. lean /infr/. 

9eovah, iv. carry burden by mule. 

9eoval, nld. pack trip. 

h9eaneh, agn. person carrying burden a short distance. 

h9eoval, agn. muletrain, muleteer /accompanying loaded mules/. 

9e(4) Pt. 

9e, pt. too. restricted to yec 9e nuk: that too / Vo'i-bie/. 

9e9 O. 

9e9, onom. grunt /mule/. 

9e9luh, av. gasping suddenly (falling child). 

9e9on, av. saying "oh, oh" when jogged (infant being carried), cooing 

(baby EKL 258: 2-21). 

9ee» N. 

9ee", n4e. echo. 

9ee"an, iv. echo.


t sTCe'an ke. My voice echoes. 

9ee'an9ee'an, iv. echo and reecho. 

S9ee'an9ee'an ye ti prove 9une. The poor fellow's voice is echoing and 

reechoing /drunk shouting/. 

We P. 

9ecahtik, aj. cf. tecel /plu/. 

•?ecan, tv. cause to lie on one's back /woman/. 

9ecan ba, rv. lie on one's back. 

9ec9on, av. lying on back and moving from side to side straining to get 

up (baby, drunk). 

?ecec yalel, vphr(av & dr). faUing over backwards /from sitting or squatting 

position/. 

9ecel, aj. lying on back (drunk). 

•Jecet, av. lying on back and moving (baby, drunk, woman). 

•Jecetik, av. cf. tecet (plu). 

9eclah, av. falling down and getting up repeatedly (plu). 

9eclahet, av. lying and moving /in sexual relations (plu)/, falling down 

and getting up repeatedly. 

9eclahetik, av. falling down and getting up repeatedly (plu). 

9ecleh, nld. lying on back. 

9ecluh, av. falling on one's back suddenly. 

9ec'(l) I. 

tec', iv. pass by, pass (sickness, grief, time, fear), abate (rain), leak (pot, 

house). 

?ec' 909on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). do everything in one's power, try one's 

best. 

i9ec' ko9on ta h-mek pero muk' 9onos kol 9un. I did everything I 

could but he did not recover. 

9ec' yo9on isk'opon li eebe pero muk' sk'ane. He tried his best and 

talked to the girl but she spurned him. 

9ec" wun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). recover /from sickness/, win /fight/, 

endure. 

9ec' yu9un ti 9utele. He endured the tongue-lashing. 

9ec'-hel ta be, vphr(tv/iv & tvepd/ & prep & n5). pass by person, leave 

person behind. 

9ec'-helanhelan ta be, vphr(tv/iv & tvepd/ & prep & n5). leave everyone 

behind. 

9ec' ta 9abtel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). carry out a religious post. 

tec' ta komon, vphr(iv & prep & aj). share equally. 

9ec' ta lek, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj). pass safely (sickness), turn out well. 

9ec' ta lek li balamil ?un a9a to, si ti mi lek li balamil t smane. "The 

land certainly turned out well", one says if the land that is being 

bought is good. 

?ec' nos ta mas lek li eebe. The girl turned out to be just beautiful. 

9ec' ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj). be excessive or extreme, overdo, 

go too far, get out of hand. 

9ec" ta mas ti ye. lit., his mouth went too far, i.e., He spoke intemperately. 

9ec' ta pale, vphr(iv & prep & n5). marry in the church. 

9ec'9ec', iv. abate slightly (sickness, rain), leak slightly. 

•Jec'iec'tik, iv. abate slightly (sickness, rain), leak slightly. 

9ec'el, nc. time, planting /1-2/, meal, round /drinking/. 

?ak'o sa 9otro h-?ec"eluk. Pass it around another time. 

ta slah ta h-9ec"el veiel. It will last for only one meal. 

9ec'el lec'el, nphr(vnlb & vnlb). passing by frequently (drink-pourer, 

constable repeatedly summoning person, rain). 

9ec"om , nphrfaj & n)Id. last year's /corn, beans, watermelon 

squash/. 

tei'om te, nphr(aj & n4d). overtalkative. 

9ec'om-ta9ah, iv(aj & ivcpd). become overcooked (cabbage, beans), become 

hard-boiled (eggs). 

?ec'om tok'on, ajphr(aj & aj). hard-boiled (egg), overripe (fruit). 

Tec'omah, iv. spoil (corn or beans stored too long), become a spinster. 

9ec'omtah, iv. spoil (corn or beans stored too long), cf. tec'omah. 

h?ec'el be, agn(nphr/n of n/5). traveller, passerby. 

?et'es, tv. avoid, dodge /rock, blow/. 

?et'esbon tal 9abolahan. Please pass it to me. 

9et'es 9O9on, vphr(tv // n). satisfy one's desire, glut. 

iyet'es yo9on ta tui'-pos". He glutted himself with drink, 

iyet'es yo9on ta 9avanel. He shouted to his heart's content. 

9et'es k'op, vphr(tv & n5). translate, interpret. 

9et'es ta 9abtel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). advance in office /advance funds 

so that family member can. carry out his religious office/. 

9et'esob, nlf. instrument for dodging, avoiding, or parrying /toreador's 

cape, overhang that provides shelter from rain, food and drink given to 

musicians so they will play./ 

9et'esobil, nlf. cf. tet'esob. 

9et'esvan ta 9abtel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). advance person in office 

/advance money to family member so that he can carry out his religious 

office/. 

h9et'esvaneh ta 9abtel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who advances 

money to family member so that he can carry out his religious 

office. 

ec'el, dr. auxiliary verb expressing movement away from. 

9ec'(2) N. 

9ec', nla. air pine . 

9ec'tik, n5. expanse of air pines on many trees. 

9aneil 9ec\ nphr(natt & n)5. 'female tec", Vriesea werckleana, 

#447(1,2). Temperate "plant" (5)-An unattested variety is used in 

major curing ceremonies. It is "cold". (16)-An unattested variety is 

used to decorate a patient's ceremonial bed. 

eahal ?aneil 9ec', nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). see below, 

k'os eahal 9aneil êc", nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Tillandsia 

bulzii, #399(1,3). Highland "plant" 

c'is* 9aneil 9ec', nphr(n type nphr/natt & n/). Pitcairnia purpusii, 

#1065(1,3,5). Highland "plant". 

9uma9 9ec', nphr(aj & n)5. Tillandsia vicentina, # 139(1,2,4,5). Highland 

plant". Children should avoid putting this plant in their mouths, 

lest they become mute or begin to stutter. Tillandsia bulzii, #B9525 

(5,5a). Highland "plant". Tillandsia fasciculata, #2122(7,11). Temperate 

plant". Pitcairnia sp., #B9501(5,5a). Highland "plant". Pitcairnia 

breedlovei, #1662(7). Highland, temperate, and lowland 

plant" 

9uma9 9ec'tik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of 9uma9 lee'. 

9aneil 9uma9 ?ec', nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/). Pitcairnia karwinskyana, 

#498(1,2). Highland "plant", 

k'os 9uma9 9ec', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Tillandsia capitata, 


bae"i 9ec', nphr(aj & n). Tillandsia guatemalensis, #141(1,2,3,4,5). 

Highland "plant". Same as krus tec'. 

bik'tal 9ec\ nphr(aj & n). Tillandsia guatemalensis, #141(1,2,3,4,5). 

Highland plant". Same as krus tec'. 

(S'is tei', nphr(n type n). 'spiky tec", Tillandsia rodrigueziana, 

#711(1,2). Temperate "plant". Pitcairnia breedlovei, #1662(14). 

Lowland, temperate, and highland "plant", 

kilon tei', nphr(x type n)le. 'long tec", cf. below, 

kilon 9ed'tik, nphr(x type n)5. expanse of kilon tec'. 

eahal kilon te£\ nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Tillandsia violacea, 

#669(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant". Thirty-six plants are gathered by 

the stewards on Monday of Holy Week. Ideally, each steward provides 

three plants. If the quota has not been met, those stewards 

who provided less than three must fill the quota the following day. 

These plants, which are used indiscriminately with the white variety, 

are hung on the branches of the two pine trees which flank the 

cross on Good Friday. 

sakil kilon tet', nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Tillandsia violacea, 

#522(2,5). Temperate and highland "plant" Same use as eahal 

kilon tec'. 

krus ?ec', nphr(n type n)le. 'cross tec", Tillandsia guatemalensis, 

#141(1,2,3,4,5), #1849(1,16), #2243(1,3,4,19). Highland "plant". 

This is one of the basic ingredients of "flower water". It is "cold". 

Three plants are used to decorate the house cross and each shrine at a

curing ceremony. For each flower change the stewards gather 900 

plants. (23)-800 plants are provided by the senior steward in charge; 

500 of these to decorate the Church of St. Lawrence. Forty plants 

are provided by each of the other senior stewards. Sixty plants are 

provided by the senior steward to decorate his coffer. (5)-An unattested 

variety is gathered by the stewards-royal every Saturday to 

decorate the Chapel of Lord Esquipulas and their coffers. The elders 

decorate the altar of the grand alcalde every two weeks. 

(23)-Forty plants are provided by each steward on the Seventh Posada 

to decorate the creche. (l)-Thirty-five of an unattested variety 

are used for the above purpose. (1 et al)-The plants are sold by San 

Feliperos at Christmastime in San Cristobal, Chiapa, and Tuxtla. 

cf. eis tuc, c'ib. 

krus •Jec'tik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of krus lei'. 

k'os 9ec\ nphr(aj & n). Tillandsia guatenwlensis, # 141 (1,2,3,4,5). Highland 

"plant". Same as krus tec'. 

vohton 9ec\ nphr(n type n)le. 'ear of corn tec", Tillandsia ponderosa, 

#140(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "plant". For major curing ceremonies 

fifteen plants are gathered. Three are added to the basic ingredients 

of "flower water' They are "cold". One each is also placed at the 

altar of each of the three churches in Zinacantan center, one at 

each of the six mountain shrines, one on the house entrance cross, 

and two at the top of the arch at the entrance to the patient's ceremonial 

bed. The number used may vary. To make the roof cross of 

the creche, three plants are gathered by the stewards on the Sixth 

Posada and stored in the church for two days. The red leaves and 

flowers are alternated with white corn husk leaves. They are bound 

to a small wooden cross. The plants are sold by Chamulas and San 

Feliperos in San Cristobal during the Christmas season, cf. eis tuc. 

(RML)-One plant is placed at each corner of the roof of the creche, 

vohton ?ec'tik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of vohton tec'. 

k'os vohton 9ec', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Tillandsia seleriana, 

#722(1,2), #775(1,2,3,5). Temperate "plant". Tillandsia fasciculala, 

#2122(1). Temperate "plant". 

9ec' •>antivo, nphr(n4f of n5). Tillandsia fasciculala, #2122(14). Temperate 

"plant" 

Teh 

9eh, carry burden a short distance, cf. t^Q). 

9ek O. 

9ek, onom. squawk /chicken/. 

9ekek, av. squawking in fright. 

9ekeket, av. squawking in fright. 

9ek")on, av. squawking in fright (chicken). 

•Jeklah, av. cf. tekek (plu). 

9eklahet, av. cf. tekton (plu). 

ickluh, av. giving sudden squawk (chicken). 

9ekte9ekte, av. squawking about. 

lekel N. 

?ekel, nld. merchandise for resale, trade goods. 

Tekelta, tv. resell, trade /corn, flowers, fruit/ (middleman, trader). 

lekeltaan, tv. resell or trade much /corn, flowers, fruit/. 

hiekel , agn(nphr/n of n/5). middleman, trader /corn, flowers, 

fruit/. 

teklesa 

?eklesa, church, cf. eklisya. 

Teklisa 

';eklisa, church, cf. TOklisya. 

wklisya N(Sp, iglesia). 

?eklisya, n5. church. 

?ek'el N. 

•Jek'el, nla. axe, hatchet. 

?ek'lal ka?, nphr(n4f of n5). branding-iron, brand. 

?ek'en N. 

lek'en, nla. metate platform /heavy raised piank on which metate 

stands/. 

wk'l 


9ek*l, branding iron, brand, cf. lek'el. 

te\ X. 

9ebon, av. greasy /hair, face (made-up face of ladina), broth/, sweaty 

/face/. 

9elelet, av. moving greasily /fat on surface of liquid/. 

9elet, av. greasy /hair, face (made-up face of ladina), broth/, sweaty 

/face/. 

9ellahet, av. cf. tehon (plu). 

9elte9elte, av. walking about with greasy or sweaty /face, hair/. 

9elamonis N(Sp, limones). 

•?elamonis, nla. lime. 

9elamonisaltik, n5. large lime grove. 

•>elamonistik, n5. lime grove. 

te9el lelamonis, nphr(natt & n). 'lime tree', lime Citrus aurantifolia, 

#300(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" The seeds are planted by ladinos in 

June. The fruit is harvested in October. Lime juice is used together 

with chili, mint, coriander, and salt to flavor beef broth. It is also 

used to flavor cabbage, amaranth, rattle-box, and deadly nightshade. 

It is "cold". To ease chest pains /met vinik/, a glass of the sweetened 

juice is drunk. Ladinos use limes for limeade. 

•>elan I. 

lelan, iv. be like. 

k'u saêlan. How are you? /plu/. 

k'u yuûn sana9 S9elan tol t sak' vo9e. Why do you think it is raining 

as much as it is? 

meleano ti k'u sfrelan t sale. Make it the way he says. 

li sftelan li be li->i mu stak' sisanavotik lek. The way the path is now 

we can't walk easily. 

yan 9elan, vphr(aj & iv/3s/). awful, disgusting, 

yan lelan 9aii, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & tv). be disgusted with. 

yan lelan 9o9on, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & n4d). be worried or anxious. 

9elav N. 

9elav, n5. diversion. 

•>elav, n4d. in front of, facing, opposite. 

ta kelav. opposite me. 

vo9one yelav be to ta h-mek. I was right there facing the road. 

mu sa sna 1 ) k'u sielan yelav li sves lune. He no longer knew the inside 

from the outside of his pants. 

9elavah, iv. divert oneself aimlessly, be pleased or amused by /another's 

discomfort/. 

•Jelavahebal, nlf. place where one can get a good view of spectacle, etc. 

•Jelavta, tv. look at /spectacle, fight, etc./. 

?elavtaan, tv. look at many things /without buying any/. 

•Jelavtaobil, n4f. place where one can get a good view of spectacle, etc. 

9elavtavan, iv. watch person making a fool of himself. 

hielav, agn. spectator. 

h9elavtavaneh, agn. person watching another making a fool of himself. 

?eleksyon N(Sp, eleccion). 

?eleksyon, n5. election. 

•?elek' N. 

lelek'il, n3a. stolen goods. 

h"?elek', agn. robber. 

9elk'ah, iv. steal. 

9elk'an, tv. steal. 

9elk'anan, tv. steal many times. 

mukul-9elk'an, tv(aj & tvcpd). snitch. 

9elk' 

•>elk', steal, cf. lelek'. 

9elom N. 

9elom, n4d. a good thing that has been noticed and will be sought again 

/object or girl/. 

?elomta, tv. notice a good thing that will be returned to. 

•>elomtaan, tv. notice good things that will be returned to. 

9elomtavan, iv. watch girlfriend. 

9em prob P or P(2). 

9em-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. fat-faced. 

51


9emahtik, aj. cf. leme! /plu/. 

9em?em, aj. cf. lemel. 

9em9on sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking with fat face. 

9emel, aj. fat (face), 

lemelik, aj. cf. lemel /plu/. 

?emet sat, vphr(av & n4d). idle and fat-faced, 

lemleh, nld. fatness /face/. 

9emte9emte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with fat face. 

9empac N(Sp, empache). 

9empac, nla. blemish /dark markings on skin/. 

?en(l) prob P or P(2). 

9en-c'ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. chubby. 

9en-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. fat-faced. 

9en9en c'ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). chubby (child, puppy, pot). 

9en9on c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). toddling with chubby belly (child, puppy). 

?enel c'ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). chubby (child, puppy, pot). 

9enlah, av. toddling with chubby (bellies) /puppies/. 

9enlahet c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). cf. lemon c'ut (plu). 

fenlahetik, av. toddling (children). 

•Jentoente c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with chubby belly. 

9en(2) prob P or P(2). 

9en9on, av. glowing, smarting. 

9enel, aj. glowing, 

•fenlahet, av. glowing. 

9enero N(Sp, enero). 

9enero, n5. January. 

•Jenerotik, n5. sometime in January. 

9cnhenyero 

9enhenyero, surveyor, cf. 9ihinyero. 

9enkahe N(Sp, encaje). 

9enkahe, n5. ammi Ammi majus, #972(1,3). Highland plant" A few 

Zinacantecs plant the seeds in their yards during the rainy season. The 

flowers are put in altar vases. Conium maculatum, #362(1,2). Highland 

"plant". Same use as above. 

9eno 

9eno, well, good. cf. ben(2). 

9entero A(Sp, entero). 

9entero, aj. very, real, exactly, really, completely. 

9entero mol. very old man. 

9entero k'op. a real argument. 

9entero yec sftelan. exactly alike. 

9entero camel, sickness not caused by witchcraft. 

9enterotik, aj. almost exactly. 

9entre Pt(Sp, entre). 

9entre, pt. among /infr/. 

ta 9entre skotol. by (or) for everyone. 

9entrokal N(Sp, entregar). 

9entrokal, n5. presentation, var., lenirukal. 

Scolding speech; 9entrokal ti k'u yepal stohole. Hand over as much 

as it is worth. 

9ak' 9entrokal, vphr(tv & n5). deliver, turn over, hand over to. 

9ak' ba 9entrokal, vphr(rv & n5). turn oneself in, present oneself. 

9entmkal 

9entrukal, presentation, cf. 9eDtrokal. 

9ep A. 

9ep, aj. a lot of, many. 

9ep ta 9ec'el (or) 9ep ta bwelta. many times. 

9epah, iv. increase, grow bigger (tear, wound). 

t S9epah kriscano. There are more people /at fiesta, etc./. 

9epahes, tv. enlarge /tear/, accumulate /sins, work/. 

9epal, n4f. many, much. 

k'u yepal. how many, how much, how many?, how much? 

9epal, aj. a lot of, many. 

9epal ka9. a lot of horses. 

9epal nab. large lake, many lakes. 

9epal 9ok con, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. 'many-legged bug', millepede. 

9ep9ep, aj. quite a lot. 

9ep9eptik, aj. quite a lot. 

9epub, iv. increase, grow bigger. 

9epubtas, tv. enlarge /tear/, accumulate /sins, work/. 

h9epal-9e, agn(aj & ncpd). gossip. 

tol h9epal-9e slo9ilta ec'el ta yan kriscano. He is a terrible gossip - 

he will tell it to somebody else. 

h9epal-hol, agn(aj & ncpd). liar. 

bae>i h9epal-hol Ie9e tol syul ta shol k'u snopilan. He is a real liar - 

he thinks up all sorts of lies. 

•>ep' O. 

9ep', onom. creak, squeak (door). 

?ep'9on, av. creaking or squeaking frequently (bed), making dry scraping 

sounds (bags of toasted tortillas being carried on muleback). Creaking 

beams are considered a sign that the house was built in a dangerous 

place. 

•)ep'ep', av. creaking or squeaking (door). 

9ep'ep'et, av. squeaking or creaking constantly (door, bed, tree, oxcart). 

9ep'et, av. squeaking slowly (door, tree). 

9ep'lah, av. creaking or squeaking (oxcart), making dry scraping sound 

(toasted tortillas in bag). 

9ep'lahet, av. creaking or squeaking (trees, oxcart). 

9ep'luh, av. giving sudden squeak or creak (door). 

9ep'om to, nphr(aj & n)5. squeaking or creaking tree. 

9era N(Sp, era). 

9era, nla. threshing floor, 

'ennano N(Sp, hermano). 

9ermanoil, n3d. cousin. 

nam-tal 9ermanoil. distant cousin. 

9es(l) N. 

9es, n4d. way of life. 

Denunciatory speech; k'usi aves k'usi avabtel. lit., What is your way 

of life, what is your work, i.e., What kind of person are you? 

9esin, tv. do, 

restricted to; ma9uk t skesin, ma9uk t skabtelan. That's not what I 

do, that's not my work /person refusing to return to town hall to 

conclude dispute/. 

•>es(2) X. 

9es9on, av. dragging feet. 

9esel k'obol, nphr(aj & n)5. paromychia /yeast infection that causes 

fingers and palms of women to split from too much laundering/. 

9eseltik, aj. cracked (earth, hands), split. 

9eset, av. sitting listlessly, working reluctantly. 

9eset yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down (daub). 

9esomah, iv. harden and flake off (skin disease). 

9espanyol N(Sp, espaiiol). 

9espanyol, n5. Spaniard /of mythic times/. 

9espara N(Sp, espada). 

9espara, nld. sword. 

9este Pt(Sp, este). 

9este, pt. the /hesitation form used when searching for correct word/. 

ta 9este 9este hna. to the, the, my house. 

9es I. 

9es, iv. split and become powdery (li me X s P ut open (corn when boiled 

twice for posol). 

9es9on, av. burning without flame (dry tinder that turns to ash). 

9eseah, iv. crumble and fall. 

9eses yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down (daub). 

9eseset, av. burning without flame (dry tinder that turns to ash). 

9eset yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down (daub that does not adhere). 

9esk'uh, iv. crumble and fall. 

9eslah yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping and falling in many places (daub). 

9eslahet, av. burning without flame (dry logs). 

9eslahet yalel, av. slipping down (daub). 

9esluh yalel, av. slipping down suddenly (daub). 

9esp'uh, iv. cf. lesk'uh.

•>es"te9es'te yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down here and there. 

veskanya N(Sp, escano). 

9es"kanya, nla. bench /of civil authorities and elders/, var., leskenya. 

?eskenya 

9eskenya, bench, cf. ?eskanya. 

Tespulal N(Sp, espuela). 

lespulal 9ok, nphr(nlf of n4d). dewclaw. 

Tetel(l) N. 

letelil, n3d. Female speech; vagina. 

Scolding female speech; yetel nos li ?anee. lit., The woman has just 

a vagina, i.e., She does not know how to work. 

ietel(2) N. 

9etel, n4a. thread marker for chicken. 

?etelin, tv. get thread marker for chicken. 

let' 

9et\ dodge, avoid, glut, etc. cf. 9ec'(l). 

•>ey E. 

9ey, excl. okay! /exclamation of assent when asked to do something, 

acknowledgment when object is being handed to person, response to 

hailing cry/. 

9i(l) Pt(Sp, y). 

9i, pt. and. 

9i(2) E. 

?i kahval, nphr(excl & n5). Female speech, exclamation of surprise or 

dismay; Oh my god! var., liy kahval. 

9iy, excl. principally Female speech, exclamation of dismay; Oh! 

9ii O. 

W9on, av. chatting, gabbing, blabbing. 

s9i99on S9a99on. lit., He is saying "yes, yes", i.e., He is mumbling to 

himself (drunk). cf. hft. 

wet, av. whining (car), grumbling (stomach). 

9i9i9et, av. buzzing (bee, cicada, saw EKL 259: 1-1), whining (heavily 

laden truck, mosquito), moaning (train EKL 252: 1-1). 

wlah, av. walking and chatting (plu). 

wlahet, av. cf. 9f99on (plu). 

wlahetik, av. chatting or gabbing (plu). 

wluh, av. farting suddenly, grumbling suddenly (stomach). 

9i9te9i9te, av. grumbling time and again (stomach). 

?i9i Pt. 

9i9i, pt. no /nasalization of vowel/. 

9i9itik, pt. not quite. 

?ib(l) N. 

9ib, nld. nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus /archaic/. 

9ib(2) X. 

9ibah 9o9on, vphr(iv & n4d). be filled with disgust, be horrified, revolted, 

or nauseated. 

t S9ibah yo9on ti mi 9u k'u yatinoh sk'u9e. He is horrified when 

something has stained his clothes. 

Tibal 9o9on, nphr(n4e of n4d). disgust, 

•ribbon 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). feehng nauseous. 

Tibet 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). feeling nauseous. 

9ibib ?o9on, vphr(av & n4d). having sudden wave of nausea. 

9ibibet 7O9on, vphr(av & n4d). feeling nauseous. 

9ibil, aj. queasy. 

9ibluh 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). having sudden wave of nausea. 

9ibte9ibte 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). feeling nauseous. 

h9ibal-'?o?on, agn(n & ncpd). squeamish person /about food/. 

9ibel N. 

Tibel, n4b. root /tooth, plant, vine, tree/, wall, side, foot of wall /house, 

cave/, foot of /rock, mountain/. 

yibel 9osil. bank. 

yibel vinahel. horizon. 

Scolding speech; e"un avisim, e"un avibel kere. lit., Plant your roots, 

plant your roots, son, i.e., Become strong like a tree /taunt implying, 

"Let's see if you can witch me"/. 

7ibes N. 


libes, cf. cenek'. 

9ieni9alril N. 

9ieni9aleil, nld. brother-in-law, sister-in-law /archaic term of address 

between those married to two brothers or sisters/, var., lienhalein. 

r >ieni9alein 

9ieni"?alein, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, cf. 9ieni9aleil. 

oieompi N. 

9ieompi, nld. son sapote Licaniaplatypus, #1705(1,4,7,11,12). Lowland 

"tree". Slips are transplanted by ladinos in the rainy season. The fruit 

is sold in Zinacantan center during the fiesta of St. Lawrence. It is 

"hot". 

9ieompitik, n5. grove of son sapotes. 

9ie"in N. 

•ne'inal, n3d. male's younger brother /reference and address/, younger 

/of men/Junior /term used to distinguish the less prestigious of a pair 

of officials; steward, steward-royal, cantor, publican, scribe, principal, 

ensign-bearer, lesser players, ritual tutor of junior official, fourth sacristan, 

and to less prestigious of the two hpat-vahetik, hpacoletik, angels, 

mortarmen, certain wells, mountains, crosses, and to the smaller 

of the two drums played together, smaller saint images and chaplets/. 

absolute form; term of address used by senior of paired religious officials 

to his junior colleague. 

9ie'inal hnupol, nphr(n type agn)5. member /but not leader/ of group 

that accompanies visiting saint. 

9ie"inin, tv. acquire younger brother (boy). 

9ic N. 

9ic(I), nla. bile. 

9ic(2), nla. chili, inan. poss.;yicil: chili seasoning, lime mixed with tobacco. 

Chili, when eaten in large quantities, is believed to cause sexual 

excitation. If, when a person burns chili, he smells the smoke instantly, 

it is believed that his guardian animal is right behind his house. 

9ictik, n5. field of chilies. 

bak ii&, nphr(aj & n)la. 'skinny chili', chili Capsicum annuum, 

#2653(1,3,15,20), #3018(11). Lowland "plant". The chilies are sold 

at market. They are eaten raw or put in food for seasoning. They 

are "hot". (l)-The seeds are sown in July and the chilies are harvested 

in December and again in June of the following year. 

(3)-The seeds are sown in May and the chilies are harvested at the 

end of August and in the beginning of September. (ll)-The seeds 

are sown in June and the chilies are harvested in August of the 

following year. 

bak 9ictik, nphr(aj & n)5. field of bak lie. 

bik'it bak 9ic, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). chili Capsicum annuum, 

#2653(21). Lowland "plant". 

k'os bak 9ic, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). chili Capsicum annuum, 

#3018(1,4,5). Lowland "plant" (4)-The seeds are sown in June 

and the chilies are harvested in September. 

muk'ta bak 9ic, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). chili Capsicum annuum, 

#2652(1,3). Lowland "plant". (l)-The seeds are sown in July and 

the chilies are harvested in December and again in June of the 

following year. (3)-The seeds are sown on May 15 and the chilies 

are harvested in the beginning of November. 

eo9 mut 9i6, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)la. 'bird shit chili', wild chili 

Capsicum annuum var. minimum, #1325(1,3,4,5,8), #2654(20). Lowland 

"plant*. The chilies are eaten raw with a meal or brewed in 

the pot of food. They are "hot". (RML)-The alternate name for 

this chili, tempic tic, is used indiscriminately by the same speakers 

who recognize it to be a single variety of chili. 

eo9 mut 9i£tik, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)5. expanse of wild chili, 

k'os eo9 mut 9i


Zinacantecs in May and the fruit is harvested in October. 

hlok'ol-cak Tic, nphr(agn/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 'sagging-bottomed chili', 

unattested variety of lie. 

mok-niT lie, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'blunt-tipped chili', chili Capsicum 

annuum, #2118(11). Temperate "plant". Same use asyasalsakil 

tic. 

puh-Tut Tic, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 'hollow chili', unattested 

variety of lie. 

puhkan 9ic, nphr(x type n). unattested variety of lit 

sak-morte, n(aj & ncpd). chili Capsicum annuum, #2119(7,11). Temperate 

"plant" The seeds are planted in June and the chilies are 

harvested in September. 

sakil Tic, nphr(aj & n)ld. chili Capsicum annuum, #1116(1,3,4,5). 

Lowland "plant". The seeds are broadcast in the corn fields after the 

first rains. The young sprouts are transplanted. #2119(1,14). Temperate 

"plant". The seeds are sown in June and the chilies are harvested 

in September. #3017(11). Lowland "plant" The seeds are 

sown by a few Zinacantecs in June and the chilies are harvested in 

August of the following year. (RML)-This variety of chili is consumed 

in the greatest quantities by Zinacantecs. 

sakil 9iclik, nphr(aj & n)5. field of sakil lie. 

k'os sakil Tic, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). chili Capsicum annuum, 

#3017(1,4,5). Lowland "plant". (4)-The seeds are sown in June 

and the chilies are harvested in September. 

yasal sakil Tic, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). chili Capsicum annuum, 

#2118(1). Temperate "plant". It is planted in the corn field at the 

beginning of the rainy season. 

tempic, n. wild chili Capsicum annuum var. minimum, 

#1325(1,3,4,5,8), #2012(1,3,4). Lowland "plant". Men gather the 

chilis to season their meal or to eat raw with their meal. It is "hot" 

It is sold at market, var., tenpii. 

tempictik, n5. expanse of wild chili. 

tempic Tic, nphr(n type n). wild chili Capsicum annuum var. minimum, 

#2654(1,3). Lowland "plant". Same use as eon mut 'tic. var., tenpii 

Tic. 

tempran Tic, nphr(aj & n). wild chili Capsicum annuum var. minimum, 

#2654(22). Lowland "plant". Same use as eoi mut tic. 

tenpic "Jic, nphr(n type n). cf. tempic lie. 

volvol lie, nphr(aj & n). 'round chili', chili Capsicum annuum, 


yas-Tic, n(aj & ncpd). unripe chili. 

yas-Tictik, n(aj & ncpd)5. field of unripe chilies. 

Tic Tak', nphr(n type n)5. virgin's bower Clematis dioica, # 101(1,2,3,4,5). 

Highland "vine". Women use the flowers to cure a skin disease of the 

palms of their hands. Three flowers are pounded and bandaged in the 

hand five or six times. #1541(1,3). Highland "vine". 

#2625(1,3,15,22). Lowland vine". (1,3)-The vines are used to lash 

fences and roof poles, virgin's bower Clematis grossa, 

#1892(1,3,4,16,17), #2288(3,4,19). Temperate vine". (17,19)-The 

vines are used to lash corral gates and roof poles. #2440(1). Highland 

"vine". Melothriapendula, #3001(11). Lowland vine". 

Tic Tak'tik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of lie tak'. 

eahal Tic Tak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). coral vine Antigonon guatemalense, 

#904(1,3), # 1699(1,4). Lowland "vine". Forty to sixty vines 

are used to lash roof poles. They are also used for lashing fences. 

Tic TUIOT, nphr(n4d of n5). 'Chamula's chili', chili Capsicum annuum, 

#2117(7). Temperate "plant". Same use as yic kurik. 

•ric hoh, nphr(n4d of n5). 'raven's chili', cf. below. 

sakil Tic hoh, npnr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Solanum somniculentum, 


yasal Tic hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Solanum somniculentum, 

#1012(1,3,5). Highland "plant". The berries are eaten. They are 

cold". 

lii kulahtik, nphr(n4d of n5). Tenejapan's chili', chili Capsicum annuum, 

#2657(22). Temperate "plant". Same use as yic kurik. 

Tic mut, nphr(n4d of n5). 'bird's chili', wild chili Capsicum annuum var. 

minimum, #1667(14). Lowland "plant". 

Ti£ sulem, nphr(n4d of n5). 'buzzard's chili', devil pepper Rauvolfia tetraphylta, 

#1299(1,3,4,5). Lowland "plant". 

Tici Tak', nphr(x type n). virgin's bower Clematis dioica, # 2625(20). Lowland 

"vine". The vines are used to lash fences and roof poles, virgin's 

bower Clematis grossa, #2440(20). Highland vine". 

Ticil Takov, cf. akov. 

•ricil Tak', nphr(natt & n). virgin's bower Clematis dioica, #1541 (11,12). 

Highland "vine" (11)-Three dozen vines are used to lash roof poles. 

Ticil e'ol, nphr(natt & n)ld. young summer squash seasoned with chili. 

Ti6il mail, nphr(natt & n)ld. watermelon squash seasoned with chili. 

Tici A or N. 

Tici, virgin's bower, cf. Tic. 

•>i£iD N. 

Ticin, n5. great-horned owl Bubo virginianus. It is not eaten. The person 

whose name it calls out reputedly is doomed to certain death. The 

appearance of this owl in Zinacantan portends many deaths. 

Ticon N. 

Ticonil, n3b. in front of, opposite, the front side. Ritual speech; cf. e"el. 

ta kicon. in front of me. 

Tic' T. 

Tic', tv. receive, carry, take. 

Toast; kic'ban! Tic'o!. I take it first! Take it! 

bu savic' cobtik. Where can you find corn fields? /in place where 

they have long since disappeared/. 

Tic', nc. rest, pause, swig. 

Tic' , vphr(tv & vn5) be . 

t sic' conel. be sold. 

t sic' hok'anel. be hung up. 

Tic' Tabtel, vphr(tv & vn5). learn to job hunt. 

Tic' Takusa, vphr(tv & n5). be injected, 

•we' Tic', vphr(tv & tv). get a little /sick/. 

Tic' Tik', vphr(tv & n5). breathe. 

•nS Tilel, vphr(tv & vn5). be given curing ceremony. 

Tic' ToTon, vphr(tv & n4d). take seriously, pay attention to, take to heart. 

iyic' TO yoTon li hal icuke. He took to heart the long imprisonment. 

Tic' ba ta kwenta, vphr(rv & prep & n5). be responsible, act virtuously or 

conscientiously, take seriously. 

iyic' sba ta kwenta mu sa masuk syakub. He became responsible; he 

didn't get drunk much any more. 

mu siC sba ta kwenta ti k'u paltae. He doesn't take the faults serious- 

iyiyii' 

sba ta kwenta iscan rason. He was responsible and had learned 

the right way to live. 

Tic' ba ta muk', vphr(rv & prep & aj). be responsible, act virtuously or 

conscientiously, take seriously. 

mu sic' sba ta muk' tol syakub. He isn't responsible; he gets drunk 

too much. 

lek iyic' sba ta muk' isk'opon kahvaltik. He lived virtuously, he 

prayed to Our Lord. 

mu si£' sba ta muk' ta yabtel. He did not serve conscientiously in 

office. 

Tic' bahel, vphr(tv & vn5). be bled. 

Tic'-bail ta kventa, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & n5). responsibility, 

conscientiousness. 

Tic'-bail ta muk', nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & aj). responsibility, 

conscientiousness. 

Tic' bentisyon, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). be blessed. 

TiC eacal, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4f). become strong (pot), become fluffy (wool 

clothing), become firm (daub). 

Tic' ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). take. 

Ti£' holob, vphr(tv & n5). learn to weave. 

Ti£' hufi'neh, vphr(tv & vn5). learn to grind /corn/. 

Ti£' kehanel, vphr(tv & vn5). be forced to kneel. 

Tic 1 ' kwenta, vphr(tv & n5). calculate. 

iyiC* kwenta lek stohol yahTabtel. He calculated carefully the wages

of his workers. 

Tic' k'isnael, vphr(tv & vn5). be wanned by smoke cure, be warmed by 

medicine /woman in labor/. 

Tic' lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). be drawn out (sickness). 

Tic' moanal, vphr(tv & n4d). be poor. 

Tic' melol, vphr(tv & n40- correct itself (weaving). 

mu sic' smelol. He does not know right from wrong. 

Tic' nihanel, vphr(tv & vn5). be pulled face down by the hair (unruly 

child). 

Tic' nopel, vphr(tv/3s/ & vn5). be decided /in common/, be elected 

/magistrate/. 

iyic" nopel ti su? sic' conel li Tosile. It was decided that the land could 

be sold. 

yic' nopel ti t STOC skantelae. lit., It was decided that candles should 

enter, i.e., It was decided that a (curing) ceremony should be held. 

Tic' pas-vah, vphr(tv & vn/tv & ncpd/5). learn to make tortillas. 

Tid' pek\ vphr(tv & n5). be whipped. 

Tic' rios, vphr(tv & n5). take communion. 

•hi' ta Tak'-fiamel, vphr(tv/3s/ & prep & vn/tv & vncpd/5). invite witchcraft 

/persistent demands for return of long-standing debts/. 

Ti£' ta kwenta, vphr(tv & prep & n5). pay attention to, take seriously, be 

aware of. 

muk' sic' ta kwenta k'u t sTalbat. He never paid attention to what 

he was told. 

yic'oh ta kwenta skotol ti k'utik paltae. He was aware of all the faults. 

Tic' ta k'ak'al, vphr(tv & prep & n5). rely on. 

•nc' ta k'us, vphr(tv & prep & aj). care for, help, care about, treat well, 

be good to. 

yic'oh ta k'us sc'amaltak. His children have been treated well. 

lek sic' ta k'us hpas-Tabteletik sak'be ta c'om stak'in. He is good to 

office holders; he lends them money. 

mu sic' ta k'us yisim naka sconel. He doesn't care about his corn; 

he sells it right off. 

Tic' ta mahvaneh, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). be provoked into the desire to 

beat up someone. 

Tic' ta milvuneh, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). be provoked into the desire to 

kill someone. 

Tic' ta muk', vphr(tv & prep & aj). pay attention to, take seriously, show 

concern for, heed. 

mu sic' ta muk' yahcamel. He shows no concern for his patient. 

mu sic' ta muk' svayic. He pays no attention to his dreams. 

Tic' ta pletu, vphr(tv & prep & n5). be provoked into the desire to fight. 

Tic' tak'in, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). cost, receive payment. 

Tic' tal, vphr(tv & dr). bring. 

Tic' tohel, vphr(tv & vn5). earn money. 

Tic' VOT, vphr(tv & n5). be baptized. A baby receives its soul (c'ulel) and 

its name at baptism. If it dies before baptism it is buried with its head 

to the east in a special graveyard and is believed to become a sombreron. 

Tic'an, tv. receive, carry, take /plu/. 

mu savic'an Tabtel. Don't bother (or) Don't take the trouble. 

Tic'anan, tv. cf. ">ic'an. 

Tic'anTic'an, tv. take, carry or receive one after another. 

Tic'anTic'anan, tv. cf. lic'aniic'an. 

Tic"be, tv. receive from. 

TicT>e Tip, vphr(tv & n4e). take a rest. 

TicT>e hap, vphr(tv & n4d). calculate amount of person's free time. 

Tic"be k'op, vphr(tv & n4d). ask permission, inquire if. 

t sic"be sk'op hmilvaneh. lit., He asks permission to be a murderer, 

i.e., He asks for authority to kill a person. 

Tifbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). learn to behave, learn the right way. 

mu sic'be smelol rason k'u sTelan sk'opoh. He has never learned how 

to speak wisely. 

TicT>e tuk'il, vphr(tv & n4f). aim, sight /shooting, measuring land/. 

Tic'el, nc. pause, time /taking dispute to court/. 

Tic'et TuTun, vphr(av & n4d). carrying /weapon for self-protection, key/. 


Tic'et ta kompisyon, nphr(av & prep & n5). being interrogated. 

Tic"ob, n4e. direction. 

ta yic'obal. in the direction of. 

Tid'ob Tipal, nphr(n of n)5. resting place /where funeral party or group 

accompanying visiting saint traditionally stops briefly to rest/. 

Tic'ob rason, nphr(n of n)5. wise or trustworthy person. 

Tic'ob VOT, nphr(n of n)5. baptismal font. 

Tif'ob VOT, nphr(n4f of n5). baptismal banquet. 

skastoal yic'ob VOT. money to provide for the baptismal banquet, 

svunal yid'ob VOT. baptism receipt. 

Tic'olah, iv. consume one's funds. 

Tii'omal, nld. treasure, wealth, assets /penis, testicles, vagina/. 

TiX'teTic'te TuTun, vphr(av & n4d). carrying about /weapon, key/. 

Tic'ulan, tv. keep bringing, taking or receiving. 

Tic'ulanan, tv. keep bringing, taking or receiving /plu/. 

Tii'van, iv. consume one's funds (religious post). 

hTid'-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). betrayer, person who passes on another's 

confidences to his enemy. 

hTic'-pus, agn(tv & ncpd). person taking sweatbath. 

hTic'vaneh ta kompisyon, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). interrogator 

/civil authority/. 

bat ta Tic'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). enter husband's house permanently. 

Tic'ak N. 

Tic'ak mis, nphr(n4d of n5). 'cat's claw', prickly ash Zanthoxylum foliosum, 

#B9266(5,5a), #157(1,2,4,5). Highland vine" #2218(1,3,4). 

Highland "tree". prickly ash Zanthoxylum culantrillo, 

#2016(1,3,4,16,17). Lowland "vine" A bunch may be tied with a 

two meter long blue or green ribbon and left on the trail where 

one's prospective girlfriend will pass by. If she picks it up this indicates 

she will accept the boy's advances. 

Tic'ak mistik, nphr(n4d of n5)5. expanse of yic'ak mis. 

k'os Tic'ak mis, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Mimosa adenantheroides, 


muk'ta Tic'ak mis, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Machaerium biovulaturn, 

#2896(1,4,14). Lowland "tree". (14)-It is used for firewood. 

sakil Tic'ak mis, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Solatium oaxacanum, 

#860(1,2). Lowland "vine" 

Tic'ak mut, nphr(n4d of n5). young bean pod /stage piecedingpak'ayom/. 

Tic'ak mut, nphr(n4d of n5). 'bird claw', lilac fuschia Fuschia pankulata, 

#420(1,2,5), #939(1,3). Highland "tree". Oreopanax xalapensis, 

#170(1,2,4,5). Highland "tree". 

k'anal Tic'ak mut, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). gold shower Galphimia 

glauca, #2092(1). Temperate "tree". Deppea grandiflora, #509(1,2). 

Highland "tree". 

Tic'ak mut Tak', nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). Lonicera mexicana, 

#26(1,3,4). Highland "vine". Valerianascandens, #97(1,2,3,4,5). Highland 

"vine". Combretum fruticosum, #175(3). Lowland "vine". 

Tic'ak mut e'iTlel, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). lilac fuschia Fuschia 

paniculata, #566(2,5). Temperate plant" 

Tid'ak mut to, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). shrub groundsel Senecio 

uspantanensis, #534(2,5). Temperate "tree" 

Tif'ak sinfiail, nphr(n4f of n3d). braided fringe of sash connecting body 

of sash to cord. 

Tic'akil, n3d. claw, toenail. 

Toy sa shol yic'aktak ti k'ope. lit., The dispute now has extra claws, 

i.e., The dispute has reached alarming proportions. 

niT Tic'akil, nphr(nlf of n3d). toenail, fingernail, tendril. 

Tin O. 

Tih, excl. oh! /gasping in pain/. 

TihTon, av. whimpering (puppy V2: 19 bitch calling puppy, sleeping person 

or dog), giggling. 

Tihet, av. gasping /pain/. 

Tihihet, av. whinnying (stallion V2:11 & 12, V4: 2), neighing (horse EKL 

252: 1-18). 

Tihlahet, av. giggling (plu). 

Tihlahetik, av. giggling (plu).


9ihteiihte, av. walking about gasping /enduring pain in leg or foot/. 

•Jihinycro N(Sp, ingeniero). 

?ihinyero, agn. road-engineer, surveyor, var., lenhenyero. 

lihu-laein 

9iho-lacin, son of a bitch! cf. hiho. 

?ik T. 

9ik, tv. hold up, prop up /drunk, patient, tree/, grab /stake/. 

yikoh scukbenal. with his hands on his hips. 

yikoh shol. with his hand supporting his head. 

yikoh ssat. with his chin resting on his hand. 

yikoh spat shol. with his hands clasped behind his head /sitting or 

standing/. 

9ik baik, rv. prop each other up. 

Tikan, tv. bolster (food, curing ceremony). 

9ikan ba, rv. recover slightly. 

9ikbe, tv. hold up, prop up. 

Ritual speech, parents of wedding couple to each other; t sikbe sc'ulel 

t sikbe yanima ti cib âlabe ti cib nic'nabe. They (the tutelary gods) 

will sustain the souls, sustain the spirits of the two children (born 

of) woman, the two children (born of) man. 

9ikob, nld. handhold. 

•Jikobul, nig. handhold. 

•Jikobil, nlf. place to lean against. 

9ikta, tv. abandon, leave, give up, renounce. 

9a li preserentee iyikta ta h-moh scotleb. The magistrate renounced 

his post permanently. 

9ikta ba, rv. quit, stop doing something /wrong/, give up. 

iyikta sba ta 9ov. He stopped shouting. 

iyikta sba ta sanbal. lit., He stopped his travels, i.e., He gave up his 

trading activities. 

9iktaan, tv. abandon or leave /plu/. 

?iktaeh-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. abandonment, divorce. 

•Jiktaob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. end of dispute. 

?iktavan, iv. abandon or leave person. 

Tikulan, tv. keep propping up /tree/, 

likulan baik, rv. keep propping each other up. 

Tikvan, iv. prop up person /drunk/, sustain person (tutelary gods) /keep 

in good health/. 

hTik-nicim, agn(tv & ncpd). petitioner who holds bouquets at wedding. 

h?iktavaneh, agn. man who abandons wife. 

h9ikvaneh, agn. Ritual speech, shaman referring to tutelary gods; sustainer. 

h9ikvaneh hhapivaneh. sustainer, protector. 

9ikac N. 

•Jikaeil, n3b. burden, load. 

c'abal yikae cobtik. The corn did not bear fruit. 

9ikaein, tv. carry a burden. 

h?ika

•rik'-colan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (row of telephone posts). 

7ik'-£unan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (com silk). 

•rik'-cuyan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). black (blood blister). 

Tik'-c'eban, aj(aj & Pcpd). dark (pinched face of deathly ill person). 

lik'-c'etan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (wool, hair, dirty clothes, dog barely 

visible at night). 

•rik'-c'ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (bones of dead horse, burned foot). 

9ik'-c'ulan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (smooth road). 

7ik'-halan, aj(aj & Ucpd). pitch black (pit, cave). 

•nk'-haran, aj(aj & Ucpd). pitch black (deep pit, cave). 

•nk'-hatan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (heart of boat-tailed grackle, green jay, 

steller jay or unicolored jay). 

lik'-heman, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (corn in large piles). 

9ik'-het'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark (chicken flesh). 

•rik'-hmn, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). black (sand, expanse of rocks). 

?ik'-hocan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (face of badly pecked chicken, face of 

woman who has had illegitimate child). 

Tik'-homan, aj(aj & Ncpd). black (deep valley, pass). 

•Hk'-hoyan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black and blue (eye). 

Tik'-hulan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (roof poles blackened by smoke). 

•nk'-hupan, aj(aj & Pcpd). dark (face of drunk lying in sun, person who 

has strangled or choked). 

9ik'-husan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (well-burnt field). 

Tik'-kaman, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (dense beard). 

9ik'-kepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (baby's hair). 

9ik'-kilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (rain cloud). 

•Hk'-kolan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (circles under eyes). 

•Jik'-kotan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (inside of house, standing mule barely 

visible at night). 

•Jik'-koyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (legs covered with robe). 

Tik'-kuean, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). black (five o'clock shadow). 

?ik'-kuhan, aj(aj & Pcpd). pitch black (narrow cave or house). 

9ik'-kuhan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (young girl's hair, cradle cap). 

lik'-kunan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (child's hair). 

•rik'-kusan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (burnt tree). 

Tik'-k'atan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (horizontal stripe, snake, animal broadside 

in distance). 

•rik'-k'ian, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (stretched out black clothing). 

Tik'-k'oian, aj(aj & Ucpd). black and blue (eye, face). 

•rtk'-k'oean, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (bee and wasp grubs, edible caterpillars, 

muddy seat of pants). 

•nk'-k'olan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (spherical object, soap). 

Tik'-k'ucan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (thom in skin). 

9ik'-laean, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (piled logs). 

•nk'-lahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (caterpillar hairs). 

•rik'-laman, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (flock of sheep, mules). 

•rik'-lecan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (bruised lips, ears with cold). 

9ik'-lek'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (sunburn). 

tik'-lep'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (birthmark). 

•rtk'-letan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). black (scar of cin). 

9ik'-let'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (small number of beans on bottom of 

bowl or basket). 

9ik'-levan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (fallen drunk, vagina). 

lik'-lican, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (black clothes spread out to dry). 

•Tik'-lisan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (thread hung up). 

9ik'-lo7an, aj(aj & Ucpd). purple. 

•rik'-lohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (clusters of fruit). 

•>ik'-loman, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (many buzzards, ripe cherries or caterpillars). 

•rik'-lopan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (eye). 

•ttk'-lukan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (roll of barbed wire, coiled snake). 

•tik'-luman, n(aj & ncpd)5. at dawn. 

•»ik'-lumantik, n(aj & ncpd). at dawn. 

Tik'-lusan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (frost-bitten and wilted plants, grimy old 

hat). 

Tik'-mae'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (old firewood). 


lik'-mafian, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark (dusk). 

9ik'-ma£'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (monkey's face). 

•Jik'-mahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (caterpillars, ear of corn hanging downwards). 

9ik'-mas"an, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (dirty face). 

?ik'-meean, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (burnt tree lying on ground). 

9ik'-mekan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (child's hair). 

?ik'-mek'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). glossy black (hair). 

?ik'-melan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (moustache). 

Tik'-mit'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (gourd). 

Tik'-mocan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (coiled snake). 

•nk'-moc'an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (scrawny dog). 

•>ik'-mokan, aj(aj & prob P, P/2/cpd)., black (bald head). 

•nk'-mok'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (new skirt, burned trees, face of blackman). 

•Jik'-mukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (cloud). 

9ik'-musan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (five o'clock shadow, hairy 

woman). 

Tik'-musan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (whiskers, curly hair). 

•Mk'-mut, n(aj & ncpd)5. crested guan Penelopepurpurescens, white-tipped 

brown jay Psilorhinus mexicanus. 

9ik'-nab con, cf. con. 

•>ik'-nelan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (eyes glaring angrily). 

•nk'-nesan, aj(aj & Acpd). black (hair sprouting on head). 

fik'-niban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (stripe of charcoal). 

9ik'-nikan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). black (fruit on tree). 

•>ik'-nuhan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (floppy old hat). 

•?ik'-nusan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (many lice). 

•?ik'-pakan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (folded black clothing). 

9ik'-paran, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (cliffs, large tree). 

9ik'-peean, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (forked stump). 

9ik'-pecan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (lips). 

9ik'-petan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (cin). 

'Mk'-pie'an, aj(aj & P/2/, T/2/cpd)., muddy and sopping (clothing), grimy 

(clothing of people of Vcn-bie). 

9ik'-pic'an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (pile of dirty clothes). 

•ftk'-pic'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (caterpillars). 

•>ik'-pitan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). glossy black (pot, gourd, stones) 

•nk'-pocan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (old leaves on tree). 

9ik'-pok'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (black eye, bruise, birthmark). 

"?ik'-pok'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (blackberries, cherries). 

•Mk'-polan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). black (strips of burned land not 

uniformly burnt). 

9ik'-poman, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (muddy clothing). 

9ik'-puhan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). black (cave). 

9ik'-pukan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (muddy lake, river). 

9ik'-pulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (house, land). 

9ik'-p'atan, aj(aj & Tcpd). black (beans in pods). 

9ik'-p'ehan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (house made with tarred cardboard). 

•Jik'-p'evan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (open fly with pubic hair showing, crack 

of darkness seen through door). 

9ik'-p'ilan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (cracked lips). 

9ik'-p'oman, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (hair). 

9ik'-p'osan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (burnt log). 

9ik'-p'osan, aj(aj & Ncpd). black (roasted meat, toasted tortilla). 

9ik'-p'uyan, aj(aj & Tcpd). black (many cherries on tree). 

•nk'-saran, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (blemish on person afflicted with pinta, 

legs or head of black vulture). 

•?ik'-sepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (ring around mule's eye, circular pinta 

marks). 

9ik'-setan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). black (anus). 

•?ik*-set'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark (too deeply dyed pom-pom). 

9ik'-sihan, aj(aj & Xcpd). black (thorn in foot, cavity). 

•?ik*-soman, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., dark gray (animals). 

9ik'-sot'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (grimy clothes). 

57


lik'-sutan, aj(aj & Ucpd). glossy black (child's hair). 

Tik'-sut'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (wrapped up object, tortilla wrapper). 

Tik'-set'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (sliced black sapote). 

9ik'-sokan, aj(aj & Ncpd). black (dirty pot, old gourd, ground, face with 

pinta). 

•rii'-sotan, aj(aj & P, Tcpd)., dark (leg), black (erect horse's penis). 

9ik'-sovan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (filthy clothes). 

Tik'-suc'an, aj(aj & Ncpd). sooty (spook, negro, burned log). 

Tik'-Sup'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (old hat, ensign-bearer's hat). 

?ik'-sup'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (sunburnt skin), 

lik'-tanan, aj(aj & Acpd). black (uniformly burned land). 

?ik'-te?an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (large standing tree partially consumed by 

fire, erect penis). 

9ik'-telan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). dark or dirty 0 e g s )> black (fallen burned 

trees). 

•Jik'-tik'an, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). black (rain cloud). 

•?ik'-timan, aj(aj & Pcpd). dark (thighs, face drawn with sickness, vagina). 

•>ik'-tinan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (woman's hair when beautifully 

thick). 

9ik'-tolan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (dog's tail). 

Tik'-toman, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (dirty hank of thread). 

Tik'-tue'an, aj(aj & P, Tcpd)., black (burnt, fallen tree). 

lik'-tukan, aj(aj & Icpd). black (corn silk). 

Tilc'-tuman, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). dark-skinned (thighs), dirty (neck). 

9ik'-t'aban, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., black (woman's gleaming black hair, 

long coat of sheep). 

Tii'-t'as'an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (scab). 

?ik'-t'elan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). black (seam sewn with black thread 

on-white material). 

?ik'-t'ihan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (jug). 

9ik'-t'oban, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (t'of). 

?ik'-t'oean, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (scab, patch on clothing). 

•Jik'-t'ohan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). black (coffee or coca-cola being poured, 

puddle of dirty water). 

9ik'-t'uban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). muddy (water). 

9ik'-va9an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (stump). 

?ik'-vaean, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (wild hair, thick moustache, thick eyebrows). 

9ik'-vahan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (pock-marks). 

?ik'-vak'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (dyed palm frond). 

9ik'-valan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (old hat with upturned brim). 

9ik'-velan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (lips). 

9ik'-vitan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (testicles). 

9ik'-voean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (pubic hair, daddy-long legs, wool). 

9ik'-voc"an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (many fruit on tree; cherries, 

berries of thyme-leaf coriaria, dogwood), 

•nk'-vohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (grapes, scrotum, cherries), 

•nk'-volan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (person, devil, or object dimly seen 

at night). 

•nk'-voman, aj(aj & P, T/2/cpd)., pitch black (cave, anus). 

9ik'-vucan, aj(aj & I, Pcpd)., black (pot, blisters), 

•nk'-yalan, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark (leg). 

9ik'-yaman, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark-skinned. 

•?ik'-yeman, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., black (corn in pile), 

•rik'-yioan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (pile of charcoal). 

9ik'-yo9an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (raised head of boa constrictor or 

iguana). 

Tik'-yoman, aj(aj & Pcpd). dark (complexion of deathly ill person). 

9ik'akil puy, cf. puy. 

Tik'al, n4d. dark skin, dirt covering one's clothes. 

?ik'al 9aha-e:on, cf. con. 

•nk'al 9akov, cf. 9akov. 

9ik'al ?inatab, cf. 'inalah. 

•>ik'al wsil, cf. 9osil. 

Tik'al eukum, cf. eukum. 

?ik'alcil, cf. cil. 

9ik'al c'is' tot, cf. c'is tot. 

9ik'al hcabahom con, cf. con. 

9ik'al hoi sulem, cf. sulem. 

?ik'al kuyel, cf. kuyel. 

9ik'al k'ovis, cf. k'ovis. 

•Jik'al k*u9 pale, cf.'k'u 1 ). 

?ik'al k'u9ul, cf. k'u9ul. 

9ik'al lum, cf. lum. 

tik'al mut, nphr(aj & n)5. black phoebe Sayornis nigricans. 

9ik'al na, cf. na. 

9ik'al pepen, cf. pepen. 

9ik'al pisalal, cf. pisalal. 

9ik'al sat e"i9lel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/) type n. white lantana Lantana hirta, 

# 1366(3). Lowland, temperate, and highland "plant". As a remedy for 

stomachache, a handful is brewed and a cup of the tea is drunk before 

breakfast. It is "hot". #1909(1,3,4). Temperate "plant". Same 

use as above. (4)-The tea is drunk before breakfast for three days. 

Lippia bracteosa, #659(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant" As a remedy for 

malaria, (4)-a small handful of tips, or (2)-the entire plant, is 

brewed. A small cup of the tea is drunk to end the chills. It is 

'hot". 

9ik'al san, cf. san(l). 

9ik'al sinic, cf. sinii. 

9ik'al sulem, cf. sulem. 

9ik'al taiv, cf. taiv. 

9ik'al talel, nphr(aj & vn)ld. persistence of evil habits. 

9ik'al te9, nphr(aj & n)5. silk tassel Garrya laurifolia, #B9527(5,5a), 

# 1263(1,3,4,5). Temperate "tree". It is used by travellers for firewood, 

orange jessamine Cestrum aurantiacum, #2522(21,22). Temperate 

"tree", glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum, #49(1,2,3,4). Highland 

"tree". Ehretia luxiana, # 1222A(1,3,4,5). Temperate "tree". 

bik'it 9ik'al te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). orange jessamine Cestrum 

aurantiacum, #1223A(7). Temperate "tree". It is used for brush 

fences. Cestrum nocturnum, #2844(7). Lowland "tree", 

k'os 9ik'al te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). silk tassel Garrya laurifolia, 

#397(1,3). Highland "tree". Ehretia luxiana, #2441(1). Temperate 

"tree". 

muk'ta 9ik'al te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Ehretia luxiana, # 1222A(7). 

Temperate "tree". It is used for brush fences and for firewood. 

#2441(20). Highland "tree". Same use as above. 

sakil 9ik'al te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). sweet leaf Symplocos vernicosa, 

# 1543(11,12). Temperate and highland "tree". Cestrum nocturnum, 

#2844(4,5). Lowland "tree". 

•>ilc'al vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. unidentified highland tree. 

?ik'al vonon, cf. vonon. 

?ik'9ik'tik, aj. rather black, dark, dirty, or muddy. 

9ik'ub, iv. grow dark (sky, woman's face temporarily after childbirth), 

become dirty. 

9ik'ubal, nib. dirt, dust, mud, dirty deed. 

mu sabal aba ta tik'ubal kere. lit., Don't cover yourself with dirt, son, 

i.e., Don't get involved with a loose woman. 

9ik'ubel, vnle. eclipse, 

yik'ubel 9osil. evening. 

nas yik'ubel. eight to nine p.m. An eclipse is explained as the 

attempt by the souls (c'ulel) of evil people to kill the sun or the moon 

when they are overburdened by our sins; to prevent this, people 

make a great outcry, shouting and banging on tables, etc. An 

eclipse is thought to forecast famine and sickness. A solar eclipse 

signifies the death of men, an eclipse of the young moon, the death 

of young women, and an eclipse of the full moon the death of older 

women. During a lunar eclipse a bowl of water is put outside the 

house so that the moon can wash her face. 

hiik'al, agn. spook or supernatural blackman, spook /lesser player of 

the fiesta of St. Sebastian who was a constable of the previous year, 

Carnival character/. 

ibat ta 9ik'alil. He went out dressed up as a spook /during Cami-

val/. 

hTik'al-k'uT, agn(aj & ncpd). buzzard, Chamula. 

hTik'ubtasvaneh, agn. person who soils or blackens another (child). 

•rtk'(3) T. 

Tik\ tv. take, marry, call. 

Tik' ba, rv. come. 

Tik' baik, rv. marry, have sexual relations /polite expression/, call each 

other. 

Tik' ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). lead away. 

Tik' ta cukel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). arrest. 

Tik' tal, vphr(tv & dr). bring /people, animal/. 

Tik'an, tv. take or call /plu/. 

Tik'an baik, rv. take each other (many people). 

Tik'Ton, av. calling repeatedly /chickens , sheep/, trying to lead home 

/drunken husband/, trying to take back /eloped daughter, wife who has 

returned to her parents/. 

Tik'be c'ic'el, vphr(tv & n4d). lit., call one's pulse, i.e., suck one's veins 

(shaman). 

Tik'be c'ulel, vphr(tv & n4d). recall one's soul. 

Tik'et TuTun, vphr(av/3s/ & n4d). taking along /child, horse/. 

Tik'lahet, av. cf. iik'")on (plu). 

Tik'lahetik, av. cf. Ti/t'Ton (plu). 

Tik'ob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)ld. gourd for recalling soul. 

Tik'ob cih, nphr(n of n). 'deer caller", tibisee Lasiacis divaricata, 

# 1572(1,3,11,12). Lowland and temperate "tree". The stem is used as 

a deer whistle. #2094(1), #2553(1,4). Temperate "tree" (l)-Same 

use as above, also used as a toy. #1953(1,3,4), #2289(3,4). Temperate 

"plant". 

Tik'ob hcan-vun, nphr(n4f of agn/tv & ncpd/). nine o'clock bell to 

summon school children. 

Tik'obil hcan-vun, nphr(n4f of agn/tv & ncpd/). cf. lik'ob hcan-vun. 

Tik'teTik'te TuTun, vphr(av/3s/ & n4d). taking along everywhere /child, 

dog/. 

Tik'ulan, tv. keep calling, taking or summoning. 

Tik'ulan baik, rv. keep taking each other /hunting, etc./, keep remarrying 

(man and separated wife), keep having sexual relations together /polite 

expression/. 

Tik'ulanan, tv. keep summoning /relatives to house of fiancee/. 

Tik'van, iv. call, marry, or take person, pick up person (car). 

hTik'vaneh, agn. summoner. 

tak ta Tik'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). summon. 

Tik'tiT N. 

Tik'tiTil, n3d. Ritual speech; suffering. 

ti vokolile ti Tik'tiTile. the hardship, the suffering. 

Tik'os N(Sp, higo). 

Tik'us, nla. fig Ficus carica, #390(1,4). Highland "tree". The slips are 

planted in their yards by a very few Zinacantecs during the rainy season. 

The fruit, which is harvested in August, is eaten raw or sold at market 

in San Cristobal. The ladinos make fig candy. Figs are "cold". 

9il(l) N. 

Tilil, n3d. debt. 

k'u yepal kil. How much do I owe? 

hTilavil supul, cf. supul. 

TOC ta Til, vphr(iv & prep & n5). become indebted. 

Til(2) T. 

Til, tv. see, observe. 

Tilo. lit., See it, i.e., Take it! 

Til avil (or) Tilo m avil. lit., See you see, i.e., That's up to you! /implies 

speaker's disapproval/. 

Til ToTon, vphr(tv & n4d). know a person intimately, know person's character. 

Til TU, vphr(tv & n5). have menstrual period. A man who has intercourse 

with a woman during her period is believed liable to suffer cramps. A 

woman's menstrual blood is thought to cease its flow during pregnancy 

because it forms the flesh of the foetus. 

Til ba, rv. see one another illicitly. 


Til be, vphr(tv // n). watch where one is going. 

Til-na, vn(tv & ncpd)5. house-viewing /visit by the players to the houses 

of the elders and the ensign-bearers during the fiesta of St. Sebastian, 

and by the cantors, judge ordinary, and sir spook to the houses of the 

ensign-bearers, stewards, and elders where they are given cane liquor 

in exchange for chicha/. 

Tilbe ToTon, vphr(tv & n4d). take unfair advantage of, know person's 

character. 

tol silbe yoTon yahTabtel mu snaT mas skus ti mi kaheah yabtele. He 

takes unfair advantage of his workers; he does not rest when the work 

is over /when, during planting, etc., end of row is reached/, 

kilohbe yoTon leTe mu ssutes yil. I know what he is like, he won't 

return his debt. 

Tilbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). see. 

mu s"a bu ikilbe ssat. I never saw him. 

li pose ha 1 ? Toy skilbetik ssat yilel aTa. We certainly seem to see cane 

liquor 

Tileb, n5. path. Ritual or Denunciatory speech; path. 

ta hun be ta hun Tileb. on one path, on a single path. 

Tilebal, n5. inspection, examination. 

Tilel, vn5. curing ceremony, curing power. 

mu snaTik k'usi Tilel. They do not know what a curing ceremony is. 

Tilel, nc4e. viewing of ritual paraphernalia. 

Tilel, vn4f. it seems, it appears. 

lek yilel. It seems to be good. 

Tilel to, nphr(vn4f & pt). not for a long time. 

yilel to kom kabtel. I still have a lot of work to do. 

Tilob, n4d. nest egg /stone put in hen's nest to induce laying/, testicle. 

Tilob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. inspection, examination. 

Tilob vokol, nphr(n of n)5. formidable task. 

Tilobil, n4f. liquor given by outgoing elders, constables, publicans and 

stewards-royal to their successors the day before they enter office; liquor 

given by players to guardian of ritual paraphernalia. 

Tiluk ToTon, vphr(tv // n). desire. 

kiluk koTon batikon. I would like to go. 

Tilulan, tv. keep seeing. 

hTil-Toion, agn(tv & ncpd). sickness that knows the limits of one's resources, 

hiil-k'inahel, agn(tv & ncpd). spectator coming from, going to, or at 

fiesta. 

hTilol, agn. shaman. Shamans are considered to be acting as lawyers for 

the defense, representing their clients before the tutelary gods, 

bat ta Tilolal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). go off to cure (shaman), 

lek Til, vphr(aj & tv). be lucky. 

mu Tilbah, ajphr(pt & aj). not seen, never seen, impossible to see. 

mu Tilbanah, ajphr(pt & aj). cf. mu Mlbah. 

muk'ta Tilel, nphr(aj & vn)5. major curing ceremony. It requires visits 

to at least four mountain shrines and the three churches of Htek-lum. 

loh rios, exclphr(tv/contr of yiloh/ & n5). lit., God has witnessed it, i.e., 

I swear to God! 

vi, tv(contr of avil). see! 

vi sTelan. lit., See how it is, i.e., Is that right? /appreciative comment 

of person listening to a narrative/. 

yiluk yil, exclphr(excl & exel). never mind, forget it, what's the use? 

yavil, pt. since, on purpose, purposely. 

yavil ti laTaye. You left on purpose, 

yiyil, excl. never mind, forget it, what's the use? 

Til(3) N. 

Til, n5. Ritual or Denunciatory speech, initiating formal discussion; 

scolding. 

mu hnaT mi Til van mi pletu van savaTi. I do not know whether you 

think I am scolding you or quarreling with you. 

Tilaâh, iv. be squeamish (midwife, woman who doesn't want to clean 

baby after it defecates). 

TilaTal, n4d. Female speech; disgustingness, looseness. 

Tilan, tv. disown, reject (midwife or parent who feels squeamish about 

59


newborn baby, rabbit or bird that abandons nest after it has been 

meddled with). 

•nlanvan, iv. disown or reject person /newborn baby that might arouse 

midwife's disgust, person's soul or companion animal spirit that offends 

the tutelary gods/. 

lilbah, n5. nuisance, molestation. 

Ritual speech, person referring in prayer to another suspected of 

causing his tribulations; •nlbah siyil t avalabe t anic'nabe. Your child, 

your offspring thinks me a nuisance. 

•nlbahin, tv. bother, pester, persecute, trick, torment /by witchcraft/, 

molest /women/. 

tol silbahin k'osetik ta canob vun ti mi mas muk' sa li stuke. He picks 

on the children at school when he is bigger than they, 

iyilbahin nun eeb ta yec mu sk'an sik'. He molested the girl for 

nothing; he doesn't want to marry her /sexual relations are not necessarily 

implied/, 

'ftlbahinan, tv. bother, pester, persecute, trick, torment or molest many 

times, 

•nlbahinvan, iv. bother, molest, pester, persecute or trick person, torment 

person /by witchcraft/, 

•rilet, av. be grumpy. 

"rilin, iv. scold, reprove, 

"rilta, tv. demand restitution or restoration /loan, loaned object/. 

Polite speech when loaning an object; mu k'usi skilta 90 mu^nuk t slah 

9o. lit, There is nothing for me to demand restoration for; it can't 

end, i.e., I can't demand its restoration because it isn't breakable 

anyway. 

hiil-won, agn(n & ncpd). person who is scornful of something. 

hiilanvaneh, agn. person who is revolted by another, 

hoilbahinvaneh, agn. pesterer, rapist, tormenter /of soul/, deceiver, 

hfihnel, agn. person who scolds or reproves others. 

•?ilas N(Sp, hilaza). 

lilas, nla. yarn /used for tassels, for border of tunic/. 

•Jilera N(Sp, hilado). 

lilera, nla. factory-made thread, 

•rfmpyemo N(Sp, infierno). 

9impyerno, n5. hell. 

Scolding speech, mother to child; rimpyerno bu "?onos sapocet mal 

k'ak'al 7un. Where were you dawdling while the sun set, in hell? 

Tinabo 

•rinaho, fennel, cf. 9inoho. 

tinatab N. 

"rinatab, nla. iguana /general term/. All species are considered edible, 

"hot". Iguana fat is used to grease shotguns. Iguanas are believed to be 

used by the earth lord as blinders for his horses (deer), 

tik'al linatab, nphr(aj & n)5. iguana Ctenasaua pectinata. This species 

is "hot". 

lit'is ?inatab, nphr(n4d of n5). whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus sp., 

Ameiva sp.. cf. pat is. 

eahal 9inatab, nphr(aj & n)5. iguana Clenasauris similis. This species 

is "medium", 

yasal "rinatab, nphr(aj & n)5. iguana Iguana iguana. This species is 

"cold". 

?ineho 

?ineho, fennel, cf. ?inoho. 

Jinolio N(Sp, hinojo). 

•Mnoho, nld. fennel Foeniculum vulgare, #586(1,4), #2042(3,17,18), 

#2187(1,3,4,19). Highland "plant". A few Zinacantecs grow fennel in 

their yards. The seedlings are transplanted in the rainy season. As a 

remedy for mahbenal, caused by anger, the tips are brewed with white 

salt. One cup is drunk. It is medium". (16)-Same use as above, but 

one cup, without salt, is drunk at bedtime and again before breakfast. 

It is "cold". Fennel may be bought sometimes at market. (19)-As a 

remedy for chest pain /met vinik/ a half cupful of fennel tea is drunk 

before breakfast for three days. It is cold", var., Mnaho /Naben 

Cauk/, lineho /-)Apas/. 

•>inop N. 

?inop, nle. pochote ceiba. 

•nnoptik, n5. grove of pochote ceiba trees. 

tfnteksyon N(Sp, inyeccion). 

tinteksyon, nla. injection, 

•/inryo N(Sp, indio). 

•?intyo, n5. indian. 

•>ip(l) A. 

•rip, aj. sick, 

•ripah, iv. get sick. 

•ripahebal, n3d. moment of childbirth. 

•ripahes, tv. make sick /by entering house of patient, by stepping on 

wound, by disrupting curing ceremony (ineffective shaman), by rape, by 

goring shepherd/. 

•Jipahesvan, iv. make spouse infertile or sterile (barren woman, sterile 

man). 

?ip?iptik, aj. rather sick, 

hîpahesvaneh, agn. rapist. 

h")ipel, agn. sick person /infr/. 

?ip(2) N. 

•)ip, n4e. strength. 

d'abal yipal ku-mn. lit., I haven't any strength, i.e., I haven't any corn. 

sk'an yipal hVuhuk. lit., He needs a little strength, i.e., He should 

have a curing ceremony. 

mu stabe yipal yahnil. lit., He doesn't match his wife's strength, i.e., 

He can't satisfy his wife sexually, 

lip, n4f. grave /illness/, strenuous /work/. 

yip nos loil (or) yip nos k'op. pure jest (or) pure lies. 

yip ?o hun. only one. 

?ipal, pt. at least. 

9ipal ti muk' sbat ta mas camel. At least the sickness did not become 

critical. 

9ipal to k'op. rarely. 

?ipal ...'ripuk, ptphr. if ...then. 

•?ipal mi lek lak'ot ouke mu •jipuk s?ilin. If you arrive on time too, 

then she won't scold. 

"Jipan, tv. subsist on. 

lipuk, pt. although, even though, even if. 

•ripuk nos 9ilinan. even though you scold /me/. 

la E. 

•?ir, excl. ouch! /r is trilled/. 

9iriret, av. exclaiming ouch" 

•?iriri, excl. ouch! var., Wrfrfy. 

7irluh, av. exclaiming "ouch" suddenly. 

•n'rte'Mrte, av. walking about exclaiming "ouch" 

•)is(l) prob O. 

lisôn, av. hissing (green wood), sizzling (raw meat in fire), whistling 

through one's teeth. 

•?is?onah, iv. whistle through one's teeth. 

"?iset, av. hissing (green wood in fire). 

•)isis vah, nphr(x type n)la. tortilla made of young corn, 

•risiset, av. hissing (green wood), sizzling (raw meat in fire), 

•nslahet, av. cf. lision (plu). 

?islahetik, av. whistling through one's teeth (plu). 

•>is(2) probT. 

"ris kik, vphr(tv & pt). give it to me! var., -Hi /more freq/. 

•ristik, tv. give it to me! var., listik /more freq/. 

listik kik, vphr(tv & pt). give it to me! var., ristik /more freq/. 

•>is(3) prob A or N. 

•?is-ak', n(x& ncpd)la. potato. Potatoes are washed, boiled and mashed 

into small pieces. They are seasoned with chili and salt, or also with 

coriander. They may be eaten alone in soup or chowder, or mixed 

with a variety of foods (beans, cabbage, tomatoes, eggs, fish, shrimp, 

beef). Potatoes are "cold". 

î 7is-ak\ nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). potato Solanum tuberosum, 

# 1181(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant". Many Zinacantecs grow potatoes

in their yards. The young potatoes are scattered when the ground is 

hoed before the onset of the rainy season. Young potatoes are harvested 

at that time or are allowed to mature and are then harvested 

in August. They are sold at market. See above for culinary use. 

bae"i Tis-ak'iltik, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/)5. large potato field. 

bae"i Tis-ak'tik, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/)5. potato field, 

tanhero Tis-ak', cf. tranhero Tis-ak'. 

tranhero Tis-ak', nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/)la. 'imported potato', see 

below, var., tanhero tis-ak'. 

eahal tranhero Tis-ak', nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). potato 

Solatium tuberosum, #1184(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant" This large 

variety is grown by a very few Zinacantecs in their yards. Small, 

whole potatoes or potatoes cut into three or four sections are 

planted at the beginning of the rainy season. They are planted in 

sheep or horse manure or in compost eight inches apart. They are 

harvested in August and are sold at market in San Cristobal or 

Tuxtla. 

sakil tranhero Tis-ak', nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). potato 

Solatium tuberosum, #1179(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant" See above 

for planting. 

Tas-ak', n(x & ncpd)5. Baby talk; potato. 

Tisbon N. 

Tisbon, nld. dogwood Cornusexcelsa, #361(1,2,3), #2314(3,4,19). Highland 

"tree" The bark is removed from the trunk to make hoe and sickle 

handles, digging sticks, machete hooks, hooks, stirring rods, and slingshots. 

Dogwood is also used for bed posts, transverse bed poles, 

crossbeams and wattle, fence posts, sheep corral rails, tethering posts, 

dog hobbles, and shepherds' switches. It is also used for tamale platforms. 

The branches are used for brush fences. Dogwood is used for 

firewood. Poles from which the bark has been stripped are carried as 

walking sticks by the prefects every Sunday and at every fiesta; by 

the publicans and stewards-royal on New Year's Day and at the fiesta 

of St. Sebastian; by the constables on December 23-25, and at the 

fiesta of St. Sebastian. Dogwood is used for the tethering post of the 

l straw bull and for bows and arrows of sak-holetik and kaibenaletik 

at the fiesta of St. Sebastian.|Dogwoodjpoles|are|usedlas frames 

for the floral decorations at the church entrances. (23)-Dogwood 

poles have been replaced by metal reinforcing rods at the church entrances, 

but are still used as frames for the floral arches of the stewards 

and the grand alcalde. Eighteen rods are cut by the stewards of 

Our Lady of the Rosary on the First Posada to make the frame of the 

straw bull. One rod is brought by each of the twelve godfathers of the 

Christ Children on the Sixth Posada to make the creche in the 

Church of St. Sebastian, viburnum Viburnum datum, #B9254(5,5a). 

Highland "tree". (RML)-Same use as above. 

Tisbonaltik, n5. large grove of lisbon. 

Tisbontik, n5. grove of nisbon. 

Tisim N. 

TisimiL n3b. beard, moustache, root (tooth, tree, plant, vine). 

Tisim TUC, nphr(n4d of n5). 'opossum whiskers', pitcher sage Lepechinia 

schiedeana, #1395(9). Highland plant'. 

Tisim be, nphr(n4f of n5). see below, 

•risim betik, nphr(n4f of n5)5. expanse of yisim be. 

k'anal Tisim be, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). Cyperus hermaphroditus, 


muk'ta Tisim be, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). flat sedge Cyperus virens, 


Tisim be hobel, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ type n). 'path whiskers grass', 

knotroot millet Setaria geniculata, #2184(1,3,4). Highland "plant". 

Oplismenus burmanni, #2833(7). Lowland "plant", 

k'os" ?isim be hobeL nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ type n). Cyperus 

sp., #1474(3). Highland "plant". 

Tisim bolom, nphr(n4d of n5). 'jaguar's whiskers', Xylosma flexuosum, 

#406(1,4). Highland "tree". 

Tisim £ih, nphr(n4d of n5). 'sheep whiskers* or 'deer whiskers', Xylaria sp., 

#188(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom*. 


k'anal Tisim cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). fairy club Clavaria sp., 

#23(1,3), #52(1,3,4,5). Highland mushroom" 

k'os Tisim cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). fairy club Clavaria sp., 

#55(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" 

nesnestik Tisim cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). 'blonde yisim cih', fairy 

club Clavaria sp., #54(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" 

sak-vayan Tisim cih, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n4d of n5/). fairy 

club Clavaria sp., #172(4,5). Highland "mushroom". 

Tisim cihal k'aT-teT, nphr(nphr/n4d of natt/ & n/aj & ncpd/). see below, 

sakil Tisim cihal k'a-teT, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n4d of natt/ & n/aj & 

ncpd/). fairy club Clavaria sp., #22(1,3). Lowland, temperate and 

highland "mushroom" 

Tistampre N(Sp, estambre). 

Tistampre, nla. yarn. 

Tistola N(Sp, estola). 

Tistola, nld. stole, maniple. 

Tis N. 

TiSih, iv. fall out (kernels from cob). 

Tisim, nla. indiancorn. If a person is too choosy buying corn (smelling 

it and picking out the rotten kernels), or if he discards or burns corn, 

it is thought that the corn's soul /c'ulel/ will complain to the earth lord 

and to the gods in heaven. The offender soon will become destitute or 

will be punished in hell. If the corn's soul departs, then one's supply 

will be exhausted quickly, but if its soul remains, the com will last for 

a long time. The corn's soul is said to be male. Only highland corn is 

used for divination. A sick person eats only white corn, lest he be 

struck by mahbenal. White corn is most preferred by ladino buyers. 

Tik'al Tisim, nphr(aj & n). indian com Zea mays, Negro de Chimaltenango 

race, #2754(1,4,5), #2983(1,16). Highland "plant" (4)-It is 

grown by few Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are placed in each 

hole during the April planting. The harvest is in December. It is 

"cold". (16)-The planting is in May and the harvest is in December. 

It is "medium", 

muk'ta Tik'al Tisim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, 

Negro de Chimaltenango race, #2754(3). Highland "plant" 

Tivriro Tisim, nphr(aj & n). 'hybrid com', see below, 

k'os Tivriro Tisim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian com Zea mays, 

Vandefio race, #2992(3). Lowland "plant" It is grown by many 

Zinacantecs. The seeds are planted between May eighth and fifteenth. 

muk'ta Tivriro Tisim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea 

mays, Vandefio race, #2991(3). Lowland plant" It is grown by 

many Zinacantecs. The seeds are planted between May eighth and 

fifteenth. 

Tolotiyo, n. indian com Zea mays, Olotillo race, #2757(1,3,4). Lowland 

"plant" 

baTyi e"unubil, nphr(aj & n). 'planted early', indian com Zea mays, 

Dzit-Bacal race, #2758(1,4). Highland "plant". It is grown by a few 

Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole, on May fifteenth. 

It is harvested in November. It is cold" 

eahal Tisim, nphr(aj & n). indian corn Zea mays, Imbricado Mixed 

race, #2749(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant". (4)-The seed is planted in 

April. The harvest is in December. 

Quicheno Rojo Mixed race, #2786(1,4,7). Temperate "plant". 

(1)-It is grown by all Zinacantecs. The seed is planted in May. 

The harvest is in January. It is "cold". (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. 

The seed is planted on April tenth. The harvest is in December. 

Olotillo Mixed with Nal-Tel race, #2990(3). Lowland "plant". 

k'oS eahal Tisim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian com Zea mays, 

Nal-Tel Rojo race, #2984(1,16). Highland "plant". It is planted 

with white corn. 

£impo Tisim, nphr(x type n). indian com Zea mays, Zapalote Grande 

race, #3021(1,4,5). Lowland "plant" (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. 

Five kernels are planted in each hole, in November. The 

harvest is in January. It is "medium" var., iimpu oisim /Muk'ta 

61


Hok'/. 

cimpo k'on, nphr(x type n). indian com Zea mays, San Marceno Mixed 

race, #2760(5). Highland "plant". 

k'anal cimpo Tisim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). indian corn Zea mays, 

San Marceno Mixed race, #2760(1,4). Highland "plant". (4)-It is 

gTown by few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole, 

on May fifteenth. The harvest is in November, 

k'os cimpo lisim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). indian corn Zea mays, 

Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Oloton race, #2949(1). Highland 

"plant". It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Five or six kernels are 

planted in each hole, in April. The harvest is in December. It is 

"cold". 

pinto cimpo 7isim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). see below. 

sakil pinto cimpo ">isim, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). indian 

com Zea mays, Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Negro race, 

#2948(1,16). Highland "plant". (l)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. 

Five or six kernels are planted in each hole, in April. The 

harvest is in December. It is "cold". (16)-It is grown by many 

Zinacantecs. The seed is planted in May. The harvest is in December. 

It is 'medium" 

sakil cimpo ?isim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). indian corn Zea 

mays, Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Oloton race, #2949(16). Highland 

"plant". It is planted by few Zinacantecs. The harvest is in December. 

It is medium", 

cimpu visim, cf. cimpo ?isim. 

cis-tei Tisim, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). 'cherry com', indian com Zea 

mays, Quicheno Mixed with Nal-Tel race, #2950(1). Highland 

"plant". It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Five or six kernels are 

planted in each hole, on April twentieth. The harvest is in December. 

It is "hot" 

Comiteco Mixed race, #2970(16). Highland "plant" It is grown 

by few Zinacantecs. The seed is planted in May. The harvest is in 

January. It is "hot". 

Quicheno Rojo race, #2985(1,16). Highland "plant", 

c'ic'el hc'ul-totik ?isim, nphr: nphr(n4d of agn/aj & ncpd/) type n. 

'god's blood corn', indian com Zea mays, Olotillo Mixed with Nal- 

Tel race, #2993(3). Lowland plant". 

hic'il bakal, nphr(aj & n). 'slender cob', indian corn Zea mays, Olotillo 

race, #2757(5). Lowland plant", 

kwarentano, n. 'forty day', indian corn Zea mays, Olotillo Mixed with 

Nal-Tel race, #2762(3,5). Highland plant". 

k'anal •nsim, nphr(aj & n). indian com Zea mays, Yellow Quicheno 

Mixed race, #2754A(5). Highland "plant". San Marceno Mixed race, 

#2759(5). Highland "plant". 

fiis-te? k'anal Tisim, nphr: n(x & ncpd) type nphr(aj & n). indian 

com Zea mays, Quicheno Mixed with Nal-Tel race, #2950(16). 

Highland plant". The seeds are planted in May. The harvest is 

in December. It is "medium". 

muk'ta k'anal "Msim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian com Zea 

mays, San Marceno Mixed race, #2759(1,4). Highland "plant". 

(4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in 

each hole, on May fifteenth. The harvest is in November. It is 

"hot". 

Quicheno race modified by Teocinte, #2791(1,4,7). Temperate 

"plant". (4)-It is grown by all Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels 

are planted in each hole, on April tenth. The harvest is in January. 

It is "hot". 

Comiteco Mixed race, #2970(1). Highland "plant", 

sak-vayan k'anal ?isim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). indian 

com Zea mays, Comiteco Mixed race, #2967(1). Temperate 

plant" 

k'ob-e'i 1 ?, n(n & ncpd). 'dog paw', indian corn Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal 

Mixed with Negro race, #2761(1,3,4). Highland "plant" (4)-It is 

grown by few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole on 

May fifteenth. The harvest is in November. It is "cold" 

k'ob-e'i"? 9isiin, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). indian corn Zea mays, 

Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2750(3). Highland "plant". 

•Jik'al k'ob-e*i? ?isim, nphr: aj & nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). indian 

com Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2750(1,4). Highland 

"plant". It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels 

are planted in each hole in March. The harvest is in December. 

It is "cold", 

bik'it k'ob-e'i'?, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). indian corn Zea mays, 

Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2752(3). Highland "plant", 

sakil k'ob-e'i'), nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal- 

Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2752(1,4). Highland "plant". (4)-It 

is grown by few Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are planted in 

each hole, in March. The harvest is in December. It is "cold". 

ba?yi k'on, nphr(aj & n). 'early yellow', indian com Zea mays, Yellow 

Quicheno Mixed race, #2754A(3). San Marceno Mixed race, 


bik'it k'on lisim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). indian com Zea mays, 

Yellow Quicheno Mixed race, #2754A(1,4). Highland "plant". It is 

grown by few Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are planted in each 

hole, in April. The harvest is in December. It is "hot". 

e*akal k'on, nphr(aj & n). 'late yellow', indian com Zea mays, 

Quicheno Mixed race, #2748(3). Highland "plant". San Marceno 

Mixed, #2759(3). Highland "plant". 

muk'ta k'on, nphr(aj & n). 'big yellow', indian com Zea mays, 

Quicheno Mixed race, #2748(1,4,5). Highland plant". (4)-It is 

grown by all Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are placed in each 

hole, on the eighteenth or twentieth of April. The harvest is in December. 

It is "hot". 

masanil 9isim, nphr(natt & n). 'Masan com', indian corn Zea mays, 

Comiteco Mixed race, #2967(16). Temperate plant". Itisgrownby 

many Zinacantecs. Five or six kernels are planted in each hole, in 

May. The harvest is in December. It is "medium*, 

bik'it masanil lisim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). indian corn Zea 

mays, Quicheno race modified by Teosinte introgression, 

#3023(11). Temperate "plant" It is grown by many Zinacantecs. 

Five kernels are planted in each hole, in May. The harvest is 

in January and February. It is "medium". 

muk'ta masanil •)isim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/ type n). indian 

corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Dzit-Bacal race and 

Zapalote Grande race, #3022(11). Temperate plant" It is 

grown by many Zinacantecs. Five kernels are planted in each 

hole, in May. The harvest is in December and January, 

napalu, x. indian corn Zea mays, Olotillo race, #2756(3). Lowland 

"plant". 

napalu "risim, nphr(x type n). indian com Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal race, 

#2755(1,4). Lowland "plant". (4)-It is grown by all Zinacantecs. Six 

kernels are planted in each hole on May fifteenth. The harvest is in 

November. It is "cold". 

paca, nld. 'flat', indian com Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal race, #2755(5). 

Lowland "plant", 

pimil sat, nphr(aj & n). 'thick kernel', indian corn Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal 

race, #2758(3,5). Highland "plant". 

pinto •Jisim, nphr(aj & n). 'spotted corn', indian com Zea mays, Nal-Tel 

Mixed with Negro race, #2750(5). Highland "plant". Dzit-Bacal 

Mixed with Negro race, #2761(5). Highland "plant". 

9ik'al pinto "Jisim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, 

Negro de Tierra Caliente race, #2958(1,16). Temperate and highland 

"plant". (l)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Five or six 

kernels are planted in each hole in April. The harvest is in January. 

It is "cold". (16)-It is grown by many Zinacantecs. The seeds 

are planted in May. The harvest is in December. It is "medium", 

bik'it pinto îsim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian com Zea mays, 

Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2752(5). Highland "plant", 

povlano 9isim, nphr(aj & n). indian com Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal race, 


rokame ?isim, nphr(x type n). indian com Zea mays, Olotillo race, 

#2756(1,4). Lowland "plant". (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs.

Six kernels are placed in each hole on May fifteenth. The harvest is 

in November. It is 'cold". 

sakil Tisim, nphr(aj & n). see below. 

bik'it sakil •nsim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, 

Nal-Tel Blanco Tierra Alta race, #2753(3,5). Highland "plant". 

Olotillo Mixed with Nal-Tel race, #2762(1,4). Highland plant". 

(4)-It is grown by very few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted 

in each hole, on May fifteenth. The harvest is in November. It is 

"cold" 

k'os" sakil 9isim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, 

Nal-Tel Blanco Tierra Alta race, #2753(1,4). Highland "plant". 

Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Dzit-Bacal race, #2976(1,16). Temperate 

"plant". Quicheno race modified by Teosinte introgression, 

#3023(1,4,5). Temperate "plant" (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. 

Six kernels are planted in each hole, on April fifteenth. 

The harvest is in December and January. It is "cold" 

muk'ta sakil ?isim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, 

Nal-Tel Mixed with Oloton race, #2751(1,3,4). Highland "plant" 

Olotillo Mixed with Salpor race, #2785(1,4,7). Temperate "plant" 

(1)-It is grown by all Zinacantecs. Six seeds are planted in each 

hole, in May. The harvest is in January. It is "cold". (4)-The seed 

is planted on April tenth. The harvest is in January. 

Vandeno race and Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Dzit-Bacal race, 

#2971(1,16). Temperate "plant" (16)-It is grown by most Zinacantecs. 

The seed is planted in May. The harvest is in January. It is 

"cold" 

Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Dzit-Bacal race and Zapalote Grande 

race, #3022(1,4,5). Temperate plant" (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. 

Six kernels are planted in each hole, on April fifteenth. 

The harvest is in December and January. It is "cold", 

sakramentual 9isim, nphr(natt & n). "sacramental corn', indian corn 

Zea mays, Imbricado race, #2747(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant". (4)-It 

is grown by few Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are planted in 

each hole, on April eighteenth or twentieth. The harvest is in December. 

It is "cold" 

ton "risim, nphrfn type n). 'stone corn', see below, 

sakil ton lisim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). indian corn Zea mays, 

Nal-Tel Mixed with Oloton race, #2751(5). Highland plant" 

yihil bakal, nphr(aj & n). 'thick cob', indian corn Zea mays, Olotillo 

race, #2756(5). Lowland "plant". 

9isimah, iv. produce large ears of corn. 

•'isimaltik, n5. corn field. 

9isimtik, aj. dry (gamusa apple, maneana kinya). 

•nsin, tv. shell by hand /corn/, 

•nsinah, iv. shell by hand /corn/. 

Inisinahcl, agn. person who shells corn by hand. 

•riskirvano N(Sp, escribano). 

•riskirvano, agn. scribe /2/. 

•Jlslavon N(Sp, eslabon). 

•rislavon, nld. flint /used formerly to light holy fire on Holy Saturday/. 

-rislel N. 

•rislelil, n3d. male's younger sister, term of address formerly used by 

groom to bride, var., lislelal. 

"rislelin, tv. acquire younger sister. 

9isperes N(Sp, vi'speras). 

•risperes, n5. second day of fiesta. 

•Lspusal N(Sp, esponsales). 

"HSpusal, n5. wedding presentation, betrothal /archaic/. 

?istol N. 

•ris'tol, n4d. ring, toy. 

?oy kunen 9istol. lit., I have my little toy, i.e., I have a pistol, 

•ris'tol "?a?i, vphr(n5 & tv). treat carelessly, waste, ruin, wreck. 

•ristol iya9i sk'u? bik'itik ishatulan. He ruined his shirt; he tore it to 

pieces. 

tol ?is'tol saii 9isim li citome. The pig wastes the corn, 

•ristol c'o, nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5). 'mouse's toy', Acalypha arvensis, 



9istol k'op, nphr(n type n)5. teasing, joking, banter /impersonal ritualistic 

joking/. 

•ristol-k'opoh, iv(n & ivcpd). tease, banter, 

•ristol Io9il, nphr(n type n)5. teasing, joking, banter /impersonal ritualistic 

joking/. 

9istol-lo9ilah, iv(n & ivcpd). tease, joke, banter. 

9istalah, iv. waste, ruin, wreck. 

yec t S9istalah h-set' huteb. He just disrupts things. 

9a shak' yahnil muk' stak'bat yec iyistalah stak'in. He went to petition 

for a wife, but he wasn't acknowledged, so his money was just 

wasted. 

iiistalah ta vakas li scobe. His corn field was ruined by cattle, 

yec i9istalah ti stak'ine muk' sfrec' li camele. He just wasted his 

money; the sickness didn't pass. 

yec Wistalah yu9un stak'in k'alal iyic'e mu k'usi sman 90. When he 

received his money, he just wasted it; he didn't buy anything (worthwhile). 

9istalal, n5. ring, toy. 

9istalal 9ak', nphr(n type n). 'toy vine', morning glory Ipomoea triloba, 

#2160(11). Temperate "vine". It is used for lashing roof poles and 

sheep corrals. 

9istalan, tv. fiddle around, waste, wreck, ruin, botch, bungle /when first 

learning/. 

iyistalan stak'in ta pos. He wasted his money on cane liquor, 

iyistalan 9ik' li hcobe. The wind ruined my corn field, 

t sistalan sa holob li heebe. My daughter bungled the weaving, 

•ristalan ba, rv. ruin one's reputation. 

yec nos iyistalan sba li 9anee. lit., The woman just ruined herself, i.e., 

The woman had an illegitimate child and never married. 

9istalanan, tv. waste /plu/. 

9istalanvan, iv. deceive or trick person repeatedly. 

bik'itik t S9istalanvan. He tricks people all the time. 

9itah N. 

9itah, nla. greens, cabbage, 

•ritahtik, n5. cabbage patch. 

9itah con, cf. con(2). 

9O9on vakas 9itah, nphr: nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5) type n. cabbage Brassica 

oleracea, #2763(1,3). Highland "plant" For use cf. bae'i titah. 

(RML)-This is a tightly-headed variety. 

bae'i fitah, nphr(aj & n)ld. cabbage Brassica oleracea, #750(1,2,4,5). 

Highland "plant". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs in their yards. 

The seeds are sown in the rainy season. Seedlings are thinned and 

transplanted. The harvest is in October. Cabbages are sold at market 

in San Cristobal. Both flowers and leaves are gathered by the 

women. They are brewed with chili, salt, and lime juice seasoning. 

Cabbage is "cold". 

bae'i 9itahtik, nphr(aj & n)5. cabbage patch. 

muruc' 9itah, nphr(aj & n). 'kinky greens', cabbage Brassica oleracea, 

#633(1,2). Highland "plant". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs in 

their yards. The slips are planted at the beginning of the rainy season. 

The harvest is in August. The leaves are cut by women and 

boiled. They are "cold". (RML)-This is a curly-leaved variety. 

9itah 9antivo, nphr(n4d of n5). 'ancestor's greens', Salvia cacaliaefolia, 


9itah con, cf. con(2). 

9itah hsoktom, nphr(n4d of agn). 'Chiapanec's greens', see below, 

k'os 9itah hsoktom, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of agn/). Boldoapurpurascens, 

#2633(1,3). Lowland "plant". The tips are edible when boiled. 

(l)-They are "medium". (3)-They are "cold". 

sak-9itah, n(aj & ncpd)le. 'white greens', Pleurotus sp., #25(1,3,5), 

# 160(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". It is boiled, seasoned with mexican 

tea. It is "cold". Panus sp., #102(3,4,5). Highland mushroom". 

Same use as above. 

9itah, n5. Baby talk; greens, cabbage. 

9it'is N. 

63


Tit'is, n4f. pseudo or bastard /occurs in floral and fauna] names/. 

Tit'is Tahoh, cf. >ahi>h. 

Tit'is Takan hobel, cf. Takan hobel. 

Tit'is Tarvahaka, cf. larvahaka. 

?it'is Tik'al pom e"unun, cf. pom r'unun. 

Tit'is bae*i Tasasena, cf. Tasasena. 

Tit'is Tinatab, cf. 'inatab. 

Tit'is barsin Tak', cf. barsin Tak'. 

Tit'is" boc, cf. boc. 

Tit'is bukaro, cf. bukaro. 

Tit'is eis Tuc, cf. ris Tuc. 

Tit'is eoT sulem teT, cf. eoT sulem teT. 

Tit'is cis-teT Tak', cf. cis-teT Tak'. 

Tit'is c'it, cf. c'it. 

Tit'is koyoy, cf. koy. 

Tit'is" kranata Tak', cf. kranata Tak'. 

Tit'is krisantema, cf. krisantema. 

Tit'is maneana, cf. maneana. 

Tit'is memela teT, cf. memela teT. 

Tit'is nocleb vonon, cf. nocleb vonon. 

Tit'is pasamum, cf. pasamum. 

Tit'is pomos, cf. pomos. 

Tit'is sal-teT, cf. sal-teT. 

Tit'is sikil ton, cf. sikil ton. 

Tit'is solom, cf. solom. 

Tit'is tan kaT, cf. tan kaT. 

Tit'is tempis, cf. tempis. 

Tit'is tilil, cf. tilil. 

Tit'is tuil teT, cf. luil teT. 

Tit'is voy mula, cf. voy niula. 

Tit'is yas-teT, cf. yas-teT. 

Tit'isah, iv. be jealous. 

Tit'isan, tv. be jealous. 

Tit'isanvan, iv. be jealous of person. 

hTit'is ToTon, agn(nphr/agn type n/)5. jealous person /jealous of wealth/. 

hTit'isahel, agn. jealous person. 

hTit'isal , agn(nphr/agn type n/)5. jealous /man, woman/, 

/jealous towards amorous appeal of mate or lover/. 

hTit'isanvaneh, agn. jealous person /infr/. 

Tivriro A(Sp, hibrido). 

Tivriro, aj. hybrid. 

Tiy 

Tiy, oh! cf. Ti(2). 

TO(1) Pt. 

TO, pt. forever, for good, different, another, the next, from it, with it, by 

it, because of it. 

ibat To. He left forever. 

h-kot TO. It is a different one /animal, chair, etc./. 

h-p'eh TO na. It is another house (or) It is the next house. 

Ti haT yec t sipasotik TO ta hk'uleh Tun. And in this way we will get 

rich from it. 

haT ta sc'ay TO li c'ok Tune.. He gets rid of warts with it. 

TO{2) 

TO, there is, there are. cf. Toy(l). 

TO(3) E. 

TO, excl. ugh! /exclamation of disgust or disapproval/. 

TOT(1) N. 

ToTil, n3d. hip, thigh /person, animal/. 

smuk'ul koTtik ec'el. as high as our hips /fourth developmental stage 

of corn/. 

TOT(2) O. 

TOT, onom. sound of gagging. 

ToTTon, av. gagging. 

ToTlahet, av. cf. TOTTO/I (plu). 

TOTlahetik, av. cf. ToTTon (plu). 

ToTlih, av. gagging suddenly. 

ToTteToTte, av. walking about gagging. 

TOT(3) 

TOT, water, spring, cf. VOT(3). 

ToTlol N. 

TOTIOI, nle. middle, center, medium-sized. 

TOTIOI, nc. half /I only/. 

h-ToTlol snaT h-TOTlol mu snaT. some know, some do not. 

TOTIOI , nphr(n5 of num4e). and a half. 

TOTIOI sdibal. two and a half. 

TOTIOI , nphr(n of n)5. middle-aged . 

TOTIOI Tak'ot, nphr(n of n)5. midpoint of dance marked by round of cane 

liquor /dance of religious officials, wedding dance/. 

TOTIOI Tak'ubal, nphr(n of n)5. midnight. 

TOTIOI Tama Cauk, cf. Tama cauk. 

TOTIOI balamil, nphr(n of n)5. center of the world /Misik' Balamil in 

Htek-Ium. / 

TOTIOI be, nphr(n of n)5. middle of the road, halfway. 

ToTlol e"emeniT, cf. e'emeniT. 

TOTIOI e'en, nphr(n of n)5. lit., mid-hole, i.e., moment when grave is half 

dug, or when earth is to be tossed on coffin, marked by round of cane 

liquor. 

TOTIOI hc'ul-meTtik, nphr(n of agn)5. half moon. 

TOTIOI k'ak'al, nphr(n of n)5. noon. 

ToTlol k'ak'altik, nphr(n of n)5. around noon. 

TOTIOI k'obol, nphr(n of n)5. lit., half a hand, i.e., boy who can do only 

half a man's share of work. 

ToTlol k'ok', nphr(n of n)5. top of the fire. 

Tak'o ta ToTlol k'ok'. Put it on top of the fire! 

TOTIOI k'op, nphr(n of n)5. midpoint in ceremony marked by round of 

cane liquor /curing, house dedication, formal entrance of groom into 

bride's home/. 

TOTIOI limeton, cf. limeton. 

TOTIOI niT k'ob, cf. niT k'ob. 

TOTIOI nicim, cf. nicim. 

TOTIOI vala-pohov, cf. vala-pohov. 

TOTIOI vie, nphr(n of n)5. halfway up mountain. 

TOTIOI vinahel, nphr(n of n)5. center of heaven. 

Tol Tak'ubal, nphr(n of n)5. midnight. 

Tol Tak'ubaltik, nphr(n of n)5. around midnight. 

Tol k'ak'al, nphr(n of n)5. noon. 

Tol k'ak'altik, nphr(n of n)5. around noon. 

Tol k'ok', nphr(n of n)5. top of the fire. 

ToTon N. 

TOTon tuluk', nphr(n4d of n5). 'turkey heart', puff ball Lycoperdon sp., 

#38(1,3). Highland mushroom" It is gathered by women and children. 

It is toasted on the coals or boiled and seasoned with mexican 

tea and chili. It is cold". 

ToTon tuluk'tik, nphr(n4d of n5)5. expanse of puff balls. 

ToTon vakas Titah, cf. Titah. 

ToTonil, n3b. heart /person, animal, tree/, center /cross/, cf. holol. 

koTonuk t siTabteh. I would like to work. 

tey sa mu teyuk ti yoTon ibat ta Tanile. He rushed off distractedly. 

tey sa mu teyuk ti yoTon k'u t spas ti mi stue'ton yahcamele. He is 

in a frenzy about what to do if his patient is slipping away. 

mu ta ToToniluk. I (etc.) pay no attention to it. 

muk' ta koTon (or) muk' ta koTonuk. I am indifferent (or) I don't care 

about it. 

Ritual speech, prayer referring to witch (or) Denunciatory speech 

referring to parent who refuses prospective fiance's petition; Toy 

sc'ulel Toy yoTon. lit., He has a soul, he has a heart, i.e., He is evil 

and hard-hearted. 

ToTonin, tv. take seriously, be diligent, heed, show concern for, care. 

mu soTonin k'usi spas. He doesn't care what happens to him. 

ToTonta, tv. take seriously, heed, be diligent, show concern for, care. 

mu sfoTonta yahiamel. He shows no concern for his patient. 

mu soTonta yabtel. He is not concerned about his office.

9o9ontavan, iv. take good care of person (wife). 

cib Won, vphr(num/pred/ & n4oc I. 

loi, iv. enter, go in, come in. 

mi 9ocuk sa me lakaltoe. Will you have more broth? 

9oc 9abtel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn5). begin work. 

tot ?ak'ubal, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). grow dark /in evening/. 

9oc camel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn5). hold curing ceremony, hold each of three 

year renewal ceremonies, 

loc kantela, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). hold curing ceremony. 


9o£ kantela, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). hold each of three year renewal ceremonies. 

9oc kantela na, vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n4e of n5/). dedicate new house. 

9oc korisma, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). begin dry season. 

•>oi k'a9al, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4f). putrefy. 

9o


9oh(l) E. 

9oh, excl. ugh! /exclamation of disgust or disapproval or refusal to obey/. 

•Johet, av. saying "ugh"! /refusing to obey/. 

•Johetik, av. cf. tohet (plu). 

9oh(2) O. 

9oh9oh9oh, onom. sound of harsh coughing. 

9oh9on, av. coughing harshly /EK.L 258: 2-11,12/. 

Ionian, av. coughing harshly (plu). 

9ohlahet, av. cf. lohion (plu). 

9ohlahetik, av. cf. nohion (plu). 

9ohte96hte, av. coughing harshly here and there (child with whooping 

cough). 

?oh(3) 

9oh, cough, cf. tob(2). 

9ohov N. 

9ohov, nla. chewing tobacco /archaic/, mixture of chewing tobacco, 

garlic and urine /rubbed on leg to cure poslom/. 

9ohov 9ak\ nphr(n type n). 'lord vine', Dioscorea cymosula var. cinerea, 

# 1589(11,12). Temperate vine" 

muk'ta 9ohov 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Dioscorea nelsonii, 


sakil 9ohov 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Dioscorea nelsonii, 

#1700(11,12). Lowland vine' 

9ah-te9, n(n & ncpd)la. white sapote Casimiroa edulis, #363(1,2,3,4). 

Highland "tree" White sapotes are owned by a few Zinacantecs. The 

trunk is used for fence posts and bridges. The fruit is eaten raw. It is 

sold in Chamula and San Cristobal. It is "cold". (5)-The pit is ground 

and the powder is applied to boils. It is "cold". 

9ah-te9altik, n(n & ncpd)5. large grove of white sapotes. 

9ah-te9tik, n(n & ncpd)5. grove of white sapotes. 

sakil ?ah-te9, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). white sapote Casimiroa edulis, 

#363(7). Highland "tree". Same use as lah-ten. 

9ah-te9 kotom, nphr(n4d of n5). 'coati's tah-tei\ sweet leaf Symplocos sp., 

#873(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" The fruit is eaten by coatis. 

9ah-te9 te9, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). trumpet tree Tabebuiapentaphylla, 

#232(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". 

9aha-con, cf. con. 

9aha-pom, n(n type ncpd)la. honey. It is "hot". 

9aha-te9es, n(n & ncpd)ld. wintergreen Gaultheria odorata, #2268(19). 

Highland "tree" As a remedy for mahbenal a small bunch is crushed 

in the hand and mixed with cold water that is used to wash the 

patient's head. It is "cold" (16)-An unattested variety is used to 

adorn a patient's ceremonial bed, (5)-and is brewed in the decoction 

used to bathe a newborn infant and its mother, var., taha-teiis /Hok' 

C'enom, Muk'la Hok'/. 

?aha-te I >esaltik, n(n & ncpd)5. large expanse of wild blueberries or wintergreen. 

laha-toestik, n(n & ncpd)5. expanse of wild blueberries or wintergreen. 

k'os 9aha-te9es, nphr(aj & n). wild blueberry Vaccinium confertum, 

#516(1,2,3). Highland "plant". Wild blueberry and wintergreen are 

gathered indiscriminately as a basic ingredient of "flower water , 

the decoction used to bathe patients, sacrificial chickens, and stewards' 

coffers. A handful is crushed in cold water to make a refreshing 

drink. As a remedy for mahbenal, three tips are crushed in 

warm water containing salt. One cup is drunk. It is "cold". As a 

remedy for chest pain /met vinik/ or anger /k'ak'al loionil/, seven 

or eight tips are crushed in cold water with peperomia. A cup is 

drunk before breakfast. As a relief from the hot sun, a handful is 

pounded on a rock and rubbed on one's hair while washing it. 

muk'ta 9aha-te9es, nphr(aj & n). wintergreen Gaultheria odorata, 

#567(1,3), #1373(3), #1517(1,3), #2268(3,4). Temperate or highland 

"tree" The berries are eaten by shepherds. They are "cold", 

cf. k'os laha-tetes, and eis luc for use in "flower water". 

9aha-te9is, cf. 9aha-te9es. 

9ahv, n5. Ritual speech, oath of office; lord. 

Occurrence restricted to; 9a yaya tot 9ahvetik. Oh ancient lords. 

9ahval balamil, nphr(n4f of n5). earth lord. 

9ahval camel, nphr(n4f of vn5). witch /restricted to hostile people seen 

in dreams/. 

9ahval htek-lum, nphr(n4f of n/x & ncpd/). inhabitant of Zinacantan 

center. 

9ahval karo, nphr(n4f of n5). driver or passenger /bus, car, truck/. 

9ahval kavilto, nphr(n4f of n5). civil authority. 

9ahval k'in, nphr(n4f of n5). religious official with major ritual duties 

during fiesta. 

?ahval lum, nphr(n4f of n5). inhabitant. 

9ahval na, nphr(n4f of nld). wife. 

9ahval rios, nphr(n4f of n5). talking-saint owner. 

9ahval te9, nphr(n type n)5. 'lord tree', yaw root Stillingia acutifolia, 

#B9258(5,5a), #121(1,2,3,4,5), #1497(1,3,11,12), #2215(1,3,4,19). 

Highland "tree" (5)-The trunk is used by some people for firewood 

though its sap blisters one's skin. (19)-The sap is applied to warts to 

remove them. It is "hot". (4)-The sap is applied once a day for two 

days. (5)-An unattested variety is used in steam cures, cf. can-eelav 

eele-pat for steam cure use. 

9ahval te9tik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of yaw root. 

9ahval tern, nphr(n4f of nld). Male joking speech; lit., lord of the bed, 

i.e., wife. 

9ahvalil, n3b. lord. an. poss.; opponent, adversary, inan. poss.; commissioned 

weaver, person who looks after one's house, owner. 

yahval to buc'u sna9 S9elk'ahe. Only a few people steal, 

iseob sba yahval. His /her/ enemies were gathered in wait for him 

/her/ (murderers, rapists). 

9ahvalin, tv. overpower (sickness, work). 

9ahvalinvan, iv. overpower person (sickness, work). 

hsa9 9aha-pom, agn(tv & n/n type ncpd/cpd)5. honey-gatherer. 

kahval, n5. Ritual speech, term of address to the saints and tutelary gods; 


kahval, excl. Female speech, exclamation of surprise; My Lord! 

kahvaltik, n5. Our Lord. This term includes the saint images on the earth 

and the saints in heaven, Christ, the Virgin Mary, the sun and the moon 

and the tutelary gods. 

k'ahom sna9 li kahvaltike. Only Our Lord knows. 

k'u si ti kahvaltike. what Our Lord wills. 

kahvaltik rios, nphr(n type n)5. ensign-bearer of the Holy Cross. 

kahvaltik riosal, nphr(n type n)4d. post of ensign-bearer of the Holy 

Cross. 

Ii9e£' ta hkahvaltik riosal. I was ensign-bearer of the Holy Cross. 

Tobtak 

9ohtak, recognize, cf. 9ohtik. var., tohtakin /Vot-bie/. 

whtik X. 

9ohtikin, tv. know, recognize. 

yohtikinbe ssat buC'u. He identified him. 

bae*i 9ohtikinbil Ie9e. He (or) it is famous. 

mu 9ohtikinbah, ajphr(pt & aj). not known or recognized, never known 

or recognized, impossible to know or recognize. 

9ok(l) N. 

9ok na, nphr(n4f of nld). stick used to secure door at night. 

9ok ne sibak, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/). 'rocket stem', golden eye Viguiera 

dentata, #2793(7). Temperate and lowland "plant". It is used for 

rockets. 

9okil, n5. Ritual speech, curing prayer, shaman addressing constables 

of the tutelary gods; lit., foot, i.e., constable, 

c'ul-mayoletik, £'ul-9alvasiletik, c'ul-9okiletik, c'ul-k'obiletik. holy 

constables, holy sheriffs, holy feet, holy hands. 

9okin, iv. run along surface of ground (water), stream (tears). 

9okol, n3b. leg /person, pants, chair, table/, foot /person, cave, mountain/, 

post /bed/, handle /hoe, axe, spoon/, pole /flag/, body /section 

of cross below arms/, shaft /warping bar/, bottom /clothing/, stick 

/match/, trunk /tree/, main stem /plant/, stipe /mushroom/, short 

section of rope or leather attached to ends of tumpline, or short section 

of rope attached to ends of back strap, current /river/, braided

end /sash/, length /parcel of land/, trip. Ritual speech, prayer; toe. 

t sahtohbe hutukuk avok. lit., I will pay you a little for your legs, i.e., 

I will pay you a little to make the trip for me. 

Ritual speech, prayer; ta yolon yok ta yolon sk'ob ti kahvaltike. 

beneath the feet, beneath the hands of Our Lord, 

ta lahuneb kok ta lahuneb hk'ob. with my ten toes, with my ten 

fingers. 

tam 9ok, vphr(tv & n4d). journey a great distance, die. 

yoket, nla. hearthstone or broken pot that serves as hearthstone, 

yoke tin, tv. use as hearthstone. 

9, nphr(n4d of n5). 'dog's tongue', plantain Plantago hirtella, 

#595(1), #2029(3). Highland "plant". (5)-An unattested variety is 

mashed in cold water, and the water drunk to reduce fever. It is 

'medium'. It is also used to remove boils /cakal/. It is cold", plantain 

Plantago alismatifolia, #2461(4). Highland "plant". Ruelliapu- 

Ae/T//a,#838(U,3,5). Lowland "plant', 

'ok' e"J9tik, nphr(n4d of n5). expanse of plantain. 

9ok' e"i9 9ak', nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). wild pea Phaseolus atropurpureus, 

#780(1,2), #824(1,2,3,5). Lowland "vine", jack bean Canavalia 

hirsutissima, #1512(1,3). Highland "Vine". Centrosema plumieri, 

#218(1,2,3,5). Lowland "vine". Centrosema pubescens, #1823(1,4). 

Temperate "vine". 

7ok' e"i9 e?ii\el, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). plantain Plantago hirtella, 

#1714(1,3). Highland 'plant". 

9ok' vakas, nphr(n4d of n5). 'cow's tongue', ladies' tresses , Spiranthes 

cinnabarina, #1440(1), #1763(4,5), #2085(3,4). Highland "plant". 

#1943(1,3,4). Temperate "plant", philodendron Philodendron hederaceum, 

#2811(3,4,5). Lowland "vine". Syngonium podophyllum, 


9ok'(2) I. 

?ok', iv. cry , weep, call (bird), sing (bird, cricket), drip (candle) /proof 

that one is being denounced in church/, pipe (flute), whistle (gourd), 

beat (drum), toot (cowhorn), ring (bell). 

t s"9ok' sni?. He snores. 

9ok', n4e. when /moment in the future/. 

yok'al sbate. when he goes. 

9ok\ nc. moment /I only/. 

hu-9ok'. every few minutes. 

h-TOk'on h-t'abelon. I am sick every few days. 

9ok'el, nc. call (coyote). 


9ok'el tak'in, nphr(vn type n)5. loudspeaker. 

9ok'es, nla. trumpet /archaic/. 

•>ok'esin, tv. blow or play /flute, cowhorn, bottle, trumpet, gourd, leaves 

during wedding/. 

ciok'esin snir It snorts (horse, deer). 

9ok'et, av. watering (eyes from chili, smoke), wet (salt, sugar), 

swk'et ya^lel. It is moist /vagina/. 

9ok'il, n5. coyote Canis latrans. Coyotes are not considered edible because 

they live on all animals and consequently their flesh is rank. They 

are notorious for attacking sheep. Coyotes are believed to be the companion 

animal spirits of fat, strong, and beautiful people, but in folk 

tales they are the dupes of the rabbit. When a coyote is heard barking, 

its name should not be uttered nor should it be scolded, lest that 

provoke it to attack. 

TOk'il e"i?, cf. iî?. 

9ok'il to, nphr(n type n)le. 'coyote tree', cypress Cupressus lusitanica, 

#673(1,2,3,4). Temperate and highland "tree". It is grown in yards and 

fencerows by a few Zinacantecs. Slips are transplanted in the rainy 

season. In the temperate zone it grows wild in second growth. The 

trunk is used for the eight house mainposts. It is split to make fence 

posts. #1921(1,3,4,16). Temperate "tree" (16)-It is also used for 

boards. Ladinos use the sprigs to put in altar vases. #2090(3,4), 

#2399(20). Highland "tree" juniper Junipems gamboana, 

#1921(1,3,4,16). Temperate "tree". Same use as above. 

9ok'il totik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of cypress or juniper trees. 

9ok'ita, tv. bewail. 

9ok'ita ba, rv. sob to oneself. 

•Jok'ita kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5). wail and pray. 

9ok'itaan, tv. bewail many things. 

9ok'itabil camel, cf. camel. 

9ok'itavan, iv. cry at someone (owl, whining child). 

9ok'lahet, av. wet (salt, sugar) /in a number of containers/. 

9ok'oc, nle. puddle in depression of rock. 

h-9ok'oh h-9ok'oh, nphr(n/num & ncpd/5 & n/num & ncpd/5). every 

few minutes. 

9ok'ok'et, av. watering badly (eyes from chili or smoke), very wet (salt, 

sugar). 

S9ok'ok'et ya9lel. It is very moist (vagina). 

9ok'olet, av. sobbing to oneself, howling or baying (dog). 

•Jok'oletik, av. cf. lok'olet (plu). 

9ok'te96k'te, av. howling here and there (lost dog), running about dissolving 

(wet salt or sugar). 

hôk'el, agn. mourner, crybaby. 

h9ok'esineh-9ama, agn(vn & ncpd). flutist. 

h9ok'esineh-eu, agn(vn & ncpd). gourd blower /shaman's assistant who 

blows gourd to recall soul/. 

h9ok'esineh-musika, agn(vn & ncpd). musician. 

h9ok'esnom-tak'in, agn(vn & ncpd). loudspeaker. 

h9ok'itaeh-kahvaltik, agn(vn & ncpd). person wailing when praying. 

h9ok'itavaneh, agn. crybaby. 

9ok'ob N. 

9ok'ob, nle. tomorrow, man. poss.; yok'omal. 

ta yok'omal. on the next day. 

9ok'obon 6a9ehon. I am here tomorrow and the day after /i.e., life 

is fleeting/. 

9ok'om 9ok'om, nphr(n4f & n4f). daily /hen laying eggs/. 

Tok'om 

•Jok'om, daily, cf. 9ok'ob. 

?ol(l) A. 

7ol, aj. heavy. 

9ol9oltik, aj. rather heavy. 

9al-poean, aj(aj & Ucpd). numb. 

•fal-poman, aj(aj & Ucpd). numb. 

9alal, n4b. weight. 

9aleah, iv. be speechless /with fear/, be numb /with fear or cold/. 

9alean, tv. numb (medicine). 

67


9aleanvan, iv. cause person to be numb or speechless (spider or snake 

bite). 

9alet, av. reticent, wordless /unable to respond quickly/. 

9allahet, av. cf. talet (plu). 

9alub, iv. grow speechless /with fear/, grow numb /with fear or cold/, 

become heavy. 

wlubtas, tv. make heavy, weigh down. 

9alubtasvan, iv. encumber person. 

9ak' lalal, vphr(tv // n). bear down on, tamp /with feet/. 

9ol(2) N. 

9olil, n3d. female's child, offspring /of female animal/, 

yol lum. newly sprouting weeds, 

ta yol balamil. in the open /not in a building/. 

9olin, iv. recover from sickness, recover from childbirth. 

90I0I, n5. child, person younger than speaker. Implies helplessness of 

person, may be used as pejorative term of address to someone who has 

committed a crime. 

9alab, nld. Female or Ritual speech; female's child. 

kalab, hnic'nab. my child /of woman/, my child /of man/. 

?alah, iv. give birth (animals). 

mu sna 1 ? S9alah. She is barren. 

9alahel, vn5. birth. 

9ikol ta 9alahel. She gave birth. 

hialnom, agn. woman who has given birth. 

hiaJnom vonon, cf. vonon. 

9ol(3) X. 

9olin, iv. reside in borrowed house. 

TOuntas, tv. lend house. 

?olintasvan, iv. lend house to person. 

9ol(4) X. 

9ola, tv. wind thread around heddle rod. 

9olinab, nla. thread wound around heddle rod. 

9olinab te?, nphr(n type n)la. heddle rod. 

9ol(5) 

9ol, noon, midnight, cf. w?lol. 

9olak Pt. 

rolak, pt. could it be? 

9olak vo?ot Romin. Could it be you, Dominic? 

9olnob N. 

9olnob, nla. lead tree . See below, var., lonob /Htek-lum/. 

9olnobaltik, n5. large grove of lolnob. 

9olnobtik, n5. grove of lolnob. 

bae"i 9olnob, nphr(aj & n)5. lead tree Leucaena leucocephala, 

# 204( 1,2,3,4,5), # 790( 1,2,3,5). Lowland " tree". All lowland ladinos 

grow lead trees in their yards. The trunk is used for fence posts and 

firewood. The tips are eaten raw. The beans are harvested in October. 

They are "cold". It is said that if a person eats iguana, chicken, 

or eggs, and later in the day eats lead tree beans, his hair will 

fall out. 

baî 9olnobaltik, nphr(aj & n)5. large grove of lead trees. 

bae"i 9olnobtik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of lead trees, 

eahal ?olnob, nphr(aj & n). lead tree Leucaena brachycarpa, 

#1126(1,4,5), #1582(1,3,11,12,13), #2303(3,4,19), #2558- 

(1,4,21,22). Temperate "tree". (l)-The trunk is considered to be the 

strongest kind of wood for ax handles. It is used also for mainposts, 

fence posts, digging sticks, hoe, pick and billhook handles. The tips 

and beans are eaten. They are "hot". (11)-The edible parts are "medium". 

The trunk is used also for firewood. The heartwood is used for 

ax handles 

c'is 9olnob, nphr(n type n). Piptadenia biuncifera, #1668(7,14). Lowland 

"tree" 

paka9 9olnob, nphr(n type n). lead tree Leucaena collinsii # 1275(1,3,4,5) 

# 1991(1,3,4,16,17). Lowland "tree" (1,3,4,5)-The pods are peeled and 

the beans are eaten raw. They are "hot". They are sold at market. 

The tips and buds are eaten by some Zinacantecs at weeding time. 

They are eaten raw with tortillas. They are 'cold" The trunk is used 

for pick and digging stick handles, (16)-Same use as above. The trunk 

is also used for fence posts, mainposts, and ax handles, 

sakil wlnob, nphr(aj & n). Piptadenia biuncifera, #1668(11,12). Lowland 

"tree". 

9olnob e*i9lel, nphr(n type n). 'lolnob plant', see below, 

k'anal 9olnob e'frlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). senna Cassia unijlora, 

#2622(20). Lowland "plant" 

yasal 9olnob e'frlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). coffee senna Cassia 

occidentals, #2646(20). Lowland "plant". 

9olnob cih, nphr(n4d of n5). 'deer's lolnob', coffee senna Cassia occidentalis, 

#887(1,2,3,5). Lowland 'tree". Acacia anpistissima, #1386(9). 


9olnob c'is 9ak', cf. c'is 9ak\ 

9olnob c'o, nphr(n4d of n5). 'mouse's tolnob', bundle flower Desmanthus 

virgatus var. depressus, #1305(1). Lowland "plant", senna Cassia cf. 

stenocarpoides, #2570(21,22). Temperate "plant". Tephrosia cinerea, 

#2638(21). Lowland "vine". Aeschynomene compacta, #2408(20). 


muk'ta 9olnob c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). coffee senna Cassia 

occidentalis, #2646(1,3). Lowland plant" senna Cassia skinneri, 

#2696(21). Lowland "tree", senna Cassia uniflora, #2622(21). Lowland 

"plant". 

9olnob ka 1 ?, nphr(n4d of n5). 'horse's tolnob', puerto rican fairy duster 

Caltiandraportoricensis, #2611(1,3). Temperate "tree". Acacia angustissima, 

#1234(7). Temperate and highland "tree" 

9olnob te9, nphr(n type n). 'tolnob tree', senna Cassia reticulata, 

#234(1,2,3,4,5). Lowland "tree", 

k'os 9olnob te9, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild senna Cassia biflora, 

#2128(11). Temperate "tree", 

yasal 9olnob te9, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). senna Cassia skinneri, 

#2696(20). Lowland "tree". 

9olnob vet, nphr(n4d of n5). 'fox's tolnob', coffee senna Cassia occidentalis, 

#2646(21). Lowland plant" 

9olon N. 

9olon, nib. beneath, before, West. 

">ec" ta kolon. It passed between my legs, 

ta 9olon ec'el (or) ta yolon ec'el. down there, 

stam ?olon 9ak'ol. lit., He is taking (himself) down and up, i.e., He 

is going wherever he pleases. 

t sibat ta 9olon. I am going to the lowlands (or) I am going west, 

ta yolon k'in. before the fiesta, 

ta 9olon tal. in past times. 

yolon cobtik. in the cornfield /under the growing plants/. 

Ritual speech, prayer; ta yolon yok ta yolon sk'ob ti kahvaltike. 

beneath the feet, beneath the hands of Our Lord. 

9olon 9osil, nphr(n type n)5. lowlands. 

9olonah, iv. make trips to the lowlands. 

t s9olonah sa. He makes trips to the lowlands now (young boy), 

mu sna9 t s?olonah. He does not make trips to the lowlands (salt 

merchant). 

9olonahebal, n3d. article used for trips to the lowlands /old hat, old 

clothes/. 

9olontik, n5. Mexico City. 

h9olon, agn. person who lives to the west /plu form is most freq/. 

h9olonahel, agn. person going to, from, or temporarily in the lowlands. 

9olotiyo N(Sp, olotillo). 

9olotiyo, indian com. cf. tisim 

9om N. 

9om, nle. spider /general term/. 

eahalwm, nphr(aj &n)5. lowland spider. It is possibly a black widow 

spider. Its bite reportedly causes diarrhea, vomiting, paralyzation of 

mouth and limbs followed by death within a half hour. The antidote 

is a brew of thirteen splinters of pine boiled in water and 

drunk immediately. A cup of chili sauce may substitute for the pine 

tea.

Tam, n5. spider /name for spider, repeated when spider is killed so that 

person won't become a stutterer or mute/. 

Timbre 

Tombre, be reasonable, cf. •ximpre. 

•Himpre E(Sp, hombre). 

Tdmpre, excl. lit., man! i.e., be reasonable! come on! /restricted to attempt 

to convince someone/, var., ibmbre. 

Tompre mu sapas yec. Be reasonable don't be like that. 

9on N. 

Ton, n I a. avocado. (5)-The pit of an unattested variety is brewed and the 

decoction drunk as a remedy for bloody dysentery. It is cold'. 

•Jontik, n5. grove of avocado trees. 

baî Ton, nphr(aj & n). avocado Persea americana, #391(1,3). Highland 

"tree". It is grown in the yards. The pits are planted in the rainy 

season. The fruit is harvested in January and sold at market in San 

Cristobal. It is eaten raw with salt and tortillas as part of the meal. 

It is "cold" 

c'ail Ton, nphr(aj & n). "bitter avocado', avocado Persea americana, 

#642(1,2). Highland "tree*. It grows in yards and in heavy forest. 

The trunk is used for firewood. 

muk'ta ion, nphr(aj & n). avocado Persea americana, #626(1,2,3). 

Highland "tree" Same use as han't ion, but harvested in February. 

yas-Ton, n(aj & ncpd)la. avocado Persea americana, #224(1,2,3,5), 

#3016(1,4,5,11). Lowland "tree" It is grown by ladinos and grows 

wild along the river's edge. The pit is planted in the rainy season. 

The fruit is harvested in June, July, and August. It is sold at market. 

It is "cold". (4,ll>The fruit is harvested in August. 

Ton teT, nphr(n type n)5. madrone Arbutus xalapensis, #B9273(5,5a). 

Highland "tree" (5)-The nut of an unattested variety is eaten. It is said 

that if the madrone has many blooms, the mangos will bear many 

fruits. 

Ton teTaltik, nphr(n type n)5. large grove of madrones. 

Ton teTtik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of madrones. 

Tit'is Ton teT, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). summer holly A rctostaphylos 

lucida, #55(1,2,3), #554(1,3), #2346(3,4). Highland "tree" It is 

used for firewood. (5)-The tips of an unattested variety are used in 

the steam cure. They are "hot". 

k'os Ton teT, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Chimaphila umbellata, 

#1850(1). Temperate plant' 

nap'ap' Ton te*>, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 'sticky madrone', madrone 

Arbutus xalapensis, #B9497(5,5a), #47(1,2,3). Highland "tree" 

Three tips are burned on the griddle and the ash is bound to a 

bone break. They are "hot". The trunk is used for house construction 

and fence posts. (5)-An unattested variety is used in the steam 

cure. 

sakil Ton teT, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). madrone Arbutus xalapensis, 

#637(1,2). Highland "tree" The trunk is used for firewood. 

TODob 

Tonob, lead tree. cf. Tolnob. 

TODOS Pt. 

Tonos, pt. still. 

mi t sabat Tonos. Are you still going? 

liTay Tonos. I did go. 

Tora N(Sp, hora). 

Tora, nla. time, watch, hour, season, luck. 

yasal Tora. good luck. 

cahal Tora. bad luck. 

mu yorauk. He has no time left /death imminent/. 

ta Tora. right away, quickly, suddenly, soon. 

yora TO no van. it is no good if (or) it is not right that. 

Tora te k'u sTelane. according to one's luck. 

maTuk yora ta e'unel. It is not the season for planting it. 

stal ak'elon k'u Tora. Come see me sometime. 

t stal ta Tora capluk nos li skaTtake. He will come as soon as his mules 

are ready. 

bae'i lek Tora ta tael To k'ulehal. It is a great opportunity to 


get rich. 

Ritual speech, referring to return from visit to shrines; k'usi Tora k'usi 

k'ak'al sivalk'uh tal sisutp'ih tal. Whenever I return, whenever I 

come back. 

Tora mut, nphr(n type n)5, Tiour bird', yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus 

americanus, mangrove cuckoo Coccyzus minor/Htek-lum, Pat lOsil/. 

Cuckoos are considered edible. They are "cold". Because the cuckoo 

is known to call at sunset, on cloudy days its call is a signal for quitting 

work. 

Torail, n4d. luck. 

yorail Tane. lit., woman's luck, i.e., boy baby, good fortune possessed 

by woman which is thought to ensure good production of her 

husband's com crop. 

yorail vinik. lit., man's luck, i.e., girl baby, good fortune ensuring 

good production of corn crop. 

Toratik, n5. right away, every few days. 

Torasi E(Sp, ahora si). 

Torasi, excl. at last! 

Torasi lek ibat. At last it turned out well. 

Toregano N(Sp, oregano). 

Toregano, n. oregano Origanum vulgare, # 1044(1,3,5). Highland "plant" 

It is grown by Chamulas in their yards. The seeds are sown in the rainy 

season. The leaves are used by ladinos for seasoning chicken and turkey. 

(l)-It is "medium". (3)-It is "hot" 

Toresyon N(Sp, oracion). 

Toresyon, nle. prayer, var., lorisyon. 

Toresyon, n5. dusk, vesper bell, var., lorisyon. 

Toresyontik, n5. dusk. 

Toresyon mut, nphr(n type n)5. 'orison bird', brown-backed solitaire Amygdestes 

obscurus. 

Torisyon e'iTlel, nphr(n type n). yellow evening primrose Oenothera laciniata, 

#616(1,2,3), #1429(1). Highland "plant". 

Torisyon mut, cf. Toresyon mut 

Torisyon 

Torisyon, dusk, vesper bell, prayer, cf. Toresyon. 

wkana N(Sp,6rgano). 

Torkana TUIOT, nphr(n4d of n5). accordion. 

Tornamentu N(Sp, ornamento). 

Tornamentu, n5. visiting saint, var., lornomentu. 

Toraomentu 

Tornomentu, visiting saint, cf. ornamentu. 

Toro N(Sp, oro). 

Toro, nle. gold. 

yoroal ke. my gold tooth. 

yoroal sik'alal. tinfoil of cigarette pack. 

Toro, aj. golden, yellow, red and green-striped (candle). 

Torotik, aj. rather golden (markings on face of captain). 

Torten N(Sp, orden). 

Torten, nla. authorization, legal power, law. 

Tak' Torten, vphr(tv & n5). authorize. 

Tosil N. 

Tosil, nla. land, daylight, day, forest. 

yosil totil meTil. inherited land. 

yosil Htek-lum. communal land. 

makal Tosil. cloudy. 

muk' bu kaTi Tosil. lit., I never felt the daylight, i.e., I never woke up. 

k'usi Tosilal. What day of the week is it? 

mol Tosil. heavy forest. 

Tosilah, iv. be publicized, come to light, cf. vinah. 

Denunciatory speech; ta svinah ta sTosilah ti smule ti skoloTe. His 

crime, his evil will come to light, will be publicized. 

losilaltik, n5. open air, outside. 

Tosiltik, n5. forest, open expanse of land, open air, outside. 

t svay ta Tosiltik. He sleeps in the open. 

Tik'al Tosil, nphr(aj & n)5. darkness, night. 

Tunen Tosil, nphr(aj & n)5. land with low second growth. 

69


9unen 9osilaltik, nphr(aj & n)5. large expanse of land with low second 

growth. 

9unen 9osiltik, nphi(aj & n)5. expanse of land with low second growth. 

9osol N. 

9osol, nle. bird mite. 

•>osov N(Sp, oso). 

9osov, n5. bear. 

?os(l) Num. 

?os , n(num & nccpd)le. three. 

9os-9u, n(num & ncpd)le. 'three months', Sageretia elegans, #710(1,2). 

Temperate " vine". The trunk is used for firewood by corn farmers. The 

fruit is eaten by birds. #2444(1,20). Temperate and highland "tree" 

(20)-The fruit is edible. It is "cold" (RML)-The name is derived 

from the belief that if one steps on the thorn of this vine the thorn 

will remain embedded for three months. 

9os-eelav, n(num & ncpd)5. three-sided /fruit, stem/, 

ws-hisomal cih, nphr(n/num & ncpd/type n)5. lit., tripartite blanket, i.e., 

wedding blanket. 

TOs-histaobil, n(num & ncpd) 4f. yarn-embroidered shoulder seams of 

woman's blouse. 

9os-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. thirteen, 

•tos-lot, n(num & nccpd)5. constellation comprised of the three stars of 

orion's belt; delta, epsilon, xi. 

9os-lot h9elek', nphr(n/num & nccpd/4d of agn). constellation; comprising 

theta, 1, d of orion. It is thought that only robbers can see it. 

9os-pusin, tv(num & tvcpd). fold over three times /bridal headdress, 

rope/. 

9os-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5. sixty. 

9os9os , n(num & nccpd)5. by or in threes, every three. 

?osios-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5. in or by sixties, every sixty. 

9oseh, nle. three days from now. 

9oshe, nle. three days ago. 

9oshe9oshe, n5. about three days ago. 

wshetik, n5. about three days ago. 

9osib, nle. three. 

9osib letanya, cf. letanya. 

9os(2) Pt. 

9os, pt. particle expressing completed time. 

7Ot(l) N. 

9ot, n4a. tortilla. 

yec kote. That's the way my tortillas are /reply of host to guests after 

receiving thanks for meal/. 

9Ot(2) 

9ot, put in, invite inside, cf. 9oc. 

9Ot(3) 

9ot, count, cf. iat(2). 

9otot N(N, ototl). 

9otot, n5. common bamboo Bambusa vulgaris, #324(8). Lowland "tree" 

(5)-The trunk of an unattested variety is used by ladinos for the wattle 

of sugar mills. 

9ototaltik, n5. large bamboo grove. 

9otottik, n5. bamboo grove. 

9olro A(Sp, otro). 

9otro, aj. another. 

9otro h-9ec'el. another time (or) again. 

9of(1) 

9ot', place slightly inside, cf. 9oc. 

9ot'(2) prob P or P(2). 

9ot'ol, aj. protuberant (many cin or yuy). 

9ot'olik, aj. cf. lot'ol /plu/. 

9ov(l) prob N. 

9ov 9osil, nphr(n4f of n5). dew. 

9OT(2) 

9ov, corn planting, cf. 9av(2). 

?ov, shout, cf. 9av(3). 

9overo A(Sp, overo). 

9overo, aj. marked, ringed, spotted (painted child, spook, southern spotted 

skunk). 

9overotik, aj. marked, ringed, spotted (painted child, spook, southern 

spotted skunk). 

9ovispo(l) N(Sp, avispa). 

9ovispo, nle. wasp Polistes sp.. cf. cak-lakan tet. 

9ovispo(2) N(Sp, obispo). 

9ovispo, n5. bishop. 

9ovlikasyon N(Sp, obligation). 

9ovlikasyon, n5. grace. 

t stal li 9ovlikasyon. We will become smart. 

Ritual speech, prayer; c'ul-limusna, c'ul-9ovlikasyon. holy alms, holy 

obligation /candles/. 

Ritual speech, prayer; mi 9o to c'ul-karira mi 9o to c'ul-9ovlikasyon. 

Is there still divine charity, is there still divine grace? 

9oven N. 

9oven, n5. avocado. See below. The trunk is used for gunstocks, and 

house construction. The fruit is "cold". 

k'os 9oven, nphr(aj & n). Ilex brandegeana, #416(1,2,5). Temperate 

"tree". The trunk is used for firewood. 

9oven te9, nphr(n type n). avocado Persea americana, #412(1,4). Highland 

"tree" The trunk is used for gunstocks. 

9OVOS 

9ovos, hog plum. cf. hovos. 

9oy(l) N. 

9oy, n5. there is, there are, sometimes, there is a possibility that, var., to. 

mu hna9 mi 9o t sa9abolah. I do not know if there is a possibility of 

your doing the favor. 

Ii9 9oyon ta hna. I am at home. 

9oy scat ta 9olon. Sometimes he goes to the lowlands. 

9oy sk'ak'al ko9on. I am angry (or) envious. 

9oy sk'opoh ta bae"i k'op Ii9 toe. Is there anyone (or) someone here 

who speaks Tzotzil? 

9oy ... 9oy, n5.,.n5. sometimes ... sometimes, var., 9O...9O. 

9oy sk'ot 9oy mu sk'ot. Sometimes it comes true, sometimes it does 

not (dream). 

9oy 9u9un, nphr(n5 of n4d). have, be rich, var., lo iw>un. 

mu k'usi 9oy ku9un. I do not have anything. 

9oy to 9os, nphr(n5 & pt & pt). there was, there were, once there was. 

var., 90 to los. 

9oy9oytik, n5. there are some (or) he, etc., has some. 

9oyuk, n5. if there were, may. var., lok. 

9oyuk htak'ine t sakak'be. If I had any money, I would give you 

some. 

Ritual speech, person requesting another to serve as ritual assistant; 

9oyuk yo 1 avokol 9oyuk yo 1 avik'ti9 t sahc'amun t sahmaki hbankil 

kie"in. May you take the trouble, may you endure the hardship, 

that I may borrow you, that I may share you, my elder brother, my 

younger brother. 

9ayan, iv. be born (animals, Christ), come from, originate, appear. 

k'u 9ora i9ayan li hc'ul-me9tike. When did the Virgin appear? 

9ayan 9ahnil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be married /restricted to past tense/. 

ti k'al 9ayan avahnil. when you were married. 

9ayan malal, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be married /restricted to past tense/. 

9ayan ninyo, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). Christmas Eve. 

9ayaneb, n4d. Ritual speech, prayer for forgiveness (or) Denunciatory 

speech; lit., birthplace, i.e., mother, cf. vok'eb. 

9ayanebal, nld. last few days of pregnancy. Ritual speech, prayer for 

forgiveness (or) Denunciatory speech; lit., birthplace, i.e., mother, cf. 

vok'ebal. 

9ayanel, vnle. birth (people, animals). 

9ayantas, tv. give birth to. 

9ayantasob, n5. medicine to induce birth. 

9ayantasobil, nlf. cf. tayantasob, 

9ayantasvan, iv. give birth to child.

lmyanel, agn. newborn child or animal. 

hiayantasvaneh, agn. woman who gives birth. 

?o, cf. oy. 

10...10, cf. toy...toy. 

?o 9u9un, cf. toy itfJun. 

?o to 70s, cf. foy to 9oS. 

9ok, pt(contr of to & -uk). cf. toyuk. 

9u k'u, nphr(n5 & pt). there is anything. 

mu hna? mi 9u k'u sak'an. I don't know if there is anything you want. 

9oy(2) N. 

9oy, nla. post /fence, house, bed/. 

9oy balamil, nphr(n4e of n5). cosmic pillar. It is believed that there are 

four pillars, represented by four individuals supporting the earth on their 

shoulders, or by four serpents supporting the earth with their tails. An 

earthquake is thought to occur when the world is shifted from one 

shoulder to the other. 

9oy vinahel, nphr(n4e of n5). 'sky post', Lemaireocereus sp., 

#839(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" bulb stem yucca Yucca elephantipes, 

#2007(16). Lowland "tree". Scirpus vaiidus, #2496(4). Highland 

"plant". 

Toy vinaheltik, nphr(n4e of n5)5. expanse of yoyal vinahel. 

puh 9oy balamil, nphr(n type nphr/n4e of n5/). California bullrush Scirpus 

californicus, #11(1,3,4). Highland "plant" 

90(1) N. 

9u, nle. moon, month, inan. poss.; month of /fiesta, birth of child/, 

yual hk'intik. August. 

Ritual speech, oath of office; mi lekil htunelot mi lekil hbainelot ta 

lahceb 9u ta lahceb k'ak'al. Will you be a proper dignitary, will you 

be a good witness for twelve months, for twelve days? 

9uiltik, n5. moonlight. 

9il 9U, vphr(tv & n5). have a menstrual period. 

9o(2) N. 

9u pok\ nphrjnle of n5). white neckerchief /worn by ensign-bearer/, 

white collar /dog, laughing falcon/. 

9u te9, nphr(nle of n5). stick fastened to dog's neck to prevent it from 

chewing the rope which ties it to a tree and keeps it from marauding the 

corn field. 

9ual, nld. chaplet or rosary /necklace with coin pendants and a pendant 

cross in the center, placed on the saints' images/. 

9ual bakel, nphr(n type n)ld. collarbone. 

9uan, tv. wear /necklace, rosary, chaplet/. 

9uan k'ob, vphr(tv & n4d). bind limb to body /broken arm, front legs of 

dog to prevent it from eating corn ears/. 

9uil, n3d. necklace of woven palm /palm distributed on fiesta of St. Peter 

Martyr/, necklace made from thread /used to wipe off saints when they 

are bathed/. 

Tuin, tv. wear /necklace, rosary, chaplet, scarf/. 

9u, there is anything, cf. 9oy. 

9119 O. 

9u99on, av. roaring (jaguar). 

9u9et, av. howling (coyote, child, jaguar). 

9u9etah, iv. howl (coyote). 

9u9etik, av. howling (children). 

9u9lah, av. howling (coyotes). 

9u9lahet, av. howling (coyotes). 

9ii7te9u9te, av. walking about howling (coyote, child). 

TU9u9et, av. howling (child), roaring (car V3: II). 

7O9IU1 N. 

TuTunil, n3b. noun that acts as a possessive pronoun or emphasizes subject. 

When occurring asyuiun it may also mean because, on account of, 

concerning, regarding. 

kuTun. mine. 

9oy ku9un. I have. 

su9 ku9un. I can do it (or) I can win (or) I am wealthy. 

mu seak kinun. I cannot catch it (or) I cannot hold it. 


k'usi smul avu9un. What did he do to you? 

k'u no 90S yu9unot. What is it to you? 

ta ko9one ku9un. I feel that she is mine. 

mu sa yu9unuk ta ko9on. I do not care about it anymore. 

lok' ku9unbe komel yot. I finished making his tortillas for him. 

skuc kuûntik. We can bear it. 

isk'an pavor yu9un yil. He sought forbearance regarding his debt. 

isk'an pavor yu9un 9abtel. He sought preferential treatment concerning 

the religious office /e.g., prompt appointment to office/. 

yu9un me. Is that so! /redundant exclamation used by listener to 

encourage narrator to continue/. 

•)u9unin, tv. take possession of /wife/. 

t S9u9uninat ta balamil li 9unene. The earth (lord) has taken possession 

of the baby. 

Ritual speech, shaman when beginning meal; t skic' t sku9unin t 

asohobale t anak'obale. I receive, I take possession of Thy sunbeams, 

Thy shade. 

Ritual speech, shaman receiving cane liquor; t skic't sku9unin ti 

h-set'e ti hutebe. I receive, I possess forever, the drop, the trifle. 

9u9 nan, nphr(n4f/contr of tioun/ & pt). then maybe. 

9u9 van, nphr(n4f/contr of wun/ & pt). Do you think? How could.... 

9u9n, n4f(contr of futunj. cf. lutunil. 

9u9n 9o ka, nphr(n/contr of tuiun/ 4f & pt & x). It is true! 

9u9n 9o no ka, nphr(n/contr of tutun/ 4f & pt & pt & x). It is true! 

9u9n 9onos ka, nphr(n/contr of luoun/ 4f & pt & x). It is true! 

9u9nuk, n4f(contr of lutun). if /condition contrary to fact/. 

9u9nukuk, n4f(contr of Tuoun). cf. owinuk, 

9ub N. 

'ub, n5. singing quail Dactylortyx thoracicus. The singing quail is eaten, 

seasoned with mexican tea. It is medium'. In fields near woods it 

scratches up the seed com. To cure a baby's diarrhea its feathers are 

boiled and the brew is drunk. Alternatively, its feathers may be toasted 

and the baby passed through their smoke, 

•me A. 

9ue, aj. good. 

ta 9ue ta kolo9 talem. lit., It was caused by /seeming/ good, by evil, 

i.e., It was caused by witchcraft. 

9ue9ue 9unen ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/aj & rpn/4b). pretty, beautiful. 

9uee, pt. fortunately. 

9uee ibat. Fortunately, he left. 

9ueilal, nlf. goodness, greatness. 

9uein, tv. Ritual speech, shaman referring to patient when patient enters 

bed; feel good. cf. lekin. 

ta slekin ta suein ti spate ti ssokone. His back, his side will feel well, 

will feel good. 

9ue"o, pt. by the grace of god, thank god. var., tueû /more freq/. 

9ue"o litale. Thank god I came. 

9ue'(l) N. 

9ue* 9alalil, nphr(nld & n3d). first cousin. 

9ue'u, n3d. younger sibling of man or woman. 

luz'in baik, rv. be younger siblings, in the same family. 

h9ue"nom, agn. elder of two babies who refuses to be weaned. 

9uc'(2) X. 

9ue"9on, av. sniffing (dog). 

9ue*et, av. sniffing (dog). 

9ue"etah, iv. sniff. 

9ue"i, tv. sniff at (person, horse, dog). 

9ue"iel, nc. sniff. 

r 

)ue'lah, av. cf. tue'ton (plu). 

Tue'lahet, av. cf. tue'ei (plu). 

9ue > tOue'te, av. sniffing about (dog). 

9ue"o 

9ue"o, by the grace of god, thank god. cf. 9ue. 

9|K'U 

9ue'u, by the grace of god, thank god. cf. 9ue. 

9UCW X.


•Jue'ue', aj. cheap /more for less money/. 

lue'ue' ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn). be in misery /sick, poor/. Usually 

occurs only in Ritual speech as tabol hba lue'ue* hba: I am suffering, I 

am in misery. 

•me'uer' ni?, nphr(aj & n)le. false chameleon Anolis sp.. A false chameleon 

is applied to a thorn embedded in one's foot so that the thorn will 

fall out. 

lue'ue'ib, iv. become cheaper, lessen (sickness). 

9ue'ue'tik, aj. rather cheap. 

9uc(l) N. 

9uc, n5. opossum Didelphis marsupialis. The opossum is hunted and 

eaten. It is "hot". Its tail is roasted and ground to a powder that is used 

to heal wounds. Opossums are credited with the ability to survive 

skinning. If a person touches an opossum it is thought that his debts 

will multiply. Opossums are the companion animal spirits of scrawny, 

weak, and ugly people. 

e'al-ne "me, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)5. opossum Didelphis marsupialis. 

c'is 9uc, nphr(n type n)5. mexican porcupine Coendu mexicanus. The 

porcupine is considered edible, "hot". Its quills are boiled and the 

broth is drunk to cure whooping cough. 

9uc(2) N. 

9uc, n5. black sapote Diospyros digyna, #2820(3,4,5,7,11,12). Lowland 

"tree" The fruit is sold at market. It is "medium". (3)-It is "hot". 

(7)-The trunk is used for fence posts and for firewood, 

•mcaltik, n5. large grove of black sapotes. 

9uctik, n5. grove of black sapotes. 

k'os ?uc, nphr(aj & n). rose apple Eugenia jambos, #726(1,2). Temperate 

"tree". It is used for firewood. Croton guatemalensis, 

#293(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" It is used for firewood. 

9uc(3) N. 

9uc, nle. haze, drizzle. 

t syal 9uc. It is hazy (or) It is drizzling /on sunny day/. 

9uc(4) A. 

9ucul, aj. blue gray (chicken, sick baby's excrement), 

•niculib, iv. become blue gray (sick baby's excrement). 

?uc(5) prob A. 

•me, n4e. seared, yellowed. 

t smuy yucal. They have been yellowed (corn or potato plants), 

t syal yucal. They have been yellowed (peaches that drop before 

developing). 

9ucib, iv. become yellow (corn leaves). 

9ucibtas, tv. sear /com leaves/. 

•TUC'(I) N. 

TUC', nla. louse. 

9uc' mas, nphr(n4d of n5). 'monkey louse', paroquet bur Triumfetta semitriloba, 

#2839(3,4,5). Lowland "plant". #2438(20). Highland "tree", 

wax mallow Malvaviscus arboreus var. mexicanus, #461(1,2,5). Highland 

"tree" The bark is used as lashing for house construction. It 

is used by children for traps. Triumfetta speciosa, #932(1,3). Highland 

"tree". It is used to make traps. Triumfetta sp., #1872(1,16). 


?uc' mastik, nphr(n4d of n5)5. expanse of yuc' mas. 

bik'it ?uc' mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). paroquet bur Triumfetta 

dumetorum, #2542(21,22). Temperate "tree". 

k'ak'al 9uc" mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Bidens triplinervia var. 

mollis, #2388(20). Highland "plant", 

k'anal 9uc' mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). paroquet bur Triumfetta 

dumetorum, #2673(20). Lowland "plant". 

k'os 9uc' mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). paroquet bur Triumfetta 

semitriloba, #2438(1). Highland "tree", paroquet bur Triumfetta dumetorum, 

#2542(1,4). Temperate "tree". #2673(1,3). Lowland 

"plant". Acaena elongata, #1022(1,3,5). Highland "plant", 

sakil 7uc" mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). false mallow Kearnemalvastrum 

lacteum, #1775(15). Highland "plant". 

9uc' mas pos, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). Acaena elongata, 

#1812(15,16). Lowland, temperate and highland "plant". (16)-As a 

remedy for diarrhea and "wind", a small bunch is brewed. One cup of 

the tea is drunk before breakfast and lunch for one day. It is "hot" 

9uc'(2) T. 

?uc", tv. drink. 

iyuc' yisim. He drank his posol (or) his corn gruel. 

Polite speech after drinking gift of corn gruel; kol aval ku£' 9isim. 

Thank you I drank corn. 

?uc\ iv. absorb moisture (ground), seep. 

9uc", nc. drink. 

h-9uc* ta vo9. posol-drinking time /nine a.m./. 

9uc'-vo9, vn(tv & ncpd)le. ceremonial coffee-drinking. 

9uc'an, tv. drink many /glasses, cups, etc./. 

9u5'9on, av. swallowing slowly (horse drinking salt water, child drinking 

corn gruel). 

9uc'9uc' yalel, vphr(av & dr). absorbing moisture (ground). 

•mc'bahel, n5. drinks. 

9uc'balal vo9, nphr(aj & n)5. well for drinking water. 

9uc'ben, n4e. drink given to Chamula workers. 

skwenta yuc'benal. lit., for /buying/ a drink, i.e., surplus money. 

9uc'bolah, iv. be drinking. 

9uc'bolil, n3d. alcoholic drink, inan. poss.; yuc'bolal. 

9uc'ebal, n3d. Ritual speech, prayer; lit., drinking place, i.e., fireside, cf. 

vegetal. 

9uc'ebal, n5. lit., time of absorption, i.e., onset of rainy season when house 

absorbs moisture. 

9uc'el, nc. swallow. 

•we'et, av. absorbing moisture (ground), seeping. 

9uc"ilan, tv. keep drinking. 

9uc'ilanan, tv. keep drinking /plu/. 

9uc"imo9, nla. posol. It is "cold", var., 9»c'omo9. 

9uc"lahet, av. cf. lui'lon (plu). 

9uc"lahetik, av. cf. luc'non (plu). 

9ud'ob, nlf. drinking utensil /glass, cup, gourd/. 

9uc'ob bino, nphr(nle of nld). chalice. 

9uc'obil, nlf. cf. tuc'ob. 

9uc'obil bino, nphr(nle of nld). cf. tuc'ob bino. 

9uc'omo9, cf. tuc'imot. 

9u£'te9uc'te, av. walking along drinking. 

9u£'uc'et yalel, vphr(av & dr). absorbing moisture (ground). 

9uc'ul vo9, nphr(x type n). 'drinking water receptacle (?)', orchid. 

9u6'ul vo9altik, nphr(x type n)5. large expanse of orchids. 

9uc"ul vo9tik, nphr(x type n)5. expanse of orchids, 

bik'it 9uc'ul vo9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Epidendrumsp., #2125(1). 

Temperate "plant", 

bik'tal 9uc'ul vo9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Odontoglossum egertonii, 

#545(1,3). Temperate "plant". 

kilahtik 9uc'ul vo9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 'long orchid', Epidendrum 

ibaguense, #704(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant". The stalk is used as 

a toy whistle by shepherds. Epidendrum parkinsonianum, #980(1,3). 


k'anal 9uc"'ul vo9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Lycaste cruenta, 

#1205(1,3,4,5). Temperate " plant *. 

k'os 9u£'ul vo9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Epidendrum ochraceum, 

#43(1,2), #991(1,3). Highland "plant". Thirsty shepherds chew the 

bulb. It is cold". Epidendrum sp., #2125(11). Temperate "plant". 

Leochiluspygmaeus, #138(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "plant", 

muk'ta 9u6'ul vo9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Epidendrum arbuscula 

var. radioferens, #42(1,2). Highland "plant" Chamulas sell the flowers. 

Epidendrum arbuscula, #544(1,3). Temperate "plant". #935(1,3), 

#984(1,3). Highland "plant". Children play with the flowers. Epidendrum 

cochleatum, #1073(1,3,5). Highland plant". #2115(1). 

Temperate "plant". Epidendrum sp., #134(1,4). Highland "plant". 

Salvia cacaliaefolia, #2723(4,5). Highland "plant". (RML)-Probably 

a misidentification. 

muk'ta nai'al vo9 ta lumtik, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/) & prep & n.

Targe terrestrial orchid', Epidendrum varicosum, #699(1,2,3,5). Highland'plant*. 

The bulb is boiled by school children and used for glue. 

pec'ahtik ?uc'ul v«, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 'flat orchid', Odontoglossum 

stellatum, # 135(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "plant", 

sakil Tuc'ul vo?, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Epidendrum varicosum, 

#2340(3,4). Highland plant', 

setahtik Tuc'ul vo?, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 'disk-like orchid', Meiracyllium 

trinasutum, #1272(1,3,4,5). Temperate "plant", 

volahtik Tuc'ul vo?, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 'spherical orchid', Epidendrum 

ochraceum, #137(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". 

Tuc'ul vo 1 ? Tantivo, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of n5). 'ancestor's orchid', 

Epidendrum sp., #2125(14). Temperate "plant". 

Tuc'ul vo 1 ) bolom, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of n5). 'jaguar's orchid', Odontoglossum 

bictoniense, #2252(19). Highland "plant" 

Tuc'ul vo? e"i?lel, nphr(nphr/x type n/) type n. dayflower Commelina 

diffusa, #1446(10). Highland "plant". 

Tuc'ul vo? cue, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of n5). 'squirrel's orchid', Epidendrum 

cochleatum, #2115(14). Temperate "plant". 

Tuc'ul vo? h-Hk'al, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of agn). 'spook's orchid', Epidendrum 

cochleatum, #2115(7). Temperate "plant" 

Tuc'ul vo? te?, nphr(nphr/x type n/)4e of n. 'tree orchid', Epidendrum 

varicosum, #2340(19). Highland "plant" 

Tuc'ul vo?al ba ton, nphr(nphr/x type natt/ type nphr/n of n/). 'rock-top 

orchid', Odontoglossum bictoniense, #2252(3,4). Highland "plant". Bletia 

sp., #1587(1,3). Temperate "plant" 

Tuc'ul vo?al ton, nphr(nphr/x type natt/) type n. 'rock orchid', ladies' 

tresses Spiranthes cinnabarina, #1569(1,3). Temperate and highland 

"plant". 

Tuc'van, iv. sap person's strength (sickness, work). 

ha 1 ) sa iTuc'van ta pos li sibnelale. The (girl's) elder brother drank 

cane liquor now. 

c'ul-Tuc'ebal, n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech, prayer; lit., holy eating place, 

i.e., fireside, cf. c'ul-vevebal. 

hTuc'-trago, agn(tv & nepd). drunkard. 

h?uc'-vo?, n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech, prayer; lit, the drinker of water, 

Le., envious person, cf. hvtnel 

hwc'vaneh ta vo?, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). man who secretly accepts 

drink from boy and promises daughter or sister in marriage without 

her knowledge. 

momo?, n5. baby talk; posol. 

•rah O. 

TuhTon, av. hooting (mut bolom, peal horned owl). 

Tuhlah, av. hooting (plu). 

Tuhlahet, av. cf. -nifrton (plu). 

Tnk(l) O. 

TukTon, av. grunting (pig V2: 18). 

Tuket, av. grunting (pig). 

Tuketah, iv. grunt 

Tuklah, av. cf. lukuk (plu). 

Tuklahet, av. cf. "nikton. 

?uklih, av. grunting suddenly (pig). 

?ukte?ukte, av. walking about grunting. 

Tukuk, av. running and grunting (pig). 

Tukuket, av. grunting (pig). 

TQk(2) Pt. 

Tuk, pt too, also. 

t sibat ?uk. I'm going too. 

vo?on ?uk. me too. 

•rakun N. 

sTukun, nle. chiapan coral bean Erythrina chiapasana, #360(1,2,3,4). 

Highland "tree". Slips are planted in fencerows in the rainy season. 

The trunk is used for fence posts, for the dudes' masks, and for 

spoons. The flowers are brewed alone or together with beans. They 

are "cold". The flowers are sold at market in San Cristobal, 

goldman's coral bean Erythrina goldmanii, #1999(1,3,4,16,17). Lowland 

"tree". (1,4)-Tlie trunk is used for stools. 


s?ukunaltik, n5. long row of coral beans. 

s?ukuntik, n5. row of coral beans. 

Tuk'um N. 

Tuk'um, nle. small river, stream. 

Tuk'umah, iv. wash clothes at stream. 

Tuk'umaltik, n5. stretch of river. 

h?uk'umahel, agn. person who washes clothes in stream. 

Tuk'unahebal, n3d. place along stream where woman customarily washes 

her laundry. 

Tuk'unahebal vo?, nphr(n type n)5. waterhole for washing clothes. 

?uk'un 

Tuk'un, launder, cf. >uk'um. 

Tul(l) N. 

Tul, nla. corn gruel, corn that has been ground once and boiled in water 

without lime /for starching and strengthening thread/. 

?ulultas, tv. starch /apply corn gruel on threads to strengthen them if they 

break during weaving/, 

pahal ?ul, nphr(aj & n)5. corn gruel with sugar. It is drunk on All Souls' 

Day and on Holy Cross Day. It is given by ensign-bearers and governors 

on entering and leaving office, 

pamal ?ul, nphr(natt & n)5. com gruel seasoned with sugar and chili. 

It is drunk on Maundy Thursday, 

pimentail TUI, nphr(natt & n)5. corn gruel seasoned with pepper. It is 

drunk by women after giving birth. 

pit-sat ?ul, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)5. corn gruel seasoned with marsh 

marigold, ginger or pepper. It is "cold", 

sakil ?ul, nphr(aj & n)5. corn gruel with pepper /given by stewards to 

sacristans during the Posadas/. 

Tul(2) I. 

Tul, iv. evaporate, dry up, melt, crystallize (salt, sugar), become penniless, 

boil away. 

?ul?ul, iv. evaporate, boil away, dry up, melt or crystallize a bit become 

rather poor. 

TulTultik, iv. evaporate, boil away, dry up, melt or crystallize a bit, become 

rather poor. 

Tulbal, nla. irrigation ditch, irrigation. 

Tulel, nc. evaporation /water when cooking food/ /I-4/. 

Tules, tv. melt coin /money/, crystallize /salt/, dry up. 

iyules vo?. He (or) she dried up the well /by having sexual relations 

next to the well/. 

Tulesob, nlf. cauldron for crystallizing salt or sugar. 

Tulesobil, nlf. cf. lulesob. 

?ulilan, iv. keep drying up (well every dry season). 

?ul(3) P or P(2). 

?ulahtik, aj. tiny (corn plants, puppies, children). 

TulTon, av. walking when tiny (puppy, child). 

?uleah, iv. be stunted (corn plant). 

?ulet av. walking, when tiny (puppy, child). 

?uletah, iv. walk when tiny (child, puppy). 

?uletik, av. cf. lulet. 

Tullah, av. walking when tiny (puppies, children). 

?ullahet av. walking when tiny (puppy, child). 

?ullahetik, av. cf. lullahet. 

Tulp'ih, iv. cf. luleah. 

?ulte?ulte, av. walking about when tiny (puppy, child). 

Tulul, av. running when tiny (puppy, child). 

?ulul, aj. tiny (puppy, child). 

TIlliT N. 

TuliT, nla. slingshot rubber. 

?ulispipi? N. 

Tulispipi?, n5. dusky-capped flycatcher Myiarchus tuberculifer, greater 

pewee Ccntopus pertinax, gray silky-flycatcher Ptilogonys cinereus. cf. 

p'okoyo^, p'okoyok, toe-hol mut. These flycatchers are eaten, seasoned 

with mexican tea. They are "cold". They begin to call at the onset of 

the rainy season and so are believed to request rain. They are considered 

to be good birds that do not bother the seed com. 

73


N. 

9ulo?, n 1 d. Chamula /inhabitant of Chamula/, reciprocal term of address 

between Chamulas and Zinacantecs, an. poss.; visitor. 

•nim(l) T. 

Turn, tv. sip, take a mouthful, hold in mouth, 

yumoh yok'cl. He is holding back his sobs, 

yumoh vo9. It has absorbed water (wound on foot that gets wet and 

festers). 

?um, nc. mouthful. 

7uma"), aj. mute, afflicted with stutter. 

Tumai 9ec\ cf. 9ec'. 

•mma'ttb, iv. become mute, become a stutterer. 

•mmantik, aj. mouthfuls at long intervals. 

9um9on, av. stuttering. 

?um?um, nc. single mouthful /I only/. 

9umbe, tv. hold in mouth /chick/ (dog). 

•nimel, nc. mouthful. 

•nimet, av. suppressing /laughter, crying/. 

•Jumilan, tv. keep holding in mouth /candy, marble/. 

9umlahet, av. stuttering, stammering (sing). 

?umlahetik, av. cf. lumlahet (plu). 

9umte9umte, av. walking about suppressing /laughter/ or stuttering. 

?umul ?e, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). reticent, stupid. 

7um(2) P. 

9umahtik, aj. in bud, protruding slightly (mushroom). 

9umi, iv. be in bud. 

•?umul, aj. in bud, protruding slightly (mushroom, infant boy's penis). 

•mmulik, aj. cf. lumahtik. 

Tumpral N(Sp, umbral). 

Tumpral, nle. door lintel. 

•mn Pt. 

•nin, pt. then /participle always occurring at end of phrase/. 

funen N. 

9unen(l), nla. baby, plu.; funetik or funenetik, newness /moon, foliage, 

fruit/. It is believed that when a baby dies, its soul(c'ulel) is passed 

through the fire once as punishment for having kicked its mother 

when in her belly. It then becomes a flower and is tied on the cross in 

heaven. 

9unen(2), aj. small, young, unripe, new (moon, leaf), rising (sun). 

9unen 9anal, cf ?anal. 

9unen 9osil, cf. ">osil. 

•rnnen 9osilaltik, cf. ?osil. 

?unen 9osiltik, cf. 9osil. 

9unen cenek', cf. cenek'. 

?unen k'obol, nphr(aj & n)le. 'tiny hand', land snail Drymaeusghiesbreghtii 

Pfeiffer USNM 678744, slug. It is believed that a person who passes 

by a land snail without noticing it will lose his fingernails. There is no 

known remedy. 

9unen mu, nphr(aj & n)la. 'little delicious', deadly nightshade Solanum 

off. douglasii, #76(1,2,3,4,5), #1451(3,11,12), #1749(3,15,16), 

#2047(3,17,18), #2357(3,4,20), #2500(4,21,22). Highland "plant" 

It grows in yards. The seeds are sown occasionally at the onset of 

the rainy season. The greens are brewed with salt and are eaten by all 

Zinacantecs. They are "hot". The greens are sold in Zinacantan center 

and at market in San Cristobal. The plant is brewed without salt, 

and the decoction is drunk to cure dysentery /sakil sim-nak'al/. The 

berries are chewed raw for fever sores, deadly nightshade Solanum nodiflorum, 

#1495(3,11,12). Highland "plant". (ll)-Same use as 

above, but the greens are "medium", deadly nightshade Solanum 

nigrum, #321(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant". It grows in yards and in 

corn fields. Same use as above. 

?unen mualtik, nphr(aj & n)5. large expanse of deadly nightshade. 

?unen mutik. nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of deadly nightshade, 

c'ail 7unen mu, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 'bitter tunen mu', deadly 

nightshade Solanum nodiflorum, #1363(1,3). Highland "plant*. 

te9tikil ?unen mu, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/). 'forest lunen mu', deadly 

nightshade Solanum nodiflorum, #1363(7). Highland "plant". 

lunenah, iv. wane, fail to mend properly (broken bone that reportedly 

becomes painful when moon wanes). 

•mnenal, nlf. center /of young corn or cabbage/. 

Ritual speech, bone-setter prayer; 9unenal bak 9unenal C'usuv. The 

center of the bone, the center of the muscle, i.e. the growing part. 

9unenaltik, n5. land with low second growth. 

9unentas ba, rv. feign youth. 

9unenub, iv. feign youth, become weak /from illness/. 

9unenubtas ba, rv. feign youth. 

leklek ?unen ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/aj & rpn/4b). cute. 

ton leklek avunen ba s'wlan t sapase. That's a cute thing you are 

doing! /sarcastic/. 

luneh, iv. dissolve , melt (wax, lard, resin). 

9uneh won, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be persuaded /to sell or give/. 

mu s-mneh ti yo7on sak' ti seeb 9un a9a. He certainly can't be persuaded 

to give away his daughter. 

9unehes, tv. dissolve, melt /wax, lard, resin/. 

9unin, aj. cf. •)unen(2). 

9unin k'obol, nphr(aj & n)le. cf. tunen k'obol. 

9unin mu, cf. lunen mu. 

9unkaro N(Sp, hiingaro). 

9unkaro, n5. gypsy. 

9UP'(1) X. 

9up'9on, av. glowing fiercely (tinder). 

9up'lahet, av. glowing fiercely (tinder). 

9iip'te')up'te, av. glowing here and there (tinder). 

9up'(2) X. 

•ftip'up'et, av. splintered, splintering (bone). 

9ur E. 

•mr, excl. ouch! /r is trilled/. 

•mret, av. saying "ouch". 

•mrlahet, av. saying "ouch" (plu). 

•mrlahetik, av. saying "ouch". 

9urte9urte, av. walking about saying "ouch." 

9ururet, av. saying "ouch, ouch" /stepping on thorn/. 

9ururuy, excl. ouch! 

9US N. 

9us, nle. midge, gnat, buffalo gnat, fruit fly. 

9us eo9 ka9, nphr(n4e of nphr/n of n/)5. 'horse manure lus'. highland 

gnat. This gnat swarms around horse manure. 

p'09-hol -His, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)5. 'bulbous-headed lus'. highland 

gnat. 

tan 9us, nphr(aj & n)5. 'gray 9i«'. lowland gnat. This biting gnat occurs 

only in the dry season, 

t'om-hol ?us, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)5. 'bulbous-headed 9UJ'. cf. 

p'oi-hol lus. 

9uskun prob A or N. 

9uskun-te9, n(x type ncpd)5. quick weed Galinsoga caracasana, 

#1454(3,11,12), #1769(15), #2319(3,4), #2503(4). Highland "plant". 

It grows in the corn fields. 

9uskun-te9tik, n(x type ncpd)5. expanse of quick weed, 

eahal 9uskun-te9, nphr(aj & n/x type nepd/). quick weed Galinsoga 

caracasana, #2204(1,3,4). Highland "plant". 

sakil 9uskun-te9, nphr(aj & n/x type nepd/). quick weed Galinsoga 

caracasana, #2319(19). Highland "plant". The greens are brewed 

with salt and chili. They are "cold". 

kuskun-te9, n(x type nepd). quick weed Galinsoga caracasana, 

#1769(16). Highland "plant" 

9US(1) E. 

?us9on, av. siccing dog. 

9us9us, excl. sic 'em! 

9usilan, tv. keep siccing dog. 

9u§ilanan, tv. keep siccing dogs. 

9uste9uste., av. walking about siccing dog. 

9ususta, tv. sic on.

TUS(2) prob P or P(2). 

Tusahtik, aj. sitting when chubby or fat (children, pigs). 

fusion, av. walking when fat (person). 

Tuset, av. walking ponderously (pig, woman), sitting chubbily (child). 

•rasetah, iv. sit chubbily (child). 

Tusetik, av. cf. "mset (plu). 

Tusk'ih, iv. become too fat or big to walk (pig, child, pregnant woman). 

•Juslah, av. running chubbily (children). 

Tuslahet, av. cf. miston (plu). 

•mslahetik, av. cf. tusel (plu). 

Tusieh, nld. seated chubbily (child). 

Tusp'ih, iv. cf. "msk'ih. 

TusteTus'te, av. walking about happily (child). 

TusuL aj. sitting chubbily (child), sitting massively (woman), fat {pig). 

Tusulik, aj. cf. tusahtik. 

Tususet, av. walking ponderously (pig, pregnant woman). 

7uskun A. 

Tuskun, aj. scaly (bark, skin). 

Tuskuntik, aj. scaly (bark, skin). 

msub N. 

•nisub Tak', nphr(n4f type n5). monkey comb Pithecoctenium echinatum, 

#2025(16,17). Lowland 'vine' 

Tusubil, n3f. red wood /pine/, stem /fruit/, knot /wood/, penis. 

•mt(l) T. 

Tut, tv. tell, say to, scold, criticize, rebuke, reproach, reprimand, bawl out, 

harm. 

mu savut. Leave it be (or) Don't touch it. 

mu k'u savut. There is nothing you can do. 

k'usi avutoh. What is he to you? /what relation or ritual relation 

is he of yours?/ 

k'u savut How did you do it? /a lot of work in a short time/. 

Tut baik, rv. scold or criticize, etc., each other. 

Tut-baiL vn(tv & rpncpd)5. quarrel, dispute. 

ta Tut-bail nos isc'ak TO sbaik. They separated just over words. 

•rut-bail ispasik 9o li balamil muk' sc'akohike. The land that they 

hadn't divided up became a source of contention. 

TutTon, av. scolding, criticizing, etc. 

TutTut-baiL vn(tv & rpncpd)5. constant mutual scolding or criticizing, etc. 

Tutel, nla. scolding, criticism, etc. 

Toy yutelal li teTtik. There will be trouble if you cut the trees /privately 

owned trees/. 

Tutilan, tv. keep scolding or criticizing, etc. 

Tutilan baik, rv. keep quarreling. 

Tutilanan, tv. keep scolding or criticizing, etc. (plu). 

Tutilanan baik, rv. keep quarreling (plu). 

Tutlahetik, av. scolding or critizing, etc. (plu). 

Tutvan, iv. scold or criticize, etc., person. 

hTutvaneh, agn. person who scolds or criticizes, etc., another. 

Tut(2) N. 

"nit TaTal, nphr(n4f of n4d). in my (etc.) drinking water. 

Tut Tokol, nphr(n4f of n3d). sole /foot/, 

•nit Tuk'um, nphr(n4f of n5). in the stream. 

Tut Tut , nphr(nphr/n4f & n4f/ of n5). through /forest, 

river, corn field, grass undergrowth/. 

Tut Tut balamil, nphr(nphr/n4f & n4f/ of n5). through the earth /gopher/. 

Tut Tut c'entik, nphr(nphr/n4f & n4f/ of n5). alongside foot of cliff, 

through cave. 

Tut Tut moktik, nphr(nphr/n4f & n4f/ of n5). from yard to yard. 

Tut k'obol, nphr(n4f of n3d). palm /hand/. 

Tut lum, nphr(n4f of n5). underground. 

mu yut lumuk t sbat. He can't go underground (criminal). 

Tut mok, nphr(n4f of nld). in the yard. 

Tut na, nphr(n4f of nla). inside the house. 

Tut voT, nphr(n4f of n5). in the well, in the water. 

Tutil, n3f. inside. 

ta yut. inside (or) in. 


Tutil, n4f. inside, restricted to. 

ta yutil yoTon. wholeheartedly, genuinely. 

Tuvenso N(Sp, Juvencio). 

Tuvenso, nld. Juvencio /Cobtik/. 

Tuy(l) O. 

Tuy, excl. oh! /exclamation of fear/. 

TuyTon, av. sobbing (child), crying (baby V2: 8). 

Tuyha, excl. whew! /sound of escaping breath/. 

Tuyhan, iv. sigh /letting breath escape through pursed lips/. 

Tuyhan mut, nphr(n type n)la. 'sighing bird', rufescent tinamou Crypturellus 

cinnamoneus cf. yalak' balamil, pertis mut. Tinamous are eaten, 

seasoned with mexican tea. They are "medium". 

Tuylahet, av. sobbing (children). 

Tuylahetik, av. sobbing (children). 

TuyteTiiyte, av. walking about sobbing (child). 

Tuyuh, n5. kinkajou Potos flavus. Kinkajous are not eaten. A person 

whose companion animal spirit is a kinkajou is believed to be especially 

susceptible to sickness. 

•>uy(2) prob P or P(2). 

Tuyahtik, aj. exhausted (body). 

Tuyahtik yaTlel. blistered, with sores /chicken pox/. 

Tuyon, av. soft and watery inside (blisters, fontanel). 

Tuyeah, iv. blister, become soft (cooked beans, watermelon squash, cushaw, 

peaches), become thick (mud). 

Tuyk'ih, iv. splatter (mud). 

Tuyet, av. watery (mud). 

Tuylahet, av. watery (mud). 

Tuyp'ih, iv. cf. tuyeah. 

Tuyul, aj. exhausted (legs, head), soft (cooked beans, watermelon squash, 

cushaw, peaches). 

Tuyul yaTlel. blistered. 

Tuyulik, aj. exhausted (body). 

Tuyulik yaTlel. blistered, with sores /chicken pox/. 

Tuyuy, av. sliding (avalanche). 

Tuyuyet, av. soft (iguana egg, undeveloped chicken egg). 

B 

ba(l) N. 

ba, nla. large pocket gopher Orthogeomys grandis, hispid pocket gopher 

Heterogeomys hispidus. Gophers are eaten occasionally. They are 

"cold" 

ba(2) N. 

ba Teal, nphr(nlf of n3d). front teeth. 

sba nos ye. He is hypocritical. 

ba Tol, nphr(nlf of n4d). eldest or first child /of woman/. 

ba Tosil, nphr(nlf of nld). high land, hilltop, 

ba Tunen , nphr(n of n)5. eldest or first child, 

ba balamil, nphr(n4f of n5). waking life /not dream/, 

ba be, nphr(n of n)5. in front /on path/. 

ba Carnal, nphr(nlf of nld). eldest or first child /of man/, 

ba d'en, nphr(n of n)5. top of cliff, cave, or ravine, 

ba k'el-k'esel, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & vncpd/). New Year's Day. 

ba k'el-k'in, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/). main day of a fiesta, 

ba k'el-paskwa, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/). Christmas Day. 

ba k'el-rey, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/). Epiphany, 

ba k'el-san-hwan, nphr: n4f of vn(tv & n/aj & ncpd/). St. John's Day. 

ba k'o, nphr(n of n)la. bridge. 

ba k'ok', nphr(nIf of nld). storage place over fire, smoke pole, 

ba letanya, cf. lctanya. 

ba mesa, nphr(n If of nld). tabletop, head of table /during ritual meal/, 

ba misa, nphr(nlf of n5). First Posada, December 16th. 

ba mok, nphr(nlf of nld). fence /on side where land is highest/. 

ba moktik, nphr(n of n)5. along fence /on side where land is highest/. 

ba pok', nphr(nlf of nld). fuschia yarn /for scarf/. 

ba s"ik\ nphrfnlf of n5). radius of wing. When eaten it is thought to 

arouse jealousy. 

75

76 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 B 

ba to, nphr(nlf of nld). treetop /cut off and lying on ground/. 

ba te? camel, nphr(nphr/n of n/5 type vn)5. contagious disease brought 

from afar /chills and fever/, 

ba te"?con, nphr(nphr/n of n/ typen)lf. 'treetop bug', army ant. cf.bak 

lei con. 

ba veiel, nphr(n of n)5. first meal /second day of fiesta of St. Sebastian/. 

baba, n5. along the top of, over /lake, mountain/, 

baba k'op, nphrfn type n)5. derogatory remark addressed to one person 

when third party present is the actual target. 

bail, n3b. top. Ritual speech, prayer or song referring to deities; visage. 

ta ba. on top of. 

ta bail ta satil. in the open, in sight /grievance brought to court/. 

Ritual speech, prayer or song referring to deities; anicimal ba 

anicimal sat. Thy beautiful visage, Thy beautiful face, 

bailah, iv. get ahead, 

bain, iv. rise to surface (skin of corn kernel when boiled), perceive. 

Ritual speech, vacating office; litun libain. I served, I perceived, 

bau, tv. skim off foreign matter /from corn, water, or food/, 

bauan, tv. skim off much foreign matter, 

bauobil, nlf. whisk broom to clean foreign particles from com, gourd to 

skim off foreign matter from food, 

hba-k'el kriscano, agn(n type vn/tv & ncpd/). thief. 

hbainel, agn. perceiver, "flowers" of curing ceremony. 

Ritual speech, oath of office; lekil htunelikon lekil hbainelikon. May 

I be a good servant, may I be a good perceiver. 

hbainom, agn. one who perceives supernaturally, usually in dreams 

/infr/. 

ba9i, cf. ba'yi. 

ba?yi, aj. first, before, ahead, var., baii. 

•)ak'bon ba9yuk. Give it to me first. 

ba?yi e'unubil, cf. lisim. 

baiyi k'on, cf. iSim. 

ba?yih, iv. go first. 

ba?yihes, tv. place ahead /in walking order/. 

baTyihesan, tv. send ahead /in walking order/ /plu/. 

baTyihesvan, iv. place person ahead. 

baTyintas, tv. place ahead /in walking order/. 

ba9yintasan, tv. send ahead /in walking order/ /plu/. 

baTyintasvan, iv. place person ahead, 

ba^yubtas, tv. place ahead /in walking order/. 

ba?yubtasan, tv. send many ahead /in walking order/ /plu/. 

baTyubtasvan, iv. place person ahead. 

ba(3) N. 

bail, rpn3b. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, 

themselves. 

ba(4) 

ba, going, cf. bat. 

b»? O. 

ba 1 ), onom. sheep call. 

ba?et, av. calling sheep. 

ba?etik, av. cf. baiet (plu). 

ba?lahet, av. cf. baiet (plu). 

ba?lahetik, av. cf. baiet (plu). 

ba'iulan, tv. call /sheep/. 

ba9ulanan, tv. cf. baiulan. 

ba9teba?te, av. walking about calling sheep. 

bart 

ba9i, first, ahead, before, cf. ba(2). 

ba^yi 

ba?yi, first, ahead, before, cf. ba(2). 

baeal N. 

baeal, n5. morning star. 

bae" N. 

bae", nld. howler monkey skin hat of Chamula carnival characters. 

barf A. 

bae'i, aj. very, real. 

ta bae'i skotol. among everyone (or) between everyone, 

bae'i ta sk'an ta h-mek. He wants it so much (or) very much. 

bae'i ?akan hobel, cf. lakan hotel. 

bae'i âlavena, cf. lalavena. 

bae'i ?arvahaka, cf. ?arvahaka. 

bae'i 9asasena, cf. 9asasena. 

bae'i lei', cf. 9ec'. 

bae'i 7is-ak', cf. îs-ak'. 

bae'i ion, cf. 'on. 

bae'i biil, nphr(aj & n3b) or (aj & n)3b. first name, 

k'usi li bae'i abie. What is your first name? 

bae'i eele-pat, cf. eele-pat 

bae'i eie, cf. tie. 

bae'i eis mi, cf. eis lui. 

bae'i eo?, nphr(aj & n)5. human excrement. 

bae'i eukum, cf. eukum. 

bae'i iiiol, cf. iiiol 

bae'i £il habnal, cf. cil habnal. 

bae'i iilkat, cf. fllkat. 

bae'i cis-tc?, cf. iis-tei. 

bae'i C'aben, cf. c'aben. 

bae'i £'ib, cf. i'ib. 

bae'i i'otiv, cf. c"oliv. 

bae'i hobel, cf. hobel. 

bae'i ka 1 ?, nphr(aj & n)5. stallion. 

bae'i kanelo, cf. kanelo. 

bae'i kranata, cf. kranata. 

bae'i kanelo, cf. kanelo. 

bae'i kranata, cf. kranata. 

bae'i k'obol, nphr(aj & n)3d. right hand. 

bae'i k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. Tzotzil language. 

bae'i lo^bol, cf. lo'bol. 

bae'i makom, cf. makom. 

bae'i maneana, cf. maneana. 

bae'i napus, cf. napus. 

bae'i palma, cf. palma. 

bae'i pasak', cf. pasak 1 . 

bae'i peles, cf. peles. 

bae'i poôn, cf. pwon. 

bae'i pom, cf. pom. 

bae'i potov, cf. potov. 

bae'i son, nphr(aj & n)5. first song of standard sets of five or six religious 

songs. 

bae'i tak'in, nphr(aj & n)5. silver money. 

bae'i teo, nphr(aj & n)5. 'quintessential tree', oak Quercus crassifolia, 

#B14270(5), #396(1,3). Highland "tree" The trunk is used for house 

mainposts and for scarlet runner bean poles. The wood is used for 

firewood. The branches are used for brush fences, oak Quercus peduncular 

is, unnumbered collection (S). 

bae'i te? moc, cf. mo£ 

bae'i tettik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of oak trees. 

bae'i toh, cf. toh. 

bae'i tuk\ nphr(aj & n)5. flintlock gun. 

bae'i-tun, iv(aj & ivcpd). be extremely useful /restricted to negative/, 

mu s'abae'i-tun. You are utterly useless. 

bae'i visobtakil, cf. rUobtakiL 

bae*ih, iv. become hard (work), become serious (sickness, crime), become 

grave or critical (situation), get worse (pain), become heavier, 

ibae'ih li vo?e. It rained constantly. 

bae*iltasbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). pursue an investigation, seek clues to. 

bacXl) O. 

baibacbatbat, nS. sheep call. 

baculan, tv. call /sheep/. 

baculanan, tv. cf. baculan. 

ba

B TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 77 

angry, sheep/. 

bacahtik, aj. cf. baial (plu). 

bacal, aj. upturned (nose) /freq in anger/. 

bacbac, aj. upturned (nose) /freq in anger/. 

bacbon, av. with upturned (nose), 

bacel, aj. upturned (nose) /freq in anger/. 

bacet, av. with upturned (nose), 

baci, iv. be turned up (nose) /in anger/. 

baclah, av. cf. bacet (plu). 

baclahet, av. cf. bacet (plu). 

bacleh, nld. with upturned /nose/. 

bactebacte, av. walking about with upturned (nose) /in anger/. 

bac(3) 

bac, bowl, half gourd, cf. boc, 

tah(l) T(2). 

bah, tv. lock, button, nail, strike, let /blood/, 

bah, iv. be nailed or locked, 

bah, nc. knock /infr/. 

bah ba, rv. lock self up, flagellate self with branches or pierce self with 

pieces of glass to remove "wind" in body. 

bah-bai], vn(tv & rpncpd)5. bloodletting. 

bah-tel mut, nphr(vn/tv & ncpd/ type n)5. 'tree-knocking bird', goldenfronted 

woodpecker Centurus aurifrons, cf. tunsarek mut, tunsakrek. 

acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus, cf. reketo, tunsarek. 

bahahtik, aj. locked, closed (plu). 

bahal, aj. closed, locked up /in box, coffin, house, or pot/, jailed. 

bahan, tv. lock up, nail /plu/. 

bahanan, tv. cf. bahan. 

bahanbahan, tv. lock up one after another, nail one after another, 

bahanbahanan, tv. cf. bahanbahan. 

bahbahbah, onom. bang, bang, bang, 

bahbe, tv. throw /stone/ at. 

bahbon, av. pounding /nails/, chopping /trees VI: 11 and 26/, pecking 

(woodpecker). 

bahel, nc. knock, nailing, 

bahlahet, av. pounding or hammering /nails EKL 259: 2-18/, bumping 

/EKL 258: 2-18/, chopping /trees/, clanking (blacksmith's hammers 

Vl-7)(plu). 

bahlahetik, av. cf. bahlahet (plu). 

bahob-bail, n(tv & rpncpd)ld. piece of glass or branch used to remove 

"wind" in body. 

bahobil, nib. hammer, nail, glass or branch used to remove "wind" in 

body, 

bahulan, tv. keep nailing, keep striking /wood, can/ /to make noise 

during eclipse/. 

isbahulan stanal ye. He played a tune on his teeth /by flicking his 

thumbnail against them/, 

bahulan ba, rv. flagellate self, 

bahulanan, tv. keep nailing (plu). 

bah van. iv. let person's blood. Blood is let to remove "wind" from the 

body. Broken glass from a brown bottle is used, as it is considered to 

be "hotter" 

hbah-bail, agn. person who has blood let. 

hbahvaneh, agn. shaman who lets blood. 

bah(2) prob P or P(2). 

bah-c'ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. with bare midriff. 

bah-bol, n(aj & ncpd)5. bald, 

bahahet, av. walking hatless. 

sbahahet sik. It is very cold, 

bahbah, aj. denuded (land), bald. 

baheah cak, vphr(iv & n4d). lit, become bare-assed, i.e., become povertystricken, 

bahel, aj. bald. 

bahet, av. walking hatless or with bare midriff. 

ballet hoi, vpnr(av & n4d). walking hatless. 

bahleh, nld. hatless, with bare midriff. 

bahtebahte, av. running about hatless or with bare midriff. 

bahio N(Sp, baji'o). 

bahio, n5. sand bank, riverbank. 

bahiotik, n5. expanse of river bank, floodland. 

bak N. 

bak, nld. bone. 

Ritual speech, bonesetter's prayer; wnenal bak lunenal £a">-ton. 

young bone, young basalt. 

bak, aj. bony, skinny, anemic, thin (person, animal). 

bak iamu£ to, nphr(nphr/n of n/) type n. 'toad bone tree', hairy-leaved 

clethra Clethra lanata, #1856(1). Highland "tree". The trunk is used 

for common rafters and for sheep corral rails. 

bak "?i£, cf. tit. 

bak-ôk, n(aj & ncpd)5. thin-legged. 

bak-hi£'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). thin (person). 

bak-hulan, aj(aj & Pcpd). thin (person). 

bak mut, nphr(aj & n)le. 'bone bird' or 'skinny bird', boat-tailed grackle 

Cassidix mexicanus. The grackle is not considered edible. It has the 

reputation for scratching up newly planted corn, 

kaslan bak mut, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. 'foreign bone bird' or 

'foreign skinny bird', bronzed cowbird Tangavius aeneus, redwinged 

blackbird Age laws phoeniceus. They are not considered edible. 

When they appear in large flocks they are thought to signal an 

impending norther. 

bak ni9 te 1 ?, nphr(nphr/aj & n/) type n. 'thin-topped tree', clammy hopseed 

bush Dodonaea viscosa, #2127(14). Temperate "tree". It is used 

for wattle. 

bak-soc'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). properly roasted (chunks of meat). 

bak tei, nphr(aj & n)5. 'thin tree' or possibly 'bone tree', clammy hopseed 

bush Dodonaea viscosa, #709(1,2), #1385(3,7), #2127(1), 

#2530(1,4,21,22). Temperate "tree" The trunk is used for wattle. 

Seven to twelve dozen poles are needed. The trunk is also used for 

firewood. #1521(1,3,11,12). Temperate and highland 'tree' The 

trunk is used for roof poles also. (ll)-Between eight and ten dozen 

poles are needed. #2274(3,4,19), #2420(1,20). Highland "tree". 

bak teitik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of bak ten. 

muk'ta bak te?, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). buckthorn Rhamnus discolor, 

#2152(1). Temperate "tree" 

muk'tik bak tei, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). snowbell Styrax argenteus, 

#408(1,4). Highland "tree". The trunk is used for wattle, roof rods, 

gate rails. The berries are eaten by birds. 

sakil bak to, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). clammy hopseed bush Dodonaea 

viscosa, #2127(11). Temperate "tree". It is used for wattle. 

bak te 1 ? don, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. lowland and highland ant. cf. 

ba let con. These ants do not sting. When they walk single file on the 

trail it is a sign that rain will fall. 

bakal, nld. corncob, /ground, burnt, and powder used for gunpowder/, 

inan. poss.; sbaklel. cf. bak. To cure a dog of severe cough a 

collar of burnt corncobs is hung around its neck. If the butt of a 

corncob stands on end, it is believed that a visitor will arrive. Corncobs 

from which the seed corn has been removed are stuck in the 

crotches of trees because they are thought to be exhausted from having 

carried the burden of the corn. 

bakal e'i'rtel, nphr(n type n). 'corncob plant', lavender sage Sahia lavanduloides, 

#2527(21,22). Temperate "plant" As cough medicine the 

plant is brewed together with camomile. The tea is drunk once. It is 

"hot". 

bakbaktik, aj. rather thin (animal). 

bakel *>akan, nphr(n4f of n4d). shin. 

bakel dak, nphr (n4f of n4d). hipbone. 

bakel ioy, nphr(n of n)5. fish bone, herringbone design on brim of net. 

bakel hoi ?anima, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/)5. skull /dead person/. 

bakel k'ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). wristbone. 

bakel nuk'ul, nphr(nlf of n3d). neck vertebrae. 

bakelil, n3a. bone. 

baklel, n4f. corncob, cf. bakal.


bakub, iv. grow thin, dry (meat), roast thoroughly (dry corn on the cob, 

meat). 

bakubtas, tv. dry /chili/, roast thoroughly /dry corn on the cob, skewered 

meat, meat on coals/, toast /toasted tortillas/, overwork /horse/. 

bakubtasan, tv. smoke, dry, roast or toast /plu/. 

bakubtasobil, nlf. spit /for meat/. 

bakubtasvan, iv. make person grow thin. 

baka N(Sp, vaca). 

baka, nle. cow /regardless of sex/. 

me? baka, nphr(nlf type nld). cow. 

Scolding speech, wife to drunken husband; cak-levan asat cak me 1 ? 

baka. You are red-eyed like a cow. 

bakete N(Sp, baqueta). 

bakete, nle. ramrod. 

bak' I. 

bak', iv. move, make noise, make a sound. 

mu sbak'. He stands, sits (or) lies still (or) He doesn't make a sound. 

Male joking speech; tol sbak'. It squeaks too much (bed), 

t sbak' t snakav. She bustles about. 

bak' ie, vphr(iv & n4d). make noise (chicken). 

bak'bak', iv. make slight noise. 

bak'bak'tik, iv. make slight noise. 

bak'bal, n5. thrashing about /restricted to bak'bal nakbal/. 

bak'bon, av. moving. 

bak'es, tv. move /object/. 

bak'es ba, rv. move self. 

bak'esvan, iv. make person move about. 

bak'lahet, av. thrashing (people), moving indistinctly /imperfectly seen/. 

bak'lahetik, av. thrashing (people). 

bak'ulan, iv. keep moving or making slight noise (distant object). 

bak'in Pt. 

bak'in, pt. when? when, sometime /in the future/. 

bak'intik, pt. sometimes. 

mu bak'in, ptphr(pt & pt). not yet, not for a long time, 

mu to bak'in sibat. I am not going for a long time. 

bak'ni Pt. 

bak'ni, pt. when? when /in the past/. 

mu k'u bak'ni spas. Nothing ever happened to him. 

bal(l) T(2). 

bal, tv. round off /log/, braid /rope/, twine /thread, yarn/ /by rolling 

on knee with palm of hand to make strands for fringed garments/, roll 

up /blanket/, make /rocket/, 

ta hbal hte?. I will change my decorations (steward). 

bal, iv. lose control of self (drunk), braid, change decorations /infr/. 

bal ba, rv. roll over and over (fighting dogs, people), be in flower (com 

field), become dry (mouth). 

bal ba tub, vphr(rv & n4d). have mouth become dry. 

bal-to, vn(tv & ncpd)la. "flower change" /change of floral decorations 

of steward's, steward-royal's and grand alcalde's altars and the 

churches/. 

bal titil pisalal, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n3d/). black strip of hat brim. 

balahtik, aj. round (posts). 

balahtik ?at kav, cf. vat kav. 

balahtik pek' mod, cf. pek' moel. 

balahtik sansan, cf. sansan. 

balak' voi, nphr(n type n)5. run off. 

balak in, iv. cause runoffs. 

balal, av. rolling. 

balal, aj. rolled up (blanket, straw mat). 

balalet, av. rolling over and over, boiling furiously. 

balalih, iv. roll playfully (horse, donkey, child). 

balalik, aj. in flower (corn). 

balalik s"a hu-huntik. A very few are in flower now /eleventh developmental 

stage of corn, also called hpaheahel and t sbik'tah snii huhuntik/ 

(plu). 

balalin, tv. roll /rock/. 

balalin ba, rv. roll /play, fight/. 

balalin ta ?arsial, vphr(tv & prep & n5). flog. 

balalinan, tv. roll /plu/. 

balalinan ta 9arsial, vphr(tv & prep & n5). flog /children/. 

balan, tv. roll up /blanket, straw mat/. 

balanan, tv. make round /logs/. 

balanbalan, tv. roll up one after the other /sleeves, blankets/. 

balanbalanan, tv. cf. balanbalan. 

balbal, aj. round (nail, beam). 

balbal te"> yalel. rolling down like a log. 

balbenal, n4f. upper part of trousers that is rolled tight, braiding of fringe. 

balbon, av. boiling. 

balbon hoi, vphr(av & n4d). rolling one's head (drunk lying on ground.) 

baleah, iv. flower (com field). 

balc'uh, iv. fall a great distance, die. 

balfun, tv. cause to roll down a great distance, roll /heavy object/, braid 

/rope/j 

balet, av. rolling, tossing /with pain or desire/. 

baletah, iv. be about to roll (person). 

baletik, av. cf. balet (plu). 

ballahet, av. bubbling /in containers/. 

baltebalte, av. rolling about. 

balomah, iv. braid /rope/. 

hbal-bail


the earth; earthly. 

balamil hvewL balamil h9uc'-vor the earthly eater, the earthly 

drinker of water. 

bbalamil me% agn(nphr/n type n/). Ritual speech, prayer; envious woman. 

hbalamil tot, agn(nphr/n type n/). Ritual speech, prayer; envious man. 

baton N. 

sak-balon, n(aj & ncpd). wood agaric Collybia dryophila, #65(1,3,4,5). 

Highland "mushroom". It is gathered by women, and boiled, seasoned 

with mexican tea and chili. It is "cold". Collybia sp., #95(3,4,5). 

Highland "mushroom" Same use as above. Cantharellus sp., 

#36(1,3). Highland "mushroom". Same use as above. Clitocybe sp., 

#43(1,3). Highland "mushroom". Same use as above, 

sak-balontik, n(aj & ncpd)5. expanse of sak-balon. 

muk'ta sak-balon, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). Hygrophorus sp., #46(1,3). 


balte N(Sp, balde). 

balte, nla. bucket, 

baltio N(Sp, baldib). 

baltio, agn. squatter, member of renting group responsible to landowner. 

balun Num. 

balun , n(num & nccpd)le. nine. 

balun-wk'es, n(num & ncpd)5. tropical mockingbird Mimus gilvus. /cf. 

sempal/. 

balun-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. nineteen, 

baluneb, nle. nine. 

balbalun- , n(num & nccpd)5. in or by nines, every nine. 

balbaluneb, n5. in or by nines, every nine. 

ban P(2). 

ban-c'ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-belh'ed. 

ban-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. lit., big-headed, i.e. disobedient. 

banahtik, aj. cf., banal, /plu/. 

banal, aj. lying on ground (boulder, log, large fruit, squash, animal), 

greatly swollen. 

banan, tv. set down /stone, tree, large fruit, woman/, 

banan, av. rolling (boulder, log), 

bananbanan, tv. roll one after another /boulder, log/. 

bananet, av. walking ponderously (pregnant woman), 

banban, aj. over-proportioned. 

banban sc'ut. big-bellied. 

banban shol. lit., big-headed, i.e., disobedient, 

banbe ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). pat /woman's rear/. 

banbon, av. lying helplessly (drunk, bound prisoner), 

banbon c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). with bare stomach. 

banel, aj. big (stomach), 

banet, av. lying on ground (drunk, pig, horse), 

banet c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). big-bellied (child), 

banet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). disobedient. 

banetik, av. lying on ground (pigs), big-bellied (pregnant woman), 

bani, iv. lie on bare ground, lie uncovered (drunk), 

bank'uh, iv. swell greatly /swelling/, roll, 

banlah, av. rolling (boulder, large fruit) (sing or plu). 

banlahet, av. cf. banbon (plu). 

ban leb, nld. lying on ground, 

banlehikil, n4f. swelling /legs, arms/. 

banlehkil, n4f. cf. banlehikil. 

bantebante c"ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with protruding belly, 

bantebante hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about disobediently. 

bantU N. 

bankilal, n3d. male's elder brother /reference and address/, elder /of 

men/, senior /term used to distinguish the more prestigious member of 

a pair of officials; steward, steward-royal, cantor, publican, scribe, 

principal, ensign-bearer, lesser players, ritual tutor of senior official, 

and to more prestigious of the two hpat-vahetik, hpacoletik, angels, 

mortarmen, certain wells, mountains, crosses, and to the larger of the 

two drums played together, smaller saint images and chaplets/, abso- 

lute form; term of address used by junior of paired religious officials to 

his senior colleague, 

bankilal, nld. chewing tobacco, 

bankilal k'anal, nphr(n type n)5. jupiter. 

bankilal hiilol, nphr(n type agn)5. chief shaman /shaman longest in 

service who is in charge of the three annual community-wide ceremonies/. 

bankilal hnupol, nphr(n type agn)5. person in charge of group that accompanies 

visiting saint, 

bankilal hoi 9olol, cf. hoi 10I0I. 

bankilal piskal, nphr(n type agn)5. first sacristan, 

bankilin, tv. acquire an older brother (stepbrother), 

hot mesa bankilal, nphr(nphr/n of n/ & aj)5. more prestigious side of 

(able, i.e., to right hand when facing west. 

banko N(Sp, banco), 

banko, n5. bank. 

banta N(Sp, banda). 

banta, n5. band. 

bantera N(Sp, bandera). 

bantera, nla. Hag, steward's or ensign-bearer's banner, strip of cloth to 

scare marauding birds, 

banterain, tv. make into a flag /rag/. 

bareno N(Sp, barrena). 

bareno, nld. crowbar /known only by road workers/. 

bareta N(Sp, barreta). 

bareta, nla. digging stick. 

baretain, tv. make into a digging stick, steal digging stick. 

baril N(Sp, barril). 

baril, nla. barrel /for chicha or cane liquor/. 

barsin A(Sp, barcino). 

barsin, aj. brindled (dog). 

barsin 9ak', nphr(aj & n). jack bean Canavalia glabra, #2286(3,4). Highland 

vine" 

9it'is barsin 9ak', nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/). coral vine Antigonon 

guatemalense, #2635(1,3). Lowland vine". (l)-It is used to lash 

fences. 

yasal barsin 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). coral vine Antigonon guatemalense, 

#2065(3,17,18). Lowland and temperate "vine", 

barsintik, aj. spotty (pinta). 

baso N(Sp, baso). 

baso, nla. glass. 

baston N(Sp, baston). 

baston, nla. staff of office /of grand alcalde, petty alcalde, magistrate, 

syndic, justice of the peace/. The first justice may give his staff temporarily 

to other justices. 

tombil sbastonal. He held the staff of office, 

bas N. 

bas, nle. quartz, crystal. It is used as temper for pots and griddles. 

basbol N. 

basbol, nle. industriousness, uprightness, contentment. 

talem sbasbolal li vinike. The man has become industrious, 

basbolah, iv. work hard, be industrious, 

basbolan, tv. work hard, be diligent or industrious. 

ha 1 ) to basbolah k'al ?oy stoil ta •Jabtele. When he had a companion 

he worked hard. 

bat I. 

bat, iv. go, go on, elapse, last (time), turn out. 

Basic farewell exchange; t sibat. batan. I am going. Go! 

9ep ibat k'ak'al. It lasted a long time. 

Mother calling to child who has not returned; bu labat. lit., Where 

did you go? i.e., Where are you? 

lek ibat. It turned out well (or) It was just (or) It was right, 

bat £'ulel, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). sleep, die. 

bat ta 9ie*el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). enter husband's house permanently, 

bat ta lilolal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). go off to cure (shaman), 

bat ta Won, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). be fatal.


bat ta hak'olal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). set out to petition bride, 

bat ta hoi, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). be fatal, become tipsy. 

bat ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj). become critical (sickness), become 

more bitter (quarrel), become excessive or extreme, get out of 

hand, go too far, overdo. 

ibat ta mas ye. He talked too much, i.e., He incriminated himself, 

bat ta mas yu?un pos volhe. He overdid the cane liquor yesterday. 

ibat ta mas sc'ahil. He was extremely lazy, 

ibat ta mas smul. His crimes have gone too far. 

bat ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n5). have miscarriage, 

bat ta nab, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n5). be swept away /in river/. 

bat ta pasyal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). go hunting, take a walk, divert self 

/on streets, in market/. Polite speech; go to the bathroom /defecate/. 

batbat, iv. go a short distance, finish quite a lot /work, weaving/. 

batbates, tv. move away slightly /table, pot, etc./. 

batbattik, iv. go a short distance, finish quite a lot /work, weaving/, 

bateb "tot, nphr(n4f of n4d). meal /food eaten with tortilla/. 

bateb trago, nphr(n4f of n5). appetizer, small shot glass of cane liquor/ 

drunk at celebration of steward's coffer/, 

bateb van, nphr(n of n)5. meal /food eaten with tortilla/. 

batel, dr. now and then, off and on. 

k'al t silok' batele. When I leave now and then, 

batel sa t sibat. I am going still further, 

batel TOsil, nphr(vnlf of n5). forever, 

batel batel, nphr(vn5 & vn5). going frequently (constable), 

batel batel sc'ulel. He became unconscious frequently, 

bates, tv. launch /in wind or water/, lose soul unaccountably, send off 

another's soul. 

ta hbates kot ta vo?. I am washing down my tortilla, 

isbates scr?il ta tiiel. lit., He dispatched his friend by eating him., i.e., 

He prayed to the earth lord to take his friend's soul, 

batesobil 9a9al, nphr(n4f of n4d). appetizer, mixer /pop or coca-cola 

consumed along with cane liquor/, 

batesobil ?ot, nphr(n4f of n4d). coffee, 

batesvan, iv. sell person to the earth lord, 

batulan, iv. keep going. 

ba, iv(contr of bat), going /auxiliary verb, occurring only in third person 

singular/. 

t sba hk'eltikotik. We are going to look. 

bateria N(Sp, baten'a). 

bateria, nla. flashlight battery. 

be N. 

be, nld. path, road, way, trip. Ritual speech; life-span, cane liquor for 

return trip. cf. ")ileb, saneb. 

beon. I am on the path (or) I am on a trip. 

yu9n sa ta ssa9 sbe. because now he was looking for a way /to enter/, 

t sal yoTOn mi "?u k'u spas ta be. He wonders if something happened 

to him on the way. 

isok ta be. lit., It broke down on the path, i.e., It turned out badly, 

be 7ik', nphr(n of n)5. anus, draft, windy stretch. 

be 9ik'il, nphr(nlf of n3d). larynx. 

be ?uk'um, nphr(n of n)5. passageway for water in a fence across a stream. 

be ?unen, nphr(n of n)5. vagina. 

be eol, nphr(nlf of nld). anus, 

be cih, nphr(nlf of nld). opening on bottom of fence to allow sheep to 

pass through, sheep trail. 

be c'ic', nphr(n of n)5. Male joking speech; vagina, 

be c'ic'elil, nphr(nlf of n3d). vein. 

be ka?, nphr(nlf of nld). entrance to horse corral. 

be k'abil, nphr(nlf of n3d). urethra. 

be-o?, n(n of ncpd)la. lit., path of water, i.e., ravine, ditch, var., beyoi. 

be-oaltik, n(n of ncpd)5. many ravines or ditches. 

be-oMik, n(n of ncpd)5. ravine, ditch. 

be-Otik ?a9lel sat, vphr: n(n of ncpd)5/pred/ & nphr/n4f of n4d/). with 

tears streaming down, 

be sim, nphr(nlf of nld). nostril. 

be sinii let, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)5. 'ant path tree', see below. 

(RML)-The name refers to the fiercely stinging ants that live in the 

trunk, 

eahal be sinic to, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). onion cordia 

Cordia alliodora, #3007(1,4,5). Lowland "tree". (4)-The trunk is 

used for marimbas and fence posts, 

sakil be sinid te"), nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). onion cordia 

Cordia alliodora, #311(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree", 

be taiv, nphr(n of n)5. milky way in dry season, 

be veêlil, nphr(nlf of n3d). esophagus, 

be vo7, nphr(n of n)5. ravine, milky way in rainy season, 

be yo 1 ?, nphr(n of n)5. cf. be-oi, 

beiltas, tv. guide, lead /horse/. 

beiltasan, tv. guide or lead /plu/. 

beiltasbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). try to find out, inquire about. 

isbeiltasbe sk'oplal mi yec ti ")o yahmul slekome. He tried to find out 

if it were true that his fiancee had a lover. 

isbeiltasbe sk'oplal mi ?u k'u c'ayem yu'mne. He inquired if he had 

lost anything. 

beiltasvan, iv. guide person. 

bein, iv. go on a journey, run (liquid). Ritual speech; cf. sanav. 

belel, nlf. path or road to. 

belel Hobel (or) sbelel Hobel. the road to San Cristobal. 

lek sbelel stamohbe rason. He spoke wisely, 

hbeinel, agn. traveler, 

hbeiltasvaneh, agn. guide. 

sok ta be , vphr(iv & prep & n5). go amiss, miscarry. 

tu£' ta be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). interrupt conversation or 

discussion. 

be-) O. 

be 1 ), onom. baa /sheep/. 

be?bon ta senel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). retching. 

be«?ei, n5. bleat /goat/. 

beWet, av. bleating (goat V2: 17), baaing (sheep EKL 255: 1-6). 

boet, av. baaing (sheep V2: 16). 

bolah, av. baaing (plu). 

be?lahet, av. baaing (plu). 

beilahetik, av. cf. benbon ta senel (plu). 

be'Uebe'He, av. baaing about. 

be* T(2). 

bee, tv. deliver, hand over, point, 

bee, iv. point. 

hecahtik, aj. cf. becel /plu/. 

becan, tv. point /penis, urine, gun, reptile's or amphibian's head/. 

b£6anbe6an, tv. gesticulate /with hands and feet when angry/, serve out 

one /bowl/ after another. 

becanbecanan, tv. serve out one /bowl/ after another, 

beianbecanbe baik, rv. gesticulate at each other one after another, 

becbon hoi, vphr(av & n4d). peering. 

becbon k'ob, vphr(av & n4d). motioning with hand, gesturing, 

becec, av. sticking up (leg), 

becel, aj. sticking out or in (legs, arms). 

becel shol. with his head poking out. 

becehk, aj. gesticulating /plu/. 

be£et, av. sticking out or in, pointing /penis, hose/. 

becVuh, iv. spring up (loose board, stick), stick up (leg), 

beclah, av. sticking up (legs). 

beClahet, av. sticking out or in. 

sbeclahet yok sk'ob. He is thrashing his arms and legs /in spasm/, 

(or) He is moving his arms and legs senselessly (drunk, deaf-mute or 

monolingual trying to communicate), 

beclahetik, av. handing towards, thrashing (plu). 

becleh, nld. protruding. 

bectebecte, av. handing out one after the other. 

bek'(l) N. 

bek*, n4f. seed, pit, slingshot pellet.


bek' 9at, nphi(nlf of nld). testicles. 

Male speech; mi c'abal sbek* avat. lit., Haven't you any balls?, i.e. 

Are you scared? 

ic'ay sbek' yat ta s'iiel. lit., He lost his balls from fright, 

te to scik'inah bek' ?at 9un bi 9a. Then the balls will certainly sweat! 

/said to men going to the lowlands to work/, 

bek' 9atil( nphr(nlf of n3d). testicles. 

bek' k'ok', nphr(nlf of nla). flashlight battery, 

bek' mail, nphr(nlf of nld). watermelon squash seed /ground and the 

powder sprinkled on beans, tomatoes, etc., for seasoning/. They are 

'cold". 

mi t S9oc sbek' mailal li cenek'e. Should the watermelon squash 

seeds be put.in the beans? 

bek' satil, nphr(nlf of n3d). eyeball, 

bek'in, tv. provide good yield (com), 

ton bek', nphr(n type n)Ia. 'rock seed', walnut Juglans regia, #518(1,2,3). 

Highland "tree". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The 

slip is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The nut is "cold". 

(5)-As a remedy for menstrual failure, the leaves are brewed. The tea 

is "hot". 

bek'(2) T(2). 

bek', tv. brush into a pile with hand /corn kernels/, sweep up /refuse/, 

brush off with hand /water/, smooth back with hand /hair/. 

bek', iv. be swept away /by sickness/, 

bek', nc. pile of sweepings, small flock (sheep). 

bek'ahtik, aj. swept up /by flood or river current/ /plu/. 

bek'an, tv. brush up into piles. 

bek'anan, tv. cf. bek'an. 

bek'anbek'an, tv. brush up into one pile after another, 

bek'anbek'anan, tv. cf. bek'anbek'an. 

bek'bon, av. puffing up (cloud of incense), being spent rapidly (money), 

falling out (hair), sweeping up, brushing off with hand, 

bek'ek', av. being wafted, 

bek'ek'et ta ?ik', vphr(av & prep & n5). being swept by the wind (tall 

grass). 

bek'el, aj. swept up /by flood or river current/. 

bek'et ta 9ik\ vphr(av & prep & n5). being carried on the wind (odor, 

dust). 

bek'lahet, av. puffing up (clouds of smoke, incense), sweeping up. 

bek'lahetik, av. sweeping up (plu). 

bek'leh, n4f. entirely swept away. 

bek'luh, av. being carried suddenly /on the wind/, rushing out suddenly 

(sheep from corral), being wafted suddenly (skunk's odor), suddenly 

being spent entirely, 

bek'ob k'aêp, nphr(nlf of nld). branches used to sweep up rubbish, 

forked stick to rake up corn stubble, 

bek'obil k'aêp, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. bek'ob k'atep. 

bek'tebek'te, av. moving in one small flock after another (sheep). 

bek'van ta cukel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). herd everyone to jail, 

hbek'vaneh ta cukel, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). person who herds 

people to jail. 

bek'et N. 

bek'et, nld. meat, beef /"cold" when fresh, "hot" when dried/, 

bek'tal, n4b. flesh. 

sbek'tal vakas. beef, 

bek'tal kampor, nphrfn type n)ld. camphor /bought in pharmacy/. It 

is sucked by young child so that it won't get worms. It is drunk with cane 

liquor for "cold wind" or stomachache, 

bek'tal pom, nphr(n type n)la. incense /copal/. 

bek'tal tak'in, nphr(n type n). principal /debt/. 

bek'talin, tv. turn to stone (wood). 

bel(l) N. 

bel, nla. lowland and highland gnat. This biting gnat is said to be 

attracted by white clothing. 

bel(2) N. 

bel, n4f. contents. 

bel won, nphr(n4f of n4d). cf. bel c'ut. 

bel c'ut, nphr(n4f of n4d). contents of stomach. 

yil nos yil ha9 nos kwenta ti mi ?oy sbel hc'ute. Never mind so long 

as my stomach is full. 

90 sbel sc'ut 9o sbel yo9on. His stomach is full, his heart is full 

/shaman or witch/, 

belin, tv. fit into. 

beta 

belta, turn, curve, quick trip. cf. bwelta. 

ben(l) P. 

benahtik, aj. cf. benel /plu/. 

benan, tv. thrust out /tummy/ (child or puppy), 

benan ba, rv, lie down with protruding tummy (child, puppy), 

benben, aj. protruding (tummy of child or puppy), 

benbon, av. trotting with protruding tummy, 

beneah, iv. bulge (tummy), 

benel, aj. protruding (tummy of child or puppy), 

benelik, aj. cf. benel /plu/. 

benen, av. trotting with protruding tummy (puppy). 

benenet, av. trotting with protruding tummy (child, puppy), 

benet, av. trotting with protruding tummy (child, puppy), 

beni, iv. be protruding (tummy of child or puppy), 

benk'uh, iv. cf. beneah. 

benlah, av. trotting about with protruding tummy (puppies). 

benlahet, av. trotting with protruding tummy (puppies), 

benleh, nld. protruding /tummy/, 

bentebente, av. trotting about with protruding tummy. 

ben(2) A(Sp, bien or buen or bueno). 

ben, aj. very. 

ben sonso. very stupid. 

ben tfii. bad (or) disobedient (person, horse). 

ben h9abtel. hardworking. 

ben hc"'uneh-mantal. very obedient, 

beno, excl. well! fine! var., ">eno, bweno, veno. 

benos, aj. very /windy, rainy, frosty, muddy, cold, hot/, 

benosal, aj. cf. benos. 

benosta, excl. Baby talk; fine! 

benamita N(Sp, dinamita). 

benami'ta, nla. dynamite. 

beneno N(Sp, veneno). 

beneno, nla. poison, var., benino. 

benino 

benino, cf. beneno. 

beno 

beno, cf. ben(2). 

bentisyon N(Sp, bendicion). 

bentisyon, nld. blessing. On Easter, seed corn, beans, water, candles and 

matches are blessed. It is said that without this blessing no fire will light 

during a solar eclipse. 

bero N(Sp, berro). 

bero, nla. watercress Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, 

#612(l,2,4).#9OO(l,2,3,5), #1465(3), #1747(3,15,16). Highland 

"plant". The greens are eaten raw or boiled. They are "cold". 

(5,15)-It is "hot", var., beroi /Htek-lwn/. hybrid watercress Rorippa 

X sterilis, #975(1). Highland "plant" (l)-When boiled, watercress 

is flavored with chili. It is sold by Zinacantec women at market in 

San Cristobal. 

beroaltik, n5. large expanse of watercress. 

berotik, n5. expanse of watercress, 

bero me nab, cf. nic nab. 

bero9 

beroo, watercress, cf. bero. 

bertulaka N(Sp, verdolaga). 

bertulaka, n5. common purslane Portulaca oleracea, #1301(1,3,4,5,8). 

Lowland "plant" var., berturaka /Pasted/. 

bertulakailtik, n5. large expanse of bertulaka.


bertulakatik, n5. expanse of bertulaka. 

k'os bertulaka, nphr(aj & n). Bacopa sp., # 1695(1,4). Lowland "plant". 

muk'ta bertulaka, nphr(aj & n). Boerhaavia diffusa, #338(1,2,3,5). 

Lowland "plant". It grows in corn fields. It is boiled with chili and 

salt. It is "cold". Talinum paniculatum, #867(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

•plant". The greens are boiled. They are "cold". 

berturaka 

berturaka, common purslane, cf. bertulaka. 

besero N(Sp, becerro). 

besero, nld. heifer. 

bet' P(2). 

bet', tv. stick out /tongue/. 

befbet', n5. Male joking speech; clitoris. 

befbet', aj. with tongue hanging out (rabid dog, dead rabbit). 

bet'bon, av. flicking tongue out. 

bet'el, aj. with tongue hanging out (dead dog). 

bet'et, av. flicking (snake's tongue). 

bet'et'et', av. flicking (snake's tongue). 

bet'luh, av. flicking out suddenly (snake's tongue). 

bi(l) N. 

biil, n3b. name. 

biiltas, tv. name, mention. 

biiltasan, tv. mention names /implicating falsely/. 

biin, tv. name. Christian names are chosen from the liturgical calendar 

but may be modified considerably to conform to the limited supply of 

customary names. If a child is named after either of its parents, it is 

believed that their souls (c'ulel) will struggle for survival until the parent 

dies. 

hoi biil, nphr(nlf of n3d). family name. Marriage with a person having 

the same pair of surnames is forbidden. 

bi(2) T. 

bi, tv. chafe /foot/ (sandal), skin. 

bi, iv. become soft (corn kernel when boiled in lime water), peel off (skin 

burned by lime or chafed by burden). 

bi ba, rv. be skinned (fruit). 

bibon, av. fidgeting /on chair/, wriggling (laughing girl), being chafed 

(mule's back). 

bies, tv. soften /corn kernel by boiling in lime water/, peel off /skin/ 

(lime, burden), scour /hair and dirt from leather/. 

biet, av. soft /rotten corpse, fruit/, chafed. 

biet vi9nal, vphr(av & n5). feeling gnawing hunger. 

bilahet, av. cf. bibon (plu). 

biulan, tv. rub back and forth. 

biulan ba, rv. sway hips (provocative girl), fidget /on chair/. 

bivan, iv. chafe person's skin, rub person uncomfortably. 

bi(3) E. 

bi, excl. of course! indeed! 

bie P(2). 

bie, nc. small hank /yarn, thread, silk/ /may be knotted/. 

biean, tv. leave lying (dry feces, yarn, silk thread). 

Mean ba, rv. lie down. 

bieanbi'ean, tv. leave lying one after another /feces/ (cat). 

bi'eanbieanan, tv. cf. hrieanbiean. 

biebie, aj. long, slender (pig's or mouse's tail). 

biebon, av. wagging (dog's tail), switching (cow's or horse's tail). 

sbiebon scak. Her ass is itchy /worm believed to be moving in 

vagina/. 

biebonah, iv. wag (dog's tail), wriggle. 

bieet, av. itchy, lying (dry feces, yarn, silk, worm), acting provocatively 

(g"l)- 

Male joking speech; te sbieet hna. My house is itchy /single woman/. 

bieetik, av. acting provocatively (girl). 

bieie, aj. provocative, sensuous. 

bieieet, av. wriggling (worm, piece of snake), itchy, acting provocatively 

(girl)- 

bieil, aj. long (dry feces, yam, silk, worm, sleeping drunk). 

hieilhi'eil, n4f. each of many hanks. 

bielah, av. frolicking (girls). 

bielahct, av. wriggling (laughing girls). 

bielahetik, av. acting provocatively (plu). 

bi'eluh, av. suddenly wiggling or swaying (worm, snake). 

bieomah, iv. rush up wriggling or playfully (dog, lamb). 

bi'etebiete, av. walking about wriggling (tail). 

bieulan, tv. wriggle, wiggle, wag. 

hie P, P(2). 

bic\ tv. point. 

bic lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). stick out (penis of young boy, canine). 

bicahtik, aj. sticking up (sticks), scraggly (moustache, beard). 

bi£an, tv. turn up /nose in anger/. 

bicanbican, tv. turn up one time after another /nose in anger/. 

bidbid, aj. pointing, sticking up (branch, stump). 

bidbon, av. pulsing (blood in vein), bubbling up (spring), spurting (urine), 

pointing, waving up and down (tips of branches being carried). 

te sbiebon sk'ab ilah. Then spurting its urine it died, 

bicel, aj. sticking out (canine), 

bidet, av. sticking out or in, pointing (penis, hose), with upturned (nose 

in anger). 

yec sbiebon sni7 helavel. He just passed by with upturned nose /i.e., 

without greeting person/. 

bicic, av. spurting out (pus, water, blood), sticking up /leg/, 

bidicet, av. spurting (water, urine, blood). 

bicicin, tv. squirt /urine, water with hose/. 

bicH, aj. pointing, sticking up 0 e g s > sticking out (nail), upturned (nose 

with anger), scraggly (moustache and beard), 

bicilik, aj. scraggly (moustache and beard)., sprouting, poking up (corn) 

/first developmental stage when sprouts are one inch high, also called 

lavustik and p'icilik / /plu/. 

bick'uh, iv. stick up (leg of drunk), spring up (board, stick), 

biclahet, av. thrashing (legs) /death, sexual intercourse/, spurting (urine), 

brandishing /sticks/. 

bicleh, nlf. sticking out (penis of boy or drunk). 

bi'eluh, av. spurting suddenly (water), 

bictebicte, av. brandishing about /stick/. 

biEtebiSte ni 1 ?, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with one's nose turned up 

/in anger/. 

bicu, tv. turn up /nose in anger/, 

biculan, tv. point repeatedly, swing /leg/. 

biculan, iv. be brandished. 

bik T. 

bikbik ea")nel, nphr(aj & vn)5. constant diarrhea, 

bikbon, av. wagging (tail), suffering from diarrhea, 

biket, av. streaming out (diarrhea), 

bikiket, av. streaming out (diarrhea in one long stream, cow defecating 

while walking). 

bikil ea9nel, nphr(aj & vn)5. diarrhea, 

biklah helavel, vphr(av & dr). spurting (semen), 

biklahet yalel, vphr(av & dr). dripping (diarrhea), 

bikomah, iv. wag (tail), wiggle (dog). 

biktebik te, av. wagging tail about (dog scenting animal), 

bikulan, tv. wag /tail/, direct from side to side /water, urine/, 

bikil N. 

bikil, nld. guts, intestines, inedible pulp /squash/, 

bikil e'W ?ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'dog intestines vine', morning 

glory Ipomoea triloba, #2160(14). Temperate "vine". 

kaslan bikil, nphr(aj & n)5. small intestine, tripe. 

bik' T. 

bik', tv. swallow, swallow whole, endure /anger/, 

bik', nc. swallow, 

bik'an, tv. swallow whole /plu/. 

bik'bon, av. swallowing slowly /mouthful after mouthful/, 

bik'bon won, vphr(av & n4d). longing for hopelessly.


sbik'bon yo?on sci9uk hun eeb. He was longing hopelessly for the 

girl. 

te sbik'bon yo9on muk' 9onos bu man yu9un. He was dreaming -He 

would never be able to buy it. 

bik'lahan-9al, tv(iv? & tvcpd). talk wildly or intemperately. 

bik'lahet, av. bragging (sing), 

bik'lahetik, av. bragging (plu). 

bik'obil, n4f. water for washing down /pill/, 

bik'ulan, tv. keep swallowing, 

hbik'-'nsim, agn(tv & ncpd). braggart /about what one, in fact, does not 

have/. 

hbik'lahan, agn. braggart /about what one, in fact, does not have/, 

bik'it A. 

bik'il, aj. little, small. 

bik'it to. pre-adolescent. 

mi 90 bik'it atak'in. Have you any small change? 

bik'it ssat. fine /dust, sand/, 

bik'it 9alkalte, cf. alkaltt. 

bik'it ''almul. cf. "aliuul. 

bik'it 9o9on, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). sensitive, quick to anger. 

bik'it 9ora, vphr(aj/pred/ & nld). lit., have small hour, i.e., be short-lived, 

bik'it c'ic'el, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). be liable to suffer soul-loss, lit., to 

have small blood, 

bik'it hkaslan, cf. hkaslan. 

bik'it hsinulan, cf. hsinulan. 

bik'it htoy-k'in, cf. htoy-k'in. 

bik'it mol, nphr(aj & n)5. petty alcalde, 

bik'tafa, iv. diminish, decrease /in size or number/. 

t sbik'tah sni? hu-huntik. The tips of a very few are growing smaller 

/eleventh developmental stage of corn, also called hpaheahel and 

balalik sa hu-huntik/. 

bik'tahes, tv. reduce in size, cut or break into little pieces, make change. 

bik'tahes ba, rv. feign youth, promise to reform, recant, 

bik'tal, n4d. youth. 

ta hbik'tal. in my youth, 

bik'tal, n4f. leftover /restricted to fruit/. 

bik'tal, aj. small. 

bik'tal conetik. insects. 

bik'tal ?abtel, nphr(aj & n)5. minor religious office, 

bik'tal lane, nphr(aj & n)5. young or small woman. 

bik'tal-9o9on, n(aj & ncpd). miserliness, 

bik'tal wkol, nphr(nlf of n3d). toe. 

bik'tal h9abtel, nphr(aj & agn)5. cheap labor, 

bik'tal k'obol, nphr(nlf of n3d). finger. 

hbik'tal-9o9on, agn(aj & ncpd). penny pincher. 

hbik'talûe", agn(aj & ncpd). baby that is born too soon after elder 

sibling. 

bil P(2) or T(2). 

bit tv. slip on. 

bilahtik, aj. slippery (rocks), 

bilbon, av. slippery /mud, slick surface/, 

bilet, av. slippery (mud, corn gruel). 

bili-hol, n(aj & ncpd). 'slippery head', unattested highland mushroom, 

bilil, aj. slippery. 

bilil 9itah, nphrfaj & n). 'slippery greens', pot herb fame flower Talinum 

triangulare, #1679(7). Lowland "plant" It is boiled. It is cold", 

k'os bilil 9itah, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). pot herb fame flower Talinum 

triangulare, #1679(1,4). Lowland plant", 

bililik, aj. slippery, 

bililub, iv. become slippery, 

bililubtas, tv. make slippery. 

bililus, n5. see below. It is characterized by its slippery texture. 

9ik'al bililus, nphrfaj & n). Russula sp., #15(1,3). Highland mushroom". 

Rhodophyllus sp., #15(1,3). Highlanu "mushroom", 

k'os bililus, nphr(aj & n). agaric Tricholomasp., #96(1,3,4,5). Highland 

"mushroom". Marasmius sp., #183(1,4,7). Highland "mushroom". 

sakil bililus, nphr(aj & n). Collybia sp., #34(1,3). Highland "mushroom". 

It is boiled and seasoned with mexican tea. It is "cold". 

bilk'uh, iv. slip. 

billahet, av. slippery (plu). 

billahetik, av. slippery (plu). 

billuh, av. slipping suddenly. 

billebilte, av. slippery in many places. 

bilulan, tv. slip repeatedly on. 

bin P or P(2). 

bin-c'ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-tummied (child). 

binahtik, aj. cf. bind /plu/. 

binbin, aj. protruding (tummy). 

binel, aj. protruding (tummy). 

binet, av. protruding (tummy). 

binil, aj. protruding (tummy). 

binilik, aj. cf. binil /plu/. 

binin, av. rolling (ball), walking with protruding (tummy). 

bininet, av. running with protruding (tummy). 

binlah, av. walking with protruding (tummy) (plu). 

binlahet, av. cf. binel (plu). 

binleh, nld. with protruding (tummy). 

bintebinte, av. walking about with protruding (tummy). 

bino N(Sp, vino). 

bino, n5. wine, fruit wine. 

bino-fruta, n(n & ncpd)5. fruit wine. 

bioleta N(Sp, violeta). 

bioleta, nld. periwinkle Vinca major, #358(1,2,3). Highland "plant", 

wild violet Viola nannei, #682(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant" 

bioletailtik, n5. large expanse of periwinkles or wild violets. 

bioletatik, n5. expanse of periwinkles or wild violets. 

biolin N(Sp, violin). 

biolin, nla. fiddle or violin/two-stringed/. The fiddle is believed to be 

a gift of the devil. 

bis N. 

bis, nla. bamboo Apoclada sp., #777(1,2). Temperate "tree". The trunk 

is cut by men and brought home to be used for loom rods. Shamans use 

bamboo for their staffs. (23)-Stewards use bamboo for the poles for 

their banners. (5)-An unattested variety is "hot" and that is why the 

women toss their loom bars outside to stop the hail. It is said that 

bamboo's soul went to the afterworld, where it lingered for twelve 

years. During this time, in the recent past, bamboo could not be 

found anywhere. (RML)-Shamans are instructed in their initiatory 

dreams to take the bamboo staff to protect themselves from watchdogs 

wherever they must go on their curing trips. They are told to 

shake the staff at the dogs, but not to strike them, lest the dogs die. 

bis, nla. loom bar, shaman's staff. 

bistik, n5. bamboo grove. 

ton bis, nphr(n type n). 'rock bamboo', bamboo Apoclada sp., 

#2964(1,16). Temperate "tree" (l)-The seeds are planted one to a 

hole. The bamboo poles are cut in October and sold at market. The 

poles are used for loom bars. (16)-The poles are also used by shamans 

for their staffs, 

ton bistik, nphr(n type n)5. bamboo grove. 

bis-9akan, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-legged, long-stemmed. 

bisahtik, aj. tall (reeds). 

bisbon, av. walking long-leggedly. 

bisil, aj. long (legs). 

bitrola N(Sp, victrola). 

bitrola, nle. victrola. 

bivora N(Sp, vivora). 

bivora, n5. snake. A dark brown lowland snake that is known to have 

a poisonous bite which can be cured if medicine is obtained within an 

hour's time, var., vivora. 

biyete N(Sp, billete). 

biyete, nle. bill /money/, var.; biyete. 

bo I.


bo, iv. fall out in great quantities, shed (hair), come apart (weaving). 

boes lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). cause to fall out /hair/. 

boet, av. falling out in great quantities (hair). 

botebote, av. falling out one after another (hairs). 

boboh, iv. fall out gradually (hair), come apart (weaving). 

bobon, tv. cause to fall out gradually /hair/. 

boc" T. 

boe", tv. pull out /firebrand, thorn, fence post, penis, mired horse/, peck 

out /eye of dead animal/ (buzzard), unplug, release /from jail/, drag out 

of /house to murder person/. 

boe", iv. be pulled out. 

boe', nc. tug. 

boe" ba, rv. free self /if stuck in tree/. 

boe'an, tv. pull out /posts/. 

boe'anan, tv. cf. boe'an. 

bcVanboe'an, tv. pull out one after another /posts/. 

boe'anboe'anan, tv. cf. boe'anboe'an. 

boe'bon, av. pulling out (penis, fence post). 

boe"el, nc. pulling out /penis/. 

boe'ilan, tv. keep pulling out /fence posts, penis/. 

boe'lahet, av. pulling out /fence posts/, aching. 

boe'lih, av. popping suddenly. 

boe'ob lavus, nphr(nlf of nld). claw of hammer. 

boe'obil lavus, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. boe'ob lavus. 

boe'oe', av. pulling out with difficulty. 

boe'teboe'te, av. pulling out one after another /fence posts, bottles/. 

boe'van, iv. exhaust person's funds, exhaust person. 

boe'van ta na, vphr(iv & prep & n5). lure person out of house to murder 

him. 

boe N. 

boe, nla. half gourd, enamel bowl. inan. poss.; sbacal. 

kanel aboc. You are bald-pated. 

boe, nla. calabash tree Crescentia cujele, #2825(3,4,5,7,11,12). Lowland 

"tree" The fruit is used for half gourds. (12)-It is sold at market. 

(7)-The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood, 

•rit'is' boe, nphr(n4f of n5). box-briar Randia aculeata, #298(1,2,3,5), 

#2618(1,3,21). Lowland "tree" It is used for firewood. 

#1238(1,3,4). Lowland, temperate, and highland "tree" #1391(3). 

Highland "tree" #1966(1,3,4,16,17), #2528(1,4,21). Temperate 

"tree" 

boe, nc. gourdful. 

boc-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. bald. 

boe pukuh, nphr(n4d of n5). 'devil's gourd', box-briar Randia aculeata, 

#1391(9). Highland "tree" 

bocboc, nc. single gourdful /I only/. 

bocet, av. bald. 

bocin, tv. steal gourd or enamel bowl. 

bocol, aj. bald. 

bocolbocol, n4f. each of many gourds. 

boctebocte, av. walking about with bald (head). 

pisis boe, nphr(x type n)la. ceremonial coffee gourd. The gourds are 

used by the stewards-royal when they visit each other, by the ensignbearers 

when they serve coffee. Each steward offers a gourd of posol 

to the civil officials and sacristans at the fiesta of Our Lady of the 

Rosary at Voi-bie, and gourds of coffee during the banquet there. The 

gourds are used during curing ceremonies when serving coffee to 

those present. 

pisis boe te9, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). calabash tree Crescentia cujete, 

#1115(1,4). Lowland "tree" It is grown by ladinos in their 

yards. It is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The calabashes 

are used as ceremonial gourds. 

boh T(2). 

boh, tv. cut, cut down, fell, chop, saw /tree, salt, self/, 

ta hboh kosil. I am going to clear my land. 

boh, iv. be felled (tree). 

boh-iosiltik, vn(tv & ncpd)5. chopping season. 

boh ba, rv. cut or gash self. 

boh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. knife or machete fight. 

boh yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cut off /meat/. 

bohan, tv. fell /trees/. 

bohanan, tv. cf. bohan. 

bohanbohan, tv. fell one after another /trees/. 

bohanbohanan, tv. cf. bohanbohan. 

bohbalal •'osil, nphr(aj & n)5. felled forest. 

bohbenalil, n3d. cut /tree/. Male joking speech; vagina. 

bohboh, aj. cut open, gashed (tree). Male joking speech; gashed /vagina/. 

bohel, nc. cut. 

bohel, aj. Male joking speech; gashed, 

bohel ave. Your mouth is gashed. 

bohet, av. gashed (vagina). 

bohilan, tv. keep cutting or sawing. 

bohilan ba, rv. keep cutting self. 

bohilanan, tv. saw or cut /plu/. 

bohob, nib. saw, ax, machete, knife, billhook. 

bohob-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd). machete or knife for committing murder. 

bohob bek'et, nphr(n of n)5. butcher knife. 

bohobil, nlf. cf. bohob. 

bohol, aj. cut open, gashed. 

bohvan, iv. cut person (sharp machete, murderer). 

hbohvaneh, agn. murderer. 

bokaro N(Sp, bocada). 

bokaro, nla. appetizer, food given to Indian merchant if he sells to 

Ladino at low price. 

bok' X. 

bok', nc. 400 handfuls /thatch/. 

bok'bok', nc. single handful /thatch/ /I only/. 

bol(l) N. 

bolil, n3d. brother-in-law /wife's brother, male's sister's husband/, 

hboltak (or) hbalabtak. my wife's brothers. 

bolin, tv. acquire a brother-in-law. 

bol(2) A. 

bol, aj. stupid. 

bolboltik, aj. rather stupid or foolish, 

bolboltik sba. He is rather foolish. 

bolib, iv. become foolish. 

bolibtas, tv. befuddle, stupefy, drug. 

bolibtasobil, n4f. drug /chewing tobacco/. 

bolibtasvan, iv. daze, befuddle or drug person, stupefy person /by having 

female step over one's clothes/. 

bolil, nld. stupidity, foolishness. 

skal ta hbolile.... In my ignorance I say... /deprecatory offering of 

advice/. 

bolera N(Sp, voladora). 

bolera, n5. boa constrictor Boa constrictor. Lowland snake known to 

strike far and to wrap itself around a person until he is dead. 

boleto N(Sp, boleto). 

boleto, nla. ticket /bus/. 

bolkan N(Sp, volcan). 

bolkan, nle. volcano. 

bolom N. 

bolom, nle. general term for wild felines, jaguar Panthera onca. cf. bolom 

con. None of the "tigers" are considered edible. Their flesh is believed 

to be rank because they prey on all animals. When one is heard roaring, 

its name should not be uttered, nor should it be scolded, lest that 

provoke it to attack. Jaguars are companion animal spirits of strong, 

fat, handsome people. 

eahal bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. jaguarundi Felis yagouaroundi. Thejaguarundi 

is considered to be the fiercest of the felines. It is a companion 

animal spirit of thin or small people who are very evil, 

e'ib bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. ocelot Felis pardalis. The hats of the jaguar 

players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian are made of ocelot skins.


Ocelots are companion animal spirits of strong, fat, handsome people. 

k'os bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. margay Felis weidii. 

mol bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. jaguar Panthera onca. The jaguar is rarely 

seen. 

te? bolom, vphr(n type n)5. cf. eahal bolom, cf. k'os bolom. 

bolom, agn. each of two players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian /former 

ensign-bearers of the Trinity and St. Anthony/, 

bolom con(l), nphr(n type n)5. velvet ant Dasymutillasp.. A velvet ant, 

despite its awful taste, may be eaten raw to make one strong. 

bolom con(2), nphr(n type n)5. a religious song. 

ton T. 

bon, tv. paint, whitewash, dye /wool, thread/, anoint /with medicine/, 

pave, polish /ceremonial sandals/, cover /tiles with cement/. 

bon, nle. paint, dye, whitewash, color, 

bon ba, rv. soil self, get paint on one's clothes, paint one's fingernails, 

powder or rouge self, put on lipstick. 

bonan, tv. whitewash /houses/, cover /tiles with cement/, dye much 

/wool, thread/, 

bonanan, tv. cf. bonan. 

bonanbonan, tv. whitewash one after another /houses/, cover one after 

another /tiles with cement/, dye one after another /hanks of thread, 

containers of wool/, 

bonanbonanan, tv. cf. bonanbonan. 

bone], nc. dyeing, 

bonob kamosa te-?, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'hat strap dye tree', tree 

bocconia Bocconia arborea, #2576(21,22). Temperate "tree" 

bonobil, nlf. asphalt, shoe polish, dye. 

bonol, nle. paint, dye, whitewash, color, 

bonvan, iv. soil person. 

bonvan ta mulil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). incriminate person falsely. 

hbonolahel, agn. painter, dyer. 

bonok' N. 

bonok', n4d. hair /infr/, mane /infr/. 

boraha N(Sp, borreja). 

boraha, nld. borageBorago officinalis, #3025(4,5). Highland "plant" It 

is grown by a few Chamulas. The seeds are planted in the rainy season. 

Borage is sold at market in San Cristobal. As a cough remedy, three 

sprigs are brewed, and a cup of the tea is drunk. It is "hot", var., 

boreha /Htek-lum/. 

k'os boraha, nphr(aj & n). Cynoglossum amabile, # 2729( 1,4). Highland 

plant". 

boreha 

boreha, borage, cf. boraha. 

tos(l) P or P(2). 

bosahtik, aj. in piles (feces), bulging (slack flies of pants), heaping (bowl), 

bosbon ?e, vphr(av & n4d). ranting, 

bosbos, aj. bulging downward (slack fly, skirt), 

boseah, iv. slip down (daub), 

bosel, aj. bulging downward (slack fly, skirt), 

boset, av. heaping (bowl), bulging (fly), Male joking speech; bulging 

(vagina). 

bosilan fe, vphr(tv & n4d). rant. 

bosk'ih, iv. bulge downward (slack fly of pants, skirt), slip down (daub), 

bosk'in, tv. cause to bulge downward. 

Male speech; ta hbosk'in abikil kavron. I'll knock your guts out, 

bastard. 

bosleh, nlf. bulging downward (slack fly of pants), 

boslehikil, n4f. heaping /bowls/, 

bosol, aj. in a pile (feces), bulging, heaping, 

bosolik, aj. in heaps (food), 

bosos, av. bulging down (feces). 

bos(2) O. 

bos, onom. sound of defecation, 

boslih, av. making sudden sound of defecation. 

bot(l) N. 

hot, nle. hail, ice, popsicle. 

bo«(2) N. 

bot,n5. Heliocarpus donnell-smithii, #2132(11,14). Lowland and temperate 

"tree". It is used for roof poles. #2695(15,20,21,22). Lowland 

"tree". (20)-It is used for hoe handles and firewood. (5)-The bark of 

an unattested variety is used for lashing. 

bot lak', nphr(n type n)5. Heliocarpus donnell-smithii, #2132(1). Lowland 

and temperate "tree". The trunk is used for common rafters. The 

bark is used to bind thatch and to lash roof poles and wattle. 

#2695(1,3). Lowland "tree" 

bot wk'tik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of bot lak' trees. 

bote N(Sp, bote). 

bote, nla. three to five liter can, corn-measuring can. 

botiha N(Sp, botija). 

botiha, nla. porcelain jug /formerly used for storing cane liquor/. 

botiha con, nphr(n type n)5. beetle(?). This horned black insect exudes 

a liquid from its shoulders which is applied to a wart that has previously 

been pierced with a thorn. The liquid causes blistering and removes 

the wart. 

botika N(Sp, botica). 

botika, nla. drugstore. 

io sbotikail to bu scone. There are drugstores where it is sold. 

totil N. 

botil, cf. cenek'. 

botil 9ak', nphr(n type n). jack bean Canavalia glabra, #2158(1). Temperate 

vine" #2416(1). Highland "vine". Nissoliafruticosa, # 1969(1,3,4). 

Lowland "vine" 

botln N(Sp, botin). 

botin, nld. high rubber boots. 

boton N(Sp, boton). 

boton, nla. button, bud, inan. poss.; sbotonal: flower bud, man. poss.; 

sbotonal (or) sbotonalil: its button. 

tot' P, P(2). 

bot'-hoi e'tflel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'protuberant-topped plant', 

self heal Prunella vulgaris, #1011(1,3,5), #2030(3), #2352(3,4).. Highland 

"plant". 

white lantana Lantana achyranthifolia, #1570(1,3,11,12). Temperate 

and highland "plant". #1840(1,4). Temperate "plant", 

indian paintbrush Castilleja arvensis, #1459(11,12). Highland "plant". 

Dalea sericea, #2978(1). Temperate "plant" 

sakil bot'-hol e'blel, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Gomphrena 

decumbens, #1311(1,3,4,5). Lowland "plant" 

bot'-hol nicim, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'protuberant-topped flower', 

self heal Prunella vulgaris, #1011(1,3,5). Highland "plant" 

bot'-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. staring /at person of opposite sex/. 

bot'ahtik, aj. bare-assed /plu/. 

bot'an ta labtel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). give exhausting job to. 

bot'anvan ta âbtel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). give exhausting job to person. 

bot'bon, av. working industriously. 

bot'el, aj. wide-eyed /staring/. 

bot'et, av. staring fixedly. 

bot'et ta labtel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). looking tirelessly for work. 

bot'etik ta labtel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. bot'el ta labtel (plu). 

bot'ih, iv. contract and relax anus. 

bot'ilan, tv. keep contracting and relaxing anus (cow). 

bot'ilan ba, rv. keep contracting and relaxing one's anus, work ineffectually. 

bot'k'ih, iv. stare fixedly, expose (buttocks). 

bot'lah, av. walking and staring (plu). 

bot'leh, nld. wide-eyed. 

bot'ol, aj. wide-eyed /staring/, bare-assed. 

bot'olik, aj. wide-eyed. 

bot'ot', av. contracting and relaxing anus. 

bot'tebot'te, av. walking about staring. 

hbot'anvaneh ta labtel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & VD5/). person who gives 

exhausting job to another. 

brasil N(Sp, brasil). 

brasil, n. see below, var., prasil /Caynatik, Sek'emtik, Hok' C'enom,


Muk'ta HokV. 

Tit'is brasil, nphr(n4f of n). bittersweet bush Wimmeria pubescens, 

# 1706(7,11,12,14). Lowland 'tree'. (14)-The trunk is used for fence 

posts. (7,11,12)-It is also used for house mainposts and firewood, 

sakil brasil, nphr(aj & n). bloodwood tree Haemotoxylum brasiletto, 

#199(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used for fenceposts. 

sakil brasiltik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of bloodwood trees. 

brin N(Sp, brin). 

brin, nla. large burlap bag for storing corn or beans, small burlap bag 

formerly used for salt. var.,prin, rin. cf. lona /more freq/. 

brinko N(Sp, gringo), 

brinko, n5. American, var., rinko. 

bu N. 

bu, n5. where, where?, somewhere. 

bu sabat. Where are you going? 

bu hunukal, nphr(n5 & num). which, which?, whichever one, which one? 

/with numeral classifiers/. 

bu hotukal. where, where?, to (or) on which side, to (or) on which 

side? wherever? 

bu kotukal. which one /animal or table, etc./. 

bu •>onos, nphr(n5 & pt). where in the world? 

pero bu wnos t sbat. But where in the world could he go? 

bui nos, nphr(n5 & pt/contr of lonos/). where in the world? 

buk, n(contr of bu & -uk)5. wherever. 

buk nos, nphr(n,contr of bu & -uk & pt)5. anywhere, everywhere, 

buy, n(contr of bu & ioy)5 where, where?, somewhere. 

hna?tik buy. Who knows where it is. 

buy ana. Where is your house? 

buy yan io. somewhere else. 

buy ")un. but you see... /conversational phrase or sentence initial 

expression that implies that something contrary to what had been 

expected is about to be related/. 

buyuk, n(contr of bu & toyuk)5. wherever, 

muk' bu, nphr(pt,contr of mu & yui & -uk & n5). never. 

muk' bu sik'ot. I have never been there. 

ta bu nos k'alal, nphr(prep & n5 & pt & pt). phrase or sentence terminal 

expression indicating extraordinary degree. 

tal hun tik' pero ta bu nos k'alal. A wind struck, stronger than you 

can imagine! 

bur N. 

bue, nle. bun /woman's hair done up in a bun after washing so it will 

not dry before it is combed/. 

buc> T. 

bue\ tv. kiss, smoke /cigarette/, suck /candy/, cf. Iek'(l). 

Boy's joking speech, or Male scolding speech; bue'an kat. Kiss my 

penis. 

hue*, nc. kiss, puff /cigarette/. 

bue*-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. kissing. 

bue'an, tv. kiss /saints/ (children). 

biie-'anbue'an, tv. kiss one after another (children making game of kissing 

saint images). 

bue*bon, av. nursing (child), suckling (animal), sucking /candy/, 

butf'el, nc. kiss, 

bue'et, av. smoking, 

bue'etik, av. cf. bue'et (plu). 

bue'ilan, tv. suck /fruit, candy/. 

bue'ilanan, tv. suck /candies/. 

bue'lahet, av. cf. bue"bon (plu). 

bueiahetik, av. cf. bue'bon (plu). 

bue'van, iv. kiss person, 

hbue'vaneh, agn. person who kisses another. 

buc(l) N. 

bu£, nld. gizzard, crop. 

birf(2) P or P(2). 

buc'-'Je, n(aj & ncpd)5. with pursed lips. 

bucahtik, aj. protruding (mushrooms). 

bufel, aj. pursed. 

bue'et, av. pursing /lips/ /whistling/, pouting. 

bu£k'ih lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). protrude (daub, boil), purse (lips). 

buclahct, av.. pursing (lips) /whistling/. 

buclih, av. gushing suddenly (blood). 

buitebudte lok'el, vphr(av & dr). gushing up here and there (springs). 

budul, aj. pursed (lips), protruding (blister). 

buiulik, aj. protruding (mushrooms). 

bui'u N. 

bu£'u, n5. who, who?, someone, anyone. 

muk' buc'u yec\ There is no one else like him. 

bui'u hunukal, nphr(n5 & n5). which one, which one? which person, 

which person? 

buC'uk hunukal, nphr(n/contr. of buc'u & -uk/& n5). whoever, 

bufutik, n5. whoever, who? /plu/. 

bub P. 

buhahtik, aj. hilly, bumpy (skin growth), 

buhan, tv. make protuberant. 

h-likel isbuhanbe yol. He made her heavy with child in a moment, 

buhbuh, aj. protuberant (skin growth), 

buhet, av. walking with great burden (horse), 

buhlah, av. cf. buhet (plu). 

buhuhet, av. walking with very swollen /stomach/ (pregnant woman), 

buhul, aj. protuberant (skin growth). 

buhulik, aj. bumpy (skin growths). 

buhtebuhte, av. walking about with swollen /stomach/ (pregnant woman). 

buk X. 

bukbon, av. puffing up (smoke, vapor). 

buket, av. cf. bukbon. 

buklahet, av. cf. bukbon (plu). 

buklih, av. puffing up suddenly (smoke, vapor), 

buktebukte, av. puffing up in one place after another, 

bukuket, av. puffing up in great quantities (smoke). 

bukaro N(Sp,7). 

bukaro, nld. common gladiolus Gladiolus hortulanus, #615(1,2,3). Highland 

"plant". Many Zinacantecs grow gladiola in humid ground and 

in their yards. The bulbs are planted at the beginning of the rainy 

season. The flowers are put in altar vases by people visiting the 

churches, and by stewards, stewards-royal, and elders. The flowers 

are sold at market in San Cristobal and Tuxtla. 

bukaroaltik, n5. large field of gladiola. 

bukarotik, n5. field of gladiola. 

lit'is" bukaro, nphr(n4f of n). Tritonia crocosmiiflora, #16(1,3,4), 

#2943(1). Highland "plant". It grows wild along streams. The bulbs 

are planted in yards at the beginning of the rainy season. The flowers 

are put in altar vases. 


bul(l) T. 

bul, tv. uproot, pull up by the roots, pull out, pluck /weeds, hair, beard, 

feathers/, harvest /kidney beans/. Male joking speech; fart. 

bul, iv. be plucked. 

bul, nc. harvest /beans/. 

bul ba, rv. overestimate one's abilities /to work or to earn money/. 

bul-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual trickery. 

bulan, tv. pull out or pluck /plu/. 

bulel, nc. harvest (beans). 

bulilan, tv. keep uprooting /grass/ or harvesting /beans/, keep plucking 

/feathers, hair, beard/. 

bulilan ba, rv. keep boasting. 

bulilanan, tv. keep harvesting /beans/. 

bulilanan baik, rv. keep boasting (plu). 

bulob "?alak', nphr(n4f of n4d). pot used to scald chicken. 

bulob •nsimil, nphr(nlf of n3d). tweezers. 

bulobil TisimU, nphr(nlf of n3d). cf. bulob nisimil. 

bulobil kaslan, nphr(nlf of n5). pot used to scald chicken. 

bnl(2) P or P(2). 

bul-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. wide-eyed, pop-eyed. 

bulahtik, aj. wide-eyed /plu./. 

bulanan, tv. pull out or pluck /plu/. 

bulanbiilan, tv. pull out one after another. 

bulanbulanan, tv. cf. bulanbiilan. 

bulbon, av. with bulging eyes (dead animal). 

bulbul, aj. wide-eyed, pop-eyed. 

buteah, iv. lose sight (eye). 

bulel, aj. wide-eyed. 

bulet, av. staring fixedly (impolite child). 

bulk'ill, iv. lose sight (eye). 

t sbulk'ih ssat ta Tikaeil. His eyes are bulging from /the strain of/ 

his burden /when person strains to keep head upright while observing/. 

bultebulte, av. staring at one thing after another (impolite child). 

buluk' sat, nphr(x & n)5. horaworm. This highland caterpillar, with 

eye markings, is probably the larva of a hawk moth. Both men and 

women are said to have a white hornworm inside them, but the presence 

of a brown hornworm in a woman's womb reputedly is the 

cause for the failure of her breasts to develop and barrenness. If such 

a woman does give birth, it will not be to a child, but to a hornworm. 

buluk' sat e^lel, nphr(n/x & n/ type n). bush sage Sahia tilliaefolia, 

#1518(11,12), #2059(18), #2481(21,22). Highland "plant', dayflower 

Commelina erecta, #1306(8). Lowland 'plant". Sahia purpurea, 

#2703(21). Lowland plant". 

buluL aj. protruding (mucous). 

bululik, aj. with popping eyes (frog, person from hunger or anger). 

bulvan ta k'elel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). stare fixedly at person. 

bnl(3) N. 

bul has, nphr(nlf of nld). foam of boiling corn. 

bulan, iv. bubble up (boning water). 

bulbul, nc. single brief boiling /I only/. 

bulel, nc /I-3/. brief boiling (fresh com). 

bulomah, iv. boil. 

bulukil, n4f. much foam /mouth of drunk/. 

buluc Num. 

buluc , n(num & nccpd)le. eleven. 

bulucib, nle. eleven. 

bulhucib, n5. in or by elevens, every eleven. 

bur O. 

bur, onom. gurgle (water or blood). 

burbon, av. gurgling, bubbling, dribbling (mucous), pustulating. 

buret, av. gushing, gurgling 

burlahet, av. gushing or gurgling in many places, slurping (pig V3: 4), 

burbling (spring EKL 255: 1-3). 

burlih, av. gurgling suddenly (water, blood). 

burur, av. gushing. 

bururet, av. gurgling, gushing (water, slaughtered bull's blood). 

bururih, iv. gurgle, make bubbling sound. 

bururin, tv. gurgle (child playing with drinking water). 

burteburte, av. gushing up here and there. 

burnt- N(Sp, embudo). 

bume, nla. funnel /used for cane liquor/. 

buro N(Sp, burro). 

buro, nld. donkey. 

buro, aj. stupid. 

bus P or P(2). 

bus, nc. pile (rocks, wood, earth, com). 

bus ba, nphr(n of n)5. gopher hill. It is believed that if dirt is rubbed on 

one's hands right after a gopher has left, the corn will provide a good 

yield. 

busahtik, aj. in piles. 

busan, tv. pile. 

skotol isbusanbe. lit., He piled up everything against him, i.e., He 

accused him of everything. 

busanbusan, tv. make into one pile after another. 

busanbusanan, tv. make many piles. 

busantik, aj. in widely spaced piles. 

busbon, av. forming piles. 

busbus, nc. single pile /I only/. 

buset, av. in piles, in clusters (chicks). 

busetik, av. in clusters (chicks). 

busi, iv. be in a pile. 

ye£ t sbusi ta balamil li tak'ine. lit., The money is just in a pile on 

the earth, i.e., He is spending all his money in vain. 

busk'ih, iv. be wasted (money), pile up (fallen fruits). 

busk'in, tv. spill /solids/. 

busk'inan, tv. cf. busk'in. 

buslah, av. spilling into piles (plu). 

buslahet, av. in clouds (smoke), making mounds (gopher). 

busleh, n4f. in pile. 

buslih, av. spilling suddenly. 

bustebiiste yalel, vphr(av & dr). spilling in many places. 

busukil, n4f. many piles, many mounds /gopher hill/. 

busul, aj. in a pile, accumulated (work). 

busulbusul, n4f. each of many piles. 

busus, av. spilling into piles. 

bususet yalel, vphr(av & dr). spilling into piles. 

but P. 

butahtik, aj. with rear sticking out /plu/. 

k'ak'al butahtik. protruding (potatoes, tubers). 

butan, tv. stick out rear. 

butan ba, rv. throw self down with rear sticking up (drunk). 

butanbutan, tv. move rear from side to side (mule unwilling to accept 

load). 

butbon, av. moving rear from side to side (hard-working man), wagging 

rear. 

butbut, aj. bumpy, with mounds or knobs, low (hill). 

butel, aj. with rear sticking out. 

Scolding speech, to late sleepers; butel acak tana. Your rear is sticking 

out now. 

butet, av. walking bowed /under heavy load/, working with rear sticking 

out. 

butetik, av. cf. butet (plu). 

buti, iv. lie with rear sticking up. 

butk'ih, iv. fall over (pot), fall down (mule, drunk). 

butk'in, tv. knock over. 

butk'inan, tv. knock over /plu/. 

butk'inbutk'in, tv. knock over one after another. 

butk'inbutk'inan, tv. cf. butk'inbutk'in. 

butlah, av. walking bent under burden (plu). 

butlahet, av. staggering (sing). 

butlahetik, av. cf. butbon (plu).

88. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 

butleh, nld. lying with rear sticking up (drunk). 

buttebiitte ta 9anil, vphr(av & prep & vn5). hurrying along bent under 

burden. 

butul, aj. squatting or lying with rear sticking out, lying on side. 

butul-cakih, iv(aj & ivcpd). go backwards or in reverse. 

butul-cakin, tv(aj & tvcpd). turn one's back to /in bed/. 

butut, av. rolling or moving slowly (boulder). 

bututet, av. sticking up (large burden). 

but' T(2). 

but', iv. be enclosed, be blanketed /in clouds or mist/. 

t shut' sa tal lunial tok. The mist is coming, blanketing /the countryside/. 

but'i, tv. bury, cover up /corpse, feces, coals/, fill up /hole/. 

but'ih, iv. be filled up (hole). 

but'iobil, n4f. shovel. 

but'ul, aj. blanketed /in mist/, 

but'ul 9osil. thick fog. 

Ritual speech, referring deprecatingly to one's offerings; mu me k'u 

temel mu me k'u but'ul. There is nothing piled up, there is nothing 

covered up. 

buy 

buy, where, when. cf. bu. 

bwelta N(Sp, vuelta). 

bwelta, nla. turn, curve, quick trip, var., belta, byelta, velta /Paste 1 )/. 

bwelta. Turn! /command to mule/. 

bweno 

bweno, well, fine. cf. ben(2). 

byahe N(Sp, viaje). 

byahe, nld. trip. 

byelta 

byelta, turn, curve, cf. bwelta. 

byernes N(Sp, viernes). 

byernes, nle. Friday. 

ha? ")o 9oc sbyeraesal. It was on Friday of that week, var., yernes. 

byernes santo, nphr(n & aj)5. Good Friday. 

byernestik, n5. Lenten Fridays. 

ea, be accepted, cf. eak. 

eai 

ea.1, excrement, cf. ati. 

arm 

ea?n, why? cf. eal(l). 

e 

eae, hair. cf. cmr(l). 

cac(2) 

cae, strength, strong, cf. eoe(2). 

eaeal 

eaea?, excrement, cf. eo">. 

eah(l) 

eah, fermenting, cf. eoh(2). 

«sh(2) T. 

eah, tv. wear for the first time /clothes/, break in /jug by filling it with 

lime water or pot by boiling corn starch/. 

eahan, tv. break in /jugs, pots/ (wife of entering religious official), 

eahanan, tv. cf. eahan. 

eahaneahan, tv. break in one after another /jugs, pots/, 

eahaneahanan, tv. cf. eahaneahan. 

eahob, nlf. lime water for breaking in jug, cornstarch for breaking in pot. 

eahobil, nlf. cf. eahob. 

eahulan, tv. break in slowly. 

eak T(2). 

eak, tv. take, seize, grab, bite, catch /animals, cold/, capture, hit (bullet, 

machete), hold on to. 

t siseak simal ?obal. I caught a cold. 

eake lek i kie'ine. my younger brother caught it good! 

seak sa vah yilel. He is eating tortillas now, it seems /convalescent/. 

eak, iv. be seized, grabbed or captured. 

eak ?abtel, vphr(tv & vn5). begin office. 

eak ?abtel, vphr(tv & vn4d). begin work. 

eak ba, rv. stick, mend, be on the mend, quarrel, fight. 

eak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. quarrel, fight. 

eak coy, vphr(tv & n5). fish. 

eak lum, vphr(tv & n5). take root, grow (young plant, child). 

eak semana, vphr(tv & n4d). begin one's week of office or work (elder, 

steward-royal, publican, scribe, constable, justice of the peace, alderman, 

hired laborer). 

eak ta ?it'isal, vphr(tv/3s/ & prep & n5). become jealous. 

eak ta vun, vphr(tv & prep & n5). record /names/. 

eakak, av. sticking. 

eakaket, av. sticking, sticky. 

eakal, aj. stuck, joined, clinging (tick), busy, written, unchanged /condition 

of patient/, impoverished. 

eakal ta sk'ob hyu9el. He has the backing of the government, 

eakal ta totil ta me?il. He is supported by the tutelary gods. 

eakan, tv. catch or bite /plu/. 

eakan ba, rv. be on the mend (people). 

eakan baik, tv. catch each other (people). 

eakanan, tv. infect people. 

eakanan ba, rv. cf. eakan ba. 

eakaneakan, tv. catch one after another /chickens/. 

eakaneakanan, tv. cf. eakaneakan. 

eakavul, n3a. joint /limb of human or animal/. 

eakbe ba nuk\ vphr(tv & rpn & n4f). match tuning with that of others 

in group. 

eakbe baik, rv. pick each other's /lice/, take each other's /gifts/. 

eakbe cikin, vphr(tv & n4d). hold by the ears /unbroken mule so that it 

can be loaded/. 

eakbe k'ob, vphr(tv & n4d). shake hands. 

eakbe nuk', vphr(tv & n4f). tune /stringed instrument/ to match others 

in group. 

eakeak ba, rv. fight each other (cats, drunks, dogs). 

eakeon, av. sticking (burs), furry (mouth), sticky, clinging to (child). 

eakel, nld. imprisonment, murder /archaic/. 

eakel, nc. imprisonment. 

eaklahet, av. grabbing /women/, holding onto /skirts/ (children). 

eaklahetik, av. cf. eaklahet. 

eakleb 9ak\ nphr(n4f of n4e). string holder /fiddle/. 

eakleb kurup, nphr(n4f of n4d). peg to which are attached strings holding 

string holder /fiddle/. 

eakob coy, nphr(nlf of n5). fish hook, fish net. 

eakob kumpareil, nphr(n of n)5. cane liquor presented by fiance's family 

at house-entering ceremony to establish ritual kin ties between the two 

families. 

eakobil coy, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. eakob coy. 

eakteeakte, av. walking about picking fights (drunk). 

eakulan, tv. keep seizing, taking, catching, capturing, or grabbing. 

eakulanan, tv. keep grabbing /girls/. 

eakulanan baik, rv. keep grabbing each other. 

eakvan, iv. catch or capture person, cause illness, bite person (dog), have 

coitus (rooster). 

heak-£oy, agn(tv & ncpd). 'fish catcher', belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon, 

cf. hlti-coy., snowy egret Leucophoyx thula, cf. karsa., pied-billed grebe 

Podilymbus podiceps. 

heakol, agn. hunting dog. 

heakvaneh, agn. person who catches or captures another (constable). 

eauk, tv(contr of eak & -uk) ritual speech, prayer; take heed. 

eauk ?une htot eauk ?une kahval. Take heed, My Father, take heed, 

My Lord! 

eak'(l) X. 

eak'ak'et, av. prickly, stinging (many nettles or caterpillar hairs in skin).

eak'eon, av. prickly, stinging (one nettle or caterpillar hair). 

cak'luh, av. pricking or stinging suddenly /nettle or caterpillar hair in 

skin/. 

eak'(2) P or P(2). 

eak'al, aj. strong (horse), shiny (pot, table), well-made (house), 

eak'eon, av. walking strongly (mule), 

eak'lab, av. cf. eak'eon (plu). 

eak'labet, av. cf. eak'eon (plu). 

eak'teeak'te, av. walking about strongly (mule). 

«J(1) Pt. 

eal -Juwn, ptphr(pt & n4d/3s/). why? /implies person is at fault/, 

ealuk, pt. why? /implies person is at fault/, 

earn, pt(contr of eal & yuiun) why? /implies person is at fault/, 

ran, pt. why? /implies person is at fault/. 

ean sabat. Why did you go? 

eal(2) T. 

eal, tv. flatten /ground/, level, dress /log/, trick, 

mu sta ealel ta k'opetik. He can't be tricked, 

eal, nc. levering. 

ealanealan, tv. dress one after another /logs/. 

ealanealanan, tv. cf. ealanealan. 

ealbil, aj. unable to carry heavy loads (mule, person), impoverished. 

ealbil-"?ec", iv(aj & ivcpd). graze (bullet, machete). 

ealel, nc. leveling, 

ealel, aj. be left behind /in work/. 

ealobil, n4f. instrument for leveling ground or dressing log /hoe, ax/. 

ealulan, tv. level, dress /logs/, keep tricking, 

ealulanan, tv. keep dressing /logs/. 

ealulanvan, iv. keep laying person low /sickness/, 

ealvan, iv. deceive person. 

ealvan ta camel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). give sickness to /by witchcraft/, 

healvaneh, agn. deceiver. 

rahib N. 

ealub, n4d. cockscomb, 

ealub kelem, nphr(n of n). 'rooster's cockscomb', Castilleja inlegrifolia, 

#2171(14). Temperate "plant" 

•and) T(2). 

ean, tv. light /fire, match, lamp/, turn on /light or flashlight/, make 

heated /argument/. 

ean, iv. become heated (argument), become clear (sky) /balamil/. 

eanal ?osil, nphr(aj & n5). clear sky /day or night/. 

eanal balamil, nphr(aj & n5). clear sky /day or night/, 

eanan, tv. light /fires, etc./. 

eanesbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). try to track down, seek clues or leads to, 

pursue an investigation, make an issue of, take strong action, take to 

court, 

eanesbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). lodge more complaints against, add to 

the charges against. 

iseanesbe smul sci'Til ti mi eakbil sa ta cukele. He lodged more 

complaints against his companion now that he had been jailed, 

eanet 7u"Hin, vphr(av & n4d). flashing about /flashlight/. 

eanob kantela, nphr(nlf of nld). altar candlestick, match, 

eanob k'ok', nphr(nlf of nld). kindling /pine twigs/, 

eanob sik'alal, nphr(nlf of nld). cigarette lighter, match, 

eanobil kantela, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. eanob kantela. 

eanobil k'ok*, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. eanob k'ok'. 

eanobil sik'alal, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. eanob sik'alal. 

eanub, iv. become heated (argument). 

ean(2) 

ean, why? cf. eal(l). 

ean(3) O. 

ean, onom. sound of bell, ding, 

eananet, av. ringing (bell, VI: 4, VI: 5, new pot or waterjug, cans), 

tootling (hand organ EKL 255: 2-13). 

eaneon, av. dinging (bell EKL 259: 2-11), chiming (bell EKL 255: 2-5). 

eanlah, av. clattering (log dragged over rocks) /sing or plu/. 


eanlahet, av. ringing (bells V2: 3, bell, EKL255: 2-4, EKL255: 2-6, pots, 

waterjugs, cans), clattering (logs dragged over rocks). 

eanluh, av. ringing suddenly (bell). 

eanuh, onom. sudden ding or ring /sound of bell, or pot/. 

eanulan, tv. keep making ring /new pots or waterjugs to test if they are 

sound/. 

eanulanan, tv. keep making ring many /new pots, etc./. 

eap prob P or P(2). 

eap-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with messy hair. 

eapahtik, aj. cf. eapal /plu/. 

eapal, aj. wild, unruly (hair). 

eapalik, aj. cf. eapal /plu/. 

eapeaptik, aj. rather wild or messy (hair). 

eapet, av. with wild or unruly (hair). 

eaplahet, av. cf. eapet (plu). 

eapleh, n4d. messy (hair). 

eapteeapte, av. walking about with wild or unruly (hair). 

eapo A(Sp, zapo). 

eapo, aj. short, squat (mule, donkey). 

eap' I. 

eap', iv. dry, shrink (wood, vine, corn, thatch, beans). 

eap'eap', iv. dry or shrink slightly. 

eap'eap'tik, iv. dry or shrink slightly. 

eap'es, tv. set in the sun to dry. 

eav P. 

eavahtik, aj. cf. eaval /plu/. 

eaval, aj. standing up (hair, beard, wool), chilled (sick person). 

eavalik, aj. prickly (beard). 

eavan, tv. set down /wool or pile of weeds/. 

eavan ba, rv. cause feathers to stand on end (hen, turkey hen), sit recuperating 

(sick person). 

eavanan, tv. set down wool or piles of weeds /plu/. 

eavaneavan, tv. set down one pile after another (weeds, wool). 

eavaneavanan, tv. cf. eavaneavan. 

eavav, av. feeling sudden chill. 

eavavet, av. feeling sudden chill. 

eaveav, aj. standing up (hair). 

eaveavul, n4f. standing up (hair;. 

eaveon, av. walking very slowly (sick person), moving indistinctly (goat 

at night), walking with thick hair (dog). 

eavel, aj. standing up (hair). 

eavet, av. approaching erectly (devil in the dark), feeling chill, feeling 

tipsy. 

eavi, iv. stand up (hair), be huddled over (sick person). 

eavlahet, av. prickling /sensation felt by feverish person/. 

eavleh, nlf. standing up (hair). 

eavluh, av. feeling sudden chill. 

eavteeavte, av. feeling chills throughout body. 

eavubil, aj. stealthily (robber walking). 

eay(l) prob P or P(2). 

eay-nuk', n(aj & ncpd). long-necked, bare-necked (woman). 

eayahtik, aj. cf. eayal /plu/. 

eayal, aj. long-necked, bare-necked. 

eayeay, aj. long-necked, bare-necked. 

eayeon, av. walking with long or bare neck (woman, ewe). 

eayel, aj. long-necked, bare-necked. 

eayet, av. walking with long or bare neck (woman). 

eaylah, av. walking with long or bare neck (woman), running and bobbing 

head (sheep). 

eaylahet, av. cf. eayeon (plu). 

eayteeayte, av. walking about with long or bare neck (woman), running 

about bobbing head (sheep). 

eay(2) A. 

eay, aj. small (girl, mule) /not having reached full stature/. 

eayal, aj. small (cup, pot, girl, horse, waterjug, griddle, basket) /referring 

to girl or horse it implies that full stature has not been reached, referring


to object it occurs only in expression; mas eayal hutuk: It is a little 

smaller/. 

eayalik, aj. cf. eayal /plu/. 

ee A. 

ee, aj. unripe, undercooked. 

eeuetik, aj. rather unripe or uncooked, 

eeil, n4f. unripeness. 

yalem t sak' pero kapal seeil. He offers them at a low price, but 

unripe ones are mixed in. 

eeil ?osil nphr(aj & n)5. fallow land. 

eeil nukul, nphr(aj & n)la. untanned leather, 

ecrintaan, tv. laugh at /people/, 

eel nukul, nphr(aj & n)la. cf. eeil nukul. 

eeub, iv. become inedible (beans that harden, cabbage that becomes 

bitter when boiled). 

eeubtas, tv. make inedible /cenek'u! vah, pisil vah/ (pregnant woman). 

ee? N. 

ee?eh, vn5. amusement, 

eeêh law, vphr(vn & tv). be amused by. 

ee9eh nos sa?i mi ?ipote. He is just amused when you get sick. 

ee?eh loil, nphr(vn type n)5. humorous conversation, joking. 

eeleh Io9ilotik6tik. We were talking and laughing. 

ee?et, av. smiling 

eoetik, av. cf. eeiet (plu). 

ee?ih lo?il, nphr(vn type n)5. cf. eeteh lotil. 

ee?in, tv. laugh. Laughing by girls is considered promiscuous. 

ee?inta, tv. laugh at. 

eeîntavan, iv. laugh at or mock person. 

hee?etel, agn. merry person. 

hee-mitavaneh, agn. person who mocks another or who laughs at girl. 

?umet ee9in, vphr(av & tv). suppressing laughter, 

mukul-ee'rin, tv(aj & tvcpd). suppress laughter. 

eeb(l) N. 

eeb, nld. girl, daughter /reference and address/, woman younger than 

speaker /reference/. 

eeb vo9tus, cf. voftus. 

eebah, iv. become girl-like. It is believed that a molly mule can be 

rejuvenated three times, 

eebal, nla. girl, young female animal. 

hay-kot seebalil. How many female /chicks/ are there? 

ecbal, n4d. girlhood. 

ta seebal. when she was a girl. 

eebal , nphr(natt & n5). young female animal, pre-laying 

/hen, turkey/. 

eebal cih. ewe. 

eebal •Jane, young woman, 

eebal vo?tus, cf. voTtus. 

eebil, n5. daughter. 

ip'isat ta eebil. She was treated as a daughter, 

eebin, tv. accept as one's daughter, adopt /daughter/, 

eeb, n5. Baby talk; girl. 

eeb(2) prob A or N. 

eebiltas, tv. wash another person's hair, 

eebiltasan, tv. wash people's hair /children/, 

eebiltasobil, n4f. "flower water", 

eebiltasvan, iv. wash another person's hair. 

eebin, tv. wash hair with. Ritual speech, prayer begging forgiveness for 

physical violence; wash head with. 

ta heebin savon. I am shampooing my hair. 

ta heebinbe snicim li kahvaltike. I am washing my hair with Our 

Lord's flower /water/, i.e., water left over from washing steward's 

coffer. 

mi seebin ti hun sc'ic'ele mi seebin ti hun ssankre. Was his head 

washed in blood, was his head bathed in blood? 

eebin, iv. wash one's hair, 

eebinahebal, n3d. Ritual speech, curing prayer; shampooing place, cf. 

latinahebal, 

heebiltasvaneh, agn. person who washes another's hair (shaman, mother, 

women assistants of steward who wash the hair of everyone present with 

the water left over from washing coffer), 

heebnel, agn. person washing hair, 

heebnom, agn. person who washes hair. 

cek(l) N. 

eek, nle. scorpion. 

eek k'ob, nphr(n4e of n4d). whorl on ball of the thumb. 

cek(2) N. 

eek, nig. spindle whorl /clay/, partial veil /mushroom/, sheath /com, 

sugar cane, palm, bamboo, reed/, fruiting stalk /of banana after all the 

fruit have been removed/. 

eek hcSamu 1 ), nphr(n of agn)5. poisonous caterpillar, cf. eukumal tok'oy. 

eek krus, nphr(n of n)5. velveteen cloth used to cover middle of gospel 

cross, 

eekil, n3a. skirt, inan. poss.; seekil. 

sk'an seekil sk'uîlal li k'ine. There is no skirt for the party clothes, 

eekin, tv. steal skirt. 

eekin komel, vphr(tv & dr). strip corn leaves down to the sheath (hail), 

eek, n5. Baby talk; skirt. 

eel(l) P. 

eel, nc. large mound (logs, stones, straw, fruit, adobe), 

eelahtik, aj. cf. eelel /plu/. 

eelan, tv. make large mound /firewood, stones/. 

skotol ?iseelanbe. He accused him of everything, 

eelanan, tv. make large mounds /plu/. 

eelanbe ?ikae, vphr(tv & n4d). load /mule/. 

eelanbe ")ilil, vphr(tv & n3d). heap debts on. 

eelaneelan, tv. make one large mound after another, 

eelaneelanan, tv. cf. eelaneelan. 

eelel, aj. in large mound (logs, stones, straw, bags, fruit, adobe, snake), 

accumulated (work). 

eelel smuk'ul. She is pleasingly plump, 

eeleleelel, n4f. each of many piles. 

eelet, av. walking heavily burdened (person). 

cel(2) 

eel, untanned leather, cf. ee. 

rel(3) X. 

eeleon, av. rushing furiously, swirling (water), 

eelelet, av. rippling (water), 

eellahet, av. rushing (river). 

eel(4) X. 

eelelet, av. feeling cramps /in limbs/, tingling /limb that has fallen 

asleep/. 

eelteeelte, av. piercing here and there (pain of wound), 

eeluel, nld. cramp. 

eel(5) X. 

eelav, n4f. ridge /ground/, 

eele-pat, n(x & ncpd)le. 'ridged bark ?', butterfly bush Buddleia nitida, 

#38(1,2,3,4), #2932(3). Highland "tree". The trunk is used for house 

mainposts, rafters, roof rods, posts of wooden-walled houses, fence 

posts, for com bin, stile, and gate rails, for corn stubble rakes, and for 

firewood. If a person warms himself before a fire of butterfly bush 

wood it is believed that he will get cramps, var., eelo-pal /Htek-lum/. 

butterfly bush Buddleia chordata, #B9475(5). Highland "tree", 

skutch's butterfly bush Buddleia skutchii, #2237(19). Highland 

"tree" shrubby butterfly bush Buddleia crotonoides, #2048(18). 


eele-pattik, n(x & ncpd)5. expanse of butterfly bushes. 

?ik'al eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & nepd/). skutch's butterfly bush Buddleia 

skutchii, #2770(1,4). Highland "tree", butterfly bush Buddleia 

nitida, #2932(1,3). Highland "tree". 

?it'is eele-pat, nphr(n4f of n/x & nepd/). american butterfly bush Buddleia 

amerkana, #3000(11). Lowland "tree". It is used for firewood. 

bae"i eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & nepd/). skutch's butterfly bush Bud-

dleia skutchii, #1768(15). Highland "tree". 

bik'it eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). shrubby butterfly bush Buddleia 

crolonoides, #2396(20). Highland "tree". 

can-eelav, n(num & ncpd). 'four-ridged', shrubby butterfly bush Buddleiacrotonoides, 

#B9259(5,5a). Highland "tree*, butterfly bush Buddleianitida, 

#B9483(5,5a). Highland "tree", butterfly bush Buddleia 

amplexicaulis, #2512(21,22). Highland "tree". 

can-eelav eele-pat, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n/x & ncpd/). shrubby 

butterfly bush Buddleia crotonoides, #32(1,2,3,4,5), #2048(3,17), 

#2396(3,4), #2451(1). Highland "tree". The trunk is used for 

house mainposts, posts of wooden-walled houses, and fence posts. 

The sprigs are used in the steam cure that follows blood-letting or 

that is given to reduce swelling. Thirteen sprigs of butterfly bush 

are used together with thirteen sprigs of pom i'a-tei, six sprigs of 

yihil lanal lahan ton, a large handful of lik'alpom e'unun, a handful 

of sat pukuh, and a handful of lahval tei. It is "hot". For further 

description of steam cure cf. pus ton. butterfly bush Buddleia amplexicaulis, 

#2277(3,4), #2512(4). Highland "tree". Same use as 

above. 

hic'il ">anal eele-pat, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/x & ncpd/). 'narrowleaved 

eele-pat', Calea integrifolia, #493(1,2,3,5). Highland "tree", 

k'os eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). american butterfly bush Buddleia 

americana, #3000(1,4,5). Lowland "tree", shrubby butterfly 

bush Buddleia crotonoides, #2451(20). Highland "tree" butterfly 

bush Buddleia amplexicaulis, #2277(19). Highland "tree" 

sakil eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). american butterfly bush Buddleia 

americana, #206(1,2,3,4,5). Lowland "tree", skutch's butterfly 

bush Buddleia skutchii, #1768(4,5), #2237(1,3,4). Highland "tree". 

Lippia chiapensis, #B9485(5a). Highland "tree". 

eelleh, n5. ridge /mountain/. 

eellehaltik, n5. many long ridges. 

eellehtik, n5. long ridge. 

eelo-pat, cf. eele-pat 

eelp'un, tv. dodge /blow, bullet/. 

can-eelav, n(num & ncpd). four-sided. 

can-eelav let, nphr(n/num & npcd/type n)la. beam. 

hoi eel, nphr(n of n)le. ridgepole. 

eemen N. 

semen, n5. baird's tapir Tapirus bairdii. 

eep P, P(2). 

eep-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with rough haircut. 

eepahtik, aj. with rough haircut /phi/. 

eepan, tv. hack. 

eepaneepan, tv. hack one after the other. 

eepaneepanan, tv. cf. eepaneepan. 

eepbe, tv. hack at. 

t saheepbe macita. I'll hack at you with a machete. 

cepeon, av. hacking, walking with rough haircut /like a Chamula/. 

eepel hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with rough haircut. 

eepet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). with rough haircut. 

eepkunta, tv. hack at and abandon /tree/. 

eepkuntik, aj. rough (haircut), hacked (tree, ground). 

eeplahet, av. hacking (plu). 

eeplahetik, av. hacking (plu). 

cepluh, av. suddenly causing shallow wound. 

eepulan, tv. hack /with machete, axe, hoe, etc./. 

eepulanan, tv. hack /plu/. 

eepteeepte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with rough haircut /hatless/. 

eepen N or A. 

eepenah, iv. heal (wound). 

rib N. 

eib, n5. fern. 

eibaltik, n5. large expanse of ferns. 

eibtik, n5. expanse of ferns, 

•rik'al 9ok eib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'black-stemmed fern', mai- 


denhair fern Adiantum andicola, #163(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". 

(5)-The leaves are crushed in water which is given to sheep suffering 

wind", pine fern Anemia adiantifolia, #222(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

plant" 

•tik'al eib, nphr(aj & n). see below, 

muk'ta 9ik'al eib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Anemia phyllitidis, 

#2563(1,4). Temperate "plant" 

eahal eib, nphr(aj & n). holly fern Polystichum distans, #159(1,2,4,5). 

Highland "plant". Holly ferns are used to decorate the roof of the 

creche and the church of St. Sebastian on Christmas Eve. (23)-The 

stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary provide one hundred and fifty 

plants on the Seventh Posada. 

c'ib eib, nphr(n type n). Cyrtomium remoti-sporum, #549(1,3). Temperate 

"plant" 

hamal •'anal eib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'broad-leaved fern', Elaphoglossum 

longifolium, #1860(1). Highland "plant", 

kilahtik eib, nphr(aj & n). 'long fern', Asplenium monanthes, 

#160(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". Polypodium angustifolium, 

#165(1,2,4,5). Highland plant", 

•nk'al kilahtik eib, nphriaj & nphr/aj & n/). Polypodium angustifolium 

var. amphostenon, #547(1,3). Temperate plant" 

sakil kilahtik eib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Polypodium xalapense, 

#548(1,3). Temperate "plant" Polypodium angustifolium, 

#979(1,3). Highland plant" 

muk'ta eib, nphr(aj & n). holly fern Polystichum pallidum, #B9270 

(5,5a). Highland "plant", chain fern Woodvardia spinulosa, 

#161(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". Anemia phyllitidis, #2563(21,22). 

Temperate "plant". 

•?ik'al muk'ta eib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Cyrtomium remoti-sporum, 

#96(1,2,4,5). Highland plant" 

muruc' eib, nphr(aj & n). 'kinky fern', Notholaena sinuata, 

#102(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "plant" 

sakil ?ok eib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). white-stemmed fem', Lophosoriaquadripinnata, 

#167(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". Thelypteris kunthii, 

#215(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant" 

sakil eib, nphr(aj & n). Llavea cordifolia, #95(1,2,3,4,5). Highland 

plant". Cheilanthes farinosa, #1063(1,3). Highland "plant", 

yasal eib, nphr(aj & n). Notholaena sinuata, #814(1,2,3,5). Highland 

"plant" 

kilahtik yasal eib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 'long green fern', Dichaea 

sp., #1246(1,3,4,5). Temperate "plant", 

eib habnal, cf. habnal. 

eibal c'ut tei, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/). 'tree trunk fern', Polypodium 

angustifolium, #555(1,3). Temperate "plant". 

eibal k'a'Me'?, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). 'rotten tree fem', Polypodium 

munchii, #1862(1,16). Highland "plant". 

eoein eibal k'aMe'i, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). 'hairy rotten 

tree fem', Elaphoglossum hirtum, #1224(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant" 

eibal ton, nphr(natt & n). 'rock fern', see below, 

sakil eibal ton, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Drymaria muliiflora, 


eie(l) T. 

eie, tv. advise, punish, discipline, swear to secrecy. 

yaixm lek seie sc'amal mu smah sctfil •Ji mu sêlk'ah. He disciplines 

his children well; they don't hit their siblings and they don't steal, 

mu sna9 seie sc"amal li kriscano ti mi tol k'usi stam ta yan 9o na k'al 

svula'Jahike. People don't know how to discipline their children if 

they take many things from other's houses when they visit, 

eie, iv. be punished, 

eiean, tv. advise /children/ /plu/. 

eieanan, tv. cf. eiean. 

ei'eanei'ean, tv. advise one after another /children/, 

ei'eanei'eanan, tv. cf. eieaneiean. 

eieel, vn5. advice, punishment, 

eieulan, tv. keep giving orders, keep disciplining, 

eieulanan, tv. keep giving orders to /plu/, keep disciplining /children/.


eievan, iv. advise or punish person. 

heie-me"?el, agn(tv & ncpd). disciplinarian /woman/, 

heie-mol, agn(tv & ncpd). disciplinarian /man/, 

heieel, agn. person punished, 

heievaneh, agn. counselor. 

ek{2) N. 

eie(l),nla. marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, #1461(11,12), #1742(15,16), 

#2378(20), #2499(21,22), #2584(21,22). Highland "plant" 

(15)-Three entire plants are ground on the metate, mixed with water, 

and used to flavor com gruel. (20)-The flavor is similar to cinnamon. 

It is sold at market in Tuxtla. (15,20,21,22)-lt is "hot". 

eictik, n5. expanse of marsh marigolds. 

bae"i eie, nphr(aj & n). marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, #2057(3). 

Highland "plant". Same use as eieal ")ul. 

k'os eie, nphr(aj & n). marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, #2499(4). Highland 

"plant". It is used to flavor corn gruel, but if too much is added 

to the gruel one can fall ill. It is "hot". 

muk'ta eie, nphr(aj & n). marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, 

# 1159(1,4,5). Highland "plant". (5)-It grows in yards. A handful is 

soaked in corn gruel for seasoning. It is "cold". #1894(1,3,4,16,17), 

#2584(1,4). Temperate "plant" (l)-It is brewed and sweetened 

with sugar as a substitute for coffee. (17)-The leaves are ground 

and used to season corn gruel. It is "hot" 

stentehal eie, nphr(nalt & n). 'field eie', Tagetes schiedeana, 


yasal nic eie, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'blue-flowered eie', Cuphea 

utriculosa, #1622(11,12). Temperate "plant". 

eie(2), nla. avocado. This is a small, black, smooth-skinned avocado, cf. 

eie te->(2). 

eie-iat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with small testicles (boy), 

eie e^lel, nphr(n type n). Crusea subulata, #1887(16,17). Temperate 

"plant".(17)-As a remedy for stomachache /k'us loionil, k'us c'util/, a 

small bunch is brewed with brown sugar. One or two spoonsful are 

taken before meals for one day. It is "hot". Linum schiedeanum, 

#1048(1,3,5). Highland "plant". Tagetes filifolia, #2033(18). Highland 

plant". Cuphea utriculosa, #2814(7,12). Lowland "plant" 

k'os eie e'iilel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Linum schiedeanum, 

#1886(1,3,4). Temperate plant". 

eie pos, nphr(n type n). 'eie medicine', St. John's wort Hypericum uliginosum, 

#653(1,2,3,4), #2324(3,4). Highland plant". As a remedy for 

swelling, a handful of plants is brewed, and a small cup of the tea is 

drunk from one to three times a day. It is "hot". #1383(3). Temperate 

"plant" As a remedy for "cold wind", a handful of stems are 

brewed with brown sugar, rue, and sun rose. A bowlful of the tea is 

drunk before meals for three days. It is "hot". 

eie tet{\), nphr(n type n). loose strife Lythrum lanceolatum, #930(1,3), 

# 1409(3), # 1739(3). Highland plant". The stems are cut by women 

and the bark scraped off for use as bodkins. #1881(1,3,4). Temperate 

"plant", wild flax Linum mexicanum, # 1491(3). Highland "plant". Licaria 

cf.peckii, #211(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for 

the drums of the elders and ensign-bearers. Nectandra coriacea, 

#1203(1,3,4,5). Lowland and temperate "tree". 

eie te^P), nphr(n type n). avocado Persea americana var. drymifolia, 

#458(1,2,5). Highland "tree". It is grown in yards. The fruit is eaten 

raw. It is "cold". The leaves are used as seasoning for corn gruel, 

eieal •ml, nphr(natt & n). 'corn gruel eie', marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, 

#1461(3), #1742(3), #2057(17), #2198(1,3,4), #2378(3,4). Highland 

"plant" It is ground, mixed with water and used to flavor corn 

gruel. It is "hot". Tagetes schiedeana, #1410(3). Highland "plant". 

Same use as above, 

eieet ât, vphr(av & n4d). lit., sitting around with small testicles, i.e., doing 

nothing (boy), 

eieil, aj. small (testicles), 

eieil ?ul, nphr(natt & n). 'corn gruel eie', marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, 

#2057(18). Highland plant". 

aril X. 

eieil-iul, n(unanalyzed cpd)5. yellow-eyed junco Junco phaeonotus. cf. 

yukyuk mut. Juncos are eaten. They are known to scratch up nearly 

planted corn occasionally. 

eieop' N. 

eieop', nla. stalk of grass flower. 

eieop'in, tv. possess stalk of grass flower (child at play). 

eih(l) A. 

eih, aj. rank (smell of urine, goat, fox, coyote, monkey, peccary, or spook), 

eiheihtik, aj. rather rank, 

eihet, av. stinking with rank odor (child that has wet clothes, place where 

people have urinated). 

eihihet, av. stinking with rank odor /place where people have urinated/, 

eihil, n4f. rankness. 

eih(2) O. 

eiheon, av. clashing (cymbals), 

eihkaeihka, onom. ompapa (EKL255: 1-11). 

riklan N. 

eiklan, n5. hermaphrodite, var., eiklon. 

eiklon 

eiklon, hermaphrodite, cf. eiklan. 

ak' T(2). 

eik', iv. crack, split (wall, jug, griddle), 

eik' ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). abandon a plan or action through fear, 

give up. 

ieik' ta be muk' sk'ot. He gave up and never arrived, 

eik'ahtik, aj. cracked in many places (ground, pot, gourd), 

eik'eah, iv. split off (rock, cliff). 

eik'eon, av. painful (previous bone break), 

eik'es ba, rv. abandon a plan or action through fear, 

eik'esvan, iv. cause person to abandon plan by alarming him. 

eik'et, av. walking in fear. 

Seik'et nos ti balamile. It is frightening to walk abroad, 

eik'et 9a9i, vphr(av & tv). walking in fear, afraid of being unable to fulfill 

duties or pay expenses, 

eik'il, aj. cracked (pot, jug, wall). 

eik'ilik, aj. cracked in many places (ground, pot, gourd), 

eik'ilul, n4f. crack /griddle/. 

eik'luh, av. feeling sudden pain (previous bone break), 

eik'teeik'te, av. tingling here and there (arm or foot that has fallen asleep), 

heik'esvaneh, agn. person who alarms another and causes him to abandon 

plan. 

eil X. 

eileon, av. shivering /fear, cold/, 

diet, av. roaring (fire), 

eililet, av. roaring (fire EKL 259: 2-13), rumbling (heat lightning in rainy 

season), booming (blasting irons in distance), trembling /under heavy 

load, with cold/, straining /defecating/, 

eillahet, av. shivering with fear or cold (plu). 

eillahetik, av. cf. eillahet. 

eilteedte, av. walking about shivering with cold or fear. 

rima'i N(M-Z, eimai). 

eima"), n. calabash tree Crescentia cujete, #2824(3,4,5,7,11,12). Lowland 

" tree ". The fruit is used for gourds. (7)-The trunk is used for fence 

posts and firewood. 

eima7, n5. large gourd for testing corn gruel, Joking speech; bald head. 

eima'? £'is, nphr(n type n). 'eimai thorn', box-briar Randia aculeata, 

#1238(7). Lowland, temperate, and highland "tree" 

eima? hobel, nphr(n type n)5. Simojovel. 

cin P(2) or T(2). 

ein, tv. tighten /burden, sandals/, make firm /post/. 

ta hein h£'ut. I will fasten my sash, 

ein ba, rv. become stuck /in crack, etc./, pack, crowd (people), become 

thick (clouds), harden (fruit, adobe), become taut (wire, rope), become 

tight (knot). 

sein sba yaâl. He is tipsy, 

sein sba yo?on. He is out of breath.

ein-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. crowding. 

ran ta cukel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). put in jail. 

einan, tv. tighten /burdens/, fix firmly /posts/ /plu/. 

einan ta 9abtel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). assign hard labor (magistrate). 

einanan ta ?abtel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). assign hard labor to many 

people (magistrate). 

einaneiiian, tv. tighten one /burden/ after another. 

eihaneinanan ta cukel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). jail one after another. 

eineah, iv. become taut, become tight. 

eineinein, onom. strum /guitar/. 

eineon, av. strumming (guitar). 

einet, av. tight, tipsy. 

einetik, av. tight, tipsy (sing). 

einil, aj. crowded, drunk, stuck (rock), stiff (hat brim), taut (wire), firm 

or secure (post), thick (fog), hard (ground), pressed tight, tight (sash), 

tight-fitting (sandals), 

einil 9ilil. with many debts. 

einil vinik, nphr(aj/pred/ & n5). strong or capable man. 

eininet, av. buzzing (ears), binding (tumpline, sandles). Male joking 

speech; snug (vagina). 

einlahet, av. banging (head on ground), strumming (guitar), banging 

(blasting iron). 

emluh, av. banging suddenly (head on ground, blasting iron), cracking 

(rifle fire, lightning), crowding in suddenly. 

einob, nlf. peg /stringed instrument, peg for tightening wire fence/, 

sinews /drum/, rope for tightening burden. 

einobil, nlf. rope for tightening burden. 

einulan, tv. keep tightening /strings of stringed instrument/. 

eisakanta N(N, tzinacantlan). 

einakanta, n5. Zinacantan. 

heinakanta, agn. Zinacantec. 

eirimpa N. 

eirimpa hoi, nphr(n type n)5. shaven-headed, with rough haircut (woman). 

eirimpta, tv. shave /person's head/. 

eis N. 

eis ?uc, nphr(n of n)If. 'opossum fart*, bush laurel Litsea glaucescens, 

#B9272(5,5a), #2242(1,3,4). Highland "tree". The sprigs are a basic 

ingredient of "flower water" used to bathe a patient. It is "cold". 

Whoever takes a sweat bath boils a handful of sprigs and washes himself 

afterwards with it. The father of a newborn baby gathers a small 

handful that is brewed and used to wash the infant, (RML)-Other ingredients 

of "flower water" are laha-teês, eahal nicim, krus lee', k'os, 

till!, visobtakil, hic'il oryihil lanal toh, bek'talpom, tenelpom. Bush laurel 

is also brewed in the water used to wash stewards' coffers. It is 

used to adorn the ceremonial bed, and crosses during curing ceremonies. 

eis 9u£tik, nphrfn of n)5. expanse of bush laurel. 

9asus eis "me, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). 'garlic eis iui\ bush laurel 

Litsea glaucescens, #2539(21,22). Temperate "tree" 

•rit'is eis 7uc, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/). Litsea neesiana, #50(1,2). 

Temperate and highland "tree". It is used by corn farmers for firewood 

when they travel to the temperate zone. 

bae*i eis 9uc, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). bush laurel Litsea glaucescens, 

#1866(1,16), #2242(19). Highland 'tree'. Same use as eis tuc. 

as ?uc 9ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Berchemia scandens, #957(1,3). 

Lowland vine". 

eis cauk, nphr(n of n)5. 'thunderbolt fart', shrub marigold Tagetes nelsonii, 

#1477(11,12), #1721(3,15,16), #2201(1,3,4,19), #2384(3,4,20), 

#2509(4,21,22). Highland "plant". (20)-It is eaten by sheep and 

horses, tree bocconia Bocconia arborea, #1379(3). Temperate 

"tree", meadow rue Thalictrum guatemalense, #1782(16). Highland 

"plant". As a remedy for fever /k'ok'/, a bunch is brewed and left 

to cool. A half cup of the tea is drunk. It is "cold". 

eis caukiltik, nphr(n of n)5. large expanse of eis cauk. 

eis cauktik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of eis cauk. 


eis cauk 9ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Bidens squarrosa, #2876(1,4). 

Lowland "vine", 

eis 6itom te 1 ), nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'pig fart tree', wild senna Cassia 

biflora, #2678(1,3). Lowland "tree" 

eisil, n3d. flatulence, smell of skunk, spray of citrus rind, 

eisin, iv. break wind, 

eista, tv. break wind on. 

heisnom, agn. person who is breaking wind, 

eisan pale, nphr(n of n)le. daddy longlegs. 

eisan tuluk', nphr(n4d of n5). bristle on chest of turkey gobbler, 

eisan vinik, nphr(n type n)5. Male joking speech; man who talks racily, 

eisanil, n3a. pubic hair. 

eon N. 

eo9, nla. excrement, shit, guts /person, caterpillar/, inan. poss.; seaial. 

eo9, n4f. muscle /restricted to seoi k'obol; muscle of forearm, and se 

lokol: calf/. 

eo9 9amuc, nphr(n of n)le. algae. 

eo9 ?amucaltik, nphr(n of n)5. large expanse of algae. 

eo9 9amuctik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of algae. 

eo9 9ek'en, nphr(nlf of nld). scraps of corn dough that have fallen onto 

the metate platform. The scraps are rubbed on a burn to soothe it. 

eo"> TOt, nphr(n4f of n4d). dry tortilla dust. 

eo9 cicaron, nphr(nlf of nld). crackling dust mixed with corn dough and 

fed to cats. 

eo"> cikin, nphr(nlf of nld). ear wax. 

eo9 ka9 eu, cf. eu. 

eo9 ka9 hay, cf. hay. 

eo"> kahve, nphr(n 1 f of n 1 d). coffee grounds, 

eo") k'anal, nphr(n of n)5. obsidian. Obsidian is thought to have been 

dropped by shooting stars as they fall and return to the sky. 

eo 1 ? k'obol, nphr(n of n)5. skin disease of hands /skin dries, hardens and 

cracks/. 

eo9 k'osos, nphr(nlf of nld). dry toasted tortilla dust. 

eo9 mut9 9ic, cf. 9ic. 

eo9 ni9, nphr(nlf of nld). dried mucous. 

eoi sat, nphr(nlf of nld). sandman, 

eo") sulem te9, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'buzzard shit tree', lance pod 

Lonchocarpus minimiflorus, #2733(1,4). Lowland "tree". It is used for 

fence posts and firewood. 

9it'is" eo9 sulem te9, nphr: n4f of nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). giant 

senna Cassia emarginata, # 191(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" The trunk 

is used for fence posts. 

ec tan, nphr(nlf of nld). lime dust left on griddle. 

eo9 vah, nphr(n of n)5. dry tortilla dust. 

eo9 yakil vo9, nphr(nlf of nld). dregs of chicha. 

eo9eo9tik, aj. with excrement (on rear of chick, puppy), with sandmen. 

eo?eon sat, vphr(av & n4d). with tears streaming down cheeks, wiping 

away tears. 

eoiet, av. having excrement (chick). 

eo9et sat, vphr(av & n4d). having discharge in eyes (dogs). 

e67tee69te, av. excreting one time after another (puppy, chick). 

eo9tik, n5. expanse of excrement /paths after fiesta/. 

bae"i eo9, nphr(aj & n)5. human excrement. 

ea9al 9at, nphr(n4f of n4d). Female scolding speech: child. 

sea9al 1 acake sea9al 1 avate. lit., the excrement of your ass, the 

excrement of your vagina; i.e., your child. 

eafal dak, nphr(n4f of n4d). cf. ea">al iat. 

ea9al k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. accusation of licentiousness or illicit love. 

ea9an, iv. defecate, 

eawebal, n3d. privy, bathroom. 

ea9nebaltik, n5. place where many people defecate, 

camel, vn5. defecation, diarrhea. 

ea9ta, tv. defecate on, excrete worms, deposit maggots, excrete blood 

/person who is very angry and guards his anger/. 

eaiuiluh, iv. excrete on, deposit in. 

eaea 1 ), iv. Baby talk; defecate.


hea9nom, agn. defecator. 

yasal ea'mel, nphr(aj & n)5. greenish diarrhea of newborn babies. 

eo?op N. 

eo7op, nld. nest, bed /cat, dog/. 

eoiop cue, nphr(n of n)5. squirrel nest. 

eowpin, tv. use for nest /pine needles/ (chicken, dog, pig). 

cob T(2). 

eob, tv. gather together. 

eob, iv. be gathered together (objects). 

eob ?ol, vphr(tv // n). have illegitimate child (woman). Such women 

reportedly are punished by Our Lord; their faces become as black as a 

donkey's penis and their hair falls out until they are as bald as Hidalgoeob 

ba, rv. gather together, assemble. 

seob sba hc'ic'eltik yalel. It feels as if our pulse is gathering together, 

i.e., getting weaker /when sick/. 

cob-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. meeting of shamans in grand alcalde's house 

three times annually, secret meeting. 

eob k'op, vphr(tv & n4d/3p/). come to an agreement, decide together, 

iseob sk'opik ta smahik li hune. They decided together to beat up the 

other one. 

eob pohov, vphr(tv & n4e). become infected. 

eoban, tv. gather up /plu/. 

eobanan, tv. cf. eoban. 

eobaneoban, tv. gather up one after another (woman gathering up possessions 

when leaving husband). 

eobaneobanan, tv. cf. eobaneoban. 

eobbalal, aj. illegitimate. 

eobbe ?av ?ok, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). retrace one's steps. The 

spirits of the dead are believed to return on All Souls' and All Saints' 

Days to retrace their steps. 

eobbil, aj. illegitimate (child). 

eobet, av. walking together. 

eobetik, av. cf. eobet (plu). 

eobilan, tv. have illegitimate children (woman), gathering together slowly. 

eoblebal, n3d. Ritual speech; gathering place of tutelary gods /Chapel of 

Lord Esquipulas, Calvary/. 

eobob wal, nphr(n4f of n4d). gourd for holy water. 

eobob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)ld. Chapel of Lord Esquipulas, customary 

meeting place in hamlet, meeting place. 

eobob eo7 ka?, vphr(n5 of nphr/n of n/5). basket for holding horse 

manure. 

eobob cenek', nphr(nlf of nld). cup or basket for holding beans when 

harvested. 

eobob k'ahben, nphr(nlf of nld). rake. 

eobob k'aêp, nphr(nlf of nld). garbage can, old basket for garbage. 

eobob vo9, nphr(n of n)5. gourd for holy water. 

eobobil eo? ka9, nphr(n5 of nphr/n of n/5). cf. eobob eot kat. 

eobobil cenek', nphr(nlf of nld). cf. eobob cenek'. 

eobobil k'alep, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. eobob k'aiep. 

eobobil k'ahben, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. eobob k'ahben. 

eobobil voi, nphr(n of n)5. cf. eobob vol. 

eobohel, nS. meeting of shamans in grand alcalde's house three times 

annually, secret meeting. 

eobol, aj. together, in a crowd. Ritual speech, prayer; gathered, 

eobolotik lotolotik. We are gathered, we are joined together. 

eobteeobte, av. walking, one group after another. 

seobteeobte ec'el. lit., It is leaving in groups, i.e., fluttering pulse of 

very ill person. 

eobvan, iv. gather people, summon people for meeting. 

heob-tak'in, agn(tv & nepd). money collector /for fiestas/. 

heob-vo, agn(tv & nepd). religious functionary; male who visits various 

springs to bring water used to bathe a patient or a steward's coffer. 

heobvaneh, agn. person who gathers others together /at fiesta/. 

eoe(l) N. 

eoe, nla. wool, hair, fur. 

seacal shol. his hair /head/ (or) its mane. 

eoe , nphr(n type n)3a. wool /skirt, shawl, tunic, blanket/. 

eoe-ni"? to, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)5. 'downy-tipped tree', viburnum 

Viburnum jucundum, #B9255(5,5a), #128(1,2,3,4,5), #1843(1,16). 

Highland "tree" The trunk is used for firewood. (l)-An unattested 

variety is used for house construction and fence posts. Bunchosia montana, 


eoe-ni 1 ? teitik, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)5. viburnum grove . 

k'os coe-nii to, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n). Brickellia 

guatemalensis, #52(1,2). Highland "tree". Kohleria elegans, 

#527(2,5). Temperate and highland "tree". Viburnum mendax, 

#943(1,3). Highland "tree". 

eoeil ?ak', nphr(aj & n). 'downy vine', morning glory Ipomoea sp., 

#2157(1,11). Temperate "vine". (H)-It is used for lashing roof poles 

and sheep corrals. Jacquemontia pentantha, #2866(14). Lowland "vine" 

It is used to lash fences. Gronovia scandens, # 1687(7). Lowland 

"plant". It grows in corn fields. Gonolobus barbaralus, #1671(14). 

Lowland vine", 

sakil eoeil ?ak\ nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). morning glory Ipomoea sp., 

#2862(1,4). Temperate "vine", 

eoeil eahal to, cf. eahal tei. 

eoeil habnal, cf. habnal. 

eoeiltah, iv. become fuzzy, 

eoeiltik, aj. fuzzy, 

eoein, tv. steal wool, 

eoein, n4f. down, fuzz, 

eoein, aj. fuzzy. 

eoein âk', nphr(aj & n). 'downy vine', morning glory Ipomoea sp., 

#2677(1,3). Lowland "vine". 

eahal eoein 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Desmodium sericophyttum, 

#1058(1,3,5). Highland "vine", 

k'anal eoein 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Gaudichaudia albida, 

#1928(1,3,4). Temperate "vine". #2273(3,4). Highland vine". 

sakil eoein tak', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). morning glory Ipomoea sp., 

#2677(15). Lowland "vine". Desmodium sericophyllum, #1368(3). 

Temperate "vine" 

eoein eibal k'a?-te?, cf. eibal k'a'Me'). 

eoein e"i?lel, nphr(aj & n). 'downy plant', Bogenhardia crispa, #786(1,2). 


k'anal eoein e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Hieracium jaliscense var. 

ghiesbreghtii, #1093(1,3). Lowland and temperate plant", 

eoein cicol c'o, cf. cicol c'o. 

eoein matas, cf. matas. 

eoein pisolite, cf. pisolite. 

eoein vala-pohov, cf. vala-pohov. 

eoeintik, aj. fuzzy, 

eoeiron pik'ok', cf. pik'ok'. 

eaeal, n4b. hair. 

eaeal t'ul hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'rabbit fur grass', Panicum 

replans, #1656(1,4,11,12,14). Lowland "plant". Arthraxon quartinianus, 


eoe(2) A. 

eoe, aj. strong, hard, tough, loud, serious (crime), gravely /ill/, very. 

eoe copol. very bad. 

eoe W?on, nphr(aj & n4d). strong, long-enduring, uncomplaining, brave, 

eoe c'ic'el, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). be unlikely to suffer soul-loss, lit.; to 

have strong blood. 

eoeeoe, aj. rather strong, hard, tough or loud, 

eoeeoetik, aj. rather strong, hard, tough or loud, 

heoe-k'ob, agn(aj & nepd). name of supernatural figures who stole bell 

from Zinacantan. 

eaeah, iv. become serious (crime), become grave (illness), become strong 

(rain, current), become severe (birth pangs), become critical (situation). 

eaeahesbe k'oplal, nphr(tv & n4f). try to track down, seek clues or 

leads to, pursue an investigation, make an issue of, take strong action, 

take to court.

atal, n4b. strength. 

t sic' seaeal. It is hardening (pottery). 

, aj. strong. 

eaeal •>&'. tempest. 

eaeal kar strong horse. 

eaeal kriscano. strong or healthy person. 

eaeal tak'in. steel, iron. 

eaeal ter hardwood tree. 

eaeal ton. hard rock. 

eaeal vo?. downpour, 

eaeal-k'opta, tv(aj & tvcpd). carry out in earnest, acquire with great effort. 

iseaeal-k'opta h-kot ska?. With great effort he acquired a horse. 

eaeub, iv. become stronger (sick person, plant), harden (ground). 

ieaeub sa h-set' li hcamele. The sick person has become slightly 

stronger, 

eaeub ">o9on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). become brave. 

poiot seaeub yoion. He is almost old enough not to be afraid. 

ieaeub sa yoon ta sa ssanav stuk. He has become brave, now he 

walks by himself /child/. 

eaeubtas, tv. make strong, be happy. 

ta heaeubtas ko?on. I will be brave, 

eaeubtas ba, rv. become strong, boost one's courage /with cane liquor/, 

regain control over oneself (drunk), 

eaeubtas k'op, vphr(tv & n5). make an issue of. 

eaeubtasbe k'oplal, nphr(tv & n4f). try to track down, seek clues or leads 

to, pursue an investigation, make an issue of, take strong action, take 

to court. 

eaeubtasobil, n4f. medicine, 

eaeubtasvan, iv. make person strong (medicine). 

eoh(l) A. 

eoh, n4f. interior of (nose, ear, anus), 

eon, aj. red, pink, orange, brown. 

mi eoh to anr>. lit., Is your nose still pink, i.e., Are you still a baby? 

eoheoh, aj. reddish, pinkish, brownish, 

eoheohtik, aj. reddish, pinkish, brownish, 

eahal, aj. red, pink, orange, brown. 

eahal ">ak', nphr(aj & n). tree bine Cissus cacuminis, #2018(16,17). Lowland 

'vine", breedlove's morning glory Ipomoea breedlovei, #2676(15). 

Lowland "vine", jack bean Canavalia hirsutissima, #2555(21,22). 

Temperate "vine". It is used to lash fences. Heteropteris beecheyana, 

#1642(1,4). Lowland and temperate vine". #2623(22). Lowland 

"vine". Agdestis clematidea, #1688(7,11,12). Lowland "vine". Desmodiumpalmeri, 

#1423(1). Highland "vine". 

bik'it eahal 9ak\ nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). senna Cassia skinneri, 

#2696(15). Lowland "tree", 

k'os eahal 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Desmodium sp., # 1097(1,3). 

Lowland and temperate "vine", 

eahal Tinatab, cf. rinatab. 

eahal 'tolonal nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). 'red lowland flower', 

common zinnia Zinnia elegans, #2663(15). Lowland plant", 

eahal TOra, nphr(aj & n)5. bad luck, 

eahal bolom, cf. bolom. 

eahal cikin, nphr(aj & n). 'red ear', orange-brown lactarius Laclarius 

volemus, #67(1,4). Highland mushroom". It is boiled, seasoned with 

chili and mexican tea. It is 'cold". Lactarius sp., #103(3,4,5). Highland 

"mushroom", 

eahal coy, cf. coy. 

eahal cue, cf. cue. 

eahal c'o, cf. c"o. 

eahal hobel, nphr(aj & n). muhly Muklenbergia spicijormis, 

#1761(4,5,15). Highland "plant". Aristida schiedeana, #909(1,3). Lowland 

'plant". Rhynchelytrum roseum, #1998(16,17). Lowland 

"plant". #2293(19). Temperate 'plant', 

eahal hobeltik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of eahal hobel. 

k'os eahal hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). balsam scale Elyonums 

barbiculmis, #1190(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant". Rhynchelytrum rose- 


um, #2293(3,4). Temperate "plant". Bouteloua media, #1046(1,3,5). 

Highland "plant". Oplismemts burmanni, #2833(12). Lowland 

"plant" 

pec'ahtik eahal hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 'flat red grass', knotroot 

millet Setaria geniculata, #1114(1,4). Lowland "plant". 

eahal hoi sulem, cf. sulem. 

eahal katal, nphr(aj &• n)5. 'red Catherine', painted redstart Setophaga 

picta, slate-throated redstart Myioborus miniata. cf. katal mut. Redstarts 

are not eaten. When one perches on the eaves it is said to cause the 

inhabitants to sicken gradually. 

eahal lum, cf. him. 

eahal meria, cf. meria. 

eahal moral, cf. moral. 

eahal nil Sulem, cf. sulem. 

eahal nid hobel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). Rhynchelytrum roseum, 

#908(1,3), # 1998(1,3,4). Lowland "plant". 

eahal nicim, nphr(aj & n)la. 'red flower", garden geranium Pelargonium 

hortium, #369(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant" Most Zinacantecs grow geraniums 

in their yards. The slips are planted by men and women at 

the beginning of the rainy season. As a remedy for children's fever 

sores, a handful of leaves are chewed. They are "medium". For a major 

curing ceremony, a large basket of geraniums is required to decorate 

the crosses. For a minor ceremony a small basket is required. 

* Three geraniums are brewed together with the other ingredients of 

"flower water" for bathing patients and stewards' coffers, cf. eis ")uc, 

tilil. In order to recover a person's soul, the shaman beats the ground, 

where the soul allegedly has been lost, with oak, yellow pine, and geranium 

sprigs. Sour orange leaves and geranium blooms are gathered 

by the wedding petitioner /hpacol/, bound in bouquets, and distributed 

to the wedding guests a: the dance. For the bi-weekly flower 

changes, the stewards provide one large basket of geraniums. (23)-The 

geraniums provided by the senior stewards are used to decorate the 

Church of St. Lawrence, while the geraniums provided by the junior 

stewards are used to decorate the Church of St. Sebastian. One small 

basket is needed to decorate the steward's altar. (l)-One large basket 

is provided by the stewards-royal every other Saturday to decorate 

the Chapel of Lord Esquipulas. One medium-sized basket is required 

by the elders every other Saturday to decorate the altar of the grand 

alcalde. On Lenten Fridays, Wednesday in Holy Week, and on Good 

Friday each steward provides a small basket of geraniums and mayweed 

flowers that are tied to the saints' litters. (23)-This basket is presented 

on Lenten Fridays, Tuesday in Holy Week, and Good Friday. 

(l)-On Good Friday, the elders, holy elders, and any stewards, ensign-bearers, 

or former elders who so desire offer a small basket with 

candles, geraniums and mayweed at the base of the cross in the 

Church of St. Lawrence. (23)-On Pentecost each steward provides a 

small basket of geraniums and sakramentual nicim. On the fiesta of 

Our Lady of the Rosary and on All Souls' Day, one small basket of 

geraniums and aztec marigolds is provided by each steward. For the 

First Posada each steward brings a small basket of geraniums and 

sedum to decorate the litters of Joseph and Mary. On the Seventh 

Posada one small basket of geraniums is provided by each steward 

for the roof of the creche. (RML)-The roof of the creche has a vertical 

row of geraniums, separating rows of sedum, mountain palm, air 

pine, and holly fem. Three geraniums are tied to the cross on the roof 

of every new house. Geraniums are used to decorate house entrance 

crosses on all major fiestas. They are used to decorate the well crosses 

on the Finding of the Holy Cross. 

eahal ni£imaltik, nphr(aj & n)5. large expanse of geraniums. 

eahal nicimtik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of geraniums. 

•Jik'iik'-loian eahal nicim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). 

'maroon geranium', garden geranium Pelargonium hortium, 

#664(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs 

in their yards. The flowers are put in altar vases. 

sak-vayan eahal nicim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). 'pink 

geranium', garden geranium Pelargonium hortium, #625(1,2,3,4).

96 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 Q 

Highland "plant". It is grown by Zinacantecs in their yards. The 

slips are planted in the rainy season by men or women. The flowers 

are put in altar vases. 

sakil eahal nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). garden geranium Pelargonium 

hortium, #727(1,2). Temperate "plant". It is grown by ladinos 

in their yards. 

eahal nicim ta 9olon 9osil, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ & prep & nphr/n type 

n/). lowland red flower', common zinnia Zinnia elegans, #2663(20). 

Lowland "plant". It is put in altar vases by lowland ladinos. 

cahal pok', cf. pok\ 

eahal sim-nak'al, cf. sim-nak'al. 

eahal te?, nphr(aj & n). 'red tree', shrub copperleaf Acalypha ajj. unibracteata, 

#310(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree*, leaf flower Phyllanlhus mcvaughii, 

#1542(1,3). Highland "tree", bittersweet bush Wimmeriapubescens, 

#2637(21). Lowland "tree". It is used for fence posts, shrubby tickseed 

Coreopsis mutica, #B9473(5,5a). Highland "tree". Fuschia encliandra 

subsp. tetradactyla, #2540(21,22). Temperate "tree", 

eoeil eahal te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & a/), 'downy red tree', Acalypha 

langiana, #1591(11,12). Temperate "plant", 

eahal te?tikil cih, cf. totikil cih. 

eahal ve?lil, nphr(aj & n)3d. chitlings. Male joking speech; vagina, 

eahal vokol 9ic, cf. vokol 9ic. 

eahub, iv. grow red (fire, chili), blush, 

eahubtas, tv. redden. 

heahal-?o?on, agn(aj & ncpd). Ritual speech, prayer; angry or envious 

person. 

eoh(2) prob T or T(2). 

eoh, tv. make steam. 

eoho tal li puse. lit., Make the steambath steam!, i.e., Turn the steam 

on! 

eoh ba ta vo9, vphr(rv & prep & n5). sweat when it rains (sick person). 

eohlih, av. hissing suddenly (water poured on hot rocks). 

cohvan, iv. cause person to sweat (rain) /sick person/, 

heohvaneh, agn. rain that causes person to sweat, 

eahahet, av. fermenting (corn gruel, chicha). 

eoh(3) prob O. 

eoheon, av. hacking (cough V2: 5). 

eohlahet, av. cf. eoheon (plu). 

eohlahetik, av. cf. eoheon (plu). 

eohteeohte, av. walking about with hacking (cough). 

cohoh N. 

eohoh, n. Lagascea helianthifolia, #405(1,3). Highland "plant". 

#568(2,5). Temperate "plant" #916(1,3). Lowland "plant". 

#2571(1,4), #2973(1). Temperate "tree". 

cok' prob T or T(2). 

eok'be, tv. whip. 

eok'eon, av. sizzling (food on bottom of pot), 

eok'et, av. sizzling (burning hair, grass or forest). 

eok'lahet, av. sizzling (corn gruel V3: 8). 

eok'lih, av. hissing suddenly (water on hot surface EKL 259: 2-17). 

eok'ok'et, av. sizzling. 

eok'teeok'te, av. hissing in many places (hot coals that have been doused 

with water). 

Male joking speech; c'abal aeon. You have no pubic hair. 

COD N(N, tzontli). 

eon, nld. thick hair, pubic hair. 

Scolding speech; eon-9isim mol. bearded old man. 

eon-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. bearded. 

eon te?, agn(nphr/n of n/)ld. each of two players of the Fiesta of St. 

Sebastian, dressed in Spanish moss costume /publicans of the previous 

year/. 

eon-te?, n(n of ncpd)5. 'tree's beard', Spanish moss Tillandsia usneoides, 

#661(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant". The publicans' assistants gather two 

bagfuls at midyear's to adorn the Chapel of Lord Esquipulas. The 

publicans of the previous year gather enough Spanish moss to be sewn 

on their hats for their performance during the fiesta of St. Sebastian. 

Men designated by the magistrate gather Spanish moss to decorate 

the court house on Independence Day and to decorate the three 

arches that are erected for a visit by the governor or the bishop. 

eon-te9altik, n(n of ncpd)5. large expanse of Spanish moss. 

eon-te?tik, n(n of ncpd)5. expanse of Spanish moss. 

eon-toal balamil, nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n). 'ground moss', moss Tkuidium 

delicatulum, # 1362(1,3). Highland "moss". (23>Two bagfuls are 

provided by the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary on the Sixth 

Posada to serve as the bed for the Christ Children. Pogonatum flexuosum, 

# 1028(7). Highland "plant". 

k'anal eon-toal te 1 ), nphr: aj & nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n). Neckera 

urnigera, #540(1,3). Temperate 'moss". Pilotrichella rigida, 

#540(1,3). Temperate "moss". Renauldia mexicana, #540(1,3). Temperate 

"moss". 

eonahtik, aj. thick (moss, peperomia). 

eoneon(l), aj. very wooly. 

eoneon(2), av. moving (wooly animal; sheep, goat). 

eonel, aj. bearded. 

Scolding speech; eonel asat. Your face is wooly. 

eonet, av. Male joking speech; wooly (pubic hair). 

eonet 9a9i, vphr(av & tv). Male joking speech; tipsy /play on einet tali/. 

eonih, onom. sound of wooly animal moving. 

eonlah, av. cf. eoneon{2) (plu). 

eonlahet, av. cf. eoneon(2) (plu)., walking with patched clothing. 

eonol, aj. very furry or wooly (animal), thick (moss, bromeliads, vines), 

eonol yisim. His beard is thick. 

eonolik, aj. furry (mildew). 

eononet, av. walking with wooly (rear) /skunk/. 

eonteeonte, av. walking about with wooly (face, rear). 

eonok' N. 

eonok', nla. wax of mermeho, resin of bae"i toh /used to plug leaks in 

water jugs and splits in soles of feet/. 

eonok'al toh, nphr(natt & n)5. cf. eonok'. 

eonok'in, tv. gather resin. 

eop(l) P(2) or T(2). 

eop, nc. small pile /wool, rubbish, com/. 

eop ba, rv. become puffy (face with cold), crowd together (people), flock 

(sheep, birds), swarm (caterpillars, bees). 

eop-e"i?, n(aj & ncpd)5. dog covered with wooly hair. 

eop-c'um-te9, cf. Smn-te9. 

eop-d'um-te? c'o, cf. c'um-te? c'o. 

eopa9, n5. Baby talk; wooly dog. 

eopahtik, aj. cf. eopol 

eopan, tv. put in small pile. 

eopan ba, rv. crowd together (people), flock (sheep, birds), swarm (caterpillars, 

bees). 

eopaneopan, tv. make one small pile after another. 

eopaneopanan, tv. cf. eopaneopan. 

eopantik, aj. with widely spaced clumps /weeds not evenly cut/. 

eopeon, av. clustering (male dogs around bitch in heat, men serially 

raping woman). 

eopeop, nc. single small pile /rubbish, wool/ /I only/. 

eopeop, aj. covered with wooly hair (dog, young donkey, lamb), in clump 

(grass). 

eopel, aj. covered with wooly hair. 

eopet, av. moving (cloud), moving in a cloud or wisp (smoke, mist). 

eopetik, av. walking in group. 

eoplahet, av. clustering in groups (people). 

eoplahetik, av. cf. eoplahet. 

eoplebal, n3d. gathering place /corral, sleeping place of sheep/. 

eoplih, av. flocking around, pouring in /fight, bargain sale/. 

eopokil, n4f. many small piles. 

eopol, aj. in a clump (grass), in a small pile (wool, com, salt, earth, pine 

needles, stones, sand, fruit, chilis), in a tight cluster (animals, people), 

sparse (pubic hair), puffy (face of sheep or person from the cold). 

eopoleopol, n4f. each of many small piles.

eopolik, aj. in tight clusters. 

eopop, av. moving in a group (people, animals). 

eopopet, av. moving in group, flocking /in air/. 

eopteeopte, av. walking about in small groups (people, ensign-bearers, 

spooks, animals). 

«opak' cutik, nphr(n4e of n5). expanse of gourd vines. 

bae*i eu, nphr(aj & n). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, # 1996(3). Lowland 

vine". The seeds are planted by many Zinacantecs in their corn 

fields. The gourds are harvested in November and December. They 

are used to store water and holy water. They are used by the cantors 

to store chicha. 

eol ka9 eu, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'horse manure gourd', gourd 

Lagenaria siceraria, #B14260(5). Lowland "vine", 

muk'ta eu, nphr(aj & n). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, # 1981 (1,3,4,16,17). 

Lowland "vine". The seeds are planted in the corn field. The gourds 

are harvested in November and December. They are used to carry 

water, holy water, and chicha. (17>The gourds are used to carry 

holy water to the cemetery. They are sold at market, 

nene? eu, nphr(n type n). "baby gourd', gourd Lagenaria siceraria, 

#1994(3). Lowland "vine". The seeds are planted in the corn field 


by a few Zinacantecs, at the beginning of the rainy season. The 

gourds are harvested in November and December. The gourd is 

used as a whistle to recall the soul of a person who has suffered 

soul-loss. As a remedy for hernia, six leaves are heated and 

bound to the scrotum with a rag. Three hot leaves are similarly 

bound to the navel. They remain for two weeks. At the end of 

this period the patient eats a chicken boiled with chili and pepper. 

The leaves are "hot". 

peron eu, nphr(n type n). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, #1995(3). Lowland 

"vine". The seeds are planted in the corn field. The gourds are 

used to store tortillas. They were used formerly by the stewards to 

carry meat on their visit to the tithing men of Vof-bie. To prepare a 

gourd for sale it is opened at the top with a knife and placed in the 

fire so that the outer layer will fall off. It is buried, then, in sand 

for a week. After it is dug up it is washed, the seeds are removed, 

and it is placed in the sun where it dries out and hardens. (19)-It is 

used to carry water. 

suy eu, nphr(n type n). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, #B 14275(5). Lowland 

"vine" /used as toys by children/. 

eual moy, nphr(natt & n)5. tobacco gourd. 

eual voi, nphr(natt & n)5. water gourd. 

euin, tv. steal gourd. 

CIP P(2). 

eu 1 ? ba, rv. wrinkle (skin). 

euâhtik, aj. cf. euiul /plu/. 

eu'tan, aj. wrinkled (skin). 

eu9an mol. wrinkled old man. 

eu9eu9, aj. wrinkled (skin). 

euîb, iv. become wrinkled (skin). 

euw)et, av. stretching and contracting (rubber). 

euoul, aj. wrinkled (skin). 

cwulik, aj. cf. euiul /plu/. 

eub(l) prob T or T(2). 

eub, tv. draw tight /purse strings, bag/, mold /neck of pot/. 

eub(2) P. 

eubahtik, aj. cf. eubul /plu/. 

cuban, tv. make crouch /child to defecate/. 

euban ba, rv. crouch down, duck down, crouch (cat before leaping). 

eubeon, av. hopping (rabbit), bending knees without lifting feet /dancing 

improperly/. 

eubet, av. hopping (rabbit), crouching. 

eubetik, av. cf. eubet (plu). 

eubi, iv. sit (woman). 

eubih o£el, vphr(iv & dr). crawl under /table/. 

eublahet, av. hopping (plu). 

eubteeubte, av. hopping about (rabbit). 

eububet, av. walking and squatting down (person, hen being approached 

by rooster). 

eubul, aj. crouching (cat, rabbit, person). 

Female speech; eublan te yo?e. Sit down over there! 

eubulik, aj. cf. eubul /plu/. 

cue I. 

eue, iv. Ritual speech; end (term of office). 

inel ieue ti yo kabtele ti yo hpatane. It has ended, it is finished, my 

humble work, my lowly contribution. 

eueav, n4f. end of cloth or loom. 

eueebal, n3d. moment just before finishing (weaving), end /term of office/. 

Ritual speech, outgoing stewards, ensign-bearers, elders, when saying 

farewell to their musicians; sneleb sa me seueeb sa me ti yo kabtele 

ti yo hpatane. It is now the termination of my lowly work, of my 

lowly contribution. 

euees, tv. finish /term of office, weaving of clothes, weaving or sewing 

of hats/. 

eueesob, nlf. small bobbin. 

eueesobil, nlf. cf. eueesob. Ritual speech; end of office, cf. nelesobil.


eueub, nla. bodkin. 

Ritual speech, shaman referring to lightning; d'ul-yolobetik, 

c'ul-eueubetik. holy bows and arrows, holy bodkins, 

eueub, n. wild flax Linum mexicanum, #1491(1), #2084(17). Highland 

"plant". (17)-The stems are used by women for bodkins, loose strife 

Lythrum lanceolatum, #1739(16). Highland "plant". #1881(16). 

Temperate "plant". Brickellia scoparia, #2979(1). Temperate 

"tree*, 

k'anal eueub, nphr(aj & n). wild flax Linum mexicanum HBK. 


euin N. 

euin, n5. mourning dove Zenaidura macroura. cf. euin kulahtei. It is 

eaten. It is "medium". The mourning dove is thought to have been a 

toad which transforms itself in the dry season. This is deduced from 

the absence of the migratory dove in the summer and of the toad in 

the winter. 

euk T(2). 

euk, tv. pleat, gather, imagine, lie. 

euk, iv. be pleated or gathered, 

euk ba, rv. shrivel up, wrinkle (clothing), 

eukahtik, aj. shriveled (fruit), 

eukan, tv. wrinkle /nose/ in disgust. 

iseukan ssat. He frowned. 

eukan k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. clever banter or foolish talk. 

eukaneukan, tv. gather /mouths of one bag after another/, 

eukaneukanan, tv. cf. eukaneukan. 

cukeon, av. bouncing, stretching and contracting (rubber, chewing gum), 

hard (wood that grips axe head), 

eukeuk, aj. pleated, wrinkled up. 

eukel, aj. wrinkled (nose, ass). 

euket, av. stretching and contracting (rubber), tugging at. 

euket cak, vphr(av & n4d). sitting with shriveled buttocks (old person), 

euketik, av. tugging at each other, 

eiiklih, av. bouncing suddenly, wrinkling up suddenly (face with anger), 

furrowing suddenly (brow). 

eiikteeiikte, av. running about like chicken with its head cut off. 

eukteeukte cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with shriveled buttocks 

(old person). 

eukuket, av. stretching and contracting (rubber), 

eukuktik, aj. pleated, shriveled (fruit), 

eukul, aj. wrinkled (face with anger or age, scrotum), 

eukulik, aj. cf. eukul. 

eukulin, tv. trip over, 

eukum, nla. caterpillar /general term/. 

Tik'al eukum, nphr(aj & n)5. black highland caterpillar /eats scarlet 

runner bean and bean leaves/. 

bae'i eukum, nphr(aj & n)5. tent caterpillar. These caterpillars are 

eaten when their bellies turn white. They may be toasted on the 

griddle or cooked in a covered pot containing no water and only 

mint and salt. 

korio eukum, nphr(x type n)5. 'racing caterpillar', yellow caterpillar. 

Its name derives from its fast movements. 

ti?balal eukum, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. bae'i eukum. 

eukum e'ftlel, nphr(n type n). 'caterpillar plant', Acalypha arvensis, 

#1618(1,3,11,12). Highland plant" #1983(1,3,4,16). Lowland 

plant". Acalypha sp., #2731(1,4). Highland plant". Dalea versicolor, 

#2518(22). Temperate "plant" As a remedy for dysentery /sakil 

sim-nak'al/, a small bunch is brewed. The tea is drunk before breakfast 

for two days. It is 'cold". Dalea sericea, #2978(16). Temperate 

"plant". Hyptis suaveolens, #2804(12). Highland plant" 

yasal eukum e'i'rtel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). lavender sage Salvia 

lavanduloides, #2452(20). Temperate "plant". 

eukum hobel, nphr(n type n). 'caterpillar grass', knotroot millet Setaria 

geniculata, # 1171(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant", sand bur Cenchrus brownii, 

#1574(11,12). Lowland and temperate "plant", muhly Muhlenbergia 

tenella, #2813(12). Lowland "plant". 

eukum nic e'tflel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). 'caterpillar flower plant', 

Acalypha botteriana, #1432(7). Highland "plant". Hyptis suaveolens, 

#2804(11). Highland "plant". Barleria micans, #2805(11). Lowland 

"plant". Dalea sericea, #2129(7). Temperate "plant". 

eukum te 1 ), nphr(n type n). 'caterpillar tree', yellow indigo bush Dalea 

lutea var. gigantea, #1931(16). Temperate "plant" #2940(16). Highland 

"tree". Dalea tsugoides. #2953(16). Highland "tree". It is used 

for firewood, 

eahal eukum te?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). tick clover Desmodium 

ampiifolium, #2447(20). Temperate "tree". 

eukumal tok'oy, nphr(natt & n)5. poisonous caterpillar. This is a 

caterpillar with poisonous hairs that feeds on willow trees in the 

highlands, cf. eek hcamut. 

eukumtik, aj. with short dense racemes (amaranth flower). 

eukut, nla. belly. 

eukutal hoi, nphr(natt & n)5. ball of hair /hair combed out by women 

and wadded/. It is believed that lightning deposits a treasure in the 

form of a ball of hair where it strikes. 

euk' N. 

euk', nld. forelock worn by boys up to ten years of age /now rare/, son 

/affectionate term of address to young boys/. 

euk' 9isim, nphr(n of n)le. corn silk. 

eul I. 

eul, iv. slip, slide (person, horse, tile, board). 

euleon sim, vphr(av & n4d). snuffling. 

euleul, iv. slip slightly. 

euleultik, iv. slip slightly. 

euleules, tv. slide slightly. 

eules, tv. slide, lower /price/. 

tailes ba, rv. slip An standing position/. 

eulesobil, n4f. lever. 

eulet, av. slipping (tree in standing position, tile). 

eulilan, iv. keep sliding. 

eullih, av. slipping suddenly. 

eulteeulte, av. slipping or sliding one after another. 

eulul, aj. expensive /restricted to market goods/. 

eulul yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping /in standing position/, setting (sun). 

eululet, av. slipping down (tile, plank). 

eululik, aj. cf. eulul /plu/. 

eun(l) P. 

eunahtik, aj. cf. ennui /plu/. 

eunan, tv. build /small house/. 

eunan ba, rv. huddle /sitting/. 

eiinaneunan, tv. mold one thing after another /with clay/. 

eunet, av. sitting around doing nothing in particular. 

eunetik, av. cf. eunet (plu). 

euni, iv. sit, reside. 

t sieuni htuk ta hna. I am living alone. 

eunleh, nlf. sitting. 

eunul, aj. sitting. 

te eunul ta na. He is at home. 

eunulik, aj. cf. eunul /plu/. 

eun(2) prob P or P(2). 

eun-e'i?, n(aj & ncpd)ld. wooly dog. 

eun-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. messy-haired. 

eun-hol e'toleL nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'messy-haired plant', Ruellia 

inundata, #2801(12). Lowland "plant". 

euneun, aj. with long unruly hair, patched (clothes). 

euneun e'frlel, nphr(aj & n). 'messy-haired plant', indigo bush Dalea 

tomentosa var.ypsoraleoides, #473(1,2). Highland "plant". Hedeoma 

costatum, #1004(1.3,5). Highland plant". Crusea parviflora, 


sakil euneun e'nlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Evolvulus alsinoides, 

#1316(1,3,4,5). Lowland "plant". Croton ciliato-glanduliferus, 

• #1601(1,3). Temperate "plant". 

euneun hobel, nphr(aj & n). 'messy-haired grass', witch grass Panicum

e/v TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 99 

xalapense, #684(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant". 

eunet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). with messy or windblown hair (man, woman). 

eunul, aj. sitting with messy or windblown hair (man, woman). 

eun(3) prob T or T(2). 

eunbe, tv. walk briskly (old person making an effort to look strong and 

youthful), 

ta heunbe ec'el ta kok. I am walking briskly. 

eunbe lak'ot, vphr(tv & n5). dance with proper form. 

euneon, av. dancing (religious officials), trotting. 

euneun "?anil, nphr(aj & vn5). trot /person/. 

eunet, av. going about minding one's business. 

eunetik, av. cf. eunet (plu). 

eunlah, av. trotting (plu). 

eunlahet, av. cf. euneon (plu). 

eunlahetik, av. cf. euneon (plu). 

eunteeunte, av. walking briskly about (old person). 

eur prob O. 

eururet, av. talking endearingly (woman to another woman), crying (newborn 

baby). 

ennikuk N. 

eurukuk, nle. screech owl (?). It is not eaten. When one calls near a 

house, it is believed to be the messenger of a witch, bringing sickness. 

c* E. 

e", excl. ah /disgust or disbelief/. 

e"ab P(2) or T(2). 

e*ab, tv. smoothen /fresh daub/. 

e"ab ba, rv. become pretty and neat (girl). 

e'ab-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. tidying hair. 

e*ab ta pok\ vphr(tv & prep & n5). drink through cloth /to avoid drinking 

particles of foreign matter in cane liquor/. /e"abu is preferred/. 

u'ababet, av. fine (clothing), with smooth weave. 

e'abahtik, aj. polished (table). 

e'abal, aj. fine (weaving, woven hat), with smooth weave, smooth and 

straight (road), 

e'abalik, aj. cf. e'abahtik. 

sr'abbe, tv. swill, 

e'abe'on, av. fat and glossy (horse), polished smooth (axe, hoe or digging 

stick handle), skimming off. 

e'abet, av. smooth and polished (machete or knife blade). 

e"abetik, av. swilling (plu). 

e'ablahet, av. cf. e'abe'on (plu), pleasingly plump and well-groomed (girl). 

e'ablahetik, av. grinding smooth and polished /machete or knife blade/, 

pleasingly plump and well-groomed (girls), 

e'ableh, n4f. polished, 

e'abtee'abte, av. swilling freely. 

e"abu, tv. drink through cloth. 

ta he'abu ta boc. I am skimming it with a gourd, 

c'abuel, nc. skimming. 

e'abuobil, n4f. gourd used to skim up clean water. 

e"ah T(2). 

e'ah, tv. dip /hair, waterjug, water gourd, or stick in water, cloth in dye, 

fingers or stirring rod in food/, soak /in water, dye or soup, corn kernels 

in salt water when divining soul-loss/, submerge /in mud/. 

e'ah, nc. container for soaking /thread or skirt in dye, starter in chicha/. 

e'ah ba, rv. submerge self /in water or mud/. 

c'ahah, av. floating rapidly, 

e'ahahet, av. feeling chill just before vomiting. 

cr'ahahtik, aj. cf. e'ahal /plu/. 

n'ahal, aj. sunk /in water or mud/, buried /in weeds/. 

e"ahalik, aj. cf. e'ahal /plu/. 

e'ahane'ahan, tv. soak one after another. 

e'ahbil , nphr(aj & n)5. brandied /peach, nanche, apple, 

quince/ /soaked in cane liquor/. 

e'ahe'on, av. submerging self (children playing in water). 

e'ahebal, n5. moment before being submerged. 

e*ahel, nc. soaking (1-3) /thread or skirt in dye, starter in chicha/, adding 

of sugar to chicha. 

e'ahet, av. submerged, feeling chill just before vomiting, 

e'ahetik, av. submerging selves /in water/ /e'ahlahet preferred/. 

e"ahlah, av. being submerged rapidly /in water/ /sing/. 

e'ahlahet, av. submerging selves /in water/, 

e'ahlahetik, av. submerging selves /in mud/. 

e'ahleh, nlf. submerged. 

e'ahluh, av. sinking suddenly /in water/. 

e"ahob yakil vot, nphr(nlf of nphr/aj & n/ld). pot for making chicha 

/cantor makes chicha during Carnival/. 

e"ahob yakil vo-> trago, nphr: n4f of nphr(nphr/aj & n/4e of n5). pot for 

making cane liquor. 

e"ahobil, n4f. pot used to soak vines /prior to use as lashing/. 

z'ahobil yakil vo9, nphr(nlf of nphr/aj & n/ld). cf. e"ahob yakil vol. 

e'ahobil yakil voi trago, nphr: n4f of nphr(nphr/aj & n/4e of n5). cf. 

e'ahob yakil v


e"akin baik, rv. adjoin (land parcels). 

e'aklahetik, av. tieing together /mules/ (plu). 

e"akleb 9O9, nphr(n4f of n4d). rump /section of slaughtered chicken/. 

e'akob-bail, n(n & rpncpd). leaves used to speed mending of bones. 

e'akob-bail, n(n & rpncpd). 'mender', Stevia polycephala, #2918(1,3). 

Temperate "plant" Same use as e'akob-bail e'inlel. 

e'akob-bail e"i?lel, nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n). 'mending plant', Stevia 

polycephala, #465(1,2), #2265(3,4). Highland "plant". Three handfuls 

of young leaves are toasted on the griddle and then bound to a bone 

break. This is repeated three or four times. The leaves are "hot". 

e'akob-bail pos\ nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n). 'mending medicine', Stevia 

lucida, #1796(1,4). Highland "plant". Same use as e'akob-bail 

fiilel. 

e"akob bak, nphr(n of n). 'bone mender', Stevia lucida, # 2516( 1,4). Highland 

"tree". Same use as e'akob-bail e'itlel. 

e'akobil, n4f. thread used to mend tear in weaving, leather strip used to 

mend broken sandal. 

n'akubtas, tv. finish, complete, dress. 

e'akubtas ba, rv. dress up. 

e'akubtas kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5). change the floral adornments of the 

shrines in the hills, churches, or officials' homes. The pine and floral 

decorations for the crosses are considered to be their clothes. 

e*akubtasobil, n4f. liquor drunk by assistants of patient when decorating 

shrines. 

e"akubtasvan, iv. dress person /wedding couple/ (godfathers). 

he'ak-bak, agn(tv & ncpd). bonesetter. 

he'akubtaseh-kahvaltik, agn(tv & ncpd). person who is changing floral 

adornments of shrines in the hills, churches, or officials' homes. 

e'ok, nc. units or ropes fastened together /tables pushed together, coupled 

train cars./ 

e'oke'ok, nc. cf. e'ake'ak. 

e'okole'okol, n4f. cf. e'akale'akal. 

e'al T(2). 

e'al, tv. tie in bundle /firewood, grass, stubble, pine boughs/, steal. 

lek ise'al ec'el yikae. He did a good job of bundling his load away 

(robber). 

e'al, iv. be tied in bundle. 

e'al, aj. ridged (sugarcane or bamboo when nodes are too close together), 

slightly uneven (weaving). 

e'al ba, rv. become ridged (weaving) /warp stands up apart/. 

e'al-hol te9, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. billy. 

e*al-ne ?uc, cf. 9uc(l). 

c'alahtik, aj. cf. e'alal /plu/. 

e"alal, aj. in bundle, creased (brow). 

e"alalet, av. becoming very ridged or uneven (weaving), rippling. 

e"alalik, aj. cf. e'alal /plu/. 

e'alan, tv. tie in bundles. 

e'alane'alan, tv. tie up one bundle after another quickly. 

e*ale'al, aj. ridged (sugarcane or bamboo when nodes are too close together), 

furrowed (brow). 

e'ale'on, av. tieing in bundles slowly and ineffectively /firewood/. 

e"alebal, n5. moment just before tieing in bundle /firewood/. 

e*alel, aj. furrowed (brow) /scolding/. 

e'alet, av. becoming ridged (weaving), frowning, uneven /haircut/, prominent 

(ribs). 

e'allahet, av. cf. e'ale'on (plu). 

e'allahetik, av. cf. e'ale'on (plu). 

e'alob, nlf. rope /for tieing firewood/. 

e'alobil, nlf. cf. e'alob. 

e'altee'ahe, av. tieing one bundle after another. 

e'ol, nc. In reference to objects piled on top of one another /burdens of 

person or animal, "burdens" of corn stalk, i.e., one ear on top of another, 

bags of corn, stones/, tied bundle /firewood/. 

te ca'Ve'ol itaeik. There they were found on top of each other (people 

in flagrante delicto). 

e'am prob A or N. 

e"am-te?, n(x & ncpd)la. crossbeam. 

e'am-toal na, nphr(natt/x & ncpd/ & n). 'house crossbeam', Heliocarpus 

donnell-smithii, #2132(7). Lowland and temperate "tree". 

e'omol, nld. log stool. 

e"omol eon, nphr(n type n)5. lit., stool animal, i.e., nine-banded armadillo 

Dasypus novemcinctus. cf. kapon con. The armadillo's name is derived 

from a belief that the animal serves as the earth lord's stool. 

e"omolin, n4d. log stool. 

e s an(l) I. 

e"an, iv. be conceived. 

mu sVan. She is barren (or) He is impotent. 

e"anesbe, tv. conceive /child/ (man, woman). 

t?an(2) P. 

e"an, iv. form puddles. 

e'anal, aj. in puddles, remaining on the bottom (cane liquor in bottle or 

demijohn). 

te e'anal ta p'in. There is some in the pot (water, corn gruel). 

e'anal vo?, nphr(aj & n)5. puddle. 

e"anan, tv. pour into /water/, make puddles. 

e"ananan, tv. pour into containers /with water/. 

e'anane'anan, tv. fill one container after another with liquid. 

e'anane'ananan, tv. cf. e'anane'anan. 

e"ananet, av. moving (wide expanse of water). 

e'ananob, nlf. pot for liquid. 

e'ananobil, nlf. cf. e'ananob. 

e'ane'an, iv. form a few puddles. 

e'ane'antik, iv. form a few puddles. 

e'ane'on, av. sloshing (small amount of liquid), dripping. 

e"anet, av. forming puddles (liquids). 

te se'anet ya^lel ssat. He had tears in his eyes. 

e'ani, iv. be sitting (liquids). 

e'anlahet, av. in puddles. 

e'anleb, n5. puddle, pool. 

e'ap prob P or P(2). 

e'ap, tv. pierce /with needle, nail or feather/, place in post hole /replacement 

post/. 

e'ap, nc. hole, perforation. 

e'apahtik, aj. cf. e'apal /plu/. 

e"apal, aj. be sticking in (arrow, nail), long and pointed (nose, stick). 

e'apale'apal, n4f. each of many /posts/ stuck in /ground/. 

e*apan, tv. stick in /nail, post, digging stick/. 

e'apanan, tv. stick in /nails, posts, digging sticks/. 

e'apane'apan, tv. stick one in after another /nail, post, digging stick/. 

e'apane'apanan, tv. cf. e'apane'apan. 

e"apap, av. piercing with force (penis). 

e'apapet k'usul, vphr(av & n4f). piercing pain (thorn). 

e*apbe, tv. pierce /with needle, nail, knife or feather/, stab, 

ise'apbe sa TOVOI. He has planted already. 

e'ape'ap, aj. pointed (nose, post). 

e'ape'on, av. piercing (pain caused by thorn, etc., in flesh). 

e"apel, aj. pointed (nose). 

e"apet, av. moving with pointed object (fox sniffing about). 

e*aplahet, av. piercing (bristles, thorns, flea bites). 

e"apleh, nlf. pointed (nose). 

e*apluh, av. piercing suddenly /foot/ (thorn). 

e"apulan, tv. stick in repeatedly (finger in rotten squash, digging stick). 

e'apulanan, tv. stick in repeatedly in many places. 

e*ar A. 

e'aram, aj. with ridges, ribbed (flashlight, billy), uneven /haircut/, barred 

with stripes at right angles to top or head. cf. e'al. 

e'aram te 1 ), nphr(aj & n)le. billy /carried by constables, publicans and 

stewards-royal/. 

e'aramta, tv. cut unevenly, cut ridges in. 

e"aramtik, aj. cf. e'aram. 

e'aramul, n4f. ribbing, unevenness /haircut, weaving/, Male joking 

speech; pig penis.

e*arkun, n4e. unevenness /haircut/. 

e"arkun, aj. uneven (haircut), ribbed (flashlight). 

e'arkunta, tv. cut ridges in, cut unevenly. 

e"arkuntik, aj. cf. e'arkun. 

c-ay P(2). 

e"ay ba, rv. become pretty and neat. 

e*ayahtik, aj. cf. e"ayal /plu/. 

e"ayal, aj. fat and gleaming (horse). 

e'ayalik, aj. cf. e'ayal /plu/. 

e'ayay, av. running and gleaming (horse). 

e*ayayet, av. shimmering (water, mirror, money). 

e'aye'on, av. shimmering (water, mirror, horse). 

e"aylah, av. cf. e'ayay (plu). 

e"aylahet, av. flashing, gleaming (plu). 

e'ayluh, av. flashing suddenly and briefly (lightning). 

e'aytee'ayte, av. running about gleaming (horse). 

eV> P, P(2). 

e'e'an, tv. tip, tilt. 

ise'e')an scikin. He cocked his ears. 

c"e9an ba, rv. lie on one's side, dodge /blow/, 

e'eian-bai], vn(tv & rpncpd). sleeping on side, 

e'eianan, tv. tilt /beams to dry in sun/. 

e'e')ane'e')an, tv. tip or tilt one after another. 

e'e')ane'e')anan, tv. tip or tilt one after another, 

e'oanel, nc. tipping. 

e'ew'on, av. walking swinging shoulders from side to side, swaggering. 

e'eieiet, av. walking holding one's side /doubled over with pain/. 

e"eiel, aj. on one's side, leaning (sitting person), cocking (ears), tilted 

(moon) /indicates arrival of rain/, 

e'oet, av. turning aside. 

sVeêt k'ak'al. It was /I to 2 p.m./ afternoon. 

sVeiet ">ak'ubal. It was after midnight /I to 2 a.m./, walking with 

cocked (ears). 

e'oetik, av. after (noon, midnight). 

e*e'i, iv. be lying on one's side. 

e'olah, av. walking swaying from side to side (people with long burdens), 

e'eilahet, av. cf. e'ene'on (plu). 

e'olahetik, av. cf. e'ete'on (plu). 

e'oleh, nld. lying on side, 

e'eiluh, av. tipping suddenly to the side. 

e'e'Jp'uh, tv. turn aside /to let person pass/, tip (load), lean, turn over /in 

reclining position/. 

ie'e')p'uh sk'op ta yalel ti k'usi t sale. He changed his story inadvertently 

when telling what he had to say. 

ie'eTp'uh ye ta kavilto. He changed his story inadvertently in court. 

ie'Op'uh ")ak'ubal. It was after midnight /I to 2 a.m./. 

ie'op'uh k'ak'al. It was past noon /I to 2 p.m./. 

yik'al sVe^p'uh sk'ob. Perhaps he will beat him. 

Ritual speech, shaman; ")oy t ae'op'uhel 9oy t ahoyp'ihel ioy t 

avalk'uhel ?oy t asutp'ihel. You are tossing, you are turning, 

you are tossing, you are turning /patient/. 

e'op'un, tv. tip /pot, water jug/. 

e'eTp'unan, tv. tip or tilt /bags of corn/. 

e'e'>p'une'e')p'un, tv. tip or tilt one after another. 

e'e'Hec'e'Ke, av. walking about swaying from side to side (lame person). 

e'culan ba, rv. toss from side to side, swagger, 

e'oulanan, tv. keep rocking many times. 

e'eh O. 

e'ebc'on, av. chattering, scolding (squirrel). 

e'eha? N. 

e'eha?, nle. squirrel cuckoo Piaya cayana. They are not eaten. The 

squirrel cuckoo's call is thought to cause a person to twist his ankle or 

to trip and fall. Its call may also announce the sickness of a loved one 

back home, var., e'ihai /Htek-lum, Hok' C'enom, Muk'ta Hok'/. 

ea N. 

e*el, nib. near, next to. 


ta he'd, next to me. 

Ritual speech, shaman praying at initiation of new shaman;mi lekil 

htunel mi lekil hbainel ta yo 1 ae"el ta yo 1 avic'on. Is he a good 

servant, is he a good perceiver beside Thee, before Thee? 

e'emeni'' N. 

e'emeni'), n5. dayflower CommeUna coelestis, #2053(18). Highland 

"plant". Tradescentia crassifolia, #737(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". 7/7pogandra 

disgrega, #2178(19). Highland "plant" 

e'emeni'Hik, n5. expanse of e'emeni'). 

•>ik'al e'emeni'!, nphr(aj & n). dayflower Commelina coelestis, 

#2320(19). Highland "plant" Cymbispatha commelinoides, 


•)09lol e'emeni'?, nphr(n type n). 'medium-sized dayflower', Tripogandra 

sp., #1610(1,3). Lowland and temperate "plant". Habenaria clypeata, 

#2124(1). Temperate plant" Cymbispatha commelinoides, 

#1808(1,4). Temperate and highland "plant". 

bik'it e'emeni'), nphr(aj & n). Tripogandra disgrega, #2468(21,22). 


bik'itik e'emeni'), nphr(aj & n). dayflower Commelina diffusa, 

#2066(17). Highland "plant" To induce a sick child to nurse a 

small bunch of dayflowers is brewed and the child is bathed twice a 

day for two days. It is "cold". (RML)-Two unidentified plants are 

brewed with it. 

eahal e'emeni'), nphr(aj & n). dayflower Commelina coelestis, 

#2053(17). Highland "plant" Cymbispatha commelinoides, 

#1223(1,3,4,5). Highland plant". 

k'os eahal e'emeni'), nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Tripogandra angustifolia, 

#1979(1,3,4,16,17). Lowland "plant". It grows in corn fields. 

Tripogandra disgrega, #2178(1,3,4). Highland "plant", 

muk'ta eahal e'emeni'), nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Campeiia zanonia, 

#1250(1,3,4,5). Temperate "plant" Epidendrum ibaguense, 


k'os e'emeni'), nphr(aj & n). dayflower Commelina diffusa, #1789(4). 

Highland "plant" dayflower Commelina coelestis, #2556(21,22). 

Temperate "plant". Aploleia multiflora, #690 (1,2,3,5). Highland 

"plant". Cymbispatha commelinoides, #1808(15,16). Temperate and 

highland "plant". Tripogandra disgrega, #2468(4). Highland "plant" 

muk'ta e'emeni'), nphr(aj & n). Campeiia zanonia, # 1617(1,3,11,12,13). 

Temperate "plant", shrubby four o'clock Mirabilis cf. jalapa, 


sakil e'emeni'), nphr(aj & n). dayflower Commelina erecta, #997(3). 

Lowland "plant". Cerastium vulcanicum, #1236(1,3,4,5). Temperate 

"plant", 

k'os sakil e'emeni'), nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Tripogandra disgrega, 


yas-'mlan nic e'emeni'), nphr: nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n4f) type n. Cymbispatha 

commelinoides, #1809(15,16). Highland "plant", 

yasal e'emeni'), nphr(aj & n). see below. 

k'os yasal e'emeni'), nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). dayflower Commelina 

diffusa, #1189(1,3,4,5), #1446(3,5), #2066(3,4). Highland "plant" 

dayflower Commelina erecta, #1306(1,3,4,5). Lowland "plant". 

#1585(1,3). Temperate plant" dayflower Commelina coelestis, 

# 1918(1,3,4). Temperate "plant". #2053(3). Highland "plant", dayflower 

Commelina alpeslris, #1460(3). Highland plant", 

muk'ta yasal e'emeni'), nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Campeiia zanonia, 


e'emeni 1 ) e'iilel, nphr(n type n). 'dayflower plant', Tripogandra elongata, 

#538(1,3). Temperate "plant", 

e'emenhal ba ton, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/). 'rock-top dayflower', Cranichis 

trilobata, #1955(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate "plant". 

e'emeniwl e'en, nphr(natt & n). 'cliff dayflower', Epidendrum ibaguense, 

#2784(1,4). Temperate •plant". 

e'erel N. 

e"erel, n. inga Inga spuria, #1620(11,12), #3008(11). Lowland "tree" 

The fruit is eaten. The trunk is used for firewood. 

c-et(l) T.


e"et, tv. cut down /tree with machete/ (person). 

e"et, iv. be cut down. 

e'etan, tv. cut down /trees/. 

e'etanan, tv. cf. e'etan. 

e'etane'etan, tv. fell one after another. 

e'etane'etanan, tv. cf. e'etane'etan. 

e'etob, nla. medium-sized to large tree being felled or having been felled 

when land is cleared. 

e"etob te9, nphr(n of n)5. axe, sickle, 

e'etobil te9, nphr(n of n)5. cf. e'etob let. 

e'etobtik, n5. expanse of forest in area suitable for corn farming. 

e"etulan, tv. hack at. 

e'etulanan, tv. hack at /plu/. 

e'etil) N. 

e"et, nld. left hand. 

t si"?abteh ta he'd. I work with my left hand. 

ta he'd k'obtik. on the left hand side, to the left. 

e"et(3) P. 

e'etahtik, aj. cf. e'etel /plu/. 

e'etan, tv. prick up /ears/ /eavesdropping/. 

e'etanbil ti cikinil. It is widely known, 

e'etel, aj. pricked up or cocked (ears), 

e'etelik, aj. cf. e'etel /plu/. 

e"etet, av. walking with cocked (ear). 

c 5 ! prob O. 

e"ibe, tv. make squeak /palm being woven/, 

e'ie'on, av. squeaking /weaving palm/. 

e"iet, av. singing in high voice (woman), 

e'ietik, av. cf. e'iet (plu). 

e'ilahet, av. cf. e'iet (plu). 

e'ilahetik, av. cf. e'iet (plu), cf. e'ie'on (plu). 

e*i9(l) N. 

e*i9, nla. dog. 

se'i')al 9osil. lit., the dogs of the earth., i.e., those who are treated like 

dogs. 

Ritual speech, prayer; li yo e'iwn li yo fttomon. I am a lowly dog, 

I am a lowly pig. It is believed that a black dog carries the souls 

of the dead across a river in the underworld, therefore black dogs 

should not be killed. 

e'i"> coy, cf. coy. 

e*i9 hc'ul-totik, nphr(n4d of n/aj & ncpd/5). highland black and yellow 

wooly caterpillar. 

e*i9 nicim, nphr(n type n). 'dog flower', stock Matthiola incana, 

#35(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant". The seeds are planted in pots by ladinos 

and transplanted in the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar 

vases. They are sold at market in San Cristobal. 

e*i9al, n4d. stupidity, beastliness. 

e'i'Jin, tv. steal dog, take dog into one's house, 

lok'il e'i'), nphr(n type n)la. dog with long straight tail. 

ci9, n5. Baby talk; dog. 

c"i9(2) X. 

e'iile, tv. spoil a lot /food/ by looking at it (pregnant woman), 

e'iilean, tv. spoil a lot /food/ by looking at it (pregnant woman). 

e'iileh, iv. spoil (food, clothing), be ruined (girl), fall apart (legal case). 

ie"i9leh no k'al copol sbat ta bonel yu9un 9aneetik. It was just spoiled 

when the woman dyed it improperly. 

ie'iileh sa li k'ope na9tik sa smeleah ta lek. The case fell apart; who 

knows whether it will be properly settled now. 

e'iflel, nle. plant /general term/, weed. 

e"i9lelaltik, n5. large expanse of weeds. 

e'i9lelin, tv. restricted to past participle; se'nlelinoh: weed infested. 

e^leltik, n5. expanse of weeds. 

e*i9levan, iv. cause sickness /by molesting person in dream or via goat or 

poison/. 

he*i9levaneh, agn. person who bewitches another through dream or poison. 

e*ib N. 

e*ib, nla. writing skill /archaic/. Ritual speech, used by scribe. 

e"ib bolom, cf. bolom. 

e'iba, tv. write. 

e'ibabil. written, 

e'ibah, iv. write. 

se'ibah kahvaltik. lit.; Our Lord is writing, i.e. There is a halo 

around the sun /believed to be a time when Our Savior is writing 

down all our sins, also believed to forecast rain/, 

e'ibahel, n5. writing, 

he'ibahel, agn. writer, 

he'ibahom, agn. writer, 

e'ibal 9akov, cf. 9akov. 

tribal 9anal, nphr(n4f of n4f)- leaf vein, 

e'ibal botil, cf. cenek'. 

e'iba] cenek', cf. cenek'. 

e'ibal hoi 9anima, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/)5. cranial suture, 

e'ibal k'u9ul, cf. k'u9ul. 

e'ibal patas cenek', cf. cenek'. 

e'ibaltik, aj. cf. e'ibal. 

e"ibaron, aj. splotchy (children's faces after playing with charcoal), 

e'ibarontik, aj. cf. e'ibaron. 

e"ibin, aj. striped (bean) /Hok' C'enom./ 

eMe 5 prob O. 

e'ie'et, av. squealing (pig), 

e'ie'ie'et, av. screaming (drunk), squealing (pig). 

e'ie'irin, n5. young rooster when crowing, crow of young rooster, 

e'ie'lah, av. walking screaming (drunks), 

e'ie'lahet, av. crowing (young roosters), squealing (pigs), 

e'ie'lahetik, av. screaming (drunks), 

e'l'e'tee'i'e'te, av. walking about screaming (drunk). 

eîh P. 

e'ihahtik, aj. droopy (sick chickens). 

e'ihan ba, rv. listen respectfully, ponder, sit pensively with lowered head, 

be shamed into silence, droop (sick chicken). 

te se'ihan sba ti mi yic' 9utele. He listens respectfully when he is 

censured. 

e'ihan ta 9utel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). shame into silence by censure, 

e'ihe-'on ta camel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). chronically ill. 

e*ihet, av. walking droopily, listening mutely. 

e"ihetik, av. listening mutely, 

e'ihil, aj. drooping listlessly /sick/, bending over thinking, dead silent 

(night). 

e'ihil k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. listening mutely, 

e'ihilik, aj. listening mutely /plu/. 

e'ihlahet ta camel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. e'ihe'on ta camel /plu/. 

e"ihlahetik ta camel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. e'ihe'on ta camel /plu/. 

e'ihleh, nlf. listening mutely, 

e'lhtee'ihte ta camel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). falling ill one after another 

(chickens). 

e > iha9 

e"iha9, cf. c"eha9. 

e'ik(l) T. 

e"ik, tv. endure /cold, pain, rain, frost/. 

e"ik ba, rv. fast /chili, cold water, coffee, cold" food/. 

e"ik-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. fast. 

e*ikan, tv. endure /rain, cold, frost/ (plu). 

e'ikbe, tv. endure /another's stupidity or disobedience, pain/. 

e"iket 9u9un, vphr(av & n4d). endure /sickness/. 

e'ikulan, tv. keep enduring /cold, pain/. 

e"ikulanan, tv. keep enduring a lot of /scolding/. 

e*ikulanbe, tv. keep enduring /another's stupidity or disobedience, pain/. 

c"ik(2) O. 

e"ik, onom. wheeze /sick chicken/. 

e"ike'on, av. squeaking (beneficent supernatural hummingbird), wheezing 

(sick chicken).

e'ikiket, av. squeaking (evil supernatural hummingbird, bat). 

e'iklahet, av. wheezing (plu). 

c"ik(3) prob P. 

e'ikan, tv. turn end up /pine or match so it will burn/. 

e"il(l) prob P or P(2). 

e"il, nc. pin-stripe /clothing/. 

e'il k'u9ul, cf. k'u?ul. 

e*i] pok', cf. pok'. 

e'tlahtLk sat, nphr(aj &. n4d). looking about every which way /in fear/. 

e'ile'il, nc. single stripe /I only/. 

eWon sat, vphr(av & n4d). peering out (prisoner). 

e'ilet sat, vphr(av & n4d). peering out (prisoner). 

e'ilikil, n4f. many stripes. 

e"ilil sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). peering out (prisoner). 

e'ufle'ili], n4f. each of many differently colored stripes. 

e"ililet, av. with radiant expression, with sparkling eyes. 

tnlihk sat, nphr(aj & n4d). looking about every which way /in fear/. 

ir'illahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. e'ilet sal. 

eMl(2) I. 

e'iles ba, rv. be promiscuous or foolish in love. 

ise'iles sba ta vinik muk' smala shak'el. She was promiscuous with 

men; she didn't wait to be petitioned, 

ise'iles sba ta meiel. He was promiscuous with women. 

rfnO) T(2). 

e"in, tv. hoard. 

e"in, onom. ringing (ears). 

e'ine'on, av. jingling, ringing (anvil, machete striking stone). 

e"inil unit, nphr(aj & n)5. 'tinkling bird', blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila 

caerulea. 

e"ininet, av. jingling, jangling (bell EK.L 252: 2-7) tinkling, ringing (ears) 

/when someone misses us or after being in crowd/, 

e'inlahet, av. cf. e'ine'on (plu), tinkling (glass VI: 10), clinking (bottles V1: 

14, metal wheel V3: 14). 

e'inluh, av. jingling suddenly, jangling suddenly, shattering suddenly 

(EKL 259: 2-16). 

c'inulan, tv. jingle. 

e"in(2) prob A or N. 

e*in-te9, n(x & ncpd) la. yucca Manihol esculenta, #335(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"tree" It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. The tuber is boiled with 

sugar and eaten as candy by ladinos. It is cold" Yuccas are sold at 

market. 

e"ir O. 

e"irin, onom. clink, clank (metal object). 

e'irin mut, nphr(n type n)5. 'clink bird', bushtit Psaltriparus minimus. 

e*iriret, av. clinking (metal wheel V3: 14) /infr/. 

k'anal e'irin mut, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/)5. black-headed siskin Spinus 

no/a His. cf. c'iki'ik, k'anal c'ivil mut. 

c"is T(2). 

e*is, tv. sew. 

e'is, iv. be sewn. 

e"is, n4f. seam. 

e"isahtik, aj. cf. e"isil /plu/. 

e*isahtik zoi sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/n4f & n4d/). cf. e'isil eon sat 

/plu/. 

e"isan, tv. sew /plu/. 

e"isanan, tv. cf. e"isan. 

e'isane'isan, tv. sew one after another, 

e'isane'isanan, tv. sew one after another quickly, 

e'isbenal, n4f. seam. 

eMsbentik, aj. mended places /sewn, not patched/. 

e"ise'on, av. sewing. 

e'isebal, n5. moment when sewing is nearly finished, 

e'isil, aj. sewed closed (burlap bag), 

e'isil eoi sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/n4f of n4d/). with eyelids stuck tight 

from discharge. 

e'isil sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with eyelids stuck tight from discharge, 


unopened (eyes of newborn puppy). 

c'isilik, aj. unopened (eyes of newborn puppies). 

e"islahet, av. cf. e'ise'on (plu). 

e"isob k'u'ml, nphr(nlf of n3d). absolute form; seamstress or tailor's 

house, animate poss.; needle, thread. 

e'isobil k'uoul, nphr(nlf of n3d). cf. e'isob k'utul. 

e'isomah, iv. sew. 

e'isomahebal, nla. needle, sewing machine. 

e'isulan, tv. keep sewing. 

he'isom, agn. seamstress, hat sewer. 

e'inl) T. 

e'it, tv. clean with second joint of forefinger /inside of gourd or bowl/, 

e'it, iv. be cleaned with finger. 

e*itan, tv. clean /gourds, bowls/ with second joint of forefinger, 

e'l'tane'i'tan, tv. clean one /bowl, gourd/ after another with second joint 

of forefinger. 

e'itbe, tv. clean with second joint of forefinger, 

e'ite'on, av. clean with second joint of forefinger, 

e'itlahet, av. cf. e'ite'on (plu). 

e'ltlahetilc, av. cf. e'ite'on (plu). 

e'itulan, tv. keep cleaning with second joint of forefinger, 

e'itulanan, tv. keep cleaning /bowls/ with second joint of forefinger 

(child). 

e"itulanbe, tv. keep cleaning with second joint of forefinger /sibling's 

bowl/. 

eMt(2) T. 

e*itanbe larsial, vphr(tv & n5). whip /plu/. 

e*itbe larsial, vphr(tv & n5). whip, 

e'ite'on, av. cracking (whip), 

e'itlahet, av. cracking (whip, lightning). 

eYtluh, av. cracking suddenly (lightning, whip). 

e"itulanbe 9arsial, vphr(tv & n5). keep whipping. 

e-it(3) 

e'it, rear, make grow. cf. c'i. 

e*09(l) O. 

e'oi, onom. squeak. 

e'o'ê'on, av. squeaking (sandals, door, bed). 

e"o9et, av. squeaking (door V2: 2, tree, oxcart). 

e'o'Mlan, tv. keep causing to squeak, 

e'oiilanan, tv. make squeaks, 

e'clahet, av. squeaking (cart, sandals, beds, trees), 

e'owet, av. squeaking repeatedly (door, tree, oxcart V3: 10, bed), stridulating 

(automobile starter V3: 9), squeaking (car V3: 12) /braking/, 

rin, nla. gate, seesaw. 

P. 

e'oi-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. squint-eyed. 

e'o''-sati, tv(tv & ncpd). wink at /girl/. 

e'oo-sativan, iv(tv & ncpd). wink at person. 

eânbe, tv. wink at. 

e'oeon, av. squinting (eyes from smoke, crying). 

e'cel, aj. squint (eyed), 

e'cet sat, vphr(av & n4d). with squint-eye. 

e'oilan, tv. wink. 

e'olahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. e'onet sat /plu/. 

e"o7ol, aj. squint (eyed). 

e'o'Uee'ote, av. walking about squinting. 

e*ob X. 

e'obe'on, av. aching (tooth, head, thorn, ear, neck). 

e"oblahet, av. aching with exhaustion (legs). 

c'oban N. 

e"oban, n. rosey globe mallow Phymosia rosea, #356(1,2,3,4). Highland 

" tree". As a remedy for whooping cough three flowers are brewed with 

the seeds of the ear pod tree. The tea is drunk once or twice. It is 

"hot" The flowers are strung on a necklace that is placed in a bowl 

and carried by the first prefect to the houses of the junior stewards on 

St. Rose Day. The woman who tends the incense wears it for a mo-


ment after it has been revered. (23)-One small basket is provided by the 

stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary. 

e'obaa e'irtel, nphr(n type n). shrubby four o'clock Mirabilis jalapa, 

#69(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "plant". (RML)-Probably a misidentification. 

wax mallow Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus, #940(1,3). Highland 

"plant'. As a remedy for whooping cough thirteen flowers are 

brewed and the tea is drunk before meals for three days. It is 

"medium". 

e'oban to, nphr(n type n). wax mallow Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus, 

#1576(11,12). Temperate "tree". Abutilon tridens, #426(1,2,3). 

Temperate "tree", 

k'anal e'oban, nphr(aj & n). Abutilon purpusii, #2137(1). Temperate 

"tree". 

k'os e'oban, nphr(aj & n). wax mallow Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus, 

#876(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". The flowers are put in altar 

vases by ladinos. #1914(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate "tree". (16,17)-As 

cough medicine, a flower is brewed with sugar and a cupful of the 

tea is drunk twice a day. It is "cold", 

k'os e'oban te"?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wax mallow Malvaviscus 

arboreus var. arboreus, #1576(1,3). Temperate "tree". 

e'oc'op N. 

eWop, n5. oak Quercus polymorpha, #1959(16,17). Temperate "tree". 

It is used for fence posts and firewood. 

e*ok P or P(2). 

e"ok-ni7, n(aj & ncpd)5. newcastle disease. 

e'ok-nii mut, nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/ & n)5. groove-billed ani Crotophaga 

sulcirostris/Naben Cauk/. cf. htii-sip mut. 

e'okc'ok, aj. with a knot (rope), 

e'oke'on, av. aching (leg, arm). 

e'oklih, iv. sprain or twist (leg, arm, back), 

e'iklin, tv. sprain or twist (leg, arm, back). 

e"okp'ih, iv. sprain or twist (leg, arm, back), 

e'oktee'okte ?ok, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with sprained or twisted 

leg. 

e"ol(l) N. 

e*ol, nla. summer squash Cucurbitapepo, #2189(1,3,4). Highland "vine 

" It is planted in the corn field at the beginning of the rainy season. 

Five seeds are planted in each hole. It is harvested in October. It is 

J 

cold". 

e'oltik, n5. expanse of e"ol. 

kaslan e'ol, nphr(aj & n). watermelon squash Cucurbita ficifolia, 

# 1752(3,4,5,15).highland vine". (3)-The seeds are planted in the 

yard at the beginning of the rainy season. Five seeds are planted in 

each hole. The plants are fertilized. The squashes are harvested in 

August. The squashes are sliced and boiled with chili, salt, and coriander. 

They are "cold". (15)-The flowers and young tips are also 

eaten. The squashes are sold at market. 

e»ol(2) 

e'ol, burden, bundle, cf. e'al. 

f'om 

c'om, log stool, armadillo, cf. e'am. 

e'ot P, P(2). 

e'ot, tv. twist, wrap in bun /hair after washing/, twine /grass to make 

lashing/, lash /rope/, steer /car/, lock. 

e'ot-'?ok, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted leg or foot, 

c'ot ba, rv. become entangled (rope, horse). 

ise'ot sba ta cih. He wrapped himself in a blanket /i.e., without 

sharing it with bedmate/. 

e"ot-kob, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted arm or hand, 

e'ot-ni?, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted nose. 

e'ot ta makina, vphr(tv & prep & n5). grind /with meat grinder/, 

e'ot yalel, vphr(tv & dr). throw off balance, 

e'otahtik, aj. entangled (horses). 

e*otan, tv. twist, wrinkle up /nose, mouth/. 

e"otan, aj. twisted (tree trunk), 

e'otane'otan, tv. twine one after another /bundle of grass into rope/. 

e'otane'otanan, tv. cf. e'btane'btan. 

e'ote'on, av. spraining, twisting (leg). 

e'ote'ot, aj. twisted (leg nose). 

e'otel, aj. twisted. 

e'otilan, tv. keep wrapping around or lashing. 

e*otilan ba, rv. become entangled (thread), wrap one's rope around stake 

(Pig)e'otilan 

cak, vphr(tv & n4d). wag hips (boy when playing). 

e'otilan k'ob, vphr(tv & n4d). twiddle arms (child). 

e'otk'ih, iv. sprain, twist to side (falling tree). 

e'otk'in, tv. sprain, twist /person's arm/, twist to side /falling tree/. 

e'otlih, av. spraining suddenly. 

e'otobil 7ak', nphr(n4f of n4e). peg /stringed instrument/. 

e'otol, aj. twisted, entangled, locked (house). 

e*otolik, aj. cf. e'otahtik. 

e'ototet, av. whirling furiously (twister). 

e'otp'ih, iv. cf. e'otk'ih. 

e'otp'in, tv. cf. e'otk'in. 

e'ottee'otte, av. walking about with twisted (leg, nose). 

e'otvan, iv. entangle person in rope (horse), wrap around person (snake). 

he'otvaneh, agn. person who lashes another (constable). 

e'u 

e'u, sprinkle with holy water, asperges. cf. e'u. 

e'u'7(l) P or P(2). 

e'u'Je'on, av. squeaking (baby mouse), yapping (puppy). 

e"u7et, av. singing in high voice (woman). 

e"u7etik, av. cf. e"utet (plu). 

e'uilahet, av. cf. e'ute'on (plu). 

e*u')lahetik, av. cf. e'uie'on (plu). 

e'uMih, av. giving sudden squeak (mouse being stepped on), yapping 

suddenly (puppy). 

e'u?tee'u?te, av. walking about squeaking (baby mouse). 

e'uiu'Jet, av. talking in polite falsetto (man), squeaking (baby mouse). 

e'u?(2) prob P or P(2). 

e'u'vsat, n(aj & ncpd)5. squint-eyed. 

e*u9-sati, tv(tv & ncpd). wink at (girl), 

e'upahtik, aj. nearly closed (eyes of newborn puppy). 

e'aiz'n'), aj. with nearly closed (eye). 

e*u?el, aj. squint-eyed. 

e'u'Jet, av. with squint, nearly closed (eye from beating or blindness). 

e"u9etik, av. cf. e"uiet (plu). 

e'u')tee'u9te, av. walking about squinting. 

eVml, aj. nearly closed (eye), squinting. 

e"u?ulik, aj. cf. e'uiahtik. 

t?wQ) T. 

e'u'), tv. suck /dirty cane liquor through cloth/. 

e*u9bal, n4f. dregs. 

e'uibal lum, nphr(n type n)5. river sediment. 

e*u9be, tv. drink /corn gruel, cane liquor/. 

e'u'Jbe 7a?lel, vphr(tv & n4f). suck juice /citrus fruit, sugar cane/. 

e'uMahetik, av. drinking /in group/. 

e'uiobil, nlf. cloth through which dirty cane liquor is drunk. 

e'tntee'u'Jte, av. walking about drinking /from one bar to the next/. 

e*ub PorP(2). 

e"ubahtik, aj. cf. e'ube'ub /plu/. 

e'ube'ub, aj. pointed (machete, knife, pencil). 

e'ube'ub sni?. with pointed end /post/. 

e*ubel, aj. pointed (nose). 

e*ubul, aj. cf. e'ube'ub. 

e'ubulik, aj. cf. e'ube'ub /plu/. 

e'uc' T. 

e'ue', tv. suck, drink /dirty cane liquor through cloth/, suck out. 

e'ue'an, tv. suck many /oranges/. 

e'ue'be 9a">lel, vphr(tv & n4f). suck juice /citrus fruit, sugarcane/, 

e'ue'e'on, av. suckling (puppy). 

eWel, nc. drink /sucking through cloth/.

e'ue'et, av. drinking constantly /cane liquor/, sucking. 

eWetik, av. cf. e'ue'et (plu). 

eWilan, tv. keep sucking. 

eWlahet, av. cf. e'ue'et (plu). cf. e'ue'e'on (plu). 

e'ue'ob, nlf. drinking straw, cloth through which dirty cane liquor is 

drunk. 

eWobil, nlf. cf. e'ue'ob. 

e'ue'tee'ue'te, av. sipping here and there (hummingbird, flower-piercer). 

eWun, tv. suck, suck out, make sucking noise. 

eWun-cab, n(tv & ncpd)5. 'wax-sucker', anteater, tamandua Tamandua 

tetradactyla. Anteaters are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea, Their 

flesh is "hot" They are said to be companion animal spirits of Chamulas. 

e'ue'van, iv. drain person of strength (work, sickness). 

heW nic botil, agnphr: vphr(tv & nphrcpd/n of n/5). cinnamon-bellied 

flower-piercer Diglossa baritula. 

heW nic cenek', agnphr: vphr(tv & nphrcpd/n of n/5). cf. he'ue' nic botil. 

heWuneh nic botil, agnphr: vphr(vn & nphr/n of n/5). cf. he'ue' nic botil. 

he'ue'uneh nic cenek', agnphr: vphr(vn & nphr/n of n/5). cf. he'ue' nic 

botil. 

eWup N. 

eWupah, iv. shout at angrily. 

eWupil, n3d. canine /tooth/. 

eWupta, tv. whistle at someone through teeth /archaic/. 

c*nh(l) X. 

e*uh, nc. only a little, a little piece. 

e'uhe'uh, nc. single very small amount /I only/. 

e>iih(2) 1(2). 

e"uh, iv. leak (house), drip down (candle wax, water). 

sVuh sbek'tal li citome. lit., The pig's flesh will leak, i.e., The pig will 

grow lean /if allowed to wander or walk in the sun/. 

«"uh ton, nphr(x type n)la. very cold northeast storm. It is believed that 

there is a stone that hangs in a tree in the mountains that causes the 

storm. 

e'uhantik, aj. dripping at wide intervals /blood/. 

e'uhe'on, av. dripping (cow urine, sap, blood). 

e'uhel, n5. dripping water /in house/. 

e'uhes, tv. empty into /cane liquor/, cause to drip /water into corpse's 

mouth, cane liquor, candle wax/. 

f'uhcsan, tv. cause to drip /cane liquor in several bottles, wax candles/. 

e'uhlahet, av. dripping in many places (water, tears). 

sVuhlahet yailel liyul. I arrived dripping wet. 

e'uhleb, nla. salt that adheres to bottom of salt-making pot. 

tf'uhub, n5. rain water. 

e'uhub, n4f. pot to catch rain water. 

e'uhubal na, nphr(natt & n)5. eavesdrop /ground on which water falls 

from eaves, trench dug around three sides of house to carry off rainwater/. 

c'uhul, aj. dewy, wet (leaves). 

e*uhulal, n4f. dew /on plants/. Ritual speech, song; cane liquor. 

tf'uhule'uhul, n4f. frequent dripping /blood/. 

c*uh(3) X. 

e'libtee'uhte, av. spreading (piercing pain). 

e'uhuhet k'usul, vphr(av & n4f). piercing pain (wound), stinging (sickness 

in eyes, dirt in eyes, looking at sun).sickness in eyes, dirt in eyes, looking 

at sun). 

e'uk(l) P. 

e'ukahtik, aj. cf., e"ukul /plu/. 

e'ukan, tv. turn upside down /bottle, boiled ear of com/. 

e'ukanan, tv. turn upside down /bottles, boiled ears of corn/. 

e'ukane'ukan, tv. turn one upside down after another /bottles, boiled ears 

of corn/. 

e'ukane'ukanan, tv. cf. e'ukane'ukan. 

e'uke'uk, aj. narrow-based (basket, pot). 

u'ukel, aj. small (assed). 


e'ukel acak dak k'aial mail. Your ass is as small as a rotten watermelon 

squash. 

e"uket £ak, vphr(av & n4f). sitting upside down (bottle). 

e*uket yalel, vphr(av & dr). diving. 

e-'uki, iv. stand on head. 

e-'ukil, n3d. uvula. 

e'uklahet yalel, vphr(av & dr). cf. e'uket yalel (plu). 

e'ukleh, nlf. with head down /fallen drunk/. 

e'liklih, av. falling head first /in water/. 

e"ukp'ih, iv. fall head first (person). 

e'ukp'in, tv. overturn /person/. 

e'liktee likte yalel, vphr(av & dr). diving one after another. 

e*ukul, aj. upside down, with head down (fallen drunk). 

e'ukul-ni'îh, iv(aj & ivcpd). somersault. 

e'ukulin, tv. trip. 

e"uk(2) T. 

e"uk ta e"isel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). baste /cloth/. 

e*ul 

e"ul, cf. c'u. 

e'unU) T(2). 

e*un, tv. plant, breed, stab. 

e'unbil. cultivated (or) bred. 

e"un, iv. be planted. 

e"un ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). drop (foetus prior to birth). 

e'unahtik, aj. too heavy to lift /plu/. 

c'unan, tv. plant /plu/. 

e'unan tdk., vphr(tv & n4d). dig toes in /mud/. 

i.''unantfunan, tv. plant one after another. 

e'unbal, n4a. seed for planting, animal for breeding purposes, custom, 

race. 

Scolding speech, addressing discontented or evil person; hna?tik bu 

talem ue'unbal. Who knows where your seed sprang from? 

e'unbal to, nphr(n type n)la. tree planted on both sides of processional 

path of saints /yellow or montezuma pine, rapanea, wax myrtle/. 

e'unbalal , nphr(aj & n)5. cultivated . 

e'unbalal c'aben, cf. c'aben. 

e'unbalal po9on, cf. po?on. 

e'unbalal rosa, cf. rosa. 

tr'unbaltik, n5. orchard. 

e'unel, nc. planting /corn, flowers, peaches/. 

e'unubil, n3d. seed for planting, animal for breeding purposes. 

e'unul, aj. planted, dropped (foetus prior to birth). 

e"unul yalal. too heavy to lift. 

e'unuhk, aj. cf. e'unahtik. 

he"un-matas, agn(vphr/tv & ncpd/). 'beggarticks planter', crane fly. It 

is believed that it plants beggarticks. 

ûn(2) O. 

e'une'on, av. squeaking (beneficent supernatural hummingbird). 

e'unlahet, av. cf. e'une'on (plu). 

e'unlahetik, av. cf. e'une'on (plu). 

e'lintee'unte, av. squeaking here and there (beneficent supernatural hummingbird). 

e'unun, nle. hummingbird, esp. white-eared hummingbird Hylocharis 

leucotis. It is believed that there are two kinds of hummingbirds; one 

has a slow squeaking nocturnal song and is a messenger of the tutelary 

gods, the other has a rapid nocturnal song and is considered a 

witch. A man who wishes to engage in a fight is believed to gain agility 

and quicksightedness by eating a hummingbird's heart beforehand. 

A hummingbird may be wrapped in green ribbon and carried wherever 

one goes to talk to one's prospective mistress because the hummingbird 

is credited with the power of softening a girl's heart when 

she is spoken to. Hummingbirds are eaten to cure epilepsy. They are 

"hot". 

e'ununet, av. squeaking (supernatural evil hummingbird). 

t>up P or P(2). 

e*up-ni9, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-nosed (man, pig).

106 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 eve 

e'upahtii, aj. cf. e'upe'up /plu/. 

e'upe'up, aj. long, pointed (nose, post, pencil, machete, scissors, cow horn, 

claws). 

e'upel, aj. long, pointed (nose), 

e'upul, aj. long, pointed (nose, post, pencil, machete, scissors, cow horn, 

claws). 

e'upulik, aj. cf. e'upe'up /plu/. 

e'w O. 

e'ure'on, av. whimpering (sick newborn baby). 

e'uret, av. whimpering (newborn baby), talking in polite falsetto (man), 

e'urlabet, av. whimpering (plu). 

e'urlahelik, av. cf. e'uret (plu). 

e'ururet, av. whimpering (newborn baby), talking in polite falsetto (woman). 

e'urupik' N. 

e'urupik', nle. lowland and highland earwig. Song, dudes; earwig. 

e'urupik' ariata kalarina ronka. lit, your rope's earwig, hoarse Catherine. 

/Earwig here is an allusive reference to clitoris, as rope is to 

penis. Catherine is the name of the dame/, 

e'usub N. 

e'usub, n. wild grape Vitis tiliifolia, #1702(7,11,12). Lowland "vine". 

Vitis bourgaeana, # 2654(21,22). Temperate ' vine ". As a remedy for 

eye distress /satil/, a young tip is cut and three drops of its sap is 

put in the eye. var., e'usum /Caynatik, Paste 1 )/. 

•Jik'al e'usub, nphr(aj & n). cat brier Smilax jalapensis, #2164(14). 

Temperate vine", 

muk'ta e'usub, nphr(aj & n). virgin's bower Clematis dioica, # 2625(21). 

Lowland "vine". It is used to lash roof poles and fences, 

sakil e'usub, nphr(aj & n). Vitis bourgaeana, #2133(11). Temperate 

vine". Antigonon flavescens, #2645(20). Lowland "vine" It is used 

to lash wall boards and roof poles, 

k'os sakil e'usub, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Vitis bourgaeana, 

#2133(14). Temperate "vine". 

e'usub 9ak', nphr(n type n). Vitis bourgaeana, #2133(7). Temperate "vine" 

e'usum, cf. e'usub. 

e'usum 

e'usum, cf. e'usub. 

e'utuh N. 

e'utuh, nle. corn tassel. 

e'utuh te9, nphr(x type n)5. hop hornbeam Ostrya guatemalensis, 

#430(1,2,3). Temperate "tree". The trunk is used for house construction, 

for crossbeams, common rafters, and for mainposts. The trunk is 

also used for firewood. #467(1,2,3). Highland "tree". Same use as 

above, 

e'utuh te"?tik, nphr(x type n). grove of hop hornbeam trees. 

sakil e'utuh te"?, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). hop hornbeam Ostrya 

guatemalensis, #931(1,3). Highland "tree". Sixteen trunks are used 

for the common rafters of a large house, and twelve for a small 

house. The bark is scraped off. 

f'utuhin, tv. come into flower (corn). 

e'utuhinan, tv. come into flower (corn field). 

e*utuhtik, n5. corn field with tassels. 

e'uy P or P(2). 

e'uy, nla. rope used to tie loom to post, 

e'uyahtik, aj. cf. e"uyul /plu/. 

eMiyan ba, rv. slump forward (sitting drunk), 

e'uye'on, av. swaying heavily (branch), swaying and slumped over, 

e'uyet, av. swinging, swaying (branch with fruit, monkey, child, rope), 

bowed (head). 

e'uyibah, iv. swing on or in. 

e"uyih, iv. swing (child) /on rope/, 

e'uyihebal, n3d. swing. 

e"uyihes ba, rv. swing. 

e"uylah, av. cf. e'uyuy (plu). 

e'uylahet, av. swaying (branch with fruit). 

e'uylahetik, av. swinging (people, monkey). 

e'uylih, av. swinging suddenly. 

e'uyp'ih, iv. bow and nod (drunk), bow (branches laden with fruit). 

e'uyp'in, tv. bow down /fruit-laden branch/. 

e"uyul, aj. bowed over (branches laden with fruit), bowed (head of drunk), 

hanging in cluster (bees). 

e*uyul ta te 1 ?. heavily fruit-laden. 

e"uyulik, aj. cf. e'uyul /plu/. 

e'uytee'uyte, av. swinging from place to place (monkey), falling one after 

another (trees, drunks), 

e'uyuy, av. swinging, 

e'uyuyet, av. swaying heavily (fruit-laden branch). 

isr>(X) Num. 

i&i , n(num & nccpd)le. two. 

ca? , n(num & ncpd)3d. step— . used with kin term of nuclear 

family and wife's brother /infr/. 

caMal, tv(num & tvepd). repeat /words/. 

ca?-"?ayan, iv(num & ivcpd). reappear. 

ca?-"?ik\ tv(num & tvepd). remarry. 

caMoc, iv(num & ivcpd). reenter. 

ca-?-?olin, tv(num & tvepd). acquire stepchild (woman). All other kin 

terms of nuclear family may take ca9-and suffix -in to produce verb form 

meaning acquire step . 

cai-iue'il, n(num & ncpd)3d. second of younger siblings after first has 

died. 

ca?-eak, tv(num & tvepd). recapture. 

ca^-eako ta vun. Rewrite it! 

cai-e'alan, tv(num & tvepd). pile one on top of another /bags of corn/. 

ca?-con, tv(num & tvepd). resell, act as middleman. 

ca9-ham, tv(num & tvepd). reopen. 

ca?-havan, tv(num & tvepd). turn right side up again. 

ca"?-havin, tv(num & tvepd). split or slice in two. 

ca?-hot, n(num & neepd). Ritual speech, woman praying, referring to 

husband who conceals existence of mistress; two-faced. 

ca9-hot ti sbae cai-hot ti ssate. He has two countenances, he is 

two-faced. 

ca'-kil ba, rv(num & rvcpd). drag self again. 

ca?-koh, aj(num & neepd). homosexual, hermaphroditic. 

ca?-kuc, tv(num & tvepd). carry again /heavy burden/ /person rests and 

then carries it again, or burden is taken part way and left, then carried 

the rest of the way/, have homosexual relations with /man/. 

Sai-kusies k'op, vphr(tv/num & tvepd/ & n5). revive quarrel. 

da'Maean, tv(num & tvepd). pile one on top of another /bags of corn/, 

cai-lak'ta, tv(num & tvepd). twine /thread, yarn/. 

ca7-lok', iv(num & ivcpd). reappear. 

ca?-lok'es, tv(num & tvepd). take out again. 

£a9-me'rin, iv(num & ivcpd). recur (sickness). 

ca?-me?intas, tv(num & tvepd). cause to recur /sickness/. 

ca9-meleah, iv(num & ivcpd). fix again, settle again /dispute/, 

cai-mes, tv(num & tvepd). sweep again. 

ca9-pah, tv(num & tvepd). replant /posts/. 

ca?-pakanpakan, tv(num & tvepd). fold one inside another /clothes, paper/. 

ca?-pusin, tv(num & tvepd). fold over, fold in two /mat, paper/, double 

over /with blow/. 

ca?-pusin ba, rv(num & rvcpd). be folded in two or doubled, kneel and 

bow low. 

ca">-sut, iv(num & ivcpd). return again. 

£a?-ta, tv(num & tvepd). rediscover. 

£aMik', tv(num & tvepd). put in again, 

cai-toy, tv(num & tvepd). lift up again, raise again. 

ca"?-vay, iv(num & ivcpd). fall asleep again. 

ca?-vil, iv(num & ivcpd). fly again. 

vinik, n(num & numcpd)5. in or by forties, every forty.

caêh, nle. day after tomorrow. 

ta scaiehal. on the second day after /a particular day being discussed/, 

hcai-hot sat, agn(nphr/num & nccpd type n5/). supernatural two-faced 

devil, cf. hvalo-pat tok. 

hca?-ku£ -?e, agn: nphr(n/num & tvcpd/ type n). person with tooth sticking 

out above row of teeth, 

cabhe, nle. the day before yesterday. 

ta scabheal. two days before /a particular day being discussed/, 

cabhecabhe, n4f. every other day. 

cabhetik, n5. every other day. 

cabcab, numS. by twos. 

cabcab hu-hun. two apiece. 

cabcab ca9-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). in or by twentytwos, 

every twenty-two. 

ca?(2) prob P or P(2). 

ca7al, aj. occurs only in phrase; hinil catal; cluttered, messy, packed /with 

people/. 

ca?(3) X. 

caik, tv. be able to do, act as if. 

mu manbiluk sacafle li pose. You act as if the medicine was not paid 

for. 

k'u ta hca9le. How can I do it? (or) What can I do? 

ca7le ba, rv. pretend to be, act as if, make a show of being. 

mu sa sna9 sa?el smul yilel scaile sba. He pretends that he no longer 

knows how to make trouble. 

vinik sa sca?le sba. He pretends to be very manly. 

caiomal, nld. treasure. Joking speech; lice. 

k'u caâL ptphr(pt & pt). how?, how much?, why?, what?, like, since, what 

for?, why is it?, how can it be?, what's going on?, how come? 

k'u caial t savak'. How much does it cost? 

pero k'u ma £a?al. But what do you mean? 

k'u ca7al li s?elane. How can that be? (or) Why is it like that? 

k'u ca9al moletik (or) cak k'u ca?al moletik. like the elders. 

k'u caâl liyule muk' bu hve?oh hunuk vah. Since I arrived I haven't 

eaten a single tortilla. 

ti k'u ami SU9. to the best of one's ability (or) as much as one can 

(or) as hard as one can. 

mu s"a k'u ca"?al svet hc'amal. There was no longer anything for my 

child to live on. 

ca?


cak, pt. want, desire. 

cak htii bek'et. I want to eat meat /sometimes avoided because of 

homonym meaning rump/. 

cak k'u ca9al, ptphr(pt & pt & pt). like. 

yos seek cak k'u ca'al heek. Her skirt was blue like my skirt. 

cak(2) N. 

cak 9okol, nphr(nlf of n3d). heel. 

cak mesa, nphr(n of n)5. foot of table /restricted to ceremonial context/. 

£ak mis, nphr(n & n)5. 'ass cunt', term of address for lowland biting gnat 

/chaquiste/. cf. c'ikil. If addressed by this name it is said that it will 

bite less. 

cak mok, nphr(nlf of nld). fence /on side where land is lowest/. 

cak moktik, nphr(n of n)5. length of fence /on side where land is lowest/. 

cak na, nphr(nlf of nld). backyard. 

cak sonobil, nphr(nlf type n3a). ceremonial or high-backed sandal. 

cak tei, nphr(nlf of n5). stump. 

cakcak moktik, nphr(n of n)5. along the fence /on side where land is 

lowest/. 

caki ba, rv. Scolding speech, woman scolding stingy child or drunken 

husband; eat or drink up everything oneself /implies that he puts everything 

up his ass/. 

cakil, n3e. rump, buttocks, bottom /bottle, pot, violin, guitar, well, river, 

burden/, stump /uprooted/, heel /foot, sandal/, back /fence/, 

butt /rifle/, seat /pants/, crown /hat/, end /harp/, near end /rows of 

work/, far end /flute/, lower end /plot of land/. 

ta cakil to ihta tal. I found it on the bottom /of the pile/. 

cak(3) A. 

cak-7enan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). red (glowing ember, fire, boil). 

cak-we'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (louse eggs). 

cak-ioc'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (expanse of flowers). 

cak-wlan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (face) /sunburn/. 

cak-?op'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (pimples, gnat bites). 

cak-'mlan, aj(aj & Ucpd). purple (flower). 

cak-iuyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (inflamed skin around thorn). 

cak-becan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (firebrand held out). 

cak-benan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (bee sting, wasp sting). 

cak-bet'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (clitoris). 

cak-bisan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (legs of person who takes off wet clothes). 

cak-boean, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (wool). 

cak-bohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (inside of watermelon, virgin's urethra). 

cak-bosan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (mptured anus). 

cak-bot'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (eyes of drunk, anus, red hypomyces). 

cak-buean, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (hair of girl in bun). 

cak-bue'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (nose, nipple). 

cak-bukan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (expanse of gladiolas), yellow (expanse of 

aztec marigolds or bush sunflowers). 

cak-bulan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (pink eye). 

cak-butan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (anus). 

cak-eavan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blond (hair). 

cak-trilan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (face of pecked chicken). 

cak-coan, aj(aj & Ncpd). muddy (clothing). 

cak-conan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (dog). 

cak-eopan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (pile of corn). 

cak-eukan, aj(aj & Ucpd). rust-colored (runty sheep). 

cak-eunan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). blond (hair). 

cak-e"anan, aj(aj & Pcpd). muddy (water in gourd). 

cak-e*apan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (point of red pencil). 

cak-e'ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (eye of person staring with fear). 

cak-e"isan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red, brown (seam of clothing). 

cakVotan, aj(aj & Pcpd) red (plaited sash cord). 

cak-e'uyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (many wild raspberries on plant). 

cak-cenan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). red (inflamed skin around thorn). 

cak-cuyan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red (pimple). 

cak-c'alan, aj(aj & Tcpd). brown (thigh). 

cak-c'aran, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (wound). 

£ak-c'etan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (corn silk, hair, wool). 

cak-c'ihan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (sandstone). 

cak-c'ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (bones of dead horse). 

cak-c'ulan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). brown (smooth board). 

cak-hapan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (healthy face, comb of healthy rooster). 

cak-hatan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (heart of sick chicken or turkey). 

cak-hayan, aj(aj & Xcpd). red (boil). 

cak-hekan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (leg of slaughtered cow or pig). 

cak-hi?an, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). brown (sand). 

£ak-hocan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (face of sick chicken, cock in cockfight). 

cak-hu?an, aj(aj & prob Ocpd). red (whistling flame of fire). 

cak-huban, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (blood, chili water). 

dak-huc'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (tunic of men of fApas), nose. 

cak-hulan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (red-hot wire for perforating sandal). 

cak-hupan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (face with exertion). 

£ak-husan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (river pebbles, scalded pig). 

cak-kavan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). red (sliced watermelon). 

cak-kiean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (urethra). 

cak-kilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (border of tunic). 

cak-kotan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (rainbow). 

cak-kusan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (glowing branch or tree, fire or stones in 

sweat bath). 

cak-k'atan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (eyes of angry person), 

cak-k'ian, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (blanket stretched out), 

cak-k'oean, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (karansa pom grubs), 

cak-k'olan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). red (cheeks of drunk), 

cak-k'ucan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). red (ribbon tied to child's hair, 

yarn marking baby chick). 

cak-k'uyan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). purple (expanse of blackberries), 

cak-lacan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (ears), 

cak-lahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (measles, cin). 

cak-lakan to, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/& n)le. wasp Polistes sp.. This wasp 

is credited with a very painful sting. Its grubs are not eaten. To give a 

painful effect to the blow of one's fist thirteen adult wasps are eaten, 

cak-laman, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (gnat bites), 

cak-lasan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (measles, cin). 

cak-le7an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (eyes of cow or mad dog, scratch, 

urethra). 

£ak-lecan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (red hypomyces). 

cak-lek'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (heads of turbaned religious officials, tunic 

worn by men of tApas, painted lips of ladinas, menses), 

cak-lep'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (scar), 

cak-letan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red (blood in puddle), 

fiak-levan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (eyes of angry cow, vagina, scratch), 

cak-levan ikom. lit., It was left red, i.e., She was deflowered. 

mi ?u k'usi cak-levan ikom kuiun. lit., Did I leave anything 

scratched? i.e., Did I hurt anyone? 

cak-lmn, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (brush-burn), 

cak-lisan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (cherries or blackberries in clusters), orange 

(oranges in clusters). 

cak-loman, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (many scarlet runner bean flowers, geraniums 

or gladiolas). 

cak-lucan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red (blood blister), 

cak-lupan, aj(aj & Xcpd). red (red-hot metal), 

cak-mek'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). blond (hair), 

cak-melan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red, brown (moustache), 

cak-mesan, aj(aj & Tcpd). brown (well-swept floor), 

cak-nesan, aj(aj & Acpd). red, brown (hair, corn silk, wool), 

cak-nican, aj(aj & Ncpd). red (expanse of scarlet runner bean, geranium 

or gladiola flowers), 

cak-nikan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). red (scarlet runner bean, bean /sut/, 

gladiola or geranium flowers in profusion). 

cak-peean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (many blossoms on gladiola plants), 

cak-pitan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). red (ass), 

cak-poean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (aztec marigold blooms /eahal. 

voilus/ on plant).

cak-pocan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (face or ears blushing with shame), 

cak-pok'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (fruit of thyme-leaf coriaria). 

cak-poman, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (fire, sweat bath) /infr/. 

cak-puhan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). red (setting sun, blood-stained clothing, 

clothing stained with red dye, tunics worn by men of nApasj, brown 

(stunted corn plants). 

cak-pukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (stain of pom-pom dye, dawn), 

cak-puk'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (dye for pom-poms), 

cak-pulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (blood-stained clothing, red-eyed, sky or 

sun at sunrise, sunset). 

cak-p'atan, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (herd of horses), 

cak-p'ehan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red, brown (house), 

cak-p'evan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (open fly), 

cak-p'ilan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). red (pinkeye), 

cak-p'itanik, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). red (eyes of drunk), 

cak-p'oman, aj(aj & Ucpd). reddish (hair of old person), 

cak-p'osan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). red (chunk of raw meat), 

cak-p'osan, aj(aj & Ncpd). ruddy (complexion). 

cak-p'uyan, aj(aj & Tcpd). red (chili water), 

cak-sanan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (dawn, sunset). 

cak-saran, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (dawn, sunset). 

cak-setan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). red (chafed ankle bone). 

cak-set'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (wool or yarn that does not dye proper- 

iy)cak-silan, 

aj(aj & Tcpd). red (split pine). 

cak-soman, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (coati, ponchos of men of Amatenango). 

cak-sulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (com silk of young corn). 

cak-sutan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red, brown (hair). 

cak-sut'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (pom-pom on ground). 

cak-set'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (sliced watermelon). 

cak-sik'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (pullet). 

cak-sokan, aj(aj & Ncpd). brown (unwashed bowl). 

cak-sup'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (amanita). 

cak-telan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). brown (stretched out legs). 

cak-tik'an, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red (reflection of sunset on water). 

cak-tok'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (heads of ensign-bearers and elders 

wrapped in red turbans). 

cak-tolan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). brown (coati tail). 

cak-toroc, n(aj & ncpd)le. highland red ant. This ant has a fierce 

sting. A person should not stare at them, lest they make their nest in 

one's house. 

cak-tukan, aj(aj & Icpd). red (many geraniums), orange (many aztec 

marigolds). 

cak-t'asan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (buttocks of person defecating). 

cak-t'ayan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (skin from wet clothing). 

cak-t'elan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). red (border at bottom of tunic). 

cak-t'ihan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (bloody water). 

cak-t'oban, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). red (cheeks) /a mark of beauty/ 

(heads of ensign-bearers and elders wrapped in turbans). 

cak-t'oean, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (patch on clothing). 

cak-t'ohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). brown (coffee or coca-cola being 

poured). 

cak-t'uban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (bloody water). 

cak-vahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (face flushed with drink or health). 

cak-vak'an, aj(aj & Xcpd). red (face flushed with health, blood-spattered 

clothing, tunic cloth with many closely-spaced red stripes worn 

by men of nApas). 

cak-ve?an, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (worm-infested pack sore). 

cak-velan, aj(aj & P, P/2/, T/2/cpd)., red (red hypomyces). 

cak-vitan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (corn silk, single hair, sheep's coat), red 

(nose of person in cold, clitoris). 

cak-voean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (wool). 

cak-voc'an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (chilies on plant or in sauce, face 

from sunburn), orange (many oranges or thorn apples on tree). 

cak-vohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (banana on trees). 


cak-volan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (new pot or water jug). 

cak-vucan, aj(aj & I, Pcpd)., red (burn, blister). 

cak-yalan, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (woman's thighs) 

cak-yeman, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., red (pile of corn ears). 

cak-ypan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (sand). 

cak-yoman, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (cigar flower). 

cakal, nld. boil, tumor, growth. 

cakan nic, nphr(aj & n5). red-flowered /restricted to bean flower//ju»/. 

cakat'ob, nld. red hypomyces Hypomyces lactifluorum parasitic on Russula 

sp., # 117(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" It is boiled, seasoned with 

mexican tea and chili. It is cold". It is sold at market in San 

Cristobal. 

cakat'obtik, n5. expanse of red hypomyces. 

cak' O. 

cak'ak'et, av. jingling (money), crashing (bowl), 

cak'con, av. jingling (money). 

cak'con ni 1 ?, vphr(tv & n4d). smacking lips or eating noisily (dog, pig), 

cak'et, av. jingling (money), rustling (reeds), 

cak'lahet, av. jingling (money), tinkling (glass VI: 10), crackling (poles 

V3: 2) /dragged through forest/. 

cak'lahet ni">, vphr(av & n4d). cf. cak'con nit (plu). 

cak'luh, av. jingling suddenly, 

cak'tecak'te, av. walking about jingling /money/, 

cak'tecak'te ni9, vphr(av & n4d). walking about smacking lips noisily 

(Pig)cak'ulan, 

tv. jingle /money/. 

cakW N. 

cak'ak', n5. spot flower Spilanthes americana, #1450(3), #1713(3), 

#2028(3), #2180(1,3,4), #2350(3,4,20), #2465(4). Highland "plant". 

#1372(3), #1398(3). Temperate "plant". Tridax procumbens, 

#907(1,3). Lowland "plant" (5>The leaves of an unattested variety 

are brewed and the tea is drunk by a person suffering mahbenal. It 

is "medium". 

cak'ak'tik, n5. expanse of cak'ak'. 

cak'ak'ultik, n5. large expanse of cak'ak'. 

k'os cak'ak', nphr(aj & n). spot flower Spilanthes americana, 

#13(1,3,4). Highland "plant" 

va">ahtik cak'ak', nphr(aj & n). 'erect cak'ak", Scutellaria chalicophila, 


cak'ak' e'i'Jlel, nphr(n type n). spot flower Spilanthes americana, 

#1167(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant". Perymeniumpurpusii, #1806(15,16). 

Highland "plant". It is eaten by sheep. 

calon N. 

calon, n. inga Inga spuria, #3008(1,4,5). Lowland "tree" (4>It is used 

for house mainposts, fence posts, and firewood. 

cam I. 

cam, iv. die (person, animal, tree, plant, etc.), feel ill, faint, pass out, lose 

strength or virility. 

cam-hol, n(iv & ncpd)5. ear of corn with dried silk, 

cam-holtik, n(iv & ncpd)5. corn field with ears that have dried silk /fourteenth 

developmental stage, also called men yitik/. 

cam ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). shell easily (corn being flailed), 

camamet balamil, vphr(av & n5). be growing dark /at dusk/. 

camcam ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). shell with difficulty (corn being 

flailed). 

came- , n(aj & ncpd)5. dead /horse, dog, etc./. 

came-'iat, n(aj & ncpd)lb. millepede. 

came-">at tak', nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). see below. 

sakil came-9at iak', nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/type n). bush chili 

Capsicum pubescent, #1324(1,3,4,5). Lowland "vine". (RML)-This 

is probably a misidentification. 

came-'Jat c'is, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/type n). 'millepede bramble', mimosa 

Mimosa albida, #2643(15,21). Lowland "plant". #2533(21,22). Temperate 

"vine" 

camel, vnla. sickness, death, deterioration (house), 

camelil, vn3d. menstruation.


camem, aj. dead, well-flailed, well-ground. 

cames, tv. grind or flail well. 

cames, tv. Denunciatory speech; murder. 

tak' to mi samilon laic' 9o mi sacameson. even if you kill me, even 

if you murder me. 

cames ba, rv. kill self. 

Ritual speech, person refusing further gift; mu me h-mekuk salubes 

sacames abaik. Don't wear yourselves out, don't kill yourselves off. 

camet balamil, vphr(av & n5). be growing dark /at dusk/. 

camet sat, vphr(av & n4d). have failing vision, unable to see well /entering 

house after being in bright sun/, 

camulan. iv. keep passing out or having fits, 

hcamel, agn. patient, sick person. Ritual speech; cf. hlahel. 

9ok'itabil camel, nphr(aj & vn)5. sickness inflicted by gods on wrongdoer 

in answer to victim's plaint. 

kolo9al camel, nphr(natt & vn)5. sickness transferred to person on trail. 

A handful of mexican coyote brush is rubbed on patient and left on 

trail to infect patient's enemy. 

camaro N(Sp, chamarra). 

camaroil, n3a. black woven woolen robe, store-bought blanket, 

kaslan camaroil, nphr(aj & n)5. store-bought cotton blanket. 

canun N. 

camu9, n5. Chamula center. 

camuvtik, n5. Chamula. 

hcamu9ahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from Chamula center. 

can(l) T. 

can, tv. learn, memorize. 

iscan spwersa li te9e. lit., He learned the tree's strength, i.e., He 

girdled the tree to test whether it would die or he would die. 

can, iv. learn, memorize, 

can 9abtel, vphr(tv & n5). learn how to work, 

can 9okol, vphr(tv & n3d). drill, 

can-celav, cf. eel. 

can-eelav te9, cf. eel. 

can holob, vphr(tv & n5). learn to weave. 

can huc'neh, vphr(tv & vn5). learn to grind corn, 

can k'obol, vphr(tv & n3d). joust /fiesta of St. Sebastian/, practice hitting 

object /with rock, stick/. 

can-k'obol, vn(tv & ncpd)5. joust, first day of fiesta of St. Sebastian, 

January 19th. 

can vob, vphr(tv & n5). learn to play stringed instrument. 

can vun, vphr(tv & n5). leam to read and write, 

canan, tv. learn many things. 

canbe, tv. imitate, learn from, master, dominate, control, be able to 

handle. 

muk' scanbe yipal li ka9e ikol yu9un. He couldn't control the horse; 

it got loose. 

muk' scanbe yipal li camele ik'unib. He couldn't overcome the sickness; 

he grew weaker. 

iscanbe ye li mute. He imitated the bird. 

canbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). learn how, learn the proper way, learn to 

behave. 

lik scanbe smelol 9abtel. He is beginning to learn how to work, 

cancan, tv. learn or memorize a little /esp. baby talk/, 

cancan, iv. learn or memorize a little, 

cancantik, iv. learn or memorize a little, 

canob vun, nphr(n of n)5. school, 

canubtas, tv. teach, 

canubtasvan, iv. teach person, 

canulan, tv. keep learning, 

hcan-vun, agn(tv & ncpd). student, 

hcanbalahel, agn. novice, 

bcanubtasvaneh, agn. teacher. 

can(2) Num. 

can , n(num & nccpd)le. four. 

dan-eelav, n(num & ncpd)5. four-sided, winged /stem/. 

can-eelav 9ak\ nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n). 'four-ridged vine', monkey 

comb Pithecoctenium echinatum, #1112(1,3,4,5). Lowland "vine". 

It is used for lashing roof poles, fences, and fences across streams. 

Amphilophium paniculatum var. motle, # 1089(1,3). Lowland and temperate 

"vine". Quassia amara, #1295(1,3,4,5). Lowland "vine'. 

Same use as above. 

can-eelav eele-pat, cf. eele-pat. 

can-eelav kinya, cf. kinya. 

can-eelav Io9bol, cf. Io9bol. 

can-eelav sun, cf. sun. 

can-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. fourteen. 

can-lak'ta, tv(num & tvcpd). place four together so as to make one 

/thread, yarn/. 

can-pakan, tv(num & tvcpd). fold over twice /paper, clothes/, fold into 

four sections. 

can-pusin, tv(num & tvcpd). double over so as to make four /rope/. 

can-te9 mok, vphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n)5. fence with four rails for 

horse corral. 

can-vinik, n(num & numcpd)le. eighty. 

cancan , n(num & nccpd)5. by or in fours, every four. 

cancan-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5. in or by eighties, every eighty. 

canib, nle. four. 

9oy scanibal shabilal li kreme. The boy is four years old. 

canib 9ok, nphr(num & n) le. marsh alligator lizard Barisia morekti. This 

lizard's bite is reputedly fatal. 

canib 9ok con, nphr(nphr/num & n/ type n)5. cf. canib lok. 

cantiko, nle. four-horned ram. 

coneh, n5. four days from today. 

conhe, nle. four days ago. 

can(3) I. 

can, iv. use restricted to 'fan can: oh, be quiet. 

lan to me can. Oh, please be quiet /perhaps derived from c'ab/. 

can(4) 

can, animal, mushroom, companion animal soul. cf. con(2). 

can(5) prob P or P(2). 

can-9akan, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-legged. 

canan, av. walking long-leggedly. 

cananet, av. hopping long-leggedly (buzzard). 

cancon, av. hopping long-leggedly (buzzard). 

canet 9akan, vphr(av & n4d). walking with long legs (person). 

canlah, av. cf. canan (plu). 

canlahet 9akan, vphr(av & n4d). cf. canet lakan (plu). 

cantecante 9akan, vphr(av & n4d). walking about long-leggedly (person, 

buzzard, heron). 

cana prob A or N. 

cana, cf. cenek'. 

cankataranka 

cana, cankataranka, band-backed wren. cf. cinkataranka. 

cap(l) T(2). 

cap, tv. tune /musical instrument/, harness and load /horse/, coil /rope/, 

prepare, explain, tell the truth. 

cap, iv. be ready. 

cap, nc. long coil, tuning, harnessing. 

cap ba, rv. get ready, get one's things ready, coil (snake). 

cap-bail, n(tv & rpncpd)5. preparation. 

cap tal, vphr(tv & dr). explain, tell one's side of the story, state one's case, 

get ready. 

9ak'o scap tal ka7tik li hun mi ha9 nos yec t sale. Have the other one 

state his case, I guess, to see if he says the same thing, 

t sba scap tal k'usuk yu9un t S9oc ta yabtel. He went to get his things 

ready ~ he is entering office. 

£apa, tv. fold neatly /blanket/, coil neatly /rope/, load carefully /gun/, 

keep ready at hand /stick/. 

capa ba, rv. ready one's things. 

capah, iv. get ready. 

Ritual speech, referring to offerings; icapah li h-set'e li hutebe. The

trifle, the morsel is ready. 

capahtik, aj. ready (things). 

capal, aj. ready, coiled (snake). 

capalik, aj. ready (people). 

capancapan, tv. ready one after another, harness one after another. 

capancapanan, tv. ready one thing after another hurriedly. 

capakil, n4f. many coiled /worms, ropes/. 

capalcapal, n4f. each of many hamessed and loaded /mules/, or coiled 

/ropes/. 

capan, tv. harness and load, coil, prepare or explain /plu/. 

capap, av. coiling (snake). 

capbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). tell one's side of the story, state one's case, 

mu sa sna 1 ) scapbe smelol ti k'utik S9elan ti k'opetik k'u s?elan iya9ie. 

He no longer knows how to state his case, because of all that he has 

heard. 

capcap, nc. single tuning /I only/. 

capcon, av. telling one's side of the story, stating one's case. 

capebal, n5. almost ready. 

capel, nc. tuning, harnessing. 

capet, av. telling one's side of the story, stating one's case. 

scapet k'otel ta kavilto. He arrived at the courthouse to state his 

case. 

capetik, av. cf., capet (plu). 

caplahetik, av. cf. capet (plu). 

capleh, n4f. change /clothing/. 

capob-baiL n(n & rpncpd)5. preparation. 

capob vob, nphr(nlf of n5). cane liquor served by ensign-bearers to 

musicians to induce them to tune their instruments. 

capobil vob, nphr(nlf of n5). cf. capob vob. 

capolah, iv. ready or prepare things. 

capulan, tv. keep tuning, harnessing, and loading or coiling. 

capulan ba, rv. keep getting ready. 

capulanan, tv. keep turning or harnessing. 

capulanan baik, rv. keep getting ready (office holders). 

capvan, iv. prepare person /office holder/ (ritual tutor, scribe, sacristan). 

hcapvaneh, agn. person who prepares office holder (ritual tutor, scribe, 

sacristan). 

cap{2) X. 

caplah, av. running emaciated (dog, cow) /sing/. 

caplahet, av. walking emaciated (dog, cow). Scolding speech; walking 

(emaciated man). 

captecapte, av. walking about emaciated. 

car prob O. 

carar, av. moving and rattling (rattlesnake). 

cararet, av. rustling loudly, clattering (broken pot), rattling (broken fiddle, 

rattlesnake rattle). 

carcon, av. rustling loudly, rattling (broken fiddle, rattle of rattlesnake). 

carlah, av. moving and rattling (rattlesnake) /sing/. 

carlahet, av. cf. carcon (plu). 

carluh, av. rattling suddenly (broken fiddle, rattlesnake rattle), clattering 

suddenly (broken pot). 

cauk N. 

cauk, nle. thunder and lightning, thunderbolt, inan. pos.; scaukal 

(or) scaukilal. Thunder and lightning are considered to be an aspect 

of the Earth Lord originating from caves. During the dry season 

thunder and lightning are believed to be off mounted on deer collecting 

gunpowder for use in the rainy season. The soul of a person killed 

by lightning is believed to be serving the Earth Lord. A tree struck 

many times by lightning is said to conceal a treasure under its roots. 

If two people eat green chilis, walnuts or coyol nuts together they 

may be struck by lightning, var., cavuk. 

caukil voi, nphr(natt & n)5. thunderstorm. 

an P. 

cav, nc. In reference to; fallen tree with uncut branches, felled branches, 

or scrub. 

cav-?akan, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-legged (pullet). 


cav-9akan con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. daddy longlegs. 

cavahtik, aj. lying with uncut branches (trees). 

daval, aj. standing on long legs (crab, daddy longlegs, harp), lying with 

leafless branches (trees, undergrowth), sitting unevenly (toasted tortilla). 

cavalcaval, n4f. each of many piles of brush. 

cavalik, aj. standing on long legs (crab, daddy longlegs). 

cavan, tv. set down /leafless branch/. 

cavancavan, tv. set down one after another /trees with leafless branches/. 

cavavet, av. causing tickling sensation (insect). 

cavSav, aj. long-legged (insect), lying (fallen tree with uncut branches),long-bodied 

(lamb). 

cavcav (Son, nphr(aj & n)5. daddy longlegs, any unidentified long-legged 

insect. 

Javcon, av. walking on all fours. 

cavel, aj. long-legged. 

cavet, av. groping slowly. 

cavlahet, av. tickling /caused by insect walking or jumping on skin/, 

walking on all fours (child), walking (daddy longlegs, walking sticks). 

cavlahetik, av. walking on all fours (children). 

cavleh, n5. long-legged (adolescent). 

cavubil sanav, vphr(aj & iv). walk gingerly. 

kotol caval, ajphr(aj & aj). scrambling in haste. 

cavit N(Sp, chahuiste from N, quiahuitl). 

cavit, nld. irrigated corn field. 

cavitaltik, n5. large irrigated corn field. 

cavittik, n5. expanse of irrigated corn field. 

cavuk 

cavuk, thunder and lightning, cf. cauk. 

cayna N. 

cayna nicim, nphr(n type n). ' cayna flower', mountain palm Chamaedorea 

nubium, #1404(7). Highland "tree' 

caynail e*i9lel, nphr(natt & n). Smilacina paniculata, #2849(7). Lowland 

"plant". 

cccu E. 

cccu, excl. whoa! 

ce9e Pt. 

ce?e, pt. then. 

ceb 

ceb, girl. cf. eeb(l). 

&c T(2). 

cec, tv. drag. 

ta hcec ta kavilto. I will drag him to court. 

cec ba, rv. drag self, 

cec-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. pulling each other (drunks, people climbing 

cliff). 

cecan, tv. drag /plu/. 

cecanan, tv. pull out /branches from fence/. 

cecancecan ba, rv. drag one after another along, 

cecan&can yalel, vphr(tv & dr). drag down one after another, 

cecancecanan yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. cecancecan yalel. 

ieibe baik, rv. drag branches for each other, drag each other /to court/. 

cec£ec, aj. long (bull testes, tumpline). 

ce£con, av. walking with swaying (bull testes), bouncing (burden with 

overly long tumpline), dragging along /drunk, child/. 

ieiei, av. dragging, 

decel, aj. long (bull testes). 

cecet, av. dragging, swaying (bull testes). 

cecet 9u9un, vphr(av & n4d). dragging /child, dog/, carrying, 

cecet ta kavilto, vphr(av & prep & n5). dragging into court /gossip/. 

cecetik ta kavilto, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. cecet ta kavilto (plu). 

ceclah, av. rushing /sing/. 

ceclahet, av. dragging /tree/ (many people), 

ceclahetik, av. pulling each other along (drunks), 

ciduh, av. starting suddenly /in sleep/, 

cec'tececte, av. walking about with bouncing /burden/.


ceculan, tv. tug /person/ (drunk). 

ceculan baik, rv. tug each other. 

ceculanan, tv. tug /plu/. 

ceculanan baik, rv. tug each other (cats, rats). 

cecvan, iv. drag person /to cantina/. 

hcecvaneh, agn. person who drags another. 

cecev N. 

cecev, nla. see below. 

9ik'al cecev, nphr(aj & n). fawn-colored pluteus Pluteus cervinus, 

#110(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom", grisette Amanita vaginata, 

# 106(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom", 

ceceval baeM te9, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/). 'oak cecev', Russula sp., 

# 14(1,3), #97(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". Cortinariussp., #35(1,3). 

Highland "mushroom" It is toasted and eaten by itself or wrapped 

in a tortilla, or boiled. It is cold". Mycena sp., #133(3,4,5). Highland 

"mushroom" 

ceceval cihil te?, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/)5. 'elderberry cecev', Agrocybe 

sp., #7(1,3). Highland "mushroom". It is toasted and eaten by itself 

or wrapped in a tortilla, or boiled. It is "cold" 

ceceval cikin-ib, nphr(natt & n/n of ncpd/). Naematoloma sp., 

#28(1,3). Highland "mushroom" It grows on live oaks. 

6eceval k'a?-te?, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/)5. 'rotten tree cecev', Naematoloma 

sp., #27(1,3). Highland "mushroom". It is toasted. It is "cold", 

ceceval nukul pat, nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). 'juniper cecev, Mycena 

sp., #182(1,4,7). Highland "mushroom". 

eahal ceceval nukul pat, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). Marasmius 

sp., #184(1,4,7). Highland "mushroom" 

ceceval pomos, nphr(natt & n). honey fungus Armillaria mellea, #33(1,3). 

Lowland and highland mushroom . It grows on wild lilacs, 

ceceval san-antres, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/)5. ' San Andres cecev', 

agaric Tricholoma sp., #6(1,3). Highland "mushroom". It is gathered 

at the beginning of the rainy season. It is toasted and eaten by itself 

or wrapped in a tortilla, or boiled. It is cold" 

eahal ceceval san-antres, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). orange-brown 

lactarius Lactarius volemus, #173(4,5). Highland 

"mushroom" 

ceceval satin, nphr(natt & n). Collybia sp., #42(1,3). Highland "mushroom" 

It grows on wax myrtle trees. It is toasted and eaten by itself 

or wrapped in a tortilla, or boiled. It is "cold", 

ceceval taki-te9, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). 'dead tree cecev', Pholiata 

sp., #84(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom", 

ceceval tulan, nphr(natt & n). 'oak cecev', Naemaloloma sp., #40(1,3). 


sakil ceceval tulan, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). fawn-colored pluteus 

Pluteus cervinus, #69(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". 

ceh P or P(2). 

cehahtik, aj. loosely woven. 

cehcon, av. bouncing (burden with overly long tumpline). 

cehel, aj. lazy /Cobtik/. 

cehelik, aj. loosely woven. 

cehlah, av. walking about with /burdens/ bouncing (plu). 

cehtecehte, av. walking about with /burden/ bouncing. 

cek 

cek, skirt, cf. eek(2). 

cek' T(2). 

cek', tv. pat water on top of head, 

cek' ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). whack /with stick/, flail /corn/ 

(woman with stick). 

cek'an, tv. pat water on top of one's head (people), 

cek'ancek'an, tv. pat water on top of one's head, one after another, 

cek'el, aj. damp. 

cek'ulan, tv. keep patting water on top of head, 

cek'van ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). whack person /with stick/. 

hcek'vaneh ta mahel, agn(vphr/vn & prep & vn5/). person who whacks 

another /with stick/. 

cemenia N(Sp, chimenea). 

cemenia. nle. percussion cap. var., cemenii. 

cement 1 ? 

cemeni"), percussion cap. cf. cemenia. 

cen prob P or P(2). 

cenel, aj. bluish (eye of dying person). 

cenek' N. 

cenek', nla. bean, cradle cap. If a child has cradle cap it is thought that 

his father's bean fields will produce well. If beans are mistreated their 

soul will cry and complain to the earth lord and to the gods in heaven, 

thus calling down a famine upon mankind. Most beans are planted 

with corn in April or May. Two beans are placed in each hole. 

The harvest is in November or December. Beans are sold at market. 

They are boiled, seasoned with salt, chili, and sometimes coriander, 

mexican tea or onions. They are "cold" (RML)-Only variations or 

elaborations of this pattern are included below. Names of different 

roots as libes, havas, are listed alphabetically as if they were kinds of 

cenek'. 

cenek'altik, n5. large bean field, 

cenek'tik, n5. bean field, 

cenek'ultik, n5. large bean field. 

9ak'il cenek', nphr(n type n)5. 'vine bean', kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, 


muk'ta 9ak'il cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus 

vulgaris, #2651(20). Lowland "vine". It is "hot". 

9aros cenek', nphr(n type n). 'rice bean', rice bean Phaseolus calcaratus, 

#2743(1,4). Lowland vine" It grows wild. It is cold", 

eahal laros cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/)- rice bean Phaseolus 

calcaratus, #3042(3,4,5). Lowland "vine". 

pinto laros cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus 

vulgaris, #2972(1,16). Temperate "vine" (16)-It is planted by a few 

Zinacantecs. Very little is sold at market. 

9ibes, nld. see below. 

9ibesaltik, n5. large field of nibes. 

9ibestik, n5. field of libes. 

9ik'-soman 9ibes, nphr: aj(aj & P P/2/cpd) & n., cow pea Vigna 

unguiculata, #2767(1,4). Highland "vine". It is planted by a few 

Zinacantecs. 

•rik'al 9ibes, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, 

#3030(3,4,5). Highland vine" It is planted by Zinacantecs who 

own humid land. To cure a sheep of "hot wind", kidney bean 

leaves are mashed in cold water, salt is added, and the water is 

given to the sheep to drink. It is "cold" 

eahal 9ibes, nphr(aj & n). bean Phaseolus dumosus, #2780(1,4), 

# 3029(3,4,5). Highland "vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. 

k'anal 9ibes, nphr(aj & n). bean Phaseolus dumosus, 

#2145(17,11,14). Temperate and highland "vine". It is planted by 

some Zinacantecs, in humid ground. It is "medium". 

#3032(3,4,5). Highland "vine" 

sakil 9ibes, nphr(aj & n). bean Phaseolus dumosus, #2402(1,20). 

Highland "vine". It is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. 

The harvest is in January. #2780(1,4,7). Temperate vine". Same 

use as above. (4)-Few Zinacantecs plant it. 

•Mk'al cenek', nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, 

#2311(3,4,19). Highland "vine". It is "hot" #2650(22). Lowland "vine". 

muk'ta 9ik'al cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). kidney bean Phaseolus 

vulgaris, #2312(19). Highland "vine". It is planted in March and 

harvested in February. It is "hot" kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, 

#2777(1,4,7). Temperate "vine". It is grown by few Zinacantecs. 

(l)-It is "cold". (4)-It is "hot". #3044(3,4,5). Lowland vine", cow 

pea Vigna unguiculata, #B 14264(5). 

9unen cenek', nphr(aj & n)la. string bean, young bean, 

botil, nla. see below. 

botilaltik, n5. large expanse of scarlet runner beans, 

botiltik, n5. expanse of scarlet runner beans, 

botil cenek', nphr(n type n). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus,

#2487(21,22). Highland "vine" Same use as eahal botil. 

•Jik'al botil, nphr(aj & n). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, 

#1178(1,3,4,5), #2326(19). Highland "vine". Some Zinacantecs 

plant these beans in the beginning of the rainy season in their 

yards or corn fields. The young leaves and flowers are boiled with 

young watermelon squash leaves. The beans are boiled for more 

than a day, together with chili, salt, and onions. They are used to 

make the wedding tamales. They are "cold". The beans are sold at 

market in San Cristobal. Bean tamales are sold at market in Chamula. 

(19)-The planting is in May, and the harvest in February, 

muk'ta -Jik'al botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). scarlet runner bean 

Phaseolus formosus, #2326(3,4). Highland "vine". 

eahal botil, nphr(aj & n). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, 

#1180(1,3,4,5), #2322(19), #2487(4), #3027(3,4,5). Highland "vine" 

It grows wild and is grown by a few Zinacantecs in their 

yards. The fresh beans may be boiled after removing the pods or 

they are allowed to dry, are flailed, and then boiled. Some people 

boil the young leaves and season them with chili and salt, or uproot 

the whole plant, wash the roots and dry the plant for a week, 

at which time it is boiled. It is "cold". The beans are sold at market. 

(19)-Beans are planted in May and harvested in February, 

e'ibal botil, nphr(aj & n). 'streaked bottf, see below, 

eahal e'ibal botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). scarlet runner bean 

Phaseolus formosus, #3028(3,4,5). Highland "vine". The beans are 

planted by all Zinacantecs in the yard and in the corn field, 

lae botil, nphr(aj & n). 'flat botiT, see below, 

•rik'al lae botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus 

formosus, #2310(3,4,19). Highland "vine". It is planted by 

many Zinacantecs in their yards and corn fields. The flowers and 

the beans are eaten, boiled. They are 'cold". (19)-The planting is 

in March, the harvest in February. Beans are "hot", scarlet runner 

bean Phaseolus coccineus, #2947(1,16). Same use as above. 

(16)-Beans are medium" 

pinto lae botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). see below, 

eahal pinto lae botil, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). scarlet 

runner bean Phaseolus formosus, #2322(3,4). Highland vine" 

It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. 

sakil botil, nphr(aj & n). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, 

#2713(1,4). Highland "vine". Same use as eahal botil. 

eahal cenek', nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, 

#2332(3,4,19). Highland "vine". #2788(1,3). Temperate vine" It 

is grown by many Zinacantecs. The beans are used by a bride's 

family to make the wedding tamales. The cantors feed the spooks 

these beans on Carnival Monday. (23)-For Carnival each cantor 

provides one and a half fanegas of red beans. They may be îbes, 

stel-pat, or sk'un-pal. 

cenek'ul van, nphr(n type n)la. bean wedding tamale.3(14). Lowland 

"vine" Two or three beans are placed in each hole when planting. 

e'ibal cenek', nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, 

#2312(3,4), #2313(19). Highland "vine". It is planted by a few 

Zinacantecs. (19)-It is planted in March and harvested in February. 

It is "hot", kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2879(1,4). Lowland 

"vine" 

eMbaron cenek', nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, 

#2879(14). Lowland "vine". 

cana cenek', nphrfx type n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2977(1). 

Temperate "vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. It is "cold". 

(4)-It is "medium". 

cimpo cenek', nphr(x type n). see below, 

slumil cimpo cenek', nphr(n type nphr/x type n/). see below. 

?ik'al slumil cimpo cenek', nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/x type n/). 

kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #3034(3,4,5). Lowland "vine". It 

is planted by some Zinacantecs at the end of August. It is "medium". 

havas, nla. broad bean . See below, 

havasiltik, n5. large field of broad beans. 


havastik, n5. field of broad beans. 

eahal havas, nphr(aj & n). broad bean Viciafaba, #2719(1,4). Highland 

"plant'. It is planted by some Zinacantecs in May. Two beans 

are placed in each hole in a row between the rows of corn. The 

harvest is in November. The beans are seasoned with mexican tea, 

chili and salt. They are "cold" The leaves are applied to burns, 

either ground and applied when green or burnt and the powder 

applied. 

sakil havas, nphr(aj & n). broad bean Vicia faba, #373(1,2,3), 

#2710(1,4). Highland "plant" They are grown in yards and in 

corn fields by all Zinacantecs. The beans may be boiled, roasted, 

or fried in lard. They are "cold". For burns, six tender shoots are 

toasted and applied to the burn. They are "cold" 

tanhero havas, nphr(aj & n)5. 'imported havas', broad bean Vicia 

faba, #2715(1,4). Highland "plant" It is grown by very few Zinacantecs. 

It is "cold". 

kantela cenek', nphr(n type n)la. 'candle bean', cow pea Vigna unguiculata, 

#331(1,2,3,5). Lowland "vine' It is planted at the beginning 

of the rainy season. Two beans are planted to a hole. It is 

harvested in November. It is cold" 

•rik'al kantela cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). cow pea Vigna unguiculata, 

#B14261(5). 

k'os lik'al kantela cenek', nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). cow 

pea Vigna unguiculata #2737(1,4). Lowland "vine", cow pea Vigna 

sinensis, #3040(4,5,). Lowland "vine". 

muk'ta kantela cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). cow pea Vigna 

unguiculata, #2738(1,4). Lowland "vine" It is planted by few 

Zinacantecs. 

sakil kantela cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). cow pea Vigna unguiculata, 

#2736(1,4). Lowland "vine" It is planted by few people, 

slumil kantela cenek', nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). see below. 

9ik'al slumil kantela cenek', nphr: aj & nphr(natt & nphr/n type 

n/). cow pea Vigna unguiculata, #2987(3). Lowland "vine" It is 

planted in September, five beans to a hole. The harvest is in December. 

totikal kantela cenek', nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). 'wild candle 

bean', Vigna vexillata, #2897(1,4). Lowland "vine" It is not cultivated. 

karvensa, nla. perennial peavine Lalhyrus latifolius, #701(1,2,3,5). 

Highland "plant". It is grown by Chamulas. The peas are planted 

in the rainy season, two to a hole. The harvest is in October. The 

peas are sold at market. They are "cold". They are seldom, if ever, 

eaten by Zinacantecs. 

karvensatik, n5. field of perennial peas, 

karvensa cenek', nphr(n type n)5. see above, 

k'ahbenal cenek', nphr(natt & n). 'corn stubble bean', see below, 

sakil k'ahbenal cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). sieva bean Phaseolus 

lunatus, #B 14266(5). 

k'anal cenek', nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, 

#3043(3,4,5). Lowland "vine" It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. 


manya cenek', nphr(n type n)la. peanut. Peanuts, especially when 

they are eaten fresh, are reputed to cause erections, 

manya cenek'altik, nphr(n type n)5. large peanut field, 

manya cenek'tik, nphr(n type n)5. peanut field, 

manya cenek' e'i'Jlel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). Kallstroemia maxima, 


paskuâl cenek', nphr(natt & n). 'Christmas bean', see below. 

•)ik'al paskuwl cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). hyacinth dolichos 

Dolichos lablab, #2407(20). Highland "vine" Same use zspaskwa 

cenek'. 

paskwa cenek', nphr(n type n). ' Christmas bean', hyacinth dolichos 

Dolichos lablab, #2407(1). Highland "vine". It is planted by a few 

Zinacantecs at the beginning of the rainy season. It is harvested in 

November and December. It is sold at market. It is medium". 

patas cenek', nphr(n type n)la. sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus,


#B 14268(5). see below. 

patas cenek'tik, nphr(n type n)5. field of sieva beans. 

•Jik'al patas cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). sieva bean Phaseolus 

lunatus, #2881(1,4). Lowland "vine*. It is planted by a few Zinacantecs 

in May, and is harvested in December or January, 

e'ibal patas cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). sieva bean Phaseolus 

lunatus, #2986(3). Temperate "vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs 

in April, and is harvested in January. 

sakil patas cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). sieva bean Phaseolus 

lunatus, #2880(1,4). Lowland "vine". It is planted by all Zinacantecs, 

in May and harvested in January. 

pataset, n. sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #2880(14). Lowland "vine". 

•Jik'al pataset, nphr(aj & n). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #2881(14). 

Lowland 'vine". 

sak-vayan cenek', nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). bean Phaseolus dumosus, 

#2781(7). Temperate "vine" kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, 

#2942(1). Highland "vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. 

#3049(3,4,5). Lowland vine'. Same use as above. #2977(16), 

Temperate "vine". It is planted in May and harvested in January. 

It is "medium". 

sakil cenek', nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, 

#2659(21), #2894(14), #2904(14). Lowland "vine" #2782(1,4). 

Temperate "vine". (l)-It is grown by a few Zinacantecs. (14)-Two 

or three beans are placed in each hole when planting. Two or 

three beans are placed in each hole when planting, 

k'os sakil cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). kidney bean Phaseolus 

vulgaris, #2790(7). Temperate "vine". 

muk'ta sakil cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). kidney bean Phaseolus 

vulgaris, #2313(3,4). Highland "vine". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs. 

The pods are fed to the sheep. #2659(15,20), #2782(7), 

#2894(1,4). Lowland "vine" It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. 

(15)-Two or three beans are placed in each hole when planting, 

sak-vayan sakil cenek', nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). kidney 

bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2942(16). Highland "vine". It is 

planted by many Zinacantecs. It is "medium". 

s9ak'il cenek', nphr(n type n). see below. 

lik'al sWak'il cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus 

vulgaris, #2651(1,3), #2740(1,4). Lowland "vine" (3)-It is planted 

on May fifteenth and harvested in early November. (l)-It is planted 

on May fifteenth or June thirteenth and is harvested in December. 

eahal sfrak'il cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus 

vulgaris, #2744(1,4), #3038(3,4,5). Lowland "vine". It is 

planted by a few Zinacantecs in March. 

sakil s?ak'il cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus 

vulgaris, #2739(1,4). Lowland vine" It is planted by a few 

Zinacantecs. 

sk'un cenek', nphr(n type n). 'soft bean', kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, 

#2878(14). Lowland vine" It is planted in February and 

harvested in April, 

eahal sk'un, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, 

#278(1,4). Lowland "vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. 

sakil sk'un cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus 

vulgaris, #2904(1,4). Lowland "vine". 

slumil cenek', nphr(n type n)5. 'ground bean', kidney bean Phaseolus 

vulgaris, #2650(21). Lowland "vine". 

7ik'al slumil, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, # 2650(20). 

Lowland "vine" It is "hot". 

?ik'al slumil cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus 

vulgaris, # 1182(1,3,4,5). Highland "vine". It is grown by a very few 

Zinacantecs. The beans may be eaten fresh. #2650(1,3,15). Lowland 

"vine". It is planted by many Zinacantecs. (l)-It is planted 

by the people of Pastel and Na Cih at the end of August or the 

beginning of September. Five or six beans are placed in each hole. 

The harvest is in December. It is "hot". (15)-Some Zinacantecs 

plant it in September. Five or six beans are placed in each hole. 

The harvest is in December and January. It is "cold". #B14267(5). 

muk'ta ?ik'al slumil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). kidney bean Phaseolus 

vulgaris, #3035(3,4,5). Lowland "vine". It is planted by 

some Zinacantecs at the end of August, between rows of corn. It 

is "medium". 

eahal slumil cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus 

vulgaris, #1183(1,3,4,5). Highland "vine". It is grown by a 

few Zinacantecs, especially in Htek-lum, and Pat lOsil. The pods 

are eaten by sheep. 

muk'ta slumil cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus 

vulgaris, #2651(15). Lowland "vine". It is planted by about 

half of the Zinacantecs in September. Five or six beans are placed 

in each hole. The harvest is in December. 

sakil slumil, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, 

#2659(1,3,22). Lowland vine" It is planted in September and 

harvested in December. Five or six beans are placed in each hole 

when planting. 

sakil slumil cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus 

vulgaris, #3041(3,4,5). Lowland "vine". 

sto-pat, nphr(aj & ncpd). 'hard pod', see below, 

eahal ste9-pat, nphr(n & ncpd). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, 


Sut, nla. bean Phaseolus leiosepalus, #1797(1,4), #2226(1,3,4). Highland 

vine". Some people eat the flowers, boiled with beans or 

watermelon squash shoots. They are "cold". (RML)-It is said that 

this bean was once cultivated, but it was so fussy, always demanding 

to be weeded and frequently complaining to Our Savior that, in 

exasperation, He banished it to the wilds, 

suttik, n5. expanse of sut. 

sut cenek', nphr(n type n). bean Phaseolus leiosepalus, #1797(15,16). 

Highland "vine". The flower is boiled alone or with meat. Only 

poverty-stricken people eat the beans. They are gathered by women. 

They are "cold" 

bik'it sut, nphr(aj & n). bean Phaseolus leiosepalus, #2400(20). 

Highland "vine". The beans are cold" 

k'os sut, nphr(aj & n). bean Phaseolus heterophyllus, #1053(1,3,5). 

Highland "vine ". It is a wild variety of bean, bean Phaseolus leiosepalus, 

#2400(1). Highland "vine". Cologania broussonetii, #2082(17). 

Highland vine". 

svet' cenek', nphr(n type n)5. sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, 

#B 14269(5). 

svet'tik, n5. field of svet'. 

eahal svet', nphr(aj & n). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #3036(3,4,5). 

Lowland and temperate "vine". One bean is placed in each hole 

during planting. When fresh, the beans are boiled once, when dry, 

they are boiled twice. They are medium" 

sakil svet', nphr(aj & n). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #2968(1,16). 

Temperate "vine". It is planted by few people. It is harvested in 

January. 

ton e"unun cenek', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'hummingbird egg 

bean', kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2766 (1,4). Highland "vine". 

(4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. (l)-It is grown by many 

Zinacantecs. kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2790(1,4). Temperate 

"vine". 

sakil ton e'unun cenek', nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). kidney 

bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #3033(3,4,5). Temperate and highland 

vine'. It is planted by some Zinacantecs in their yards. 

When fresh, the beans are boiled once, when dry they are boiled 

four times. 

t'oskin cenek', nphr(x type n)la. kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, 

#3039(3,4,5). Lowland "vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. 


vara cenek', nphr(n type n)ld. unattested variety of bean. Lowland 

and temperate "vine". 

vayu"? cenek', nphr(aj & n). 'gray bean', bean Phaseolus dumosus, 

#2781(1,4). Temperate vine". It is planted by a few Zinacantecs.

vola cenek', nphr(n type n)5. 'ball bean', unattested variety of bean. 

(5)-It is planted by all Zinacantecs. It is "hot". 

cenek' ?ak', nphr(n type n). jicama Calopogonium caeruleum, 

#221(1,2,3,5), #240(1,2,3,5). Lowland 'vine'.jack bean Canavalia hirsutissima, 

#1013(1,3,5), #1512(11,12). Highland 'vine", wild yam 

bean Pachyrhizus strigosus, #2853(3,4,5,7,11,12). Lowland vine". 

Mandevilla sp., #1663(1,4,11,12). Lowland "vine'. Centrosema pubescens, 

#2091(7). Temperate "vine" Cologania gtabrior, #2297(3,4). 

Temperate "vine". Cologania broussonelii, #2590(1,4,21,22). Temperate 

"vine", 

sakil cenek' ?ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Capparis flexuosa, 

#1330(1,3,4,5). Lowland "vine' 

cenek' e"nlel, nphr(n type n). Cassia uniflora, #1641(14). Lowland 

"plant" 

cenek' cih, nphr(n of n). 'deer bean', Lupinus sp., #654(1,2). Highland 

"plant" The flowers are sold in San Cristobal. #2103(1), #2582(1,4). 


cenek' cih te->, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Galactia discolor, 

#1147(1,4). Lowland and temperate "tree", 

cenek' c'o, nphr(n of n). 'mouse bean', Cracca sp. cf. Benthamantha tuberosa, 

#829(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant" 

cenek' c'o •Jak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Cologania broussonelii, 

#2544(21,22). Temperate vine". 

cenek' to, nphr(n type n). inga Inga spuria, #213(1,2,3,4,5), 

#314(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". #1620(1,3). Temperate "tree", tamarind 

ape's-earring Pilhecellobium arboreum, #553(1,3). Temperate 

"tree". The trunk is used for firewood by corn farmers on their 

way to the lowlands, wild senna Cassia biflora, #1946(1,3,4,17). 

Temperate "tree" 

sakil cenek' te"), nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Clitoria polystachya, 

#1201(1,3,4,5). Temperate "tree", 

sakil cenek' te% nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). cenek'ul vah, nphr(n type 

n)la. bean wedding tamale. 

cece?, n5. Baby talk; beans. 

cep(l) P. 

cep, nc. load /tied load of firewood, untied small burlap bag of corn/, 

cepahtik, aj. cf. cepel /plu/. 

cepan, tv. unload, 

cepanan, tv. cf. cepan. 

cepancepan, tv. set down one burden after another, 

cepancepanan, tv. cf. cepancepan. 

cepantik, aj. loads carried at long intervals. 

cepcep, nc. single load /I only/. 

cepcon cak, vphr(av & n4d). with rump moving up and down /on horseback, 

on roof top/, with burden bouncing up and down on person's 

rump. 

cepekil, n4f. many separate burdens. 

cepel, aj. sitting (wood, bags of corn, etc.), sitting, resting with burden, 

yec te cepel snuti9al yat ta na. lit., He is just at home with his 

scrotum sitting there, i.e., He never goes outside to see what is happening. 

cepelcepel, n4f. each of many burdens, 

cepelik, aj. sitting, resting with burden /plu/. 

cepet, av. sitting (burden), 

cepetik, av. sitting, resting with burden (plu). 

cepi, iv. sit down with burden /to rest/, 

ceplahet, av. landing (burdens tossed to ground), 

ceplahetik, av. cf. ceplahet (plu). 

cepIebaL n3d. place for setting down burden /high ground, board/. 

cepleh, n4f. whole burden, entire /beef heart with lungs and trachea 

attached/. 

cepluh, av. landing suddenly (burden tossed to ground), 

ceptecepte, av. setting down burden here and there. 

cepulan, tv. shake down several times /bag of corn to settle the corn/. 

cepulanan, tv. keep setting down /bags of corn/. 

cep(2) N(Sp, Chepe). 


115 

cep, nld. Joseph, var., cepil /when young/, sosep /Voi-bie, lApas/. 

cep(3) prob T or T(2). 

cep ta mahel, vphr(tv & pt & vn5). flail with stick /dog, person, corn/, 

cepvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). flail person with stick, 

hcepvaneh ta mahel, agn(vphr/vn & prep & vn5/). person who flails 

another with stick. 

cepa N(Sp, Chepa). 

cepa, nld. Josephine, var., hosepa /infr/. 

cepil 

cepil, Joseph, cf. cep(2). 

cer prob O. 

cercon, av. rattling (cracked gourd), 

cereret, av. rattling (cracked gourd), 

cerlahet, av. cf. cercon (plu). 

cerluh, av. rattling suddenly (cracked gourd), 

certecerte, av. rattling about (cracked gourd or violin). 

ces P, P(2). 

ces, tv. drag /leafy branch/. 

ces, nc. leafy branch, frond, leaf /cabbage, turnip/, 

ces, aj. long-legged, adolescent. 

ces limete. bottle slightly smaller than a 4 quart bottle, 

cesahtik, aj. cf. cesel(l) /plu/. 

cesan, tv. dangle or stretch /legs/. 

iscesan yok ta ba mesa. He sat with legs dangling at the head of the 

table (bride's ritual tutor waiting for gifts). 

cesan ba, rv. stretch out (drunk). 

cesancesan, tv. set down one after another /leafy branch, palm frond/, 

cesancesanan, tv. cf. cesancesan. 

cesces, nc. single frond /palm/, single stalk /cabbage/ /I only/. 

cesces, aj. long-legged (pullet) /infr/. 

cescon, av. being carried with legs dangling (sick person), bouncing (burden 

with overly long tumpline). 

cesel(l), aj. lying on ground (leafy branches), lying (palm frond), dangling 

or stretched out in front 0 e g s )cesel(2), 

n4d. spitting image of. 

scesel ilok'. He looks just like /his father/. 

ceselik, aj. cf. cesel(l) /plu/. 

ceselcesel, n4f. each of many leafy branches, fronds, or leaves, 

cesekil, n4f. with many stalks /cabbage that fails to head/, 

ceses, av. dragging /branches/, 

ceset, av. lying on ground (leafy branches), dangling or stretched out in 

front (teg s )ceslah, 

av. cf. ceses (plu). 

ceslahet, av. twitching /in sleep/, 

cesleh, n5. with legs stretched out or dangling, 

cesleh, n4f. whole leafy branch, frond, or leaf, 

cesleh, n4d. spitting image. 

cesluh, av. twitching /in sleep/, 

cesteceste, av. dragging one leafy branch after another, walking about 

with bouncing (burden), 

cev(l) prob T. 

cev, tv. grind hurriedly /com/. 

cev(2) P. 

cev, nc. leafy branch, frond. 

cevan ba, rv. throw oneself down /when very sick/, 

cevan komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave stretched out (murderer), 

cevanan, tv. set down /leafy branches/, 

devancevan, tv. set down one /leafy branch/ after another. 

cevancevanan, tv. cf. cevancevan. 

devantik, aj. widely spaced (cabbage) lacking heads, 

devcev, nc. single stalk or frond /I only/, 

cevcon, av. writhing in death agony (dog), walking feebly, 

cevel, aj. lying (leafy branch, frond, dead dog, corpse), 

cevel, n4d. look just like, spitting image of. 

develcevel, n4f. each of many stalks or fronds, 

cevekil, n4f. with many stalks /cabbages that fail to head/.


cevet, av. lying /dead dog, leafy branches/, 

cevi, iv. throw oneself down /when very sick/. 

cevlah, av. staggering, flailing about (drunk, sick person) /sing/. 

cevlahet, av. staggering and flailing arms (drunk), 

cevlahetik, av. cf. cevlahet (plu). 

cevleh(l), n4d. spitting image. 

cevleh(2), n4f. stalky /greens, cabbage that has not headed/, 

cevlehikil, n4f. cf. cevleh(2) /plu/. 

cevluh, av. twitching suddenly /in sleep/, 

cevtecevte, av. dragging self about /when very sick/. 

ci(l) N. 

ci, nla. henequen fiber Agave sp., #333(1 #2#5). Lowland "agave" or 

"tree" It is grown by ladinos. The fiber is bought by Zinacantecs. It 

is used to weave nets, and shoulder bags, and to sew hats. The fiber is 

also sewn on the hats of the sak-holetik for the fiesta of St. Sebastian 

to give them their white-haired appearance. Furcraea sp., 

#1075(1,3,5). Lowland and temperate "tree". It is not cultivated, 

ci, n4e. fiber, stringiness (chayote root), 

citik, n5. henequen field. 

komenal ci, nphr(natt & n). ' ci inflorescence', cf. ci. 

komenal te?tikal ci, nphr(natt & nphr/natt & n/). wild ci inflorescence', 

cf. temikal ci. 

te?tikal ci, nphr(natt & n). 'wild if, Agave sp., #1580(1,3,11,12,13). 

Temperate and highland "tree" 

ci ?ak', nphr(n type n). Celtis iguanaea, #1674(11,12). Lowland "vine", 

ci met, cf. met. 

ci vet, nphr(n of n). 'fox a", bulb stem yucca Yucca elephaniipes, 

#1607(11,12). Temperate "tree" 

ciul, n4e. splinter, string /bean pod, stem of watermelon squash or cushaw/. 

ci(2) I. 

ci, iv. said /used in dialogue/. 

sici. I said (or) I said to myself. 

saci. You said to yourself. 

si. He (or) she said. 

cianik. Tell them. 

k'usi van si ti shole. lit. What did his head say? i.e. What could have 

been his motive? 

Following verbs indicates sudden past action; c'ay si yo?on. He 

forgot it immediately. 

cot si. He sat down immediately. 

lah si santo ta h-mek. All Souls' Day has just ended. 

va9 sici. I stood up immediately. 

ci(3) X. 

cicin, tv. strain, sift. 

scicin sc'akil. It scratches its fleas (dog), 

cicinab, nle. strainer. 

cicinan, tv. strain or sift /plu/. 

cicincicin, tv. strain or sift one after another, 

cicinci'cinan, tv. cf. cicincicin. 

cicinob, nlf. chicha strainer. 

cicinob yakil vo?, nphr(nlf of nphr/n type n/ld). chicha strainer, 

cicinobil, nlf. stick for knocking down peaches, etc., cf. cicinob. 

cicinobil yakil vo?, nphr(nlf of nphr/n type n/ld). cf. cicinob yakil von. 

ci?(l) A. 

ci?, aj. sweet, salty. 

ci? ta ?ae'am. salty. 

cii-mae'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). very slightly sweet or salty. 

ci?-pik'an, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). slightly salty (sweat), slightly sweet 

(mole). 

ci?ci?tik, aj. rather sweet (chicha). 

ci?ub, iv. become sweet or salty. 

ci?ubtas, tv. sweeten, add salt to. 

cici?, n5. Baby talk; coffee, sugar. 

ci?(2) N. 

crt, nld. nance Byrsonima crassifoiia, #322(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". 

For use cf. nanei 1 ). 

ci?tik, n5. grove of nance trees. 

ci?(3) X. 

ci? ?okol, nphr(x of n)5. athlete's foot. 

ci?(4) N. 

ci?ilil, n3d. townsman, companion, sibling, bonus or extra little bit given 

when food is bought, relative, similar or identical object. 

?ak'bon sci?il. Give me a little more. 

hci?il ta peresal. We are both Perez's. 

hci?il me hbatik. We are relatives. 

sci?il k'u ca?al avak'bone. the same as the one you gave me. 

sci?il ta nakleh. resident of same house or same compound. 

sci?il ta yut na. resident of same house. 

Ritual speech, person praying and referring to spouse; ti hnupe ti 

hci?ile. my spouse, my companion. 

ci?in, tv. accompany, join, be with, keep company. Ritual speech, address 

of bride's ritual tutor to groom's ritual tutor; join. 

sci?in ta lahel. He accompanies her until death /spouse/. 

t saci?in t salak'in ta hun smal ta hun ssakub. You will join her, you 

will accompany her at dusk, at dawn. 

ci?in ?ol, vphr(tv // n). feel nauseous from pregnancy. 

Scolding speech, when child does not want to eat; mi?n saci?in avol 

kere. lit., Is it because you are accompanying your baby, boy? i.e., 

Are you feeling nauseous from pregnancy? 

ci?in ba, rv. go together. 

ci?in ba ta vayel, vphr(rv & pt & vn5). sleep together. 

ci?inan, tv. accompany /plu/. 

ci?inluh, iv. accompany. 

ci?invan, iv. accompany. Ritual speech; join. cf. lak'invan. 

hci?invaneh, agn. companion. 

ci?uk, n4b. and, with, including, against, var., cutuk ZiApas/. 

ta hk'opon hci?uk. I am talking with him (etc.). 

sinupun hci?uk. I will marry her. 

iyak'ik pwersa sci?uk li skrontaike. They fought against their enemies. 

ci?uk k'usuk, nphr(n4f & pt). furthermore, moreover, besides. 

ci?ukbe, n4b. with. 

ha? hci?ukbe skremotik. I was with his sons. 

ci?uk ec'el, nphr(nlb & dr). go with. 

?i ha? to hci?uk ec'el li kahnil ta hnae. And then my wife went home 

with me. 

ci?, dog. cf. eM?. 

cib Num. 

cib, nle. two. 

cib ?o?on, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d). sad, discontented, uneasy, unhappy. 

cib yo?on t sbat ta ?olon ha? li ?oy yahcamele. He is not happy that 

he has to go to the lowlands because he has a patient (or) a sick 

member of the family. 

cib yo?on t sbat ta ?olon yu?un yan sba svayic. He is unhappy 

over going to the lowlands because he had a nightmare, 

cib k'oplal, vphr(num/pred/ & n4f). uncertain. 

cib sk'oplal mi sibat mi mu sibat. It is uncertain whether I will go 

or not. 

cib letanya, Second Rogation Day. cf. letanya. 

cib tak'in, nphr(num & n)la. twenty cent piece /two bits/, 

cibah ?o?on, vphr(iv & n4d). become disconsolate or depressed, become 

sad or unhappy. 

icibah yo?on muk' sbat. He grew sad that he wasn't going. 

icibah yo?on ti t sk'oponbat ta yan li slekome. He became depressed 

because his fiancee had an affair with someone else. 

icibah ?o yo?on li labal k'opetike. She became unhappy over the 

endless quarrels /daughter-in-law/, 

cibal k'op, nphr(numatt & n)5. self-destructive talk, 

cibet ?o?on, vphr(av & n4d). feeling disconsolate or depressed, feeling sad 

or unhappy, feeling nauseated.

scibet yo9on t sve9 ti mi mu sna? siatin s\e-) Ii senile. He feels 

nauseated eating with a person who doesn't wash before the meal, 

scibet yo?on yik' smalal. With a heavy heart she took him as her 

husband. 

cibetik Won, vphr(av & n4d). cf. cibet foion (plu). 

cic A. 

cic, aj. extremely loquacious, saying everything that occurs to one /infr/. 

cicaron N(Sp, chicharron). 

cicaron, nla. fatback /used to season beans/. 

cicii 

cici9, sugar, coffee, cf. ci9(l). 

iiak'ui 

cicik'u 1 ?, cf. cicik'uy. 

cicik'ul 

cicik'ul, cf. cicik'uy. 

cicik'uy N. 

cicik'uy, nle. fragrant piqueria Piqueria trinertia, #1718(3,15,16), 

#2035(3,17,18), #2196(1,3,4,19), #2469(4,21,22). Highland 'plant- 

It grows in yards and corn fields. (4)-As a remedy for rabies, the tips 

are brewed. A cup of the tea is drunk once a day for three days. It is 

"cold". (16,17)-To cure a rabid dog, a small bunch is mashed in water 

and salt, and the water administered three or four times a day for two 

days. It is "cold". (21,22)-As a remedy for athlete's foot /ci wkol/, a 

small bunch is placed between the toes. It is "hot", var., cicik'ul 

/Htek-lum/, cicik'ul /->Apas/, cicilk'uy /Na Cih/. hairy piqueria 

(piqueria pilosa), #708(1,2,3,5), #1811(1,4,15,16). Highland 

"plant".(16)-It is gathered by flower growers, who wrap their bundles 

in it for protection during transport to market. 

cicik'uyaltik, n5. large expanse of piqueria. 

cicik'uytik, n5. expanse of piqueria. 

eahal cicik'uy, nphr(aj & n). see below. 

k'os eahal cicik'uy, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). fragrant piqueria 

Piqueria trinervia, #2938(1). Highland plant" 

cicilk'uy 

cicilk'uy, cf. cicik'uy. 

cicim 

cicim, lower head! cf. cim. 

ciciva N. 

ciciva, agn. woman who is childless, Ritual speech; term for the tutelary 

gods who care for companion animal souls. 

cicol N. 

cicol, nla. tomato. See below. 

cicolaltik, n5. large field of tomatoes or ground cherries, 

cicoltik, n5. field of tomatoes or ground cherries. 

bae"i cicol, nphr(aj & n). ground cherry Physatis philadelphica, 

# 1723(15,16). Highland "plant". Ground cherries are eaten, boiled, 

eahal cicol, nphr(aj & n). see below. 

bik'tal eahal cicol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. cherry tomato Lycopersicum 

esculentum var. cerasiforme, #264(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"plant" It grows in corn stubble and reseeds itself. It is sold at 

market in San Cristobal by Zinacantecs and the people of Acala. 

It is eaten boiled by everyone. It is "cold". As a remedy for 

mumps a tomato is rubbed on the neck. 

k'os eahal cicol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). tomato Lycopersicum esculentum, 

#2884(1,4). Lowland "plant" Same use as bik'tal eahal 

cicol. 

muk'tik eahal cicol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. tomato Lycopersicum 

esculentum, #58(2,4,5), #203(1,2,3,5). Lowland and highland 

plant' It is grown in the yard. The seeds are sown in the rainy 

season, or in the lowlands in November also. Ladinos transplant 

and fertilize the young plants. The harvest is in late summer, or in 

the lowlands in March, too. Tomatoes are boiled, seasoned with 

salt, chili, and onions. Tomatoes are used to flavor jerked meat, 

iguana, snails, and cushaws. They are the standard fare of Zinacantecs 

when they are in the lowland corn fields. They are both 

gathered and bought. They are 'cold". As a remedy for mumps a 


raw tomato is rubbed once a day on the neck. It is "cold" 

k'os cicol, nphr(aj & n). tomato Lycopersicum esculentum, #2884(14). 

Lowland "plant" It is planted in February and harvested in April. 

It is sold at market. It is cold". 

pahal cicol, nphr(aj & n). 'sour cicor, ground cherry Physalis philadelphica, 


pueul cicol, nphr(aj & n)5. 'inflated cicor, ground cherry Physalis philadelphica, 

#27(1,2,3,4), #968(1,3), #1475(3), #1723(3), 

#2038(3,17,18), #2211(1,3,4,19), #2394(3,4,20), #2482(4). Highland 

"plant" It grows in yards and rubbish heaps. It is sold at 

market. It is gathered by women or bought at market. Ground 

cherries are boiled, seasoned with salt, chili, and coriander. They 

are used to flavor greens and jerked meat. They are eaten by the 

stewards, stewards-royal, and elders at c'ivit krus, on the way to 

Voi-bie, on the fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary. They are cold". 

A raw ground cherry is rubbed on the neck to cure mumps. It is 

"cold". Physalis nicandroides, #2698(15,20). Lowland "plant". Capsicum 

sp., #1675(7). Lowland "vine" 

pueul cicoltik, nphr(aj & n)5. field of ground cherries, 

muk'ta pueul cicol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). ground cherry Physalis 

sp., # 1276(1,3,4,5). Lowland "planf. The seeds are sown by ladinos 

in the rainy season. The harvest is in October. Ground cherries 

are sold at market. The husk is removed before boiling. 

Ground cherries are "cold". 

cicol 9ak', nphr(n type n). Solanum sp., #122(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "vine". 

Herissantia crispa, #2838(12). Lowland "vine", 

pueul cicol 9ak', nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). Herissantia crispa, 


cicol c'o, nphr(n of n). Saracha procumbens, #732(1,2,4,5), 

#1464(3,11,12). Highland "plant" It grows in yards, in fencerows. 

The tender shoots are eaten by some people. They are "cold", 

'mouse cicor, morning glory Ipomoeasp., #551(1,3). Temperate "vine". 

(RML)-Probably a misidentification. ground cherry Physalis 

philadelphica, #2482(21,22). Highland "plant" (RML)-Probably a 

misidentification./'Aytti/j.s sp., #2109(14). Temperate "plant", 

cicol c'otik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of cicol c'o. 

eoein cicol c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 'downy cicol c'o', Bogenhardia 

crispa, #258(1,2,3,5). Lowland plant" 

k'os cicol c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Isochilus linearis, #1855(1,16). 

Highland "plant", 

muk'ta cicol c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). shrub nightshade Solanum 

arrazolense, #767(1,2). Temperate "plant". 

sakil cicol c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). see below, 

muk'ta sakil cicol c'o, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Physalis 

nicandroides, #2698(21). Lowland plant", 

cicol c'o 9ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Capsicum sp., #1675(1,4). 

Lowland vine". 

cicol moletik, nphr(n of n). 'elders' cicoT, Physalis sp., #2109(7). Temperate 

"plant". 

cicol te9, nphr(n type n). Physalis sp., #3002(1,4,5,11). Lowland "tree" 

eahal cicol let, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Capsicum sp., 

#1623(1,3,11,12,13). Temperate "tree" 

cih(l) N. 

£ih, nla. sheep, deer, woven blanket. 

te"?tikal cih, nphr(natt & n)la. white-tailed deer Dama virginiana. 

Deer are hunted and eaten, seasoned with coriander. Their flesh is 

"cold". Deer bones and antlers are used for corn shuckers. Chamulas 

tan deer hides which Zinacantecs use for aprons, hat straps, and 

the breeches worn by sir spook and the dudes. Deer are believed to 

be the earth lord's horses, 

eahal te^tikal cih, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/)5. white-tailed deer 

Dama virginiana. 

yasal te7tikal iih, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/)5. white-tailed deer Dama 

virginiana. 

te'Hikil cih, cf. le'tikal cih. 

dihal ?anal to, nphr(natt & nphr/n4d of n5/). hedgehog gall.


cihal "Jol, nphr(natt & n4d). cloth for carrying child. 

cihal ?unen, nphr(natt & n5). cloth for carrying child. 

•Jos-hisomal cih, nphr(n/num & ncpd/type n)5. wedding blanket, 

yasal cih, nphr(aj & n)5. gray blanket. 

cih(2) P. 

cih-con, cf. con. 

cih-con mail, cf. mail. 

cih-nuk', n(aj & ncpd)5. stripe-necked (chicken). 

cihal bukaro, cf. bukaro. 

cihaltik, aj. striped, streaked, 

cihan ba, rv. form long line, 

cihih, av. bursting forth (sunbeams). 

cihil, aj. sparkling (star), many-branched (tree), heavily-fruited, thick 

(nits), staring. Ritual speech, prayer; observe. 

cihil sba ssat kriscano. The people are staring /at someone who is 

being shamed/. 

cihil k'ak'al. with beams of sunlight streaming in. 

cihil te9, nphr(aj & n). 'striped tree ?', elderberry Sambucus mexicana, 

#2055(17,18), #2494(21,22). Highland "tree". For use, see bae"i cihil 

let. 

cihil te?altik, nphr(aj & n)5. large expanse of elderberries, 

cihil te"?tik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of elderberries. 

bae'i cihil te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). elderberry Sambucus mexicana, 

#5(1,3,4), #1456(3,11,12), #1733(3,15,16),#2055(3), #2197- 

(1,3,4,19), #2376(3,4), #2494(4). Highland "tree". The trunk is used 

for living fence posts. It is also gathered for firewood by women who 

are too lazy to bother going to the woods for firewood. It is used by 

children for their "bulls". As a remedy for a child suffering the effects 

of "evil eye" /k'ak'alsatill, the tips of three branches are sprayed by 

a shaman with water in which mashed pink evening primrose leaves 

have been soaked, and in which salt has been dissolved. Then the 

shaman "sweeps" the child's body with the tips. They are "cold". To 

reduce the heat of a person suffering from mahbenal, three small tips 

are mashed with fennel and salt in cold water, which is then drunk. 

To calm the tickling sensation that provokes coughing, three flowers 

are brewed with orange rind and aztec marigold flowers /k'anal laneil 

voftus/. A small cup is drunk before breakfast for three days. The 

flowers are 'hot". (15)-It is drunk after breakfast for two days. 

(16,17)-To relieve an animal with constipation, a small bunch of 

leaves are crushed and soaked in salt water. The water is given to the 

animal to drink two or three times a day. It is "cold". 1-Six-tips are 

gathered by the owner of a dog that has been poisoned. The tips are 

mashed in cold water. The dog is forced to drink the water, thus 

cooling the poison. Birds eat the berries. 

sakil cihil to, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). elderberry Sambucus mexicana, 

#2376(20). Highland "tree" The leaves, flowers, and berries are 

fed to sheep in the meadows, 

sutas cihil to, nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/)5. 'judas elderberry ?' or 

'scarecrow elderberry ?', see below. 

sutas cihil textile, nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/)5. expanse of sutas cihil te 1 ). 

9ik'al sutas cihil to, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/). elderberry 

Sambucus mexicana, #B9543(5,5a), #386(1,4), #927(1,3). Highland 

"tree" It grows in fencerows. The trunk is used for poles 

for scarlet runner beans. A child suffering from the effects of "evil 

eye"/k'ak'al satil/, is 'swept" with the tips of three elderberry 

branches. This variety of elderberry, rather than bae'i cihil tet is 

used for severe cases of "evil eye". It is "cold" The tips are also 

used in the "steam cure", cf. eelo-pat. 

sakil sutas cihil tet, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/). elderberry 

Sambucus mexicana, #364(1,2,3), #926(1,3). Highland "tree". 

Slips are planted in the rainy season, alternating with fence posts, 

to make a living fence. The trunk is used by children for popguns 

that shoot out wild clover root pellets. 

cihilik, aj. staring, 

cihleh, n4f. heavily-fruited. 

cih(3) prob I. 

cih, iv. sweat (new pot or jug). 

cih(4) prob T or T(2). 

cih, tv. strain. 

cihcih, n5. Baby talk; rattle. 

ciheon, av. drumming (rain), rattling. 

cihet, av. pattering (rain), whishing (falling corn or gravel). 

£ihetik, av. whishing (dry corn). 

cihihet, av. pattering (rain), whishing (falling corn or gravel). 

cihlahet, av. rustling (fruit tree being shaken). 

cihlahetik, av. shaking /fruit tree/. 

cihluh, av. whooshing (bag of corn suddenly spilling over), shattering 

(bottle, pot). 

cihob, nlf. sieve. 

cihobil, nlf. cf. cihob. 

cihulan, tv. shake /rattle, sieve/, scratch /fleas/ (dog). 

cihavil N. 

cihavil, n le. lowland black wasp. It makes its nest in cave roofs. Its grubs 

are not eaten. 

cik O. 

cikcikta, tv. call to sheep. 

cikcon, av. calling sheep. 

ciklahet, av. cf. cikcon (plu). 

ciklahetik, av. cf. cikcon (plu). 

cikulan, tv. call sheep. 

ckckckckckc, excl. call to sheep. 

cikario N(Sp, achicoria). 

cikario, nla. common sowthistle Sonchus oleraceus, #23(1,2,3,4,5), 

#974(1,3), #1729(15,16), #2088(3,4,17), #2380(3,4,20). Highland 

"plant" (5)-It grows in yards. The tender leaves and stalks are 

boiled or eaten raw by some people. They are "medium". (17)-They 

are "hot" (20)-They are eaten by sheep and horses. The owner of a 

lamb cuts the tender stalks and feeds them to it. var., cikaro /Naben 

Cauk/, cikerio /Pat lOsil/, cikoria /Htek-lum/, cikorio /Htek-lum/. 

cikarioaltik, n5. large expanse of sowthistles. 

cikariotik, n5. expanse of sowthistles. 

c'is cikario, nphr(aj & n). 'prickly sowthistle', prickly sowthistle Sonchus 

asper, #2397(3,4,20). Highland plant". (20)-It is eaten by 

sheep and horses, common sowthistle Sonchus oleraceus, #1729(3). 

Highland "plant". 

cikaro 

cikaro, cf. cikario. 

cikerio 

cikerio, cf. cikario. 

cikero N(Sp, chiquero). 

cikero, nla. pigpen. 

cikil N. 

cikil, n4d. tickle. 

cikilta, tv. tickle. 

cikiltaan ba, rv. tickle each other (people). 

cikiltik, aj. tingling sensation of male orgasm. 

cikin N. 

cikin, n4e. use restricted to tatibo scikinal: lit., Understand its ears, i.e., 

Understand thoroughly! 

cikin cih, 'deer's ear' or 'sheep's ear' Fernaldia pandurata, # 1670(11,12), 

#2669(15). Lowland "vine". (11,12)- The plants are pulled up in the 

corn fields. They are chopped up and boiled, seasoned with salt, chili, 

and lime juice. They are "medium" 

sakil cikin cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Fernaldia pandurata, 

#2669(20). Lowland "vine". The leaves and flowers are boiled and 

eaten. They are "cold" 

cikin cih ?ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Fernaldia pandurata, 

#2669(22). Lowland "vine". 

cikin c'o, nphr(n of n)5. 'mouse ear', wild dichondra Dichondra argentea, 

#1780(4). Highland "plant". To cool a person suffering mahbenal, a 

handful of the plant is crushed in warm salt water. One small cupful

is drunk. It is cold". 

muk'ta cikin c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Eupatorium muellen, 

#2548(21,22). Temperate plant", 

cikin £'o "!ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). morning glory Ipomoea lindenii, 

#2305(19). Highland "vine", 

cikin c'o con, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Panus sp., #26(1,3). Highland 

"mushroom". 

cikin c'o pos, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'mouse ear medicine', wild 

dichondra Dichondra argentea, # 1365(1,3). Highland "plant" To cut 

fever /k'ok'/, a handful is crushed in warm salt water. The water is 

drunk. It is "cold". (4)-A small cup is drunk in the morning or afternoon. 

(5)-The plant is crushed in water and the water drunk to reduce 

the heat of mahbenal. It is "medium". 

sakil cikin c'o pos, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). wild dichondra 

Dichondra argentea, #1356(1,3). Highland "plant" 

cikin c'otik, nphr(n of n)5. with two leaves protruding from corn husk. 

cikin h-rik'al, nphr(n of agn). 'spook's ear', see below, 

•rik'al cikin hiik'al, nphr(aj &. nphr/n of n/). Jew's ear Auricularia 

auricularis, #162(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" It is boiled with 

beans and flavored with coriander and chili. It is cold" 

k'anal cikin hTik'al, nphr(aj & nphr/n of agn/). Jew's ear Auricularia 

auricularis, #164(4,5). Highland "mushroom". Same use as lik'al 

cikin hiik'al. 

sakil cikin h9ik'al, nphr(aj & nphr/n of agn/). Auricularia sp., 

# 141(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" Same use as lik'al cikin hiik'al. 

cikin-ib, n(n of ncpd)5. 'armadillo ear', live oak Quercus acatenangensis, 

#B9257(5,5a), #508(1,2), #2229(19). Highland "tree" The trunk is 

split and used for sheep corral posts. It is used for fence posts. The 

hamlet of Naben Cauk has the responsibility of providing live oak 

planks for the repair of bridges in Htek-lum. The branches are used in 

brush fences. 

cikin-ibtik, nphr(n of ncpd)5. live oak or oak grove. 

c'ulul 7anal cikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of nepd/). 

'smooth-leaved cikin-ib', oak Quercus polymorpha, #1959(1,3,4). 

Temperate "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts, boards, and 

firewood. The branches are used in brush fences, 

hayal pat cikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of nepd/). 'thinbarked 

cikin-ib', live oak Quercus acatenangensis, #2229(1,3,4). 


pimil pat cikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of nepd/). 'thickbarked 

cikin-ib', live oak Quercus mexicana, #B 14275(5), 

#603(1,3). Highland "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts. 

The branches are used for brush fences, oak Quercus candicans, 

#B 14265(5). Highland "tree". Same use as above. 

Skin na, nphr(n of n)5. corner of house, 

cikin p'in, nphr(n type n)la. pot with handle, 

cikin tak'in, nphr(n of n)5. loudspeaker /archaic/, 

cikin te?, nphr(n of n)la. stake with branches /used to set or hang pots 

on/. 

cikin ton, nphr(n of n)la. 'rock ear', climbing orchid cactus Epiphyllum 

crenatum var. kimnachii, #B9498(5,5a). Highland "plant". Epiphyllum 

sp., #635(1,2,3). Highland "plant" The ripe fruit is peeled and eaten 

by some people. It is cold". 

i'is cikin ton, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).('spiny cikin ton', climbing orchid 

cactus Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii, #981(1,3). Highland 

plant". Children eat the fruit. Itis "cold". Epiphyllum sp., #636(1,2). 


saki] cikin ton, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). climbing orchid cactus Epiphyllum 

crenatum var. kimnachii, #774(1,2,3,5). Temperate and highland 

"plant".The flowers are gathered by ladinas to put in their 

vases. The fruit is eaten by people and birds. #992(1,3). Highland 

plant". Same use as above, 

cikin t'ul hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'rabbit ear grass', Cyperus 

spectabilis, #1433(7). Highland "plant". 

cikin t'ultik, nphr(n of n)5. with two leaves protruding from corn husk. 

cikinil, n3b. ear, comer /house, axe blade/, side /fiddle, guitar/, edge 


119 

/cloth on loom/, rim /bell/, handle. 

lek e"etanbil ti cikinil iun a'te. He certainly has his ears pricked 

up. 

Ritual speech, prayer, referring to one's enemy; ha?al sni9 ha?al 

scikin. lit., His nose is tilted, his ears are tilted, i.e., He is haughty 

or rebellious. 

cikinin, tv. listen to carefully, 

cikinta, tv. listen to carefully. 

eahal cikin, cf. eoh. 

cikiti E. 

cikiticikiticikitici, excl. diddle-dee, diddle-dee, diddle-dee dee /while dandling 

child on one's knee/. 

cikle N(Sp, chicle), 

cikle, nla. chewing gum. 

cikoria 

cikoria, cf. cikario. 

cikorio 

cikorio, cf. cikario. 

cikote N(Sp, chikote). 

cikote, nla. whip. 

cik'(l) T. 

cik', tv. burn, set on fire, 

cik', iv. be burned or set on fire, 

cik' -Jak'al, vphr(tv & n5). make charcoal. 

cik' ba, rv. burn self, 

cik'an, tv. burn /plu/. 

cik'ancik'an, tv. burn up one thing after another (drunk who tosses his 

belongings in the fire), burn /corn stubble/, 

cik'ancik'anan, tv. cf. cik'ancik'an. 

cik'balal "Josil, nphr(aj & n)5. burned land, 

cik'ebal, n5. moment before burning /forest/. 

cik'el, nc. lighting /fire/. 

cik'et balamil, vphr(av & n5). steaming, 

cik'etik balamil, vphr(av & n5). cf. cik'et balamil. 

cik'ik'et balamil, vphr(av & n5). steaming (room), 

cik'il, n3d. sweat Anfr/, bubbles on side of boiling pot. 

cik'iltas, tv. cause to sweat /patient/ (shaman), 

cik'iltas ba, rv. cause self to sweat /when sick, by covering self with 

blanket/. 

cik'iltasvan, iv. cause person to sweat (shaman), 

cik'inah, iv. sweat. 

cik'ob ?ak'al, nphr(nlf of nld). place or wood for making charcoal, 

cik'ob met, nphr(nlf of nld). place or wood for roasting maguey, 

cik'ob tan, nphr(nlf of nld). oven or wood for burning lime, 

cik'ob vilol, nphr(nlf of n5). pine bark for firing clay whistles, 

cik'obil âk'al, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. cik'ob lak'al. 

cik'obil met, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. cik'ob met. 

cik'obil tan, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. cik'ob tan. 

cik'obil vilol, nphr(nlf of n5). cf. cik'ob vilol. 

hcik'-iak'al, agn(tv & nepd). charcoal maker /Chamula, Pastei,iElan 

Voi/. 

hcik'-met, agn(tv & nepd). maguey roaster /Chamula/. 

hcik'-pom, agn(tv & nepd). incense tender /woman in charge of incense, 

one for each of the elders and stewards/. 

hcik'-tan, agn(tv & nepd). lime burner /Chamula, Pastel, lElan Voi/. 

hcik'inahel, agn. sick person who is sweating. 

cik'(2) T. 

cik', tv. soft-boil /egg/. 

cik' veêl, vphr(tv & n4d). dunk /tortilla in broth/, 

cik'an, tv. dunk /tortillas/ (careless woman who eats and doesn't watch 

food cooking). 

cik'ancik'an, tv. dunk in one bowl after another /tortilla/ (child), 

cik'ancik'anan, tv. cf. cik'ancik'an. 

cik'bil, aj. soft-boiled (egg), 

cik'el, nc. dunking, 

cik'lahet, av. cf. cik'con (plu).


cik'lahetik, av. cf. cik'con (plu). 

cil(l) N. 

cil, n5. cricket. 

9ik'al cil, nphr(aj & n)5. highland black cricket. It is believed that a 

person who catches a cricket and lets it bite the tip of his tongue will 

learn the catechism and will learn to speak Spanish, 

yasal cil, nphr(aj & n)5. highland green cricket. It is an evil omen if 

a cricket sings under the eaves. 

cil(2) N. 

cilil, n3a. black woolen huipil /worn by woman at weddings or in any 

ceremonial capacity/. 

cil(3) N. 

cil, n4d. armadillo shell /archaic/. 

cil(4) prob O. 

cilcil, aj. rattling (seeds). 

cilcil e"i?lel, nphr(aj & n). 'rattling plant', pitcher sage Lepechinia schiedeana, 

#2225(1,3,4). Highland plant". 

cilcil e"i9leltik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of pitcher sages. 

muk'ta cilcil e'irtel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). pitcher sage Lepechinia 

schiedeana, #2236(1,3,4). Highland "plant" 

cilcon, av. rattling (seeds), chirping (crickets EKL 255: 1-5). 

cililet, av. rattling (seeds). 

cillahet, av. rattling (seeds). 

cilon 9ok, nphr(n4e of n4d). spur, metal rattles /worn by the grand and 

pretty Spanish lords and ladies of the fiesta of St. Sebastian/. 

cilulan, tv. keep rattling /seeds/. 

cil(5) A or N. 

cil habnal, cf. habnal. 

cilianco N(Sp, chile ancho). 

cilianco, nla. sweet pepper. 

cilkat N. 

cilkat, n5. willow groundsel Senecio salignus, #B9278(5,5a). Highland 

"tree". Same use as bae'i cilkat. Baccharis glutinosa, #1514(11,12). 

Highland "tree". #2173(11). Temperate "tree". Astianthus viminalis, 


cilkattik, n5. expanse of cilkat. 

bae'i cilkat, nphr(aj & n). willow groundsel Senecio salignus, 

#344(1,2,3,4). Highland "tree". The trunk is used for firewood. One 

basket of willow groundsel flowers and one basket of white roses 

are provided by each pair of stewards on the fourth Friday of Lent, 

Wednesday of Holy Week, Maundy Thursday, and Good Friday. 

The flowers are strewn on the processional path. (23)-Two baskets 

are provided by each steward for Maundy Thursday, 

k'os cilkat, nphr(aj & n). willow groundsel Senecio salignus, 

#611(1,2,3). Highland "tree". 

sakil cilkat, nphr(aj & n). Baccharis glutinosa, #2173(14). Temperate 

"tree" 

cilkat te% nphr(n type n). Baccharis glutinosa, #1893(1,3,4). Temperate 

"tree". 

cilop N. 

cilopal, nlf. hollowness /wormeaten corn or beans/. 

ciJopal te?, nphr(n of n)5. splinter. 

ciloptik, aj. splintered. 

cim P. 

ciman, tv. bow one's head. 

Ritual speech, patient's assistants on return from shrines; 9a snihan 

?o, ?a sciman w, ta canib syalemal yok ta canib syalemal sk'ob. He 

/shaman/ went to bow, he went to bow his head at Their /tutelary 

god's/ four thresholds, Their four altars. 

ciman ba, rv. bow head in hands (drunk). 

ciraaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. bowing. 

Ritual speech; wedding godfather when seating bride in groom's 

house; 90 me nihaneh-bail 90 me cimaneh-bail. There should be 

bending, there should be bowing, i.e., You should show respect. 

cimanobil, n4f. Ritual speech, song; bowing place. 

9o scimanobil 90 snihanobil. lit., There is a bowing place, there is a 

bending place, i.e., Everything is being done properly, 

cimanvan, iv. make person bow /in contrition/, 

cimciman tal, vphr(tv/impv/ & dr). Lower your head! /mother to child 

on her back, so that she can place scarf over its head/. 

cimcon, av. bowing head repeatedly /in greeting or prayer/, walking with 

bowed head. 

cimet, av. bowing head /in greeting/, respectful, obedient. 

arm, iv. bow head, 

cimil, aj. with bowed head. 

cimilul, n4d. Ritual speech; bowing place /for repentance/, 

cimlah, av. walking with heads bowed, 

cimlahet, av. cf. cimcon (plu). 

cimlahetik, av. cf. cimcon (plu). 

cimleh, nlf. with head bowed /asleep, drunk/, 

cimomal, n4d. Ritual speech; bowing place /for repentance/, 

ciintecimte, av. bowing successively /person bowing to one saint after 

another/. 

hcimanvaneh, agn. person who makes another bow /in contrition/, 

ciciman, tv(impv), Baby talk, mother to child carried on back; Lower 

your head! 

cimpo A or N(Sp,?). 

cimpo, nla. lowland black slumil bean, lowland corn /produces ears in 

forty days/, var., cimpu., cf. tisim, cenek'. 

cimpo "Jisim, cf. 9isim. 

cimpo cenek', cf. cenek'. 

cimpo kinya, cf. kinya. 

(Simpo Io9bol, cf. Io9bol. 

cimpo pasak', cf. pasak'. 

cimpu 

cimpu, cf. cimpo. 

cin(l) P. 

cin, nle. skin disease /grano/. 

scinal hoi citom. trichinosis pustule, 

cin-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with lowered head (cow, sheep), 

cin-hol k'eves, cf. k'eves. 

(Sinahtik, aj. sitting (boulders), standing with lowered heads (cows, horses, 

sheep), with small knobs (log with branches lopped off). 

cinan ba, rv. sit /in sun/, 

cinanvan, iv. make person sit /in sun/ (person). 

cincm, aj. denuded. 

cincSon, av. walking with lowered head (cow, horse). 

cinel, aj. sitting /in sun/. 

£inet pat, vphr(av & n4d). walking slowly with head lowered (horse, cow). 

£ini, iv. sit /in sun/, 

cinil, aj. sitting /in sun/, standing with lowered head (cow, horse, sheep), 

sitting (boulder). 

dinil vatal, ajphr(aj & aj). rocky (field), 

cinilik, aj. cf cinahtik. 

cinin, av. walking with lowered head (cow, horse), 

cinin, nla. avocado. Lowland "tree". It grows in San Lucas. It fruits in 

June. It is cold". It causes burps. This is a fibrous variety, especially 

prized in San Cristobal, cf. koyoy. 

cinkan tontik, nphr(x type n)5. field littered with boulders. 

cinkul, aj. spiked (negrohead soncoya), bumpy (face of person suffering 

acne), scaly. 

cinkultik, aj. cf. cinkul. 

Sinlah, av. cf. cinin (plu). 

cinlahet pat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. cinet pat (plu). 

cinlahetik, av. walking with lowered head (plu). 

cinleh, nlf sitting /in sun/. 

iihtec'inte, av. walking about with lowered head (cow, horse). 

«in(2) N. 

din, n5. affectionate term of address for young girl, 

ciiiam N. 

cinamil, n3d. brains. 

£inamil pat, nphr(n4f of n4d). marrow /cow vertebrae/, semen.

cincon N. 

cincon, n5. rufous-ciested sparrow Zonotrichia capensis. This sparrow is 

believed to have aided Christ when he descended from the cross to make 

the heavens, by warning him of the return of the Jews so that he 

could quickly resume his position on the cross. For this reason it is 

considered a sin to kill a rufous-crested sparrow. If one is killed it 

must be eaten, lest, remembering its killer, it will call frequently at 

dusk. 

cincon rios, nphr(n of n)5. cf. cincon. 

cinga E(Sp. chingar). 

cmga, excl. fuck! /exclamation of surprise/, var., cingada, cingara. 

cingada 

cingada, cf. cinga.! 

cingara 

cingara, fuck! 

cinkataraka 

cinkataraka, band-backed wren. cf. cinkataranka. 

einkataranka N. 

cinkataranka, n5. band-backed wren Campylorhynchus zonatus. It is not 

considered edible. It is believed that the person who imitates the call of 

the band-backed wren will be afflicted by skin disease/cm/, which 

can be cured only by seeking out the bird, imitating its call and jumping 

about in wren-like fashion, var., cankataranka ZiApas/, 

cinkataraka /Hok' C'enom, Muk'ta Hok'/. 

cintuli? N. 

cintuli?, nle. common bobwhite Colinus virginianus, singing quail Dactylortyx 

thoracicus. cf. Tub, vaskis mat. They are eaten, seasoned with 

mexican tea. They are "medium". Their song is believed to signal a 

change of season or the approach of rain 

cip prob O. 

cipcon, av. dripping, spurting irregularly (child's urine). 

cipet, av. dripping, streaming (water), 

cipipet, av. streaming (man's urine), gushing (water). 

ciplahet, av. cf. cipipet (plu). 

cipluh, av. streaming suddenly (water, blood). 

cir O. 

cir, onom. hiss /urine/, whistle /singing quail/, 

ciret, av. singing (cricket). 

ciriret, av. sizzling, hissing (virgin's urine), singing (cricket), 

cirlahet, av. chirping (crickets EKL 255: 1-5). 

as prob A or N. 

cis-tert, n(x&ncpd)la. black cherry Prunusserotina, #B9541(5,5a). Highland 

"tree". Same use as bae'i cis-tev. 

as-len, n(x & ncpd)5. hamlet of Chamula. 

cis'-totik, n(x & ncpd)5. grove of black cherry trees. 

bae'i cis-to, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). black cherry Prunus capuli, 

#67(2,4,5). Highland "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts. The 

heartwood is used for house posts /8-16/, axe handles, the sides of 

guitars and fiddles, fiddle scrolls, and fiddle bows. The fruit is eaten 

by people and birds. It is sold at market in San Cristobal. As a 

remedy for bloody dysentery three chips of the inner bark of a 

cherry tree and three chips of the inner bark of a peach tree are 

brewed. The tea is set to cool and a shot glassful is drunk before 

breakfast and at bedtime. It is 'cold". 

eahal cis-te 1 ?, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). black cherry Prunus serotina, 

#606(1,4). Highland "tree". It grows in yards, and in fencerows. It 

is 'cold". (3>It is "hot". 

lovbalal cis-te?, nphrfaj & n/x & ncpd/). 'edible cherry", black cherry 

Prunus capuli, #67(2,4,5). Highland "tree". Same use as bae'i cis-tei. 

sakil Io9balal cis-te 1 ?, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). black 

cherry Prunus serotina, #605(1,3). Highland "tree". The trunk is 

used for rifle butts and fence posts. The fruit is sold at market. It 

is "cold". 

cii-te? "?ak', nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n)5. Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabrura, 

#327(1,2,3,5), #835(1,2,3,5), #1697(1,4), #2630(1,3,15,21,22). 

Lowland "tree". (l>The trunk is used for firewood. The bark is used 


121 

to lash rafters, wattle, and roof poles. The fruit is eaten by people and 

iguanas. It is "cold". (15>The bark is used for lashing of field houses 

and houses with wooden walls. 

•Mt'is cis-te9 9ak', nphr: n4f of nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). mexican 

hackberry bush Trema micrantha, #712(1,2). Temperate "tree". The 

bark is used to lash thatch, roof rods and roof purlins of fieldhouses. 

#2624(1,3). Lowland "tree" Same use as above, 

muk'ta cis-te9 9ak', nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). Jamaica 

cherry Muntingia calabrura, #2630(20). Lowland "tree". The bark 

is used to lash house walls and rafters. 

sakil dis-te 1 ) 9ak\ nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). mexican 

hackberry bush Trema micrantha, #1565(1,3). Lowland, temperate, 

and highland "tree". The trunk is used for firewood. The bark is 

used to lash field houses and houses with wooden walls. 

#2290(3,4). Temperate "tree", 

cis-te? 9isim, cf. 9isim. 

(Sis-te 1 ) mut, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ of n). 'bird cherry', Jamaica cherry Muntingia 

calabrura, #1697(11,12,14). Lowland "tree". 

hcis-te9, agn(x & ncpd). inhabitant of Cis-tef>. 

hcis-te9ahel, agn(x & ncpd). person going to, at, or coming from Cis-tei. 

citom N. 

citom, nla. pig, pork, fruit of Cyclanthera langaei. Pork is eaten. It is 

"cold". 

Ritual speech, prayer; yo he'iial yo hcitomal. my lowly doggishncss, 

my lowly piggishness. 

tardiero citom, nphr(aj & n)la. imported pig. 

teitikal citom, nphr(natt & n)la. collared peccary Tayassu tajacu, 

white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari. Peccaries are eaten, seasoned 

with coriander or mint. Their flesh is "cold". Their hides are used 

for drums. Peccaries ravage corn fields planted near heavy forest, 

tctikil citom, nphr(natt & n)5. cf. te^tikai citom. 

tranhero citom, cf. tanhero citom. 

citom con, nphr(n type n)le. 'pig bug', highland sowbug. A person may 

stick a sowbug in a wad of cotton and put it in his ear for four or five 

days to cure temporary deafness, 

citom £'o, cf. c"o. 

citom k'ok', cf. k'ak'. 

citomin, tv. have pig live on one's land /neighbor's pig that wanders and 

stays at another's house/. 

ar x. 

cit'u, tv. splash by stamping /water, mud/. 

cit'u ba, rv. break one's bonds /prisoner/. 

cit'ulan 90k, vphr(tv & n4d). keep kicking leg backwards (dog after defecating). 

cit'ulan ba, rv. thrash or kick wildly (child, drunk, prisoner, epileptic). 

cit'uvan, iv. cause /water, mud/ to splash on person. 

hcit'ueh-vo9, agn(vn & ncpd). person or car that splashes water. 

civ P. 

civ-ni9, n(aj & ncpd)5. with nose wrinkled up. 

Sivahtik, aj. bare (trees, feet), toothed (rake). 

civan, tv. bare /teeth/, wrinkle /nose in disgust/, put /leafless branches 

/on fire/. 

ci'vancivan, tv. bare teeth one time after another (dog), set down one after 

another /bare branches/, place one after another /bare branches in 

fence/. 

civciv, aj. bare (tree top), with bared teeth (mask of dude), barefoot. 

civcon 9e, vphr(av & n4d). fig. baring teeth, i.e., scolding. 

civcon 9ok, vphr(av & n4d). walking barefoot. 

fivcon nil, vphr(av & n4d). wrinkling up nose /laughing/. 

6ivel, aj. wrinkled up (nose), barefoot. 

fiivet, av. with wrinkled up (nose) /child who does not like his food, 

laughing person/, with bared (teeth), with ribs sticking out (dead horse), 

walking barefoot. 

civi, iv. sitting (leafless branches) /on fire/. 

Civil, aj. bared. 

Civil sni 1 ?. with its fangs bared (dog).


civil ye. with its fangs bared (dead dog), 

civil yok. barefoot. 

civilik 9e, nphr(aj & n4d). with fangs bared (dead dogs). 

civiv, av. groping along. 

civivet, av. dragging /bare branches/, baring (teeth) /dog/. 

civlah, av. thrashing (sing or phi). 

civlahet, av. groping (blindman, sleepwalker, lover), waving (legs of turtle 

or insect that is lying on its back). 

civlahet 9ok, vphr(av & n4d). cf. civcon ">ok (plu). 

civlahetik, av. thrashing (feverish children). 

civlahetik ni9, vphr(av & n4d). cf. civcon nil (plu). 

civleh, nlf. bared /teeth, feet/, wrinkled /nose/. 

ci'vtecivte, av. walking about wrinkling (nose in laughter or disgust), 

dragging branches about. 

cMeci'vte 9ok, vphr(av & n4d). walking along barefoot. 

civu holob, vphr(tv & n4d). separate /threads after being starched/. 

ciTo N(Sp, chivo). 

civo, nla. goat, animal transformation of witch. 

civo lima, cf. lima. 

civo pos", nphr(n type n). 'goat medicine', Ageratum echioides, 


ckckckckckci 

ckckckckckci, sheep call. cf. cik. 

co9(l) T. 

&)?, tv. peel, husk, skin, trick, deceive, peel off /clothes/. 

co9, iv. be peeled off, skinned or husked. 

co9 ba, rv. deceive or fool self, rush. 

isco9 sba ta âbtel. He rushed through the work. 

yec ta sco9 sba mu sk'ot yu?un skotol li yikaee. He is just fooling 

himself; he won't make it with the whole load. 

co9-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. rushing /working/. 

coi-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. bareheaded (turkey). 

co9an, tv. peel, husk, skin or trick many. 

c6?anco9an, tv. peel, husk or skin one after another. 

co9benal, n4f. peeled section /sugar cane/. 

co9con, av. walking bare /headed/ (turkey, person). 

co9el, vn5. trick, lie. 

C09et, av. rushing. 

co9ilan, tv. keep peeling, husking or skinning. 

co9ilan ba, rv. keep fooling oneself. 

C09ilan k'ob, vphr(tv // n). masturbate. 

co?ilanan, tv. keep tricking (plu). 

co9ilanan baik, rv. keep tricking each other (plu). 

co9ilanvan, iv. keep tricking person. 

co9lah, av. cf. co9o9 (plu). 

co9lahet, av. cf. coicon (plu). 

co9o9, av. rushing along. 

co9ob, nlf. place where one skins /animal/ or peels /sugarcane/. 

co9obil, nlf. skinning knife, machete. 

co9omah, iv. skin /cow/. 

(k>9p'ih, iv. be chafed. 

co9p'in, tv. chafe. 

c69tec69te, av. rushing about. 

co9van, iv. trick or deceive person, impoverish person. 

tol sco9van mu slc'ot sk'opoh. He keeps tricking people; what he says 

will happen doesn't. 

tol sco9van li camele. lit., Sickness skins people, i.e., Sickness impoverishes 

people. 

hco9vaneh, agn. deceitful person. 

«»9(2) N. 

co9, nla. metate, gizzard, inan. poss.; scaial, ear of corn lacking kernels 

on one row. It is believed that when the kernels are removed from this 

type of ear the cob must be broken in two lest the remaining corn be 

ground up and lost. If one dreams of a broken metate, it is an omen 

of death /cf. Florentine Codex, Book 5, Appendix; chap. 34/. 

co9obil, n3d. premolar and molar /absolute form infr/. 

ca9 ton, n(n type n)le. basalt /used to make grinding stones and handstones/. 

Ritual speech, curing prayer for tooth if patient is suffering from 

mahbenal; 9unenal bak 9unenal ca9 ton. young bone, young basalt 

/i.e. center of tooth/. 

cob N. 

cob, nla. planted corn field, inan poss.; scabal. 

cob, vn5. hoeing. 

cob 9antivo, nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5). 'ancestor corn', gama grass Tripsacum 

laxum, #2175(14). Temperate "plant'. 

cobcobaltik, n5. one corn field after another. 

cobin, tv. take possession of planted corn field. 

cobtik, n5. planted corn field, western section of Zinacantan /comprising 

the hamlets of lAh-teitik, taynatik, Cikinibal Voi, Hok' C'enom, Hoyihel, 

K'ak'et Tel, Potovtik, Sek'emtik, and Yalal £"i'9/. 

cobtikaltik, n5. large field of planted corn. 

cabah, iv. work in corn field. 

caban, tv. work in corn field. 

lah scaban ta velel skotol. He finished cutting it all down. 

t sahcaban ta poraso. I'll give you a good bruising! 

hcabahel, agn. corn-worker. 

hcabahom, agn. corn-worker. 

hcabahom con, cf. con(2). coffee snake. 

coc N. 

co£, nla. yellow oleander Thevetia ovata, #2667(1,3,15,21). Lowland 

"tree". Stemmadenia obovata, #819(1,2,3,5). Lowland and temperate 

"tree". The trunk is gathered by boys or by their fathers for slingshots. 

The bark is removed by fire and the wood is perforated with 

a red hot wire. As a preventative or remedy for whooping cough, 

eight to ten nuts are strung on a necklace and worn by children. 

They are "medium". To cure a toothache, the nutmeat is crushed 

and a very small amount is held against the tooth. The pain is 

eased immediately, but if much is put in the mouth all one's teeth 

reputedly will fall out. Stemmadenia sp., #1973(1,3,4,16,17)). Lowland 

"tree", (l)-same use as above. (16)-The trunk is used for firewood. 

muk'ta 6oc, nphr(aj & n). yellow oleander Thevetia ovata #1681(1,4,) 

#2667(20). Lowland " tree". (1 )-The nut is used as above for whooping 

cough. (20)-The trunk is used for firewood. 

doctik, n5. grove of coc trees. 

coc te9, nphr(n type n). yellow oleander Thevetia ovata, #1681(11,12), 


muk'ta coc te9, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). yellow oleander Thevetia 

ovata, #1681(7). Lowland "tree". 

cocob N. 

cocob, nld. acorn. 

cofer N(Sp, chofer). 

cofer, n5. driver, var., cohver. 

coh(l) P, P(2). 

coh, tv. make into hanks. 

coh, nld. yoke /oxen/. 

coh, nc. hank /thread/, string /beads/, necklace, chaplet, yoke /oxen/, 

raceme /bananas/. 

cohahtik, aj. cf. cohol /plu/. 

cohan, tv. yoke, become laden with fruit (branch). 

cohan£6han, tv. put in one hank after another. 

cohancohanan, tv. cf. cohancohan. 

cohcoh, nc. single hank, string /beads/ /I only/. 

cohcoh, aj. bouncing /net with too long a tumpline/. 

concern, av. dripping (water or urine of baby on mother's back, water 

through roof), bouncing (nearly empty net). 

cohet, av. hanging down /scrotum of little boy playing/. 

cohetik, av. walking yoked. 

cohi, iv. hang in strings (seed corn from rafters). 

cohlah, av. hurrying with bouncing /net/ (plu). 

cohlahet, av. dripping down /juice of fruit or blood of meat being car-

ied/. 

eohleh, n4f. whole raceme or string /necklace/. 

cohob, nlf. lasso, 

cohobil, nlf. yoke. 

cohoh, av. streaming suddenly (nosebleed). 

cohobet, av. streaming down continuously, pouring (water, rain), 

cohokil, n4f. in many racemes /bananas/, in many hanks, in many strings 

/beads/, 

cohol, aj. in strings /seed com hung on rafter, passion fruit, grapes or 

chayotes hanging from vine/, in a cluster, 

coholcohol, n4f. each of many hanks, strings /beads/, or clusters 

(grapes). 

coholik, aj. cf. cohol /plu/. 

cohtecohte, av. walking about with bouncing /nearly empty net/. 

coh(2) N. 

cohcon,nle. bull's hom acacia Acacia comigera, #188(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"tree". The branches are used for brush fences, 

cohcohaltik, n5. large grove of bull's horn acacias, 

cohcohtik, n5. grove of bull's horn acacias. 

cohver 

cohver, driver cf. cofer. 

cok'an N. 

cok'an, n5. overly loquacious or wild-talking person /archaic/. 

col P, P(2). 

col, tv. line up, set in row, make row. 

col, iv. be in rows. 

col, nc. row /people, plants, houses, com kernels on cob/. 

col ba, rv. form a row, line up. 

col-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. lining up. 

colahtik, aj. in many rows, 

colan, tv. set in rows. 

colancolan, tv. put in one row after another, 

colancolanan, tv. cf. colancolan. 

colanvan, iv. place people in rows, 

colav, n4f. row. 

colcol, nc. single row /I only/. 

colcol, aj. in rows, 

colcol, n5. puff ball, see below. 

colcol be, nphr(n of n). 'path colioT, see below. 

bik'it colcol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). puff ball Calvatia sp., 

#48(1,3). Highland "mushroom" To stop a wound from bleeding, 

a dry puff ball is broken open and the powder applied to the 

wound. It is "hot" 

k'anal colcol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). puff ball Lycoperdon sp., 

#30(1,3). Lowland, temperate, and highland "mushroom". Same 

use as bik'it colcol be. 

muk'ta colcol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). puff ball Calvatia sp., 

#47(1,3,4,5). Highland mushroom*. Same use as bik'it colcol be. 

Scleroderma sp., #77(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" 

sakil colcol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). see below, 

muk'ta sakil colcol be, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). puff ball 

Lycoperdon sp., #31(1,3). Highland "mushroom". Same use as 

bik'it colcol be. It is said that a person who puts a puff ball in his 

mouth will become mute. 

colcol ?ak'ot. round dance of ensign-bearers, 

colcon, av. walking in a row one after another, 

colconah, iv. walk while holding on to support (young child), 

cole t, av. walking in line (people, religious officials, male dogs, soldiers), 

coli, iv. line up, stand in row. 

colilan, tv. set in rows slowly /posts/, 

colilan ba, rv. keep forming rows, 

collahet, av. walking in line, 

colleh, nlf. in hue. 

colleh, n4f. whole row. 

colobil, n4f. place for lining up. 

colol, av. walking in a row (people). 


colol, aj. in row, in line (religious officials, soldiers). 

colol ta WJlol be ikom. lit., He was left lined up in the middle of the 

road, i.e., He was left an orphan, homeless and penniless. 

cololet, av. standing in rows of equal height (young corn), walking single 

file. 

cololik, aj. in row, in line (many people). 

coltecolte, av. walking along one behind another. 

colvan, iv. place people in rows. 

hcol-bail, agn(vn/tv & rpncpd/)5. person standing in line. 

hcolvaneh, agn. person who places others in row. 

colo N. 

£olo-nuk\ n(n & ncpd)4d. neck opening of shirt or blouse. 

colo-nukin, tv(n & ncpd). put down inside one's blouse /money/ (woman), 

crawl down inside shirt (insect). 

compa N(Sp, chompa). 

compail, n3d. blue work shirt /levi/. 

compain, tv. steal blue work shirt. 

con(l) T. 

con, tv. sell. 

mu conbah. None was for sale. 

con, iv. be sold. 

con ba, rv. become deep in debt, hire self out as a servant (maid). 

con-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. deep indebtedness. 

con ta balamil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). sell to the earth lord. 

conan ta balamil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). sell /people/ to the earth lord. 

conanan, tv. sell /plu/. 

conanan ta balamil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). sell /people/ to the earth lord. 

conanconan, tv. sell one after another. 

conbalal 7osil, nphr(aj & n)5. land for sale. 

concon, av. selling in secret /corn/ (wife). 

conilan, tv. keep selling. 

conilan ba, rv. keep hiring out as servant, keep falling in debt. 

conilan ta balamil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). keep selling to the earth lord. 

conilanan, tv. keep selling /plu/. 

conilanan baik, rv. keep becoming maids (girls). 

conilanan ta balamil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). keep selling /people/ to the 

earth lord. 

conilanvan ta balamil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). keep selling person to the 

earth lord. 

ionlahet, av. cf. concon (plu). 

conlahetik, av. cf. concon (plu). 

conob, nlf. measure /corn/, selling place, booth. 

conobil, nlf. selling place, booth /for specific item/. 

conolah, iv. sell customarily (merchant). 

conolahebal, n3d. selling place, booth. 

convan ta balamil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). sell person to the earth lord. 

hdon , agn(tv & ncpd). vendor /salt, peanut, liquor, pottery, 

sandal, food/. 

hconilanvaneh, agn. witch. 

hconolahel, agn. merchant. 

hconvaneh, agn. witch /seller of souls/. 

mukul-con, tv(aj & tvcpd). sell in secret. 

con(2) N. 

con, nle. animal /general term/, snake, cat, insect, bug. inan. poss.; 

scanul. 

scanul ke. my cavity. 

Ritual speech, referring to earth lord; (S'ul-con. holy serpent 

Ritual speech, shaman referring to companion animal spirit during 

curing ceremony when companion animal /jaguarundi, jaguar, 

mountain lion, raccoon, coyote, skunk, gray fox, yasal saben/ has 

been wounded; 6'ul-con £'ul-bolom. holy animal, holy jaguar. 

•?aha-cbn, n(n type ncpd)5. 'lordly snake', tropical rattlesnake Crotalus 

durissus. To cure the bite of this lowland snake the victim may 

drink a tea of Cissampelos pariera. If the victim is brave he will 

grab the rattlesnake by its tail and bite it until the snake's blood 

flows in his mouth, so acquiring the snake's strength. At the same


time, contact with his saliva, heated from years of eating chili, reputedly 

will cause the rattlesnake to swell and die. Alternately, he or a 

friend may seize the snake and wrap it around the victim's waist to 

transfer the "cold winds" to the snake and so render it immobile. The 

snake's skin may be sold for belts. Rattlesnake skin, being very "hot", 

may be kept for binding a broken bone or a severe muscular ache. To 

speed a long and arduous delivery, rattlesnake grease may be rubbed 

on the mother's belly or she may drink a cup of water in which a 

rattlesnake's rattle has been boiled. This is believed to heat the 

woman's body. Women grease their hair with its fat to make their hair 

grow, but it is said that when the women sleep, their hair rustles like 

a snake, perhaps because the snake's soul has arrived there. The rattle 

is placed inside a stringed instrument to make the music carry better. 

9ik'al 9aha-con, nphr(aj & n/n type ncpd/)5. rattlesnake Crotalus 

sp.. 

k'anal 9aha-con, nphr(aj & n/n type ncpd/)5. tropical rattlesnake 

Crotalus durissus. The darker of the two kinds of rattlesnake is 

considered more dangerous. 

?akusa con, nphr(n type n)5. 'needle snake', black snake Thamnophis 

sp.. A highland snake whose bite is believed to 'cut" the joints of 

one's legs. 

9ak' con, nphr(n type n)5. 'vine snake', lyre snake Trimorphodon biscutatus, 

cf. larsial con. 

larsial con, nphr(n type n)5. whip snake', cf. "yak' con. A lowland 

snake that is believed to bite only when stepped on, and is easily 

frightened. 

9ik'-nab con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 'black river snake', lowland 

black water snake. It is thought to strike and to wrap itself 

around a person until he is dead. 

?itah con, nphr(n type n)5. 'greens snake', vine snake Oxybelis aeneus. 

A lowland snake that is thought to jump, bite, and wrap itself 

around a person until he is dead. 

cih-con, n(aj & n)5. 'striped snake', gopher snake Pituophis lineaticollis. 

A highland snake that is said to bite only when stepped on. Its 

presence at the foot of a chicken roost is considered good luck, 

causing the chickens to increase. Reputedly it may enter the house 

and lie under the metate platform like a hen or even lay its eggs in 

a hen's nest, setting on both clutches of eggs, but this is a sign that 

the house site is dangerous. Because of its habits it is also called 

"hen". 

hcabahom con, agn(nphr/agn type n/)5. 'guardian snake', banded 

coffee snake Ninia sebae, ring-necked coffee snake Ninia diadenata. 

Both these highland snakes are believed to care for the corn field. 

To kill a coffee snake is to risk having one's corn field destroyed by 

wind. 

?ik'al hcabahom con, nphr(aj & nphr/agn type n/)5. ring-necked 

coffee snake Ninia diadenata. It is believed to care for fields of black 

com. 

k'anal hcabahom con, nphr(aj & nphr/agn type n/)5. banded coffee 

snake Ninia sebae. It is believed to care for fields of yellow 

com. 

hkiletel con, agn(nphr/agn type n/). snake /general term/, 

kantela con, nphr(n type n)5. 'candle snake', tropical king snake Tropidodipsis 

sp., coral snake Micrurus browni. To cure a bite of the 

highland king snake a "hot" brew of Cissampelos pareira is drunk. 

The lowland coral snake will bite if angered, but it is rarely seen, 

k'uk'ul con, agn(nphr/x type n/ld). each of two lesser players of the 

fiesta St. Sebastian who were the stewards-royal of the previous year, 

k'uk'ul con, agn(nphr/x type n/ld). cf. k'uk'ul. 

meie\ con, nphr(n type n) le. 'old woman snake', indigo snake Drymarchon 

corais. It is thought to be an inoffensive lowland snake which 

bites only when grabbed, but is notorious for its display of wheezing 

and hissing, 

con la, cf. la. 

con rios, nphr(n4f of n5). domestic animal. 

canul 9akov, nphr(n of n)5. wasp Vespula sp. /general term/. All of 

these wasp grubs are edible. They are "cold". The poison of their stings 

is "cold" and causes swelling. To prevent swelling two small twigs 

may be broken and stuck into each ear. 

canul 9anal cenek', nphr(n of nphr/n4f of n5/). 'bean leaf bug', bean 

beetle Epilachna sp.. 

canul 9isim, nphr(n of n)5. 'corn bug', corn weevil Sitophilus ordinarius, 

Sitophilus zeamais. 

canul ?itah, nphr(n of n)5. 'cabbage bug', cabbage worm, 

canul bakal, nphr(n of n)5. 'corncob bug', corncob borer, cf. tusino. 

canul cenek', nphr(n of n)5. 'bean bug', bean weevil Acanthoscelides sp.. 

canul cohcoh, nphr(n of n)5. obligate acacia ant Pseudomyrmex ferruginea 

F. Smith. This is a fiercely stinging ant that lives in the bull horn acacia, 

canul k'a9-te">, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/)5. 'rotten wood insect', betsy 

beetle Popilius sp.. Its grub is eaten during the dry season. It is "cold", 

canul k'aiil, nphr(n of n)5. edible grub. It occurs in Vof-bie in the dry 

season. It is medium". 

canul mum, nphr(n of n)5. wasp /lakov or yellow jacket adult/, 

canul pom, nphr(n of n)5. 'honey bug', honey bee Apis melliflora. 

canul te9tik, nphr(n of n)5. wild animal, mushroom or fungus /general 

term/. 

canul vale 1 ), nphr(n of n)5. 'sugarcane bug', sugarcane borer, 

canul yasal te9, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/)5. 'live tree bug', long-horn beetle 

Acrocinus sp.. Its grub is eaten. It is cold", 

canulil, n3d. companion animal spirit, animal /general term/. 

ti k'usi mas muk' canule. the larger animals. Companion animal 

spirits are distinguished by having five toes. 

con(3) 

con, four days from today, four days ago. cf. can(2). 

con(4) prob P or P(2). 

con-9e, n(aj & ncpd)5. lacking many teeth (child), 

conahtik, aj. cf. conol /plu/. 

conet, av. lacking many teeth (child), 

conol, aj. filled with cavities, lacking many teeth, 

conolik, aj. cf. conol. 

conteconte, av. walking about lacking /teeth/ (child). 

cop(l) P, P(2). 

cop, nc. family, pair /sandals/, suit /clothes/, cycle /songs/, trio or group 

of people accompanied by trio, 

cop 9o, nphr(nc & pt). different. 

copantik, aj. families or groups at long intervals or widely spaced, 

copcop, nc. single pair, single suit /I only/, 

copleh, n4f. whole /suit, pair, family, group/. 

copokil, n4f. many pairs or suits, 

copolcopol, n4f. each one different. 

cop(2) P, P(2). 

copahtik, aj. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants), 

copcon, av. dripping. 

copcop, aj. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants). 

(Sopel, aj. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants), 

copet, av. walking with baggy (seat of pants) and with top gathered, 

coplahet, av. dripping in many places, baggy and with top gathered (seats 

of pants). 

copleh, n5. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants), 

coplih, av. streaming suddenly (water, blood), 

copopet, av. streaming down. 

coptecopte, av. walking about with baggy (seat of pants). 

cop(3) prob O. 

(Sopcon, av. walking with thudding (ceremonial sandals), crunching (ceremonial 

sandals EKL 255: 2-23). 

coplah, av. walking with thudding (ceremonial sandals) (plu). 

coplahet, av. thudding (ceremonial sandals). 

cop(4) T. 

cop, iv. dwindle (crowd), slacken, let up, abate, lessen (pain). 

mu s£op yulo9 li preserentee. /The stream of/ magistrate's visitors 

doesn't taper off.

mu scop vo?. The rain doesn't let up. 

mu scop camel. The sickness doesn't abate, 

cop ba, rv. give up, slack off (visitors). 

copah, iv. dwindle (crowd), slacken, let up, abate, lessen (pain).. 

copbe, tv. cut down /drinking of cane liquor/, 

copcop, iv. slack off slightly (rain, crowd), 

copvan, iv. debilitate or weaken person (witch, sickness). 

t scopvan ta hc'uleltik li hiak'-camele. Witches weaken our souU (or) 

witches weaken us in our dreams. 

cop(5) O. 

copcopcop, oDom. turkey call, 

copcopta, tv. call turkeys. 

copilan, tv. call turkeys, 

coplahet, av. yelping (hen turkeys V2: 22). 

copal A. 

copoL aj. bad, ugly, useless, impossible. 

copol wi, vphr(aj & tv). think ill of, resent, be hurt by, be offended by, 

dislike, be horrified, feel tipsy. 

copol t sa">i ?abtel ti mi smal ta skoltaate mi t stak'e •Jabtehuk ta 

rominkoe. He dislikes work if he is let off late or if he has to work 

on Sundays. 

copol t sa9i ti mu hcabitik li hcamele. He resents it that we aren't 

looking after the patient. 

copol sa?i ti mi 7u k'u yatinoh sk'u9e. He is horrified when something 

has stained his clothes. 

copol won, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). anxious, worried, grief-stricken, illtempered, 

mean (person). 

copol yoion mu sak' ta c'om stak'in. He is mean and won't loan 

money. 

copol yo9on ta h-mek hai cam sc'amale. He is grief-stricken because 

his child died. 

copol yo?on ta £iwel skapet no 90s. He is mean to have around — 

just grumpy. 

copol hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). be crazy or irresponsible, be criminal or 

bad. 

copol shol smal t skolta yalmbtel ta sak' labtehuk ta rominko. He 

is no good; he lets his workers off late and makes them work on 

Sundays. 

copol shol yuTun tol s?elk'ah. He is bad because he steals a lot. 

copol shol yu-nin tol ssa-? k'op syakub. He is bad because he fights 

when he gets drunk. 

copol shol tol sloilovan ta fabtel. He is bad; he tricks people at work, 

copol hoi nii, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d // tv). be tipsy, 

copolal, n4b. uselessness, useless thing, 

copolib, iv. break down (car) /infr/. 

copoltik, aj. rather bad, ugly or useless, 

pas copolal, vphr(tv & n5). blunder, botch. 

cor prob O. 

corcon, av. streaming (water, urine), 

coret, av. streaming (water, urine), 

corlahet, av. streaming in many places (water), 

coror, av. pouring (large quantity of trapped water that spills), 

cororet, av. dribbling down, pouring, streaming (water, rain EKL 258: 

1-3, rivulet EKL 255: 1-3). 

coris N(Sp, chorizo). 

coris, nla. sausage. Male joking speech; penis, var., corisyo. 

cor is, nla. 'sausage', edible wood grub, 

coriso, aj. stupid, ineffective, var., corisyo. 

corisyo 

corisyo, sausage, stupid, ineffective, cf. coris. 

cos P. 

cosahtik, aj. cf. cosol /plu/. 

cosan, tv. dangle /legs/. 

cosan ba, rv. sit with legs dangling. 

coscon, av. being carried with (legs) dangling. 

coslah, av. cf. cosos (sing). 


coslahet, av. cf. coscon (plu). 

cosleh, nlf. sitting with (legs) dangling. 

cosol, aj. dangling (legs). 

cosolik, av. cf. cosol (plu). 

cosos, av. being carried with /legs/ dangling (person during flood, dead 

dog). 

costecoste, av. being carried about with (legs) dangling. 

cot P. 

cotahtik, aj. cf. cotol /plu/. 

cotan, tv. set down /child, bag/, install, mount /cannon/. 

Ritual speech, parents of bride when entering groom's house on wedding 

day; t sba hcotan t sba hvue'an ti kalabe ti hnic'nabe. I am 

going to set down my children, I am going to establish my children. 

cotan ba, rv. be confined /at home, unable to leave/. 

cotanan, tv. set down /bags, boundary markers/. 

cotanbiL aj. settled, forced to sit (prisoner). 

cotancotan, tv. set down one after another /bottles, boundary markers/. 

cotancotanan, tv. cf. cotancotan. 

cotanob, nlf. liquor served when bride is seated in groom's house, rockets 

fired when Christ Child is laid in manger. 

cotanobil, nlf. cf. cotanob. 

cotcon. av. sitting unable to stand. 

cotet, av. sitting. 

cotetik, av. cf. cotet (plu). 

doti, iv. sit down, be settled. Ritual speech; cf. vue'i. 

mu sicoti lek. lit., I am not well settled, i.e., I am not at home very 

often. 

cotilan, tv. keep setting down. 

cotilan ba, rv. keep lifting self off seat /with rage/. 

cotilanan, tv. keep setting down /plu/. 

cotilanan baik, rv. keep lifting selves off seats (drunken women). 

dotk'ih, iv. sit down unexpectedly. 

cotk'in, tv. push into sitting position. 

cotk'invan, iv. push person on his rear. 

cotlahet, av. sitting unable to stand (drunk). 

cotlahetik, av. cf. cotlahet (plu). 

cotlebal, n3d. seat. 

Ritual speech, person taking dispute before the magistrate; •Jay htabe 

ti sdotlebe ti svue"lebe. I went to his seat, to his chair. 

cotlebal con, nphr(n type n)5. Male joking speech; lit., seat animal, i.e., 

vagina. 

cotleh, nld. seated. 

nal ti hcotlehtik. We have been sitting for a long time. 

cotleta, tv. sit and wait for. 

cotletavan, iv. sit and wait for person. 

cotlih, av. falling suddenly on one's butt. 

cotol, aj. seated, sitting. Ritual speech; cf. vue'ul. 

cotolik, aj. cf. cotol /plu/. 

cotot, av. falling on one's butt. 

cotp'ih, iv. cf. cotk'ih. 

cotp'in, tv. cf. cotk'in. 

cotp'invan, iv. cf. cotk'invan. 

66tte£6tte, av. sitting down every few minutes /on path/. 

hcotaneh-eeb, agn(vn & ncpd). religious functionary /woman who is 

chosen by bride's parents to seat her in groom's house/. 

hdotanvaneh, agn. cf. hcotaneh-eeb. 

hcotk'invaneh, agn. person who pushes another on his butt. 

hcotleh, agn. stay-at-home. 

hcotp'invaneh, agn. cf. hcotk'invaneh. 

coy N. 

coy, nla. fish /general term, including shrimp/. Dried fish is eaten, 

especially during Lent. It is 'hot". 

eahal coy, nphr(aj & n)la. shrimp /unidentified/. 


sakil coy, nphr(aj & n)5. edible fish /unidentified/. 

yasal coy, nphr(aj & n)5. fresh fish. 

ct E. 

it, excl. Psst! /exclamation to quiet barking dog/. 

cu?(l) N. 

cu?, n4f. milky sap of plants. 

cu? Tigim, nphr(n of n)5. corn smut. It is "cold". 

cu? hc'ul-motik, nphr(n4d of n/aj & ncpd/5). lowland cultivated tree, 

fruit used to decorate cypress around manger, brought by stewards. By 

common belief its fruit are the toys of the Christ Child. 

cu?con, av. continuing to nurse (child who has younger sibling or who 

is 3 years old or more). 

cu9il, n3a. breast, udder. 

c'abal scu?ilal. She has no milk. 

cu?il pok', nphr(natt & n)la. bag for carrying candles or tortillas, inan. 

poss., scwitpak'al. 

cir'lahet, av. suckling (puppies, piglets). 

cuilahetik, av. cf. cuilahet. 

cu?un, iv. nurse (baby). 

cu?un k'ob, vphr(tv // n). suck thumb. 

cu?unbe cu?, vphr(tv & n4d). be a wet nurse. 

cu9untas. tv. nurse (mother). 

cuiuntasvan, iv. nurse (mother). 

hcu?nom, agn. nursing child. 

hciminel, agn. nursling. 

hcuvunob, agn. nursling. 

hcuiuntasvaneh, agn. person who nurses. 

cucu?, n5. Baby talk; breast, I want to nurse. 

cucu?, nla. 'breast', nipple nightshade Solatium mammosum, #2989(3). 

Lowland "vine". (5)-The fruit are used to decorate the trees that stand 

around the creche. They are considered to be the Christ Children's 

toys. (23)-Thirty-six fruits on their stems are provided by the stewards 

of Our Lady of the Rosary on the Sixth Posada. 

CU9(2) 

cu?, with. cf. Hi. 

cu?i? N. 

cu?iv, nla. leather purse. 

cu?iv ?at, nphr(n4e of n4d). scrotum. 

cuc(l) N. 

cue, nle. squirrel/general term/. All three kinds of squirrel are hunted 

and eaten, seasoned with coriander. Their flesh is cold". Their skins 

are stuffed and tossed about by the spooks during the fiesta of St. 

Sebastian. They do great damage to young corn plants. 

eahal cue, nphr(aj & n)5. deppe's squirrel Sciurus deppei. 

cue c'o, cf. c'o. 

pepen cue, nphr(n type n)le. "butterfly squirrel', flying squirrel Glaucomys 

volans. It is believed to be a butterfly transformed into a squirrel. 

yasal cue, nphr(aj & n)5. guatemalan gray squirrel Sciurus griseoflavius. 

eo?op cue, cf. eo?op. 

cuc(2) T. 

cue, tv. poke firewood further into /fire/, 

cue, iv. be poked further into /fire/ (firewood). 

cu£ mulil, vphr(tv & n5). incriminate, 

cucan, tv. poke sticks further into /fire/. 

cucancucan k'ok', vphr(tv & n5). poke sticks one after another further 

into fire. 

ciicanciicanan k'ok', vphr(tv & n5). cf. cucancucan k'ok'. 

cucbe k'ak'al, vphr(tv & n4d). incriminate. 

cutbe mul, vphr(tv & u4d). incriminate. 

cuccon, av. poking firewood further into /fire/. 

cucilan, tv. keep poking firewood further into /fire/, 

cucilanan, tv. keep poking a lot of firewood into /fire/. 

cuclahet, av. cf. cuccon (phi). 

cuclahetik, av. cf. cuccon (plu). 

hcuc-mulil, agn(tv & nepd). incriminator. 

cuh(l) N. 

cukilanan, tv. keep tying up /flowers/, keep tethering /plu/, keep jailing 

/plu/. 

cukilanan baik, rv. cf. cukilan baik. 

eukjnebal, nS. jail, prison, 

cuklahet, av. cf. cukcon (plu). 

cuklahetik, av. cf. cukcon (plu). 

cuklebaL, n3d. jail, prison, 

cukob, nlf. stake or tree for tethering animal. 

cukob baxko, nphr(n of n)5. mooring buoy /seen in Potomac River in 

front of lexicographer's house/. 

cukob citom lak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'pig leash vine', monkey 

comb Pithecoctenium echinatum, #868(1,2,3,5). Lowland "vine". It is 

used for lashing fence rails, wattle, and roof poles. 

sakil cukob citom ?ak\ nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Amigonon 

flw/escens, #2645(1,3). Lowland "vine". Serjania lobulata, 

#2830(3,4,5). 

cukobi], nlf. cf. cukob. 

cukolah, iv. tie in bunches /flowers/. 

cukuket, av. having gas pains, tied up in knots (person), sloshing about. 

cukukiL n4f. many bunches, 

cukul, aj. tethered, jailed, narrow (path, house, board), tight (clothes), tied 

in bunches, lashed (roof poles), 

cukulib, iv. become narrower (path, work, palm), 

cukulibtas, tv. make narrower /path/. 

cukvan, iv. jail. 

hcukel, agn. prisoner, 

hcukvaneh, agn. jailor. 

cutul at N(Sp, chocolate from N, chokolaatl). 

cukubat, nla. chocolate drink. Drink offered by sir spook to elders and 

ensign-bearers on the last day of carnival. It consists of coffee, cane 

liquor, one onion and two limes. 

cok' T. 

cuk', tv. wash /clothes or wool by beating on rocks/. 

cuk\ iv. be washed. 

cuk' ba, rv. keep one's clothing clean (woman), 

cuk'an, tv. wash a lot of /clothing, wool/, 

cuk'ancuk'an, tv. wash one after another. 

cuk'ancuk'anan, tv. cf. cuk'ancuk'an. 

cuk'con, av. scrubbing ineffectually. 

Cuk'ilan, tv. keep washing /clothes, wool/. 

cuk'ilan ta mahcl, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep knocking (child knocking 

apple on rock). 

cuk'ilanan, tv. keep washing a lot of /clothes, wool/. 

cuk'ilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep knocking a lot of (child 

knocking apples on rock). 

cuk'lahet, av. cf. cuk'con (plu). 

cuk'lahetik, av. cf. cuk'con (plu). 

cuk'lih, av. receiving blow on soft part of body, 

cuk'ob k'uiul 9ak\ nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'laundering vine', vegetable 

sponge Luffa cylindrica., #2689(22). Lowland "vine". The inside 

of the gourd is used as a sponge, 

cuk'omah, iv. wash /clothes/. 

cuk'omiL n3d. laundry. 

cuk'umil, n3d. cf. cuk'omil. 

cuk'van, iv. wash person's clothing. 

hcuk'omahel, agn. person who washes clothes. 

hcuk'vaneh, agn. laundress. Scolding speech; woman who helps other 

during sickness and feels her services have not been appreciated, asks 

the other if she thinks she is her washerwoman. 

cmnan N. 

cuman, n4e. stump, butt, stub. 

cuman sik'alal, nphr(n of n)5. cigarette butt, 

cuman to, nphr(n of n)la. stump. 

lak'o mi cuman touk ti mi lek slapoh sk'u? leklek sa sba yilel lun. 

Even if she is a stump if she is wearing good clothes she seems pretty 

/referring to a dark-skinned girl/. 


127 

cuman te? hoi, ajphr(nphr/n of n/5 type n)5. stupid, dull, wooden-headed. 

(Suman tewik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of stumps. 

cun P or P(2). 

cun-ôk, n(aj & ncpd)5. barefoot. 

cunahtik Wk, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. cunul /plu/. 

cunahtik cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. cunul cak /plu/. 

Cunahtik hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. cunul hoi /plu/. 

cuncon, av. barefoot. 

cunet "Jok, vphr(av & n4d). walking barefoot. 

cunet dak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with big rear /mark of beauty/. 

cunet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). stupid. 

Cuni 9ol, vphr(iv & n4d). be about to give birth, 

cunlahet, av. tripping barefoot (child, woman), 

cunleh, nlf. bare /footed/. 

dunlin, av. tripping barefoot suddenly (child, woman), 

ciintecunte 9ok, vphr(av & n4d). walking about barefoot, 

cuntecunte cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with big rear, 

ciintedunte, hoi vphr(av & n4d)., walking about stupidly, 

cunul, aj. lying mute and immobile (sick person), lying (log)cunul 

sa smuk'ul. He is fat now. 

cunul ?ok, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). barefoot. 

Cunul cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). large-hipped, 

cunul hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). stupid. 

cunulik lok, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. cunul hoi /plu/. 

cunulik cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. cunul cak /plu/. 

cunulik hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. cunul ho! /plu/. 

cup P(2) or T(2). 

cup, tv. carry in apron, carry against body /beans, chaplets/. 

cup, nc. object held in clothes against body /I or 2/. 

cup ">eal, nphr(nle of n3d). fever sore /in mouth/, 

cupahtik, aj. blistered (person, diseased cow bladder), held in apron, 

cupan, tv. carry things in apron, etc. 

cupancupan, tv. carry one thing after another in apron, etc. 

£upan£upanan, tv. cf. cupancupan. 

cupcon, av. walking and concealing object in clothes (robber). 

cupcup, aj. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants), 

cupet w?un, vphr(av & n4d). walking and holding in clothes, 

cupilan, tv. carry slowly in apron, etc. 

£uplahetik, av. cf. cupcon (plu). 

£upte£upte Wun, vphr(av & n4d). walking about holding in clothes 

against body. 

cupul, aj. held in clothes against body, baggy and with top gathered (seat 

of pants). 

te £upul ta cak vesal le 1 ) a?a. lit., It is hidden in the seat of his pants, 

i.e., He is hiding a crime. 

cupulik, aj. baggy with top gathered (seat of pants) /plu/. 

cus N(Sp, Jesus). 

cus, nld. Jesus /infr, recently adopted/. 

cus O. 

(his 1 , onom. hiss /woman's urine/, 

fiususet, av. hissing (woman's urine). 

cut 

Cut, stomach, cf. c'ut. 

cuvah A. 

cuvah, nle. madness. 

io sduvahil shol. He is mad. 

sCuvahil trago. hangover, 

cuvah, agn. madman. 

Cuvah, aj. silly, 

cuvahib, iv. go mad. 

cuvahtik, aj. rather silly. 

cuy P(2). 

fiuy ba, rv. blister. 

Cuyahtik wlel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4f). very badly blistered (bum). 

Cuyahtik situbel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). very badly swollen.


cuyan ba, rv. blister. 

cuyeah ?a?lel, vphr(iv & n4f). blister. 

cuycon, av. walking flabbily. 

cuyet, av. walking flabbily. 

cuyi, iv. blister. 

cuylahet, av. walking flabbily. 

cuyleh, nlf. blistered, pleasantly plump. 

cuylehikil, n4f. pleasantly plump (buttocks of woman). 

cuyteoiyte, av. walking about flabbily. 

cuyul ?a?lel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). blistered (burn). 

cuyul cak, vphr(aj & n4d). large-hipped (woman who is no longer a 

virgin). 

cuyul situbel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). swollen, 

cuyulik ?a?lel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). badly blistered. 

cuyulik situbel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). badly swollen. 

c 

c'a(l) A. 

c'a, aj. bitter. 

c'a ci?, ajphr(aj & aj). oversalty. 

c'ac'atik, aj. rather bitter. 

c'ail, n la. smoke, inan. poss.; sc'ailal, gas of dead animal, /reputedly seen 

by buzzards/. Ritual speech; shaman referring to patient's incense; 

incense. 

h-p'eh me yo spom h-p'eh me yo sc'ail. A chunk of his incense, a 

cloud of his smoke. 

c'ail, aj. bitter. 

c'ail 9uncn mu, cf. Tunen mu. 

c'ail e'rtlel, nphr(aj & n). 'bitter plant', brush sage Salvia tilliaefolia, 

#1443(10). Highland "plant". Stevia rhombifolia, #2485(21,22). Highland 

"plant*. 

c'ail kahve, nphr(aj & n)5. unsweetened coffee. 

c'ail makom, cf. makoui. 

c'ail pos, nphr(aj & n)5. 'bitter medicine', nettle-leaved calea Calea urticifotia, 

#720(1,2). Temperate "plant". (l)-As a remedy for malaria or 

stomachacheA/A:// likV, the tender shoots are crushed in cold water. 

One cup is drunk. Alternatively, the shoots may be boiled. But after 

the tea is drunk, the patient must not drink cold water for as many 

days as the shaman prescribes. It is "hot" A handful of shoots is 

gathered by the parents of an unruly child. The shoots are crushed in 

cold water. The child is forced to drink a cup so that he will vomit his 

anger. An unattested variety is used as a medicine for swelling. A 

small bunch is brewed together with a similar amount of american 

basil and wild basil. One cup is drunk before breakfast for as many 

days as necessary. It warms the body, cutleaf broom baccharis Baccharts 

serraefolia, #1369(7). Temperate "plant". Stevia pofycephala, 

#B9504(5,5a). 

c'ail postik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of c'ail pos. 

c'ailtas, rv. smoke /unoccupied house so that it will not mildew/. 

c'ailtasvan, iv. cense person /woman in difficult labor/. 

c'ata, tv. dry /green wood set next to fire/, smoke /bees, patient, new 

house/. 

c'atah, iv. dry (green wood) /next to fire/, become sooty. 

c'atavan, iv. cense person (bone-setter), cause smoke to get in person's 

eyes (green wood, person carrying torch). 

c'aub, iv. become bitter or sour (food). 

c'aubtas, tv. make bitter /food/. 

c'aubtasvan, iv. make bitter for person. 

hc'ailtasvaneh, agn. person who censes another /midwife/. 

c'a(2) N. 

c'a, n4d. Polite speech; right away. 

batik hc'atik ?un. Let's go right away. 

c'»(3) X. 

c'ac'on, av. swarming (gnats, ants, buzzards, assistants, customers). 

c'aet, av. swarming (gnats, ants, buzzards, assistants, customers). 

c'alahet, av. cf. c'aet (plu). 

£'alahetik, av. swarming (people). 

c'a(4) O. 

c"au?, onom. yelp /fox/. 

c'aulan ta ?utel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). scold fiercely (woman). 

c'a(5) A or N. 

c'abet, av. ending (argument, court case, pain), 

c'abi, iv. stop making noise, calm down, 

c'abulan, iv. end (pain), 

c'ob, n5. fast. 

ta c'ob siabteh. He is working on an empty stomach. For three 

days the patient is restricted to three peso-sized tortillas a meal, when 

ill and repenting sin. 

c'aben N. 

c'aben, nla. rattle-box Crotalariapumila, # 1926(17). Temperate "plant" 

For use, see muk'ta c'aben. rattle-box Crotalaria longirostrata, 

#2665(15). Lowland 'plant', 

c'abenaltik, n5. large field of rattle-boxes, 

c'abentik, n5. field of rattle-boxes. 

bae*i c'aben, nphr(aj & n)5. rattle-box Crotalaria longirostrata, 

#225(1,2,3,4,5). Lowland "plant". It is grown by the people of Chiapa 

in their yards. The seeds are sown in the rainy season. The 

stems are broken off and boiled with salt and chili. It is "hot". It is 

eaten by everyone. Rattle-box is bought or stolen. (5>If a lot is eaten, 

one's chayote flowers will drop off. 

bik'it c'aben, nphr(aj & n). rattle-box Crotalaria pumila, #2640(20). 

Lowland "plant" The leaves are eaten, boiled. They are "cold". 

e'unbalal c'aben, nphr(aj & n)5. 'cultivated rattle-box', rattle-box Crotalaria 

mucronata, # 1987(1,3,4). Lowland "plant", rattle-box Crotalaria 

longirostrata, #2665(1,3). Lowland "plant". (3)-It is planted in 

May and harvested in July or planted in November and harvested 

in March. (1)-It is boiled with salt and chili. It is "hot". It is sold at 

market. 

muk'ta e'unbalal c'aben, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). rattle-box Crotalaria 

mucronata, #1987(16,17). Lowland "plant" For use, see 

muk'ta c'aben. 

k'os c'aben, nphr(aj & n). rattle-box Crotalaria incana, #890(1,2,3,5). 

Lowland "plant", rattle-box Crotalaria pumila, #2640(22). Lowland 

"plant". 

muk'ta c'aben, nphr(aj & n). rattle-box Crotalaria longirostrata, 

#2665(20,21,22). Lowland "plant" It is boiled with salt and chili. 

It is "hot". It is sold at market. 

sikil "tosilal c'aben, nphr(nphr/aj & natt/ & n). 'cold country rattlebox', 

cultivated oat Avena saliva, #1406(7). Highland "plant". 

tontikil c'aben, nphr(natt & n)5. 'rock rattle-box', rattle-box Crotalaria 

pumila, # 1926(1,3,4). Temperate "plant". It grows in the corn fields. 

Some Zinacantecs gather the stalks and boil them, seasoned with 

salt and chili. They are "hot". #2640(1,3,21). Lowland "plant". 

Same use as above. (1)-The root must be removed before boiling. 

(5)-The greens are flavored with lime juice, 

c'aben 9ak', nphr(n type n). primrose jasmine Jasminum mesnyi, 

#21(1,3,4). Highland "vine" It is grown by ladinos along fences, 

c'aben lantivo, nphr(n of n). Crotalaria quercetorum, #2123(7). Temperate 

plant'. Lupinus sp., #2103(7). Temperate "plant". 

c'aben e'irtel, nphr(n type n). sweet clover Melilotus alba, # 1710( 15,16), 

#2389(20). Highland "plant". (20)-It is eaten by sheep, horses, and 

cattle. Melilotus indica, # 1186(1,3,4,5). Highland plant". It grows 

in yards. Lupinus sp., #2103(11). Temperate "plant", 

k'anal c'aben e'iflel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). sweet clover Melilotus 

alba, #1777(15). Highland plant". 

6"aben cih, nphr(n of n). 'sheep c'aben' or 'deer c'aben', Lupinus sp., 


muk'ta c'aben cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). rattle-box Crotalaria maypwensis, 

#2648(21). Lowland "plant'. Lupinus sp., #2582(21,22). 


c'aben c'o, nphr(n of n). 'mouse c'aben', rattle-box Crotalaria pumila, 

#1926(16). Temperate "plant". Same use as tontikil c'aben. 

#2640(15). Lowland "plant". Same use as above. Crotalaria quercetorum, 


S'aben ka?, nphr(n of n). "horse c'aben', rattle-box Crotalaria maypurensis, 

#2648(22). Lowland "plant", coffee senna Cassia occidentalism 



(S'aben te?, nphr(n type n). Indigofera densiflora, #2338(19). Highland 

"tree". 

i'aben vet, nphr(n of n). 'fox c'aben', hop clover Trifolium rhomboideum, 

#1170(1,3,4,5). 

c'acak N. 

c'acak, nie. band-tailed pigeon Columba fasciata. Although it is bittertasting 

it is hunted for food. It is "hot". Band-tailed pigeons are known 

to feast on acorns and on the fruits of shrub nightshade and spiny 

nightshade, var., c'ac'ak. 

c'ac'ak 

c'ac'ak, band-tailed pigeon, cf. c'acak. 

c'ah(l) A. 

c'ah, aj. lazy, unproductive (person, land). 

c'ahc'ahtik, aj. rather lazy. 

c'ahet, av. lazing about. 

c'ahil, n4a. laziness, unproductiveness. 

sc'ahilal balamil. the unproductiveness of the land. 

Denunciatory speech, referring to lazy or unproductive person; 

sc'ahilal TOSII scahilal balamil. unproductiveness of the earth, unproductiveness 

of the land. 

c*ahil-9at, n(aj & n)5. lazy, disobedient (child). 

c'ahil balamil, nphr(aj & n)5. useless land. 

c'ahlahetik, av. cf. c'ahet (plu). 

c'ahub, iv. become lazy or unproductive. 

c'ahtec'ahte, av. walking about lazily. 

c'ahubel, vn5. laziness. 

c'ahubel t scak'. He does nothing. 

c'ahubtas, tv. make lazy. 

c'ahubtas ba, rv. become lazy. 

c'ahubtasvan, iv. make person unproductive (sickness). 

Wahubtasvaneh, agn. sickness that makes person unproductive. 

c>ah(2) 

c'ah, rope. cf. c'ohon. 

c'ak(l) N. 

c'ak, n2b. flea. 

wcem £'ak, nphr(aj & n)5. 'entered flea', lowland chigger flea. 

?ocem sc'akil kok. I have a chigger flea in my foot. After a chigger 

is removed from one's foot with a needle salt may be placed in the 

wound to calm the itchiness. 

p'ilom c'ak, nphr(n type n)le. 'bow and arrow flea', flea. This flea 

lives in houses and in lowland forests that are considered dangerous 

/kusul/. cf. p'itom c'ak. 

p'itom c'ak, nphr(n type n)5. 'jumping flea', flea. cf. p'ilom c'ak. 

sak-c'akil, nfaj & ncpd)la. louse. 

c'ak(2) T(2). 

d'ak, tv. divide up, separate. 

isc'ak komel sk'ak'alil. He set aside (or) reserved the days for it 

d'ak, iv. separate, divorce, be divided up. 

c'ak, nc. lot /land/, division /corn, etc./, group /people/. 

i'ak ba, rv. separate /from wife or parental family/, fork (road). 

ci'ak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. separation, divorce. 

£'akakil, n4f. many divisions. 

ci'akal, aj. living apart, divided up. 

£'akan, tv. divide things up. 

£'akan£'akan, tv. divide up one after another. 

c'akanc'akan ba, rv. split up one after another /after meeting/. 

d'akanc'akanan, tv. cf. c'akanc'akan. 

c'akan^'akanan baik, rv. split up one after another (children moving out 

of parental house). 

c'akbe, tv. divide up, give one's share to. 

d'aki'ak, nc. single division /I only/. 

£'ak£'on, av. dividing up slowly and ineffectively, separating constantly 

(man and wife). 

C'akc'on dak, vphr(av & n4d). opening and closing seat /of torn pants/. 

d'akebal, n5. moment before dividing up. 

d'akcl, nc. dividing up, division.


c'aki ba, rv. preen. 

c'aklahet, av. cf. c'akc'on (plu). 

c'aklahetik, av. cf. c'akc'on (plu). 

c'akob, nlf. cup measure. 

c'akob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. courthouse /place for effecting divorce/. 

c'akobil, nlf. cf. c'akob. 

d'akolah, iv. serve out in portions /food/. 

c'akovah, iv. preen. 

c'aktec'akte, av. divorcing one after another. 

c'akulan, tv. divide up. 

c'akulan ba, rv. keep separating. 

hc'akolahel, agn. person who serves out in portions /food/. 

e?ak(3) probO. 

c'akluh, av. shattering (EKL 259: 2-16). 

c"ako7 N. 

c'akoT, n 1 a. gourd Lagenaria siceraria. Lowland " plant", It grows in the 

corn fields. Children use the gourds as toys, rolling them down steep 

slopes. The gourds are also used as shot glasses for agricultural ceremonies. 

They are used by the ensign-bearers, 

c'akotik, n5. field of gourds. 

d'ako 1 ? lak', nphr(n type n). west indian gherkin Cucumis anguria, 

#2627(22). Lowland "vine'. 

tfal(l) T. 

c'aL tv. bind /person/, wind /thread around shuttle/, wrap /bandage 

around limb, rope around top of bag, barbed wire around tree/ /figure 

eight pattern/, 

c'al ba vayuk, vphr(rv & iv). bind one's legs at bedtime /to prevent 

husband from having sexual relations/. 

c'alam buk\ nphr(n of nla). shuttle. 

c'alan, tv. wrap around /strands of barbed wire around tree/, 

c'alanan, tv. cf. c'alan. 

c'alanc'alan, tv. wrap one after another around /barbed wire around 

tree/. 

c'alanc'alanan, tv. cf. c'alanc'alan. 

c'alc'on, av. winding /thread around shuttle/, 

c'alel, nc. winding /thread around shuttle/, 

c'allahet, av. cf. c'alc'on (plu). 

c'alob buk', nphr(nlf of nld). shuttle, 

c'alobil buk', nphr(nlf of nld). cf. c'alob buk'. 

c'alulan, tv. keep wrapping around with rope or thread., cf. c'al. 

c'alulan ba, rv. keep binding one's legs (children). 

c'ay hc'ul-me9tik, vphr(iv & agn/aj & ncpd/5). disappear (moon), 

c'ay hc'ul-totik, vphr(iv & agn/aj & ncpd/5). set (sun), 

c'ay hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). be forgetful, be befuddled /by drink/, 

c'ay-holih, iv(iv & ncpd). forget, be befuddled. 

£'ay k'ak'al, vphr(tv & n5). waste one's time. 

£'ay k'ak'al, vphr(iv & n5). set (sun). 

c'ay k'ob, vphr(iv & n4d). lose one's skill (musician who is out of practice), 

c'ay-k'obih, iv. lose one's touch. 

ic'ay-k'obih li hvabahome. The musician lost his touch. 

ic'ay-k'obih li h?ovole 9ep ibat yu9un sat 9isim. The planter lost his 

touch; he let many corn kernels fall, 

c'ay k'op, vphr(tv & n5). avoid the subject, 

c'ay sat, vphi(iv/3s/ & n4d). be inattentive. 

c'ay-satih, iv(iv & ncpd). be inattentive, fail to notice, misread, lose one's 

powers of discrimination. 

ic'ay-satih ta sk'elel vun. He lost his facility for reading. 

ic'ay-satih muk' stohob ta st'uhel li k'usi t smane. He lost his power 

of discrimination; he did not choose well what he was buying. 

ic'ay-satih ibat ta e'en li cohvere. The driver was inattentive and 

went into the ravine. 

c'ay ta 9o9on, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). forget about, dismiss from one's 

thoughts. 

isc'ay ta yoon ti stak'in yak'oh ta c'om hayibe ha 1 ) li mu sa S9ak'bate 

ta sa sic' ta 9ak'-camel. He dismissed from his thoughts the money 

he had loaned since it was not going to be returned to him now 

and would only invite witchcraft. 

isc'ay ta yo9on scob. He forgot about his corn field. 

isd'ay ta yoon ta h-moh ti yahnil -nine. He forgot about his wife 

completely. 

S'ay ta be, vphr(tv & prep & n5). kill /someone on the path/, 

c'ay ta be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). squash an investigation, put 

a premature end to a dispute (magistrate). 

c'ay ta e'en sat, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n4d). ignore /wife's love affairs/. 

c'ay ta hoi, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). forget once and for all. 

c'ay ta hoi, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). be forgetful, 

c'ay ta k'ob, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). lose, drop, 

c'ay ta pat hoi, vphr(tv & prep & nphr/n4f of nld/). forget completely. 

c"ayan, tv. lose or discard many things. 

5'ayan ta be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). squash investigations, put 

premature end to disputes. 

c'ayanan, tv. lose or discard many things. 

c'ayanan ta be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). cf. c'ayan ta be k'op. 

i'ayanc'ayan, tv. lose or discard one thing after another, 

c'ayanc'ayanan, tv. cf. c'ayanc'ayan. 

i'ayay won, vphr(av & n4d). losing consciousness, 

c'ayayet, av. disappearing in distance (object or sound), 

d'aybe labtel, vphr(tv & n4d). prevent another from taking religious 

office, 

c'aybe w?on, vphr(tv & n4d). distract, befuddle. 

tol sc'aybe yo?on s£i9il ta k>9il. He keeps distracting his companion 

with jokes. 

isc'aybe yo?on ta tahimol li 9unene. She distracted the baby by 

playing with it. 

f'aybe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). make person forget, 

c'aybe k'ob, vphr(tv & n4d). interrupt a person's work. 

ta sc'aybe sk'ob sci9il ta ?abtel. He interrupts his friend at work, 

c'aybe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). distract /by waving one's arms/. 

isc'aybe ssat ta tahimol. He distracted him in the game. 

c'ayeah, iv. disappear in the distance. 

c'ayeaih, iv. be distracted, befuddled, confounded, confused, unnerved or 

astonished. 

te c'ayeaih ta labal k'opetik ha9 toh 9ep bud'u t slc'opoh tale. He was 

befuddled then by the constant arguments because too many (people) 

came up to talk. 

yec te le'ayeaih mu Sa sna9 k'u t sal. He was just confused; he no 


longer knew what to say. 

t sd'ayeaih ta 4amel mu sa sna9 k'usi t spas. He is unnerved by the 

sickness and no longer knows what to do. 

ic'ayeaih ta snel. He was dazed with fear. 

c'ay£'ay mul, vphr(iv & n4d). ease one's guilt partially, 

c'ayi'aytik hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). not remember well, 

c'ayf'on 9o"?on, vphr(av & n4d). very forgetful, 

c'ayc'on hoi, vphr(av & n4d). very forgetful. 

c'ayeb 9o?onil, nphr(n of n)5. gift of four bottles of cane liquor presented 

to a bride's family by the groom to pass their time while the groom's 

party is off visiting the godfather during the house-entering ceremony. 

6'ayebal, n5. Ritual speech, addressing sun in afternoon; sunset, cf. 

malebal. 

C'ayel, nc. losing, 

c'ayel, vn. astonished. 

c'ayel ik'ot yo9on. He was astonished, 

c'ayem, aj. lost, befuddled /by drink/, 

c'ayes, tv. rub out /footprint/. 


wasting person's time. 

c'ayulan k'op, vphr(tv & n5). keep avoiding the subject, 

c'ayulan sat, vphr(tv & n4d). keep hiding oneself from view, 

c'ayulan ta be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). keep squashing investigation, 

keep putting premature end to dispute. 

c'ayulanan, tv. keep avoiding subjects, 

c'ayulanan won, vphr(tv & n4d). keep being distracted or befuddled 

(people). 

c'ayulanan baik, rv. keep hiding selves from view, 

c'ayvan, iv. sell person a defective article /fruit that goes bad/, abandon 

a person. 

hc'ay-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd). defecator, 

hc'ayel, agn. lost person or animal 

hc'ayomahel, agn. person who loses possessions (drunk). 

c'ay(2) 

c'ay, smoke, cf. c'a(l). 

6'etet cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with bushy tail (skunk, raccoon). 

t'etet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking with messy hail (woman). 

C'etetet, av. carrying /branches, stubble or thatch/. 

c'eti, iv. sit with messy hair (sick person). 

c'etk'uh, iv. fall from pile, become dispirited (horse), stand on end 

(hair), become messy (clothing). 

I'etlahet, av. staggering and carrying /branches, thatch, or stubble/ 

(people). 

£'etleh(l), n4f. whole pile /thatch, stubble, wool, etc./. 

c'etleh(2), nlf. with messy /hair/, pile (wool, twigs, stubble, etc.). 

c'etlehikiL n4f. cf. c'etleh(l) /phi/, 

c'etluh, av. falling with load /stubble, etc./. 

c'etp'uh, iv. cf. c'etk'uh. 

e'ettec'ette, av. carrying one load after another /stubble, etc./. 

c'ettec'ette cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with bushy tail, 

e'ettec'ette hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with messy hair (woman). 

C"CT prob O. 

c'evc'on, av. yapping (puppy V2: 19). 

e'evet, av. yapping, 

c'evlah, av. cf. e'evet (plu). 

c'evlahet, av. cf. c'evc'on (plu). 

e'evtee'evte, av. yapping here and there. 

n i. 

c'i, iv. grow up, grow (plant, animal). 

Denunciatory speech; hk'u9ultasohot hpak'altasohot ti lac'ie ti 

lak'opohe. I have clothed you, I have dressed you, so you would 

grow up, so you would talk. 

c'ic'i, iv. grow up a little, grow a little (vegetation /balamil/). 

c'ic'itik, iv. grow up a little, grow a lttle (vegetation /balamil/). 

c'iel, n4d. age. 

c'llahel, n4d. childhood. 

c'iom , nphr(aj & n5). young /horse, cow/. 

e'ites, tv. rear /child/, make grow /hair, penis/, 

e'itesan, tv. rear /children/, make grow /hair/ (women). 

e'itesob 9at, nphr(n4f of n5). 'penis grower', wild yam Dioscorea cf. dugesii, 

#1129(1,3,4,5). Lowland, temperate, and highland vine". One 

root may be gathered by virgin boys. It is peeled, and eaten raw, 

causing the penis to swell and inducing permanent growth. It is not 

considered to be as effective as yal kotom. It is "cold", 

e'itesob holol, nphr(n of n). "hair grower', Solarium sp., 

# 1648(1,4,7,11,12,14). Lowland "vine". (l)-This vine may be gathered 

by the father of an unmarried girl. The vine is soaked in cold water 

and the water is used to wash the girl's hair, so that it will grow long, 

and so that the boys will fall in love with her, for they think that long 

hair makes a good pillow. The father will also be happy to receive her 

suitors' cane liquor. (7,11,12,14)-Three vines are mashed and soaked 

in a pottery bowl. The woman washes her hair in the morning for 

three days. It is "cold". (4)-The woman washes her hair in the morning 

for five days, tree bine Cissus cacuminis, #2826(7). Lowland "vine*. 

Same use as above, but the woman washes her hair twice a day 

for two or three days. Anoda cristata, #2113(11). Temperate 

"plant". 

e'itesobiL n4f. money, corn for rearing child. 

t'ilesvan, iv. rear child. 

be'itesvaneh, agn. person who rears another. 

eV) T(2). 

Sin, tv. strike /match/. 

ihc'ii ta hatel. I ripped it. 

câhtik, aj. cf. i'ilil /plu/. 

c'mn ta hatel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). rip /clothes/ (drunk). 

c'panan ta hatel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5) cf. c'ftan ta hatel. 

i'iiani'iian ta hatel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). rip one after another 

/clothes, papers/. 

d'ftand'franan ta hatel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. i'iianc'iian ta hatel. 

iSWon, av. with rump visible. 

c"i9eL nc. tear. 


d'i'tet, av. tooting (trumpet), sounding (harmonica). 

£'i?et cak, vphr(av & n4d). with rump visible, tooting (flatulence). 

i'ilinet, av. tooting (trumpet, flatulence), ripping (cloth V4: 7). 

c'i?il cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with rump visible. 

c'mlik, aj. cf. c'iiil /plu/. 

d'Mah, av. running and tossing (rump) /mule/. 

d'iilahet £ak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. c'iiil cak /plu/. 

c'Muh, av. ripping suddenly (cloth V4: 7). 

c'ftluh cak, vphr(av & n4d). giving sudden toot /flatulence/. 

i'iioh k'ok', nphr(nlf of nld). striking side of matchbox. 

i'i">db serio, nphr(nlf of nld). striking side of matchbox. 

(S'iiobil k'ok', nphr(nlf of nld). cf. i'iob k'ok'. 

i'iiobil serio, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. i'iob serio. 

c r 'i?ttec''i7tte, av. ripping one after another /rags/. 

fiiulan tv., buck /rump/ (mule) keep ripping. 

c'iûlanan ta hatel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep ripping /plu/. 

» N. 

c'ib, nla. mountain palm Chamaedorea sp., #766(1,2). Temperate "tree". 

The assistants of the stewards in charge of replacing the floral adornment 

of the church entrances gather six hundred leaves, on their 

steins, for each of the two churches, and one hundred and twenty 

leaves for each steward's altar. Six hundred are gathered for the 

creche. #532(2,5). Temperate "plant". Same use as above, but four 

hundred leaves for the stewards' altars and three to four hundred 

leaves for the creche. The assistants of the elders gather one hundred 

for the grand alcalde's altar, every two weeks. #1041(1,3,5). Temperate 

and highland plant". It is scarce in the highlands. Three hundred 

and thirty leaves are provided by the publicans every two weeks 

for the decoration of the chapel of Lord Esquipulas. Thirty are given 

by them to the elders. Twelve hundred leaves are provided by the 

stewards for church adornment, and sixty for each of their altars. 

c'ibtik, n5. expanse of mountain palms. 

9it'is d'ib, nphr(n4f of n5). Sobralia decora, #1204(1,2,3,4,5). Temperate 

"plant". (5)-It is used by the stewards as a substitute for 

mountain palm. 

bae*i d'ib, nphr(aj & n). mountain palm Chamaedorea sp., 

#1041(1,3,5). Temperate and highland "plant". For use, see c'ib. 

muk'ta c'ib, nphr(aj & n). mountain palm Chamaedorea nubium, 

# 1404(3). Highland "tree". The branches are provided by stewards, 

stewards-royal, and elders to adorn their altars, and by the stewards 

to adorn the churches. 

c'ib eib, cf. rib. 

c'ibal to, nphr(natt & n). 'tree-growing c'ib', see below, 

k'os d'ibal let, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Isochilus iinearis, 


i'ie N. 

(Tic 1 , nld. blood, an poss.; one's ration of blood when animal is slaughtered. 

i'ii' ni"), nphr(n of n). 'nose blood', large-flowered calliandra Calliandra 

grandiflora, #1425(3,5), #1486(1,3,11,12), #2446(1,20). Highland 

"tree". (ll)-The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. The 

branches are used for brush fences. (4)-If it is placed in the fire, it will 

cause nosebleeds. (20)-The branches are fed to sheep and horses. 

# 1904(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate "tree". (17)-The flower is passed two 

or three times near the nose to stop nosebleeds. It is "cold", pan botanrio 

Calliandra houstoniana, #290(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". 

#2285(3,4,19). Highland "tree". #2531(1,4,21,22). Temperate 

"tree". 

i'ii' ni?tik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of i'ii' nil. 

i'ii' nil to, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). large-flowered calliandra Calliandra 

grandiflora, #1425(1,4). Highland "tree". 

i'ii' sim-nak'al, cf. sim-nak'al. 

i'it'el, n5. Ritual speech, prayer; blood. 

ma?uk to me hmal to i'it'el, mamk to me hmal vo sankre. I have 

not yet drawn blood, I have not yet spilt blood. 

i'it'el hi'ul-tolik, cf. ?Hlm.


c'ic'elil, n3d. blood. 

pik c'ic', vphr(tv & n5). pulse. 

c'iL(l) T. 

c'ih, tv. strike /match/, break /egg/, peck way out (chick), strike /rocks/. 

c'ih ba, rv. chuk (bottles, bowls), knock together (eggs). 

c'ihan, tv. break /eggs/. 

c'ihan ba, rv. clank together. 

c'ihanc'ihan, tv. peck way out one after another (chicks). 

c'lhanc'ihanan, tv. cf. c'ihanc'ihan. 

c'ihc'on, av. clanking (hoe on rock or hard ground), clinking (bottles). 

c'ihel, nc. striking /match/. 

c'ihihet, av. clanking (hoe striking rocks). 

c'ihil ton, nphr(aj & n)5. very rocky field. 

c'ihil tontik, nphr(aj & n)5. large rocky field. 

c'ihlah, av. hurrying with blinking (bottles). 

c'ihlahet, av. clinking (coins VI: 6, bottles), clanking (hoes). 

c'ihluh, av. clanking suddenly (hoe). 

c'ihtec'ihte, av. walking about with clinking /bottles/. 

c'ihulan, tv. keep striking /match, rocks/. 

c'ihulan ba, rv. keep clinking (bottles). 

c'ih(2) X. 

c'ih-yan, aj(x & ajcpd). uninhabited, 

sc'ih-yan be. empty path. 

c"ihet balamil, vphr(av & n5). uninhabited land. 

e'ik(l) T. 

c'ik, tv. shp in, under, or through. 

isc'ik na. He repaired the thatched roof. 

c'ik, iv. be repaired (thatch roof). 

c'ik ba, rv. slip in, under, or through. 

c'ikahtik, aj. cf. c'ikil /phi/. 

c'ikan, tv. repair /fence/. 

c'ikanan, tv. repair holes /in fence/. 

c'ika nc'ikan, tv. slip one object in, under, or after another, repair one hole 

after another /in fence/. 

c'ikanc'ikanan, tv. cf. c'ikanc'ikan. 

c'ikbe, tv. repair broken fence or thatch, stab /bull, pig, person/. 

c'ikc'ik, aj. cramped (land, inside of house), hemmed in (short plot of land 

between cliffs and river, etc.). 

c'iket, av. with something slipped in or under (knife in belt). 

c'iketik, av. visiting constantly. 

c'ikil, aj. slipped in or under (needle in hat), cramped (inside of house), 

hemmed in (short plot of land between cliffs and river). 

c'ikleh, nlf. slipping in. 

c'ikluh, av. slipping in suddenly (knife). 

c'iktec'ikte, av. slipping one after another in, under, or through. 

c'ikulan, tv. keep slipping in, under, or through, mending /fence, thatch/. 

c'ikulanan, tv. keep mending in many places. 

c'ikvan, iv. knife person. 

mukul-c'ikbe, tv(aj & tvcpd). secretly slip object to someone. 

4^(2) O. 

c'ikc'ik, n5. 'twitter', Wilson's warbler Wilsonia pusilla, common yellowthroat 

Geothiypis trichas, black-headed siskin Spinus notatus. cf. k'anal 

e'irin mut, k'anal c'ivil mut. var., c'ikc'ik mut /Pal tOsil, Hok' C'enom, 

Muk'ta Hok'/. 

i'iki'ik mut, nphr(n type n)5. cf. c'ikc'ik. 

d'ikc"on, av. twittering (wilson's warbler, common yellow-throat, blackheaded 

siskin/. 

i'ikiket, av. twittering. 

c'iklahet, av. cf. c'ikc'on (plu). 

c'ikil N. 

c'ikil, nle. lowland and temperate blackfly. Its ability to prevent sleep 

is said to exceed the best efforts of gnats and mosquitoes. 

tfilU) T. 

6'il, tv. fry, roast on griddle. 

c'il, iv. be roasted or fried. 

Cilan, tv. roast much /coffee/. 

c'ilanan, tv. cf. c'ilan. 

c'ilbil, aj. fried, roasted. 

c'llanc'ilan, tv. roast one after another. 

c'llanCilanan, tv. cf. c'ilanc'ilan. 

c'ilc'on, av. frying slowly. 

c'ilel, nc. frying. 

c'ili, tv. roast on griddle. 

c'ililet, av. sizzling (EKL 259: 1-18). 

C'ilim, nla. pinole. It is "coldMt is given by ensign-bearers every fiesta 

/coffee may be substituted/. 

c"ilim "?apon, nphr(n type n)la. skin disease of infants /caused by embarrassment 

of mother/. 

c'ilim te9, nphr(n type n)ld. courbaril Hymenea courbaril, #3026(4,5). 

Lowland "tree" The pod is cracked open and the powder inside is 

licked. It is sold at market by ladinos in San Cristobal and Tuxtla. It 

is "cold'. 

c'ilob, nlf. frying pan, griddle, 

c'ilobil, nlf. cf. c'ilob. 

c'ilulan, tv. keep frying or roasting ineffectually. 

c'il(2) P or P(2). 

c'il-te9, n(aj & ncpd)lf. wooden frame /house/. 

i'H-ten vet, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). 'fox rib', orange lantana Lantana 

glandubsissima, #71(2,4,5). Temperate and highland "plant". 

#1753(4,5). Highland "plant", white lantana Lantana hirta, 

#1799(1,4). Highland "tree". #2260(19). Highland plant". As a 

remedy for diarrhea, a small bunch is brewed, and a half cup drunk 

before breakfast. It is "hot". #2524(1,4). Temperate "tree", lantana 

Lantana moritziana, #828(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". As a remedy 

for diarrhea, a handful is brewed and several bowls of the tea 

are drunk. As a remedy for malaria one bowl is drunk. It is "hot". 

Fuschia microphylla ssp. quercetorum, # B9495(5,5a). (RML)-Probably 


c'is c'il-te? vet, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). 'prickly fox rib', 

orange lantana Lantana hispida, #2270(3,4). Highland "plant", 

muk'ta c'il-te9 vet, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). orange lantana 

Lantana hispida, #1820(1,4). Temperate "plant". #2270(19). Highland 

"plant". Lippia chiapensis, #400(1,3). Highland "tree". 

c'il-te?il, n(aj & ncpd)3a. rib. inan. poss.; sc'il-teial: splint. 

c'il-tontik, n(aj & ncpd)5. pebbly place. 

c'il vet, nphr(n of n). 'fox rib', orange lantana Lantana hispida, 

#1535(1,3,11,12). Highland plant", var., c'ili vet /Caynatik, Hok' 

C'enom, Muk'ta Hok'/. orange lantana Lantana glandulosissima, 

#1492(1,3,11,12). Highland "plant" lantana Lantana moritziana, 


eahal i'il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). lantana Lantana moritziana, 

#2155(7,11). Temperate "tree". (ll)-The fruit is eaten, 

muk'ta d'il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). orange lantana Lantana hispida, 

#2415(1,20). Highland "tree". (20)-It is eaten by sheep, horses, 

and cattle. 

sakil c'il vet, nphrfaj & nphr/n of n/). white lantana Lantana hirta, 

# 1500(11,12). Highland "plant", white lantana Lantana achyranthifolia, 

# 1077(1,3,5). Temperate plant". Lippia cardiostegia, #2153(11). 


sakil 5'il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). c'ilc'il, aj. ribby. 

(S'ilet ê, vphr(av & n4d). smiling all the time. 

£'ilet 9e, vphr(av & n4d). c'ilet bakel, vphr(av & nld). with ribs sticking 

out. 

C'ilet nto, vphr(av & n4d). cf. c'ilet le. 

(S'ili vet, nphr(n of n). cf. c'il vet. 

4'ilil, aj. ribby, with wooden frame of house visible /house in construction/, 

bared (teeth of dead animal), 

i'ililet bakel, vphr(av & nld). with ribs sticking out. 

?inln A. 

f'inin, aj. itchy. 

6'inm e"i9lel, nphr(aj & n). 'itchy plant', spot flower Spilanthes ocymifolia, 

#2899(1,4). Lowland "plant".

c'inintik, aj. rather itchy or licentious. 

c'ininub, iv. become itchy. 

c'ininul, nla. itchiness, overplayfulness. 

sc'ininul smis. lit., the itchiness of her vagina, i.e., her looseness. 

hc'inin-9at, agn(aj & ncpd)5. loose woman, nymphomaniac, woman who 

sways hips or laughs frequently, Don Juan. 

hcimn-cak, agn(aj & ncpd)5. loose woman, nymphomaniac, woman who 

sways hips or laughs frequently. 

hc'inin-mis, agn(aj & ncpd)S. loose woman, nymphomaniac, woman who 

sways hips or laughs frequently. 

fip T. 

c'ip 9av âk'al, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). carry censer from house to 

house (stewards-royal on Thursday morning at fiesta of Our Lady of the 

Rosary in Vo-bie). 

c'ip wl, vphr(tv & n4d). pick up and divert baby (mother), 

c'ip Tual, vphr(tv & n5). dance with chaplets (steward, steward-royal), 

c'ip Tunen, vphr(tv & n5). pick up and divert baby, 

c'ip ba, rv. take trip to divert one's self aimlessly /without buying or 

selling anything/. 

c'ip-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual diversion. 

c'ip kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5). dance with chaplets (steward, stewardroyal). 

c'ip mayol, vphr(tv & n5). escort new tithing man to houses of stewardsroyal 

(outgoing tithing man and stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary 

early Thursday morning at fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary in 

Vo->-bie.) 

c'ipel, nc. diverting (child). 

c'ipet, av. diverting (baby), carrying /censer/. 

c'iplabet, av. cf. c'ipet (phi), 

c'iplahetik, av. cf. c'ipet (plu). 

c'ipob, nlf. toy. 

c'ipobiL nlf. cf. c'ipob. 

c'ipomah, iv. pick up and divert baby, 

c'iptec'ipte, av. walking about diverting /baby/. 

c'ipulan, tv. keep diverting, 

c'ipulan ba, tv. keep diverting oneself aimlessly. 

c'ipulanan baik, rv. keep diverting selves aimlessly, 

c'ipvan, iv. divert child. 

hc'ipom, agn. person who picks up and diverts baby. 

hc'ipomahel, agn. person who picks up and diverts baby. 

hcMpvaneh, agn. person who diverts a child. 

Cn prob O. 

c'iriret, av. sizzling (food V3: 6, V3: 7). 

PS P or P(2). 

c'is, nla. thorn, spine, quill, 

c'is, nc. handxpan, ear of corn, cane /sugarcane/. 

ian-c'is. vara. 

vasak-c'is. armspan. 

d'is(l), n5. hawthorn Crataegus pubescens, #B9271(5,5a). Highland 

"tree". For use, cf. k'at'is. 

£'is(2), n. see below. 

eahal c'is", nphr(aj & n). thistle Cirsium horridulum, #1751(15,16). 


Io9balal c'is, nphr(aj & n). 'edible thorn', see below, 

eahal lo?balal c'is, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). thistle Cirsium horridulum, 

#1192(3). Highland "plant". The receptacle is eaten in famines. 

It is "cold". 

lo?bol c'is, nphr(n type n). 'fruit thorn', thistle Cirsium horridulum, 


sakil c'is(l), nphr(aj & n). see below. 

eahal sakil i'is, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). thistle Cirsium horridulum, 

# 1192(1,4,5). Highland "plant". Same use as eahal loibalal c'is. 

sakil c'is(2), nphrfaj & n). sweet acacia Acacia farnesiana, 

#320(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for firewood. 

sakil c'istik, nphrjaj & n)5. grove of sweet acacias. 

t'is ?ak\ nphr(n type n). see below. 


•Jolnob c'is lak', nphr(n type nphr/n type n/). ' lolnob thorny vine', 

Mimosapigra, #1111(1,4). Lowland "vine", 

c'is 9alavanus, cf. valavanus. 

c'is 'lalavena, cf. lalavena. 

i'is 9aneil lee', cf. ">ec ? . 

i'i§ tei', cf. 9ef'. 

c'is ?u£, cf. 9ud(l). 

6'is eoe, nphr(n type n)le. short and poor quality wool, inan. poss; sc'is 

eaeal. 

i'iS e"ul ?itah, cf. c*u. 

c'is cikario, cf. cikario. 

c'is cikin, nphr(n type n)5. 'spine ear', tree alligator tizardAbronia ochoterenai. 

This lizard is thought to jump down one's neck and bite. Its bite 

is considered to be fatal. A tree alhgator lizard that crosses one's path 

will shorten one's life span. 

c'is (Sikin con, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n)5. cf. c'is cikin. 

c'is cikin ton, cf. cikin ton. 

c'is c'il-te'' vet, cf. c'll-to vet 

£'is hobel, nphr(n type n). 'spine grass', robust muhly Muhlenbergia robusta, 

#763(1,2). Temperate "plant". The flower stalks are used for packsaddles. 

The gTass is used for thatching fieldhouses. muhly Muhlenbergia 

stricta, #1559(1,3). Temperate "plant". The grass is used for 

thatch by Zinacantecs living in the temperate zone, muhly Muhlenbergia 

sp. cf. emersleyi, #2256(3,4,19). Highland "plant", muhly Muhlenbergia 

breviligula, #2702(1,3,21,22). Lowland "plant". (l)-It is 

used for thatch. Rhynchelytrum roseum, #1078(1,3,5). Temperate 

"plant", 

c'is hobeltik, nphr(n type n)5. field of c'is hobel. 

lik'al c'is hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Heteropogon contortus, 

#1655(1,4). Lowland-plant". 

eahal c'is hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). giant muhly Muhlenbergia 

gigantea, #2583(1,4). Temperate "plant", muhly Muhlenbergia breviligula, 

#2702(20). Lowland plant" It is eaten by mules, 

muk'ta c'is hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). robust muhly Muhlenbergia 

robusta, #2279(19). Highland "plant". 

c'is k'ail, cf. k'ail. 

c'is-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with hair standing on end. 

c'is-mahan, aj(aj & Ucpd). unripe (com) /fifteenth developmental stage 

just prior to the appearance of ripe ears, also called hayel lahan/. 

c'is man a 9ok, cf. man a 9ok. 

c'is mosote, cf. mosote. 

c'is napus, cf. napus. 

c'is nicim, nphr(n type n). 'spike flower', Mahonia volcania, #388(1,4). 

Highland "tree" It grows in fencerows. Children play with the flowers. 

eahal i'is nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). common zinnia Zinnia 

elegans, #2664(20). Lowland 'plant". Ladinos put the flowers in 

altar vases. 

&'i£ patil, nphr(n of n)3d. spine, spinal column. 

c'is pom c'unun, cf. pom r'unuii. 

c"i§ saho, cf. sabo"). 

c'is to, nphr(n type n)le. box-briar Randia aculeata, #483(1,2). Highland 

"tree". The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood, acacia Acacia 

pennalula, #2666(1,3,15,21). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for 

firewood. 

i'is te">altik, nphr(n type n)5. large grove of c'is tei. 

, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). box-briar Randia aculeata, 


CisS-tot, nphr(aj & ncpd)le. rufous-collared robin Turdus rufitorques, 

wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina. They are considered edible. They 

are "cold". 

•nk'al i'is'-tot, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/)5. black robin Turdus injuscatus. 

It is eaten seasoned with mexican tea. It is "cold". The black


robin has a reputation for pulling up seed corn and young corn plants 

in fields next to woods. 

kaslan c'is-tot, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/)5. clay-colored robin Turdus 

grayi. 

5'isi-vo, cf. vo(2). 

c'is voy c'is to, cf. voy i'i§ te 1 ?. 

c'isa, tv. measure by handspans /meat, wedding cake, clothes/. 

c'isaan, tv. measure many things in handspans. 

c'isahtik, aj. cf. c'isil /phi/. 

c'isal k'ail, cf. k'ail. 

c'isal ton, nphr(natt & n)5. 'pine thorn', poisonous caterpillar /one highland, 

one lowland/. To reduce the pain of its sting the caterpillar is 

killed and its guts are rubbed on the affected part. 

c'isal toh e'Mel, nphr(nphr/natt & n/ type n). yellow indigo bush Dalea 

lutea var. gigantea, #2421(20). Temperate "plant". 

c'isaltik, aj. rough (stone, earth). 

c'isan, tv. make hair stand on end or bristle /with fear or anger/. 

c'iseah, iv. stand on end (hair). 

c'isc'is, nc. single ear /corn/ /I only/. 

c'isc'is, aj. standing on end (hair), tufted, bristly. It is believed that the 

souls of babies whose hair stands on end will be claimed by the earth 

lord. 

c'isel, aj. standing on end or bristling (hair). 

c'iset, av. walking with hair standing on end or bristling. 

c'isi, iv. stand on end (hair). 

c'isikil, n4f. many ears /corn/. 

c'isil, aj. standing on end or bristling (hair, beard) /naturally or with 

fear/. 

c'isil "rtsim, nphr(aj & n)5. ear of corn. 

c'isilik, aj. cf. c'isil /plu/. 

c'isis, av. hurrying with hair standing on end or bristling. 

c'is]ah, av. cf. c'isis (plu). 

fi'islahet, av. cf. c'isel (plu). 

c'isleh(l), n4f. whole cane /sugar cane/, whole ear /corn/. 

c'isleh(2), nlf. standing on end or bristling /hair/. 

c'islehikil, n4f. cf. c'isleh(l) /plu/. 

c'lsluh, av. standing on end or bristling suddenly (dog's or pig's hair). 

c'isp'uh, iv. stand on end or bristle (hair). 

c'isp'un, tv. make stand on end or bristle /hair/ (dog). 

c'ista, tv. measure by handspan. 

c'ista ba, rv. measure serf by handspan. 

c'ista-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual measuring by handspans. 

c'istaan, tv. measure many things in handspans. 

c'istaob, nlf. hand /for measuring/. 

c'istaobil, nlf. cf. c'istaob. 

c'istec'iste, av. walking about with hair standing on end or bristling. 

hc'istavaneh, agn. 'people measurer', inchworm /two varieties; one lowland, 

one highland/. The lowland variety sometimes ravages the corn 

fields. It is thought that if an inchworm walks on a child, and so "measures" 

him, the child will stop growing. 

c-it(l) I. 

i'it, iv. pop (fire, roasting com), snap (spark), squirt, splash (water, mud), 

fail (eyesight) /when k'anal or hc'ul-motik grows on eye, yellow spot on 

white of eye/. 

c'it-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. one-eyed, cross-eyed. 

c'itc'it, aj. one-(eyed), cross-(eyed). 

d'itebal, n5. moment just before splashing, sparking or popping. 

5'itel, aj. one-(eyed), cross-(eyed). 

c'ltes, tv. splash. 

c'itet, av. splashing (diarrhea). 

c'itil, aj. one-(eyed), cross-(eyed). 

c'ititet, av. splashing (diarrhea), sizzling (food V4: 9). 

c'itlah, av. hurrying and splashing (sing or plu). 

c'itlahet, av. popping (com), sparking, splashing, spattering (grease). 

c'rtluh, av. splashing, squirting or spattering suddenly, breaking suddenly 

(egg). 

d'i'ttec'i'tte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking around one-eyed or cross-eyed, 

c'itulan, iv. keep splashing or sparking. 

d'il(2) P or P(2). 

d'itahtik, aj. cf. c'itil /plu/. 

d'itc"it, aj. with straw sticking out. 

c'iti'it shobelal. with its straw sticking out (scarecrow). 

d'itc"on ?isim, vphr(av & n4d). with up-curled whiskers. 

sd'itC'on tal yisim i mole, lit., The old man came with up-curled 

whiskers, i.e., He came bristling with anger. 

c"itil, aj. sticking out (thatch). 

C'itil 9isim, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with hair sticking up through hat 

/when crown is torn/, with up-curled whiskers, 

te fi'itil yisim ta ti9 k'ok'. He or it /cat/ is sitting there by the fireside 

with up-curled whiskers, 

c'itilik, aj. cf. c'itil /plu/. 

c'itleh, nlf. bristling (beard). 

c'lttec'itte, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with up-curled whiskers. 

c'it(3) N. 

c'it, n. Xylosma albidum, #2693(15,22). Lowland "tree". 

?it'is d'it, nphr(n4f of n5). 'false c'it', laughlin's stopper Eugenia laughlinii, 

# 1070(1,3,5). Lowland and highland "tree". (RML)-Its use is a 

mystery, 

vietikal c'it, nphr(natt & n). 'temperate c'it, brush cherry Eugenia 

acapulcensis, #2142(7). Temperate "tree" 

yas'al c'it, nphr(aj & n). Xylosma albidum, #2693(20). Lowland "tree". 

The trunk is used for hoe handles, fence posts, and firewood, 

c'it te 1 ?, nphr(n type n). brush cherry Eugenia acapulcensis, #1118(1,4). 

Lowland " tree ". The trunk is used for fieldhouse mainposts, fence rails, 

hoe and axe handles, and loom rods. Eugenia carranzae, 

# 1632(1,4,7,11,12,14). Lowland "tree" Same use as above, also for 

billhook handles and digging sticks. 

f'ituri? N. 

d'iturp, n5. great kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus, vermilion-crowned flycatcher 

Myiozetes similis, boat-billed flycatcher Megarhyncus pitangua, 

western kingbird Tyrannus verticalis, tropical kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus. 

cf. pahal pit. 

c'iv(l) P or P(2). 

c'ivan le, vphr(tv & n4d). wrinkle nose and show teeth, 

c'ivan nil, vphr(tv & n4d). wrinkle nose and show teeth, 

c'ivd'iv, aj. with nose wrinkled and teeth showing /laughing/, 

d'ivet k'ob, vphr(av & n4d). with fingers widespread, 

d'ivet ni 1 ), vphr(av & n4d). with nose wrinkled and teeth showing /laughing, 

in anger/. 

c'ivil, aj. cold and dry (nixtamal). 

c'ivil ?e, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with nose wrinkled and teeth showing 

/laughing, in anger/, with teeth bared (dead dog), 

c'ivil ni?, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with nose wrinkled and teeth showing 

/laughing, in anger/, with teeth bared /dead dog/. 

C'ivivet, av. wrinkling nose and showing teeth suddenly, 

c'ivleh, nlf. cold and dry (nixtamal), wrinkling nose and showing teeth, 

c'i'vluh, av. wrinkling nose and showing teeth suddenly, 

c'ivtec'i'vte, av. walking about wrinkling nose and showing teeth. 

c'iv(2) probO. 

c'ivc'on, av. cheeping (chick), twittering. 

£'iv£'onah, iv. cheep, chirp. 

c"ivlah, av. hurrying and cheeping (plu). 

£"ivlahet, av. cf. c'ivc'on (plu). 

d'ivlahetik, av. cf. c'ivc'on (plu). 

(S'l'vtefi'iVte, av. walking about cheeping. 

k'anal 6'ivi] mut, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. 'yellow twittering bird', 

black-headed siskin Spinus notatus. cf. c'ikc'ik, k'anal e'irin mut. 

e'ivit N. 

c"ivit, n5. market. 

C'ivital voi, nphr(natt & n)5. cane liquor or chicha given by fiance to 

fiancee's family preferably on second day of large fiesta, 

hc'ivitahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from market.

c'o N. 

i'o, nle. mouse, rat /general term/, inan. poss; sc'oal or sc'aal. One 

should not eat the leavings of a mouse lest, subsequently, he be slandered, 

/cf. Florentine Codex, book 5, appendix, chap 28/. 

eahal c'o, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. hp'itueh-be c'o. 

citom c'o, nphr(n type n)ld. 'pig rat', hispid cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus 

saluratus. A highland, temperate, and lowland rat that is trapped 

with deadweights. It is eaten, seasoned with coriander. It is "hot." 

cue c'o, nphr(n type n)la. 'squirrel rat', chiapan climbing rat Tylomys 

bullaris. A highland and temperate rat that is trapped with 

deadweights. It is eaten, seasoned with coriander. It is "hot". Its 

skin is stuffed and tossed about by the spooks at the fiesta of St. 

Sebastian. 

hlut'ieh-be c'o, nphr(agn/vn & nepd/ type n)5. 'path-jumper mouse', 

shrew Sorex sp., Cryptotis sp.. 

hp'itueh-be i'o, nphr(agn/vn & nepd/ type n)5. 'path jumper mouse', 

shrew Sorex sp,, Cryptotis sp.. The shrew is not considered edible. 

When it grows old, it is believed to try to jump back and forth 

across a path four times. If it succeeds it will be transformed into a 

vampire bat and fly away. If it fails it will drop dead. It is reputed 

to eat corn, 

karansa c'o, nphr(n type n)5. 'Carranza rat', black rat Rattus rattus 

/cf. merikano c'o/. 

lumtikil c'o, nphr(natt & n)5. 'ground mouse', house mouse Mus musculus. 

The house mouse is not considered edible, but its blood is drunk 

or rubbed on the neck of a child with whooping cough. It is "hot", 

merikano c'o, nphr(aj & n)le. 'american rat', black rat Rattus rattus 

/cf. karansa c'o/. The black rat is not considered edible. It is said to 

have appeared first during the revolution. It is the rodent most destructive 

to clothing and com. 

pepen c'o, nphr(n type n)5. "butterfly mouse', vampire bat Desmodus 

rotundas. 

tontikil c'o, nphr(natt & n)5. 'rock rat', cf. citom c'o, cue c'o, sak-teoval. 

c'o 9i£im, nphr(n type n)5. corn ear with com silk wrapped entirely 

around it 

c'o? prob O. 

£'o7c'on, av. rumbling or growling (stomach). 

c'oiet, av. rumbling or growling (stomach). 

(5*o?lahet, av. rumbling or growling (stomach). 

et, av. rumbling or growling (stomach). 

£'6?tec'6?te c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with rumbling or growling 

stomach. 

fob(l) P or P(2). 

c'ob, nc. torch, falling star, st. elmo's fire. 

c'obantik, aj. with torches distant from each other, 

c'obc'ob, nc. single torch /I only/. 

d'obet ton, vphr(av & n4d). moving with torch, 

c'oblah, av. cf. c'obob (plu). 

c'oblahet toh, vphr(av & n4d). cf. c'obet toh (plu). 

c'oblih, av. appearing suddenly with torch. 

i'obob, av. hurrying with torch. 

d'obobet, av. moving with large torch, running with torch, 

d'obokil, n4f. many torches, 

c'dbtec'obte, av. searching about with torch. 

?ob(2) P. 

c'obahtik, aj. sprawled on side or back /plu/. 

c'oban ba, rv. sprawl on side or back. 

c'obd'ob, aj. narrow (entrance), incurved (lips), narrow-mouthed (jug). 

c'obc'on, av. moving rump back and forth (drunk trying to stand up), 

c'obel te, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with incurved lips, 

c'obet cak, vphr(av & n4d). moving rump back and forth (drunk trying 

to stand up). 

c'obleh, nlf. sprawled on side or back. 

c'obol, aj. narrow (entrance), incurved (lips), narrow-mouthed (J U B)lek 

c'obol svinah. The pucker is clearly visible /woman sitting im- 


modestly/. 

c'obol scak. His ass is puckered /drunk sprawled on the ground/. 

fi'oboUk, aj. sprawled on side or back /plu/. 

c>ob


c'olc'on, av. pouring out (diarrhea or urine of very sick person), 

c'olebal, n5. moment just before pouring /cane liquor/, planting /beans/. 

c'olet, av. pouring. 

£'olilan, tv. keep pouring, 

c'otilanan, tv. keep pouring /phi/. 

c'ollahet, av. pouring in many places (rivulets), 

c'ollahctik, av. cf. c'ollahet. 

c'ollih, av. running in suddenly (fugitive, cat). 

c'olob, nlf. cup or gourd for pouring, 

e'olobil, nlf. cf. c'olob. 

c'olol, aj. poured. 

c'olol yalel, av. pouring down (water), 

c'ololet, av. pouring in great quantities, 

c'ololik, aj. cf. c'olol /plu/. 

c'olomah, iv. pour into bottle /cane liquor/, plant /beans/. 

c'oltec'olte, av. pouring in one place after another (rivulets). 

hc'ol-vo9, agn(tv & ncpd). tapster or bottle-filler; woman who pours cane 

liquor from jugs into bottles for elders, ensign-bearers /St. Lawrence, St. 

Dominic, St. Anthony, the Trinity/, stewards-royal, publicans, stewards 

when entering and leaving office, or when venerating their coffers; 

for groom at petition, formal entrance into bride's home, and 

wedding. 

c'oliv N. 

c'oliv, nla. imperial dahlia Dahlia imperialis, #2244(19). Highland 

"plant". For use, see bae'i c'oliv. 

c'olivaltik, n5. large expanse of dahlias, 

c'olivtik, n5. expanse of dahlias. 

bae'i c'oliv, nphr(aj & n). imperial dahlia Dahlia imperialis, # 1795( 1,4), 

# 2244( 1,3,4). Highland "plant". Men gather the flowers to decorate 

the graves on All Souls' Day. A bunch of imperial dahlias, geraniums, 

and aztec marigolds is tied to each cross, 

cahal c'oliv, nphr(aj & n). red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, # 1488(11,12), 

#2076(17). Highland "plant". (11)-A bunch of the flowers is used 

to decorate graves on All Souls' Day. #2105(11,14). Temperate 

plant", dahlia Dahlia australis tar. chiapensis, #2456(20). Highland 

"plant". It is eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle, bracelet-wood 

Jacquinea aurantiaca, #1940(16,17). Temperate "plant". (RML)- 

Probably a misidentification. 

k'os eaha) c'oliv, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, 


k'anal c'oliv, nphr(aj & n). red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #1757(15). 


k'os k'anal c'oliv, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, 


k'os c'oliv, nphr(aj & n). dahlia Dahlia australis var. chiapensis, 

#2255(3,4), #2456(1). Highland "plant". 

te9tikal c'oliv, nphr(natt & n). 'wild dahlia', red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, 


6'oliv cih, nphr(n of n). 'deer dahlia' or 'sheep dahlia', red dahlia Dahlia 

coccinea, #2105(7). Temperate "plant". 

c\>m N. 

c'omil, n5. ritual aid. 

t sibat ta c'omil. I am going to assist ritually /infr/. 

hc'om-na, agn(rv & ncpd). person who borrows or rents another's house, 

hc'omil, agn. ritual assistant /of religious officials or of family of sick 

person prior to shaman's arrival/, an. poss.; -ahc'om. 

9oc ta c'om, vphr(iv & prep & n5). become indebted, 

c'amun, tv. borrow. Ritual speech; cf. maki. 

hc'amun ak'ob. Lend me a hand, 

hc'amun avob. Play a tune for us. 

Polite speech; hc'amun ave, hc'amun atir Would you pass on a 

message? 

c'amun na, vphr(tv & nld). stay at another's house /overnight or for 

several days/. 

c'amun 9olon cob, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). plant one's beans in 

another person's corn field. 

C'amunan, tv. borrow /plu/. 

6'amunanan, tv. cf. c'amunan. 

6'amunc'amunan, tv. borrow one after another, 

d'amunel, vn5. ritual aid. 

t sibat ta c'amunel. I am going to assist ritually. 

c'op T. 

c'op, tv. dip fingers into /food, vagina/. 

c'op ba, rv. dip fingers into (woman in vagina), sit idly with hands in lap. 

d'opan, tv. dip fingers into one after another /containers/ (child). 

5'opanan, tv. cf. c'opan. 

6'6pan£'6pan, tv. dip fingers into containers of /water, com gruel, etc./. 

fi'opS'on, av. dipping fingers into. 

£'opet, av. with hands in pocket. 

c'opilan, tv. keep dipping fingers into /sexual intercourse/. 

(S'opilanan, tv. keep dipping fingers into containers /water/. 

i'oplahet, av. cf. c'opc'on (plu), c'opet (plu). 

5'oplahetik, av. cf. c'opc'on (plu), cf. c'opet (plu). 

C'oplih, av. dipping fingers in suddenly /searching in pockets or net/, 

c'optec'opte, av. dipping fingers into one after another. 

i'or prob O. 

S'orc'on, av. dribbling (water). 

6'orlahet, av. cf. c'orc'on (plu). 

c'oror, av. dribbling, 

c'ororet, av. dribbling, 

c'ortec'orte, av. streaming here and there. 

c'ot P or P(2). 

c'otahtik sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. c'otol sat /plu/. 

6'otc'ot, aj. cf. c'otol. 

c'otet, av. hoeing randomly, peeling, chipping at. 

c'otet sat, vphr(av & n4d). scrutinizing, examining. 

£'oti, tv. peck out piece of /corn on cob, squash/ (chicken), chip off, shell 

/fresh corn with fingers/. 

6'otilan, tv. keep hoeing /archaic/, chipping at /wood/, shelling /fresh 

com/, pecking at /squash/, 

c'otilanan, tv. keep shelling /ears of corn/, 

c'otlahet, av. cf. c'otet (plu). 

c'otlahetik, av. cf. c'otlahet (plu). 

6'otol sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). peering out (prisoner through bars), 

scrutinizing, examining. 

c'otoUk sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. c'otol sat /plu/. 

5'6tte

c'ul-me?tik ta sat, nphr(n/aj & nq>d/5 & prep & n5). yellow or white spot 

in vision. 

c'ul-no, n(aj & ncpd)ld. cotton thread dipped in agua florida and used 

to clean the crucified Christ on Wednesday of Holy Week. 

c'ul-rey, n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech, term of address to earth lord; holy 

king. cf. c'ul-ianhel. 

c'ul-tot, n(aj & ncpd)5. godfather /term of address/. 

i'ul-totil, n(aj & ncpd)3d. godfather. 

c'ul-totin, tv(aj & tvcpd). become a godfather. 

c'ul-ve?ebaL n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech prayer; lit., holy eating place, 

i.e., fireside. 

c'ul-vinaheL n(aj & ncpd)5. shrine. 

t sibat ta losib c'ul-vinahel. lit.: I am going to three holy heavens, 

i.e., I am going to three shrines /in curing ceremony/. 

c'ulel, n4d. soul /of everything naturally created, and of manufactured 

objects that have been used and so receive soul of owner/, dream. 

ta hc'uleL in my dream. 

t sbat sc'ulel ta vinahel. His soul goes to heaven /soul of shaman or 

spiritualist when dreaming/. 

mi muk' ac'ulel. Haven't you any sense? 

Scolding speech, referring to shaman or midwife who has misbehaved; 

toy sc'ulel. He is evil. 

Ritual speech, prayer referring to witch, or Denunciatory speech referring 

to parent who refuses prospective fiance's petition; 9oy sc'ulel 

7oy yo">on. lit He has a soul, he has a heart, i.e. He is evil and 

hard-hearted. 

c'ulelah, iv. dream. 

c'ulelal(l), n5. ghost /dead person/. At death a person's spirit is believed 

to depart from the body in the form of a fly. 

c'ulelal(2), nld. mexican savory . See below. 

c'ulelal nicim, nphr(n type n). 'ghost flower', mexican savory Satureja 

mexicana, #679(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant". Itissoldby Chamulasand 

the people of Chenalho at market in San Cristobal. It is bought by 

Zinacantecs. The tender shoots are brewed as a substitute for coffee. 

The tea is drunk by a woman in labor pains. As a remedy for mahbenal, 

a small cup is drunk for three days. It is "hot". (5)-The tea is drunk 

for stomachache /k'us icffonil/. It is "medium", cf. k'os habnal, lula. 

c'ulelal pos, nphrfn type n)5. "ghost medicine', see c'ulelal nicim. 

c'ulelta, tv. dream about 

c'uleltaan, tv. dream many times about /women/. 

hc'ul-motik, agn(aj & ncpd)5. virgin /female saint/, moon, steward of 

Our Lady of the Rosary. The moon is believed to be the mother of the 

sun. She can be seen kneeling on the moon's surface. In proper feminine 

fashion, she walks behind the sun. If the horns of the moon 

point to the south, this is thought to forecast rain, but if the horns 

point upwards no rain will fall. 

hc'ul-menik rAneansyon, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady 

of the Assumption /in Ixtapa/. 

hc'ul-me^tik Fatima, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of 

Fatima /in Naben Cauk/. 

hc'ul-mwtik Kantelaria, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Purification 

of the Virgin /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. 

hc'ul-mettik K arm en, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of 

Carmel /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. 

hc'ul-meitik Katal, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Catherine /in 

the Church of St. Sebastian/. 

hc'ul-me'Uik Lolor, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. cf. hc'ul-meniik 

Lolores. 

Wul-mcnik Lolores, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of 

Sorrows /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. 

hc"ul-me?tik Malalena, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Mary Magdalen 

/in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. 

hc"ul-me?tik Nativirat, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of the 

Nativity /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. 

hc'ul-mcnik Pasku?, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Virgin Mary /in 

side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. 


139 

h6'ul-me9tik Purisima, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of the 

Immaculate Conception /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. 

hc'ul-me9tik Purisma, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. cf. hc'ul-mewik 

Purisima. 

hfi'ul-me^tik Rosario, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of the 

Rosary /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, two in Vcn-bieJ 

hc'ul-me'Hik Santa-rosa., agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. 

St. Rose /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence, in Vot-bie./ 

hf'ul-meotik Teresa, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Teresa /in nave 

of the Church of St. Lawrence/. 

hi'ul-me'nik Valalupa, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of 

Guadalupe/picture in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, picture and 

image in church of Naben Cauk, image in church of tApas/. 

hful-totik, agn(aj & ncpd)5. male saint, sun. 

hc'ul-totik rAvanhelio, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Gospel Cross 

/in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. 

hc'ul-totik ile'mal Korason, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n/)5. 

Sacred Heart /small image in side chapel of the Church of SL Lawrence/, 

hc'ul-totik •Jle'inal Martil, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n/)5. 

St. Sebastian /small image in the Church of St. Sebastian/, 

hc'ul-totik •>Ie'inal San-torenso, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & 

n/aj & ncpd/). St. Lawrence /small image in side chapel of the Church 

of St. Lawrence/, 

hc'ul-totik •)Ie'inal Santo Rominko, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/ 

aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. St. Dominic /small image in side chapel of the 

Church of St. Lawrence/, 

hc'ul-totik ilskipula, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Our Lord of 

Esquipulas /in Chapel of Our Lord of Esquipulas, picture and two 

images in lApas/. 

hfi'ul-totik IO-AOX San-torenso, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & 

n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Lawrence /medium-sized image in side chapel of 

the Church of St. Lawrence/. 

Wul-totik Bankilal Korason, Sacred Heart /large image in side chapel 

of the Church of St. Lawrence/. 

hc'ul-totik Hasinto, St. Hyacinth /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. 

Wul-totik Hmanvaneh, Christ in the Holy Sepulchre /in nave of the 

Church of St. Lawrence/. 

hc'ul-totik Kartil, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Sebastian /picture 

in house of grand alcalde/, 

hc'ul-totik Korason, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Sacred Heart 

/picture in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, image and picture in 

Naben Cauk/. 

hc'ul-totik Kristo, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Christ /in nave of 

the Church of St. Lawrence, and two images in side chapel/. 

Wul-totik Krus lAvanhelio, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/n of n/)5. 

cf. hc'ul-totik lAvanhelio. 

hc'ul-totik Martil, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Sebastian /large 

image in the Church of St. Sebastian, cf. hc'ul-totik kartil/. 

hi'ul-totik Nasareno, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Jesus of Nazareth 

/in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence, in the Church of St. 

Sebastian/, 

hd'ul-totik Ninyo, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Christ Child /two 

images in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence./ 

hC'uI-totik Papyan, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Fabian /in 

the Church of St. Sebastian/. 

Wul-totik Rehirol, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. The Risen Jesus 

/in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/, 

hc'ul-totik Sam-poro Martil, agn: nphr(n/aj & n/ type nphr/n/aj & 

ncpd/ & n/)5. St. Peter Martyr /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/, 

hd'ul-totik Sakramentu, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. The Holy 

Sacrament /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/, 

hd'ul-totik San-antonyo, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. 

St. Anthony /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, in Von-bie/.


St. Anthony is believed to be the guardian of domestic animals. 

hc'ul-totik San-hose, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. 

Joseph /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. 

hc'ul-totik San-hwan, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. 

John /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. St. John is considered 

to be the patron saint of musical instruments, having taught his children, 

the Chamulas, to make harps and guitars. 

hc'ul-totik San-martin, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. 

St. Martin of Porras /in churches of tApas and Naben Cauk/, 

hc'ul-totik San-matyo, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. 

Matthew /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. 

hc'ul-totik San-pegro, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. 

Peter /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. 

hc'ul-totik San-torenso, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. 

Lawrence /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, image and picture 

in the Church of St. Sebastian, picture in Chapel of Our Lord of 

Esquipulas/. To end a drought the hands of the image of St. Lawrence 

may be washed, but if his arms are washed it is believed that 

the people will be drowned by a flood. 

hc'ul-totik Santo Rominko, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & 

n/)5. St. Dominic /image in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, 

picture in the Church of St. Sebastian/. 

hc'ul-totik Santoario, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lord of 

the Sanctuary /picture in the church of tApas/. 

hc'ul-totik Sepetura, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Christ in the Holy 

Sepulchre /in the Church of St. Sebastian/. 

hc'ul-totik ta Pila, Christ at the Column /in side chapel of the Church of 

St. Lawrence/. 

hc'ul-totik Trinirat, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Holy Trinity /in 

side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/. 

hc'ul-totik T'ent'en, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Teponaxtle /in 

tElan Von/. 

c'ut-to, n(aj & ncpd). 'belly tree' or most probably derived from 

c'ul-te"), 'holy tree', Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata, #3014(11). Lowland 

"tree" It is used for benches, lamp stands, shelves, chairs, tables, 

doors, coffers, crosses, rifle stocks, and grain measures. (5)-An unattested 

variety is believed to be a god, because of its aroma. The wood 

is used for saints, crosses, and coffers. (4)-It is also used for saints, 

drums, and crosses. 

c'ut-totik, n(aj & ncpd). grove of Spanish cedars, 

eahal c'ut-te?, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata, 

#3015(1,4,5). Lowland "tree". For use, see c'ut-tet. 

sakil c'ut-te?, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata, 

#3014(1,4,5). Lowland "tree". For use, see c'ut-tet. 

kampana c'ulelal, nphr(n type n). 'bell ghost', Escobedia guatemalensis, 

# 1382(7). Temperate "plant". 

e'uiltas, tv. sprinkle with holy water (priest). 

e'uiltasan, tv. sprinkle many times with holy water (priest). 

e'uiltasbil vo"7, nphr(aj & n)5. holy water. 

e'uiltasel, vn5. asperges. 

e'uiltasvan, iv. sprinkle person with holy water (priest). 

e'ul iitah, nphr(x type n)1a. 'blessed greens ?', princess feather Amaranthus 

hybridus, #1416(7), #1444(10), #1719(15,16), #2195(19), 

#2393(20). Highland "plant". (20)-The greens are eaten, boiled, 

when tender. They are sold by Chamulas at market in San Cristobal. 

(19)-The root must be removed before boiling, var., e'uil titah /iApas, 

lElan Vot, Caynatik, Paste"), Voi-bie/. 

e'ul ?itahtik, nphr(x type n)5. expanse of e'ul titah. 

eahal e'ul 9itah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). princess feather Amaranthus 

hybridus, #610(1,4), #1416(3), #1719(3), #2395(3,4,20). Highland 

"plant". #2701(1,3,15,20,21). Lowland "plant". Same use as 

sakil e'ul titah. amaranth Amaranthus scariosus, #255(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"plant". It grows in corn fields. 

c'is e'ul ?itah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 'spiny e'ul titah', princess 

feather Amaranthus hybridus, #2043(17). Highland plant", 

c'isal e'ul Titah, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 'spiny e'ul titah', princess 

feather Amaranthus hybridus, #2043(18). Highland "plant", 

eahal c'is e'ul ?itah, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). spiny 

amaranth Amaranthus spinosus, #855(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant", 

princess feather Amaranthus hybridus, #2044(3,17). Highland 

"plant". 

sakil c'is e'ul litah, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). spiny 

amaranth Amaranthus spinosus, #1284(1,3,4,5). Lowland "plant", 

sakil e'ul 9itah, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). princess feather A maranthus 

hybridus, # 1444(3,5), #2043(3), #2195(1,3,4), #2393(3,4). Highland 

"plant". It grows in the corn fields. The tips are gathered by women 

and children and are boiled with chili and salt. It is "cold". It is 

sold in the market. #2699(1,3,15,20). Lowland plant" Same use 

as above. 

tan e'ul 9itah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 'ashen e'ul titah', nettleleaved 

goose foot Chenopodium murale, #733(1,2,4,5). Highland 

"plant". The greens are boiled and eaten. They are "cold". They 

are sold at market. 

c'ub N. 

d'ub, n5. churchyard. 

c'uba, tv. tidy up /house, yard/, empty /house/. 

c'uba ba, rv. remove all one's possessions from house, 

c'ubaan, tv. tidy up thoroughly /house, yard/. 

c'ubaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd). removal of all one's possessions from 

house. 

c'ubah, iv. tidy up /house, yard/, empty house, 

c'ubahel, vn. snatched up and put away. 

toh c'ubahel ta 9ora ti k'usuk yuiunike. Their things were snatched 

up and put away. 

c'uc'(l) N. 

£'ud\ nld. edible canna Canna edulis, #19(1,3,4), #1024(1,3,5). Highland 

"plant". It is grown by a very few Zinacantecs in their yards. The 

tubers are planted in the rainy season. The leaves are sold to butchers 

in San Cristobal. Two or three leaves are required to wrap a kilo of 

meat. Half a leaf is needed for chitlings. Five or six leaves are gathered 

by the wife of a ritual assistant to wrap the chicken meat that is 

presented to a shaman after a curing ceremony. The leaves are sold to 

tamale merchants in San Cristobal. They are used to wrap fresh bean 

tamales /pitavul/. When a man goes to the lowlands his wife wraps a 

lump of posol dough in four large leaves or six small leaves and ties 

them with a strip of palm. Fifteen to twenty seeds are placed in a 

rattle, before the handle is affixed. The flowers are children's playthings, 

arrowroot Maranta arundinacea, #2009(16,17). Lowland 

"plant". 

c'uc'tik, n5. expanse of edible canna or arrowroot, 

eahal c'uc', nphr(aj & n). see below. 

k'os eahal c'uc', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). edible canna Canna edulis, 

#580(1,3), #2199(1,3,4). Highland "plant". For use, seec'wc". 

k'os c'uc', nphr(aj & n). arrowroot Maranta arundinacea, #1127(1,4), 

# 1605(1,3). Temperate "plant". #2009(1,3,4). Lowland "plant", edible 

canna Canna edulis, #2199(19). Highland plant", 

sakil c'uc', nphr(aj & n). arrowroot Maranta arundinacea, 

#1605(11,12). Temperate plant". 

c'uc'ultik, aj. in rather small pieces, chips, shards or change. 

c-oh N. 

c'uh, ill a. red powdered dye formerly used for sashes. 

evi T(2). 

c'ul, tv. plane or smooth /wood/, polish, dress /tree/. 

c'uL iv. be planed /wood/, be polished, be trimmed /fallen tree/. 

c'ul ba, rv. become polished or smooth, become beautiful /girl/. 

c'ulan, tv. plane or polish /handles/. 

c'ulanan, tv. cf. c'ulan. 

c'lilanc'ulan k'ob, vphr(tv & n4f). lop off one branch after another. 

f'ulanc'ulanan k'ob, vphr(tv & n4f). cf. c'ulanc'ulan k'ob. 

c'ulbe k'ob, vphr(tv & n4f). lop off branches. 

c'uleah, iv. become polished or smooth, become beautiful /girl/. 

c'ulean, tv. plane. 

5'ulc'on, av. lopping off branches ineffectually. 

c'ulc'on be, vphr(av & n4d). leaving a trail behind (robber, animal), 

making well-worn path. 

c'ulel, nc. planing. 

c'ulet, av. glossy and fat (horse). 

c'ulet be, vphr(av & n4d). leaving a trail behind (robber, animal), making 

well-worn path. 

c'uletik, av. cf. c'ulet (plu.) 

e'ulilan, tv. keep planing or smoothing. 

c'ulilanan, tv. keep planing or smoothing (plu.) 

c'ulilananbe k'ob, vphr(tv & n4f). cf. i'ulilanbe k'ob. 

c'ulilanbe k'ob, vphr(tv & n4f). keep lopping off branches. 

c'ulk'ih, iv. slip. 

c'ullahet be, vphr(av & n4d). cf. c'ulc'on be. 

c'ullahetik, av. cf. c'ulc'on (plu.) 

c'ullih, av. slipping or shpping suddenly. 

c'ulob te% nphr(nlf of nld). instrument for planing or smoothing /axe, 

machete/. 

c'ulobil to, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. c'ulob lev 

c'ulp'ih, iv. cf. c'ulk'ih. 

c'ultec'ulte, av. making well-worn paths here and there. 

c'ulul, av. shpping or sliding a great distance. 

c'ulul, aj. slippery, smooth. 

c'ulul ?anal cikin-ib, cf. cikin-ib. 

c'ulul 9anal te9, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'smooth-leaved tree', shrub 

groundsel Senecio uspanlanensis, #535(2,5). Temperate "tree", sumac 

Rhus schiedeana, #1401(9). Highland "tree", rapanea Rapanea myricoides, 

#2783(1,4). Temperate "tree" Ardisia escallonioides, 

#2686(20,21). Lowland "tree" (20)-The trunk is used for hoe and 

billhook handles, digging sticks, fence posts, and firewood. Drimys 

granadensis var. mexicana, #1029(1,3,5). Highland "tree". 

c'ulul lima, cf. lima. 

c'ulul mustisya, cf. mustisya. 

c'ulul pat con, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. whirligig beetle, water scavenger 

beetle. 

c'ulul pat naranha, cf. naranha. 

c'ululet, av. planing continuously. 

c'ululib, iv. become slippery. 

c'ululibtas, tv. make slippery, polish, plane. 

c'ululibtasvan, iv. make slippery for person /path/ (rain). 

hc'ululibtasvaneh, agn. person-shiner /rain, brilliantine/. 

c'nm N. 

c'um, nla. cushaw. It is planted between the tenth and the fifteenth of 

May. One or two seeds are placed in the same hole as the seed corn, or 

four to six seeds are planted between the corn. The harvest is in November 

and December. The flowers and tender shoots are boiled and 

eaten by the workers in the corn fields. They are cold". The young 

cushaws are boiled, seasoned with salt, coriander, and mint. They are 

"cold". Ripe cushaws are buried and roasted or boiled with brown 

sugar. They are "hot". During the Posadas each steward must provide 

between fifteen and thirty squashes. They may be cushaws or watermelon 

squashes. These are boiled with brown sugar and three shot 


glassfuls of cane liquor. They are eaten by the stewards every morning, 

during the Posadas, in front of the church of St. Lawrence. Each 

morning they present a bowlful to the civil authorities. Cushaws 

and cushaw seeds are sold at market in San Cristobal. 

C'umaltik, n5. large field of cushaws. 

c'umc'umaltik, n5. large field of cushaws. 

c'umtik, n5. field of cushaws. 

9ak' c'um, nphr(n4e of n5). 'cushaw vine', cushaw Cucurbita moschata, 

#266(1,2,3,5). Lowland "vine" For use, see c'um. 

•>ak' (S'umtik, nphr(n4e of n5). field of cushaws. 

korneta c'um, nphr(n type n). 'comet cushaw', cushaw Cucurbita moschata, 

#1992(3). Lowland "vine" (RML)-This is a crook-necked 

variety. For use, see c'um. 

mail c'um, nphr(n type n)5. cushaw fruit shaped like a watermelon 

squash, 

sk'un c'um, nphr(n type n). 'soft cushaw', cushaw Cucurbita moschata, 

#2022(1,3,4,16,17). Lowland vine". For use, see c'um. 

sk'un-pat c'um, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). 'soft-skinned cushaw*, cushaw 

Cucurbita moschata, #B 14256(5). Lowland "vine". For use, 

see c'um. 

te'vpat c'um, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'hard-skinned cushaw", cushaw 

Cucurbita moschata, #B14255(5). Lowland "vine". For use, 

see c'um. 

fi'um-te?, n(n & ncpd)la. chayote Sechium edule, # 1476(11,12). Highland 

"vine". 

c'um-teâltik, n(n & ncpd)5. large expanse of chayote vines. 

c'um-te'Hik, n(n & ncpd)5. expanse of chayote vines. 

eop-c'um-te9, n(aj & ncpd/n & ncpd/). 'furry chayote', see below, 

sakil eop-c'um-te 1 ?, nphr: aj & n(aj & ncpd/n & ncpd/). chayote 

Sechium edule, #2722(1,4). Highland "vine" Same use as t'aras 

c'um-te>. 

vasal eop-c'um-te 1 *, nphr: aj & n(aj & ncpd/n & ncpd/). chayote 

1 

Sechium edule, #2773(1,4). Highland "vine" Same use as t'aras 

c'um-tei. 

sakil c'um-te9, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). see below, 

k'os sakil c'um-te?, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). chayote 

Sechium edule, #2721(1,4). Highland "vine" It is grown by few 

Zinacantecs. The seeds are planted at the beginning of the rainy 

season. The harvest is in November. The fruit is sold at market. It 

is eaten, boiled. It is "cold". 

muk'ta sakil c'um-te'?, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). chayote 

Sechium edule, #2712(1,4). Highland "vine". It is planted in April 

and harvested in November or planted at Christmastime and harvested 

in August. Six seeds are planted to a hole. The fruit is sold 

at market. It is cold". 

t'aras c'um-te'), nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). 'spineless chayote', chayote 

Sechium edule, #2771(1,4). Highland "vine" It is grown by a few 

Zinacantecs. It is planted on St. Andrew's Day and harvested in 

November, or planted on Christmas Eve and harvested in August. 

Four seeds are planted to a hole, or two or three ripe chayotes are 

planted together, with some fertilizer. The shoots are eaten, boiled, 

as greens. The chayotes are "cold". They are sold at market, 

yasal i'um-te 1 ), nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). chayote Sechium edule, 

# 1476(3), #2709(1,4). Highland "vine" It is grown by all Zinacantecs, 

in their yards. The planting schedule and technique is the 

same as that for t'aras c'um-tev. The seeds are covered with a piece 

of an old pot to prevent the chickens form scratching them up. 

Both the fruit and the tuber are sold at market in San Cristobal 

and Tuxtla. Young fruits and tubers are cooked with salt and chili. 

Ripe fruits are boiled and eaten cold. They are "cold". Chayotes 

are given as offerings to the dead on All Souls' Day. 

Cum-to 9ak\ nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). Polyclathra cucumerina, 

#3012(11). Lowland "vine". Gonolobussp., #2843(3,4,5). Lowland "vine". 

Sicyos microphyllus, #1790(16). Highland "vine". It is eaten by 

sheep. 

Cum-to c'o, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n). west indian gherkin Cucumis

142 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 fr/D 

anguria, #1314(8). Lowland "vine", 'mouse chayote', Cyclanthera 

bourgaeana, #963(1,3), #1169(1,3,4,5), #1463(3,11,12), 

#1737(3,15,16), #2060(3,17,18), #2202(1,3,4,19), #2385(3,4,20), 

#2508(4,21,22). Highland vine". (3)-It grows in yards and com 

fields. Pig owners pull up the plants in the rainy season to feed to 

their pigs. (20)-They are eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle. Echinopepon 

horridus, #2166(1,7,11). Temperate "vine". Sicyos sp., 

#1415(3,7). Highland vine". 

c'um-te*) c'otik, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n). expanse of c'um-tet c'o. 

eop-c'um-te? c'o, nphr: aj & nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n). 'furry mouse 

chayote', bur cucumber Sicyos microphyllus, # 1790(4). Highland "vine", 

k'anal c'um-te? c'o, nphr: aj & nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n). Schizocarpon 

attenuatum, #2593(1,3). Lowland vine". 

c'um-te? pos, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). 'chayote medicine', west indian 

gherkin Cucumis anguria, #854(1,2,3,5), #1314(1,3,4,5), #2627(1,3). 

Lowland "vine" For a purgative, one fruit is gathered by a man. It 

is brewed. A man's dose is a cup filled up to the first joint of the 

middle finger. A woman's dose is a cup filled up to the first joint of 

the forefinger. An overdose is fatal. It is drunk once before breakfast. 

It is "hot". Melothriapendula, #2097(1). Temperate vine". 

c'un T. 

c'un, tv. believe, trust, agree to serve as. 

c'un mantal, vphr(tv & n5). obey. 

sc'unel nos mantal. against one's will. 

stak' c'unbel smantal li vinik Ie9e. That man's word can be trusted 

(or) relied on. 

c'unan, tv. agree to serve (plu). 

c'unanan, tv. cf. c'unan. 

c'unanc'unan, tv. be gullible, 

c'unanc'unanan. tv. cf. c'unanc'unan. 

c'unbe mantal, vphr(tv & n4d). obey someone's order, 

c'unilan mantal, vphr(tv & n5). keep obeying, 

c'unilanan, tv. keep believing everything, 

c'unilananbe mantal, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. c'unilanbe mantal. 

6'unilanbe mantal, vphr(tv & n4d). keep obeying someone's advice or 

order. 

c'unobil, n4f. gift given to enhance one's request, 

hc'uneh-mantal, agn(vn & ncpd). obedient child. 

c'upak' N. 

c'upak', nla see below, 

c'upak'tik, n5. expanse of c'upak'. 

9it'is c'upak', nphr(n4f of n5). Cyclanthera langaei, #510(2,3,5), 

#1845(1). Highland "vine*. A handful of the tubers are crushed in 

cold water and a cupful is administered to rabid dogs twice a day 

for three days. #1800(1,4). Temperate vine". 

baî c'upak', nphr(aj & n). Cyclanthera langaei, #1187(1,3,4,5). 

Highland "vine". It grows along fences. The roots are gathered by 

women. Four to five roots are crushed on a rock and used for 

shampoo. They are bought by the women of Vov-bie who particularly 

use them for laundry soap. They are used to launder woolen 

clothing; two to three roots for a woolen skirt or ceremonial huipil, 

one and a half to two for a robe, two to four for a ceremonial robe, 

one to two for a shawl. They are used also by the ritual laundresses 

for patients' clothes. 

•jit'is bae*i c'upak', nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/). Echeandia macrocarpa, 

#2406(20). Highland "plant". It is eaten by sheep, horses, and 

cattle. 

c'upak' ?ak\ nphr(n type n). Luffa cylindrica, #2689(20). Lowland "vine". 

It is eaten by horses. 

5'upak' e'irtel, nphr(n type n). Cyclanthera langaei, #2390(20). Highland 

"vine*, 

c'upak' c'o ?ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'mouse's c'upak' vine', Merremia 

aegyptia, #265(1). Lowland "vine". 

c'upak' hoh, nphr(n of n). 'raven's c'upak", Echeandia macrocarpa, 

#2069(17). Highland plant". #1884(16,17). Temperate plant". 

c'upak' te?, nphr(n type n). castor bean Ricinus communis, #299(1,2,3,5), 

# 2010( 16,17), # 2682(21,22). Lowland " tree". The use of the leaves is 

the same as of sakil c'upak' ten. (16,17)-The beans are used for laundry 

soap. #2269(19). Highland "tree", jimson weed Datura stramonium, 

#1791(16). Highland "plant", 

c'upak' totik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of c'upak' ten. 

9it'is c'upak' te 1 ?, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). castor bean Ricinus 

communis, #2682(15). Lowland "tree". The beans are used for laundry 

soap. The leaves are applied to a bone break four times a day. 

They are "hot". 

eahal fi'upak' te 1 ), nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). castor bean Ricinus 

communis, #1378(3,7), #1832(1,4,15,16). Temperate "tree'. 

#2010(1,3,4), #2682(1,3). Lowland "tree". Same use as sakil 

c'upak' tef. jimson weed Datura stramonium, #2356(20). Highland 

plant". Same use as muk'ta c'upak' ten, but the tender shoots, not 

the beans, are ground and mixed with the dough, 

muk'ta c'upak' tei, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). castor bean Ricinus 

communis, #2682(20). Lowland "tree". The beans are used to poison 

dogs and other animal pests that steal young corn. The beans are 

mixed with corn dough and bits of glass, and then stuffed into a 

cow intestine and hung up in the corn field. They are "hot". 

sakil c'upak' to, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). castor bean Ricinus 

communis, #1821(1,4), #2269(3,4). Highland "tree". To speed the 

mending of a broken bone three leaves are burned on the coals and 

bound with a rag to the break. They are "hot". (RML)-The number 

of times they are replaced, and the number of days they are applied 

varies. 

C'USUT N. 

c'usuv ?ak\ nphr(n type n). 'muscle vine', see below, 

k'anal c'usuv ?ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Mandevilla subsagittata, 

#2002(1,3,4). Lowland "vine". Mandevilla tubiflora, #2098(1). Temperate 

"vine". Gaudichaudia albida, #2435(1). Highland "vine". 

#2549(1,4). Temperate "vine", 

d'usuvil, n3a. muscle, tendon, gristle, strings /stringed instrument/. Male 

joking speech; penis, inan. poss.: sc'usuval. 

c'ut(l) N. 

c"util, n3b. stomach, waist, lap, middle /bottle/, body /drum, fiddle, 

guitar, harp/, breast /bird/, pregnancy. 

•)oy sa sfi'ut. She is pregnant. 

ta (S'ut . half way up /cliff, mountain, tree, wall/. When a 

pregnant woman dies an autopsy is performed and the foetus is removed 

and buried apart so that the mother's soul /c'ulel/ will not 

suffer further, 

c'utul, nld. diarrhea. 

Cut, n5. Baby talk; stomach. 

i'ut(2) 

fi'ut, Spanish cedar, cf. c*u. 

c'urub prob N. 

c'utub, nc. span of thumb and forefinger, 

c'utubta, tv. measure by the span of thumb and forefinger, 

c'utubtaobil, n4f. measuring stick whose length equals span of thumb and 

forefinger. 

D 

dalya N(Sp, dalia). 

dalya, n. dahlia . See below, 

dalyatik, n5. expanse of dahlias, 

moraro dalya, nphr(aj & n). 'purple dahlia', dahlia Dahlia variabilis, 

#929(1,3). Highland "plant". Same use as sakilpino dalya. 

pino dalya, nphr(aj & n). 'fine dahlia', see below, 

sakil pino dalya, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). dahlia Dahlia pinnata, 

# 1334(1,3,4,5,7). Highland "plant". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs 

in their yards. The tubers are planted at the beginning of the 

rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases by the stewards 

and by ladinos. They are sold at market. 

diablo E(Sp, diablo).

D/H TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 143 

diablo, excl. the devil! var., diavlo, yavlo 

diavlo 

diavlo, the devil! cf. diablo. 

disyempre N(Sp, diciembre). 

disyempre, n5. December, var., lisyempre. 

disyempretik, n5. sometime in December. 

duranko N(Sp, Durango). 

duranko, peach, cf. turasnu. 

dyos 

dyos, god, god! cf. rios. 

ec'el 

ec'el, away from. cf. 9ec'(l). 

faynero N(Sp, faenero). 

faynero to, nphr(n type n)ld. stick used to clean out boring for dynamite 

/known only by roadworkers/. 

foko 

foko, flashlight, cf., hoko. 

foro 

foro, rain hat. cf., poro. 

fresno N(Sp, fresno). 

fresno, n. Peltostigma ptelioides, #432(1,2). Temperate "tree". The 

trunk is used for rifle stocks. 

fnlminantp N(Sp. fulminante). 

fulminante, nla. percussion cap /known only by roadworkers/. 

G 

garafon 

garafon, demijohn, cf., karapon. 

gas 

gas, kerosene, cf., kas. 

gasolina 

gasohna, gasoline, cf., kasolina. 

gate 

gato, cat. cf. katn9. 

gayeta 

gayeta, cracker, cookie, cf., kayeta. 

goyyerno 

govyerno, government, governor, cf., kovyerno. 

granada N(Sp, granada). 

granada, n. pomegranate Punka granatum, #811(1,2). Lowland and 

highland vine". It is grown by Iadinos in their yards. The slips are 

planted in the rainy season. The fruit is harvested in April and May. 

It is sold at market. 

grnpo N(Sp, grupo). 

grupo, nld. group, associates, var., krupo /infr/. 

grwesa N(Sp, gruesa). 

grwesa, n5. twelve dozen /rockets/. 

h 

h, one. 

ha E. 

ha, excl. 

cf. bun. 

oh!, what? 

ha9, water, diarrhea, moisten, cf. vo9(l) 

ha9(2) N. 

ha?, excl. yes, that's it! /nasalization of vowel/. 

ha"? me t skal. so I ask you (or) but please. 

ha9 ta skwenta li preserente. That's the magistrate's concern. 

ha9 ?o, ptphr(pt & pt). at that time, then, at that very moment, 

hai nos, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of no & los /). that's all. 

H 

ha 1 ) nos kwenta, nphr(pt & pt/contr of no & los/ & n5). only if, on the 

condition that, so long as. 

ha 1 ) nos yet, ptphr(pt & pt /contr of no & ")os/ & pt). that's all, just the 

same way. 

ha 1 ? to, ptphr(pt & pt). not for, not until, still. 

ha") to hun-ab. not for a year (or) not until next year. 

Polite speech, greeting; mi ha 1 ? to yecot? ha 1 ? to yecon yaiel. Are you 

still the same? I seem to be the same. 

ha 1 ) yet, ptphr(pt & pt). that's right, like that. 

ha 1 ) yo9, ptphr(pt & pt). over there. 

ha9ha9tik, aj. rather like that. 

ha9tik, pt. yes ...almost. 

ha9tik nos, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of no & los/). that's all. 

ha9uk, pt. whatever it may be. 

mi sak'an kahve? ha9uk. Do you want coffee? Whatever you have. 

9a99on, av. muttering to self. Restricted to siiinon station: lit., saying 

'yes", "yes", i.e., muttering to self (drunk). 

ha9(3) P(2). 

ha9 ba, rv. Ritual or Denunciatory speech, person complaining to magistrale 

or in prayer; become haughty or arrogant, 

stoyoh sba sha9oh sba ti htote ti hme9e. lit., My father was stingy, 

my mother was arrogant, i.e., referring to any stingy or arrogant 

person who has wronged speaker. 

ha9-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. Ritual speech; haughtiness. 

ha9al cikin, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). Ritual speech; haughty, cf. haial nil. 

haâl ni9, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). looking down one's nose. Ritual speech, 

referring to enemy; rebellious, 

haoal t'omol, ajphr(aj & aj). thick and healthy (stem of squashes, chayote, 

turnip or water gourd). 

haâlik, aj. protruding in cluster (conical flowers). 

ha")an ba, rv. tilt head back /when applying eye medicine/. 

ha?an ni"), vphr(tv // n). toss head (horse), snub /by tilting nose and 

looking away/. 

haân sat, vphr(tv // n). tilt head back /to look at sky/. 

ha9anob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)5. Ritual speech; shrine where person begs 

forgiveness for his haughtiness. 

ha9et ni9, vphr(av & n4d). looking down one's nose, tilting nose (dog 

reaching for food). 

haoet sat, vphr(av & n4d). looking about. 

ha9ha9, aj. tilted backwards (head of baby), bent backwards (blade of 

hoe). 

ha9hon, av. looking around and calling (hen looking for place to lay), 

rocking head back and forth (baby being carried). 

ha")i, iv. tilt head back. 

ha9lahet, av. moving back and forth in cluster (conical flowers at tip of 

plant). 

hailahetik, av. cf. hailahel. 

ha"?leh, n5. with nose tilted up /in anger/. 

ha?luh, av. tilting head back suddenly. 

ha9omah, iv. look around (hen looking for place to lay). 

ha9teha9te, av. going about rocking head (child being carried). 

ha9ulan, tv. rock head back and forth /baby/ (mother), 

haiulan ba, rv. keep tossing head back /with haughtiness or confidence/. 

ha9ulanvan, iv. rock baby's head back and forth, 

lums N. 

haias, nld. mamey sapote Pouteria mammosa, #2842(3,4,5,7,11,12). 

Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. The 

fruit is "hot". It is sold at market. 

ha9astik, n5. grove of mamey sapotes. 

ha9as te9, nphr(n type n). see below. 

k'os ha'»as te"?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Parathesis leplopa, 

#452(1,2). Temperate "tree". 

hab(l) N. 

habil, n2b. year. 

hayib ahabilal. How old are you? 

ha9 sa shabilal ti t s9o£ ta yabtel. This is the year he enters his

144 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 H 

religious post. 

scibal habil. two years ago. 

lavi habil t stal (or) t stal habil. the coming year. 

9ac' habil, nphr(aj & n)5. year renewal ceremony /the first of three 

ceremonies/, new year's day. As the old year comes to its end 

everyone's body is believed to age, but the New Year brings rejuvenation. 

After midnight of the 31st a little food should be eaten as a salute 

to the old year and in thanksgiving for having safely passed another 

year. If a man wears dirty clothes on the first day of the year, 

he will surely wear dirty clothes the rest of the year. If he drinks on 

the first day of the year he will be drunk till the year's end. 

hun-ab, n(num & n/contr of habil/ cpd)5. next year, 

hun-abi, n(num & n/contr of habil/ cpd)5. last year. 

hab(2) N. 

hababet, av. breezy (cool breeze in lowlands). 

habah, iv. emerge from body ("cold wind") /so that patient is cured/, 

habahes, tv. make emerge from body /"cold wind"/. 

habahesob, nlf. "hot" medicine, 

habahesobil, nlf. cf. habahesob. 

haban, tv. make emerge from body /"cold wind"/. 

habeah, iv. emerge from body ("cold wind"). 

habet, av. sweating from medicine, breezy (cool breeze in lowlands), 

habta, tv. blow sickness on. 

habtaan, tv. blow sickness on /people/, 

habtavan, iv. blow sickness on person, 

hhabtavaneh, agn. person who blows sickness on another, 

habnal N. 

habnal, n. Oreopanaxpeltatus, #449(1,2). Temperate "tree" The leaves 

are used to wrap bean tamales and wedding tamales. The cantor needs 

four to five hundred leaves for Carnival Saturday. The groom's family 

and those in charge of the ceremonies for the Finding of the Holy 

Cross also need leaves for the tamales. The meat taken by the wedding 

godfather, from the groom to the bride's family, is wrapped in 

these leaves. 

habnaltik, n5. grove of habnal trees. 

•>akusa habnal, cf. ?akusa. 

•rit'is habnal, nphr(n4f of n5). nicaraguan senna Cassia nicaraguensis, 

#2620(20). Temperate "tree". It is used for firewood, 

eib habnal, nphr(n type n). 'fern habnaT, halberd fern Tectaria heracleifolia, 


eoeil habnal, nphr(aj & n). 'downy habnaT, betony Stachys radicans, 

#665(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant". It grows in yards and fields. To 

relieve a person suffering from mahbenal the tender shoots are 

crushed in cold water together with sikil ton. A small cup is drunk. 

It is cold". (5)-It is medium", 

eoeil habnaltik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of betony. 

t\\ habnal, nphr(x type n)la. Miconia guatemalensis, #1371(7). Temperate 

"tree". #1519(11,12). Highland "tree" 

cil habnaltik, nphr(x type n)5. grove of cil habnal. 

bae"i cil habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Miconia glaberrima, 

# 1859(1,16). Highland "tree". The branches are gathered by Chamulas 

and sold to Zinacantec women to dye wool. The leaves, together 

with dodder, are boiled. The wool is dyed yellow, then taken 

to San Cristobal where it is put in blue dye to produce green 

wool for sashes. 

cahal cil habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Miconia mexicana, 

#692(1,2,3,5). Highland "tree". Miconia guatemalensis, 

#1819(15,16). Temperate "tree". 

sakil cil habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Miconia glaberrima, 

#124(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "tree". Same use as bae'i cil habnal. 

Pouzolzia cf. purpusii, #1614(1,3). Temperate "plant", 

hic'ilik ?anal habnal, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'narrow-leaved habnaT, 

Oreopanax xalapensis, #455(3). Temperate and highland "tree", 

kelem habnal, nphr(n type n). 'rooster habnaT or "boy habnaT, Oreopanax 

peltatus, #1251(7). Temperate "tree", 

k'os habnal, nphr(aj & n). wild basil Satureja brownii, #10(1,3,4). 

Highland "plant". As a remedy for women sufferingyas-cel following 

childbirth, a small bunch is brewed, a cup is drunk before 

breakfast for as many days as necessary, it is "hot". As a remedy 

for swelling, a small bunch is brewed with basil and c'ail pos. It is 

"hot". The tea is drunk as above. As a remedy for cold wind" a 

small bunch is brewed with mexican savory and a pinch of tobacco. 

It is "hot". The tea is drunk as above. To cause measles to 

erupt, a handful is crushed in warm water. One cup is drunk. It is 

"hot". 

muk'ta habnal, nphr(aj & n). nicaraguan senna Cassia nicaraguensis, 

#2620(21). Temperate "tree" Oreopanax xalapensis, #455(1,2). 

Temperate and highland "tree". 

pamal habnal, nphr(natt&n)la. 'incense habnal', anthurium/I n/A«riH/n 

tetragonum, #723(1,2). Temperate "plant". The assistants of the 

elders gather a dozen leaves apiece before the first Lenten Friday. 

The leaves are used by the candle-bearers on every Lenten Friday 

and during Holy Week. They are wrapped around the candle and 

tied at the base with string, anthurium Anthurium aff. jortinense, 


pamal habnaltik, nphr(natt & n)5. expanse of anthurium. 

k'os" pamal habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). anthurium Anthurium 

seleri, #1947(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate "plant" 

hae N(M-Z, hae). 

hae, n4d. deferred payment. 

haein, tv. buy on credit. 

haeinan, tv. buy on credit /plu/. 

hac'(l) I. 

hae', iv. fall /sober person while walking/. 

hae'es, tv. push down /person/. 

hae'es ba, rv. fall /infr/. 

hae'esan, tv. push down /people/. 

hae'esvan, iv. make person fall. 

hhac'esvaneh, agn. person who makes another fall, mud or sandal, etc., 

that causes person to fall. 

hac'ulan, iv. keep falling. 

hac'(2) prob T or T(2). 

hae' is, vphr(tv // n). open mouth wide, gape (baby bird). 

hac'-?eal, vn(tv & ncpd)5. yawn. 

hac'-êan, iv(tv & nepd). yawn. 

hae'et •Je, vphr(av & n4d). with mouth agape. 

hac'hon fe, vphr(av & n4d). moving lips suddenly (dying person), gaping 

(baby bird). 

hae'lahet 9e, vphr(av & n4d). cf. hae'et ie (plu), cf. hac'hon ie (plu). 

had'luh ie, vphr(av & n4d). gaping jaws suddenly (crocodile). 

hac'tehac'te 9e, vphr(av & n4d). walking about yawning or with mouth 

agape. 

had'ulanbe ê, vphr(tv // n). Scolding speech; keep shooting off one's 

mouth. 

hac'ub N. 

hac'ub to, nphr(n type n). 'comb tree', sycamore Platanus chiapensis, 

#717(1,2). Temperate "tree". The trunk is used for roof purlins and 

common rafters of fieldhouses, bridge planks, fence posts, and firewood. 

(5)-The wood is used for combs, mexican alvaradoa Alvaradoa 

amorphoides, #2794(11,12). Temperate "tree". The trunk is used for 

mainposts of fieldhouses, fence posts, and firewood. 

hac'ubil, n3a. comb. inan. poss.; shac'ubal. 

shac'ubal holobil. comb used to nap woolen fabric. 

hah E. 

haha9, excl. Male scolding speech, threatening child /the second vowel 

is nasalized/; watch it! 

hahanta, tv. threaten /child/. 

hahantavan, iv. threaten person /child/. 

hahayu, excl. Female scolding speech, threatening child; watch it! 

hak(l) T. 

hak, iv. end (work). 

hak ?ok, vphr(tv // n). stretch leg /convalescent taking first walk/, hurry.

H TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 145 

hak ba, rv. end (work), be absent (sickness). 

hak ba ")ok, vphr(rv // n). stretch leg /convalescent, person with reflex 

pain in groin/, open legs wide, 

hakem camel, nphr(aj & vn)5. healthy, 

haket, av. ending (work). 

hak(2) prob O. 

hakak, aj. having frog in throat, 

hakhon, av. hawking, 

haklahet, av. cf. hakhon (plu). 

haklahetik, av. cf. hakhon (plu). 

hakluh, av. gagging suddenly. 

haktehakte, av. walking about gagging or hawking. 

bakapulga N(Sp, Acapulco). 

hakapulga, n5. double-edged machete, var., hakapulko. 

hakapulko 

hakapulko, double-edged machete, cf. hakapulga. 

hak'(l) T. 

hak', tv. petition /fiancee/, ask, ask about, 

hak' ba, rv. petition each other, 

hak'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. petition, 

hak' k'ak'al, vphr(tv & n5). inquire about initial date of fiesta (steward 

or cantor inquires from sacristan), 

hak' k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). ask about. 

lei' hhak' ak'oplal. I passed by to ask about you. 

hak' ta moc, vphr(tv & prep 4 n5). divine, cf. moc(l). 

hak'an, tv. ask about from place to place, 

hak'anan, tv. cf. hak'an. 

hak'anhak'an, tv. ask about from place to place, 

hak'anhak'anan, tv. cf. hak'anhak'an. 

hak'be, tv. ask someone. 

Polite speech; LP sahhak'be h-p'eluk arason totik mi mu savalbon bu 

skom lit. Now I am asking you a word of your wisdom, sir, won't 

you tell me where . . . i.e., Sir, would you kindly tell me where . . . 

hak'el, nc. asking. 

hak'hon, av. asking insistently or repeatedly. 

hak'lahet, av. cf. hak'hon (plu). 

hak'lahetik, av. cf. hak'hon (plu) 

hak'ob, nlf. saint, basket, etc., used by diviners, money or gifts for petition. 

hak'ob tik', nphrlaj & n)5. type of itchy skin disease. 

hak'obil, nlf. cf. hak'ob. 

hak'ol, n5. rite of petition for fiancee. 

hak'olah, iv. petition fiancee. 

hak'olahebal. n5. place where petition is made. 

skwenta hak'olahebal. They are for /to be worn at/ the petition (new 

clothes). 

hak'tehak'te, av. going about asking from place to place, 

hak'ulanbe, tv. keep asking someone. 

hak'ulananbe, tv. keep asking someone about many things, 

hhak'-k'ak'al, agn(tv & ncpd). person who inquires about initial date of 

fiesta (steward, cantor). 

hhak'ol, agn. each of the three petitioners who represent prospective 

fiance at petition for fiancee. 

bat ta hak'olal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). set out to petition bride. 

hal(l) A. 

hal, aj. a long time. 

mu to haluk mi stoat. It may be that I will go. 

hal t sic'. It takes a long time, 

halah, iv. become scarce, 

halhal, aj. rather long time, 

halhaltik, aj. rather long time, 

halih, iv. take a long time. 

halihes, tv. delay, postpone. 

halihesvan, iv. delay person, 

halil, n4f. duration. 

k'u shalil. how long, how long? 

hhalihesvaneh, agn. person who delays another. 

hal(2) T. 

hal, tv. weave /cloth, palm/. 

halbat tal. woven for someone else /commissioned/, 

hal, iv. be woven. 

hal ba, rv. become interwoven or snarled (hair, thread), 

halam te 1 ), nphr(n type n)la. bobbin /loom/, 

halan, tv. weave /clothes/, weave a lot of /palm/. 

halanan, tv. cf. halan. 

halanhalan, tv. weave one thing after another, 

halanhalanan, tv. cf. halanhalan. 

halav, iv. weave. 

halavebal, n3d. weaving place, tree or post where loom is fastened, 

halbenal, nlf. woven section /palm/, 

halel, nc. weaving, 

halomah, iv. weave, 

halulan, tv. keep weaving. 

halulananbe, tv. keep weaving a lot for someone, 

hhalom, agn. weaver. 

pec'el halal, ajphr(aj & aj). tangled (weaving), 

holobil, n3a. loom, cloth on loom, warp thread. When a woman dies 

leaving an unfinished cloth on her loom, another woman will finish it 

lest her soul /i'ulel/ suffer further. 

•>akan holobil, nphr(n4f of n3d). shed rod. 

hit'akil holobil, nphr(natt & n)5. warp lashing. 

halal, holy. cf. hand. 

halalalalay E. 

halalalalay, excl. refrain of dudes and dames. 

halavre N(Sp, arabia). 

halavre, nla. red thread for cotton tunic /archaic/. 

ham T(2). 

ham, tv. open, reveal. 

ham, iv. be opened, be revealed (shame), lose one's virginity (woman), 

begin menstruating, 

ham, n4f. slab of wood. 

ikilbe sham. I learned what to do. 

ham 9abtel, vphr(tv // n). reveal date of change of office (ensign-bearers) 

/in office/, 

ham '?e, vphr(tv // n). confess. 

iham ye ta vokol ti ha 1 ) stamoh li tak'ine. He confessed under duress 

that it was he who had taken the money. 

ham ê, vphr(iv & n4d). learn to talk. • 

ham ba, rv. declare one's intentions /when seeking permission/, leave 

word, spread one's legs apart. 

•>ay sham sba ta kavilto ti ta scon pos ta snae. He went to town hall 

to declare his intentions to sell cane liquor in his house, 

ham-bail, n(tv & rpncpd)5. confession. 

ham balamil, vphr(iv & n5). become open (land in dry season), 

ham be, vphr(tv & n5). lit., open road, i.e., clear road of highwaymen, 

ham nuk', vphr(tv // n). clear throat. 

ham ta na, vphr(tv & prep & n5). break into /another's house/, 

ham til tak'in, vphr(iv & nphr/n of n/5). resume ringing /of church bells 

at 10 p.m. Holy Saturday/. 

ham toh, nphr(n of n)5. slab of pine wood, 

hamal, aj. wide, open, clear. 

ta hamal. openly, 

hamal lal, vphr(aj & tv). speak openly or frankly, admit. 

hamal iyal ti k'usi stamohe. He admitted having taken it. 

hamal 9anal te9, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'broad-leaved tree', buckthorn 

Rhamnus discolor, #2152(14). Temperate "tree" The trunk is 

used for hoe handles, 

hamal ">e, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). loose-tongued. 

tol hamal ye slo9ilah ti k'usi satie. He talks too openly about what 

he hears.


hamal TOk, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with legs spread apart /sexual connotation/. 

hamal 9osil, vphr(aj/pred/ & nld). broad plot of land. 

hamal ?osil, vphr(aj/pred/ & n)5. clear sky. 

hamal lum, vphr(aj/pred/ & n)5. large town or city. 

hamal sat balamil, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/n4f of n5/). when or where 

earth lord is dangerous, 

hamaltik, n5. open country, 

hamalub, iv. become wider, 

hamalubtas, tv. make wider, 

hamalubtasvan, iv. widen woman's /vagina/. 

hamam, av. being wafted, 

haman, tv. open /gates/. 

hamanan, tv. cf. haman. 

hamanhaman, tv. open one after another, 

hamanhamanan, tv. cf. hamanhaman. 

hambe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). expose completely one's misconduct or guilt. 

ishambe skotol smul li smalal ta kavilto yahnile. She exposed all her 

husband's misdeeds in court, 

hambe sat balamil, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). pray to the earth lord /at 

unsanctioned caves/. 

hamet lik', vphr(av & n4f). spreading of odor or fragrance, 

hamham, iv. clear slightly (sky). 

hamhon cak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling (exhausted person). 

hamlah, av. cf. hamhon (plu). 

hamlahet cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. hamhon cak (plu). 

hamleh, n4d. width. 

hamob, nlf. opener /key, bottle opener/. 

hamobil, nlf. cf. hamob. 

hamtehamte cak, vphr(av & n4d) hobbling about, 

hamtehamte na, vphr(av & n4d). opening one side of door and then the 

other, opening one door after another /in same house/. 

hamulan, tv. keep opening. 

hamulan ba, rv. keep spreading apart one's legs. 

hamulanan, tv. keep opening /plu/. 

hamvan, iv. release /prisoner/, 

hhani -na, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /member of boy's party 

who is delegated to secure entrance of party into prospective fiancee's 

house/. 

hhamalubtasvaneh, agn. Male joking speech; penis. 

hhamvaneh, agn. person who releases prisoner, witch /person who lets 

out enemy's guardian animal from corral/. 

hamaka N(Sp, hamaca). 

hamaka, nla. woven fence hung across river, 

hamaka ba k'o, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/)5. hanging bridge. 

hamparo N(Sp, jambado). 

hhamparo, agn. greedy person. 

pas hamparoal, vphr(tv & n5). be greedy or lustful, exceed one's authority. 

han prob O. 

hanan, av. buzzing, 

hananet, av. buzzing (bumblebee, fly), 

hanet, av. buzzing (bumblebee, fly). 

hanhon, av. buzzing (person talking or praying), 

hanlah, av. walking and talking, buzzing (plu). 

hanlahet, av. buzzing (bumblebees, flies, people talking or praying), 

hanlahetik, av. cf. hanlahet. 

hanluh, av. buzzing suddenly (bumblebee, fly), 

hantehante, av. buzzing about, walking about farting. 

hanika N(Sp, fanega). 

hanika, nla. one hundred and eighty liter dry measure, 

hanika litro, cf. litro. 

hap T(2). 

hap, tv. hold up, hold aloft /banner, torch, candle, rifle, flashlight/. 

hap, n4f. free day, day off. 

hap ?osil, nphr(n of n)5. mountain pass, 

hap cobtik, nphr(nlf of n5). space between rows of corn. 

hap e'en, nphr(n of n)5. ravine. 

hap k'ak'al, nphr(n4f of n5). free day, day off. 

hap vie, nphr(n of n)5. mountain pass. 

hapahtik, aj. narrow. 

hapal, aj. narrow (ravine). 

hapalul, n4f. split, crack /wall, roof/. 

hapan, tv. hold up, hold aloft /banners, torches, candles, flashlights/. 

hapanan, tv. cf. hapan. 

hapanhapan, tv. hold up or hold aloft one after another /banners, 

torches, candles, flashlights/, 

hapap, av. hurrying holding /knife/, 

hapapet, av. flourishing /gun, knife/. 

hapem camel, vphr(aj/pred/ & vn5). healthy, 

hapet, av. holding aloft /banner/, holding high /gun, knife, stick/. 

hapetik, av. cf. hapet (plu). 

haphon, av. being held (candles, banner, gun, knife, stick), swaying (tall 

and slender tree). 

haplah, av. hurrying holding high /banner/ (plu). 

haplahet, av. swaying (tall and slender trees), being held (banners, guns), 

haplahetik, av. blooming (girls). 

hapluh, av. flourishing suddenly /knife/. 

haptehapte, av. holding high one after another /guns, knives, sticks, 

torches/. 

hapu, tv. seize /criminal/. 

hapulan, tv. keep holding, 

hhap-kantela, agn(tv & ncpd). candle bearer /old woman assigned to 

each of'the elders to hold their candles in church during Lenten Fridays 

and Holy Week/. 

hhapivaneh, agn. person who seizes criminal. Ritual speech, shaman 

referring to tutelary gods, as those who summon and watch over people; 

protector. 

hiikvaneh hhapivaneh. sustainer, protector, 

hhapuvaneh, agn. cf. hhapivaneh /more freq/. 

'/ic'be hap, vphr(tv & n4d). calculate amount of free time. 

hap' O. 

hap', onom. crunch /sound/. 

hap'ap'et, av. crunching (charcoal-cruncher), grinding (teeth of drunkard, 

sleeping person or peccary). 

hap'hon, av. crunching (person eating chili or undercooked cabbage), 

hap'lahet, av. breaking into many pieces /old rope/, cf. hap'hon (plu). 

hap'lahetik, av. cf. hap'hon (plu). 

hap'luh, av. making sudden tearing sound (thorn entering flesh). 

har O. 

hararet TObal, vphr(av & n4d). wheezing (sick or old person or sick 

chicken). 

haret lobal, vphr(av & n4d). wheezing (sick or old person or sick chicken), 

harhon, av. purring, spinning /sound/. 

harhon ">obal, vphr(av & n4d). wheezing (sick or old person or sick 

chicken). 

harlahet, av. cf. harhon (plu). 

harluh, av. whirring suddenly (grasshopper, hummingbird, rock), 

harteharte, av. walking about wheezing, whizzing by one after another 

(rocks). 

harolan, tv. keep wheezing. 

haragan N(Sp, haragan). 

haragan, agn. loafer, var., harakan. 

haraganil, n4d. laziness. 

harakan 

harakan, lazy. cf. haragan. 

haral A. 

haral-, aj. holy. Polite speech, person who stays at home during fiesta 

asking another to send greetings to the saints, 

haral-cabanuk hc'ul-me'Hik hc'ul-totik. Take holy care of our holy 

mother, our holy father. 

hharal-me'Hik, agn(n/aj & ncpd/). Ritual speech, referring to virgin 

/saint/; holy mother.


hharal-motik, agn(aj & ncpd)la. "holy mother', fever few chrysanthemum 

Chrysanthemum parthenium, #1748(15,16). Highland "plant". 

(15)-As a remedy for "wind", three stalks are brewed and a cup of 

the tea is drunk before breakfast. It is "hot" #2445(1). Temperate 

"plant". 

uicim hharal-me'Uik, nphr(n of agn/aj & ncpd/). 'holy mother's flower', 

fever few chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum parthenium, #460(1,2,3), 

# 1466(3), # 1748(3). Highland "plant". It is grown in yards. The 

seeds are sown in the beginning of the rainy season. The flowers are 

put in altar vases. 

haral-tot, agn(n/aj & ncpd/). holy father, term of address for priest or 

bishop. 

halal-k'an, tv(aj & tvcpd). ask a great favor /archaic/. 

hhalal-rae'Jtik, agn(aj & ncpd). 'holy mother', ragweed Ambrosia cumanensis, 

#2505(21,22). To induce abortion, a small bunch is brewed and 

a cup is drunk twice for one day. It is "hot". 

harina N(Sp, harina). 

harina, nla. flour, corn dust /worm-eaten/. 

has P. 

hasal, aj. brimful (liquid). 

hasan, tv. fill to the brim /pot with liquid/. 

haset, av. touching the brim (liquid), lapping at top /of riverbank/. 

hashon, av. touching the brim (liquid), lapping at top /of riverbank/. 

haslahet, av. cf. hashon (plu). 

hasleh, n4f. brimful. 

haslehikil, n4f. cf. hasleh /plu/. 

hastehaste, av. brimful, one (pot) after another. 

hasinto N(Sp, jacinto). 

hasinto te 1 ), nphr(n type n). 'hyacinth tree', horseradish tree Moringa 

oleifera, # 779( 1,2). Lowland " tree". It grows in fencerows. The flowers 

are used by the people of Chiapa to decorate their graves on All 

Souls' Day. 

has T(2). 

has, tv. card /wool/, brush hands through /hair/, wash /hands/, rub /salt 

on tortilla/. 

Polite speech before ritual meal; hhasban hk'ob. I am washing my 

hands first. 

hai, iv. be carded. 

has-cu 1 ?, n(aj & ncpd). flat-breasted. 

has-cu? lima, cf. lima. 

has-pik, tv(tv & tvcpd). feel, grope. 

has-pikulan, tv(tv & tvcpd). keep feeling or groping /sexual inference/. 

has-pikulanvan, iv(tv & ivcpd). keep feeling or groping for person. 

has-pikvan, iv(tv & ivcpd). feel or grope for person. 

hasahlik, aj. cf. hasal /plu/. 

hasal, aj. brimful /with corn, beans/, flat (breasts), even, 

hasal 5a snir His nose is turned up /in anger/. 

hasalik, aj. cf. hasal /plu/. 

hasan, tv. card a lot of /wool/. 

hasanan, tv. cf. hasan. 

hasanhasan, tv. card a lot of /wool/. 

hasanhasanan, tv. cf. hasanhasan. 

hasas, av. slipping down easily /throat/. 

hasasta, tv. grope for. 

hasastavan, iv. grope for person. 

hasaset, av. rippling (water), breezy, slipping down easily /throat/. 

hasbalal eoe, nphr(aj & n)5. carded wool. 

hasbe, tv. let fly at someone /rock/, cause to whistle toward someone 

/machete, stick, bullet/, swill. 

hasbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). stroke head /of child to calm it/. 

hasbe vara, nphr(tv & n5). level with stick /corn in measure/. 

hasbenal, aj. carded. 

hasbil vara, nphr(aj & n)5. brimful /corn, beans, cane liquor/. 

hasebal, n5. moment just before carding is finished. 

hasel, nc. carding. 

haset, av. breaking wind, rustling. 

shaset ta hholtik. It is rustling around our heads /ninth developmental 

stage of com, also called simuketotik to/. 

hashon, av. slipping down (fine corn gruel), breathing through nose, 

groping, rustling by without speaking (angry person). 

hask'uh, iv. slip. 

hask'un, tv. slide. 

haslah, av. hurrying by sullenly (plu). 

haslahet, av. groping, rustling by without speaking, breathing through 

nose (plu). 

hasluh, av. whistling or swooshing by suddenly, slipping suddenly /on 

dry leaves/, cutting through suddenly /tree with one blow/, slipping 

down suddenly /drinking water/, walking by suddenly without speaking. 

hasob, nlf. card /for wool/. 

hasobil, nlf. cf. hasob. 

hasomah, iv. card /wool/. 

hasp'uh, iv. cf. hask'uh. 

hasp'un, tv. cf. hask'un. 

hastehaste, av. walking around sullenly. 

hasulan, tv. keep carding, rub lightly. 

hasulanan, tv. keep carding a lot of /wool/. 

hasulanbe hoi, vphrftv & n4d). keep stroking head /of child/. 

hhas-pikvaneh, agn(vn/tv & ivcpd/). person who gropes for another. 

hhasastavaneh, agn. person who gropes for another. 

hhasom, agn. person who cards wool. 

hat(l) T(2). 

hat, tv. tear, rip, deflower, break /fence/. 

cak hhat ka'i li eeb le?e. I would like to deflower the girl there. 

hat, iv. be torn or ripped. 

hat ba, rv. tear (one's clothing) /on branch/. 

hat-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. Male joking speech; wedding night. 

hatahtik, aj. torn in many places. 

hatal, aj. torn, broken (fence). 

hatalik, aj. torn in many places (clothing), broken in many places (fence). 

hatan, tv. tear or break /plu/. 

hatanan, tv. cf. hatan. 

hatanhatan, tv. tear or break one after another. 

hatanhatanan, tv. cf. hatanhatan. 

hatbenal, n4f. tear, rip. 

hatel, nc. ripping, tearing. 

hatel, aj. broken (basket), ripped. 

hatet, av. torn. 

hathon, av. torn. 

hatlahet, av. torn in many places. 

hatobal, n3a. deerbone knife or wire used to shuck corn. 

hattehatte, av. walking about with torn /clothing/. 

hatulan, tv. keep tearing. 

hatulanan, tv. keep tearing /plu/. 

hatvan, iv. deflower. 

hhatvaneh, agn. deflowerer. 

hat(2) prob N. 

hatav, iv. flee, escape, run away, elope. 

hatviltas, tv. urge to flee. 

hatviltasvan, iv. urge person to flee. 

hhatviltasvaneh, agn. person who urges another to flee. 

hhatvil, agn. fugitive. 

hat' prob O. 

hat'at'et, av. farting. 

hat'et, av. farting (horse). 

hat'hon, av. farting (horse). 

hat'lah, av. hurrying and farting (plu). 

hat'lahet, av. cf. hat'hon (plu). 

hat'luh, av. farting suddenly (horse). 

hat'tehat'te, av. walking about farting. 

hat'ulan, tv. keep farting. 

hat'is prob N.


hat'isah, iv. sneeze. When a man sneezes this reputedly indicates that his 

loved one is urinating and thinking of him, wondering if he is well. 

hat'isan, tv. sneeze. 

hhat'isahel, agn. person sneezing. 

ha»(l) T. 

hav, tv. split /wood/, split in two /orange, melon, mamey/, divide in two 

/plot of land/, operate (doctor). 

hav, iv. split, crack (foot). 

hav, nc. split section /orange, firewood, pine/. 

havan, tv. split /plu/. 

havanan, tv. cf. havan. 

havanhavan, tv. split one after another. 

havanhavanan, tv. cf. havanhavan. 

havakil, n4f. many equal slices. 

havalul, n4f. split /wood/. 

havebal, n5. moment before splitting or operating is finished. 

havbenal, n4f. cut /tree/. 

havel, nc. cutting open /melon/. 

havhon hoi, vphr(av & n4d). suffering from splitting headache. 

havlahet, av. splitting (beans that do not become soft when cooked), 

falling down and getting up repeatedly. 

havluh, av. feeling sudden splitting pain, splitting suddenly. 

havob, nlf. saw, axe. 

havobil, nlf. cf. havob. 

havulan, tv. keep splitting. 

havulanan, tv. keep splitting a lot of /wood/. 

havulanvan, iv. keep cutting person. 

hawan, iv. operate on person, perform autopsy. 

hhawaneh, agn. person who operates on another or who performs autopsy. 

hov, nc. half, equal slice, section of object split in two or three /orange, 

chayote, bread/. 

hov-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. one side of face black, one side white (pope, priest 

in olden times). 

hovhov, nc. single slice /I only/. 

hovokil, n4f. many halves /chicken/. 

hav(2) P. 

hav ?osil, nphr(n of n)5. slope. 

hava, tv. measure by armspan /palm strip, tarea/, stretch out arms laterally. 

havaan, tv. measure by armspan /plu/. 

havaanan, tv. cf. havaan. 

havahtik, aj. cf. haval /plu/. 

haval, aj. face up, on one's back. 

haval ?ek'el, nphr(aj & n)5. *axe, face up', black-capped swallow Noliochelidon 

pileata, rough-winged swallow Stelgidopteryx ruficollis, cave 

swallow Petrochelidon fulva, white-collared swift Streptoprocne zonaris, 

common nighthawk Chordeiles minor. Swallows, swifts, and nighthawks 

are not eaten. Low-flying swallows are believed to signal 

the approach of rain. 

haval cak, nphr(aj & n)ld. obsolete sandal with thin rubber sole and 

thongs. 

havalik, aj. cf. haval /plu/. 

havaltik, n5. eroded land. 

havan, tv. turn face up, cause to be face up /woman/. 

havan ba, rv. lie face up. 

havan k'ob, vphr(tv // n). stretch arms laterally. 

havaobil balamil, nphr(nlf of n5). measuring stick /one arm span in 

length, used to measure land/. 

havav yalel, vphr(av & dr). falling over backwards /from sitting or squatting 

position/. 

havet, av. lying face up and moving. 

havetik, av. cf. havet (plu). 

havhav, aj. toppling over backwards (load), set too far back (hat on head), 

bent outwards (hoe blade) /preventing proper hoeing/. 

havhon, av. lying face up. 

havi, iv. lie face up. 

havk'uh, iv. topple over backwards (person's load, mud wall, tree, fence, 

door), fall over backwards (person). 

havk'un, tv. upset /person's load/, push over backwards, topple /fence, 

door, wall/. 

havk'unvan, iv. pull person backwards /by shoulders/. 

havlah, av. falling down and getting up repeatedly (sing). 

havlahetik, av. lying face up (plu). 

havlebal, n3d. bed or place where loose woman lies waiting for next man. 

havleh, nld. lying face up. 

havp'uh, iv. cf. havk'uh. 

havp'un, tv. cf. havk'un. 

havtehavte, av. falling on one's back here and there. 

havtehavte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about looking around in the air. 

havul, nld. obsolete sandal with thin rubber sole and thongs. 

hov, nc. armspan /woven palm, rope, vine, tarea/. 

havan N. 

havanil, n3d. sister-in-law /female's brother's wife, husband's sister/ /archaic/. 

havas N(Sp, habas). 

havas, broad bean. cf. cenek'. 

bay(l) N. • 

hay, nla. gourd, tortilla gourd. See below. 

haytik, n5. field of gourds. 

eo? kao hay, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)5. 'horse manure gourd', gourd 

Lagenaria siceraria, #B14259(5). Lowland "vine" It is used for 

tortilla gourds, cf. eu. 

suy hay, nphr(n type n). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, # B 14258(5). Lowland 

"vine" It is used for tortilla gourds, cf. eu. 

hay(2) E. 

hay, excl. oh! /exclamation of fear or pain/. 

hay 9anima, nphr(excl & n5). Female speech; oh lord! /exclamation of 

surprise at learning about bad thing person is doing/. 

hay(3) X. 

hayahtik, aj. cf. hayal /plu/. 

hayal, aj. thin (tortilla, bark, rind), shallow (basket, gourd), young-looking, 

slim. 

hayal pat cikin-ib, cf. cikin-ib. 

hayal pat naranha. cf. naranha. 

hayal pat toh, cf. toh. 

hayal pat tulan, cf. tulan. 

hayalik, aj. cf. hayal /plu/. 

hayay, av. swooping, gliding rapidly. 

hayayet, av. soaring, gliding (hawk, bluebird, buzzard, kite, paper), 

stretching very thin (balloon, old clothing). 

hayel, aj. thin-grained, unripe (corn). 

hayel 9ahan. unripe ear /fifteenth developmental stage just prior to 

the appearance of ripe ears, also called c'is-mahan/. 

hayet, av. soaring, gliding. 

shayet ta mahel. recoiling from blow. 

hayetel con, nphr(vn type n)5. flying insects /general term/. 

hayetik, av. cf. hayet (plu). 

hayhay, aj. shallow (bowl, basket, laundry tray, frying pan). 

hayil to, nphr(natt & n)la. wooden laundry tray. 

haylah, av. cf. hayay (plu). 

haylahet, av. cf. hayet (plu). 

hayluh, av. soaring or gliding suddenly. 

haytehayte, av. soaring or gliding one after another. 

hayub, iv. become thin (clothing, sandals). 

hayubtas, tv. make thin /machete, wood/. 

hoy, aj. thin (cloth, corn kernel, bark, peel, pot, tortilla, weeds, sole, palm 

frond, board, adobe), shallow, young-looking. 

hoyhoytik, aj. rather thin (clothing, tortilla, weeds, sole), rather shallow. 

hay(4) prob O. 

hayhon, av. neighing. 

haylahet, av. cf. hayhon (plu).


hay(5) Num. 

hay , n(num & nccpd)le. how many?, several, few. 

hay-kot kar how many horses? (or) several horses, 

hay-lahun-— , n(num & num & nc)cpd5. however many, how many. 

hay-lahun-?ec'el. how many limes?, as many times as. 

hay-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. however many, how many? /implying 

great number/, 

hayib, nle. several, however many, how many? 

hayib 9ora. What time is it? 

hayib t Savak'. How much? /price/. 

shayibal 1 ahabilal. How old are you? 

mu hayuk, nphr(pt & n5). be unable to finish. 

mu hayuk ka9i. I could not finish (or) I could not hear everything. 

mu sa hayuk heakbe ti sk'obike. I could not shake all their hands. 

hi E. 

h?, excl. uh-huh! /exclamation emphasizing the truth of what one has just 

said/, var., hmi. 

be 

he, oh. cf. 9e(l). 

be9(l) E. 

he 1 ), excl. hah! /exclamation of disbelief/, var., yen /Pasted/. 

he? bu m avati 9un. Hah, where did you hear that? 

be9(2) P. 

ho ba, rv. put forth branches and leaves. 

he?ahtik. aj. cf. held /phi/. 

he"?an ba, rv. sit with crossed legs, 

heieah, iv. bow down (branch), 

hewet, av. swaying (heavily laden branch). 

heiel, aj. bowed down (heavily laden branch, heavy-laden corn stalk). 

heielik, aj. cf. heiel /plu/. 

heiet, av. swaying (heavily laden branch). 

he^he 1 ?, aj. bowed down, 

heilahet, av. swaying (heavily laden branches). 

heileh, n4f. bowed down. 

heiluh, av. swaying suddenly (heavily laden branches). 

ho(3) O. 

heiheiho, onom. cackle. 

he?hon, av. cackling (hen looking for place to lay), 

holahet, av. cf. heihon (plu). 

hoomah, iv. cackle (hen looking for place to lay). 

he?tehe9te, av. walking about cackling. 

bee P. 

heeahtik, aj. cf. heeel /plu/. 

heean ba komel, vphr(rv & dr). remain behind, remain sitting crosslegged 

or with legs tucked under oneself. 

heeeah, iv. not heading (cabbage). 

heeel, aj. cross-legged, sitting with legs tucked under, not headed (cabbage). 

heeelik, aj. cf. heeel /plu/. 

heeel, av. sitting cross-legged or with legs tucked under. 

heeetik, av. cf. heeel (plu). 

heehee, aj. not headed (cabbage). 

heehon, av. waddling (fat woman, duck, fat hen), swiveling along on 

rump (legless person), swaying from side to side (drunken woman), 

heei, iv. cross one's legs or tuck one's legs under oneself (woman), 

heelah, av. waddling slowly (plu). 

heelahet, av. cf. heehon (plu). 

heelahetik, av. cf. heehon (plu). 

heeleh, nlf. sitting cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself (woman), 

heeteheete, av. waddling about, sitting here and there swaying from side 

to side (drunken woman). 

h«(l) 1(2). 

hec, nc. In reference to: bags on mule's back /no more than two loaded 

on each mule/, end /clothing/, comer. 

•toy sne sca9-hecel. It has a fringe at both ends. 

ta h-hec cikin mesa, at one comer of the table, 

hec, n5. on the other side. 

ta hec nab. on the other side of the lake (or) river, (or) Grijalva River, 

ta hec 9osil. over there, 

heeahtik, aj. cf. heeel /plu/. 

heceb, nle. one side heavier than the other or lower than the other /load/. 

inan. poss.; on the other side, 

heeelik, aj. large (ear of corn). 

hecem, aj. with one end longer than the other (clothes), crooked (warp), 

hechec, nc. with only one bag /on horse/ /I only/. 

hechec, aj. with one end longer than the other (clothes), 

hecob, nle. one side heavier than the other (or) lower than the other 

/load/, inan. poss.; on the other side, 

hecom, aj. with one end longer than the other (clothes). 

bec(2) T. 

hec, tv. rip off /ear of corn/ /steal/, 

hec ta •Janil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). harvest rapidly. 

hecan, tv. rip off /ears of corn/, 

hecanan, tv. cf. hecan. 

hecanhecan, tv. rip off one after another /ear of corn/, 

hecanhecanan, tv. cf. hecanhecan. 

heeel, nc. rapid harvesting, 

heculan, tv. keep ripping off /ears of corn/, 

heculanan, tv. cf. heculan. 

hec' T. 

hec', tv. bite a piece out of /fruit, cake of sugar/ (person) or /piece of 

wall/ (sheep) or /salty earth/ (horse) or /potato/ (hoe), 

hec', nc. bite /fruit, squash/, 

hec'an, tv. bite pieces out of. 

hec'anan, tv. cf. hec'an. 

hec'anhec'an, tv. bite piece out of one after another, 

hec'anhecanan, tv. cf. hec'anhec'an. 

hec'be, tv. whack at someone or something /with axe or machete/, 

hec'benal, n4f. piece cut out of /potato by hoe/, 

hee'ee'et ie, vphr(av & n4d). grinding teeth (EKL 255;2-14), gnashing 

teeth (drunk, pig, peccary, paca, charcoal cruncher), chattering teeth 

(gopher, person) /with cold/, 

hec'hon, av. gnawing (dog eating bone or ear of corn, gopher), grazing 

(horse, sheep). 

hee'lahet, av. cf. hec'hon (plu). 

hee'lahetik, av. cf. hec'hon (plu). 

hee'luh, av. taking sudden bite out of. 

hec'ulan, tv. keep gnawing (dog gnawing bone), keep grazing (horse, 

sheep). 

hec'ulanan, tv. keep gnawing /plu/. 

hee'van, iv. bite a piece out of person (dog), 

hhec'vaneh ta tfrel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). dangerous dog. 

hefe N(Sp.jefe). 

hefe, n5. boss, var., hepe. 

hek(l) T(2). 

hek, tv. strip /branch, cabbage leaf, corn leaf/, split off. 

hek, iv. split off (branch), 

hek, nc. In reference to: branch that has been broken or pulled off, leg 

of beef or pork. 

hekahtik, aj. cf. hekel(2) /plu/. 

hekan, tv. strip or split off /plu/. 

hekanan, tv. cf. hekan. 

hekanhekan, tv. strip off one after another /branch, cabbage leaf, corn 

leaf/. 

hekanhekanan, tv. cf. hekanhekan. 

hekekil, n4f. cf. hekel(l) /plu/. 

hekel(l), n4f. leg of beef or pork. 

hekel(2), aj. outstretched (arm, leg) /when falling/, widespread (rump, 

i.e., legs), hanging (meat). 

hekel yalel, vphr(aj/pred/& dr). with branch growing downwards, 

hekelik, aj. cf. hekel(2) /plu/.


heket cak, vphr(av & n4d). with legs spread apart /person shinnying up 

tree, chicken hanging by one leg/, 

hekhek, nc. single leg of beef or pork /I only/, 

hckhek yalel, vphr(aj/pred/ & dr). cf. hekel yalel 

heklah, av. moving /legs of meat being carried/ (plu), splitting off. 

hekleh, n4f. whole leg /beef/. 

hekluh, av. splitting off suddenly, 

hektehekte, av. splitting off one after another. 

hek(2) probO. 

hekhon, av. gagging (dog), 

heklahet, av. cf. hekhon (plu). 

heklahetik, av. cf. hekhon (plu). 

hektehekte, av. walking about gagging. 

hel T(2). 

hel, tv. exchange, barter, change /money, clothes/. 

hel, n4b. substitute, change, 

hel ba, rv. be exchanged. 

hel baik, rv. take turns, alternate, rotate /in office/, 

hel-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. reciprocation, 

hel ta be, vphr(tv & prep & n5). take different paths, 

hel tos, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). each one different(ly). 

helahtik, aj. cf. helel /plu/. 

helan, tv. exchange, barter or change /plu/. 

helananan, tv. cf. helan. 

helanhelan, tv. exchange, barter or change many one after another, 

helanhelanan, tv. cf. helanhelan. 

helanhelanbe baik, rv. exchange one /bottle/ after another among each 

other. 

helbe ba, rv. exchange. 

heleah, iv. become unequal in length (pant legs). 

helean, tv. make unequal in length /pant legs/. 

helekil, n4f. many different. 

helel, aj. different. 

helelhelel, n4f. each of many different /wives/. 

helet cak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling /helhon cak preferred/, 

helhel, aj. unequal in length (leg of pants). 

helhel scak. standing with one leg bent at the knee. 

mu su? helhel t sbat li k'ope. The arguments can't be different, i.e., 

People in group must give the same story, 

helhel tos, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). each one different(ly). 

helhon, av. changing repeatedly /clothes/. 

helhon cak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling /with sprained leg or chafing 

sandals/. 

hellahet cak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling /plu/. 

hellahetik, av. cf. helhon (plu). 

helleh, n4f. unequal in length, 

helob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. change of clothes. 

helolil, n3d. substitute /sacrificial chicken/. 

Ritual speech, constables referring to their replacements upon leaving 

office; hmuk'ul helol hmuk'ul pakol. my great substitute, my great 

reciprocation. 

Ritual speech, petitioners referring to prospective fiancee; slok'ol 

shelol vinahelal lane, the image, the substitute of the heavenly 

lady. 

help'uh, iv. have one side become lower (scales). 

help'un, tv. hang from shoulder /shoulder bag, shotgun/, 

help'unan, tv. hang /gourds/ from shoulder, 

help'unanan, tv. cf. help'unan. 

help'unhelp'un, tv. hang from one's shoulder one after another. 

help'unhelp'unan, tv. cf. help'unhelp'un. 

helta, tv. replace /old or dirty clothes for new or fresh clothes, old thatch 

for new/, change /houses/, 

helta ba, tv. change clothes, 

heltaan, tv. replace /plu/. 

heltaanan, tv. cf. heltaan. 

heltahelta, tv. replace one after another /wives/. 

heltaheltaan, tv. cf. heltahelta. 

heltasan, tv. borrow from someone to repay debt to another. 

heltasanan, tv. borrow from many to repay debt to another. 

heltavan, iv. seek substitute for person. 

heltehelte cak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling about. 

helubtas, tv. move, change to. 

helubtas k'op, vphr(tv & n5). interpret, translate. 

helubtasan, tv. move /plu/, change to /plu/. 

helubtasanan, tv. cf. helubtasan. 

helubtasvan, iv. lead person across /river/, help person past obstruction 

on path. 

helulan, tv. keep changing, 

helulan ?ok, vphr(tv // n). hop first on one foot and then the other /dance 

of captain or angel/, pump /bicycle/, 

helulan baik, rv. keep taking turns, 

helulan-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. repeated taking of turns, 

helulanan ?ok, vphr(tv // n). hop first on one foot then the other (plu). 

helulanan baik, rv. cf. helulan baik. 

helvan, iv. change places with person /in religious post/, 

hheltavaneh, agn. person who seeks substitute for another, 

hhelubtasvaneh, agn. ferryman, 

hhelvaneh, agn. person who substitutes for another. 

?ec'-hel ta be, vphr(tv/iv & tvcpd/ & prep & n5). pass by or leave person 

behind. 

?ec"-helanhelan ta be, vphr(tv/iv & tvcpd/ & prep & n5). leave everyone 

behind. 

helav X. 

helav, iv. go ahead, get ahead, reach, pass by, be fast (watch). 

nat helavem ta yabtel. He was left way behind at work. 

shelavel tal. on this side of. 

shelavel ec'el. on that side of, beyond. 

sk'an t shelav li 9anee. lit., The woman wants to get ahead, i.e., The 

woman wants to wear the pants in the family. 

helav k'al Hobel. It reached San Cristobal /dispute/. 

ihelav ye. He shot his mouth off. 

helav pwersa, vphr(iv & n4d). have semenal discharge, 

helav ta mas, vphr(iv & prep & aj). get out of hand, become excessive or 

extreme, overdo, go too far. cf. lee' ta mas. 

helavel, dr. auxiliary verb expressing motion past. 

hem I, T(2). 

hem, tv. push down /earth/, fill /depression/, 

hem, iv. slide down, avalanche, 

hem, nc. avalanche, 

heman, tv. fill /holes/. 

hemanan, tv. cf. heman. 

hemanheman, tv. fill /hole/ one after another, 

hemanhemanan, tv. cf. hemanheman. 

hembenal, n4f. place from where earth has fallen in slide, 

hemeah, iv. give way (ground), 

hemean, tv. make give way /ground/, 

hemeanan, tv. cf. hemean (plu). 

hemel, n5. avalanche, 

hemel, nc. avalanche, 

hemem, av. giving way rapidly (ground), 

hemes, tv. fill, push down, 

hemesan, tv. push down or fill /plu/. 

hemesanan, tv. cf. hemesan. 

hemet, av. slipping, sliding (ground underfoot), 

hemetik, av. cf. hemet. 

hemhem, iv. slide down slightly, 

hemhon, av. slipping, sliding or spreading flat (corn or beans in pile), 

making ground give way. 

hemk'uh, iv. cf. hemeah. 

hemk'un, tv. cf. hemean. 

hemlah, av. giving way rapidly (ground) (sing), 

hemlahet, av. slipping, sliding down here and there (ground), making


ground give way (plu). 

hemluh, av. giving way suddenly (ground), 

hemtehemte, av. slipping or sliding down here and there. 

hen(l) prob P or P(2). 

henel c'ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). chubby (child, puppy, pot), 

henet c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). with chubby belly (child, puppy), 

henhen c'ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). chubby (child, puppy, pot), 

henhon c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). toddling with chubby belly (child, puppy), 

hcnlah c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). cf. henhon c'ut (plu). 

henlahet c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). cf. henhon c'ut. 

henlahetik c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). toddling with chubby belly (children), 

hentehente, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with chubby belly (child, 

puppy). 

ben(2) prob O. 

henhen, nle. giant tropical toad Bufo horribilis. It is thought to be the 

earth lord's maid. 

henhon, av. croaking (giant tropical toad), 

henlahet, av. cf. henhon (plu). 

henuhenuhenu, onom. croak /giant tropical toad/. 

beoeral N(Sp, general). 

heneral, agn. general. 

hep T(2). 

hep, tv. split off /shoot/, chop off /branch/, chop into small pieces, give 

small amount /money/. 

hep, iv. split (wood, fingernail), 

hep, nc. sliver that has been pulled off /wood, incense, pine/, chip 

/tooth/, strip /palm frond/. 

hepan, tv. chop off /branches/, chop into small pieces, 

hepanan, tv. cf. hepan. 

hepanhepan, tv. chip off one after another /pieces of tile/, split off one 

after another /shoots/, 

hepanhepanan, tv. cf. hepanhepan. 

hepel ?ek'el, nphr(aj & n)5. 'axe chip', black-capped swallow Notiochelidon 

pileata/Naben Cauk/ cf. haval lek'el. 

hepel to, nphr(aj & n)5. kindling, chip, splinter. 

hepelul, n4f. chip. 

hephep, nc. single strip /palm frond/ /I only/. 

hcphon, av. chopping at ineffectually, 

heplahetik, av. cf. hephon (plu). 

hepleh, n4f. whole chip, 

hepob, nlf. machete, 

hepobil, nlf. cf. hepob. 

hepulan, tv. keep chopping /with axe or hoe/. 

bepe 

hepe, boss. cf. befe. 

hep'(l) P or P(2). 

bep'-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. small-faced, 

hep'el, aj. small-faced, 

hep'et sat, vphr(av & n4d). small-faced, 

hep'hep', aj. small-faced. 

hep'(2) prob O. 

hep'ep'et, av. gnawing (rat, paca, gopher, charcoal-cruncher), gnashing 

(drunk, peccary, pig). 

hep'hon, av. gnawing (rat, gopher, charcoal-cruncher), 

hep'lahet, av. gnawing (rats), 

hap'lahetik, av. cf. hep'lahet. 

hep'tehep'te, av. gnawing here and there. 

hep'ulan, tv. keep gnawing /stale tortilla/(Chamula). 

herinka N(Sp, jeringa). 

herinka, n5. syringe. 

herka N(Sp, jerga). 

herkail, n3a. woolen tunic. Like all other woolen clothing this is not 

placed in the coffin of its deceased owner, lest his soul be burnt, 

herkain, tv. steal woolen tunic, 

besu-knsto N(Sp, Jesucristo). 

hesu-kristo, n(n & ncpd)5. Jesus Christ. 

Ritual speech, while making sign of cross; dyos hesu-kristo kahval. 

God, Jesus Christ, My Lord. 

hes N. 

hes, nld. unicolored jay Aphelocoma unicolor, steller jay Cyanocitta stelleri, 

green jay Xanthoura yncas. Jays are eaten. They are "cold". It is 

believed that when a male child is born the jays celebrate with a 

dance because they know that the boy will grow up and work in the 

fields, producing more corn for the jays to eat, but a female child 

causes them only sadness and anger, 

heshon, av. calling (jay), 

heslahet, av. cf. heshon (plu). 

heslahetik, av. cf. heshon (plu). 

hesluh, av. calling suddenly (jay), 

hesteheste, av. calling about (jay). 

net P. 

het, n4f. fork /shuttle, slingshot/, 

het, nc. fork /single branching of road, slingshot, tree/, 

het-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5. waddling, hobbling, bowlegged. 

het te 1 ?, nphr(n of n5). tree fork. 

hetan cak, vphr(tv & n4d). stand with legs widely planted, 

hetav, nc. fork /tree, road/, prong /2-3/. 

hetel cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with feet planted wide apart, with one 

foot resting on rock or chair, etc. 

hetet cak, vphr(av & n4d). scrambling up or over, straddling. 

te shetet scak ta nuk' na ihta. There I caught him scrambling over 

the roof ledge /robber/. 

hethet, aj. forked (branches with one perpendicular, one at right angles), 

hethet cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with feet planted wide apart, with one 

foot resting on rock or chair, etc. 

hethon, av. waddling (fat person, duck), swaggering, toddling, hobbling, 

walking bowleggedly. 

hetlahet, av. cf. hethon (plu). 

hetobtaan, tv. straddle over /logs, rocks/. 

hetobtaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. leap frog, 

hettehette cak, vphr(av & n4d). shinnying one after another. 

hi(l) E. 

hi, excl. ohh! /phrase or sentence initial term signifying greatness or 

extent of size or magnitude of action/, var., hih. 

hi nom ibat. Ohh, it went very far! 

hi(2) O. 

hihihihihi, onom. sound used to imitate tune, comparable to humming, 

hihon, av. humming /restricted to children, i is nasalized/. 

hi(3) probO. 

hiet, av. snarling ferociously (dog) /i is nasalized/, 

hilahet, av. cf. hiel (plu)(V2: 19). 

hi->(l> Pt. 

hi*?, pt. yes. var., hihii /nasalization of vowel/. 

hi9hi9tik, pt. yes ... almost, 

lunik, pt. yes ... almost. 

W>(2) P(2) or T(2). 

hi9, tv. spread flat /beans, corn, chili, earth, stones, gravel, coffee beans, 

sand/, pay off entirely at one time. 

ishi? ")o lok'el li yak'lele. She pulled the coals out. 

hi"), nc. clutch /eggs/. 

hi9 ba, rv. slide down (rocks, corncobs), 

hiiahtik, aj. cf. hiiil /plu/. 

hmn, tv. spread flat /plu/, lay /eggs around the yard rather than in nest/, 

hmnan, tv. cf. hitan. 

hr9anhi v >an, tv. spread flat one after another, 

hi'ianhftanan, tv. cf. hiianhiian. 

hfrel, nc. spreading flat. 

hi"?et, av. sliding down (corn, gravel, etc.). 

hifetik, av. cf. hiiet (plu). 

hi")hon, av. lying unwinnowed (corn, beans), spreading flat. 

hiw, av. spreading quickly, 

hiwet, av. sliding down (corn, gravel, etc.).


hiril, aj. spread flat (money, eggs). 

hi?lahet, av. cf. hiihon (plu). 

hi"?lahetik, av. spreading flat (plu). 

hWleh, n4f. expanse of objects spread out. 

hhlehikil, n4f. large expanse of objects spread out. 

hi'iluh, av. sliding down suddenly (rocks, corncobs). 

hrHehrHe, av. rolling or sliding down here and there (rocks, corncobs). 

hi?ulan, tv. keep spreading flat. 

hi?ulan ba, rv. keep spreading flat. 

hib X. 

hibet, av. breezy (cool breeze in lowlands). 

hibibet, av. breezy (cool breeze in lowlands). 

hie I. 

hie, iv. slip (knot). 

hie-moc", tv(iv & tvcpd). make slip knot. 

hiees, tv. loosen /knot/. 

hieesan, tv. loosen /knots/. 

hieet, av. slipping (knot). 

hiehie, iv. slip slightly (knot). 

hiehiees, tv. loosen slightly /knot/. 

hieieet, av. supping (knot). 

hi'riuh, av. slipping suddenly (knot). 

hi'etehiete, av. slipping (l° n g rope). 

hie" prob O. 

hieTion, av. rattling (bones of yalem bek'el), humming (harmonica), 

squeaking /weaving palm, cleaning glass/, 

hie'ie', av. rattling rapidly (bones of yalem bek'et). 

hie'ie'et, av. squeaking (finger rubbed on wood, glass or palm frond), 

buzzing or rasping (saw EKL 258: 1-6). 

hie'il bak, nphr(aj & n)5. yalem bek'et. 

hie'lah, av. rattling rapidly (bones of yalem bek'et). 

hie'lahet, av. rattling (bones of yalem bek'et). 

hie'lahetik, av. squeaking /weaving palm, cleaning glass/ (plu). 

hie'luh, av. rattling suddenly, 

hi'e'tehi'e'te, av. rattling about (bones of yalem bek'et), walking about 

humming /with harmonica/. 

hic'(l) P. 

hic'ahtik, aj. cf. hie'il /plu/. 

hie'eah, iv. become slender or narrow (palm strip, bottle), 

hie'ean, tv. make slender or narrow, 

hic'hic", aj. slender (stick, person). 

hie'il, aj. slender (thread, corn cob, hoe handle, stick, arm, leg), narrow 

(palm strip). 

hie'il snuk'. lit., His throat is slender; i.e., He sings falsetto. 

hie'il ssat li vo? li?e. The water here is sweet /or soft/. 

Male joking speech; yih pero komkom nat pero hie'il. thick but 

short, long but slender (penis), 

hie'il ?akusa e'iilel, cf. ?akusa e'ivlcl. 

hie'il ?anal eele-pat, cf. eele-pat. 

hie'il ?anal pak' cak, cf. pak' cak. 

hie'il lanal saho"), cf. sahov. 

hie'il 9anal sun, cf. sun. 

hie'il ''anal to, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'slender-leaved tree', guatemalan 

jessamine Cestrum guatenwlense, #441(1,2,3). Temperate "tree". 

cordia Cordia foliosa, #2131(11). Temperate "tree". Viburnum hartwegii, 

#2102(14). Temperate "tree", 

hie'il -)anal toh, cf. toh. 

hic'il bakal, cf. ?isim. 

hie'il met, cf. met. 

hic'il te9, nphr(aj & n)la. switch /for sheep, chickens or dog/, 

hic'il yasal pek' me*?el, cf. pek' mcel. 

hic'ilik, aj. cf. hic'il /plu/. 

hic'ilik lanal habnal, cf. habnal. 

hic'ilub ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). become narrower (woven palm), 

hic'ilubtas, tv. make slender /thread when spinning, woven palm, hoe 

handle/. 

hic'ilubtasan, tv. make slender /plu/. 

hic'ilul, n4f. slenderness. 

hie'leh, n4f. slenderness /unhealthy corn stalk/. 

hie'lehikil, n4f. cf. hie'leh /plu/. 

hic'ubtas, tv. make slender /thread when spinning//infr/. 

hic'(2) prob O. 

hic'hon, av. grinding /rumbling of mano on metate/, clopping (hobnailed 

sandals, shod horse), sawing (VI: 17). 

hic'ic'et, av. rattling (EKL 259: 1-5). 

hie'luh, av. grinding suddenly /sound/. 

hic'tehic'te, av. clattering about (charcoal-cruncher). 

hib 

hih, ohh! cf. hi. 

hihi> 

hihi, yes. cf. hi9(l). 

hiho E(Sp, hijo). 

hiho, excl. hell! /exclamation of surprise or amazement/. 

hiho-la cingara, exclphr(excl & xcpd & excl). son of a bitch! /exclamation 

of surprise or amazement, used also to cuss out mules/, var., liho-la 

cingara, ho-la cingara, hiho-lela cingara. 

hikamo N(N, xicama). 

hikamo, nld. jicama Pachyrhizus erosus, #3020(1,4,5,11). Lowland vine" 

(4)-lt is grown by the people of Acala and Chiapa. The seeds are 

planted in November, one to a hole. The root is harvested at the end 

of December and in January. It is cold". (ll)-It is planted by a few 

ladinos in May and harvested in January. It is sold at market, var., 

hikamu /Htek-lum/. 

hikamotik, n5. field of jicamas. 

hikamo lak', nphr(n type n). wild yam bean Pachyrhizus strigosus, 

#2628(22). Lowland "vine" 

hikamu 

hikamu, jicama. cf. hikamo. 

hik'(l) T. 

hik', tv. inhale. 

shik' yoon. He sighs /from sadness/. 

hik' muyel, vphr(tv & dr). pump /water/. 

hik'av, iv. choke, drown (person, animal, plant). If a person drowns in 

a river it is believed that the rain will cease for a while because the river 

has gotten "its meal". 

hik'hon, av. sobbing, braying (V2: 13). 

sTiik'hon t S9ok'. braying. 

hik'hon w>on, vphr(av & n4d). sighing deeply and frequently /sadness/. 

hik'honah, iv. sigh /daily/. 

hik'ik', aj. suffocating, acrid. 

hik'ik' ec'el, vphr(av & dr). whooping and dying. 

hik'ik' te 1 ), nphr(aj & n). 'acrid tree', mullein nightshade Solanum verbascifolium, 

#1304(# 1,3,4,5)- Lowland "tree" #2594(1,3). Temperate 

"tree". Solanum erianthum, #2159(1). Temperate "tree", 

eahal hik'ik' tei, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Jacobinia sp., #2565(1,4). 


hik'ik'et, av. whooping, gasping for breath. 

hik'ik'ul 9obal, nphr(aj & n)5. whooping cough. 

hik'lahet, av. whooping /whooping cough/, sobbing (plu). 

shik'lahet t siok'. It brays /donkey/. 

hik'lahetik, av. cf. hik'lahet (plu). 

hik'luh, av. giving sudden whoop. 

hik'ob, nlf. water pump. 

hik'obil, nlf. cf. hik'ob. 

hik'ul ?obal, nphr(aj & n)5. whooping cough. 

hik'ulan, tv. pump /water/. 

hhik'ik'-won, agn(aj & nepd). sighing person. 

hhik'ik'- r >o')onal, agn(aj & nepd). sighing person. 

hhik'avel, agn. person who is suffocating or drowning. 

bik'(2) X. 

hik'a, tv. winnow /corn, beans/, fan. 

hik'aan, tv. winnow /corn/, winnow /beans/.


hik'ah, iv. be winnowed or fanned. 

hilc'ahiic'aan, tv. winnow one after another. 

hik'aob, nlf. basket for winnowing corn. 

hik'aobil, nlf. cf. hik'aob. 

hik'olah, iv. winnow. 

hik'omah, iv. winnow. 

hhik'aeMisim, agn(vn & ncpd). corn winnower. 

hil prob P or P(2). 

hil, nc. strip/fresh or jerked meat/. 

hil , nphr(n4f of n5). every /night, week, day, month, year/, 

daily, monthly, yearly, nightly, weekly. 

hileah, iv. be faint or dead with exhaustion. 

hilean ba, rv. be faint or dead with exhaustion. 

hileanvan, iv. exhaust person. 

hilc'uh, iv. become uncoiled, stretch out, open up (flower). 

hilc'uhem sbikil. His intestines are uncoiled /from diarrhea/. 

hilc'un, tv. unfold, uncoil. 

shilc'unohbe labal yakubel. He has become a chronic drunk. 

hilc'un ba, rv. uncoil (rope, snake). 

hilc'unan, tv. unfold or uncoil /plu/. 

hilc'unhilc'un, tv. unfold or uncoil one after another. 

hilc'unhilc'unan, tv. cf. hilc'unhilc'un. 

hilet, av. worn out /from sickness/, being dragged along (drunk). 

hilhil, nc. single strip /fresh or jerked meat/ /I only/. 

hilhil, aj. adolescent /fourteen to fifteen years/. 

hilhon tal, vphr(av & dr). arriving empty-handed, rushing about. 

hilic', aj. unfolded, uncoiled, open (hand). 

ta hlamta hba ta hilic'. I will wrap it around myself unfolded. 

hilikil, n4f. many strips /fresh or jerked meat/. 

hilil, aj. stretched out /drunk or exhausted/. 

hilil ec'el, av. dying /lit., being dragged away/. 

hililet, av. uncoiling rapidly (rolls of paper tossed at fiestas, hank of yarn 

being measured). 

hilk'uh, iv. cf. hilc'uh. 

hilleh, n4f. whole strip. 

hilluh, av. uncoiling suddenly (rope, snake). 

hiliehilte, av. rushing about one after another, walking about emptyhanded 

/without bringing gifts to family/. 

hhileanvaneh, agn. diarrhea, vomiting. 

hila 

hila, row. cf. hilo. 

hilo N(Sp, fila). 

hilo, nla. row /cultivated plants/, var., hila /infr/. 

him T. 

him, tv. turn /handle of corn-grinder/. 

him, onom. ping (bullet VI: 20) /richocheting/. 

him, nc. shot of slingshot. 

him baik, rv. wrestle. 

him-bail ta lum, nphr(vn/tv &. rpncpd/5 & prep & n5). wrestling on the 

ground. 

him hoi, vphr(tv // n). shake head negatively or in gesture of disgust or 

annoyance (person, horse). 

him yalel, vphr(tv & dr). hurl to the ground /person/. 

him yalel, vphr(iv & dr). fall to the ground (object falling from one's 

grasp). 

himan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). whirl away /plu/. 

himanan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. himan ec'el. 

hi'manhirnan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). whirl away one after another. 

hi'manhi'man hoi, vphr(tv // n). shake heads one after another /in disagreement/. 

liimanhimanan. tv. whirl away one after another. 

hi'manhi'manan hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. himanhiman hoi. 

himbe, tv. swing at someone /machete, stick/. 

him ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). whirl away /stick, stone with slingshot/, throw 

aside /person/. 

himel, nc. turning /handle/. 

himet balamil, vphr(av & n5). feeling dizzy. 

himet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). feeling dizzy. 

hirrihim, nld. bullroarer. 

himhon, av. switching (horse's tail). 

himhon k'ob, vphr(av & n4d). swinging arm. 

himic', nld. sling /made of woven fiber and formerly used to hunt birds/. 

himic" sik, cf. sik. 

himic' te 1 ), nphr(n type n)la. throwing stick /for knocking down fruit, 

chickens, wasp nests/. 

himic'ah, iv. shoot slingshot. 

himic'ta, tv. shoot slingshot at. 

himim, av. swirling around (dizziness). 

himimet, av. whirring (corn mill EKL 252: 1-21). 

himimet balamil, vphr(av & n5). with earth spinning around /dizziness/. 

himimet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). with head spinning /dizziness/. 

himlah, av. hurrying and swinging arms. 

himlahet k'ob, vphr(av & n4d). cf. himhon k'ob (plu). 

himlahetik, av. cf. himhon k'ob (plu). 

hrmluh, av. whirling away, rushing away or pinging suddenly. 

himobil, n4f. slingshot. 

hi'mtehi'mte k'ob, vphr(av & n4d). walking along swinging arm. 

himulan, tv. twirl /pom-pom of scarf, lasso, bullroarer/, shake head /in 

disagreement/, swing /legs/. 

himulan ba, rv. twist and turn /to break away/. 

himulan ne, vphr(tv & n4d). switch tail (horse, cow). 

himulanan, tv. twirl /lassos/. 

himulanan baik, tv. keep wrestling (plu). 

himulanbe, tv. keep swinging at someone /machete, stick/. 

himvan, iv. make person dizzy. 

himvan ta lum, vphr(iv & prep & n5). hurl person to the ground. 

hhimic'ahel, agn. person who shoots slingshot. 

hhimvaneh ta lum, agn(nphr/vn & prep & n5/). wrestler, person who 

throws another to ground. 

hin 1(2). 

hin, iv. fall (cliff), roll down (rocks), fall off pile (adobe, brick, rock), 

topple over (tree), slide down (corn). 

hin ba, rv. roll down. 

hineah, iv. roll down, fall off pile, topple over (tree), slide down (earth, 

corn). 

hinean, tv. push down. 

hines, tv. push or roll down. 

hinesan, tv. push down /plu/. 

hinesanan, tv. cf. hinesan. 

hinesobil, n4f. lever, crowbar. 

hinhon, av. grinding /rumbling of mano on metate/. 

hinil cawl, ajphr(aj & aj). messy, cluttered, packed /with people/. 

hinil vuk'ul, ajphr(aj & aj). messy, cluttered, packed /with people/, 

hinil vuk'ul k'usuk yu'un. His things are in a mess, 

hinil vuk'ul t ssanav. He stumbles along without speaking to anyone. 

hinin, av. thudding (falling earth, firewood, rocks, ears of corn or adobes, 

etc.). 

hininet, av. thudding (falling earth, rocks, ears of corn being poured into 

bag), swooshing (corn moving by itself in corn bin). The swooshing of 

corn in the corn bin is thought to indicate that the corn's soul is going 

out to divert itself on a Sunday or that it is leaving the house permanently 

because of the infidelity of its owner or his wife. 

hink'uh, iv. cf. hineah. 

hink'un, tv. cf. hinean. 

hinlah, av. cf. hinin. 

hinlahet, av. cf. hinhon (plu). 

hinlahetik, av. cf. hinhon (plu). 

hinleh, n4f. fallen down. 

hinp'uh, iv. cf. hineah. 

hinp'un, tv. cf. hinean. 

hi'ntehinte, av. falling one after another. 

hinuh, onom. rumble /grinding on metate/.


hinulan, tv. grind first time /corn/. 

hinulan, iv. keep rolling down (rocks), keep falling off pile (adobe, brick, 

rock), keep sliding down (corn). 

hip P(2), T(2). 

hip, tv. throw, 

hip ba, rv. throw oneself /on horse/, throw oneself /on ground/ (child 

in temper tantrum, drunk). 

hip ba ta 9uk'um, vphr(rv & prep & n5). jump into river, 

hip baik, rv. wrestle /often has sexual connotation/. 

hip-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. throwing oneself /on ground/. 

hip ta pat, vphr(tv & prep & n4d) throw or put on one's back /load/, put 

on one's back /baby/. 

hip ta pat hoi, vphr(tv & prep & nphr/n4f of n4d/). forget forever. 

hipan, tv. hang up, hang /person to cause death or to extort confession/. 

hipan ba, rv. hang from /branch/, pull against rope (horse, cow), 

hipan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). throw things, 

hipanan, tv. hang up (plu). 

hipanan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. hipan ec'el. 

hipanhi'pan, tv. hang up one after another, 

hi'panhi'panan, tv. cf. hipanhipan. 

hipanhipan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). throw one after another, 

hi'panhi'panan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. hipanhipan ec'el. 

hipanvan, iv. hang person. 

hipcah, iv. slip down, 

hipet, av. hanging, balking, clinging. 

hipetik, av. bouncing up and down (scales). 

hiphip hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). hanging down (burden falling off 

mule), 

hiphip ta cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n4d). swaying precariously low 

down on back /mule, person/. 

hiphon, av. swinging, swaying (branch, wasp nest, hammock), oscillating 

(pendulum), 

hipi, iv. cling to. 

hipil, aj. hung from (Christ on cross), tethered, hanging. 

hipip, av. swinging. 

hipipet, av. swaying, 

hipk'uh, iv. cf. hipeah. 

hiplah, av. swinging (sing or plu). 

hiplahet, av. swinging (monkeys, hanging objects). 

hiplahetik, av. cf. hiplahet. 

hipleb vonon, nphr(n of n). 'bumblebee swing', cigar flower Cuphea aequipetala, 

#2034(17). Highland "plant" Juslicia clinopodium, 

# 1903(17). Temperate plant". As a remedy for diarrhea and nausea 

a small bunch is brewed. A half cup is drunk before breakfast. 

It is "hot", 

hiplebal, n3d. hook, 

hipleh, nlf. swinging. 

hipluh, av. swinging suddenly. 

hipp'uh, iv. cf. hipeah. 

hipp'un, tv. pull down. 

hi'ptehipte, vphr(av & dr). swinging about (monkey, squirrel), 

hipuh, iv. swing from. 

hipuh lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). struggle out of. 

hipuhebal, n3d. swing. 

hipulan, tv. keep throwing, swing /hammock/. 

hipulan ba, rv. struggle wildly (unbroken horse, prisoner). 

hipulanan baik, rv. struggle wildly (plu). 

hipulanvan, iv. throw person about (car), swing person, 

hhipanvaneh, agn. hangman, 

hhipulanvaneh, agn. person who swings another. 

his T. 

his, tv. cut in strips /meat/, tear in strips /palm/, cut in chunks /squash/, 

strip man of strength (oversexed woman), strip off /fruit, flowers, leaves, 

pine needles/ (rain, wind, person), saw lengthwise, pull out /nits/, 

his, nc. stitched section of clothing, 

his, onom. swish /sound of snake passing/. 

hisan, tv. tear in strips much /palm/, cut in strips much /meat/, strip off 

/fruits/. 

hi'sanhisan, tv. strip off one after another /fruit on tree/. 

hisanhisanan, tv. cf. hisanhisan. 

hisbe, tv. cause to whistle toward someone /bullet, stick, machete/. 

ishisbe smis'ik'. She tore his umbilical cord /midwife who punctures 

and tears cord, squeezing out the blood before the cord is cut, so that 

baby won't have stomachache/, 

hisbenal, n4f. palm already torn in strips, 

hiset, av. pouring (rain), 

hishis, nc. single section of clothing /I only/. 

hishon, av. whipping, stripping off /fruit/, 

hisikil, n4f. many sections of clothing, 

hisis tal, vphr(av & dr). slithering rapidly towards, approaching rapidly 

(heavy drizzle). 

hisisanbe, tv. whip repeatedly. 

hisiset, av. drizzling heavily, whistling (wind V3: 3), howling (wind 

EKL 255: 1-4). 

hisiset k'us'ul c'ut, vphr(av & nphr/n4f of n4d/). feeling stomach 

cramps. 

hislah, av. hurrying and whipping /mules/ (plu). 

hislahet, av. whipping repeatedly /mules/ (plu). 

hislahetik, av. stripping off /fruit/ (plu). 

hisleh, n4f. entire section of clothing, 

hi'sluh, av. falling face first (person), darting (snake), whacking or 

whipping suddenly. 

hisob, nlf. knife, needle or thread to split palm frond, saw. 

hisobil, nlf. cf. hisob. 

hisolah, iv. cut in strips /meat/, 

hisomal, nc. wide sewn section of clothing, 

histehiste, av. walking along whipping /horse/, 

hisulan, tv. keep cutting in strips or chunks, 

hisvan, iv. strip person's strength. 

t sliisvan li camel k'al bae"i eoe t sak'e. Sickness strips a person's 

strength when it is very severe. 

t shisvan lane ti mi toh muk'e pero ha9 ti bu yocol nos li vinike. A 

woman strips a person's strength if she is too large but that's only if 

the man is weak. 

hhis-bek'et, agn(tv & ncpd). butcher, 

hhisolahel, agn. butcher. 

hhisvaneh, agn. woman who strips man of strength. 

hit X. 

hituh, iv. become untied. 

hituhebal, n5. moment just before something becomes untied, 

hitun, tv. untie. 

Ritual speech, shaman praying for release of patient who has been 

sold to the earth; hitunbon tal ti yo yak'ile ti yo sc'ahnule. Untie for 

me his lowly cords, his lowly ropes. 

hitun ba, rv. untie self, untie one's bonds, free self, 

hitunan, tv. untie /plu/. 

hitunanan, tv. cf. hitunan. 

hitunhi'tun, tv. untie one after another, 

hitunhi'tunan, tv. cf. hitunhitun. 

hftunhi'tunanan, tv. cf. hitunhitun. 

hit' T(2). 

hit', tv. lash with vines /house and walls, corral, fence/. 

hit' baik, rv. form a long line /infr/. 

hit' na, nphr(nlf of nld). vertical pole of wooden house wall, 

hit'ahtik, aj. cf. hit'il /plu/. 

hit'ak, tv. prepare warp lashing, 

hit'ak, nla. warp lashing, 

hit'akil holobil, nphr(natt & n)5. warp lashing, 

hit'an, tv. lash /fence, corral or house posts/, 

hit'anan, tv. cf. hit'an. 

hi't'anhit'an, tv. lash^ one after another, 

hi't'anhi't'anan, tv. ct hit'anhitan.


hifbenal, n4f. lashing. 

hit'bil na, nphr(aj & n)5. house with board or pole walls lashed together 

by vines. 

hit'ebal, n5. moment just before lashing is finished. 

hit'el, nc. lashing. 

hit'et, av. walking in a long line. 

hit'etik, av. cf. hit'et (plu). 

hit"hon, av. lashing /fence, house, etc./. 

hit'il, aj. in a long line (people). 

hit'ilik, aj. cf. hit'il /plu/. 

hit'it', av. walking in long line. 

hit'it'et, av. walking in a long line, standing in long rows of equal height 

(young com). 

hitlahet, av. cf. hit'hon (plu). 

hit'ob, nlf. vine or twilled grass for fence, etc. 

hit'ob na, nphr(n of n). 'house lashing', morning glory Ipomoea sp., 

#2157(7). Temperate "vine" 

hit'obil, nlf. cf. hit'ob. 

hit'ulan, tv. keep lashing with vines. 

hit'van, iv. form people in long lines. 

hhit'vaneh, agn. person who forms others in long lines. 

him 

hm?, uh-huh! cf. hi. 

bo-la 

ho-la, son of a bitch! cf. kiho. 

lw)(l) T. 

ho 1 ), tv. smooth /stone, metate/. 

hoiel, nc. smoothing /stone, metate/. 

ho->hon, av. smoothing /stone, metate/. 

hoiilan, tv. smooth /stone, metate/. 

hclahetik, av. cf. hoihon (plu). 

boi(2) O. 

ho 1 ), onom. low moan /tree or door in wind/. 

hoilih, av. scraping suddenly (chair), squealing suddenly (car V3: 9) 

/braking/. 

howet, av. moaning (door in wind), squealing (car V3: 9) /braking/, 

scraping (chair V2: 1). 

hotel N. 

nobel, n 1 d. grass, thatch. If a farmer carelessly leaves his hoe in the field 

it is thought that the soul /c'ulel/of the grass will beat and dull the blade 

of its enemy, the hoe, and simultaneously tire out the farmer. 

hobel, n5. San Cristobal de las Casas. 

hobel toh, nphr(n type n)5. Tenejapa /archaic/. 

hobelah, iv. make trip to San Cristobal. 

hobelal 9avarto, nphr(natt & n). 'packsaddle grass', gama grass Tripsacum 

lanceolatum, # 1551(1,3,11,12). Temperate plant" The stalks are 

cut with an axe or billhook by the Zinacantecs of Cobtik and are then 

bound to make packsaddles. 

hobelal na, nphr(natt & n)5. thatch-roofed house. 

hobelal na, nphr(natt & n). 'house grass*, muhly Muhlenbergia stricta, 

# 1559(11,12). Temperate "plant" (11)-It is used for thatch by Cobtik 

Zinacantecs. Between twelve and sixteen hundred are needed. They 

are cut with a billhook. 

hobelal salma, nphr(natt & n). 'packsaddle grass', beard grass Andropogon 

bicornis, #700(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant" It is used by ladinos for 

packsaddles. beard grass Andropogon glomeratus, #1516(1,3). Highland 

"plant", robust muhly Muhlenbergia robusta, #2279(3,4). Highland 

"plant", muhly Muhlenbergia breviligula, #2702(15). Temperate 

"plant" 

sakil hobelal salma, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). beard grass Andropogon 

glomeratus, #2258(3,4). Highland "plant". 

hobelaltik, n5. large grass field. 

hobeltik, n5. grass field. 

hhobel toh, agn(nphr/n type n/). Tenejapan /archaic/. 

hhobel tohahel, agn(nphr/n type n/). person going to, at, or coming from 

Tenejapa. 

hhobelahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from San Cristdbal. 

hhobelal 'Josil, agn(nphr/natt & n/)5. inhabitant of San Cristobal. 

bae'i hobel, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. lana hobel. 

hoe(l) T. 

hoean, tv. pull up /plu/. 

hoeanan, tv. cf. hoean. 

hoeanbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). grab many /children/ by the hair. 

hoeanhoean, tv. pull up one after another /beans/. 

hoeanhoeanan, tv. cf. hoeanhoean. 

hoebe, tv. pull up indiscriminately (horse, person pulling up weeds, 

beans). 

hoebe hoi, vphrftv & n4d). grab by the hair, 

hoeel, nc. pulling of person's hair, 

hoehon, av. grazing. 

hoeilananbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. hoeanbe hoi. 

hoeilanbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). keep grabbing by the hair, 

hoelahet, av. cf. hoehon (plu). 

hoelahetik, av. cf. hoehon (plu). 

hoeobi], n4f. rake. 

hoeoeet, av. sticking (bandaid being pulled off). 

hoe(2) prob O. 

hoeet, av. wheezing threateningly (indigo snake), 

hoeoeet, av. wheezing threateningly (indigo snake). 

hoc" prob T(2). 

hoe 5 , tv. clean /well/, pull out /embers, squash seeds/, dish up /meal/, 

harvest /honey/, drag out /person from house to be killed/, rake, 

hoe* TOVOI, vphr(tv & vn5). scratch up corn (birds, raccoon). 

hoe 1 ba, rv. tickle one's throat to induce vomiting, 

hoe'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. tickling of one's throat, luring of person out 

of home /to kill him/. 

hoe'an ''ovol, vphr(tv & vn5). scratch up a lot of corn. 

hoe"anan ''ovol, vphr(tv & vn5). cf. hoe'an ">ovol. 

hoe'anhoe'an, tv. dish out one after another, 

hoe'anhoe'anan. tv. cf. hoe'anhoe'an. 

hoe'anhoe'an lovol, vphr(tv & vn5). scratch up corn kernels one after 

another, 

hoe'anhoe'an lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). pull one thing out after another /from 

net, etc./. 

hoe'el, nc. digging up /clay/, dishing up /meal/, 

hoe'hoe'-hak', tv(aj & tvcpd). ask searching questions, grill, pry. 

ta shoe'hoe'-hak'be mi sal ti k'usi smule. He grilled him to see if he 

would admit his guilt. 

tol shoehoe'-hak' bu sik'ototik. She is always nosy about where we 

are going. 

hoe'hoe' k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. inquiry, 

hoe'hoe'-k'opta, tv(aj & tvcpd). ask searching questions, 

hoe'hon, av. scratching /ground/ (dog), frisking (soldier), groping /for 

mate in bed, for mother's breast/. 

hoe"ilan, tv. root around, search here and there, keep scratching up (dog, 

chicken). 

hoe'ilan ba, rv. keep tickling one's throat to induce vomiting. 

hoe'ilanan, tv. search here and there. 

hoeMahet, av. scratching ground (dogs, chickens), frisking (soldiers), 

hoe'lahetik, av. cf. hoe'lahet (plu). 

hoe'ob, nlf. spoon, ladle. 

hoe"ob lum, nphr(n 1 f of n 1 d). place where clay is dug for pottery, cup for 

digging earth. 

hoe"obil, nlf. cf. hoe'ob. 

hoe'obil lum, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. hoe'ob lum. 

hoe"olah, tv. scratch up here and there, 

hoe'tehoe'te, av. searching here and there, scratching ground here and 

there. 

hoeVan ta na, vphr(iv & prep & n5). lure person out of house to murder 

him. 

hhoe'-iovol, agn(tv & ncpd). animal that scratches up corn. 

hhoe'-ve'>elil, agn(tv & ncpd). woman who dishes out food.


hhoe'ol, agn. animal that scratches up corn (raccoon), 

hhoe'vaneh ta na, agn(vphr/iv & prep & n5/). murderer. 

hoc P(2). 

hoc, tv. drag to court, compel to be married. 

ishoc ta persa yalib ta kavilto iyik' li skreme yu?un êp sa lahem tak'in 

k'alal ismelean sbaike. He compelled his (future) daughter-in-law to 

have a civil marriage; she married his son because he (the boy) had 

already spent a lot of money when they made the settlement. 

hoc, nc. drag /branches/. 

hoc ba, rv. drag oneself along, walk along feeling very ill. 

hocahtik, aj. cf. hocol /plu/. 

hocan, tv. drag with difficulty /branches, trees/. 

hocan ba, rv. lie or stand feebly, 

hocanan, tv. cf. hocan. 

hocanhocan, tv. drag one after another with difficulty, 

hocanhocanan, tv. cf. hocanhocan. 

hocel, nc. dragging /branches/. 

hocet, av. dragging along with difficulty, walking aimlessly. 

hocetik, av. cf. hocel (plu). 

hochoc, aj. too long (shorts). 

hochon, av. dragging oneself along, dragging along with difficulty, hurrying 

with flapping /sandal/, rustling, rattling (broken fiddle), flapping 

(bladder V4: 6) /while being inflated/, 

hoci, iv. stand aimlessly. 

hocilan, tv. keep dragging with difficulty, drag along /child/, retard 

another person's progress (tired wife on trail). 

t shocilan ta kavilto. He keeps dragging /someone/ to the town 

hall. 

hocilan ba, rv. make trip in vain. 

hocilanan, tv. cf. hocilan. 

hocilanan baik, rv. drag each other around (drunks). 

hoclah, av. hurrying with flapping /sandals/ (plu). 

hoclahet, av. cf. hochon (plu). 

hoclahclik, av. cf. hochon (plu). 

hocleh, nlf. standing aimlessly or feebly, fallen behind /on path/. 

hoclehikil, n4f. cf. hocleh /plu/. 

hoclih, av. making sudden rasping sound (canvas, corn husk or paper 

dragged on ground). 

hococ, av. dragging along with difficulty, 

hococet, av. scraping /sound of gobbler scraping wings on ground when 

displaying, of branches dragged on ground or of drunk dragged by the 

arms/, 

hocol, aj. standing aimlessly or feebly, too long (shorts, boy's smock, 

net). 

hoctehocte, av. ambling about, rattling about, 

hocvan, iv. drag person. 

hhocvaneh, agn. person who drags another along. 

hoc'(l) A, N. 

hoc', n4a. powder of worm-eaten corn, beans or wood. inan. poss.; shoe' 

(or) shoc'al (or) shoi'il. 

hoc', aj. worm-eaten (corn, beans, wood), 

hoc'ib, iv. become worm-eaten, 

hoc'ibtas, tv. riddle (weevil). 

hoc'ibtasan, tv. riddle /corn, beans, wood/ (weevils, wood beetles). 

hoc'in, iv. become worm-eaten. 

boc'(2) T. 

hoc', tv. strike /match/. 

hoc'an, tv. strike /matches/, 

hoc'anan, tv. cf. hoc'an. 

hoc'anhoc'an, tv. strike one after another, 

hoc'anhoc'anan, tv. cf. hoc'anhoc'an. 

hoe'et, av. scraping, 

hoc'hon, av. make scratching sound (dog on door, rat dragging corn 

husk), clanking (hoe on rock), scraping /bowl clean/. 

hoc'ilan, tv. keep striking /match/. 

hoe'lah, av. scrambling (cat up roof) (sing). 

hoe'lahet, av. make scratching or rustling sound (dog, rat, cat). 

hoe'lahet ta ti? na, vphr(av & prep & nphr/n of n/5). standing about 

outside door (person who is not allowed in). 

hoe'lahetik, av. cf. hoe'lahet (plu). 

hoe'lih, av. scratching or rustling suddenly. 

hod'ob, nlf. striking section of match box, piece of metal used to scrape 

up weeds. 

hoc'obil, nlf. cf. hoc'ob. 

hoc'oc'et, av. rustling, scratching, shattering (glass VI: 10), scraping (object 

on smooth surface EKL 259: 17), crashing (dragging logs EKL 259: 

1-4). 

hoc'tehoc'te, av. make scratching sound here and there (mouse). 

boh N. 

hoh, nle. common raven Corvus corax. The raven is not considered 

edible. It is believed that a single call of a raven in the afternoon is an 

announcement of death. The raven is credited with great wealth because 

of its habit of stealing matured corn which it presumably carries 

to its cave. 

hoh, n5. ear of corn that bifurcates at top. 

hohhon, av. cawing. 

hohlahet, av. cf. hohhon (plu). 

hohoc' N. 

hohoc', nle. corn husk. If a person eats corn on the cob with the husk 

still attached, he is liable to become the target of someone's angry words. 

hohoc' vinik, vphr(n type n)5. thin man /light as a feather/. 

hohoc'al iuc'imo9, nphr(natt & n)5. posol wrapped in corn husk. 

hohoc'in, tv. take corn husk. 

hok T. 

hokan nil, vphr(tv & n4d). snort many times (frightened horse). 

hokanhokan ni?, vphr(tv & n4d). snort one after another (frightened 

horses). 

hokanhokanan ni"), vphr(tv & n4d). cf. hokanhokan nit. 

hokbe vayel, vphr(tv & vn5). snore. 

hoket, av. snorting (frightened horse), snoring. 

hoket ni7, vphr(av & n4d). snoring, snorting (frightened horse). 

hoketah nil, vphr(iv & n4d). snore /restricted to third person/. 

hoketik, av. cf. hoket (plu). 

hokhon, av. snorting (frightened horse), snoring. 

hoklahet ni9, vphr(av & n4d). snoring /plu/. 

hoklahetik, av. cf. hoket (plu). 

hoklih ni9, vphr(av & n4d). snorting suddenly (frightened horse). 

hokoket nil, vphr(av & n4d). snoring. 

hoktehokte, av. walking about snorting (frightened horse). 

hoko N(Sp, foco). 

hoko, nla. flashlight. var.,/o/co. 

hokoin, tv. steal flashlight. 

hok'(D T. 

hok', tv. dig up, harvest /potatoes, chayote root, soaproot/, dig. 

ishok' sc'enal 9oy. He dug a post hole, 

ishok' yav na. He dug a foundation, 

ishok' yok na. He dug under the house (dog). 

hok'an, tv. dig up /mud/, harvest /potatoes, etc./. 

hok'anhok'an, tv. dig up one after another. 

hok'anhok'anan, tv. cf. hok'anhok'an. 

hok'ilan, tv. keep digging or digging up. 

hok'ilanan, tv. keep digging in many places, keep digging up /plu/. 

hok'ob, nlf. shovel, pick, digging stick, hoe. 

hok'obil, nlf. cf. hok'ob. 

hok'olah, iv. root (pig). 

hok'(2) P. 

hok'ahtik, aj. cf. hok'ol /plu/. 

hok'an, tv. hang up, hang, tether. 

Ritual speech, shaman referring to his patient for whom he is seeking 

divine protection; t sba hhok'anbe 9o t sba heoyanbe ô. With this 

/visit/, 1 am going to suspend him, I am going to entrust him. 

hok'an ba, rv. hang self, pull against rope, cling to, hang from.


hok'an ba ta kahvaltik, vphr(rv & prep & n5). visit shrines /have curing 

ceremony/. 

hok'anan, tv. hang up /plu/. 

hok'aneh-bai], vn(tv & rpncpd)5. curing ceremony involving visit to 

mountain shrines. 

hok'anhok'an, tv. hang up one after another. 

hok'anhok'anan, tv. cf. hok'anhok'an. 

hok'anob, nlf. line, rope /for hanging clothes, meat, bags of toasted 

tortillas/, hook. 

hok'anobil, nlf. cf. hok'anob. 

hok'anvan, iv. hang person. 

hok'eah, iv. take a long time. 

hok'ean, tv. delay /a person/. 

hok'eanan, tv. delay /people/. 

hok'eanvan, iv. delay a person. 

hok'et, av. hanging on to, clinging to (dog attacking person, person clinging 

to tree). 

hok'etik, av. cf. hok'et (plu). 

hok'hon, av. clinging to (child to mother's skirts, person to tree). 

hok'i, iv. cling to, hang from. 

t shok'i ta krus kahvaltik. Our Lord is hung on the cross /Good 

Friday/. 

hokTs'ih muyel, vphr(iv & dr). being pulled up /on rope/, climb /cliff/. 

hokic'ihel, vn5. visit to distant shrine. 

hokTah muyel, vphr(av & dr). clambering up (sing). 

hok'lahet, av. clinging to (person or people to trees). 

hokiahetik, av. cf. hok'hon (plu). 

hok'leb, nlf. place where things are hung from, hook. 

hok'leb eo">op e'unun, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). 'hummingbird nest 

perch*, Digiticalia chiapensis, #1932(1,3,4). Temperate "plant" 

hokleb vonon, nphr(n of n). 'bumblebee perch', Tigridia hallbergii, 

#2149(14). Temperate plant" 

hok'lih, av. cringing suddenly to. 

hok'ok', av. hanging on to (attacking dog). 

hok'ok'et, av. hanging. 

hok'ol, aj. hung up, hanging, clinging (tick). 

hok'olik, aj. cf. hok'ol /plu/. 

hok'tehok'te, av. swinging about (monkey, squirrel). 

shok'tehok'te ta k'obk'ob to. It is swinging from one branch to 

another. 

hhok'anvaneh, agn. hangman. 

hhok'canvaneh, agn. person who delays another, work that delays people. 

hok'(3) T. 

hhok'-ni7, agn(tv & ncpd). snuffler. cf. hok. If a com cob burns it is 

thought that one's child will become a snuffler. 

hok'ok'et nil, vphr(av & n4d). snoring loudly. 

hol(l) P(2) or T(2). 

hoi, tv. uncover, remove cloth from. 

hoi ba, rv. uncover self, take off one's blanket, take off one's headcovering 

(baby). 

holahtik, aj. cf. holol /plu/. 

holan, tv. uncover /plu/. 

holanholan, tv. uncover one after another /burden, maguey roasted underground/. 

holanholanan, tv. cf. holanholan. 

holbe, tv. uncover /often implies lifting up woman's skirt/. 

holet sat, vphr(av & n4d). with face uncovered (baby). 

holhon, av. uncovered. 

holilan, tv. keep uncovering or removing cloth from. 

holilan ba, rv. keep uncovering self, keep taking off one's blanket or 

taking off one's headcovering (baby). 

holilanan baik, rv. keep uncovering selves (sick children). 

hollahet. av. cf. holhon (plu). 

holol, aj. uncovered. 

hololik, aj. entirely uncovered. 

holteholte, av. walking about uncovering. 

sholteholte scak seaman. He was walking about uncovering his 

rump, defecating (little boy holding up his smock). 

holvan, iv. uncover person. 

hholvaneh, agn. person who uncovers another. 

hol(2) N. 

hoi ">akan, nphr(n4f of n4d). knee. 

hoi "Janima, nphr(n of n)5. skull /dead person/. 

hoi 9atil, nphr(nlf of n3d). glans penis. 

hoi "tttah, nphr(nlf of nld). cabbage. It is "cold." 

9o shol yitah. He has cabbages. 

hoi fitahil pasak', cf. pasak'. 

hoi 9olol, nphr(n of n)5. 'child's root' or 'child's head' Dalembertia triangularis, 

#1288(1,3,4,5), #2559(1,4). Temperate "plant" Some Zinacantecs 

eat the root raw when they go to weed the corn fields, 

bankilal hoi 9olol, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). 'senior child's root', 

Dalembertia triangularis, #2559(21,22). Temperate "plant" 

hoi biil, nphr(nlf of n3d). surname. 

k'usi shol abi. What is your last name? 

hoi eel, nphr(n of n)le. ridgepole. 

hoi eib, nphr(n of n)5. fern root. It is "cold". It is eaten during famines. 

hoi coy, nphr(n of n). "fish head', Calyptocarpus wendlandii, 

#1616(1,3,11,12), #2609(1,3). Temperate "plant" 

muk'ta hoi coy, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Calyptocarpus wendlandii, 

#2609(20). Temperate plant" It is eaten by sheep and horses. 

hoi coy e'i'Jlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Calyptocarpus wendlandii, 

#892(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant" #2609(15,22). Temperate "plant" 

hoi cuk, nphr(n of n)5. ridgepole; ceremony held by house owner when 

the walls are completed and the ridgepole is in place. 

hoi koy, cf. koy. 

hoi mesa, nphr(n of n)5. head of table /during ceremony/. 

hoi sila ka?, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/)5. pommel. 

hoi tak'in. nphr(n of n)5. interest /financial/. 

hoi tern, nphr(n of n)5. head of bed. 

hoi tuk' if), nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'gunstock tree', Chlorophora 

tinctoria, # 1678(7). Lowland "tree" The wood is used for gunstocks. 

hoi vayebal, nphr(n of n)5. head of bed /during ceremony/. 

holhol, n5. along the top of /mountain/. 

holin, iv. form tuber, head (cabbage), accumulate (interest). 

holinom tak'in, nphr(aj & n)5. principal. 

holintas, tv. exaggerate, embroider the story. 

holintasan, tv. charge interest to /plu/, fabricate stories to incriminate 

people. 

holol, n3b. head, tuber, hair of head, top /harp, cross, burden, hill, 

mountain/, heart /palm/, peak, butt /rifle/, scroll /guitar, violin/, tip 

/candle/, roof, condyle, cap /mushroom with conical cap/. 

•>oy shol. He is able. 

Ritual speech, prayer; ti shole ti yoône. his head, his heart. 

holol, n5. hair /in food or drink, etc./. 

holol WJun, vphr(n4e/pred/ & n4d). quarrelsome, picking fights constantly. 

holov ?akanil, nphr(nle of n3d). knee. 

sholoval kakantik ec'el. knee-high (corn) /fourth developmental 

stage/. 

hol(3) A. 

hoi, aj. scarce, infrequent. 

mu holuk bu sibat. I travel frequently. 

halan, tv. refuse to give, deny. 

halanvan, iv. refuse to give away daughter. 

hhalanvaneh, agn. person who refuses to give away daughter. 

hom(l) N. 

horn, nld. canoe, trough /for animals or salt manufacture/. 

horn nio, nphr(n4e of n4d). sides of nose. 

horn let, nphr(n type n)5. hollow tree or log. 

homal, nlf. gorge, narrow valley. 

hom(2) T. 

horn ta lo"?el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). munch /weeds/ /sound/.


honian ta Io9el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). munch /weeds/ /sound/. 

homanhoman ta loêl, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). munch one after another 

/weeds//sound/. 

homanhomanan ta Io9el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. homanhoman la loiel. 

homhon, av. munching (cow, horse) /sound/. 

homilan, tv. keep munching (cow, horse) /sound/. 

homlahet, av. cf. homhon (plu). 

homlahetik, av. cf. homhon (plu). 

hom(3) prob P or P(2). 

homhom, aj. with stale odor, musty (tortillas, chili, meat), 

homhomtik, aj. with rather stale odor, rather musty (tortillas, chili meat), 

homom, aj. with stale odor, musty (tortillas, chili meat). 

homomib, iv. become stale smelling or musty. 

hom(4) T. 

hom, tv. rinse /nixtamal by scooping up corn in hands and sloshing in 

water/. 

homan, tv. rinse /nbitamal/. 

homanhoman, tv. rinse one after another /nixtamal/. 

homanhomanan, tv. cf. homanhoman. 

homilan, tv. rinse /nixtamal/. 

bom(S) X. 

hornet ta "?anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running (person, constable, horse), 

homlahetik, av. cf. hornet ta fanil (plu). 

homlih, av. running suddenly. 

homom, av. running (person, cow), 

homomet, av. tearing along. 

homtehomte ta lanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running about (person). 

homoc' A. 

homoc', aj. perforated, riddled. 

homoc"-9ut sekub t'ul, cf. sekub t'ul. 

homoc'tah, iv. become riddled (corn, wood), 

homoc'tik, aj. perforated, riddled. 

hop T. 

hop, tv. cup in hands, carry armfuls /weeds, stubble/, hold in tunic, 

clutch. 

hop, nc. handful /two hands/, armful /clothing/. 

hop baik, rv. walk with arms around each other's shoulders (drunks). 

hop-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. holding on to each other, 

hop k'a?ep, vphr(tv & n5). gather up rubbish. 

hop-k'a9ep, vn(tv & ncpd)5. gathering up of rubbish /by stewards and 

stewards-royal after redecorating their altars, by their assistants when 

they entrust their coffers to their successors/. 

hop ta 9alel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). drag up a bunch of lies. 

hopan, tv. hold in both arms /plu/. 

hopanan, tv. cf. hopan. 

hopanhopan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). carry one armful after another, 

hopanhopanan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. hopanhopan ec'el. 

hopel, nc. cupping in hands, holding in arms. 

hopet, av. holding in one's hands /money/, holding in one's arms. 

hophon, av. holding in one's arms, feeling up /woman/. 

hopilan, tv. keep holding in cupped hands /penis/, keep holding in both 

arms /weeds, stubble/, 

hopilan baik, rv. keep walking with arms around each other's shoulders 

(drunks). 

hopilanan, tv. keep holding /plu/ in cupped hands, 

hopilanan baik, rv. cf. hopilan baik. 

hoplahet, av. cf. hophon, hopel (plu). 

hoplahetik, av. cf. hophon, hopet (plu). 

hopob, nlf. straw mat for gathering rubbish, 

hopobil, nlf. cf. hopob. 

hoptehopte 'Juiun, vphr(av & n4d). walking about holding on to something. 

hop van, iv. hold person against chest /prisoner, sick person/. 

hhop-k'a?ep, agn(tv & nepd). religious functionary /person who gathers 

up rubbish for stewards and stewards-royal when they entrust their 

coffers to their successors/. 

hhopvaneh, agn. person who holds another against chest /prisoner, patient/. 

hor prob O. 

horet ni9, vphr(av & n4d). snoring (person V4: 8). 

horhon, av. wheezing (accordion, cough), 

horlahet, av. cf. horhon (plu). 

horlahetik, av. cf. horhon (plu). 

hororet, av. wheezing (cough), put-putting (car V3: 12). 

hororet nil, vphr(av & n4d). snoring (person EKL 258: 1-15). 

hortehorte, av. walking about wheezing. 

horkata N(Sp, horcado). 

horkata, nla. forked pole used to lower merchandise, branch, var., 

horketa. 

horkatain, tv. use stick to lower fruit or branch. 

horketa 

horketa, forked pole. cf. horkata. 

homo N(Sp, horno). 

horno, nla. oven /used only by ladinos/. 

hos(l) T. 

hos, tv. scrape, scrape off or clean with knife, stone or hoe. 

ishos sba mukenal. He cleaned off the surface of the graveyard /once 

a year/. 

hos, iv. be scraped or scratched, 

hosan, tv. scrape or clean /plu/. 

hosanan, tv. cf. hosan. 

hosanhosan, tv. scrape away one after another /weed/, 

hosanhosanan, tv. cf. hosanhosan. 

hoshon, av. scraping, scraping off /weeding/, 

hosiav cenek', nphr(n of n)5. weeding before planting corn, 

hosilan, tv. keep scraping or scraping off. 

hosilanan, tv. keep scraping or scraping off in many places, 

hoslahet, av. cf. hoshon (plu). 

hoslahetik, av. cf. hoshon (plu). 

hoslih, iv. be scraped (skin), 

hoslin, tv. scrape /leg/. 

hosob, nlf. scraper, pencil sharpener, 

hosobil, nlf. cf. hosob. 

hostehoste kapemal, vphr(av & n4d). walking about swallowing one's 

anger. 

hos(2) prob O. 

hoset, av. wheezing threateningly (turkey, cat, indigo snake), 

hososet, av. wheezing threateningly (turkey, indigo snake). 

hos(3) N(Sp, hoz). 

hos, nla. sickle. 

hosepa 

hosepa, Josephine, cf. cepa. 

hot P or P(2). 

hot, nc. side /house, face/, half /chicken/, 

hot •Jo. changed, different, 

hot •>o snar He knows otherwise, 

ta h-hot. over there (or) on that side, 

hot mesa ?ie'inal, nphr(nphr/n of n/ & aj)5. less prestigious side of table, 

i.e., to left hand when facing west, 

hot mesa bankilal, nphr(nphr/n of n/ & aj)5. more prestigious side of 

table, i.e., to right hand when facing west, 

hothot, nc. single wall /I only/. 

h-hothot sa li pak' nae. There is only one wall left, 

hotleh, n4f. entire side, 

hotokil, n4f. many halves /chickens/, 

bu hotukal, nphr(pt & n). where, where?, to or on whichever side, to or 

on which side?, in whatever direction, in what direction?, wherever, 

wherever?. 

hot' T. 

hot', tv. scratch skin or insect bite /with fingernails, claws, or talons/, 

hot' ba, rv. scratch self (baby, monkey), 

hot' baik, rv. sieze each other for copulation (cats).


hot'an, tv. scratch /bites/. 

hot'anan, tv. cf. hot'an. 

hot'anhot'an, tv. scratch one after another /flea or louse bite/. 

hot'anhot'anan, tv. cf. hot'anhot'an. 

hot'hon, av. scratching self. 

shot'hon ta yuc'. lit., He is scratching his lice, i.e., He is lazy, 

hot'ilan, tv. keep scratching self, 

hot'ilan ba, rv. keep scratching self. 

hot'ilanan, tv. keep scratching in many places /bites, etc./. 

hot'ilanan baik, rv. keep scratching selves (children). 

hot'lahct, av. cf. hot'hon (plu). 

hot'ob, nlf. comb for napping wool cloth, 

hot'obil, nlf. cf. hot'ob. 

hot'ot'an, tv. wave arms in air to shield self (child after being struck), 

scratch or rub wildly (ant bites or burns). 

hov(l) 

hov, half, slice, cf. hav(l). 

hov(2) 

hov, armspan. cf. hav(2). 

IK>TOS(1) N(Sp, jobo). 

hovos, n5. hog plum Spondias mombin, #810(l,2),# 1332(1,3,4,5,8). Lowland 

"tree". The fruit is eaten by men and birds. It is used to flavor 

cane liquor. It is cold" The trunk is used for benches. The stems are 

debarked and used as stoppers for water gourds and powder horns, 

var., fovos /Âpas/. 

9it'is" hovos, nphr(n4f of n5). Trichilia hirta, #3004(1,4,5). Lowland 

"tree" It is used for fence posts and firewood. 

TOVOS, cf. homs. 

bovos(2) N. 

hovos, n5. masked tityra Tityra semifasciata. 

hoy(l) T(2). 

hoy, tv. encircle, fence, 

hoy, iv. be encircled or surrounded, 

hoy 'alel, nphr(aj & vn)5. words spoken to one person, but meant for 

another who is present, 

hoy ba, rv. lit., surround self, i.e., fence one's land. 

ihhoy hba ta mok. I fenced my land, 

hoy-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. sitting around in a circle /when eating from 

common bowl/. 

hoy k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. words spoken to one person, but meant for 

another who is present, 

hoy-sati, tv(tv & ncpd). weed around each plant /leaving the rest unweeded/. 

hoyan, tv. encircle or fence /plu/. 

hoyan ba, rv. fence a large area of one's land, 

hoyanan, tv. cf. hoyan. 

hoyanhoyan, tv. fence one after another, 

hdyanhoyanan, tv. cf. hoyanhoyan. 

hoyebal tal, nphr(n5 & dr). reincarnation. 

hoyet, av. walking around in circle or in small radius (person, sheep, pig). 

hoyetik, av. walking around in circles or in small radius (people). 

hoyhel, n5. quick look-around. 

hoyhon, av. walking around in circles, walking about in small radius. 

hoyhoy-?al, tv(aj & tvcpd). address derogatory remark to one person 

when third party present is the actual target. 

hoyhoy-?alvan, iv(aj & tvcpd). address derogatory remark to one person 

when third party present is the actual target, 

hoyhoy be, nphr(aj & n)5. round-about way (taken so as to avoid being 

seen). 

hoyibah, iv. twirl (child), revolve (wheel), 

hoyibtas, tv. spin /swift/, make revolve /sugar press/ (mule), twirl (ladino 

dancer). 

hoyibtasan, tv. spin /plu/. 

hoyibtasvan, tv. turn person around (pinata player), 

hoyih, iv. revolve, turn around /to look at something/, turn one's back, 

shoyih li k'evuh. The song cycle is beginning again. 

mu shoyih li k'evuh. They are out of tune, 

hoyihes, tv. turn around, 

hoyihes ba, rv. turn, turn one's back, 

hoyihesan, tv. turn around /plu/. 

hoyilan, tv. keep fencing. 

ishoyilan sbe. He went a round-about way. 

hoyilan ba, rv. keep fencing one's property, 

hoyilanan, tv. keep fencing /plu/. 

hoyin, tv. surround, encircle, 

hoyinan, tv. surround /girl's house/ (petitioners), 

hoyinta, tv. fence, surround, walk around, 

hoyintaan, tv. walk around many times, 

hoyintavan, iv. surround person, 

hoyinvan, iv. surround person, 

hoylahet, av. cf. hoyet, hoyhon (plu). 

hoylahetik, av. cf. hoyet, hoyhon (plu). 

hoyleb, n4g. circuit. 

Ritual speech, referring to the circuit of shrines; t shoylebal c'ul-totil 

t shoylebal c'ul-moil. at the circuit of the holy fathers, at the circuit 

of the holy mothers, 

hoyleh, n4f. around, entirely around, 

hoylemal, n4f. cf. hoyleb /more frequent/, 

hoyob, nlf. enclosure, 

hoyob be, nphr(n of n)5. round-about way. 

hoyobah, iv. go in circles around /wedding godfather/, 

hoyobil, nlf. detour, enclosure. 

hoyol, aj. surrounded. Ritual speech, prayer, addressing tutelary gods; 

circle. 

hoylanik cihlanik. Circle, observe! 

hoyoy, av. spinning rapidly (person from blow), 

hoyoyet, av. revolving (merry-go-round, swift), rolling (hoop), 

hoyp'ih, iv. turn over /in reclining position/, tip, return /from long trip/. 

hoyp'ih sa tal li habile. The new year is almost here. 

hoyp'ih sa tal li kahvaltike. The sun is about to rise. 

mu shoyp'ih lek. He isn't fluent. 

Ritual speech, curing prayer; 7oy t ae'efp'uhel "Joy t ahoyp'ihel. You 

are twisting, you are turning /patient/. 

hoyp'in, tv. turn over /laundry/, turn around /clothes that are back-sideto/, 

hoyp'in ba, rv. switch one's approach, change sides, double back. 

ishoyp'in sba ti mu sa skuc yuûn t sa'Me. He changes sides when he 

feels that he can no longer win. 

hoyp'in k'op, vphr(tv & n4d). switch one's approach, change sides, telephone 

/archaic/. 

ishoyp'in sk'op ta hot ")o limete isbalin. He changed sides -- the bottle 

worked /cane liquor has been given as an inducement/, 

hoyp'inan, tv. turn over /corncobs on fire, clothes drying/, change one's 

story many times. 

hoyp'inhoyp'in ba, rv. shift one's alliance from one to another, 

hoyp'inhoyp'inan ba, rv. cf. hoyp'inhoyp'in ba. 

hoyp'invan, iv. spin person around /with blow/, 

hoytehoyte, av. walking about in small radius. 

hhoyibtasvaneh, agn. person who spins another around (pinata player). 

hoy(2) 

hoy, thin, shallow, young-looking, cf. hay(3). 

htek 

htek, Zinacantan. cf. tek(l). 

hu(l) O. 

huet, av. whistling (gourd), 

huha, onom. roar /tiger/, shout to attract attention /travellers to and 

from hot country/. 

huhon, av. roaring (tiger), hooting (great horned owl, mut bolom). 

huhuy, onom. ho, ho /accompanied by derisive laughter/, 

hulahet, av. cf. huhon (plu). 

hu(2) 

hu, one apiece, each. cf. hun.


hu(3) E. 

hu, excl. uh /hesitation form used when stalling or trying to recall long 

past event/. 

hu^l) T(2). 

hu 1 ?, tv. crush in one's hands /medicinal herbs/, mash with spoon /chili/, 

hu'iahtik, aj. cf. huiul /plu/. 

huian, tv. rub off /mud/, crush /herbs/, mash /chihs/. 

hu>an ba, rv. sit and refuse to stand up (drunk). 

hu?anan, tv. cf. hulan. 

huianhuân, tv. crush or mash one after another. 

hu?anhu9anan, tv. cf. hiiianhuian. 

hu?el, nc. crushing /medicinal herbs/. 

huwt, av. sitting idly (lazy woman). 

shu?et hsa'Jel. The searchers are searching intensively. 

hu?et ta sa?el, nphr(av & prep & vn5). searching intensively /for murderer 

or eloper/. 

hu-Jhon, av. sitting or lying unable to stand (patient, drunk), wallowing 

/in dust or mud/, rubbing /eyes/. 

hulhon ee9in, vphr(av & iv). fidgeting and laughing self-consciously 

hu?ilan, tv. keep crushing, rub /eyes/. 

hu?ilan ba, rv. fidget /on seat/ (child, scolding woman). 

huvjlanan, tv. keep crushing /plu//underfoot/. 

huTilanan baik, rv. fidget (drunks). 

huilahet, av. cf. hw>hon (plu). 

huilahet eelinik, vphr(av & iv). cf. hulhon eevin (plu). 

hu-Jlahetik ee?inik, vphr(av & iv). cf. hulhon eeiin (plu). 

huilebal, n3d. place where drunk sits. 

hufobil, n4f. bowl in which herbs are crushed. 

huvtehifrte ta sa?el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). searching about intensively. 

hu'Jul, aj. seated on ground and unable to stand (drunk), setting (hen). 

hirmlik, aj. seated and unable to stand (drunken women). 

hu?(2) prob O. 

huêt, av. whistling (fire). 

hu?u*?et, av. whistling (fire). 

hub(l) T. 

hub, tv. blow on /fire/. A person who blows on the fire in a sweatbath 

is considered liable to suffer headaches, 

hubel, nc. blowing, 

hubhon, av. blowing on /fire/. 

shubhon ta k'ok'. He is blowing on the fire. 

hubilan, tv. keep blowing on /fire/. 

hublahet, av. cf. hubhon (plu). 

hublahetik, av. cf. hubhon (plu). 

hubob k'ok' hten-tak'in, nphr(nphr/n4f of n4d/ of agn/tv & ncpd/). 

blacksmith's bellows, 

hubobil k'ok' hten-tak'in, nphr(nphr/n4f of n4d/ of agn/tv & ncpd/). cf. 

hubob k'ok' hten-tak'in. 

hhub-k'ok', agn(tv & ncpd). driver of vehicle /archaic/. 

hub(2) P or P(2). 

hubet, av. slimy (mud) 

hububet, av. slimy, 

hubul, aj. slimy. 

hubulik, aj. cf. hubul /plu/. 

hub(3) T. 

hub, tv. beat /eggs/, shiver and shake while laying egg, row or pole 

/boat/. 

hubo ton kaslan. Beat the egg! 

t shub ston li me? kaslane. The hen lays an egg. 

hub, nc. mixing /daub/. 

huban, tv. beat /eggs/. 

hubanhuban, tv. beat one after another /eggs/. 

hubbon, av. shivering and shaking while laying egg. 

hubilan, tv. keep laying /egg/. 

hubob, nlf. bowl, spoon or stick for beating eggs. 

hubobil, nlf. cf. hubob. 

hububet, av. groaning (stomach with gas). 

hhub-hom, agn(tv & ncpd). dugout paddler. 

huc'(l) T. 

hue', tv. grind /on metate, in mill/, digest. 

hue' baik, rv. grind each other. It is believed that when an ear of corn 

lacking kernels on one row is mixed with the other corn, it will grind the 

corn so that it is lost. 

hucS'an, tv. grind /corn/. 

huc'anhuc'an, tv. grind one after another, 

huc'ilan, tv. keep grinding. 

hutS'neh, vnld. grinding. 

hud'ob, nlf. mill /for removing coffee husk, for corn, for crushing 

gravel or sugar cane/, 

huc'obil, nlf. cf. huc'ob. 

hu£'un, iv. grind, 

hue'van, iv. crush person, 

hhuc'nom, agn. person who grinds /on metate/, ear of corn lacking 

kernels on one row. cf. ccn{2). 

huc'(2) 1(2), P(2). 

hue', iv. become bedridden /patient/. 

huc'ahtik, aj. cf. huc'ul /plu/. 

huc'an ba, rv. be unwilling to stand (drunk), 

hue'eah, iv. become bedridden, 

hue'eanvan, iv. make person bedridden (sickness). 

hue'et, av. sitting unable to stand (drunk), 

hue'etik, av. cf. hue'et, huc'hon (plu). 

huc'hon, av. sitting or lying unable to stand up (drunk), 

huc'i, iv. sit or kneel refusing to stand up. 

huc'k'ih, iv. cf. hue'eah. 

huc'k'invan, iv. cf. hue'eanvan. 

hue'lahet, av. cf. hue'et, huc'hon (plu). 

hue'lahetik, av. cf. hue'et, huc'hon (plu). 

huc'lebal, n3d. seat /where woman sits constantly, doing nothing/, 

hue'leh, nlf. sitting unwilling to stand, 

hue'lih, av. sitting down unexpectedly, 

huc'p'ih, iv. fall on one's seat, 

huc'p'invan, iv. cf. hue'eanvan. 

huc'tehiic'te, av. sitting down here and there (old woman visiting from 

house to house, drunk going from bar to bar), 

huc'uc' yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down in squatting position (drunk), 

sliding down (stump). 

huc'uc'ih, iv. inch along, slide slowly (rock or person sliding on leaves). 

huc'ul, aj. sitting unwilling to stand, 

huc'ulik, aj. cf. huc'ul /plu/. 

hhuc'eanvaneh, agn. sickness that makes person bedridden. 

huh O. 

huh, onom. imitative call of jaguar players at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, 

huhhon, av. roaring call of jaguar players at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, 

cooing (mourning dove), hooting (mut bolom). 

huhlahet, av. roaring call of jaguar players at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian 

(plu), hooting (motmot). 

huhlahetik, av. roaring call of jaguar players at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian. 

hul(l) T. 

hul, tv. puncture /blister/, vaccinate, inject, gore, be pierced /by thorn/, 

stab. 

hul ba, rv. be pierced /by stick/. 

hulel, nc. goring, injection, 

hulilan, tv. keep puncturing, 

hulub, nla. drill. 

hulvan, iv. vaccinate, gore, stab or pierce person, 

hhulvaneh, agn. vaccinator, person who gives injection or stabs another, 

bull that gores person. 

hul(2) P or P(2). 

hul-bak, n(aj & ncpd)5. 'branchless bone', red brocket Mazama americana. 

cf. tentikal cih. Brockets are hunted and eaten, seasoned with 

coriander. Their flesh is "cold".


hulahtik, aj. cf. hulul /plu/. 

huLhul, aj. branchless (standing tree), tall and skinny (person). 

hultehulte, av. standing here and there branchless (trees). 

hulul, aj. branchless (standing tree). 

hululik, aj. cf. hulul /plu/. 

hnl(3) X. 

hulan, aj. awake. 

hulav, iv. wake up. 

hulavebal, n3d. position of sun when person wakes up. 

hulem, aj. awake. 

hulubtas ba, rv. wake up /infr/. 

hulubtasvan, iv. wake up person /infr/. 

hulyo N(Sp, julio). 

hulio, n5. July. 

hulyotik, n5. sometime in July. 

hum(l) O. 

hum, onom. roar, swoosh. 

humet, av. roaring (car, plane, wind), galloping, 

shumet shol. He is tipsy. 

humet balami], vphr(av & n5). tipsy. 

humhon, av. roaring or popping /in ears/. 

humilan, tv. whirr /bull roarer/. 

humlahet, av. swooshing (buzzards), buzzing (June bugs), galloping (horses), 

roaring (car, plane, fire). 

hum]ill. av. making sudden roar (car V3: 9), whirring suddenly (hummingbird), 

whizzing suddenly (rock). 

humtehumte, av. swooshing or roaring one after another, whizzing along 

(car VI: 19, rock). 

humum, av. swooshing, roaring, whizzing (rock). 

humumet, av. roaring (car V3: 12 and 13, train EK.L 252: 1-1, plane, 

wind), swooshing (buzzard). 

hnm(2) P or P(2). 

humul, aj. barely sprouting (weeds, pubic hair of virgin). 

humulik, aj. barely sprouting (weeds). 

him Num. 

nun, num. one. 

pero hun vinik yec. But he is a unique man. 

Scolding speech; mi hun Hobel mi hun Camu7 muk' yilohon yilel. It 

seems as if he didn't see me either in San Cristobal or in Chamula. 

hun won, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d). happy, contented. 

hun won •>a i n, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d // tv). feel happy. 

hun ?oM, nphr(num & n)3d. woman's cousin younger than ego /archaic/. 

hun c'amalil, nphr(nurn & n)3d. male's cousin younger than ego /archaic/. 

hun...hun, num...num. the one...the other. 

hun me?il, nphr(num & n)3d. aunt /maternal, paternal, wife of maternal 

or paternal uncle/, female cousin older than ego. 

hun nic'oni], nphr(num & n)3d. male's cousin younger than ego /archaic/. 

hun tak'in, nphr(num & n)5. one real /formerly/. 

hun tak'in nahelil, nphr(nphr/num & n/5 of n)5. 160 cardfuls /wool/. 

hun toli), nphr(num & n)3d. uncle /maternal, paternal, husband of maternal 

or paternal aunt/, male cousin older than ego. 

hun-ab, n(num & n/contr of habil/ cpd)5. next year. 

hun-a hi, n(num & n/contr of habil/ cpd)le. last year. 

hunhun, num. one only. 

hunhun , nphr(num & n4d). one /eared, armed, legged/. 

hunul won, nphr(num4f of n4d). wholeheartedly, wholehearted. 

muk' bu shunul yo9on sci'Juk li ?orten ?albile. He does not agree with 

the law. 

buc'u hunukal, nphr(pt & num5). which one, which one?, whichever 

person, which person? 

h , n(num & nccpd). one. 

hu , n(num & nccpd)5. each. 

hu-likel. every few minutes. 

hu-hun, num(num & numcpd)5. one each, apiece. 

hu-hun ca%vinik, nphr(num/num & numcpd/& num/num & 

numcpd/4f). in or by twenty-ones, every twenty-one, 

hu-hun tal, nphr(num/num & numcpd/& dr). each person, everyone, 

hu-huntik, num(num & numcpd)5. very few. 

hu-tob, n,um(num & numcpd)5. in or by twenties, every twenty. 

huhu hu-hun, nphr(n/num & nccpd/ & num/num & numcpd/). 

one apiece /bowl, handful, etc./. 

huhu-tob, num(num & numcpd)5. in or by twenties, every twenty. 

hiinta N(Sp, junta). 

hiinta, nle. group in charge of band at fiestas. 

hhunta, agn. president or treasurer of group in charge of band at fiestas. 

hunyo N(Sp, junio). 

hunyo, n5. June. 

hunyotik, n5. sometime in June. 

hup P. 

hupah, iv. strain. 

hupan, tv. strain /defecating/. Scolding speech; strain /giving birth/. 

hupan ba, rv. strain /giving birth, defecating, straining of horse against 

pull of rope/. 

hupan ba ocel, vphr(rv & dr). squeeze one's way through /narrow path/, 

hupel, aj. with bursting stomach. 

hupet, av. straining /sexual intercourse/, with burning pain (infection), 

huphon, av. burning (fever, thorn, exhaustion, infection), 

huplahet, av. cf. huphon (plu). 

hupleh, n5. with bursting stomach, 

hiiptehupte, av. squeezing through here and there, feeling one thorn after 

another. 

hupul, aj. with bursting /stomach/, 

hupup, av. entering slowly and painfully, 

hupupet, av. straining /sexual intercourse, defecating/, with burning pain 

(infection, thorn). 

hup'(l) O. 

hup', onom. crunch /sound/. 

hup'hon, av. crunching (person eating toasted tortillas, horse, pig, or dog 

eating corn). 

hup'lahet, av. cf. hup'hon (plu). 

hup'lahetik, av. cf. hup'hon (plu). 

hup'lih, av. making sudden tearing sound (thorn entering flesh), 

hup'up'et, av. crunching (charcoal-cruncher). 

hup'(2) I. 

hup', iv. get fat. 

hup'el, n4b. fat, grease. 

Scolding speech to lazy person; ba e'ah aba ta \oi ti mi yu'mn ha") 

cak c'ah 1 ahup'ele. Go soak yourself in water if your fatness makes 

you lazy /i.e., like pig/. 

hup'em, aj. fat. 

hup'en, n4e. lard, 

hup'es, tv. fatten /animal/, 

hup'esan, tv. fatten /plu/. 

hup'esob, nlf. mash, pig food, 

hup'esobil, nlf. cf. hup'esob. 

hup'esvan, iv. cause person's swelling, 

hup'hup', iv. fatten slightly, 

hup'hup'tik, iv. fatten slightly. 

bur O. 

hur, onom. roar (car), call of k'uk'ul conelik at the fiesta of St. Sebastian 

/the r is trilled/. 

hur ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). hack at sloppily /weeding with hoe/, 

huret, av. roaring (car, plane), 

hurlah, av. cf. hurur (plu). 

hurlahet, av. cf. huret (plu). 

hurlahetik, av. calling (k'uk'ul conelik). 

hurlih, av. whizzing suddenly (car, rock), 

hurtehurte, av. roaring along one after another (cars), whizzing by one 

after another (cars VI: 19, rocks), swooshing about (buzzards), 

hurur, av. roaring (car), whizzing (stone).


hururet, av. roaring (car). 

hurio N(Sp, judi'o). 

hurio, agn. Jew, each of the outgoing cantors who guards Christ from 

noon on Holy Wednesday to the time of the crucifixion on Good Friday 

afternoon, 

hus(l) O. 

hus, onom. whoosh of rocket. 

huset, av. whooshing (rocket), 

huset cak, vphr(av & n4d). farting. 

hushon ni?, vphr(av & n4d). breathing through nose (person, sheep, pig), 

huslahet cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. huset cak /phi/. 

huslahet ni 1 ?, vphr(av & n4d). cf. hushon nit /plu/. 

huslih, av. whooshing suddenly (rocket), 

hustehuste, av. whooshing here and there (rockets). 

husus, av. whooshing (rocket), 

hususet, av. whooshing (rocket, flatus). 

hus(2) 1(2). 

hus, iv. wear off (nap), 

husahtik, aj. cf. husul /plu/. 

hushus, iv. wear off slightly (nap). 

hushustik, iv. wear off slightly (nap). 

husul, aj. with new sprouts appearing (weeds, pubic hair), 

husulik, aj. cf. husul /plu/. 

hustan N(Sp, fustan). 

hustan, nld. petticoat, 

hustisya N(Sp, justicia). 

hustisya, agn. civil authority /archaic/, 

hustisyaetik, agn. civil government /archaic/. 

hus T. 

hus, tv. sharpen blade, scrape off /dirt from metate platform or bristles 

from pig or paca hide /with knife or stone/, dirt from person's legs or 

arms /with stone/. 

hus, iv. have bristles scraped off (pig), 

hus, nla. corn that has been ground once and boiled in water without 

lime /used for starching thread/, corn boiled in water /pig food/, 

hus ba, rv. rub against (pig, horse, cow). 

husan, tv. sharpen /plu/, scrape off /dirt, bristles/. 

husan cak, vphr(tv & n4d). slide /on board or maguey leaf/ (children), 

husanan, tv. cf. husan. 

husanhusan, tv. scrape or sharpen one after another, 

husanhusanan, tv. cf. husanhusan. 

huseah, iv. become bare (land in dry season), 

husean, tv. denude, overgraze (grasshopper, sheep, horses), 

huseanan, tv. overgraze /plu/. 

huset cak, vphr(av & n4d). farting (sleeping person or pig). 

husetik, av. sliding (plu). 

hushon, av. rubbing against /post/. 

shushon yavik. showing flattened spot /where people have had sexual 

relations in grass/. 

hushus, aj. denuded /in dry season only/, eroded, 

husilan, tv. keep sharpening. 

husilan ba, rv. keep rubbing against (pig, sheep, horse, cow), 

husilanan baik, rv. keep rubbing against (pigs, etc.). 

husk'ih, iv. slide, slip down, 

husk'invan, iv. make person slip (pebble), 

huslah, av. slipping and falling repeatedly (drunk or drunks). 

huslahet, av. rubbing against /post/(plu), sliding (sing). 

shuslahet yavik. showing flattened spot /where people have had 

sexual relations/, 

huslahetik, av. cf. huslahet (plu). 

huslih, av. slipping suddenly on dry surface, 

busob, nlf. sharpening stone, knife of stone for rubbing bristles off pig 

hide, 

husob-bail, n(n & rpncpd). 'towel', monkey comb Pithecoctenium echinaturn, 

#1692(7,14). 

husob-bail ?ak', nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n). vegetable sponge Luffa 

cylindrical #2689(1,3). Lowland vine". The fruit is used as a sponge, 

for bathing, monkey comb Pithecoctenium echinatum, #2025(1,3,4). 

Lowland "vine", 

husobil, nlf. cf. husob. 

husp'ih, iv. cf. husk'ih. 

husp'in, tv. slide down /standing tree/. 

husp'inhusp'in yalel, vphr(tv & dr). make slide down one after another 

/trees/. 

husp'inhusp'inan yalel, vphr(tv & dr). make slide down one after another/trees/. 

husp'invan, iv. push person down /slope/. 

hustehuste, av. sliding down far /on dry leaves/. 

husul, aj. eroded, shaven, overgrazed. 

husus yalel, vphr(av & dr). sliding down great distance /on dry leaves/, 

hususet, av. scraping (object dragged over smooth surface EKL 259:1- 

17). 

hususet £ak, vphr(av & n4d). rubbing rear (dog rubbing rear on ground), 

hususih, iv. slide on dry surface (child), 

hususin, tv. make slide on dry surface /log/, push /fallen chair on 

ground/(child). 

hhu£k'invaneh, agn. pebble that makes person slip, 

hhusp'invaneh, agn. cf. hhusk'invaneh. 

hut Num. 

huteb, num. a little /I only/. 

Scolding speech; mi h-set' mi huteb. not a pinch, not a jot. 

Ritual speech, when offering liquor; c'ambon i h-set'e, c'ambon i 

hutebe. Accept from me the drop, accept from me the trifle, 

hutebal, num5. a little bit. 

yu? van hutebal ti ye ?une. lit., As if he had a little bit of speech! i.e., 

As if he hadn't a word to say! /sarcastic/. 

hutuk, n5. a little, almost, nearly. 

hutuk sa muk' slok' sc'ulel. He almost died. 

hutukon sa yaiel. I feel sick. 

hutuk mu hunuk limite. nearly one bottleful. 

hutukah, iv. become rare or scarce, lessen (sickness). 

hutukib, iv. lessen (sickness, work), 

hutukibtas, tv. settle or quell argument, 

hutuktik, aj. rather few. 

hiita 

hiita, son of a bitch! cf. pitta. 

hutuhu N(Ch,?). 

hutuhu, n. Malaxis jastigata, #12 1(7). Temperate plant". 

hut' P or P(2). 

hut'ahtik, aj. cf. hut'ul /plu/. 

hut'et, av. with /vagina, ass/ showing, 

hut'lahet, av. cf. hut'et (plu). 

hut'lahetik, av. cf. hut'et (plu). 

hut'ul, aj. visible (vagina, ass). 

buy T(2). 

huy, tv. stir, stir up /mud/, 

huy ba, rv. become thick (mud), 

huyahtik, aj. thick or slimy in many places (mud), 

huyan, tv. stir /corn gruel/, 

huyanan, tv. cf. huyan. 

huyanhuyan, tv. stir one /container/ after another /corn gruel/, 

huyanhuyanan, tv. cf. huyanhuyan. 

huyeah, tv. make thick /mud/, 

huyeah, iv. become thick (mud), become soft (cooked beans, watermelon 

squash, cushaw, or peaches). 

huyebal, n5. moment just before corn gruel is finished being stirred, 

huyel, nc. stirring. 

huyet, av. slippery, slimy (mud, broken eggs), 

huyhon, av. stirring, 

huyhuy, aj. thick, slimy (mud), 

huyilan, tv. keep stirring, 

huyilanan, tv. keep stirring a lot.

H/K TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 163 

huyob, nlf. stirring rod. 

huyubil, nlf. cf. huyob. 

huyomah, iv. stir. 

huyul, aj. thick, slimy (mud), soft (cooked beans, watermelon squash, 

cushaw or peaches). 

huyulik, aj. cf. huyahtik. 

huyuyet, av. thick, slimy (mud). 

hhuy-'ml, agn(tv & ncpd). person who stirs corn gruel. 

hhuyinom, n5. collared peccary Tayassu tajacu. 

hve?es N(Sp, juez). 

hve?es, agn. Judge /Our Savior/. 

Ritual speech, stewards on Maundy Thursday; t shalal c^l-baî k'ob 

ti hve?ese. at the divine right hand of the Judge. 

hwes N(Sp,juez). 

hwes, agn. justice of the peace /infr/. 

hweves N(Sp, jueves). 

hweves, n5. Thursday. 

hweves santo, nphr(n & aj)5. Maundy Thursday. 

i, the. cf. 1L 

I 

K 

ka X. 

7u9n "Jo ka, nphr(n4f/contr of tutun/ & pt & x/. It is true, /ka is possibly 

a contraction of skal/. 

tnfn "Jo no ka, nphr(n4f/contr of tutun/ & pt & pt & x). cf. tutn to ka. 

?u?n Tonos ka, nphr(n4f/contr of tutun/ & pt & x). cf. tutn to ka. 

yec 9o ka, ptphr(aj & pt & x). That is why. 

yec no ka, ptphr(aj & pt & x). now I see that. 

yec no ka hslolo tal ?un. Now I see that he tricked me. 

yec nos ka, ptphr(aj & pt & x). cf. yec no ka. 

ka?(l) N(Sp, cabaUo). 

ka?, nla. horse, mule. 

ka? diavlo, nphr(n4d of n5). 'devil's horse', walking-stick Autolyca sp.. 

The devil's horse is said to look like this monstrous jet black walkingstick. 

ka? pukuh, vphr(n4d of n5). cf. kat diavlo. 

ka?in, tv. take possession of horse. 

kaka?, n5. Baby talk; horse. 

ka?(2) T(2). 

ka?, tv. double over /stalks, corn/ (wind). 

Ritual speech, shaman referring to his patient; tal hka?be tal hpusbe 

ti smule ti skoloie t avalabe t anic'nabe. I have come to double over, 

bend, the sin, the evil of Thy child of woman, Thy child of man. 

ka?, iv. be doubled over (corn, trees in wind), bow down (heavily laden 

branch). 

ka? ba, rv. bend (broken wrist). 

ka?-ni?, n(aj & ncpd)5. grown crookedly (corn that has been broken and 

resumes growth), with repoussee nose. 

ka? vob, nphr(n4f of nld). fiddle bridge. 

ka?a?et, av. swaying (heavily laden branches). 

ka?an, tv. double over /plu/. 

ka?anan, tv. cf. katan. 

ka?anka?an, tv. break one after another /stalks, corn plants/. 

ka?anka?anan, tv. cf. katankdtan. 

ka?av ni?, nphr(n4f of n4d). bridge of nose. 

kaiavil, n3d. joint /bones/, gap, hollow, node /bamboo, cane, reed/. 

ka?benal, agn. each of two lesser players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian who 

were the third and fourth prefects of the previous year. 

ka?bentik, aj. broken (corn plants). 

ka?el, nc. break (bone). 

ka?et, av. bowed (branches with fruit). 

ka?etik, av. cf. katet (plu). 

ka?kaf, aj. repousse (nose), with gap (mountain). 

ka?kon, av. see-sawing. 

ka?leh, n4f. gap, narrow valley. 

ka?obil, n4d. Ritual speech, person giving gift to another who does not 

wish to accept it; bending place. 

?oy ?onos ska?obil ?oy ?onos spusobil. lit., One always has a bending 

place, a bowing place, i.e., person should give way and accept gift. 

ka?omal, n4d. Ritual speech; lit., bending place, i.e., knee. 

?oy aka?omal ?oy apusomal lahes amul lahes akolo?. You have a 

bending place, you have a bowing place, repent your sins, repent your 

evil. 

ka?p'uh, iv. bow to ground (heavily laden branch). 

ka?p'un, tv. bow to ground /branch/. 

ka'mlan, tv. keep doubling /stalks, com/, (wind). 

ka?ulanan, tv. keep doubling much /corn/ (wind). 

ka?van, iv. put person on hands and knees (child sitting on another). 

hka?vaneh, agn. person who puts another on hands and knees. 

ka?kal 

ka?kal, fire. cf. k'ak'. 

kac- T(2). 

kae 1 , tv. hold /in teeth or beak/. 

naka no ?os mis cak skae"oh k'al slo?ilahe. lit.; He just holds cunt, 

ass in his teeth when he talks, i.e., He just talks about women. 

kae" ba, rv. nibble each other (puppies, horses, donkeys). 

kae'-bail, vn(tv & rpn)5. mutual nibbling (puppies, etc.). 

kae'ae', av. walking holding object in teeth (dog). 

kae'al, aj. mouth-shaped (anus, vagina). 

kae'an, tv. show /anus, vagina/. 

kae'an ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). take things in teeth or beak /plu/. 

kae'anan efi'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. kae'an ec'el. 

kae"ankae"an ecel, vphr(tv & dr). take away one thing after another in 

teeth. 

kae'ankae'anan ec'el, vphrftv & dr). cf. kae'ankae'an ec'el. 

kae"et luiun, vphr(av & n4d). holding in teeth (dog with bone). 

kae'et cak, vphr(av & n4d). with anus showing. 

kae'elik, av. cf. kae'et (plu). 

kae'kae', aj. mouth-shaped (anus, vagina). 

kae'kon cak, vphr(av & n4d). with buttocks riding up and down while 

walking (fat woman). 

kae'lah, av. cf. kae'kon cak (plu). 

kae*lahet dak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. kae'et cak (plu). 

kae'lahetik cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. kae'kon cak (plu). 

kae'luh, av. snatching suddenly in teeth, biting suddenly. 

kae'ob, n4f. pipestem, cigarette holder. 

kae'ob te?, nphr(n type n)5. stick forced into mouth so that animal or 

child must drink medicine, wedge /Paste")/. 

kae'obil, n4f. cf. kae'ob. 

kae'tekae'te ?u?un, vphr(av & n4d). walking about holding in teeth 

/bone/. 

kae*ulan, tv. chew /candy/, open and close /scissors/, nibble. 

kac P, T. 

kaC, tv. open a crack /door, drawer/. 

ka£, iv. crack open (mud, wall). 

ikac spat. She had postpartum hemorrhaging. 

kai ba, rv. split open or crack (wall, mud). 

kacahtik, aj. cf. kacal /plu/. 

kacal, aj. open a crack (door), with open seam (wood). 

kacalik, aj. cf. kacal /plu/. 

ka£alul, n4f. crack (wall, wood). 

kacan, tv. open a crack /door/, have crack (house, crate, heel). 

kaceah, iv. crack open (daub). 

kacean, tv. make crack open (sun). 

kaceanvan, iv. spread woman's legs apart. 

kacel, aj. agape (mouth when lost in thought). 

kacet ?e, vphr(av & n4d). with mouth agape. 

kacet cak, vphr(av & n4d). with vagina showing. 

kacetik ?e, vphr(av & n4d). cf. kacet te (plu).


kacetik cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. kaiet cak (plu). 

kaci, iv. be agape (mouth when lost in thought). 

kackac, aj. cracked. 

kackon, av. loose (boards). 

kack'uh, iv. cf. kaceah. 

kack'un, tv. cf. kacean. 

kack'unvan, iv. cf. kaceanvan. 

kaclah, av. cf. kackon (plu). 

kaclahet, av. cracking (knuckles). 

kaclahetik, av. cracking /wood/ (nails). 

kacleh, nlf. with mouth agape, cracked (wall). 

kacluh, av. lifting leg suddenly (woman), splitting open suddenly (fruit). 

kacp'uh, iv. cf. kaceah. 

kacp'un, tv. cf. kacean. 

kacp'unvan, iv. cf. kaceanvan. 

kactekacte ?e, vphr(av & n4d). looking about with mouth agape /lost in 

thought/. 

kaculan, tv. open and close slightly /door, drawer/. 

kacimpa N(Sp, cachimba). 

kacimpa e"i?lel, nphr(n type n). Ludwigia octovalvis, #2418(20). Temperate 

"plant" 

kacimpa pom, cf. pom. 

kacu N(Sp, cacho). 

kacu, nla. cowhorn /used by sir spook at Carnival to hold cane liquor, 

used by muleteers bringing corn to announce their arrival from lowlands, 

used to hold salt or gunpowder/. 

kacu toro, nphr(n of n). 'bull hom', bucida Bucida macrostachya, 

#1661(1,4,7,11,12,14). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for fieldhouse 

mainposts, fence posts, and firewood. 

kacu toro te?, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). see below, 

muk'ta kacu toro te">, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). bucida 

Bucida macrostachya, #869(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" The trunk is 

used by ladinos for house mainposts and posts for cattle corrals. It 

is used by ladinos and Zinacantecs for fence posts, 

yasal kacu toro to, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). (Godmania 

aesculifolia), #2662(20). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used for 

house mainposts, fence posts, and firewood. 

kacuin, tv. take cowhorn. 

kacuca N(Sp, cachucha). 

kacuca cohver, nphr(n4d of n5). 'driver's cap', Panus sp., # 186(7). Highland 

"mushroom" 

kafuko N(Sp, cachucho). 

kacuko, nld. one sol of Peru or one peso of Chile countermarked with 

one half real of Guatemala 1894 /formerly current in Chiapas/. 

kah P. 

kah, iv. rise (sun). 

kah cakil, nphr(n of n)5. cuckold. 

kah holol, nphr(nlf of n3d). headcloth /cotton or woolen cloth folded 

and placed on the head for protection against the sun/. 

kahah, av. floating swiftly, rising (sun). 

kahahet, av. floating. 

kahahtik, aj. cf. kahal /plu/. 

kahahtik ssat. with its fruit lying (young squash on vine). 

kahal, aj. on top of, mounted, floating, 

kahal ta kar on horseback, 

kahal k'ak'al ta ba vie. The sun is riding the crest of the hill /setting/. 

kahalik, aj. cf. kahal /plu/. 

kahan, tv. put on top of, place over. 

kahan ba, rv. lie on top of, lean on each other's shoulders. 

kahan-bail, vn(tv & rpn)5. Male joking speech referring to moment of 

success, i.e., moment when groom is about to mount bride, or moment 

when person is about to win out in dispute. 

kahanab, nla. shelf. 

kahanab let, nphr(n type n). 'shelf tree', Oreopanax capitatus, 

# 1525(11,12). Temperate and highland "tree" It is used for firewood. 

kahanan, tv. put on top of /plu/. 

kahankahan, tv. put one thing after another on top of. 

kahankahanan, tv. cf. kahankahan. 

kahanob, nib. shelf, attic, 

kahanobil, n4f. cf. kahanob. 

kaheah, iv. be on top of /tree, roof/, reach end of row /corn/, erupt 

(measles, smallpox). 

t skaheah hcik'. I am sweating. 

t skaheah k'ok'. I am feeling feverish. 

t skaheah li k'ak'ale ta ba vie. The sun is over the hill, 

kahean, tv. reach end of row /work/, place on top of, cause sweating. 

skahean scamel. He /took medicine/ so as to sweat, 

kaheanan, tv. place on top of /plu/. 

kaheanbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). incriminate, 

kaheankahean, tv. place one thing after another on top of. 

kaheankaheanan, tv. cf. kdheankahean. 

kaheanob, nib. medicine to cause measles to erupt, 

kaheanobil, nib. cf. kaheanob. 

kahet, av. floating on top of, riding /horse/. 

lek skahet k'ak'al ec'el ta ba vie. The sun is disappearing behind the 

hill. 

kahetah, iv. float, 

kahetik, av. cf. kahet (plu). 

kahi, iv. mount /horse, woman/, float. 

kahiebal, n5. Male joking speech referring to moment of success, i.e., 

moment when groom is about to mount bride or moment when person 

is about to win out in dispute, 

kahin, tv. lay across /wood when piled/, 

kahin, iv. rise to surface, 

kahinan, tv. lay many across /firewood/, 

kahkah, aj. flat-topped (mountain), 

kahkah, pt. directly, immediately. 

kahkon, av. floating on top of, lying on top of /sexual relations/, 

kahlah, av. cf. kahah (plu). 

kahlahetik, av. riding /horses/. 

kahleb samital na, nphr(n of nphr/natt & nld/). lintel of adobe house, 

kahiebal, n3d. platform, low shelf. 

kahiebal ka 1 ?, nphr(n att & n)ld. riding horse, 

kahlebin, tv. mount /horse, woman/, climb over /log/. 

kahlebinan, tv. climb over /logs/. 

kahlebinvan, iv. climb on person (dog, child), 

kahluh, av. climbing on top of suddenly, rising to surface suddenly (turtle, 

fish). 

kahtekahte, av. floating about, 

kahuh, iv. rise to the surface /water/. 

kahulan, tv. keep repeating, 

kahulanan, tv. keep repeating things. 

hkahlebinvaneh, agn. person who climbs on another, 

likel kahel, nphr(vn & vn)5. repetition. 

koh, nc. step, layer /mountains/, time /crime, curing ceremony, dream/, 

grade /religious post/, part /song/, story /building/, exchange of jokes 

/loko toil/. 

koh, n4b. the fault of, on behalf of. 

skoh pos. It is the fault of cane liquor. 

skoh camel. It is the fault of sickness. 

mu ta akohuk simile. It is not your fault if I am killed. 

Ritual speech, godfather to companion of father of child; skoh li yo 

yalabe li yo snic'nabe. On behalf of her humble child, his humble 

child. 

kohkoh, nc. single grade /religious post/, time /crime/ /I only/. 

kohleh, n4d. lameness, 

kohokil, n4f. many parts /song/. 

koholkohol, n4f. staircase, steps. 

kohonil, n3d. infant hernia /attributed to mother's eating "cold" 

foods/. To cure a child's hernia the pubic hair of a black ram is 

boiled and the brew is drunk. 

kahete N(Sp, cajeta).

kahete, nld. quince candy paste given to fiesta characters by great and 

petty ladinos on the fiesta of St. Sebastian. 

kabon N(Sp, cajon). 

kahon, nla. box for carrying fruit, coffin. 

skahonal 7anima. the dead person's coffin. 

kahval 

kahval, my lord. cf. ?ohov. 

kahve N(Sp, cafe). 

kahve, nla. coffee tree, coffee. It is "hot", var., kahvet /infr/, kape. 

kahvetik, n5. grove of coffee trees. 

kahve to, nphr(n type n). fiddle wood Citharexylum donnell-smithii, 

# 153(1,2,4,5). Highland "tree'. The berries are eaten by birds. Eugenia 

amatenangensis, #559(1,3). Temperate "tree". Casearia nitida, 

#1626(1,3,13). Temperate "tree" 

Tit'is kahve let, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). Viburnum elatum, 

#2946(16). Highland "tree". It is used for fence posts and firewood. 

kahvein, tv. take coffee beans off person's tree. 

telel kahve, nphr(n of n). 'coffee tree', coffee Coffea arabica, 

#297(1,2,3,5), #439(1,2). Lowland and temperate "tree". The beans 

are planted in September by Zinacantecs owning land in the temperate 

zone. One bean is planted in each hole. The harvest is in January. 

The beans are sold to fellow Zinacantecs or at market in San 

Cristobal. They are roasted on the griddle and ground, either on a 

metate or in a grinder. All but the poorest people drink coffee. It is 

"hot". Ground coffee is sprinkled on wounds to induce clotting. The 

trunk is used for axe, hoe, billhook and pick handles, for slingshots, 

and firewood. 

te9el kahvetik, nphr(n of n)5. grove of coffee trees. 

kahvel 

kahvel, coffee, cf. kahve. 

kak P. 

kakahtik, aj. cf. kakal /plu/. 

kakak, av. sticking /in throat/. 

kakaket, av. sticking /in throat/, smarting (eyes with exhaustion or grit). 

kakal, aj. stuck /in throat or cleft/, caught or hiding /in underbrush or 

vines/, 

kakal ta W)lol. in the middle /walking order/. 

kakalik, aj. cf. kakal /plu/. 

kakan, tv. stick into /cleft/, push into /mud/. 

kakan ba, rv. squeeze into. 

kakan-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. hiding /in underbrush, in woods/. 

kakanan, tv. stick in /cleft/ /plu/. 

kakanbe mahel, vphr(tv & vn5). sling in face. 

kakankakan, tv. stick one after another in /cleft/. 

kakankakanan, tv. cf. kakankakan. 

kakanob, nib. fork in tree where horse's food is placed. 

kakanobil, nib. cf. kakanob. 

kakeah, iv. get stuck /in underbrush or mud/, stick /in throat/. 

kakean, tv. cause to get stuck /in mud or tree/. 

kakeanvan, iv. push person /in mud/, trap person (spak'in teo in agaves). 

kaket, av. squeezing through /fence, underbrush, crowd/ (robber), 

skaket hsat. my eyes are smarting. 

kaketah, iv. squeeze through /underbrush/. 

kaketik, av. cf. kaket (plu). 

kaki, iv. become stuck, be stuck. 

te skaket t sna. lit., She is stuck to home, i.e., new bride who keeps 

visiting parents. 

kakkon, av. stuck, trapped, caught. 

kaklah, av. hurrying through /underbrush/ (sing or plu). 

kaklahet, av. squeezing through /underbrush/, floundering in /mud or 

river/. 

kaklahetik, av. cf. kaklahet (plu). 

kakleh, nib. stuck. 

Female scolding speech, wife to drunken husband; k'u t sapas ta 

kakleh ta tyenta. What are you doing stuck in the bar? 

kaktekakte, av. squeezing through here and there /fence/. 


hkakeanvaneh, agn. person who pushes another in mud. 

kaka*? 

kaka 1 *, horse, cf. ka">(l). 

kakakola 

kakakola, coca cola. cf. kokakola. 

kakan 

kakan, marble, cf. kanika. 

kakas(l) N. 

kakas to, nphr(n type n)la. bird cage. 

kakas(2) 

kakas, bread, cf. kaslan. 

kakason N(N, cacaxtle). 

kakason, nla. blessed palm /distributed on St. Peter's Day and woven 

into strip with cross at end, worn on hat as protection from lightning/, 

kakason hobel, nphr(n type n). goose grass Eleusine indica, 

#1985(1,3,4). Lowland plant" Dactyloctenium aegyptium, 

#1309(1,3,4,5), #1630(1,4). Lowland "plant". 

k'os kakason hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Cyperus sp., 


yasal kakason hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Paspalum plicatulum, 

#1271(1,3,4,5). Temperate plant" 

kakav N(M-Z, kakav). 

kakav te9, nphr(n type n). Oecopetalum mexicanum, #3051(5). Temperate 

"tree" It is grown by Chamulas. The nuts are boiled, dried in the sun, 

and sold at market in San Cristobal. 

kal prob P or P(2). 

kalal. av. brimming suddenly /with tears/. 

kalalet, av. brimming /with tears/. 

kalet, av. brimming /with tears/, 

kalkon, av. filled /with tears/, 

kallahet, av. brimming /with tears/ (plu). 

kaltekalte, av. brimming one after another /people's eyes with tears/. 

kalanca N(Sp,?). 

kalanca macita, nphr(n type n) 1 a. wooden-handled wide-bladed machete 

used formerly. 

kalas N(Sp, carda). 

kalas, nla. card /for wool/. 

kalon N(Sp, galon). 

kalon, nla. 20 liter can /used for water or lard/. 

kalpintero N(Sp, carpintero). 

kalpintero, agn. carpenter, var., karpintero. 

kalpintero mut, nphr(agn type n)5. 'carpenter bird', pale-billed woodpecker 

Phloeoceastes guatemalensis. The drumming of a pale-billed 

woodpecker on a live tree is believed to forecast rain, but on a dead 

tree, drought, var., karpintero mut. 

kaltera N(Sp. caldera). 

kaltera, nla. one liter dry measure, can for measuring corn and beans, 

coffee pot, pot taken on journey, 

kalterain, tv. take another's measure or coffee pot. 

kalto N(Sp, caldo). 

kalto, nla. broth, juice. 

kaltoal , nphr(natt & n)5. /chicken, beef, etc./ broth. 

kalvario N(Sp, calvano). 

kalvario, nla. lineage cross shrine, table in front of cross set up in church 

on Good Friday. 

kam(l) prob P or P(2). 

kamal, aj. filling a crack (excrement in anus, heavy beard and moustache 

that hides mouth). 

kamel, aj. with heavy beard and moustache that hides mouth, 

kamet, av. filling a crack (excrement in anus). 

karnkon, av. stuffing self (person, dog). 

kamlahet, av. cf. kamkon (plu). 

kamtekamtc eo?, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with excrement in one's 

anus (child). 

kam(2) O. 

kamkam. onom. bark (dog).


kamkon, av. barking (dog, angry person). 

kamlahet, av. talking loudly (sing), cf. kamkon (plu). 

kamluh. av. barking suddenly. 

kamvan ta ti?el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). barking and biting furiously at 

person, 

hkamvaneh ta ti?el, agn(nphr/vn5 & pt & vn5/). dog that barks at and 

bites person. 

kamaro N(Sp, camara). 

kamaro, nla. blasting iron or mortar. 

kamaron N(Sp, camaron) 

kamaron, nld. shrimp /unidentified/. It is eaten. It is "hot." 

kamaron coy, nphr(n type n)la. shrimp. 

kamaron to, nphr(n type n). 'shrimp tree', mexican alvaradoa Alvaradoa 

amorphoides, #295(1,2,3,5). Lowland 'tree*. The trunk is used for 

fieldhouse mainposts, fence posts, and firewood. #2794(3,4,5,7). 

Temperate "tree" Same use as above. 

kamisa N(Sp, camisa). 

kamisail, n3d. small boy's smock, 

vesal kamisail, cf. ves(3). 

kamosa N(Sp, gamuza). 

kamosa, nla. buckskin strap /for hat/, 

kamosa maneana, cf. maneana. 

kamosain, tv. take another's hat strap. 

kampana N(Sp, campana). 

kampana, nla. bell. 

kampana, nld. (5)-unattested variety. Its leaves are applied to a bone 

break. They are "hot".(RML)-Probably thorn apple. 

eahal kampana, nphr(aj & n). hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, 

#2147(1). Temperate "tree". Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases. 

kampana ?ak\ nphr(n type n). morning glory Ipomoea breedlovei, 

#2797(7). Lowland "vine" purple bell Cobaea scandens, #960(1,3). 


sakil kampana ">ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Breweria sulphurea, 


muk'ta sakil kampana 9ak', nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

morning glory Ipomoea pauciflora, #2872(1,4). Lowland vine". 

kampana e'iilel, nphr(n type n). thorn apple Datura Candida, #2282(19). 

Highland "plant", mullein nightshade Solanum verbascifolium, 

#2594(15,20,21,22). Temperate "vine" 

eahal kampana e'i'jlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). shrubby four o'clock 

Mirabilis jalapa, #2607(15). Lowland and temperate "plant", 

k'anal kampana e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Ludwigia octovalvis, 

#2112(1), #2418(1). Temperate "plant". 

yasal kampana e"i?lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Ruellia hookeriana, 

#1595(1,3). Temperate "plant". Achimenes longiflora, #2902(1,4). 

Lowland "plant". Ruellia nudiflora, #826(1,2). Lowland "plant". 

kampana c'o e"i9lel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'mouse's bell plant', 

cardinal flower Lobelia laxiflora, #40(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant" 

kampana c'ulelal, cf. c'ulelal. 

kampana nicim, nphr(n type n). 'bell flower', thorn apple Datura Candida, 

#392(1,4). Highland "tree " It is grown by a very few Zinacantecs, in 

their yards. The slips are planted in the rainy season. Children play 

with the flowers. #2823(12). Lowland "tree". Bouvardia sp., 


bik'tal kampana nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Escobedia guatemalensis, 

#1258(1,3,4,5,7). Temperate "plant" 

eahal kampana nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). hibiscus Hibiscus 

rosa-sinensis, #718(1,2). Temperate "tree" It is grown in yards by 

ladinos who put the flowers in altar vases, shrubby four o'clock 

Mirabilis jalapa, #1441(7). Lowland and highland "plant", 

k'os eahal kampana nicim, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

white evening primrose Oenothera kunthiana, #2089(17). Highland 

"plant". 

ca?-koh kampana nicim, nphr(n/num & nccpd/ type nphr/n type n/). 

'two stage bell flower', thorn apple Datura Candida, #2823(7). Lowland 

"tree" Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases. (RML)-This is 

a double variety. 

k'os kampana nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Bouvardia sp., 

#1006(1,5). Lowland, temperate, and highland "plant". Escobedia 

guatemalensis, #1382(3). Temperate "plant". 

sakil kampana nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Bouvardia sp., 

#1963(1,3,4). Temperate "plant" 

kampanario N(Sp. campanario). 

kampanario, n5. bell tower. 

kampor N(Sp, alcanfor). 

kampor, nla. blue gum Eucalyptus globulus, #602(1,4). Highland "tree". 

lus), #602(1,4). Highland "tree". It was planted formerly by ladinos. 

The leaves and the fruit are used by ladinos in sweat baths. Ladinos 

suffering from colds brew a handful of leaves. The steam serves as a 

decongestant. It is "hot" As a remedy for "wind", the leaves are 

brewed and a cupful drunk. It is "very hot", 

kamportik, n5. grove of blue gums. 

kampray N(Sp, cambray). 

kampray, n. cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus, #2064(17). Highland "plant". 

Same use as eahal kampray. 

kampraytik, n5. expanse of cosmos. 

eahal kampray, nphr(aj & n). cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus, #2064(3). 

Highland "plant" It grows in yards and corn fields. The flowers are 

put in altar vases or set in handfuls at the feet of the saints, when 

going to church. The flowers are sold at market in Tuxtla. 

sak-vayan kampray, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus, 


kamul N. 

kamul, n4f. wood chip, 

kamul if>, nphr(n of n)la. wood chip. 

kan(l) T. 

kan, onom. dong, bong. 

kananet, av. tolling (bell VI: 4 and VI: 5 on 3 3/4 speed), ring (bell), 

kanbe, tv. strike /with machete, rock or stirring rod/, 

kankon, av. ringing (axe), 

kanlahet, av. clanging (bell V2: 3 on 3 3/4 speed), drumming (water on 

metal), ringing (axes). 

kanlahetik, av. making clang or ring (children), 

kanluh, av. knocking suddenly, 

kanulan, tv. knock /on door/, ring /bell/. 

kan(2) prob P or P(2). 

kan-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. bald, 

kanahtik, aj. with receding hairline, 

kanal, aj. bald, 

kananbe, tv. make bald, 

kanel, aj. bald. 

kanet, av. with bald head, hatless. 

kankan, aj. bald, denuded, 

kankon, av. bare-headed (child), 

kank'uh, iv. become bald, 

kank'un, tv. shave /head/. 

kank'unvan, iv. make person's hair fall out (lead tree pod and eggs eaten 

together). 

kanp'uh, iv. cf. kank'uh. 

kanp'un, tv. cf. kank'un. 

kanp'unvan, iv. cf. kank'unvan. 

kantekante, av. walking about bald. 

kan(3) X. 

kananet 9a9lel sat, vphr(av & n4f & n4d). with tears streaming, 

kanet Wlel sat, vphr(av & n4f & n4d). with tears brimming. 

kanal N(Sp, ganar). 

kanal, nld. profit, 

kanalin, n4d. profit, 

hkanal, agn. laborer. 

pas kanal, vphr(tv & n5). win, make a profit, look for work. 

kanaro N(Sp, ganado). 

kanaro, n5. cow /used only by dudes when taunting straw bull/.

K TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 167 

lecele toro ?ecele kanaro. Do it bull, do it cow! 

kanava(l) N(Sp, canoa). 

kanava, nla. dugout, 

hkanavero, agn. paddler of dugout. 

kanava(2) N(Sp,?). 

kanava •Jak', nphr(n type n). coral vine Antigonon guatemalense, 

#2635(22). Lowland "vine". Oxypetalum cordifolium, #2596(21). Lowland 

"vine". 

kanela N(Sp, canela). 

kanela, nla. cinnamon, 

kanela, n. see below. 

sakil kanela, nphr(aj & n). tree evening primrose Hauya elegans, 

#882(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts, 

kanela ?ul, nphr(n type n)5. com gruel flavored with cinnamon, 

kanela te?, nphr(n type n). bittersweet bush Wimmeha pubescens, 

#2637(15,22). Lowland "tree", degane Calcophyllum candidissimum, 

#2679(15,21,22). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for house mainposts, 

cross beams and roof poles, and firewood, 

kanela te?tik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of kanela ten. 

•Jik'al kanela te?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). degane Calcophyllum 

candidissimum, #302(1,2,3,5). The trunk is used for roof poles and 

crossbeams of fieldhouses, for fence posts and firewood, 

•rit'is kanela te?, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). bittersweet bush Wimmeriapubescens, 

#1986(17). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used for 

house mainposts, fence posts, hoe handles, and flails, 

bik'it kanela te?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). bittersweet bush Wimmeriapubescens, 

#2637(20). Lowland "tree*. Same use asyit'iskanela 

ten. 

eahal kanela te?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). degane Calcophyllum 

candidissimum, #2679(1,3). Lowland "tree". Same use as kanela ten. 

muk'ta kanela te?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). degane Calcophyllum 

candidissimum, #2679(20). Lowland "tree". Same use as kanela ten. 

sakil kanela te?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild coffee Psycholria 

sp., #1612(1,3). Temperate "tree" 

?it'is sakil kanela te?, nphr: n4f of nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild 

coffee Psychotria sp., #1279(1,3,4,5). Lowland "tree" The trunk is 

used for roof rods and ridge poles of fieldhouses, for fence rails 

and posts, and for hoe handles. 

kanelo(l) N(Sp, canelo). 

kanelo, n. see below, 

bae'i kanelo, nphr(aj & n). Rondeletia sp., #312(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"tree" The trunk is used for firewood. 

kanelo(2) 

kanelo, ram. cf. karnero. 

kanika N(Sp, canica). 

kanika, nle. marble, 

kakan, n5. Baby talk; marble. 

kankreh N(Sp. cangrcjo). 

kankreh, nla. crab. Crabs are caught in the lowlands and boiled. They 

are seasoned with mexican tea, mint, chili, and salt. They are "hot", 

kansyon N(Sp, cancion). 

kansyon, nld. popular song. 

kantela N(Sp, candela). 

kantela, nla. candle. On All Souls' Day four wax candles are burnt at 

the graves of babies that had only nursed. Two wax and two tallow 

candles are burnt for all other deceased persons. Tallow candles signify 

meat. While wax candles may be offered to saints, tutelary gods, 

the earth lord, and ghosts, tallow candles are offered only to ghosts 

and to the earth lord. 

skantelail na. candles for house ceremony, 

kantela cenek', cf. cenck'. 

kantela con, cf. con. 

kantelail, n4d. candle for person's funeral or for saint, 

kantelail ?anima, nphr(natt & n)5. candles for the dead, 

kantelail cobtik, nphr(natt & n)5. candles or ceremony for corn fields. 

?oc kantela, vphr(iv & n5). hold year renewal ceremony. 

?oc kantela, vphr(iv & n4d). hold curing ceremony. 

kantil N(Sp, candil). 

kantil, nla. petroleum lamp. 

kantilin, tv. take possession of petroleum lamp. 

kantina N(Sp, cantina). 

kantina, nld. bar. 

kanyon N(Sp, canon). 

kanyon, nla. cannon. 

skanyonal tuk'. rifle bore. 

kap(l) I. 

kap, iv. become angry, get mad, lose one's temper. 

kap hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). become angry, get mad, lose one's temper. 

kapan, tv. anger. 

kapan baik, rv. get angry with each other. 

kapaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. not be on speaking terms. 

kapanan, tv. cf. kapan (plu). 

kapankapan, tv. anger one after another. 

kapankapanan, tv. cf. kapankapan. 

kapanvan, iv. anger someone. 

kapap tal hoi, vphr(av & dr & n4d). becoming madly enraged. 

kapebal, n5. moment before losing one's temper. 

kapem, aj. angry, cross. 

kapet, av. irritable, irritated, grumpy. 

kapet ?o?on, vphr(av & n4d). irritable, irritated, grumpy. 

kapet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). irritable, irritated, grumpy. 

kapetah, iv. become angry or cross. 

kapetik, av. cf. kapet (plu). 

kapkap, iv. become annoyed. 

kapkaptik, iv. become annoyed. 

kapkon, av. irritable, irritated, grumpy. 

kapkon ?o?on, vphr(av & n4d). feeling resentful. 

kapkon hoi, vphr(av & n4d). irritable, grumpy, quarrelsome. 

kaplahet, av. frequently irritable (plu). 

kaplahetik, av. cf. kaplahet (plu). 

kapluh hoi, vphr(av & n4d). flaring up with anger. 

kaptekapte, av. walking about grumpily. 

kapulan, iv. keep getting angry or losing one's temper. 

kapulan hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). keep getting angry or losing one's temper. 

hkapanvaneh, agn. person who angers others. 

kap(2) T(2). 

kap, tv. mix, lace /coffee/. 

kap, n4f. snack /food eaten to fill stomach after insufficient meal/, supplement 

/mistress sought if unsatisfied with wife/, added ingredient 

/medicine or herb mixed with other herb/. 

kap, nc. any article or ingredient mixed with another, mixing. 

kap ba, rv. get mixed up (sheep of two different owners), get mixed 

together (corn), get lost in a crowd. 

kap-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mixing together of groups of people. 

kap-voe", aj(aj & ajcpd). many kinds mixed together (corn, ribbons), 

multitudinous. 

kapahtik, aj. cf. kapal /plu/. 

kapal, aj. mixed. 

kapalik, aj. cf. kapal /plu/. 

kapan, tv. mix many, lace much /coffee/. 

kapankapan, tv. mix one after another. 

kapel, nc. mixing. 

kapih, iv. get mixed up. 

kapin, tv. mix. 

kapin, n4f. article or ingredient mixed with another, snack /food eaten 

to fill stomach after insufficient meal/. 

kapin ba, rv. mix together (other person's chickens or sheep with one's 

own). 

kapkap, nc. single mixing /daub/ /I only/. 

kapob, nib. cane liquor for lacing, hoe for mixing daub. 

kapobil, nib. cf. kapob. 

kapolah, iv. mix /cane liquor and water, lottery tickets/.


kapomah, iv. cf. kapolah. 

kapon kahve, nphr(n type n)5. laced coffee. 

kapulan, tv. keep mixing /mud with pine needles for house com of 

different colors/, keep lacing /coffee/. 

kapulan ba, rv. lose oneself in a crowd. 

kapulanan, tv. keep mixing a lot /mud, corn/. 

kapulanob, nib. shovel or hoe for mixing cement. 

kapulanobil, nib. cf. kapulanob. 

hkap-?ac'el, agn(tv & npcd). person who mixes daub or mud for adobe. 

kapa N(Sp, capa). 

kapail, n3a. rain cape, chasuble. 

kapain, tv. take another's raincoat. 

kape 

kape, coffee, cf. kahve. 

kapitan N(Sp, capitan). 

kapitan, agn. captain or capitan /official in first level of religious hierarchy/. 

kapitan sela, nphr(n type n)5. ribbon /wide red ribbon that is worn over 

shirts of angels and cantors/. 

kapon N(Sp, capon). 

kapon, nla. nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus, castrated animal. 

kapon cih, nphr(n type n)la. wether. 

kapon citom, nphr(n type n)la. barrow. 

kapon con, nphr(n type n)le. nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. 

cf. e'omol con, mail con. Armadillos are believed to be transformations 

of turkey buzzards. They are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. 

Their flesh is "cold". The shell is used during planting as a container 

for seed com. A stuffed figure, representing Judas, and hung on the 

church during Holy Week sports an armadillo shell container. To 

cause an embedded thorn to drop out an armadillo tail is burnt and 

ground into powder that is applied to the affected part. 

kapon kelem, nphr(n type n)la. capon. 

kaporal N(Sp, caporal). 

kaporal, agn. finca or ranch worker who is assigned to set example for 

others in work. 

kapote N(Sp, capote). 

kapoteil, n3a. blue cape worn by ensign-bearers when entering and leaving 

office, worn by grand and petty alcaldes on Good Friday. 

karabo E(Sp, carajo). 

karaho, excl. hell! /exclamation of surprise or dismay/. 

karansa N(Sp, Carranza). 

karansa c'o, rat. cf. c'o. 

karanyon A(Sp, garanon). 

karanyon, aj. licentious, wildly sexual (man, stallion). 

karapon N(Sp, garrafon). 

karapon, n5. demijohn, var., garafon. 

karavato N(Sp, garabato). 

karavato, nla. forked stick used when clearing weeds with machete. 

karavato kni, nphr(nld of nld). wooden cleat used to tighten pack ropes. 

karavato te9, nphr(n type n)la. forked stick used when clearing weeds 

with machete. 

karavatoin, tv. take forked stick. 

karera N(Sp, Carrera). 

karera, n5. Guatemalan peso minted 1850-1870 and reportedly used during 

the revolution. 

kareta N(Sp, carreta). 

kareta, nla. oxcart. 

karetia N(Sp, carrctilla). 

karetia, nla. wheelbarrow. 

karetiain, tv. take wheelbarrow. 

karida 

karida, peach, cf. turasnu. 

karina N(Sp, cadena). 

karina, nla. chain, saint's medal on link chain worn by women around 

neck. 

karira N(Sp, caridad). 

karira, n5. Ritual speech of older women; charity. 

mi 9o to c'ul-karira mi ?o to e'ul-9ovlikasyon. Is there still divine 

charity, is there still divine grace? 

karida, cf. turasnu. 

karirat, cf. turasnu. 

karirat 

karirat, peach, cf. turasnu. 

karka N(Sp, carga). 

karka, nle. reed or horn measure of gunpowder. 

karkain, tv. make into gunpowder measure. 

karnero N(Sp, camera). 

kamero, nla. ram. 

kamero te 1 ?, nphr(n type n). 'ram tree', mayan sea grape Coccoloba mayana, 

#2681(1,3,15,22), #2803(3,4,5). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used 

for fence posts and firewood. (15)-It is used also for hoe and billhook 

handles, and for digging sticks, cherry ehretia Ehretia tinifolia, 

#794(1,2). Lowland "tree". Licania arborea, #292(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"tree" The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. Coccoloba sp., 

#1988(1,3,4,16). Lowland "tree". (16)-The trunk is used for fence 

posts and firewood. 

kanelo, n5. Baby talk; ram. 

karo N(Sp, cairo). 

karo, nla. truck, bus, pick-up. 

karoin, tv. take toy truck. 

karos N(Sp, carroza). 

karos, nla. wheel, dolly /for cripples/, walker /for children/, hoop. 

karosin, tv. take wheel or hoop. 

karpintero 

karpintero, carpenter, cf. kalpintero. 

karsa N(Sp, garza). 

karsa, nle. snowy egret Leucophoyx tkula. cf. heak-coy. 

karton N(Sp, carton). 

karton, nla. cardboard, cardboard box, case /beer/. 

kartonin, tv. make into cardboard box. 

kartuco N(Sp, cartucho). 

kartuco, nla. calla lily Zantedeschia aethiopica, #114(1,2,3,4,5), 

#2507(4). Highland "plant". It is planted by Zinacantecs in their 

yards, in the rainy season. Men place one bulb in each hole with 

sheep manure on top. The flowers are put in altar vases. Two vases 

filled with calla lilies, ox eye daisies, and macaw feathers adorn the 

banquet table on January twentieth and twenty-second, during the 

fiesta of St. Sebastian. They also adorn the table in the Chapel of 

Lord Esquipulas on Carnival Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday. They 

are taken temporarily to the cantor's house for the banquet table on 

Carnival Monday and Tuesday. The stewards carry these vases to 

Voi-bie to decorate the banquet tables of the stewards of Our Lady of 

the Rosary and of the tithing man on the fiesta of the virgin. Stewards 

buy or gather calla lilies for each flower change. The flowers are 

sold in Tuxtla by Zinacantecs, Chamulas, and Tzeltals. (23)-Thirty 

flowers are provided by each steward for the flower change in the 

churches. 

kartucoaltik, n5. large field of calla lilies. 

kartucotik, n5. field of calla Hies. 

kartuco niiim, nphr(n type n). 'kartuco flower', calla lily Zantedeschia 

aethiopica, #2507(21,22). Highland "plant". The flowers are placed in 

altar vases. 

kartucoin. tv. take possession of person's calla lilies. 

karveusa N(Sp, garbanzo). 

karvensa, cf. cenek'. 

karvonato N(Sp, carbonate). 

karvonato, nla. bicarbonate of soda. inan. poss: skarvonatoal (or) 

skarvonatoil. 

kas(l) prob O. 

kasaset, av. wheezing (iguana, indigo snake).

kaskon, av. speaking thickly or incoherently (drunk, person with speech 

impediment). 

kaslahet, av. cf. kaskon. 

kaslahetik, av. cf. kaskon (plu). 

kasluh, av. wheezing suddenly. 

kastekaste, av. wheezing one after another (iguanas). 

kas N(Sp, gato). 

katu?, nla. cat. Male joking speech: vagina, var., gato. Cats are believed 

to be companion animal spirits of thin, stupid people. The howl 

of a cat near one's house is believed to announce one's death. If a cat 

crosses a hunter's path, it is assumed he will have no success in the 

hunt. During a year renewal ceremony the tutelary gods are envisioned 

as sitting at a table at Kalvario under which, at the west end, 

sleeps a cat. 

?oy skatu9al kuTun. I have a cat /for the mice/. 

katuoin, tv. take cat into one's home. 

•Jatu 1 ?, n5. Baby talk; cat. 

kav 1(2). 

kav, iv. split open (earth). 

kavahtik, aj. cf. kaval /plu/. var., gato. 

kaval, aj. wide open (anus), agape (mouth), split open (end of chayote, 

overripe papausa, heel). 

kavalik, aj. cf. kaval /plu/. 

kavan ba, rv. open legs wide in sitting or squatting position (woman in 

sweat bath). 

kavanan cak, vphr(tv & n4d). show one's backsides (people swimming). 

kavanbe, tv. expose rear (child, woman frightening man). 

kavaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. opening legs wide in sitting or squatting 

position (woman in sweat bath). 

kavav, n4g. opening (anus). 

kaveah fiak, vphr(iv & n4d). go completely broke. 

kavean, tv. expose one's rear (angry woman who lifts skirts). 

kavel, aj. wide open (anus), agape (mouth). 

kavet, av. wide open (anus), agape (mouth of person lost in thought). 

kavetah, iv. walk about with wide open (anus, mouth). 

kavetik, av. cf. kavet (plu). 

kavkav, aj. wide open (anus). 

kavkon, av. wide open (child's anus).

170 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 K 

kavk'uh cak, vphr(iv & n4d). cf. kaveah cak. 

kavk'un, tv. cf. kavean. 

kavlah, av. with wide open (anuses). 

kavlahet, av. cf. kavkon (plu). 

kavlahetik, av. cf. kavkon (plu). 

kavleh, nlf. with wide open (mouth, anus). 

kavlehikil, n4f. cf. kavleh /plu/. 

kavluh, av. splitting apart suddenly (l°g)kavp'uh 

cak, vphr(iv & n4d). cf. kaveah cak. 

kavp'un, tv. cf. kavean. 

kavtekavte ie, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with mouth agape /lost in 

thought/. 

kavtekavte cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with wide open anus, 

hkavanvaneh, agn. sickness that impoverishes person. 

hkaveanvaneh, agn. sickness that impoverishes person, 

hkavk'unvaneh, agn. cf. hkaveanvaneh. 

kavanya N(Sp, cabana). 

kavanya, n5. center of Institute Nacional Indigenista /in San Cristobal/. 

kavayero N(Sp, caballero). 

kavayero, n5. pauraque Nyctidromus albicollis. cf. kurkuvic'. The pauraque 

is not eaten. It is considered to be the messenger of witches. Its 

bones are used in a love potion, 

kavayero mut, nphr(n type n)5. cf. kavayero. 

kavajito N(Sp, caballito). 

kavayito, n5. merry-go-round. 

kaviho N(Sp, cabUdo). 

kavilto, nla. town hall, court, gallery where officials eat at the fiesta of 

St. Sebastian. 

kaviltoah, iv. go to the courthouse. 

hkaviltoahcl, agn. person who goes to, is at, or has come from the courthouse. 

kavo N(Sp, cabo). 

kavo, agn. boss /foreman in roadwork/. 

kavron N(Sp, cabron). 

kavron, agn. bastard /figuratively applied to both men and women/, 

kavron, excl. hell! /exclamation of annoyance or surprise/. 

kay T(2). 

kay, tv. pull out /firebrand/, filch /corn, beans from bag/, pull off a few 

/ears of corn, beans/, ladle off /juice from pot if it is too full/. 

kayahtik, a), widely spaced (slats of wall), 

kayal, aj. widely spaced (corral posts, teeth). 

kayan, tv. pull out /firebrands/, filch /corn or beans from bag/, 

kayanan, tv. cf. kayan. 

kayankayan k'ok', vphr(tv & n4d). pull out one firebrand after another, 

kayankayanan k'ok', vphr(tv & n5). cf. kayankayan k'ok'. 

kayantik aj., too widely spaced (teeth) sparse, with gaps (planted row 

where plants have died), 

kaybentik, aj. too widely spaced (teeth), sparse, with gaps (planted row 

where plants have died). 

kayebal, n5. moment before touching ground (heavily laden branches), 

kayel, nc. scooping out /corn, beans/, 

kayet, av. be lacking full amount (nixtamal in pot), with gaps (row of 

corn), with irregularly-sized clumps (corn), 

kayetik, av. cf. kayet (plu). 

kayleh, n4f. wide spacing (slats, fence rails), 

kaylehikil, n4f. cf. kayleh /plu/. 

kayob, nib. spoon dipped in liquid to prevent boiling over, 

kayobil, nib. cf. kayob. 

kaytekayte, av. being depleted one after another (bags of corn, beans). 

kayulan, tv. keep filching, keep pulling out /firebrand/. 

kayulanan, tv. keep filching /plu/. 

kaya N(Sp, calle). 

kaya, nle. road, street. 

kayahon N(Sp, callejon). 

kayahon, nla. breach, fire-lane. 

kayeta N(Sp, galleta). 

kayeta, nla. cracker, cookie, var., gayeta. 

ke Pt(Sp, que). 

ke, pt. than. 

mas lek ke ti yane. better than the others. 

ke'(l) O. 

ke', onom. burp. 

ke'et, av. burping. 

ke?etah, iv. burp. 

ke'etik, av. cf. kenet (plu). 

ke'luh, av. burping suddenly. 

ke'(2) 

ke 1 ?, boy! cf. kerem. 

ke'(3) P, P(2). 

ke? 'ok, vphr(tv & n4d). limp, walk with a gimp. 

ke'-'ok, n(aj & ncpd)5. lame. 

ke'ahtik, aj. cf. keiel /plu/. 

ke'an 'ok, vphr(tv & n4d). grow upwards (corn plant that has been 

flattened), lean to one side (mule to prevent proper loading). 

ke'an ba, rv. balk (mule). 

ke'anan 10k, vphr(tv & n4d). grow upwards (corn plants that have been 

flattened). 

ke'anke'an 'ok, vphr(tv & n4d) lean to one side one after another (many 

mules). 

ke'anke'anan 'ok, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. kfrankeian nok. 

ke'ean 'ok, vphr(tv & n4d). lean to one side (mule to prevent proper 

loading). 

ke'eanan 'ok, vphr(tv & n4d). grow upwards (corn plants that have been 

flattened). 

ke'el, aj. with one leg bent at knee (person, mule). 

ke'elik, aj. cf. keiel /plu/. 

ke'i 'ok, vphr(iv & n4d). lean to one side (mule to prevent proper loading). 

ke'ke', aj. with one leg bent at knee (person, mule). 

ke'kon 'ok, vphr(av & n4d). limping (person, mule). 

ke'k'un 9ok, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. koean vok. 

ke'lahet •'ok, vphr(av & n4d). limping (mules). 

ke'p'un 'ok, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. ke°iean ")ok. 

ke'p'unan 'ok, vphr(tv & n4d). lean to one side (mules). 

ke'p'unke'p'unan 'ok, vphr(tv & n4d). lean to one side one after another 

(many mules). 

ke'teke'te 'ok, vphr(av & n4d). limping about. 

ke'ulan 'ok, vphr(tv & n4d). limp, gimp. 

keb N. 

keb, n4d. burp. 

keb cih, nphr(n of n). 'deer burp' or 'sheep burp', Fernaldia pandurata, 

#2669(1,3). Lowland vine". The leaves and flowers are boiled and 

eaten. They are "hot". 11. Eryngium ghiesbreghtii, #1901(1,3,4). Temperate 

and highland "plant". 

keb vakas 'itah, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'cow burp greens', Fernaldia 

pandurata, # 1670(7). Lowland "vine". The plants are pulled up in the 

corn fields. They are chopped up and boiled, seasoned with salt, chili, 

and lime juice. They are "medium". 

kebah, iv. burp. 

keban, iv. burp. 

kebta, tv. burp at. 

kebtavan, iv. burp at person (dog). 

hkebtavaneh, agn. dog that burps at person. 

kebrahaca 

kebrahaca, acacia, cf. kevrahaca. 

kec(l) P(2). 

keeahtik, aj. cf. keeel /plu/. 

keean komel, vphr(tv & dr). stop grinding second time ineffectually. 

keeanan, tv. stop grinding second time /plu/. 

keebe, tv. grind second time ineffectually (young girl). 

keeel, aj. sitting idle during second grinding (metate).


keeelik, aj. cf. keeel /plu/. 

keei, iv. sit idle during second grinding (metate). 

keekon, av. grinding second time slowly and ineffectually /back and 

forth motion/. 

keelahet, av. cf. keekon (plu). 

kedeh, n4f. sitting idle during second grinding /metate/. 

keeulan, tv. keep grinding second time ineffectually (young girl). 

kee(2) P or P(2). 

kee-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with shoulder length hair. 

keeahtik, aj. cf. keeel /plu/. 

keeel, aj. shoulder length (ladina's hair), 

keeelik, aj. cf. keeel /plu/. 

keei, iv. be shoulder length (hair). 

keekee, aj. shoulder length (ladina's hair), 

keekon, av. long (sheep's wool on sheep), shoulder length (hair), 

keelahet, av. cf. keekon (plu). 

kedahetik, av. cf. keekon (plu). 

kedeh, n4f. shoulder length, 

keetekeete, av. walking about with long /wool/, with shoulder length 

(hair). 

kee(3) prob O. 

keeeeet, av. scolding (rooster, gobbler). 

tec P, P(2). 

kec, tv. taper /log/, slice off /with hoe or knife/, 

kec-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with bangs and/or shoulder length hair. 

keeahtik, aj. unfinished /plu/. 

kecan, tv. taper /logs/, slice off much /with knife or hoe/, leave unfinished. 

kecan ba, rv. give up, abandon (fiancee). 

kecanan, tv. leave unfinished /plu/. 

kecaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)ld. abandonment /of engagement/. 

kecankecan, tv. slice off one after another, abandon one after another, 

kecankecananan, tv. slice off one after another, 

kecav losil, nphr(n of n)5. bank. 

kecbe, tv. slice off /meat/, 

kecbenal, n4f. cut, gash. 

kecbenal "?osil, nphrlaj & n)5. cut /road/. 

keceah, iv. be left half finished (work). 

kecec, av. flooding, 

kececet, av. flooding to the banks (river), falling in section after section 

(bridge), 

keeel, aj. unfinished, with bangs (child), with cloud line on mountain top. 

keeel soe". bitten or eaten by bat /animal, fruit/. 

kecel-ean, tv(aj & tvepd). leave half-burnt, 

keeel make], ajphr(aj & aj). with a great deal left to do. 

kecel-vok', tv(aj & tvepd). leave partly hoed, 

kecel-vok'ilan, tv(aj & tvepd). keep leaving partly hoed, 

keeelik, aj. unfinished /plu/. 

kecelil, n3b. leftovers, woman who is no longer a virgin. 

kecelta, tv. abandon, leave unfinished /meal/, 

keceltaan, tv. leave unfinished /fruits/. 

kecet, av. unfinished, unpaid (debt), cutting across mountain top (cloud), 

rampant (disease), in turn, in even line (workers), 

kecetik, av. in straight line (workers), 

keei, iv. leave unfinished, 

keckec hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with bangs, 

keekon, av. rampant (chicken's disease), avalanching, being ruined /teeth 

by candies/, worn down on side or end (sandal), creeping in an even line 

(brush fire). 

skeckon pik tak'in yuTun. He is using up money at a great rate 

/religious official/. 

keck'uh, iv. be worn thin on side or end (sole). 

kecleh, nib. abandonment, in bangs. 

kecluh, av. slicing suddenly /leg with axe/, 

kecob, nib. axe. 

kecobil, nib. cf. kecob. 

kecp'uh, iv. cf. keck'uh. 

kectekecte, av. advancing rapidly here and there (brush fire), finishing 

rapidly (flailing of corn, hoeing), falling here and there (avalanche), 

kectekecte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with bangs or with hair 

at equal length around shoulders. 

keculan, tv. keep tapering or beveling /log/, keep leveling /earth/, 

keculanob, nib. axe. 

keculanobil, nib. cf. keculanob. 

kecVan, iv. slice person. 

hkecvaneh, agn. axe or machete that slices person. 

keh P. 

kehahtik, aj. cf. kehel /plu/. 

kehan, tv. make kneel, 

kehan ba, rv. kneel, grow upwards (flattened corn plants). 

iskehan sba ta kok 9un. He knelt at my feet, 

kehanan, tv. make kneel /plu/ (teacher), 

kehaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. kneeling, 

kehankehanan, tv. make one kneel after another (nuns when people 

receive communion), 

kehanvan, iv. make person kneel, 

keheah, iv. fall to one's knees, grow bent (corn). 

kehean, tv. push on one's knees, 

keheanvan, iv. make person kneel (priest), 

kehel, aj. kneeling. 

Ritual speech, prayer; kehelon tal patalon tal. I come kneeling, I 

come bowing low. 

kehelik, aj. cf. kehel /plu/. 

kehet, av. kneeling, 

kehetah, iv. kneel, 

kehetik, av. cf. kehet (plu). 

kehi, iv. kneel, 

kehkeh, aj. deformed (leg). 

kehkon, av. kneeling for a long time (petitioner, woman giving birth), 

kehk'uh, iv. grow bent (flattened com that grows upwards), 

kehk'un, tv. make limp /chicken with rock/, 

kehk'unvan, iv. cf. keheanvan. 

kehlahet, av. kneeling for a long time (petitioners), 

kehlahetik, av. cf. kehlahet (plu). 

kehlebal, n3d. kneeling place, sitting place of woman /old straw mat/, 

kehlebin, tv. kneel on. 

kehleh, nc. span between thumb and knuckle of forefinger /I only/, 

kehleh, nld. kneeling. 

kehleh, n4f. growing upwards /flattened corn/, 

kehlehikil, n4f. cf. kehleh /plu/. 

kehleta, tv. kneel at one's feet. 

liskehleta ta kavilto. He knelt at my feet at the courthouse, 

kehletaan, tv. kneel at the feet of many people, 

kehlita, tv. cf. kehleta. 

kehlitaan, tv. cf. kehletaan. 

kehluh, av. falling to one's knees suddenly, 

kehomal, n4d. cf. vue'omal. 

Ritual speech; 9oy akehomal 9oy apusomal. You have a kneeling 

place, you have a bending place /knees/. 

kehp'uh, iv. fall to one's knees, 

kehp'un, tv. cf. kehean. 

kehp'unvan, iv. cf. keheanvan. 

kehuh, iv. genuflect, 

kehuhel, nc. genuflection. 

hkehanvanch, agn. person who makes another kneel, 

hkeheanvaneh, agn. person who makes another kneel, 

hkehk'unvaneh, agn. cf. hkeheanvaneh. 

hkehp'unvaneh, agn. cf. hkeheanvaneh. 

kek O. 

kekeket, av. cluck (hen wanting to lay). 

keket, av. clucking (hen), 

keketik, av. cf. keket (plu).


kekkekkek, onom. cluck. 

kekkon, av. clucking slowly (hen EKL 252: 1-15). 

keklahet, av. cf. kekkon (plu), cackling (V2: 20) (plu). 

keklahetik, av. cf. kekkon (plu). 

kekluh, av. clucking suddenly. 

kektekekte, av. clucking about. 

kelem(l) N. 

kelem, nla. rooster. A rooster's flesh is "cold". After a person's death, 

a rooster is killed and its head is placed in a bowl of broth that is set 

to one side of the head of the deceased in the belief that the cock 

crowing will guide his soul to heaven. The crowing of a rooster in the 

early evening is thought to signal the arrival of a visitor. 

kelcmin, tv. take rooster. 

kelemtf) 

kelem, boy. cf. kerem. 

kern P or P(2). 

kem-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. fat-faced. 

kernel, aj. fat (faced). 

kemet sat, vphr(av & n4


ketkon, av. grinding slowly second time. 

kelulan, tv. keep grinding second time ineffectually (young girl). 

ke»(l) P, P(2). 

kev, tv. grind first time slowly /com/ (child, sick person). 

kev, nc. grinding motion. 

kevahtik, aj. cf. kevel /plu/. 

kevan komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave idle during first grinding /metate/. 

keveah, iv. not be bought (merchandise). 

kevean, tv. leave idle during first grinding /metate/. 

kevel, aj. idle (metate), unbought (merchandise). 

kevelik, aj. cf. kevel /plu/. 

kevet, av. grinding slowly. 

kevi, iv. sit idle during first grinding (com dough, metate). 

kevkev, aj. idle (metate). 

kevkon, av. grinding first time slowly (child, sick person). 

kevlahet, av. cf. kevkon (plu). 

kevlahetik, av. cf. kevkon (plu). 

kevleh, nlf. sitting idle during first grinding (corn dough, metate). 

kevob, nib. mano. 

kevobil, nib. cf. kevob. 

kevulan, tv. keep grinding first time slowly (child, sick person). 

key(2) P. 

kev-?e, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted or swollen mouth. 

kevel, aj. twisted, swollen, agape (mouth). 

kevelik, aj. cf. kevel /plu/. 

kevet ">e, vphr(av & n4d). looking at merchandise and not buying it or 

selling it. 

kevev, av. running with twisted mouth (drunk). 

kevi, iv. be twisted (mouth). 

kevkev, aj. cf. kevel. 

kevk'uh, iv. become twisted or swollen (mouth). 

kevk'un, tv. become twisted or swollen. 

kevk'unvan, iv. make person's mouth swell /with blows/. 

kevleh, nlf. with twisted mouth or mouth agape. 

kevluh, av. twisting suddenly (mouth). 

kevp'uh, iv. cf. kevk'uh. 

kevp'un, tv. cf. kevk'un. 

kevp'unvan, iv. cf. kevk'unvan. 

hkevk'unvaneh, agn. person who causes another's mouth to swell. 

hkevp'unvaneh, agn. cf. hkevk'unvaneh. 

kevrahaca N(Sp, quiebrahacha). 

kevrahaca, n. acacia Acacia pennatula, #713(1,2). Temperate "tree" 

#2704(1,3). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for roof rods /six to 

eight/, fence rails and posts, and firewood. The branches are used for 

brush fences, var., kebrahaca /Htek-lum/, kervahaca /Von-bie/. 

kevrahacatik, n5. grove of acacia trees. 

muk'ta kevrahaca, nphr(aj & n). acacia Acacia pennatula, 

#2704(20,21). Lowland "tree" Same use as kevrahaca. (20)-The 

tender shoots are eaten by horses. 

kevrahaca te% nphrtn type n). acacia Acacia pennatula, #2704(15,22). 

Lowland "tree". Same use as kevrahaca. 

kevn N. 

kevu, nle. shade, shadow. 

Ritual speech, prayer; 9ak*bon ta yo 1 akevual ta yo 1 avasinal. Place 

me in Thy lordly shadow, under Thy lordly cover. 

kevu, tv. Ritual speech, curing prayer; be refreshed by, enjoy, cf. maki. 

kevuah, iv. take shade. 

kevualtik, n5. expanse of shade. 

kevuan, tv. take shade. 

kevutik, n5. shade. 

kUrail N(Sp, criada). 

kiarail, n3d. maid, var., kriarail. 

kie P, P(2). 

kie, tv. gash or scratch /arm, leg/ (grass, thorns or sharp leaves). 

kie ba, rv. scratch, gash or rub self. 

kie-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)ld. scratching, gashing or rubbing of self. 

173 

kie-ves, n(aj & ncpd)5. with pants riding up. 

kieahtik, aj. badly scratched, long and narrow (plots of land). 

kiean, tv. ride up, draw a line. 

kiean, tv. gash badly. 

kjeanki'ean, tv. be gashed in many places (arm, leg) /by grass, thom or 

sharp leaves/. 

kiebe, tv. scratch a mark on, bow /fiddle/. 

kiebe senya, vphr(tv & n5). mark, 

kiebenal, n4d. vagina, 

kieel, aj. riding up (pants), scratched, 

kieet, av. riding up /pants/. 

kieie, aj. sticking (wet or sweaty clothes to back, knot that cannot be 

slipped tight). 

kieieah, iv. become sticky (wet rope that cannot be knotted or un knotted), 

kieiean, tv. make sticky /rope/ (water), 

kieieet, av. sticking (wet or sweaty clothes to back, knot that cannot be 

slipped tight, 

kieil, aj. furrowed (vagina), long and narrow (plot of land), riding up 

(pants), long and straight line, 

kieilik, aj. cf. kieahtik /plu/. 

kiekie, nld. Male joking speech; vagina, 

kiekie, aj. riding up (pants), 

kiekon, av. bowing /fiddle/. 

kiek'uh, iv. become sticky (wet rope). 

kielah, av. sticking (wet or sweaty clothes to back). 

kielahet. av. cf. kieet (plu), kiekon (plu). 

kielahetik, av. cf. kiekon (plu). 

kicleh, n4f. scratch, gash, rub, narrow plot /land/, 

kielehikil, n4f. cf. kieleh /plu/. 

kieluh, av. gashing or scratching suddenly. 

kieob, nib. fiddle bow. 

kieobil, nib. cf. kieob. 

kiep'uh, iv. cf. kiek'uh. 

ki'etekiete, av. running about with pants riding up or with clothes sticking 

to body. 

kieulan, tv. keep scratching /marks/. 

kieulanan, tv. keep gashing in many places (grass). 

kieulanob, nib. com stalk, toy fiddle bow. 

kieulanobil, nib. cf. kieulanob. 

kievan, iv. gash or scratch person (grass, reed), rub raw (rope), 

hkievaneh, agn. grass, reed or rope that scratches, gashes or rubs person. 

kie" P(2) or T(2). 

kie'be, tv. squeak /weaving palm/. 

kie'il bak, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. yalem bek'et. 

kie'kon, av. squeaking /weaving palm/. 

kie'lahet, av. cf. kie'kon (plu). 

kie 1 ? 

kie?, boy! cf. kcrem. 

kik(l) Pt. 

kik, pt. maybe, /term expressing reluctance or hesitancy/. 

t sibat kik. I guess I'll go. 

kik(2) P. 

kikahtik, aj. cf. kikil /plu/. 

kikan. tv. lean against, 

kikan ba, rv. lean against (person standing), 

kikanan, tv. lean against /plu/. 

kikankikan, tv. lean one after another against /wood against wall/, 

kikankikanan, tv. cf. kikankikan. 

kikanob sit, nphr(nlf of nld). wall for leaning firewood against, 

kikanobil si7, nphr( n I f of n 1 d). cf. kikanob sit. 

kikeah, iv. be arduous (work), 

kiket, av. leaning against (standing person, hoe), 

kiketik, av. cf. kiket (plu). 

kiki, iv. lean against (person, bottle, hoe), 

kikik, av. leaning against, 

kikiket, av. swaying back and forth in unison (com or high weeds, sugar


cane, reeds in wind), beating against bank (flooded river), 

kikil, aj. leaning against (standing person, tree, firewood), 

kikilik, aj. cf. kikil /plu/. 

kikilik li lubele. aching with exhaustion, 

kiklah, av. staggering (drunk) (sing or plu). 

kiklahet, av. staggering (drunk), toddling, 

kiklahetik, av. cf. kiklahet (plu). 

kiklebal, n3b. leaning place, 

kiklebal sila, nphr(nlf of nld). back of chair, 

kiklebin, tv. lean against, 

kiklebinvan, iv. lean against person. 

kikleh, nlf. leaning. 

kikp'uh, iv. stagger. 

kikp'un, tv. make stagger, 

kikp'unvan. iv. make person stagger. 

kiktekikte, av. staggering about (drunk), 

hkikp'unvaneh, agn. person who makes another stagger. 

kil P, P(2). 

kil, tv. drag /on ground/. 

iskil ta kavilto. He dragged him into court. 

h-likel iskil ec'el hc'amal. lit., My child was dragged off in a jiffy, i.e., 

My child died suddenly. 

kil, nc. length (necklace, tripe, vine, bloody phlegm), strip (jerked meat, 

narrow land). 

kil ba, tv. drag self around, 

kil baik, rv. pull each other about. 

kil-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. dragging each other /to court/, 

kil-sik', n(aj & ncpd)5. long-winged. 

kil tak'in, vphr(tv & n5). be very expensive, cost a great deal. 

kilahtik, aj. cf. kilil /plu/. 

kilahtik 9uc'ul vo 1 ?, cf. luc'ul vo?. 

kilahtik eib, cf. rib. 

kilahtik la, cf. la. 

kilahtik nes, cf. nes. 

kilahtik saho'?, cf. sahov. 

kilahtik sansan, cf. sansan. 

kilahtik tok'oy, cf. tok'oy. 

kilahtik yasal eib, cf. eib. 

kilan, tv. set down /rope/. 

kilan ba, rv. stretch out (drunk), 

kilanan, tv. drag /plu/. 

kilankilan, tv. drag one after another, 

kilankilanan, tv. cf. kilankilan. 

kilanvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave person stretched out (drunk), 

kilbe ta k'ob, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). pull out of one's hand, 

kileah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). fall uncoiled (rope), 

kilean yalel, vphr(tv & dr). drop uncoiled /rope/. 

kilel, nc. stroke of hoe during weeding. 

kilet, av. stretched out (drunk), slithering or swimming in straight line 

(snake), dragging along /ground/ (clothes), falling behind /in work or 

on path/. 

tah skilet ssik' t skile. lit., I see him standing there with dragging 

wings, i.e., idly. 

kiletah, iv. be dragged along or summoned, 

kiletel con, nphr(vn type n)5. crawling animal /general term for snakes, 

lizards and salamanders/, 

kiletik, av. cf. kilet (plu). 

kilikil, n4f. many blots /bloody phlegm/, 

kilil, av. slithering or swimming along in straight line (snake). 

kilil, aj. stretched out (rope, drunk, guts, snake, clothing), hanging down 

(mucous, spit). 

kilil mahal, ajphr(aj & aj). hastily, improperly, carelessly, 

kililet, av. dragging along (branches, person, logs, rope), slithering or 

swimming in a straight line (snake), 

kililik, aj. cf. kilil /plu/. 

kilkil, nc. single strip /land/ /I only/. 

kilkil, aj. long and narrow (land, leaf), in tatters (clothing). 

kilkil spat, longer in back than in front, dragging along (fringe of 

clothes on ground), 

kilkil la, cf. la. 

kilkil nicim, nphr(aj & n). asparagus fern Asparagus plumosus, 

#672(1,2,3,4). Highland "vine" It is grown by ladinos in their yards. 

Slips or seedlings are planted in the rainy season. Ladinos put stems 

in the altar vases on Pentecost. Acalypha hispida, #2692(21,22). Lowland 

"tree". 

eahal kilkil nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). bougainvillea Bougainvillea 

buttiana, #728(1,2). Temperate "vine". It is grown by ladinos in 

their yards. They put the flowers in altar vases. Acalypha hispida, 

#2692(20). Lowland "tree". Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases, 

kilkil pohov e'irtel, cf. pohov e'frlel. 

kilkon, av. falling behind. 

nom slcilkon. He is falling way behind, 

kilk'uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. kileah yalel. 

kilk'un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. kilean yalel. 

killah ec'el ta ?anil, vphr(av & dr & prep & n5). walking rapidly (people), 

killahet, av. cf. kilkon (plu). 

killahetik, av. falling behind. 

killeh, n4f. entire length (necklace, etc.). 

killehikil, n4f. cf. killeh /plu/. 

killuh, av. slithering suddenly (snake), 

kilobit, n4f. rope for dragging /logs/. 

kilon 9ec', cf. êc'. 

kilp'uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. kileah yalel. 

kilp'un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. kilean yalel. 

kiltekilte, av. dragging self about, walking here and there idly, slithering 

or swimming along in straight line (snake). 

kiltekilte iwan, vphr(av & n4d). dragging along /child/ (drunk), /rubbish/ 

(river), /branches/ (person), 

kilul sat ">ak', nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'long-fruited vine 1 , Petastelma 

patellifemm, #2631(21). Lowland "vine" 

kilulan, tv. keep dragging. 

kilulan ba, rv. keep pulling and tugging (drunk trying to break loose), 

kilulanan, tv. keep dragging a lot. 

kilulanan baik, rv. pulling and tugging each other (drunks), 

kilulanvan, iv. keep pulling and tugging at person, 

kilvan, iv. pull or drag person, 

hkil-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd). one or more who are pulling each other 

about. 

hkilulanvaneh, agn. person who tugs and pulls at another, 

hkilvaneh, agn. person or horse that drags person. 

kilo N(Sp, kilo), 

kilo, nla. scales, kilo. 

kinya N(Sp, guineo). 

kinya, nla. banana. See below, 

kinyailtik, n5. large banana grove, 

kinyatik, n5. banana grove. 

eahal kinya, nphr(aj & n)ld. banana. Lowland "tree". The fruit is 

"hot" 

can-eelav kinya, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n). 'four-ridged banana', 

banana. Cf. can-eelav loibol. 

cimpo kinya, nphr(x type n). banana. Lowland "tree". The fruit is 

"cold". 

maneana kinya, nphr(n type n)5. 'apple banana', banana Musaparadisiaca, 

#919(1,3). Lowland "plant". The fruit is "cold". (RML)-The 

fruits are a miniature variety. 

natikil kinya, nphr(aj & n). 'long banana', banana. Lowland "tree". 

The fruit is "cold", 

sakil kinya, nphr(aj & n). banana. Lowland "tree". The fruit is 

"cold" 

sera kinya, nphr(n type n). 'wax banana', banana Musa paradisiaca, 

#918(1,3). Lowland "plant". The fruit is "cold", 

tusta kinya, nphr(n type n). ' Tuxtla banana', banana. Lowland "tree".


The fruit is 'cold", 

yasal kinya, nphr(aj & n). banana. Lowland "tree". The fruit is 

"cold". 

kinya pasak', cf. pasak'. 

kiosko N(Sp, quiosco). 

kiosko, n5. bandstand, var., yosko. 

kitara N(Sp, guitarra). 

kitara, nla. eleven-stringed guitar. 

kitara con, nphr(n type n)le. wasp Brachygaslra sp.. cf. kitaron, varai. 

The grubs of this lowland wasp are not eaten. Its sting is extremely 

painful, but purportedly relief may be produced by sticking a twig in 

each ear. Its name is said to be derived from the horrible rasping of 

its wings inside its nest. This sound is likened to that of a broken 

guitar. 

kitaron N(Sp, guitarron). 

kitaron, nle. "large guitar', wasp Brachygaslra sp.. cf. kitara ion, varac. 

kla»el N(Sp, clavel). 

klavel, nla. carnation, see below, 

klaveltik, n5. field of carnations. 

9ik'7ik'-lo9an klavel, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). carnation Dianthus 

caryophyllus, #598(1). Highland "plant" It is grown by some Zinacantecs 

in their yards. The seeds are bought and sown in the rainy 

season or in the dry season on irrigated land. Two handfuls of 

sheep manure are provided to each plant. One small basket of flowers 

is taken to church to put in the altar vases when begging pardon. 

The flowers are also put in altar vases by stewards, stewardsroyal, 

and elders. The flowers are sold at market in San Cristobal 

and Tuxtla. (RML)-The flowers raised commercially are grown primarily 

in Naben Cauk. 

korona klavel, nphr(n type n). 'crown carnation', carnation Dianthus 

caryophyllus, #377(1,2,3). Highland "plant". Same use as iik'iik'-lotan 

klavel. 

k'os klavel, nphr(aj & n). Pinaropappus roseus, #474(1,2). Highland 

plant". 

pino klavel, nphr(aj & n). 'fine carnation', carnation Dianthus caryophyllus, 

#376(1,2), #378(1,2), #379(1,2), #380(1,2), #965(1,3). 

Highland "plant" Same use as nik'iik'-loian klavel. 

sak-vayan klavel, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). Pinaropappus roseus, 


Uavelina N(Sp, clavellina). 

klavelina, n. carnation Dianthus caryophyllus, #375(1,2,4). Highland 

"plant" It is grown by some Zinacantecs in their yards or on irrigated 

land. The flowers are put in altar vases. They are sold at market in 

Tuxtla. 

klavo N(Sp, clavo). 

klavo, nla. cloves. They are "hot." 

kkiYO N(Sp, globo). 

hklovo-eek, agn(n & ncpd). woman with wide skirt /Ixtapanec women/, 

hklovo-cak, agn(n & ncpd). man with wide pants /Ixtapanec men/, 

hklovo-ves, agn(n & ncpd). man with wide pants /Ixtapanec men/. 

ko?k 

ko9k, fire. cf. k'ak'. 

ko-'ol A. 

ko?ol, aj. equal, identical, similar. 

mu koTOluk. It is different (or) it is not the same. 

ko?ol 9a9i, vphr(aj & tv/3p/). hear together, equally affected by /sickness/. 

sk'an ko9ol saTiik. Both should hear it together. 

ko9ol-7ik', tv(aj & tvcpd). herd together /cows/. 

ko9ol ?o 9a9i, vphr(aj & pt & tv). be disgusted with, be unhappy about. 

ko9ol-9uc\ tv(aj & tvcpd). drink together equally. 

ko?ol-eak, tv(aj & tvpcd). catch together /horses/. 

ko?ol ci?uk, vphr(aj & n4b). the same as. 

ko9ol sci?uk c'abal. It's the same as none at all. 

ko9ol-con, tv(aj & tvcpd). sell together. 

ko9ol hoi, vpnr(aj/pred/ & n4d). be in agreement, be of the same opinion. 

kowl-lahes, tv(aj & tvcpd). eat while sharing equally. 

ko9ol-man, tv(aj & tvpcd). buy together. 

ko9ol-mil, tv(aj & tvcpd). slaughter together. 

ko9olah, iv. be identical or similar to, be alike. 

ko9olik, aj. cf. ko")ol /plu/. 

ko9olko9ol, aj. equal, same /between 2/. 

ko9oltas, tv. make even, compare. 

ko9oltasan, aj. make even or compare /plu/. 

ko9oltasbe hoi, vphr(tv // n). come to an agreement. 

ko9oltasobil, nlf. pound weight. 

ko9oltasvan, iv. compare person /height/. 

ko9oltik, aj. rather similar. 

ko9san N(Sp, cuesa). 

ko9san, nla. chayote root. It is "cold" 

kob T. 

kob, tv. Male speech; fuck, sting. 

kob baik, rv. Male speech; fuck each other. 

kob-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. Male speech; fucking. 

kobel, excl. Male speech; fuck! /exclamation of surprise or dismay/. 

kobelal, n4d. Male speech; laziness. 

skobelal muk' bu tal. Out of laziness, he never came. 

kobilan, tv. Male speech; keep fucking. 

kobilan baik, rv. Male speech; keep fucking each other. 

kobilanan baik, rv. Male speech; keep fucking each other (plu). 

kobob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)Id. Male speech; narrow place suited for fucking. 

kobvan, iv. Male speech; fuck (person, animal), sting person. 

hkob-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd). Male speech; fucker. 

hkobel, agn. Male speech; fucker. 

hkobvaneh, agn. Male speech; fucker. 

koberaarol N(Sp, gobernador). 

kobernarol, n5. governor. 

koe P or P(2). 

koeahtik, aj. cf. koeol /plu/. 

koeel, aj. with brows furrowed /in anger/. 

koeet, av. frowning. 

koeetekoete, av. walking about frowning. 

koeetik, av. with brows greatly furrowed. 

koelih, av. frowning suddenly. 

koeoect. av. frowning. 

koeol, aj. frowning /in anger/. 

koeolik, aj. with brows greatly furrowed. 

koe" T. 

koe'be, tv. make squelching sound during copulation. 

koe"ih, onom. squelching sound /during copulation, mixing daub/. 

koe"ilan, tv. keep making squelching sound during copulation. 

koe'kon, av. making squelching sound of copulation. 

koeMahet, av. cf. koe'kon (plu). 

k6e"Uh, av. making sudden squelching sound. 

koe'oe', av. making sudden squelching sound. 

koe'tekoe'te, av. walking about with squeaky (sandals). 

koc(l) T. 

kod, iv. flake off (bark), become loose (tooth, fingernail, toenail, hoof, 

handle, barrel staves, furniture). 

koc ba, rv. become loose (handle, barrel stave, furniture). 

kocbe, tv. flake off /bark/. 

koces, tv. loosen /tooth, hoe handle/. 

koiesan, tv. loosen /hoe handles/. 

kocilan, tv. wiggle /loose tooth, door/. 

kockon, av. wiggling /axe, hoe head/. 

koclahet, av. cf. kockon (plu). 

kocob, nlf. machete for flaking off bark. 

kocobil, nlf. cf. kocob. 

koctekocte, av. walking about (with loose hoof) /horse bitten by tarantula/. 

koc(2) N.


koc, nle. horsefly Tabanus sp.. 

koc(3) O. 

kocilan, tv. call /pig/. 

kocilanan, tv. call /pigs/. 

kockockoc, onom. pig call. 

koci? N. 

kocii, nla. cone-headed katydid Pyrogocorypha sp.. It is eaten roasted. 

koh 

koh, step, time, grade, part, story, layer, exchange, the fault of, on behalf 

of, staircase, infant hernia, lame. cf. kah. 

kok(l) 

kok, coconut, cf. koko. 

kok(2) A. 

kok, aj. deaf, faulty (pot that does not ring true). 

kokib, iv. become deaf. 

kokibtas, tv. make deaf. 

kokkoktik, aj. rather deaf. 

kok(3) X. 

kokoh, iv. fall off entirely (leaves), fall out very gradually (hair), fall out 

entirely (teeth). 

kokon, tv. empty onto or into /water, beans, corn, ears, of corn, fruit/. 

Ritual speech, bone-setting prayer; shatter. 

kokon helavel, vphr(tv & dr). empty from one to another. 

kokonob, nlf. bag, pot or cloth that objects are emptied onto or into. 

kokonobil, nlf. cf. kokonob. 

kok(4) prob O. 

kokoket, av. clucking (rooster affectionately to hen V2: 20). 

koka 

koka, coca cola. cf. kokakola. 

kokakola N(Sp, coca cola). 

kokakola, nla. coca cola, var., kakakola, koka. 

koko N(Sp, coco). 

koko, n5. coconut Cocos nucifera, #3019(1,4,5,11). Lowland "tree 

(4)-It is grown by the people of Chiapa. It is planted in May and 

harvested in June of the following year. Few Zinacantecs eat coconut. 

It is "cold". (ll)-It is sold at market. The coconut meat and milk are 

"hot" var., kok /Htek-lum/. 

kok, cf. koko. 

koko'on N. 

kokoion, nla. mexican tea Chenopodium ambrosioides, #1724(3,15,16). 

Lowland and highland "plant" The tender shoots are used as seasoning 

for chicken, beans, and young squash. They are "hot". 

#2478(4,21,22). Highland "plant" For use as snake bite cure, cf. 

post! yerva. 

koko?ontik, n5. expanse of mexican tea. 

kokoTOn nic nab, cf. nic nab. 

kokor O. 

kokorin, onom. cock-a-doodle-doo, var., kokoron. 

kokoroho 1 ?, onom. cock-a-doodle-doo. 

kokoron, onom. cf. kokorin. 

kokov N(M-Z, kakawa). 

kokov, nla. cocoa /drink and bean/. 

kokov te?, nphr(n type n). Davilla aspera var. matudae, # 1682(11,12,14). 

Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for firewood. 

pamal kokov, nphr(natt & n)la. powdered cocoa /archaic/. 

kol(l) I. 

kol, iv. get loose (animal), escape, recover from /sickness/, be cured, get 

well, give birth, fall out (tooth, hoof, fingernail or toenail, horn, axehead). 

mi7n toh kolelon 9o s~ana9. Do you think it can cure me right off? 

/sarcastic/. 

kol ta Wlahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). have baby, give birth. 

koleb, nlf. pasture. 

kolebal, n5. Ritual speech; shrine. 

kolebal kusebal. place of recovery, place of rest. 

canib c'ul-kolebal canib c'ul-kusebal. the four holy places of re- 

covery, the four holy places of rest, 

kolem, aj. loose (animal), 

kolem balamil, nphr(aj & n)5. communal land, all land during dry season 

when animals may roam freely, 

koles, tv. remove handle from /axe, hoe/, 

kolesan, tv. remove handles from /axes, hoes/, 

kolesbe ->e, vphr(tv & n4d). knock out one's tooth, 

kolesob, n 1 f. wrench, object which frees person, rock or tree on which hoe 

or billhook head is knocked to free it from handle, 

kolesobil, nlf. cf. kolesob. 

kolkol, iv. recover slightly. 

kolkoltik, iv. recover slightly. 

kolta, tv. release /from work/, help, let loose /horse/, 

kolta ba, rv. help. 

koltaan, tv. release /plu/ /from work/, let loose /horses/. 

koltabe wlel, vphr(tv & n4f). open floodgate /in irrigation ditch/, 

koltaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual aid. 

koltakolta baik, rv. help each other, 

koltaob-ba, n(n & rpnpcd)ld. helper /generally refers to those who help 

official work his corn fields, or who defends person in court/, 

koltaob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)ld. helper, cf. koltaob-ba. 

koltavan, iv. release person /from work/, help person, work for person 

for pay. 

hkolel, agn. woman who has delivered baby, escapee, 

hkoltaob-ba, agn(n & rpncpd)ld. helper, cf. koltaob-ba. 

hkoltaob-bail, agn(n & rpncpd)ld. helper, cf. koltaob-ba. 

hkoltavaneh, agn. person who lends food or money to official. 

kol(2) P. 

kolahtik, aj. cf. kohl /plu/. 

kolan sat, tv. glare angrily. 

kolankolan sat, vphr(tv & n4d). glare angrily at one after another, 

kolankolanan sat, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. kolankolan sat. 

kolet sat, vphr(av & n4d). glaring angrily (animal, person), staring blankly 

(baby), staring dazedly (drunk). 

kolol, aj. glaring angrily, staring blankly (baby), staring dazedly (drunk), 

kololik, aj. cf. kolol. 

kololet sat, vphr(av & n4d) glaring angrily (animal, person). 

kol(3) T. 

kol, tv. pour /water from jug/. 

kolan, tv. pour liquid one time after another from jug. 

kolanan, tv. cf. kolan. 

kolankolan, tv. pour out one time after another, 

kolankolanan, tv. cf. kolankolan. 

kolel, nc. pouring. 

kolilan, tv. keep pouring /water from jug/. 

kolilanan, tv. keep pouring a lot. 

kolkon, av. gobbling (turkey), gurgling a lot (water jug, bottle), 

kollahet, av. gobbling (turkeys) (plu). 

kololet, av. gurgling (water jug, bottle), 

koltekolte, av. gobbling here and there (turkey). 

kol(4) 

kol, thank, cf. vok. 

kola N(Sp, cola). 

kola, n. ground orchid Govenia liliacea, # 1224A(3,5). Temperate "plant". 

As a glue used in making fiddles and guitars, two or three roots are dug 

up and boiled in water with a bit of cane liquor, ground orchid Govenia 

sp., #1564(1,3,11,12). Highland plant" (ll)-To glue musical 

instruments and paper, the root is peeled and smeared on where 

needed. 

kola e'i^lel, nphr(n type n). ground orchid Govenia superba, #1393(3). 

Temperate "plant", 

kola vob 9antivo, nphr(nphr/n4e of n4d/ of n5). 'ancestor's musical 

instrument glue', ground orchid Govenia superba, #1393(9). Temperate 

"plant", 

kolail vob, nphr(natt & n). 'musical instrument glue', ground orchid 

Govenia liliacea, #1224A(7). Temperate "plant"

kolinabo N(Sp, colirrabano). 

kolinabo, n. kohlrabi Brassica oleracea, #751(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant" 

It is grown by ladinos in their yards. The seeds are planted in the rainy 

season. The entire plant is boiled with salt and chili. It is 'cold". 

koto N. 

kolo"), nld. Ritual speech; evil. 

ssa9oh smul ssaioh skolor He sought crime, he sought evil. 

koloial camel, cf. camel, 

kolol X. 

kolol te9, nphr(x type n)la. crate carried on back for transporting merchandise/used 

by men of Larrainzar, Oxchuc, and Tenejapa/, wooden 

sides of truck, truck with wooden sides, 

knlom N. 

kolomil, n3d. chin. 

kolonya N(Sp. colonia). 

kolonya, n5. colony. 

kom(l) I. 

kom, iv. stay, remain, be left, be left behind, be left over, be slow (watch), 

lose one's soul. 

nat likom. I was left far behind. 

ta e'akal ikom voôbuk k'ak'al lah smelean sbaike. About five days 

passed until they finished settling their dispute. 

buy skom Where is....? 

smala smala k'u 7ora skom ti lunen ta sc'ute pero mu la bu skom. She 

waited and waited for a baby to stay in her stomach, but it never 

stayed, i.e., She never conceived. 

kom ta lek, vphr(iv & prep & aj). be content with or in agreement with, 

kom ta manya, vphr(iv & prep & n5). get used to, be spoiled, get away 

with, have one's way, act improperly. 

kom ta sovra, vphr(iv & prep & n5). be incapacitated or rendered useless 

(person, horse) /by sickness or injury/. 

kom ta sovra yum tol yahmul. She became trashy because she had 

many lovers. 

komeab, iv. be unfinished, 

komean, tv. leave, give up /drink/, abandon. 

komean ba, rv. abandon one's efforts, give up. 

iskomaen sba ta labtel. He gave up work. 

iskomean sba ta be. He dropped out on the way. 

komean baik, rv. leave behind /on path/, 

komeanan, tv. leave, abandon, or deposit /plu/. 

komeanan baik, rv. leave behind /plu/. 

komeanob, nlf. container. 

komeanobil, nlf. cf. komeanob. 

komeanvan, iv. leave person behind, divorce person, 

komebal, n5. Ritual speech; moment just before leaving office. 

komebal sa li yolon avoke komebal sa li yolon ak'obe tot kahval. 

Now is the moment before the place beneath your feet will be left, 

now is the moment before the place beneath your hands will be 

left. 

komel, dr. auxiliary verb expressing resting or static condition. 

komel, vn5. soul-loss. 

komel komel ta balamil, nphr(vn5 & vn5 & prep & n5). frequent soulloss 

/child/. 

komel ta balamil, nphr(vn5 & prep & n5). soul-loss. If the shaman 

cannot recover his patient's soul /c'ulel/ within three days.it is known 

that the patient will die. When a person suffers a fall he may eat three 

small pieces of earth lest he lose his soul. 

komen, nld. warping bar or frame. 

komen, n4e. left-over /food/, 

komen, n4e. stalk of maguey inflorescence. 

koraenal ci, cf. ci. 

komenal totikal ci, cf. ci. 

komes, tv. leave, deposit, abandon, 

koines ba, rv. abandon one's efforts, give up. 

komes ba ta balamil, vphr(rv & prep & n5). lose one's soul, 

komes baik, rv. leave behind /on path/. 


177 

komesan, tv. leave, abandon or deposit /plu/. 

komesan ba ta balamil, vphr(rv & prep & n5). keep losing one's soul. 

ha9 ti bu skomesan sba ta balamile tol stahin. He plays too much so 

he keeps losing his soul /child/. 

komesan baik, rv. leave behind /plu/. 

komesob, nlf. container, 

komesobil, nlf. cf. komesob. 

komesvan, iv. leave person behind, 

komilan, iv. keep remaining or staying behind, 

komilan ta manya, vphr(tv & prep & n5). keep being spoiled or getting 

used to. 

komkom, iv. have a little left over or a little remaining, 

hkomel, agn. child who stays at home when mother leaves, 

hkomesvaneh, agn. person or truck that leaves person behind. 

kom(2) A. 

komih, iv. become short (unfinished piece of weaving, day), 

komkom, aj. short (person, hair, clothing, rope, plot of land, stick). 

komkomah, iv. become short (unfinished piece of weaving), 

komkomik, aj. cf. komkom /plu/. 

komoh, iv. become short (day). 

komol k'ak'al, nphr(n4f of n5). period of short days /July-December/. 

komale 

komale, comadre. cf. kumale. 

komentante N(Sp, comandante). 

komentante, agn. sheriff. The sheriff, appointed by the magistrate, is 

authorized to carry a pistol. His primary duty is in aiding the constables 

make difficult arrests, var., komontante. 

komontante 

komontante, sheriff, cf. komentante. 

komite N(Sp, comite). 

komite, n5. ejido official. 

komite ixmm ?osil, nphr(n5 & n4f & n5). ejido official. 

komo Pt(Sp, como). 

komo, pt. as. 

komoD A(Sp. comun). 

komon, aj. equally shared. 

komonanik. Share them equally! 

ta komon. equally shared. 

komon-?anein, tv(aj & tvcpd). share the same woman as a mistress. 

komon-'Jelk'an, tv(aj & tvcpd). steal equally. 

komon-9ic\ tv(aj & tvcpd). carry together /sharing load equally/, 

komon-vik', tv(aj & tvcpd). lead equally, share sexual relations with. 

komon-7uc', tv(aj & tvcpd). drink together equally, 

komon-eak, tv(aj & tvcpd). catch together /horses/. 

komon-con, tv(aj & tvcpd). sell together. 

komon-lahes, tv(aj & tvcpd). eat sharing equally, 

komon-man, tv(aj & tvcpd). buy together, 

komon-mil, tv(aj & tvcpd). kill together, 

komon-nop, tv(aj & tvcpd). decide in common, 

komonik, aj. cf. komon /plu/. 

komonil, n3f. loose single woman /spinster, widow or divorcee/. 

skomon Htek-lum. lit; object shared by the town; i.e., loose woman, 

komonta, tv. share /leftover liquor, work/. 

lei' ta komon, vphr(iv & prep & aj). share equally. 

komontante 

komontante, sheriff, cf. komentante. 

kompanya N(Sp, compani'a). 

kompanya, n5. group that accompanies visiting saint. 

kompare 

kompare, compadre. cf. kumpare. 

kompiral N(Sp, convidar). 

kompiral, n5. distribution of corn gruel /term used only by dudes, though 

in the past its meaning extended to any food formally offered by religious 

officials/. 

kompirmasyon N(Sp, confirmation). 

kompirmasyon, nld. confirmation.


kompison N(Sp, confesion). 

kompison, nld. confession, var., kompisyon. 

pas kompison, vphr(tv & n5). make confession. 

kompisyon 

kompisyon, confession, cf. kompison. 

kon prob A or N. 

konkon, n. cavendishia Cavendishia guatemalensis var. chiapensis, 

#914(1,3). Lowland "plant". The flowers are gathered for sale by 

Chamulas and ladinos. They are put in altar vases. 

k'anal konkon, nphr(aj & n). gold shower Galphimia glauca, 

#1950(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate "plant". 

konbento N(Sp, convento). 

konbento, n5. convent. 

koncave N. 

koncave, agn. dwarf. The underworld is believed to be inhabited by 

dwarfs, wearing mud hats to protect them from the sun's heat. The day 

they can balance successfully a burden on a rabbit's back they, it is 

said, will come up and we will go down under, var., koncavel. 

koncavel 

koncavel, dwarf, cf. koncave. 

konsa N(Sp, concha). 

konsa, nld. shell /usually conch shell/. 

kontento A(Sp, contento). 

kontento, aj. content, happy. 

kontentotik, aj. rather content or happy. 

kontiyerva N(Sp, contrahierba). 

kontiyerva, nld. torus herb Dorstenia conlrajerva, #1144(1,3,4,5). Lowland 

and temperate plant". Corn fanners suffering from "wind" or 

diarrhea gather three or four roots. They are crushed on a rock and 

put in cold water. One bowlful is drunk. If taken this way the sick 

person may continue to drink cold water and does not need to remain 

in quarantine. For "wind" and swelling, the roots are brewed with 

basil. For diarrhea, they are brewed with mexican savory. But this 

treatment proscribes the drinking of cold water and demands a one 

month quarantine, lest a slow death ensue. The bowl is drunk, in any 

case, before breakfast. It is "hot". (4)-It is drunk for three days. 

kop prob O. 

kopet, av. pouring (rain). 

kopkon, av. pouring (rain), dripping or streaming (blood, wine). 

koplahet, av. dripping (blood, sweat, water from clothes). 

kopopet, av. pouring (rain), dripping or streaming (wine, blood). 

koperati'va N(Sp, cooperativa). 

koperati'va, n5. cooperative truck. 

koral N(Sp, corral). 

koral, nla. corral, enclosed area for greens, corral for companion animal 

spirits. 

koralin, tv. take corral posts and rails. 

korio N(Sp, corrido). 

korio eukum, caterpillar, cf. eukum. 

korirol N(Sp, corredor). 

korirol, nla. corridor. 

hc'amun akorirol. Let me borrow your corridor /requesting ladino 

for shelter for the night/. 

korisma N(Sp, cuaresma). 

konsma, n5. dry season. 

korismatik, n5. dry season. 

?oc korisma, vphr(iv & n5). begin dry season. 

lah korisma, vphr(iv & n5). end dry season. 

korncta N(Sp, cometa). 

korneta, nla. trumpet. 

korneta c'um, cf. c'um. 

koro N(Sp, coro). 

koro, nle. choir stall. 

korok prob O. 

koroket, av. clucking (rooster to hen when courting). 

korona N(Sp, corona). 

korona, nla. crown, 

korona klavel, cf. Havel, 

kos A(Sp, cojo). 

kos-iok, n(aj & ncpd)5. lame, 

koset, av. limping. 

slcoset ta na. He is stuck at home /lame person/, 

koskon, av. limping. 

koskonah, iv. limp, dance on one foot (captain), 

koskonih, iv. hop on one foot, 

koslih, av. limping suddenly, 

koso, aj. lame, 

kosoib, iv. become lame, 

kosotik, aj. rather lame, 

kostekoste, av. limping about. 

kostal N(Sp, costal), 

kostal, nla. burlap bag. 

kostia N(Sp, costilla). 

kostia, nld. ribs /pork, beef/. 

kot P. 

kot, nc. In reference to: all animals except man, machines on legs or 

wheels, harp, fiddle, guitar, table, chair, stool, metate, chili. 

vak-kot ta kar six mule loads, 

kot-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. hunchbacked, bent-backed, 

kotahtik, aj. cf. kotol /plu/. 

kotan, tv. set down /table, chair, animal/, tether /horse/, erect or build 

/small house/. 

kotan ba, rv. stop in one's tracks (animal), 

kotan baik, rv. ride each other (children), 

kotan pat, vphr(tv & n4d). arch back (cat, opossum), 

kotanan, tv. tether /mules/, 

kotankotan, tv. set up one after another /tables, chairs/, tether one after 

another /mules/. 

kotankotanan, tv. tether one after another /mule/. 

kotanvan, iv. put person on all fours /child/. 

kotet, av. walking around (animal), moving (cramp). 

skotet ssa9 sve9el. He is walking around looking for a meal (pauper), 

kotetah, iv. walk around looking for meal (pauper), 

kotetik, av. cf. kotet (plu). 

koti, iv. stand up (animal), stop (car), have /cramp/, arch (rainbow), 

kotih, iv. stand on all fours. 

ta kotihel. standing on all fours, 

kotkon, av. walking on all fours (child, devil, animal), 

kotkonah, iv. walk on all fours. 

kotkot, nc. single /chair, table, chicken, horse, etc./ /I only/, 

kotkot, aj. arched, bent (back, tree), curved (bill), hooked (nose), 

kotkotil 9ut ?ok, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n4d/). arch of foot, 

kotkotul ?ut ")ok, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n4d/). cf. kotkotil tut lok. 

kotkovil, n5. vagrancy, 

kotlah, av. walking (animals). 

kotlah likel, vphr(av & dr). jumping up (human, animal). 

kotlahet, av. cf. kotkon (plu). 

kotlahetik, av. cf. kotkon (plu). 

kotleb, n4d. standing place (horse), 

kotleh, nlf. standing on all fours, bent over (person with age). 

skotleh sa. It is full grown now /horse, cow/, 

kotleh, n4f. whole (chili, furniture, musical instrument, machine), 

kotlehikil, n4f. full-grown /plu/. 

kotlih, av. feeling sudden cramp, 

kotol, n4b. all, every. 

hkotoltik. all of us. 

ta skotole. in all. 

skotol kriscano. everyone. 

skotol balamil. everywhere, 

kotol, aj. standing (animal, furniture, machine, car, arch, rainbow, bent 

over tree), lying (chili), 

kotol caval, ajphr(aj & aj). scrambling in haste.

kotolik, aj. curved (thorns of bullhorn acacia or Sageretia elegans). 

kotot, av. feeling cramp or stomachache. 

kototet, av. moving through body (cramp, stomachache). 

kotp'ih, iv. become bent /with age, sickness/. 

kotp'in, tv. double over (sickness), bend /frame of straw bull/. 

kotp'inan, tv. bend /frames of straw bull/. 

kotp'invan, iv. make person bend over (wind). 

kottekotte, av. walking about (animal, vagrant). 

hkotkovil, agn. vagabond. 

kotom N. 

kotom, nle. coati Nasua narica. Coatis are eaten, seasoned with coriander. 

They are cold". To prevent coatis from ravaging a lowland field 

of ripe corn a small bed is made for them on each side and at each 

corner of the field. 

koton N(Sp, coton). 

kotonil, n3d. short-waisted gray wool shirt /worn now by dudes over 

normal shirt, formerly worn by all men/. 

kova N(Sp, coa). 

kova, nla. sharp-bladed spade for clearing weeds /now replaced by hoe/. 

kOTOT N. 

kovoviL n3d. chin. 

kowal N(Sp, cobrar). 

kovraL n5. collection of money for fiesta /St. Sebastian, Holy Week, St. 

Lawrence/. 

hkovral, agn. money-collector. 

kovre N(Sp, cobre). 

kovre, nld. penny, cent /no longer current/. 

lahuneb kovre. ten cents /archaic/. 

kovyerno N(Sp, gobiemo). 

kovyemo, n5. government, governor, var., govyemo. 

koy(l) P. 

koyahtik 10k, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). sitting with legs apart (woman). 

koyan 7ok, vphr(tv & n4d). lie on back with legs drawn up. 

koyel, aj. sitting close to ground with legs spread apart. 

koyet, av. with legs apart (woman, old man sitting close to ground warming 

legs before fire). 

koyetik, av. cf. koyet (plu). 

koykoy na, nphr(aj & n)5. house with opening under eaves, wattle house 

lacking mud. 

koylahet, av. cf. koyel (plu). 

koylahetik, av. cf. koyel (plu). 

key I eh, nlf. sitting close to ground with legs spread apart. 

koyol, aj. sitting close to ground with legs spread apart, with frame 

showing (house with roof but open walls). 

koyolik, aj. cf. koyol /plu/. 

koy(2) N. 

hoi koy, nphr(n of n). 'koy tuber', mexican tiger lily Tigridia pavonia, 

#1470(3,11,12), #1738(3,15,16), #1396(3), #2316(3,4). Highland 

"plant" The bulbs are gathered by men. They are boiled with salt 

and chili. They are cold". 

sakil hoi koy, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Tigridia sp., #950(1,3). Highland 

"plant". 

te-rtikal hoi koy, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/). 'wild koy tuber', Tigridia 

hallbergii, #2149(11). Temperate "plant". 

koykoy, n. see below. 

k'os koykoy, nphr(aj & n). mexican tiger lily Tigridia pavonia, 

#2316(19). Highland "plant". The tender shoots are boiled with 

salt. They are "cold". 

koyoy, n. see below. 

•rit'is koyoy, nphr(n4f of n5). Tigridia hallbergii, # 1952(16,17). Temperate 

"plant". 

koy(3) X. 

koyoy, nla. avocado. Lowland "tree". This avocado grows in San Lucas. 

It fruits in June. It is "cold". It causes burps. This is a fibrous 

variety, especially prized in San Cristobal, cf. cinin. 

koyoy 


koyoy, cf. koy. 

koyta N. 

koyta, n5. Ocozocoautla. 

kranata N(Sp, granada). 

kranata, nla. popapple Passiflora ligularis, #2427(1,20). Temperate "vine". 

It is grown by Zinacantecs in their yards. Two seeds are placed 

in each hole. The seedlings are transplanted at the beginning of the 

rainy season. The harvest is in November. The fruit is sold at market. 

It is "cold". (23)-Thirty fruits on stems are provided by the senior 

steward of St. Dominic on the Seventh Posada, to be used to decorate 

the trees that flank the creche. (5)-The people of Vot-bie feed the fruit 

to babies. When the seeds are defecated they are planted, and thus 

children are reported to grow strong, var., kranatei /Voi-bie/. 

kranatatik, n5. expanse of popapples. 

bae'i kranata, nphr(aj & n). popapple Passiflora ligularis, 

#1221(1,3,4,5). Temperate "vine". For use, see kranata. 

kranata iak\ nphr(n type n). wild passion flower Passiflora subpeltata, 

#413(1,3). Highland "vine". It grows in fencerows. Children play with 

the fruit. Gonolobus sp., #2843(7,11,12). Lowland "vine" 

•>it*is kranata ?ak\ nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). Antigonon guatemalense, 

#2635(20). Lowland "vine". It is used to lash roof poles and 

house walls. 

kranata c'o, nphr(n of n). 'rat's popapple', stinky passion flower Passiflora 

foetida var. lanuginosa, #761(1,2). Temperate "plant". 

kranate 1 ?, cf. kranata. 

kranato 

kranatc, popapple. cf. kranata. 

krasia N(Sp. gracia). 

krasia, nld. grace. 

cabal to skrasia. It has not yet been blessed /devotional picture/, 

mu to bu talem krasia t shol. He is not yet responsible /child/. 

•>ak' krasia, vphr(tv & n5). bless (ritual tutor blessing people at door), cf. 

•>ak' krasia, vphr(tv & n4f)- bless (Our Lord). 

krasiosa N(Sp, gaseosa). 

krasiosa, nla. soft drink. 

krem 

krem, boy, son. cf. kerem. 

kriarail 

kriarail, maid. cf. kiarail. 

krinsipal N(Sp, principal). 

krinsipal. agn. principal. The principals act as hamlet representatives to 

the magistrate, bearing messages, collecting taxes, and allocating communal 

labor. There are twenty-five, generally two per hamlet, but 

sometimes one or, as in Na Cih, three, var., krinsupal. 

krinsupal 

krinsupal, principal, cf. krinsipal. 

krisantema N(Sp, crisantemo). 

krisantema, n. crown daisy chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum coronarium, 

#973(1,3). Highland "plant". For use, see krisantema nicim. 

eahal krisantema, nphr(aj & n). see below. 

9it'is eahal krisantema, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/). peruvian zinnia 

Zinnia peruviana, #2437(1). Temperate "plant". Stewards might 

put this flower in altar vases infrequently. 

krisantema nicim, nphr(n type n). 'chrysanthemum flower', florists' 

chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum morifolium, #596(1,3). Highland 

"plant". It is grown by ladinos in their yards. The seedlings are 

transplanted in the rainy season and fertilized. Ladinos put the flowers 

in altar vases. 

kriscano N(Sp. cristiano). 

krisfano, n5. human being, person. 

kronta N(Sp, contra). 

krontail, n3d. enemy. 

krontain, tv. make an enemy of person. 

krontain baik, rv. become enemies of one another. 

krontainan, tv. make enemies.


krontainvan, iv. make an enemy of a person. 

hkrontainvaneh, agn. envious person. 

knis N(Sp, cruz). 

krus, n 1 a. cross. The cross is conceived as both a doorway and a messenger 

to the deities. 

knis 9avahel, nphr(n of n)5. gospel cross /silver cross brought out at 

fiestas of St. Lawrence, All Souls' Day/. 

krus ?avahenyo, nphr(n of n)5. cf. krus lavahel. 

krus ?avanhelio, nphr(n of n)5. cf. krus lavahel. 

knis "?ec\ cf. ")ec'. 

krus c'is, nphr(n type n). 'cross thorn', lettuce tree Pisonia macranthocarpa, 

#200(1,2,3,4,5). Lowland "tree". 

krus hobel, nphr(n type n). 'cross grass', Cyperus alternifolius, 

#219(1,2,3,5). Lowland "grass". Cyperus hermaphroditus, #1228- 

(1,3,4,5). Temperate "grass". As a remedy for dysentery, five or six 

roots are crushed in cold water. A gourdful is drunk twice a day. It 

is "hot". (4)-One cupful is drunk once. # 1445(3,5). Highland "plant". 

k'os krus hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Cyperus spectabilis, 

#1433(1). Highland 'plant" 

sakil krus hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Rhynchospora ciliata, 


krusal, n5. crossed /ribbon worn crossed over chest by cantors and angels, 

pick and shovel placed crosswise over open grave/. 

krusal 9anima, nphr(natt & n)5. graveyard cross. 

krusal "jisim, nphr(natt & n)5. cross placed on pile of ears of corn in 

lowlands, or in corn bin. 

krusal be, nphr(natt & n)5. crossroads. 

krusal hoi ?eklisa, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/)5. cross on church top. 

krusal hoi na, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/)5. roof cross. 

krusal ti? ?eklisa, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/)5. cross in front of church. 

krusal tit na, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/)5. entrance cross. 

krusal vo?, nphr(natt & n)5. well cross. 

krusil kahvaltik, nphr(n4f of n5). Ritual speech; lit., Our Lord's cross, i.e., 

money. 

krusil rios, nphr(n4f of n5). cf. krusil kahvaltik. 

ku Pt. 

ku, pt. so. 

?a ku yec aval. Ah, so that's what you said! 

kub N. 

kubil, n3d. hipbone. 

kue P or P(2). 

kueahtik, aj. sprouting in clumps (weeds). 

kueul, aj. sprouting (weeds, whiskers, pubic hair). 

kueulik, aj. cf. kueul /phi/. 

kue 1 P. 

kue'-nuk', n(aj & ncpd)5. fat-necked (pig). 

kue'ahtik, aj. cf. kue'ul /plu/. 

kue"an nuk', vphr(tv // n). shrug one's shoulders. 

kue'eah, iv. become fat (neck of pig). 

kue'el, aj. with neck sunk in shoulders /fat/. 

kue'et, av. moving with fat neck. 

kne'etik, av. moving with slightly fat neck. 

kue"kon nuk', vphr(av & n4d). with fat of neck shaking up and down 

(P'g)kue'lah, 

aj. walking with fat neck /plu/. 

kucr'lahet, av. cf. kue'kon (plu). 

ku0*lahetik, av. cf. kue'et (plu). 

kue'leh, n4f. fat-necked, 

kue'lehikil, n4f. cf. kue"leh /plu/. 

kiie'tekuK'te nuk', vphr(av & n4d). walking about with fat neck, 

kue'ul, aj. fat-necked (pig), with neck sunk in shoulders /fat/. 

kue'ulik, aj. chubby (legs or arms of child), cf. kue'ul /plu/. 

kucd) T(2). 

kue, tv. carry /on back/, haul. 

ihkuc ta hhol. lit., I carried it on my head, i.e., I carried it with a 

tumpline. 

ku£, nc. one on top of another: crossed legs, tooth emerging above other 

n only/. 

kuc"-?e, n(aj & ncpd)5. with one tooth emerged above others. 

ku£ ?ikaeil, nphr(nlf of n3d). lash rope, 

kue W>un, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4b). endure, win, recover, be able to do. 

iku£ yuûn "Pabtel. He could do the work. 

kuc-e'uhul, n(tv & nepd). 'dew carrier ?', wild geranium Geranium seemannii, 


7ik'al kud-e'uhul, nphr(aj & n/tv & nepd/). Lepechinia schiedeana, 


muk'tik kucSVuhul, nphr(aj & n/tv & nepd/). wild geranium Geranium 

goldmanii, #1758(15). Highland "plant". 

ku£ k'in, vphr(tv & n5). provide for fiesta (steward in charge of fiesta, 

person who provides for Holy Cross Day). 

kud k'op, vphr(tv & n5). be falsely accused, take the blame. 

ku£ nuk', vphr(tv & n4d). be stuck in throat, 

t siskuc hnuk'. It got stuck in my throat, 

kuc-sii, vn(tv & ncpd)5. wood-gathering. 

kue tal musika, vphr(tv & dr & n5). escort band from San Lucas, etc. 

ku£an ba, rv. protrude (blister), 

kucan baik, rv. carry each other (children), 

kucan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). carry away /plu/. 

kucan k'op, vphr(tv & n5). be accused of crimes, 

kufianan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). carry away /plu/. 

kucankucan, tv. carry one after another, 

kucankucanan, tv. cf. kucankucan. 

kucbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). bear another's guilt, take the blame for 

another's faults (shaman for patient when defending him, person at 

courthouse). 

kucebal, n5. moment before winning or succeeding, 

kucel, nc. carrying, 

kucel hc'ul-me'tik, nphr(vn4f of agn/aj & nepd/). group that carries 

visiting female saint. 

kuciel hd'ul-totik, nphr(vn4f of agn/aj & nepd/). group that carries visiting 

male saint, 

kucet, av. carrying. 

kuiil k'u-?ul, nphr(aj & n)3a. woolen tunic /Cobtik, Paste 1 )/. 

kucilan, tv. keep carrying or hauling. 

kucilan k'op, vphr(tv & n5). keep being falsely accused of crime, 

kucilanan, tv. keep carrying or hauling /plu/. 

kucilanan k'op, vphr(tv & n5). keep being falsely accused of crimes, 

kucilanbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). keep taking the blame for another's 

crimes. 

kucilananbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. kucilanbe mul. 

kuckon ne, vphr(av & n4d). walking with erect tail (dog), 

kuckon ta si">, vphr(av & prep & n5). stealing firewood, 

kuclah, av. walking with erect (tails), 

kuclahet, av. moving (stomach) /with gas/. 

kuclahetik ta si?, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. kuckon ta si"> (plu). 

kiiclih, av. moving suddenly (stomach) /with gas/. 

kucob, nlf. rope, place where firewood is brought from, 

kucobil, nlf. cf. kucob. 

kuiolah, iv. pay all the expenses, 

kucomah, iv. carry on back /male dogs/ (bitch in heat). 

kucomahem. pregnant (animal), 

kudomal na, vphr(natt & n)5. shed. 

kiictekiicte, av. walking about carrying /firewood/, 

kucuc, av. sticking /in throat/. 

kucucet nuk', vphr(av & n4d). feeling something sticking in throat, 

kucul, aj. barely emerging (new tooth). 

kucul eoi, nphr(aj & n)5. horned dung beetle, 

kucul k'u"?ul, nphr(aj & n)3a. cf. kucil k'uiul. 

kuculik. aj. protruding (burn, blister, pox), pushing up soil Amanita sp.. 

kucvan, iv. carry person. 

hkuc-"Junen, agn(tv & nepd). baby-sitter.


hkuc-kantela, agn(tv & ncpd). candle bearer /during curing ceremony, 

for cantor on Carnival Monday and Carnival Tuesday/. 

hkuc-moc, agn(tv & ncpd). person who carries basket /for a living/, 

hkuc-rnusika, agn(tv & ncpd). person who carries the belongings of the 

San Lucas musicians to Zinacantan and back, 

hkuc-musikero, agn(tv & agncpd). cf. hkuc-musika. 

hkuc-si?, agn(tv & ncpd). wood gatherer, 

hkuc-torito, agn(tv & ncpd). person who carries firecracker bull, 

hkuc-vac' con, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ type n)5. species of ant? 

hkutS-vakas, agn(tv & ncpd). person who carries dudes' straw bull, 

hkuclomahel-e'i?, agn(vn & ncpd)5. dog that mounts bitch in heat. 

hkuclotnal, agn. person who carries saint on visit, 

hkucom, agn, each of male and female assistants of tutelary gods who care 

for companion animal spirits. 

hkucvaneh, agn. porter (dog that carries souls across underworld river). 

kuc(2) O. 

kucilan, tv. call pigs, 

kucilanan, tv. cf. kucilan. 

kuckon, av. calling pigs, 

kuckuckuc, onom. pig call, 

kuckucta, tv. call pigs, 

kuclahet, av. calling pigs (phi). 

kucara N(Sp, cuchara). 

kucara, nla. metal or enamel spoon, 

kucara nic nab, cf. nic nab. 

kucilu N(Sp, cuchillo). 

kucilu, nla. knife. 

kucul, n5. Baby talk, knife. 

kncin N(Sp, fuchina). 

kucin, nla. red dye for pompoms, 

kucul 

kucul, knife, cf. kucilu. 

kuh P. 

kuh-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. hunchbacked, bent-backed. 

kuhan, tv. place under, make sit /at home/, 

kuhan ba, rv. duck down. 

kuhan pat, vphr(tv & n4d). arch back (cat, opossum), 

kuhanan, tv. place under /phi/, 

kuhankuhan, tv. place one after another under, 

kuhankuhanan, tv. cf. kuhankuhan. 

kuhanobil, nlf. hiding place /for pot when one is in field/, 

kuhanvan, iv. make person sit /at home/ (sickness, jealous parent), 

kuheah, iv. be hollowed out. 

kuhean, tv. hollow out /hole under tree/ (pig). 

kuheanan, tv. hollow out /plu/. 

kuheanvan, iv. make person's back bend (sickness), 

kuhet, av. bending over. 

skuhet ssa? sve?el. He is walking around looking for a meal (pauper), 

kuhetik, av. cf. kuhet (plu). 

?ec' skuhetik ta vula?al. They keep coming by to visit. 

kuhi, iv. bend over. 

kuhkon, av. bending over /working/, 

kuh kuh. aj. low-roofed (cave), hollow (tree). 

kuhlah, av. ducking down (plu) /archaic/, 

kuhleb, n4d. place where one bends over. 

bun skuhleb. He just sits at home. 

kuhleh. nld. bending over, crowding, sitting under. 

kuhlebikil, n4f. low-roofed (cave), 

kuhp'ih, iv. become bent /with age/, 

kuhp'in, tv. cf. kuhean. 

kuhp'inan, tv. cf. kuheanan. 

kuhp'invan, iv. cf. kuheanvan. 

kiihtekuhte, av. bending over here and there, walking about /looking for 

work/. 

kuhuh, av. ducking down. 

kuhuhct, av. running and ducking down (quail), walking doubled over 

/with pain/. 

kuhul, aj. bent over. 

kuhul ta yut na. sitting inside. 

kuhulkiihul, aj. crouched low /walking or running/ 

hkuhleh ta na, agn(nphr/n5 & prep & n5/). stay-at-home. 

kuk A. 

kuk, aj. blind, 

kuket, av. groping blindly. 

kuklah, av. hurrying and groping about blindly (sing or plu). 

kuklahet, av. groping about blindly, 

kuklahetik, av. cf. kuklahet (plu). 

kiiktekukte, av. groping about blindly. 

kukay N(Sp, cucuyo). 

kukay, n5. lightning bug. When lightning bugs fly low to the ground it 

is interpreted as a forecast of rain. If a firefly flies over one's head it is 

said that it will accelerate the beating of one's heart. 

kul(l) T. 

kul ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). hack at sloppily /weeding with hoe/, 

kulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). hack sloppily at /weeds/, 

kulilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep hacking at sloppily, 

kulilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. kulilan ta mahel (plu). 

kul(2) N. 

kul, n5. russet-crowned motmot Momotus mexicanus, blue-crowned motmot 

Momotus momota. cf. ru, turn, van, kul mut. 

kul mut, nphr(n type n)5. cf. kul. 

kulkon, av. hooting (blue-crowned motmot, mexican trogon, citreoline 

trogon). 

kul(3) X. 

kulet sat, vphr(av & n4d). staring vacantly (baby, puppy, bund person), 

kululet sat, vphr(av & n4d). flickering (eye-ball of blind person). 

kul(4) probO. 

kultekulte, av. having a moving gurgle (stomach) /either by walking 

about or by the gurgle itself moving within the stomach/, 

kululet, av. with gurgling (stomach of person suffering from diarrhea). 

kulahte? N. 

kulahte9, nle. white-winged dove Zenaida asiatica. It is hunted and 

eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. 

euin kulahte 1 ), nphr(n type n)5. mourning dove Zenaidura macroura., 

cf. euin. 

kulantu N(Sp, cilantro). 

kulantu, nla. coriander Coriandrum sativum, #374(1,2,3,4). Highland 

"plant". It is grown by all Zinacantecs in their yards. The seeds are 

planted in the rainy season. The leaves are used to season meat, 

snails, beans, and greens. They are "cold" 

kulantutik, n5. expanse of coriander, 

kulantu e'Wlel, nphr(n type n). stalky berula Berula erecta, 

#1457(11,12), #1709(3,15,16). Highland "plant", 

kulantu c'o, nphr(n of n). 'mouse's coriander', wild celery Apium leptophyllum, 

#80(2,4,5), #1037(1,3,5), #2477(4). Highland "plant", parsley 

Petroselinum crispum, #2063(17). Highland "plant" 

kumale N(Sp, comadre). 

kumaleil, n3d. Term of address and reference; comadre. var., komaleil. 

kumalein, tv. become comadre. 

kumpa 

kumpa, compadre. cf. kumpare. 

kumpagre 

kumpagre, compadre. cf. kumpare. 

kumpare N(Sp, compadre). 

kumpareil, n3d. Term of address and reference; compadre. var., kompareil. 

kumparein, tv. become compadre. 

kumpa, n5. Male speech, informal term of address; compadre. 

kumpagre, n5. compadre /male term of address emphasizing intimacy or 

strength of relationship/. 

kumum N. 

kumum, nle. June bug Pyllophaga sp.. 

kumum san-hwan, nphr(n4e of n/aj & ncpd/)5. 'St. John's kumum', 

edible scarab beetle. It appears in June just before St. John's Day.

182 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 K 

kumumal eo?, nphr(natt & n)5. 'dung kumum', dung beetle, cf. kucul 

eol. 

kun P. 

kunahtik, aj. cf. kunul /plu/. 

kunan, tv. pile, unbraid /hair/. 

kunanan, tv. pile a lot of /corn/. 

kunankunan, tv. leave hair unbraided one (woman) after another. 

kunet, av. with unbraided /hair/. 

kuni, iv. be piled (corn, beans, rocks). 

kunkon, av. with unbraided hair, in pile (corn, etc.). 

kunlah, av. with unbraided hair (plu). 

kunlahet, av. with unbraided hair (plu), unfurled (corn) /third developmental 

stage when leaves touch the ground/ (plu). 

kunleh, n4f. with long hair, in pile (com). 

kunlehikil, n4f. cf. kunleh /plu/. 

kuntekunte, av. walking about with unbraided hair. 

kunul, aj. in pile, unbraided (hair). 

kunulik, aj. cf. kunul /plu/. 

kununet, av. bouncing (falling object). 

kup T(2). 

kup, tv. saw, rend /rope/, cut self /with grass/. 

kup, iv. be cut (hand). 

kup-9ik'ih, iv(tv & ncpd). suffocate. 

kup ba 9ik', vphr(rv & n4d). suffocate. 

kup ba nuk', vphr(rv & n4d). rub neck raw (pig or dog with rope around 

neck). 

kupan, tv. wear tight /pants/, saw a lot of /salt, wood/. 

kupanan, tv. saw a lot of /salt, wood/. 

kupankupan, tv. saw one after another, cut self time and again /with 

grass/. 

kupankupanan, tv. cf. kupankupan. 

kupbenal, n4f. mark scratched on wood. 

kupel, nc. sawing. 

kupet cak, vphr(av & n4d). with binding pants. 

kupilan, tv. rub back and forth so as to rend /rope/, keep sawing /salt/, 

keep gashing (grass). 

kupilanan, tv. keep sawing /plu/ /salt/. 

kupkon, av. sawing, bowing /fiddle/. 

kupkup, aj. binding. 

kuplahet, av. cf. kupkon (plu). 

kuplahetik, av. cf. kupkon (plu). 

kuplih, av. cutting self suddenly /with grass/. 

kupob, nlf. saw /salt, trees/, bow /fiddle/. 

kupobil, n4f. cf. kupob. 

kuptekupte, av. walking about with (pants) riding up. 

kupul, aj. binding. 

hkup , agn(tv & ncpd). sawer of /trees, salt/. 

kiir(l) prob O. 

kurkon, av. hooting (motmot). 

kurlahet, av. cf. kurkon (plu). 

kurlahetik, av. cf. kurkon (plu). 

kurarina 

kurarina, cf. kururin. 

kurkuric' N. 

kurkuvic', n5. whippoorwill Caprimulgus vociferus. The whippoorwill is 

not eaten. It is thought to be the messenger of witches, announcing one's 

death or the death of a loved one, when it calls frequently near a 

person's house. Whippoorwill bones are used in a love potion. The 

bird is killed on a Thursday and hung in a tree top for exactly two 

weeks. If the bones are clean they are taken down, burned, and 

ground into powder, together with morning glory. Taking the powder 

with him when he goes to talk to a girl, the boy should toss it at her 

or rub it on her neck or back when he embraces her. The following 

Thursday he should talk to her, because no matter how obstinate she 

has been, she cannot, it is claimed, fail to fall in love and elope with 

him. var., purkuvic' /Hok' C'enom, Muk'ta Hok'/. 

kurup N(Sp, grupa). 

kurup, nld. crupper, strings attaching string holder /fiddle/. 

copol yav skurup li hcMtik loe. lit., Our friend's crupper is in the 

wrong place, i.e., That friend of ours does not know right from wrong. 

kururin N. 

kururin, n. Cissampelos pareira, #716(1,2), #1562(1,3,11,12), 

#2304(3,4,19), #2424(1,20). Temperate "vine". (l,20)-As a remedy 

for "wind" and swelling, the root is brewed. The tea may be drunk 

alone or mixed with strong cane liquor. One cup is drunk before 

breakfast for three days. It is "hot". (l)-The same treatment may be 

given to mules suffering wind. As a remedy for snakebite or the bite 

of a poisonous spider /eahal ")om/, four roots are crushed and brewed. 

A cup of the tea may be given to people or mules so afflicted. (19)-As 

a remedy for snakebite, four shoots are brewed with six sticks of pine 

heartwood. The victim drinks the tea immediately after being bitten, 

and one or two times afterwards. It is "hot" For further snakebite 

remedies, cf. posil yen/a, var., kurarina /lApas/, kururina /Htek-lum, 

Vcn-bie/. 

kururin âk', nphr(n type n). Cissampelos pareira, #1130(1,3,4,5). Temperate 

vine" Same use as kururin. 

kururina 

kururina, cf. kururin. 

kurva N(Sp, curva). 

kurva, n5. curve /highway/. 

kurva-ni^, n(n & npcd)5. crooked-nosed. 

kus(l) T. 

kus, tv. wipe /nose, anus, table, etc./, wipe off, dry off. 

kus ba, rv. rub off /soot, etc., on clothes/. 

kusan, tv. wipe /plu/. 

kusan ba, rv. rub off a lot of /soot/. 

kusanan, tv. cf. kusan. 

kiisankusan, tv. wipe one after another. 

kuset, av. rubbing next to (dog or person's leg). 

kusilan, tv. keep wiping. 

kusilan ba, rv. keep rubbing self on /person/ (dog). 

kusilanan, tv. keep wiping /plu/. 

kusilanan ba, rv. keep rubbing self on /people/ (dog). 

kuskon, av. keep wiping (child playing). 

kuskon cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with thighs rubbing together. 

kuslahet, av. cf. kuskon (plu). 

kuslahetik, av. cf. kuskon (plu). 

kuslih, av. brushing by suddenly. 

kusob, nlf. rag. 

kusob salten yilel slapoh. She looks as if she were wearing a rag used 

to wipe off the frying pan. 

kusobil, nlf. cf. kusob. 

kustekuste, av. walking about rubbing /against people's legs/ (cat). 

kususet, av. rubbing dirt on self. 

kus(2) P or P(2). 

kusahtik, aj. sprouting in clumps (weeds). 

kusul, aj. sprouting (weeds). 

kusulik, aj. cf. kusul /plu/. 

kus(3) O. 

kuset cak, vphr(av & n4d). breaking wind quietly. 

kuskuskus, onom. sound of flatulence. 

kuslih, av. breaking wind quietly and suddenly. 

kusina N(Sp, cocina). 

kusina, nld. kitchen. 

kusinero N(Sp, cocinero). 

hkusinero, agn. cook, each of two women in charge of cooking meat at 

banquet of religious officials, members of wedding party who fed priest 

and church-builders /formerly/. 

kuskun 

kuskun, quick weed. cf. ?uskun. 

kusum N. 

kusum, n. see below.

k'anal kusum, nphr(aj & n). Stereum hirsutum, #29(1,3). Highland 

'mushroom". Polyporus sp., #161(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom", 

sakil kusum, nphr(aj & n). Schizophyllum commune, #79(1,3,4,5). 

Highland "mushroom". It is toasted and wrapped in a tortilla, or 

boiled with beans and seasoned with chili. It is "cold", 

kusumal "rit'is 9on to, nphr: natt & nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). Polyporus 

versicolor,, #139(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". It grows on 

summer hollies, 

kusumal bae'i te 1 ?, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/). 'oak kusum, Marasmius 

sp., #137(3,4,5). Highland mushroom". 

kusumal balamil, nphr(natt & n). 'ground kusum', Polyporus sp., 

#152(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom", 

sakil kusumal balamil, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Marasmius sp., 

#153(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". 

kusumal cikin-ib, nphr(natt & n/n of ncpd/). Crepidotussp., #132(3,4,5). 


k'anal kusumal cikin-ib, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/n of ncpd/). Phyllotopsis 

sp., # 163(4,5). Highland "mushroom". It grows on live oaks. 

Phylloporus sp., #163(4,5). Highland "mushroom". See above, 

kusumal k'aMe"), nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). 'rotten tree kusum', see 

below. 

k'anal kusumal k'ai-tei, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). Stereum 

sp., #181(4,5). Highland "mushroom". 

kusumal k'ai-toh, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). 'rotten pine kusum', see 

below. 

eahal kusumal k'aMoh, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj &. ncpd/). Polyporus 

pergamenus, #169(4,5). Highland "mushroom", 

sakil kusumal k'a9-toh, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). Polyporus 

sp., #168(4,5). Highland "mushroom", 

kusumal pat toh, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/). 'pine bark kusum', Polyporus 

versicolor, #118(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". 

kusumal taki-to, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). 'dead tree kusum', see below, 

sakil kusumal taki-te 1 ), nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). Polyporus 

sp., #159(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom", 

kus(l) N. 

kus, nla. rust, mildew., inan. poss; skusil. 

kus lot, nphr(n type n)4d. mildewed tortilla. 

kus vah, nphr(n type n)5. mildewed tortilla, 

kusib, iv. mildew, corrode, rust, 

kusibtas, tv. cause to mildew, corrode or rust. 

kusihtasan, tv. cause to mildew, corrode, or rust /plu/. 

kusin, iv. mildew, corrode, rust, 

kuskus, aj. rusted, corroded, 

kuskustik, aj. badly corroded. 

kns(2) T,T(2). 

kus, tv. rest, he in wake (person, world on Holy Saturday night), 

kus, iv. sober up, come back to life. 

kus ?oon, vphr(tv // n). divert self, have a good time /particularly at a 

fiesta/, have fun, enjoy oneself. 

kus-TOon sal ti yu?un sokolote. To have a good time means that you 

are free /unoccupied/. 

kus vakas, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). December 31st /when straw bull is repainted 

and its price is raised/, 

kusahtik, aj. glowing. 

kusan, tv. set down /burning pine, lighted candle/. 

iskusan pus. He lighted the fire for the steambath. 

kusanan, tv. set down /candles, pine/. 

kusanbe kantela, vphr(tv & n4d). set down a person's candles (shaman), 

kusankusan, tv. set down one after another /lighted pine, candles/, 

kusankusanan, tv. cf. kusankusan. 

kusanob toh, vphr(nlf of nld). stake on which lamp rests. 

kuianobil toh, vphr(nlf of nld). cf. kusanob toh. 

kusebal, n5. Ritual speech, shaman in curing prayer; lit., place of recovery, 

i.e., shrine. 

canib c'ul-kolebal canib c'ul-kusebal. the four holy places of rest, the 

four holy places of recovery, 

kusel, vn5. Holy Week. On Lenten Fridays and during Holy Week no 


183 

meat may be eaten, for it is said to be horse meat. Beans are similarly 

proscribed as they are said to become flies. From Holy Wednesday 

through Easter there must be no planting, no chopping, no hand labor 

lest one's suffering be transferred to Christ. No rocks may be 

thrown, nor punches, lest they strike Christ. There should be no running 

and no use of soap. Cane liquor should not be drunk because 

during this period it is considered to be Judas' urine, 

kuseltik, vn5. Lenten period from the Fourth Friday of Lent until Holy 

Week. 

kuses, tv. renovate /saint/. 

kuset, av. healthy. 

skuset spat ssokon 5a. lit., His back and sides are resting now, i.e., 

He is healthy now. 

kuset -won, vphr(av & n4d). happy, at ease /after sickness or fear has 

passed/, having a good time. 

skuset yoon likel hcamel. The patient is getting well, 

skuset yo9on ta k'in. He is having a good time at the fiesta, 

skuset yOTon ta yac' na. He is happy in his new house, 

skuset yo9on ti mi tal svulaânel yu?un seeb io mi skrem ti mi parte 

sa nakale. He has a good time if his daughter or his son come to visit 

if they are now living apart from him. 

kuset balamil, vphr(av & n5). healthy, 

kusetik balamil, vphr(av & n5). healthy /sing/. 

kusi, iv. revive, 

kusilan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). keep taking rests /when walking/, keep 

recovering, 

kuskon, av. ending (curing ceremony), burning (candle). 

skuskon ssakub skantela. When dawn came his candles were burning, 

i.e., His curing ceremony had not yet ended, 

kuslahet, av. glowing (embers), burning (candles), 

kusleh, n4d. life, Female speech; testes. 

kuslehal, n4d. life, sobriety. 

mi 70 to hkuslehal. If I am still alive, 

sak'oponon ta hkuslehal. Talk to me when I am sober, 

kusob wonal, vphr(n of n)5. period for ensign-bearer to sober up after 

fiesta, sobering-up period when food and drink are served to family of 

bride after formal entrance of groom, groom's gift of four bottles of 

cane liquor to bride's family to cure hangover after his petition, 

kusobil w>on, nphr(n4f of n4d). rest or resting place of funeral procession 

on way to cemetery at which three drops of water are sprinkled in 

the mouth of the deceased. Ritual speech, prayer; home, 

lii ta skusobil ko"?on, ta svik'obil hsat. lit., Here where my heart 

rests, where my eyes open, i.e., Here in my home, 

kusul, aj. alive, sober (person, words) /not drunk/, bright (color), dangerous 

(earth), glowing (fire), burning (candle), 

ta kusul kowntik. When we were sober. 

kusul rios, nphr(aj & n)ld. talking saint, 

kusulik, aj. alive, sober /plu/. 

kusus, av. glowing (St. Elmo's fire). 

kus(3) N. 

kuskon, av. hooting (screech owl). 

kuskus, nle. ferruginous pygmy owl Glaucidium brasilianum, bearded 

screech owl Otus barbarus /identification uncertain/. These owls are 

not considered edible. They are thought to serve as witches' messengers, 

announcing one's death or a death in the family, 

kuslahet, av. cf. kuskon (plu). 

kus(4) 

kus, Mark. cf. marltus. 

kuveta N(Sp, cuveta). 

kuveta, nla. bucket. 

kuy(l) T. 

kuy, iv. recur (sickness). 

kuy ba, rv. brag falsely /about one's industry, wealth, or amorous following/. 

kuy ta k'evuh, vphr(tv & prep & n5). sing saints' names (musicians), 

kuy tal, vphr(tv & dr). import /sickness/ (witch), 

kuyan ba, rv. brag about many things.

184 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 K/K' 

kuybalal camel, nphr(aj & vn)5. chills and fever /transmitted by witches 

of Totolapa or Simohovel/. 

kuyel, vn5. smallpox. 

kuyel, vn4b. embroidery, mockery, singing of saints' names (musicians), 

kuyel hc'ul-me?tik, nphr(vn4f of agn/aj & ncpd/)5. chickenpox. 

kuyelkuyel, vn5. intermittent sickness, 

kuyes, tv. revive /one's sickness/. 

kuyilan ba, rv. keep bragging that one is wealthy or industrious, 

kuyvan ta k'evuh, vphr(tv & prep & n5). sing saints' names (musicians). 

laii kuyel, vphr(tv & vn5). be afflicted with smallpox. 

Tik'al kuyel, nphr(aj & vn)5. "black" smallpox (?). 

sanav kuyel, vphr(iv & vn5). have smallpox rampant. 

kuy(2) P or P(2). 

kuykon, av. jiggling (fat ladina's buttocks), 

kuylah, av. walking with jiggling (buttocks) (plu). 

kuylahet, av. cf. kuykon (plu). 

kuylahet, av. cf. kuykon (plu). 

kuytekuyte, av. walking about with jiggling (buttocks). 

kwagro N(Sp, cuadro). 

kwagro, n5. picture frame /esp. for devotional pictures/. 

kwarca N(Sp, cuarta). 

kwarca nahelil, nphr(n of n)5. forty cards /wool/. 

kwarca te"», nphr(n type n)la. five liter wooden box for measuring corn. 

cf. kwarto. 

kwarta, nla. half-pint, half-pint bottle, 

kwarto, nla. five liter dry measure, wooden box for measuring corn. cf. 

kwarca tel. 

kwarenta Num(Sp, cuarenta). 

kwarenta, nle. forty. 

kwarentatik, n5. by or in forties, every forty. 

kwarentano A(Sp, cuarentena). 

kwarentano, cf. lisim. 

kwarta 

kwarta, half-pint, cf. kwarca. 

kwartel N(Sp, cuartel). 

kwartel, nld. military garrison. 

kwarta 

kwarto, measure, cf. kwarca. 

kwenta N(Sp, cuenta). 

kwenta, nib. debt, responsibility for, purpose, interest, concern, meaning, 

about. 

ta kwenta yu9un. It is his responsibility. 

k'u skwenta. What is it for? 

kwentan me ceie. Take care of yourself! 

ta skwenta. representing him (or) on his part (or) sickness caused by 

kahvaltik when person fails to visit shrines. 

cib kwenta yic'oh. It has two meanings. 

k'u hkwenta TO. What is it to me (or) What business is it of mine? 

mu hkwentauk. It isn't up to me (or) It's none of my business (or) 

It doesn't interest me. 

mi alo 1 ? li Telamonis skwenta naranhae. Did you eat the lemon instead 

of the orange? 

kwenta talel, nphr(n4f of n4d/ lp/). 'concerning our customs', loose strife 

Lythrum lanceolatum, #1739(15). Highland "plant" 

kwentan, pt. on condition that. 

?ase kwenta, vphr(tv & n5). It is clear that. 

•?ic' ta kwenta, vphr(tv & prep & n5). take seriously. 

ha 1 ) nos kwenta, nphr(pt & pt/contr of no & nos/ & n5). only if, on the 

condition that, so long as. 

haT nos kwenta mi kusulotike. Just so long as we are alive /common 

adage/. 

pas kwenta, vphr(tv/impv/ & n5). it can be seen that, it is clear that. 

kwento N(Sp, cuento). 

kwento, nle. story, folktale, myth, legend. 

kwete N(Sp, cohete). 

kwete, nla. rocket. 

K' 

k'«9 A, I. 

k'a 1 ?, iv. rot, dry up (mucous). 

k'aT, aj. old, used, worm infested /pack sore/. 

k'aT-cih mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 'rotten deer bird* or 'rotten 

sheep bird', lesser roadrunner Geococcyx velox /nApas/. cf. k'us-hol. 

k'aT-to con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)la. edible wood grub. It is 

"cold". 

k'aTal, n4f. fertilizer, rottenness. 

Denunciatory speech; sk'a")alon 7osil sk'aâlon balamil. lit., I am 

fertilizer for the world, i.e., I will not live as long as the person who 

has wronged me. 

Houseowner to person borrowing house; bal savak' ak'aTalik. lit., 

It is enough that you leave your fertilizer; i.e., that the ground be 

fertilized by their rubbish. 

k'a?al, aj. rotten. 

k'aTal balamil, nphr(n type n)5. fertilized ground. 

k'aTal ton, nphr(n type n)5. soft stone, limestone. 

k'aTaltas, tv. fertilize (person). 

k'aTebal, n5. moment before being fertilized, manure, 

k'aêl, vn5. venereal disease. 

k'aTep, nla. rubbish, dirty deed. 

sk'aTepal yanal tei. compost. 

Ritual speech, outgoing stewards when entrusting coffer to their successors; 

sk'awpal yok sk'aiepal sk'ob San-torenso Santo Romi'nko. 

The rubbish of his feet, the rubbish of his hands, of St. Lawrence, 

of St. Dominic. 

k'aTepaltik, n5. large dump. 

k'a?eptik, n5. dump. 

k'aTes, tv. fertilize (sheep), cure /leather/. 

k'aTesob, nlf. lime and prairie acacia bark used to cure leather, 

k'aêsob nukul, nphr(n of n). 'hide tanner', prairie acacia Acacia angustissima, 

#2139(1,7), #2568(1,4). Temperate "tree". The bark is gathered 

by Zinacantecs and sold to the people of Chiapa, for tanning hides. 

#2283(3,4), #2430(1). Highland "tree" Same use as above. The 

hides are soaked with lime and bark for four or five days, 

sasib k'a9esob nukul, nphr: nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). see below, 

muk'ta sasib k'aêsob nukul, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n of n/). 

puerto rican fairy duster Calliandraportoricensis, #915(1,3). Lowland 

"tree". The bark is gathered by ladinos and sold to the people 

of Chiapa for a tanning agent. Two or three chips are placed 

in each jug in which the leather is soaked, 

k'aêsobil, nlf. cf. k'aêsob. 

k'aêt, av. rotting, suffering from venereal disease. 

k'a"?k'a7tik, aj. slightly rotten or fertile. 

k'aitek'a'He, av. rotting one after another. 

9oc k'a?al, vphr(iv & n4f). putrefy. 

hop k'aTep, vphr(tv & n5). gather up rubbish. 

hop-k'a*?ep, vn(tv & ncpd)5. gathering up of rubbish (assistants of stewards 

when they entrust coffer to their successors), 

hhop-k'aêp, agn(tv & ncpd). person who gathers up rubbish for steward 

when he entrusts coffer to his successors. 

k'oT, aj. rotten, fertile. 

k'oTk'oTtik, aj. slightly rotten or fertile. 

k'ab(l) N. 

k'abil, n3d. urine, piss. 

k'abin, iv. urinate, piss, 

k'ablebal, n3d. latrine. 

k'ablebaltik, n5. place where people customarily urinate /outside/, 

k'abta, tv. urinate on. 

k'abta ba, rv. urinate in one's clothes (drunk), 

k'abtaan, tv. urinate on /plu/ (dog), 

k'abtaanan, tv. cf. k'abtaan. 

k'abtavan, iv. urinate on someone, 

hk'abnom, agn. person who urinates, 

hk'abtavaneh, agn. child or dog who urinates on person.

K' TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 185 

k'us k'abil, nphr(aj & n)5. painful urinating /attributed to drinking the 

water of certain rivers, or to eating unripe cushaw seeds/. 

9abin, iv. Baby talk; urinate I want to urinate. 

k'»b(2) 

k'ab, trim, hand. cf. k'ob. 

k'abis N. 

k'abis toh, nphr(n of n)la. Marasmius sp., #73(1,4), #81(3,4,5), 

#86(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". It is eaten by some Zinacantecs, 

boiled and seasoned with mexican tea and chili. It is cold". Clitocybe 

sp., #149(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom", 

k'abis tohtik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of k'abis toh. 

eahal k'abis toh, npnr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Mycena sp., #173(4,5). 

Highland "mushroom". Cortinarius sp., #173(4,5). Highland "mushroom". 

sakil k'abis toh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). see below, 

k'os sakil k'abis toh, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Tricholoma 

sp., #89(1,3,4,5). Highland mushroom", 

k'ap'ic toh, nphr(n of n). unattested variety /Na Cih/. 

k'ac prob P(2) or T(2). 

k'ac-holi, tv(tv & ncpd). nod /come-on gesture/, 

k'ac-holivan, iv. nod to person, 

k'acacet, av. shivering. 

k'ack'ac camel, nphr(aj & vn)5. shaking sickness (Parkinson's disease?). 

k'ack'ac con, nphr(aj & n)5. 'click bug', click beetle. 

k'ack'on, av. nodding (drunk's head), shivering. 

k'aclahet, av. shivering, nodding one's head back and forth /drunkenly/ 

(plu). 

k'aclahetik, av. shivering, 

k'aculan, tv. nod repeatedly /head/ (child). 

k'aculanvan, iv. make person shiver (malaria), 

hk'ac-holivaneh, agn. person who nods to another. 

k'ah(l) T. 

k'ah, tv. harvest corn. 

ihk'ah hcob. I harvested my corn, 

k'ah, iv. be harvested (corn), 

k'ahan, tv. harvest a lot of /corn/. 

k'ahanan, tv. cf. k'ahan. 

k'ahank'ahan, tv. harvest one after another /corn/, 

k'ahank'ahanan, tv. cf. k'ahank'ahan. 

k'ahav, iv. harvest /com/. 

k'ahavebal, n3d. net for holding ears of corn, corn shucker. 

k'ahben, nla. corn stubble, com stalk of mature plant. The stalks are 

split and used as a cover for the bowls of cushaw and watermelon squash 

presented by the stewards to the sacristans during the Posadas, 

k'ahbenal cenek', cf. cenek'. 

k'ahbenaltik, n5. large expanse of corn stubble, dry season when com is 

in stubble, 

k'ah ben tik, n5. expanse of corn stubble, dry season when corn is in 

stubble. 

k'ahel, nc. harvesting /by lazy person who takes several trips/. 

k'ahoh, nld. harvest /corn/, 

k'ahobtik, n5. harvesting season, 

k'ahulan, tv. keep harvesting, 

hk'ahavel, agn. harvester /corn/, 

bk'ahom, agn. harvester /corn/. 

k'ah(2) O. 

k'ahk'ahk'ah, onom. guffaw, 

k'ahk'on, av. guffawing /EKL258: 2-13/. 

k'ahlahet, av. cf. k'ahk'on (plu). 

k'ahlahetik, av. cf. k'ahk'on (plu). 

k'ahan 

k'aham, only, just. cf. k'ahom. 

k'lhom Pt. 

k'ahom, pt. only, just, var.; k'aham /infr/. 

k'ahom sna? kahvaltik. Only Our Lord knows, 

k'ahom he'i'? h'9e. This is my only dog. 

k'ahom t sôk'. He is just crying. 

k'ahom nos ikic' ec'el. That is the only thing I took, 

k'ahomal, pt. only, just. 

k'ahomal yiloh kahvaltik. Only Our Lord saw it. 

k'ail N. 

k'ail, n. leaf cup Polymnia maculala Cav. , #1419(7), #1731(3,15,16), 

#1794(1,4,15,16), #2206(19), #2330(19). Highland "plant", var.; 

k'ayil. 

k'ail tik, n5. expanse of k'ail. 

bik'it k'ail, nphr(aj & n). leaf cup Polymnia maculata, #1938(16,17). 

Temperate and highland "plant" 

c'is k'ail, nphr(aj & n). 'prickly k'aiP, Monlanoa sp., #2941(1). Highland 

"tree". 

c'isal k'ail, nphr(aj & n). 'prickly k'aiV, Montanoa sp., # 1930(16). Temperate 

"tree". 

k'anal k'ail, nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Tilhonia diversifolia, 

#2423(20). Temperate "tree" It is eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle, 

k'eves k'ail, nphr(n type n). 'cherimoya k'aiV, Montanoa sp., 


k'os k'ail, nphr(aj & n). leaf cup Polymnia maculata, # 1099(1,3). Lowland 

and temperate "plant". #1938(1,3,4). Temperate and highland 

"plant". #1419(3), #2330(3,4), #2387(3,4). Highland "plant". Eupatoriastrum 

sp., #284(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant". Coaxana ebracteata, 

#444(1,2). Temperate "plant" Arracacia nelsoni, #492(1,2). 

Highland "plant". Siegesbeckiajorullensis, #2479(21,22). Highland 

"plant" 

muk'ta k'ail, nphr(aj & n). leaf cup Polymnia maculata, #2206(1,3,4). 

Highland "plant". Eupatorium chiapense, #470(1,2). Highland 

"plant" 

sakil k'ail, nphr(aj & n). Montanoa sp., #2717(1,4). Highland 'tree' 

Eupatoriastrum sp., #2597(15,20,21,22). Lowland "plant". (20)-It is 

eaten by mules, 

muk'ta sakil k'ail, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). bush sunflower Tithonia 

diversifolia, #2423(1), #2569(1,4). Temperate "tree" 

ton k'ail, nphr(n type n). 'rock k'aiF, bush sunflower Tilhonia diversifolia, 

#2280(19). Highland "tree". Phyllanthussp., #657(1,2,3,4). Highland 

"tree". The trunk is used for roof rods of hip-roofed houses. Ten 

to twelve are needed. 

ton k'ailtik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of ton k'ail. 

lit'is ton k'ail, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). Montanoa speciosa, 

#2026(3). Lowland "tree". Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases. 

Montanoa seleriana, #3011(11). Lowland "tree" It is used for firewood. 

Eupatorium cf eriocarpum, #2994(11). Lowland "tree" It is 

used for firewood. 

k'anal ton k'ail, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). see below, 

k'os k'anal ton k'ail, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Senecio 

hartwegii, #2929(1,3). Highland "plant" 

k'os ton k'ail, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Montanoa seleriana, 

#3011(1,4,5). Lowland "tree". 

muk'ta ton k'ail, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). bush sunflower Tithonia 

tubaeformis, #2484(21,22). Temperate and highland "plant" As a 

remedy for tuberculosis /sak tobal/, three leaves are brewed. The 

tea is drunk once daily for three days. It is "hot", 

k'ayil, cf. k'ail. 

k'ak' I. 

k'ak', iv. burn, 

k'ak'-earan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red hot (spit), red (ears from shame), rosy 

(healthy person). 

k'ak'-nuk', n(aj & ncpd)5. heartburn, acidity, 

k'ak'-nuk'ul, n(aj & ncpd)Id. heartburn, acidity, 

k'ak'ah, iv. become healthy, 

k'ak'al, n5. sun. 

k'ak'al, nla. day. Ritual speech; cf. iu. 

hun to los k'ak'al. the day before, 

sk'ak'alil. period of a day, appointed day, deadline.


9oy to sk'ak'alil. It was not long ago. 

?ec' sa sk'ak'alil. The deadline has passed. 

Ritual speech, referring to return from visit to shrines; k'usi 9ora k'usi 

k'ak'al sivalk'uh tal sisutp'ih tal. Whenever I turn back, whenever I 

return, 

k'ak'al, n4f. fever, light. 

t sak' ssikil sk'ak'al. He is suffering from chills, 

sk'an sk'ak'al. Light is needed. 

k'ak'aL n4d. anger, trouble. 

k'ak'al, aj. hot, healthy (person) /rosy-cheeked/, clearly, bright. 

k'ak'al svinah. It can be seen clearly, 

k'ak'al hc'ul-me'Jtik. The moon is bright. 

Parents of bride to their daughter; k'ak'al na k'ak'al k'ulebal sabat 

na?tik mi skuc avu9un. You are going to a house of health and 

wealth, who knows if you will be able to survive, 

k'ak'al w>lel, nphr(aj & n)4f. boiling water. 

k'ak'al 9at, nphr(aj & n4f)5. 'burning sting', tarantula killer Pepsis sp.. 

This wasp, credited with an extremely painful sting and awful taste, is 

said to be eaten by men who want to have big erections that cause 

great pain during intercourse. It may also be eaten by men who want 

to throw a painful punch. It is said, however, that a man who eats a 

tarantula killer will, from then on, always be spoiling for a fight, 

k'ak'al 9o9onil, nphr(nlf of n3d). anger, envy, hatred, resentment. 

k'ak'al wonilbil yu9un kriscanoetik ti sta no 90s sveiele . He who 

supports himself is resented by the people. 

k'ak'al ?o9onilbil buc'u lek sna? S9abtehe. The person who knows 

how to work well is resented, 

k'ak'al 9ora, nphr(aj & n)5. death. 

k'ak'al 9uc' mas, cf. 'me' mas. 

k'ak'al-k'el, tv(aj & tv cpd). look at angrily or with hatred, stare at so as 

to cause sickness /baby/, 

k'ak'al-k'elvan, iv(aj & ivcpd)) look at person angrily or with hatred, stare 

at baby so as to cause sickness, 

k'ak'al-k'opon, iv(aj & tvcpd). speak to angrily. 

k'ak'al-k'oponvan, iv(aj & ivcpd). speak to person angrily. 

k'ak'al mas, nphr(aj & n)5. red sunset. 

k'ak'al satil, nphr(aj & n)3d. evil eye. A child suffering from evil eye may 

be stood on a metate while an old woman grinds, and so grinds out the 

sickness, or his body may be rubbed with elderberry and three black 

chicks or three eggs to transfer the sickness. 

k'ak'al sik, nphr(aj & n)5. malaria, 

k'ak'al tan, nphr(aj & n)le. ashes and red hot coals, 

k'ak'al vo9, nphr(aj & n)ld. boiling water, 

k'ak'alin, iv. shine brightly (moon), 

k'ak'altik, n5. daytime, open air. 

k'ak'an, tv. Ritual speech, future mother and father-in-law of bride to her 

family; heat. 

t sisk'ak'an t sisk'isnan. lit., She will heat me, she will warm me, i.e., 

She will make me happy. 

k'ak'anvan, iv. provide a good meal or good company for someone, 

k'ak'ebal, n5. moment before being burnt up. 

k'ak'el, nld. burn, 

k'ak'emal, nlf. burn, 

k'ak'es, tv. burn, 

k'ak'et(l), av. healthy, happy, prosperous. 

sk'ak'et nos sciûk yahnil 9un a9a mu k'u ti palta yuiunike. He and 

his wife are certainly happy; they have no problems. 

k'ak'et(2), nld. burn, 

k'ak'et ?ak'al, nphr(aj & n)5. charcoal, 

k'ak'et ?o?on, vphr(av & n4d). envious, mean-tempered, resentful. 

sk'ak'et nos yo9on yu9un pukuh sa9i sba. He is mean-tempered 

because he knows he is basically evil. 

k'ak'et mut, nphr(aj & n)5. 'burn bird', mexican trogon Trogon mexicanus, 

citroline trogon Trogon citreolus. They are not considered edible. The 

call of a trogon is believed to portend the burning of one's clothes or 

body. To imitate a trogon's call is to court fire. 

k'ak'et te% nphr(aj & n)la. burned tree. 

k'ak'etal, n5. burned land. 

k'ak'etaltik, nS. expanse of bumed land. 

k'ak'etik, av. cf. k'ak'et(l) (plu). 

k'ak'etik, aj. singed (hair, tortilla). 

k'ak'tek'ak'te, av. walking about happily /disregarding one's troubles/, 

walking about prosperously or healthily. 

k'ak'ub, iv. become hot, get furious. 

k'ak'ubel, aj. burning (ears from criticism of person far away). 

k'ak'ubtas, tv. heat /metal/. 

k'ak'ulan, iv. keeping getting burned. 

hk'ak'al-909on, agn(aj & ncpd). resentful, angry or envious person, person 

filled with hatred. 

hk'ak'anvaneh, agn. woman /who warms and enlivens house/. 

9ak' k'ak'al 9o9on, vphr(tv/3s/ & nphr/n4f of n4d/). arouse anger, resentment, 

hatred, or envy. 

9oy k'ak'al 9o9on, vphr(n/pred/ & nphr/n 1 f of n4d/). be angry, resentful 

or envious, hate. 

ka9kal, n5. Baby talk; sun. 

ko9k, n5. Baby talk; hot, fire. 

k'ok', nld. fire, firebrand, light, lantern, flashlight, truck, bus, car, machine, 

hell. If the fire squeaks and the flame turns red, it is thought to 

announce a fight or death, while a blue flame indicates the arrival of 

a visitor or an argument. If the fire is scolded, the offender is liable to 

be punished with sickness. Fire has a male soul /c'ulel/ that protects 

us in the house and guides us on the road. 

Ritual speech, referring to wealthy people; ti k'ok'ike ti k'isinike. 

the hot ones, the warm ones. 

k'ok', n5. fever. 

k'ok', aj. hot, too hot, "too hot" /coca cola/, healthy, robust. 

k'ok' con, nphr(n type n)ld. 'fire bug', cutworm /dark brown nocturnal 

caterpillar that eats beans and flowers/. 

k'ok' sat, nphr(nlf of n4d). gleam of eyes in dark. 

k'ok'-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. piercing-eyed /critical person/. 

k'ok'-sat mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 'piercing-eyed bird', plain 

wren Thryothorus modestus, southern house wren Troglodytes miisculus. 

citom k'ok', nphr(n type n)5. Male joking speech; car /coche/. 

muk'ta k'ok', nphr(aj & n)5. typhoid. 

sik k'ok', nphr(nle & nle). chills and fever, inan. poss., ssikil sk'ak'al. 

hk'ak'et, agn. burned person. 

k'al P(2) or T(2). 

k'al, tv. husk, peel off /lead tree pod, bark, wrapping of unrefined sugar/, 

trick, weed alternate rows, wrap /bottles to prevent clinking, eggs or new 

pots to prevent breaking when carried/, wrap self in one's blanket 

/i.e. not share it/. 

k'al, pt. in, into, as far as, when, 

k'al hun-ab. next year, 

k'al cib habil. in two years, 

k'al e'en, into the ravine. 

k'al 90?, nphr(n4f of n4d). crotch. 

k'al ba, rv. fence oneself in. 

k'al ba helavel, vphr(rv & dr). squeeze by. 

k'al £'en, nphr(n type n)5. cleft. 

k'al e'entik, nphr(n type n)5. ravine. 

k'al lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). be peeled off. 

k'al naetik, nphr(n type n)5. alley. 

k'al ta, ptphr(pt & pt). even, 

k'al ta vo?ot. even you. 

k'al te9, nphr(n type n)5. fork of tree. 

k'al ton, nphr(n type n)5. split rock. 

k'alahtik, aj. cf. k'alal /plu/. 

k'alakil, n4f. large section of pig or beef fat. 

k'alal(l), av. peeling off. 

k'alal(2), aj. divided, separated. 

k'alal(3), pt. when, while. 

k'alal stale hk'opontik. When he comes, we will talk to him.

Ii k'osetike mu sui stahinik k'alal yolel t sveiike. The children 

must not play while they are eating. 

k'alalet, av. peeling off. 

lek sk'alalet ta coiel. easy to peel. 

k'alalik, aj. cf. k'alal(2) /plu/. 

k'alalk'alal, n4f. each of many alternate rows, each of many sections 

/land/. 

k'alan, tv. peel /plu/. 

k'alanan, tv. cf. k'alan 

k'alank'alan, tv. separate one after another /pots or jugs divided by layers 

of straw/, weed one alternate row after another, peel one after another. 

k'alank'alanan, tv. weed one alternate row after another. 

k'alav nil ?ok, nphr(nlf of nphr/nlf of n3d/). webbing of foot. 

k'alav ni-J k'ob, nphr(nlf of nphr/nlf of n3d/). webbing of hand. 

k'alavil, n3d. crotch. 

k'albil to, nphr(aj & n)la. shingle. 

k'albil teial na, nphr(nphr/aj & natt/ type n)5. shingle-roofed house. 

k'alel, nc. division /of land into sections/. 

k'alet, av. peeling off (vine bark). 

sk'alet ta yut mok. He is hanging around inside the fence (child, 

robber). 

k'aletik, av. hanging around (children, robbers). 

k'alk'al c'entik, nphr(n of n)5. many ravines, long ravine. 

k'alk'al naetik, nphrfn of n)5. many alleys, long alley. 

k'allahet, av. peeling off (bark). 

k'alluh, av. slipping away suddenly (prisoner). 

k'alobil, nlf. cloth used to separate two colors of corn in bag, knife. 

k'altek'alte, av. peeling one after another. 

k'alulan, tv. keeping weeding alternate rows, keep fencing off, keep peeling 

off. 

k'alulan ba, rv. fence oneself in gradually. 

k'alulanvan, iv. keep tricking person. 

k'alvan, iv. trick person. 

hk'alvaneh, agn. deceiver. 

hk'alulanvaneh, agn. person who deceives others frequently. 

te k'alal, ptphr(pt & pt). never mind, 

te sa nos k'alal. That's all! 

k'am T(2). 

k'am, tv. tether, wrap around, coil /hail, grass or corn stubble that is 

coiled by horse's or cow's tongue to facilitate chewing/, 

isk'am ta ter He tied it to a tree, 

isk'am ta pok'. He bandaged it /infr/. 

isk'am ta sk'ob. He wound it /yarn/. 

k'am, iv. be entangled. 

k'am, nc. loop /around tree/. 

k'am ba, rv. wrap self /in blanket or shawl/, become entrammeled 

(horse). 

k'am-soc', n(x & ncpd)la. hand flower Chiranthodendron pentadactylon, 

#421(1,2,3). Temperate "tree". The leaves are used to wrap bean 

tamales /cenek'ul vah, pisil vah/. The trunk is used for firewood. The 

bark is used for house lashing. Two or three bundles are needed. It is 

used together with tic iak' which is stronger. 

k'am-soc'tik, n(x & ncpd)5. grove of hand flower trees. 

k'amahtik, aj. cf. k'amal /plu/. 

k'amal, aj. entrammeled (horse whose rope is wrapped around tree), 

wrapped /in blanket or shawl/. 

k'amalik, aj. cf. kamat /plu/. 

k'amam, av. slithering along or undulating (snake). 

k'amamet, av. flicking (snake's or lizard's tongue). 

k'aman, tv. tether /plu/. 

k'amanan, tv. cf. k'aman. 

k'amank'aman, tv. tether one after another /to tree/. 

k'amank'amanan, tv. cf. k'amank'aman. 

k'ambe, tv. place around (rope around neck of horse), cut /with machete/, 

whip. 

k'ambenal, n4f. coif. 


k'amel, nc. coiling/braid/. 

k'amet, av. entrammeled, coiling slowly (snake on tree), 

k'amk'am, nc. single loop /around tree//l only/, 

k'amk'on, av. flapping (skirt) /sound/, cracking (whip), 

k'amlah, av. weaving rapidly (drunk), slithering rapidly (snake) /sing/. 

k'amlahet, av. cf. k'amk'on (plu). 

k'amluh, av. cracking suddenly (whip). 

k'amob, nlf. stake or tree for tethering animal, hitching post, 

k'amobil, nlf. cf. k'amob. 

k'amtek'amte, av. walking with flapping (skirt), wandering around aimlessly, 

coiling around (snake climbing tree). 

k'amulan, av. wrap around, 

k'amulan ba, rv. become entangled (thread, pig that wraps its rope 

around stake). 

k'amulan ne, vphr(tv & n4d). switch tail (horse, cow). 

k'amvan, iv. entangle person (horse entangling person in rope), wrap 

around person (snake). 

k'an(l) T. 

k'an, tv. ask for, request, want, desire, love. 

sk'an. have to (or) need to (or) be missing. 

k'an me. mightn't it be, maybe. 

k'an me mu lekuk. Mightn't it be wrong. 

hk'antik. I insist. 

mcleano hk'antik. I insist you make it. 

mu sk'an lek. He doesn't like it very much. 

sk'an to. not yet. 

ta hk'an mas lek ti Ii9on to h-likeluke. I prefer to stay here a little 

while longer. 

tal sk'anbe stohol spreskotak. He came to collect the money for their 

soft drinks. 

k'an ba, rv. desire each other, love each other. 

k'an parte, vphr(tv & n5). lodge a complaint, make a formal accusation 

/before the magistrate/, 

k'an pavor, vphr(tv & n5). ask a favor, seek indulgence or forbearance, 

seek preferential treatment, 

k'an pertonal, vphr(tv & n5). have curing ceremony in which patient begs 

forgiveness. 

k'anan, tv. request from many people, request many times, 

k'ananan, tv. cf. k'anan. 

k'anank'anan, tv. ask for one after another, request from one after another. 

k'anank'ananan, tv. cf. k'anank'anan. 

k'anbe parte, vphr(tv & n5). complain to. 

k'anbe pertonal, vphr(tv & n5). beg forgiveness. 

lek sk'anbe pertonal stot sine 1 ? ti mi TO -rUin k'al s'yakub k'al sk'ot ta 

snae. He asks forgiveness properly from his parents if he has rebuked 

them drunkenly when he arrives home, 

k'anel, nc4e. request. 

k'anel TOcel ta na, nphr(vn4f of nphr /vn5 & pt & n5/). request to enter 

bride's home. 

k'anel nupunel, nphr(vn4f of vn5). marriage petition, 

k'ank'an ba, rv. inspire craving for /cane liquor/, 

k'ank'an to, vphr(tv/3s/ & pt). not quite yet. 

k'ank'antik to, vphr(tv/3s/ & pt). not quite yet. 

k'ank'on, av. requesting repeatedly, 

k'anlahet, av. requesting repeatedly (plu). 

sk'anlahet yil. They are repeatedly requesting the return of their 

money. 

k'anob 9abtel, nphr(n of n)5. bottle of liquor given to elders when requesting 

religious position. 

k'anob vo 1 ), nphr(n of n)5. ceremony requesting rain, 

k'anobil locel ta na, nphr(n4f of nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). request to enter 

bride's house, petition gifts. 

k'anobil nupunel, nphr(n4f of vn5). marriage petition, engagement gifts, 

k'anolah, iv. be insatiable, be unappeased. 

t sk'anolah sk'ob bu£'u smilvane. lit., The hand of one who commits


murder is unappeased, i.e., He always wishes to commit another 

murder. 

t sk'anolah li c'ene mu stak' sokol skom. lit., The cave is insatiable; 

it can't bear to remain empty, i.e., The cave constantly demands more 

souls. 

k'antek'ante, av. making requests from place to place. 

k'anulan, tv. keep asking for, requesting, or desiring, 

k'anulanan, tv. keep asking for, requesting, or desiring much, 

k'anvan, iv. ask for, desire, or love person. 

hk'an- , agn(tv & ncpd). person who asks for /beans, 

corn, borrowed object/, 

hk'an-limosna, agn(tv & ncpd). beggar, 

hk'an-limusna, agn(tv & ncpd). cf. hk'an-limosna. 

hk'an-parte, agn(tv & ncpd). plaintiff. 

tol hk'an-parte hu-hun k'ak'al ta kaviltoe. There are so many plaintiffs 

every day at the town hall, 

mukul-k'an, tv(aj & tvcpd). request secretly. 

k'an(2) 

k'an, yellow, ripe, yolk, star. cf. k'on. 

k'ap'ic N. 

k'ap'ic, cf. k'abis. 

k'ar prob O. 

k'ark'ar-mau9, onom(onom & onomcpd). caterwaul (cat seeking mate). 

k'ark'on, av. caterwauling. 

k'as T(2). 

k'as, tv. break /bone, hoe, billhook, knife, machete blade, pickaxe, candle, 

basket, corn stalk, handle, machine part, stick, banana/, sprain 

/back, arm, leg/, tear /leather, mat, palm strip/. 

k'as, iv. break (bone, stick, com stalk, hoe, billhook, knife, machete 

blade, pickaxe, candle, basket), tear (mat, palm strip, black felt hat, 

leather), sprain (back, arm, leg), 

k'as, nc. break, 

k'as ba, rv. break one's bone, 

k'asahtik, aj. cf. k'asal /plu/. 

k'asakil, n4f. in many pieces. 

k'asal, aj. broken (branch, hoe, digging stick), lying (dry excrement), 

k'asalk'asal, n4f. each of many pieces, 

k'asaltik, aj. slightly broken down (corn plants). 

k'asalul, n4f. broken bits /wood, twigs/. 

k'asan, tv. break down (corn plants), 

k'asanan, tv. cf. k'asan. 

k'asank'asan, tv. break down one after another, 

k'asank'asanan, tv. cf. k'asank'asan. 

k'asantik, aj. broken down in many places (corn plants), 

k'asbentik, n5. flattened weeds, 

k'asebal, n5. moment before breaking (board), 

k'asel, n5. broken bone, aching body. 

k'asel ta hc'uleltik. injury of companion animal spirit, 

k'asel, nc. breaking /stick/. 

k'asemal, nld. broken bone, sprain /back/. 

k'ask'as, nc. single break /I only/. 

k'ask'as e'iilel, nphr(aj & n). 'brittle plant', cordia Cordia ferruginea, 

# 1079(1,3,5). Temperate "plant", leafy coral blow Russelia sarmentosa, 

#1581(1,3). Temperate "plant", wild geranium Geranium seemannii, 

#1414(7). Highland "plant", spurge Euphorbia graminea, #2093(7). 

Temperate "plant", shrubby four o'clock Mirabilisjalapa, #2828(7). 

Lowland "plant". Alternanthera laguroides, #2110(1,7). Temperate 

plant". Lopezia langmaniae, #2294(3,4). Temperate "plant", (blechum 

brownei), #2831(7). Lowland "plant". Ruellia megasphaera, 

#3013(1,4,5). Lowland "plant". 

eahal k'ask'as e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). jubas bush lresine 

celosia, #1095(1,3). Lowland and temperate "plant". #2114(1). 

Temperate plant". #2930(1,3). Highland plant", leafy coral blow 

Russelia sarmentosa, #2857(3,4,5). Lowland "plant". 

k'ask'as nicim, nphr(aj & n). 'brittle flower', Rondeletia sp., 

# 1244(1,3,4,5). Temperate "plant" 

k'ask'as te?, nphr(aj & n). "brittle tree', shrubby bloodleaf Iresine nigra, 

#393(1,3). Highland "tree\ bloodleaf Iresine angustifolia, #2606(1,3). 

Temperate "tree", 

k'ask'on, av. flapping (broken sandal), tearing off readily (string of bean 

pod). 

k'aslahet, av. cracking repeatedly (underbrush, young bean pods), 

k'aslahetik, av. cf. k'ask'on (plu). 

k'asulan, tv. keep knocking down /weeds/, 

k'asulan ba, rv. keep breaking one's bone or spraining self, 

k'asulanan, tv. keep knocking down many /weeds/, 

k'asvan, iv. cause someone to sprain /back/, 

hk'asel, agn. person with broken bone, 

hk'asvaneh, agn. person who breaks another's bone, 

k'os, nc. piece broken off /corn on the cob, sugarcane, banana, wood, dry 

excrement/. 

k'osk'os, nc. single piece /sugarcane/. 

k'asib N. 

k'asib hobel, nphr(n type n). drug sabadilla Schoenocaulon officinale, 


k'at(l) P. 

k'atah, iv. transform self into. 

Mu sk'atah yuûn sc'amal. He is impotent. 

Scolding speech to person who acts strangely; mi toh h-mek t 

sak'atah. Are you changed forever? 

k'atahes, tv. create, make /infr/. 

sk'atahes tal camel. He brings sickness /by creating wind or animals 

in stomach/. 

k'atahes ba, rv. transform self into, 

k'atahtik, aj. cf. k'atal /plu/. 

k'atal, aj. lying across, hanging over. 

k'atal be. path that cuts across a slope, 

k'atal-e'al, tv(aj & tvcpd). carry crosswise /long object/, carry by the 

arms and legs. 

k'atal te"?, nphr(aj & n)la. horizontal rails of corral or fence, pole of 

bottom of bed or corn bin. 

k'atal toel , nphr(nphr/aj & n/ If of n Id). rail /fence, etc./. 

k'atalik, aj. cf. k'atal /plu/. 

k'atan, tv. lay across, hang over. 

k'atan ba, rv. lie across. 

k'atanan, tv. lay across /plu/. 

k'atanbe, tv. swing at /with machete or stick/. 

k'atank'atan, tv. set crosswise one after another /fence rails/. 

k'atank'atanan, tv. cf. k'atank'atan. 

k'atat, av. carrying crosswise on one's back /corpse/. 

k'atatet sat, vphr(av & n4d). glaring out of corner of eye. 

k'atatet ta nuk', vphr(av & prep & nld). sticking in one's throat. 

k'atet, av. lying broadside (deer, fox, cow, horse, snake, person by fire), 

being carried crosswise (log, coffin), 

k'atetik, av. lying broadside (people by fire), 

k'ati, iv. be lying across or hanging over, 

k'atk'at, aj. long and with rounded corners (stone), broadside, 

k'atk'on, av. moving up and down broadside (coffin, poles), 

k'atlah, av. cf. k'atk'on (plu). 

k'atleb to, nphr(n type n)le. fence rail. 

k'atleh, nib. lying broadside, 

k'atp'uh, iv. go around a corner, turn a bend. 

ik'atp'uh sk'op. He incriminated himself, 

k'atp'un, tv. swivel around, incriminate self, 

k'attek'atte, av. lying across in many places (logs over river), 

k'attek'atte tuk', vphr(av & n4d). walking along with gun held crosswise 

over shoulder. 

k'at(2) prob I. 

k'atim-bak, vn(tv & ncpd)5. cf. k'atin-bak. 

k'atin, tv. put on fire /wood/, use for firewood /fence posts/, 

k'atin, iv. warm self, 

k'atin-bak, vn(tv & ncpd)5. hell, var.; k'atim-bak.

k'atin k'ak'al, vphr(tv & n4). warm self in the sun. 

k'atinan, tv. put a lot on fire /wood/, use a lot for firewood /fence posts/. 

k'atinanan, tv. cf. k'atinan. 

k'atineb, n4d. place by the fire. 

hk'atimol, agn. person who warms self before fire. 

hk'atinnom, agn. person who warms self before fire /infr/. 

k'at'is N. 

k'at'is, nla. hawthorn Crataegus pubescens, #B9271(5,5a), #2377(20), 

#2495(21,22). Highland "tree" For use, see below, 

k'at'istik, n5. grove of hawthorn trees, 

bik'it k'atis, nphr(aj & n). hawthorn Crataegus pubescens, 

#2498(21,22). Highland "tree" 

eahal k'at'is, nphr(aj & n). see below. 

muk'ta eahal k'at'is, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). hawthorn Crataegus 

pubescens, #614(1,2,4). Highland "tree". It grows wild or is planted 

in the rainy season. Both slips and seedlings are planted. The 

trunk is used for house mainposts, corn bin posts, fence and corral 

posts, bed posts, bed and corn bin planks, billhook, hoe, rake, and 

axe handles, digging sticks, slingshots, the dudes' horses, and firewood. 

The branches are used for brush fences. The leaves are eaten 

by sheep. The fruit is eaten by people, sheep, and pigs. Ladinos 

make thorn apple jam. The fruit is "cold". It is sold at market 

in San Cristobal and Tuxtla. Thorn apples are gathered by the assistants 

of the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary to decorate the 

creche, and the Church of St. Sebastian. They also provide the 

thorn apples which are strung on henequen fiber of the dudes' 

necklaces. Four or six almudes, half yellow and half red, are provided 

on the Seventh Posada for such purposes. (23)-Fifteen armspans 

of strung thorn apples are required from each of the stewards 

of Our Lady of the Rosary to decorate the creche. Three 

armspans apiece are needed for the Church of St. Sebastian. No 

distinction is made in the color of the fruits. 

k'anal k'at'is, nphr(aj & n). hawthorn Crataegus pubescens, 

#15(1,2,3,4), #2056(3,17,18). Highland "tree" Same use as muk'ta 

eahal k'at'is. 

muk'ta k'anal k'at'is", nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). hawthorn Crataegus 

pubescens, #2495(4). Highland "tree". Same use as muk'ta eahal 

k'at'is. 

sihom k'at'is, nphr(x type n). see below, 

eahal sihom k'at'is, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). hawthorn Crataegus 

pubescens, #2080(3,4,17), #2222(1,3,4,19). Highland "tree" 

k'anal sihom k'at'is, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). hawthorn Crataegus 

pubescens, #353(1,2,3,4), #2062(3), #2081(3,4,17), #2377(3,4), 

#2498(4). Highland "tree" (RML)-Same use as muk'ta eahal 

k'at'is, but the fruit, which is smaller, is not picked for Christmas, 

k'os k'anal sihom k'at'is, nphr: aj & nphrfaj & nphr/x type n/). 

hawthorn Crataegus pubescens, #2062(17). Highland "tree" 

k'ay T. 

k'av, onom. crack /breaking branch, shotgun blast/. 

k'av ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). smash or crack /with fist/, 

k'avan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). crack /people with fist/. 

k'avanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. k'avan ta mahel. 

k'avank'avan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). crack one after another 

/people with fist/. 

k'avank'avan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). k'avank'avanan ta mahel 

vphr(tv & prep & vn5)., cf. k'avank'avan ta mahel. 

k'avavet, av. chattering. 

sk'avavet stanal ye ta sik. His teeth are chattering from the cold, 

k'avk'on, av. grinding (pig's teeth, teeth of scolding person), beating 

/weft/. 

k'avlahet, av. cf. k'avk'on (plu), popping (knuckles). Supposedly the 

number of knuckles that a man can pop at one time indicates the 

number of his affairs, 

k'avluh, av. giving sudden cracking report (rifle, tree, blasting iron in 

distance, knuckle, blow of fist), crashing (falling drunk), 

k'avuh, onom. cracking sound /falling person, rocks struck together/. 


189 

k'av'ulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep cracking /person with 

fist/. 

k'avulan ta tihel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep beating /loom/ /weft/. 

k'avulanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep cracking /people with 

fist/. 

k'awan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). crack person /with fist/. 

k'ay prob O. 

k'ayk'on, av. talking loudly. 

k'aylahet, av. cf. k'ayk'on (plu). 

k'aylahetik, av. cf. k'ayk'on (plu). 

k'ayil 

k'ayil, cf. kail. 

k'c? prob O. 

k'ok'on, av. screaming (baby). 

k'olahet, av. cf. k'eik'on (plu). 

k'e^luh, av. giving sudden scream (kitten), giving sudden howl (cat underfoot). 

k'e'Hek'e'He, av. screaming from place to place (child on mother's back). 

k'eb T. 

k'eb, tv. pour /liquid into bowl or pot, grain into bag, bin or basket, on 

mat/, spill, throw on /earth on fire/. 

k'eb, iv. be poured. 

k'eban, tv. pour a lot of /liquid, grain/. 

k'ebanan, tv. cf. k'eban. 

k'ebank'eban, tv. pour one time after another /liquid, grain/. 

k'ebank'ebanan, tv. cf. k'ebank'eban. 

k'ebeb, av. spilling, vomiting. 

k'ebel, nc. pouring. 

k'ebk'on, av. spilling. 

sk'ebk'on ya7lel sat. His tears are streaming down. 

k'eblahet, av. lapping, spilling over /on shore/, spitting up /vomit/. 

k'ebluh, av. spilling suddenly, breaking suddenly on shore (wave), 

sk'ebluh ta] hse. I suddenly vomited. 

k'ebob, nlf. bin or bag that corn is poured into, mat that corn is poured 

onto. 

k'ebobil, nlf. cf. k'ebob. 

k'ebtek'ebte, av. spilling over here and there (river). 

k'ebulan, tv. keep pouring. 

k'ec P, T, or T2. 

k'ec, tv. carry crosswise in arms /baby, weeds/. 

sk'ecoh sk'ob. with his arm carried in a sling, 

sk'ecoh yok. with his legs crossed. 

k'ec, iv. be carried in arms (baby, weeds, firewood). 

k'ec, nc. armful /weeds, stubble, wood/. 

k'e£ baik, rv. support each other's heads. 

k'ecahtik, aj. cf. k'ecel /plu/. 

k'ecan, tv. lay down /baby/. 

k'efianan, tv. set down in piles. 

k'eCank'ecan, tv. carry in one armful after another. 

k'ecank'ecanan, tv. cf. k'ecankecan. 

k'ecanob, nlf. place where firewood is dumped. 

k'ecanobil, nlf. cf. k'ecanob. 

k'ecantik, aj. in widely spaced piles. 

k'eibe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). put one's arm under mate's head /in bed/. 

k'eced, av. floating (bunch of weeds, sticks). 

k'ececet, av. with strong currents. 

k'edekil, n4f. in many piles. 

k'edel(l), nc. carrying /firewood, twigs/. 

k'ecel(2), aj. lying in large pile (wood, candles, calla lilies). 

k'edelik, aj. cf. k'ecel(2) /plu/. 

k'eielk'efel, n4f. each of many piles. 

k'edet, av. lying in pile (candles). 

k'e£i, iv. lie in pile (candles, firewood, grain), lie (baby). 

k'ecVei, nc. single armful /firewood, twigs/ /I only/. 

k'edk'on, av. with strong currents, with arm under mate's head all day, 

carrying armfuls.

190 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 K' 

k'eclahet, av. with strong currents. 

k'eclahetik, av. carrying armfuls (plu). 

k'ecieh, nlf. in pile /armful of wood or weeds/. 

k'eclomah, iv. carry saint or coffin on shoulders /in procession/. 

k'ecluh, av. with sudden strong currents. 

k'ecob, nla. log /light enough to carry/. 

sk'ecobal k'ok'. the large log put in fire, 

k'ecobil, n4f. litter /for saint or corpse/, 

k'ectek'ecte, av. walking about carrying armful, 

k'eculan, tv. keep carrying in arms, keep putting one's arm under 

mate's head. 

k'eculanan, tv. keep carrying armfuls. 

k'eculanvan, iv. keep putting one's arm under mate's head. 

k'ecvan, iv. put one's arm under mate's head, 

hk'eclomal, agn. person who carries saint or coffin on shoulders, 

hk'ecvaneh, agn. Ritual speech, parent referring to youngest child who 

remains at home; carrier. 

htoyvaneh, hk'ecvaneh, hmukvaneh, hpisvaneh. lifter, carrier, burier, 

shrouder. 

9ak' ba ta k'ecel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). lean against person (husband 

leaning against wife to be deloused). 

k'eh T(2). 

k'eh, tv. set aside, keep, pull away, 

k'eh, iv. be set aside. 

k'eh ba, rv. move aside, move to another place, get out of the way. 

k'eh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. moving aside, 

k'ehahtik, aj. stored /plu/. 

k'ehan, tv. set aside, keep or put away /plu/. 

k'ehanan, tv. cf. k'ehan. 

k'ehank'ehan, tv. set aside one after another, 

k'ehank'ehanan, tv. cf. k'ehank'ehan. 

k'ehel, nc. setting aside, storing, 

k'ehel, aj. slightly different (speech or dialect), standing to the side or off 

the path, stored. 

k'ehelik, aj. distant, stored /plu/. 

k'ehi, iv. turn off (path), 

k'ehob, nlf. container for storing objects, 

k'ehobil, nlf. cf. k'ehob. 

k'ehp'uh, iv. turn off (path). 

ik'ehp'uh ye. He changed his story /his alibi/, 

k'ehp'unbe 9ok, vphr(tv & n4f). divert stream, 

k'ehulan, tv. keep putting aside. 

k'ek' prob O. 

k'ek'ek'et, av. sobbing or wailing (female mourner), screaming (in fear). 

k'ek'et, av. shouting, crying (drunk, person crying in church), howling 

(coyote), roaring (jaguar), yelping (fox), 

k'ek'etik, av. cf. k'ek'et (plu). 

k'ek'lah, av. shouting, crying, howling (plu). 

k'ek'lahet, av. shouting (drunks, people working happily, people in crowd 

EKL 255: 1-11), crying (drunks, people in church), applauding (people 

in crowd EKL 255: 1-11). 

k'ek'lahetik, av. shouting, crying (people), 

k'ek'luh, av. giving a single yell (child) or yowl (cat). 

k'ek'tek'ek'te, av. shouting about (drunk), howling (coyote), yelping 

(fox). 

k'el(l) T. 

k'el, tv. look or stare at, take a look, catch sight of, watch, guard, watch 

after, inspect (midwife), face towards. 

lek sak'el li basoe k'an me svok'. Handle the glass carefully or it will 

break. 

yu9 nos te k'u sk'el. Something (bad) is going to happen, 

k'el avi. Look for yourself! Watch out! 

k'el 9eal, vphr(tv & n5). hang around waiting to be offered food /in 

another person's house/. 

k'el 9elav, vphr(tv & n5). watch a show, be entertained by, be amused at, 

be pleased by /another's discomfort/. 

ta sk'elbe 9elav ti mi mu sna 1 ? siabtehe. They are amused at him if 

he doesn't know how to work. 

t sk'el 9elav kriscano ti mi 9o buc'u cam ku9untike. People are 

pleased if someone in our family has died.. 

k'el ba, rv. look after oneself, look at oneself, care about one's appearance. 

ta sk'el sba mi sTcuc yu9un li ?abtele. He will see whether he can do 

the work. 

mu sna9 sk'el sba k'u S9elan ssanav 9ak' to mi yatinoh 9ac*el li sk'u9e. 

He doesn't care how he looks even if his clothes are stained with 

mud. 

mu sk'el sba ssanav ta valk'un t slap sk'u9. He doesn't care how he 

looks: he wears his shirt inside out. 

k'el baik, rv. look after one another. 

k'el-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. looking at oneself, look after each other, 

k'el-kantela, vn(tv & ncpd)5. candle inspection /inspection and offering 

of candles and "flowers" by shaman at the beginning of a curing ceremony/. 

k'el ta moc\ vphr(tv & prep & n5)5. divine /cf. moc/. 

k'el vun, vphr(tv & n5). read, 

k'elan, tv. look at many things, 

k'elank'elan, tv. look at one after another, 

k'elank'elanan, tv. cf. k'elank'elan. 

k'elel, vn5. evil eye, cf. k'ak'al satil. 

k'elel, nc. reading, look, 

k'elet, av. deserted, left empty-handed (man whose wife has run off, 

parents whose daughter has eloped), 

k'eletik, av. cf. k'elet (plu). 

k'elk'el-9osil, aj(vn/tv & ncpd/). furtive, furtively, 

k'elk'el-pat, aj(vn/tv & ncpd/). furtive, furtively, 

k'elk'on, av. watching and waiting (dog waiting to be fed, wife waiting 

for husband to return from lowlands), returning again and again to 

watch (boyfriend, constable), 

k'ellahet, av. cf. k'elk'on (plu). 

k'ellahetik, av. cf. k'elk'on (plu). 

k'elob, nlf. sample. 

k'elob 9okol, nphr(nlf of n3d). lit., foot-watcher, i.e., chaise-longue /reclined 

upon in lexicographer's house in Alexandria, Virginia/, 

k'elob 9osil, nphr(n of n)5. view. 

k'elob 9osil, nphr(nlf of nld). liquor given to justices of the peace to 

measure land, 

k'elob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)ld. mirror. 

k'elob-bail mi su"). We'll see if it can be done /person wishing to 

make another become sick/, 

k'elobil, nlf. cf. k'elob. 

k'eltek'elte, av. walking about and looking around /in market without 

buying/. 

k'elulan, tv. keep going to look at, keep looking at. 

k'elulan vun, vphr(tv & n5). keep reading, 

k'elulanobil, nlf. mirror. 

k'elvan, iv. look at or stare at someone, look after or attend person. 

hk'el-9eal, agn(tv & ncpd). lit., mouth-watcher, i.e., person who visits only 

to see how others eat, hoping to receive food himself. 

hk'el-9eal e*i9, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ type n)5. dog that goes from house 

to house looking for food. 

hk'el-9eklisa, agn(tv & ncpd). church warden. 

hk'el-7elav, agn(tv & ncpd). spectator at fiesta. 

hk'el-9osil, agn(tv & ncpd). spectator at fiesta, person looking at his land 

in lowlands to see how much should be cleared, person sent to see if girl 

friend is alone at home, person who spies on enemy, person who 

looks at land to see whether to buy it or to see its extent. 

hk'el 9ut mok, agn(tv & nphrcpd/n4f of n5/). person looking around in 

his yard. 

hk'el-be, agn(tv & ncpd). road engineer. 

hk'el-bek'et, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /each of the two men 

who divide and hang up meat for marriage feast or for feast given by

K' TZOTZIL-ENGUSH 191 

religious officials/, 

hk'el-cih, agn(tv & ncpd). shepherd. 

hk'el-cobtik, agn(tv & ncpd). person who looks at his corn field, 

hk'el hcan vun, agn(tv & agncpd/tv & ncpd/). member of education 

committee. 

hk'el-k'in, agn(tv & ncpd). spectator at fiesta, 

hk'el-na, agn(tv & ncpd). watchdog. 

hk'el-satil. agn(tv & ncpd). lit., face-watcher, i.e., person who visits only 

to see how others eat, hoping to receive food himself. 

hk'el-satil e"i?, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ type n)5. dog that goes from house 

to house looking for food. 

hk'el-soral, agn(tv & ncpd). boy watching for girls on the paths, 

hk'el-te?, agn(tv & ncpd). forest guard. 

hk'el-te'Hik, agn(tv & ncpd). forest guard, 

hk'el-vie, agn(tv & ncpd). treasure-hunter, archeologist. 

hk'elel, agn. religious functionary /boy who looks after ensign-bearer's 

hat and rattle and also his musicians/, 

hk'elvaneh, agn. person who looks after patient, midwife, ritual assistant, 

religious functionary /hpacolelik before formal entrance into bride's 

home, who go to bride's house to find out how many members there 

are in bride's family/, 

mu k'elbah, ajphr(pt & aj). not looked at, never looked at, impossible 

to look at /corpse/. 

mu k'elbanah, ajphr(pt & aj). cf. mu k'elbah. 

k'e, tv(impv/contr of k'elo /). Look! 

k'el(2) X. 

k'elan, tv. present, give a present, give away. 

k'elan ba, rv. offer self /for adoption, for sexual relations/, give oneself 

away /in easy marriage/, 

k'elanan, tv. present things /plu/. 

k'elank'elananbe, tv. present one thing after another. 

k'elanvan, iv. present to someone. 

k'elont N. 

k'elom {£•>, nphr(n of n)5. sucker, 

k'elomah, iv. sprout. 

k'elonul, n3c. sprout, offspring /infr/. 

sk'elom 7is-ak' (or) sk'elomal 7is-ak'. potato sprout. 

Ritual speech, referring to offspring; t anicike t ak'elomike. Thy 

flowers, Thy sprouts. 

k'ep(l) 1(2). 

k'ep, iv. stop raining. 

t sk'ep sa likel balamil. The dry season is beginning. 

k'epebal, n5. moment before rain stops or rainy season ends. 

k'epel, aj. dry /climate/. 

k'epelal, n5. dry season. 

k'epelaltik, n5. dry season, 

k'epeltik, aj. rather dry /climate/. 

k'epet, av. be dry /during rainy season/. 

k'epetik, av. dry for a few days /climate/, 

k'epk'ep, iv. slacken (rain), 

k'epk'eptik, iv. slacken (rain). 

k'epulan, iv. rain off and on, stop raining /for several days/. 

k'ep(2) X. 

k'epep, av. sweeping along (clouds of dust, flood water). 

k'epluh, av. being wafted suddenly (odor), 

k'eptek'epte, av. blowing about (clouds of dust). 

k'es(l) T. 

k'es, tv. borrow /corn, chickens, etc. to be replaced later/. 

k'es, iv. be changed. 

k'es, nib. change, substitute /for drunken official/. 

k'e!, nc. change /clothing, office, generation/, 

k'es-nai, tv(tv & ncpd). leave one's belongings in another house (woman 

who is going to separate from husband), leave stolen goods in another 

house. 

k'es-nai ba, rv(rv & ncpd). move to another house /to hide from murderer 

or escape from unhealthy influence of earth lord/. 

k'es-naivan, iv(tv & ncpd). hide person in another's house, 

k'es nos, ptphr(x & pt). inveterate, constant, 

k'esan, tv. borrow a lot of /corn/, 

k'esanan, tv. cf. k'esan. 

k'eSank'esan, tv. borrow from one after another. 

k'esank'esanan, tv. cf. k'esank'esan. 

k'eSel, vn5. New Year's Day, change of office, 

k'esel, nc. borrowing. 

k'eseltik, vn5. period from December thirty-first to January second, 

k'esil, n3d. change /clothing/, borrowed object, 

k'esinah, iv. be changed (altar decorations), 

k'esk'on, av. borrowing repeatedly, 

k'esob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)ld. change of clean clothing, 

k'esolil, n3b. substitute, sacrificial chicken, an. puss., term of address 

between office holders or ex-office holders, one of whom succeeded the 

other. 

Ritual speech, oath of office; isva9an komel istek'an komel cao-vc; 

slok'ol ca?-vo sk'esol. They left standing, they left standing firmly 

two of their images, two of their substitutes. 

k'esta, tv. change /clothing/, replace, repay, make principal compensation 

for /injury/. 

k'esta ba, rv. change one's clothes, 

k'estaan, tv. replace or repay many times, 

k'estek'este, av. borrowing from house to house. 

k'esulan, tv. keep borrowing. 

k'esuian, iv. be changed frequently, be substituted frequently, 

k'esulanan, tv. keep borrowing /plu/. 

hk'es-naivaneh, agn(vn/tv & ncpd/). person who hides person in 

another's house. 

hk'esVaneh, agn. person who replaces another (religious official). 

k'es(2) X. 

k'esav, iv. be ashamed or embarrassed, 

k'e&l kahvaltik, nphr(n4f of n5). Ritual speech; fear of God. 

k'eset, av. feeling embarrassed, 

k'esetik, av. feeling slightly embarrassed, 

k'eslal, nla. shame, embarrassment. Ritual speech; cf. namal. 

tol sk'eslalil. It is too embarrassing, 

k'eslaltas, tv. put to shame, 

k'eslaltasvan, tv. put person to shame, 

k'esobil, n4f. Ritualspeech, referring to formal meals; cause for shame. 

ssiôbil sk'esobil ti kahvaltike. lit., the cause for fear, the cause for 

shame of Our Lord, i.e. that the meal will not be sufficiently pleasing. 

Ritual speech, song referring to cane liquor and cue for serving 

cane liquor; k'usi no ws yepal li ssiTObil, k'usi no ">os yepal li 

skesobil. how much is there of the cause for fear, how much is 

there of the cause for shame? 

k'esvan, iv. Ritual speech, fiance when giving gifts to family of fiancee; 

be ashamed of person. 

ssman t k'esvan t sic' tal h-set' t sic' tal huteb. He is afraid, he is 

embarrassed to bring a pinch, to bring a trifle, 

hk'eslaltasvaneh, agn. person who puts another to shame. 

k'et P, T. 

k'et, tv. hold /handful/, scoop up in hand, cup in one hand, have small 

supply /corn/, 

k'et, nc. handful /water, tobacco, beans, corn/ /one hand/, small pile 

/corn, beans/. 

k'etahtik, aj. cf. k'etel /plu/. 

k'etan, tv. set down in small pile /corn, beans/ /gourdful/, scoop up in 

hand, 

k'etanan, tv. set down in small piles /corn, beans/, scoop up in hand a 

lot of. 

k'etank'itan, tv. scoop up in hand one time after another, make one small 

pile after another, 

k'etank'etanan, tv. cf. k'etank'etan. 

k'etanobil, nlf. mat on which corn or beans are piled, 

k'etekil, n4f. in many small piles /corn, beans/.


k'etel, nc. scooping up in hand. 

k'etel, aj. in small pile (corn, beans) /gourdful/. 

k'etelk'etel, n4f. each of many small piles /corn, beans/. 

k'etet, av. holding a handful, sitting in small pile (corn, beans). 

k'eti, iv. be in small pile (corn, beans). 

k'etk'et, nc. single handful /corn/ /I only/. 

k'etk'on, av. scooping up in hand /water/. 

k'etleh, n4f. whole handful, small pile. 

k'ettek'ette, av. walking about with a handful. 

k'etulan, tv. keep scooping up in hand. 

k'etulanan, tv. keep scooping up a lot in hand. 

k'ev P. 

k'ev-?e, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted mouth. 

k'evan, tv. twist /mouth/. 

k'evel, aj. twisted (mouth). 

k'evet, av. twisted (mouth). 

k'evk'ev, aj. twisted (mouth). 

k'evtek'evte, av. walking about with twisted (mouth). 

k'eves N. 

k'eves", nla. cherimoya Annona cherimola, #457(1,2), #721(1,2). Temperate 

"tree". The seeds are planted in the rainy season. The trunk is 

used for fence posts and firewood. The fruit is sold at market in San 

Cristobal. It is "cold". 

k'evestik, n5. grove of cherimoya trees. 

cin-hol k'eves, nphr(n/aj & n/ type n)5. 'bumpy head cherimoya', 

soncoya Annona purpurea, #1698(1,4,7,11,12,14). Lowland "tree". 

The fruit is gathered by the people of San Lucas and sold. 

(l,4,14)-It is 'cold". (7,11,12)-It is "hot". 

k'eves k'ail, cf. k'ail. 

k'eves tulan, cf. tulan. 

k'cvuh N. 

k'evuh, n5. song. 

k'evuhin, iv. sing. 

k'evuhinta, tv. sing about. 

hk'evuh, agn. singer. 

hk'evuhinel, agn. singer. 

k'i T(2). 

k'i, tv. spread out to dry /laundry, beans, corn, coffee beans, chili/. 

k'i, iv. be spread out to dry. 

k'i ba, rv. blanket (squash, vine, clouds). 

k'iahtik, aj. cf. k'iil /phi/. 

k'iahtik hobel, nphr(aj & n). 'spreading grass', Dactyloctenium aegyptium, 

# 1630(7,11,12). Lowland "plant" It is eaten by horses. 

k'ian, tv. spread out to dry /corn, beans/. 

k'ianan, tv. cf. k'ian. 

k'lank'ian, tv. spread out one after another to dry. 

k'iank'ianan, tv. cf. k'iank'ian. 

k'iel, nc. spreading out to dry (gunpowder, coffee beans). 

k'iet, av. swept (grass by wind), spreading out or distending (clouds, land 

being cleared, clothes or woman's hair in water). 

k'ietik, av. distending (clothes in water). 

k'iil, aj. spread out (piece of clothing, mat, loose hair of woman), blanketing 

(low-growing plant, cloud), flattened (forest), lying flat (patient, 

sleeper). 

k'ik'i, aj. spread out, blanketing, flattened, lying flat. 

k'ik'i hobel, nphr(aj & n). 'spreading grass', Panicum reptans, #156(7). 

Lowland plant". 

k'ik'i sasib, cf. sasib. 

k'ik'on, av. spreading out (woman's hair in water). 

k'ilahet, av. billowing out (flags or clothes in wind). 

k'iob, nlf. clothes line, fence used for hanging clothes. 

k'iobil, nlf. cf. k'iob. 

k'iomah, iv. Ritual speech, song; dance. 

sk'iomah htotik sk'iomah hmotik, sk'iomah yalab sk'iomah snic'nab. 

Our fathers dance, our mothers dance, their child /of woman/ 

dances, their child /of man/ dances. 

k'iulan, tv. keep spreading out to dry /laundry/, rinse /hair by repeatedly 

lowering it in water/ (woman), 

k'iulanan, tv. keep spreading out to dry /laundry/. 

k'ib N. 

k'ib, nla. water jug. 

k'ib te 1 ), nphr(n type n). 'water jug tree', box-briar Randia aculeata, 


k'in N. 

k'in, nla. holiday, fiesta. Ritual speech; cf. paskwa. Zinacantecs who 

shut themselves up in their houses and do not attend the fiestas are 

thought to suffer the same fate in afterlife. Witches are said to be 

particularly rampant on fiestas, 

k'inotik. We are celebrating. 

hk'intik. Our fiesta /fiesta of the patron saint, St. Lawrence/, 

k'in lisises, nphr(n of n)5. Independence Day. 

k'in lisisestik, nphr(n of n)5. around the sixteenth of September. 

k'inal , nphr(n4d of n). fiesta of /saint /. 

k'ink'inaltik, n5. every fiesta, the entire round of fiestas, 

k'ink'intik, n5. every fiesta, the entire round of fiestas, 

k'inubal, n5. drizzle, northeaster, 

k'inubaltik, n5. sometime during northeaster. 

k'is N. 

k'is, nle. leaf-cutter ant. It reportedly ravages lowland corn fields, stealing 

the corn, kernel by kernel. 

k'isis N. 

k'isis, n5. montezuma bald cypress Taxodium mucronatum, #1693(1,4). 

Lowland "tree". The trunk is used by ladinos for chests, coffins, doors, 

boards, tables, and chairs. 

k'isin A. 

k'isin, aj. warm, "hot" /food, medicine, illness/, strong /cane liquor/. 

k'isin yo?on. lit., His heart is warm, i.e., He is evil, 

k'isin ">osil, nphr(aj & n)5. lit., hot country, i.e., tropical lowlands, 

k'isin pos e"i9lel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'hot medicine plant', black 

foot Melampodium montanum, #1422(7). Highland "plant 

k'isin vo 1 ?, nphr(aj & n)5. ceremonial coffee, 

k'isinik, aj. Ritual speech, referring to wealthy people, 

li k'ok'ik li k'isinik. the hot ones, the warm ones, 

k'isintik, aj. rather warm, rather strong /cane liquor/, rather evil, 

k'iset, av. warmed inside /with coffee or cane liquor/, wealthy, 

k'isetik, av. cf. k'iset (plu). 

k'isiset, av. feeling veins heated /by coffee or cane liquor/, feeling 

warmth /of nearby fire/, 

k'isluh, av. feeling sudden blast of heat, 

k'isna, tv. warm /food/, strengthen /cane liquor/, 

k'isna ba, rv. warm self /with cane liquor, by defeating enemy/. 

k'isnaan, tv. warm /tortillas/. 

k'iSnah, iv. get warm (water, day, sweat bath, griddle, body). 

k'lsnak'i'snaan, tv. warm one after another /tortillas/, 

k'isnal, n4f. heat, strength /cane liquor/. 

•)ak'bo h-set'uk sk'isnal. Make it a little stronger. 

Polite speech; •mc'anik me swc sa me h-set'uk sk'isnal ta h-likel. 

Drink up, in a minute it will be warmed up /i.e., second serving of 

broth will be passed/, 

k'isnaob, nlf. pot or tin can used to heat water, cane liquor to warm 

body, cane liquor added to weak cane liquor, 

k'isnaobil, nlf. cf. k'isnaob. 

k'isnavan, iv. warm person /in bed/, 

k'istek'iste, av. feeling veins heated /by coffee, cane liquor, injection or 

sexual intercourse/. 

hk'isnavaneh, agn. woman who warms man in bed. 

•?ic' k'isnael, vphr(iv & vn5). be wanned by smoke cure, be wanned by 

medicine (woman in labor). 

k'o N. 

k'o, nle. bridge /archaic/. 

k'o?(l) T. 

k'oi-ni 1 ), n(aj & ncpd)5. with nasal voice.


k'o9 ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). bash. 

k'oet, av. rumbling or growling (stomach), tooting (cow horn). 

k'o?ilan, tv. Male speech; keep making squelching sound /sexual relations/. 

k'oilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep bashing. 

k'o'Jilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep bashing many times. 

k'oik'on, av. talking with nasal voice (person from Voi-bie), Male speech; 

squelching /in sexual intercourse/, farting. 

k'oilahet, av. tooting (cow horns), rumbling or growling (stomach), talking 

with nasal voices (people of Vo")-bie). Male speech; making squelching 

sound /in sexual intercourse/, farting. 

k'olahetik, av. cf. k'cnk'on (plu). 

k'oflih, av. Male speech, making sudden squelching sound /in sexual 

intercourse/, farting suddenly. 

k'owet, av. rumbling or growling (stomach). 

k*69tek*6?te, av. walking about with rumbling or growling stomach. 

k'owan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). bash person. 

k'oi(2) 

k'oi, rotten, fertile, cf. k'a?. 

k'o?(3) probPorP(2). 

k'oiahtik, aj. soiled in many places. 

k'o9an komel, vphr(tv & dr). deposit /maggots/. 

k'ool, aj. dirty. 

k'o9ol ta sea?al kok. My foot is soiled with excrement. 

k'ob N. 

k'ob, nc. finger's breadth /2-5/. 

k'ob lantas, nphr(n of n)5. embroidered cloth /one used to tie saint to 

litter, and one tied at each end of the two litter poles/. 

k'ob-e'i 1 ), cf. lisim. 

k'ob co 1 ), nphr(nlf of nld). mano. 

k'ob krus, nphr(nlf of nle). arm of cross. 

k'obil, n5. constable /archaic/. Ritual speech; assistants of tutelary gods. 

Ritual speech, referring to publicans and constables; 9okil k'obil. 

feet and hands. 

k'obk'ob, n5. along the branches. 

k'obol, n3b. arm /person, cross/, hand, bow /fiddle/, sleeve, branch 

/tree/, foreleg /dog, cat/, shoulder /pork/, cf. tokol. 

ibakub ta sk'ob li hune. She grew thin because of him. 

Ritual speech; finger, ti lahuneb koke, ti lahuneb hk'obe. my ten 

toes, my ten fingers. 

k'aba, tv. trim /tree/. 

k'abaan, tv. trim /trees/. 

k'abak'abaan, tv. trim one after another /trees/. 

k'abal, n4f. hand. 

yik'al se"ep'un sk'abal. Perhaps he will be beaten. 

k'oe(l) P. 

k'oe, nc. cluster of maggots, splotch (mud, excrement). 

k'oeahtik, aj. cf. k'oeol /plu/. 

k'ocan, tv. deposit /maggots/. 

k'oeantik, aj. with widely spaced blobs /mud on clothing/. 

k'oeleh, n4f. whole splotch or blob. 

k'oelehiki], n4f. with many splotches or blobs. 

k'oeokil, n4f. with many splotches or blobs. 

k'oeol, aj. spattered with wet excrement or mud, in cluster (maggots). 

k'oeolik, aj. cf. k'oeol /plu/. 

k'oeolk'oeol, n4f. each of many splotches or blobs. 

k'oe(2) X. 

k'oek'on, av. sizzling sound, bubbling and burning for lack of liquid 

/food/. 

k'oc(l) O. 

k'ocih, onom. creak /bones/, crack /bone being set/. 

k'odk'on, av. with creaking bone /believed to be caused by throwing 

rabbit bones far away after eating flesh/. 

k'oclahet, av. cf. k'oek'on (plu). 

k'oclih, av. cracking suddenly /noise made by teeth when elbowed suddenly/. 

k'ococet, av. huffing (train EKL252: 1-2). 

k'oeol tak'in, nphr(aj & n)5. noisemaker used on Good Friday /door 

handle attached to board/. 

k'ofitek'octe, av. walking about shaking noisemaker. 

k'oc(2) X. 

k'oeahtik, aj. cf. k'oeol /plu/. 

k'oeol, aj. with head visible on horizon or above corn field. 

k'oeol N. 

k'oiol, n5. pupa, person who adopts clothes of other people /Chamula 

becoming Zinacantec, Zinacantec becoming ladino/. 

k'oeol pepen, nphr(n type n)5. temperate hummingbird /unidentified/, 

k'ocolah, iv. pupate, 

k'ocolib, iv. pupate. 

k'oh(l) T. 

k'oh, tv. gore, knock /head, knee/, knock /on door/, rap /on tabletop 

for more liquor/, 

k'oh ba, rv. butt (sheep, cow). 

k'oh ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). kick someone's shins, 

k'oh te 1 ), nphr(x type n)5. homemade wooden lock used by Chamulas. 

k'ohan ba, rv. butt (rams), 

k'ohank'ohan, tv. butt one after another (ram). 

k'ohank'ohanan, tv. cf. k'ohank'ohan. 

k'ohel, nc. goring. 

k'ohih, onom. crash of falling object, 

k'ohilan, tv. keep knocking /on door/, 

k'ohilan baik, rv. keep goring each other (rams, bulls), 

k'ohilanan baik, rv. keep goring each other many times. 

k'ohk'on, av. knocking /on door V1: 13/, clopping (person wearing ceremonial 

sandals V2:4, horse EKL252:1-11), chopping (person using ax 

EKL252: 1-20). 

k'ohlah, av. crashing (rocks tossed into ravine), thumping (logs dragged 

over stones), 

k'ohlahet, av. bumping (EKL258: 2-18), knocking around (rat, cat, 

charcoal-cruncher), clopping (people, horse V2: 4), rattling (tin pots 

on mule pack). 

k'ohlahetik, av. knocking about (people). 

k'ohhh, av. falling suddenly and hitting head, knocking head suddenly, 

k'ohvan, iv. gore person, 

hk'ohvaneh, agn. animal that gores person. 

k'oh(2) A. 

k'ohet, av, stinging (acrid fumes), stinking (breath of rabid dog), 

k'ohoh, aj. acrid (cane liquor, burnt feathers, hair or corn gruel), 

k'ohohet, av. stinging (acrid fumes), 

k'ohohib, iv. burn (meal). 

k'ohom N. 

k'ohom(l), n. buttercup Ranunculus geoides, #1712(3). Highland 

"plant". 

k'ohomaltik, n5. large field of buttercups, 

k'ohomtik, n5. field of buttercups. 

muk'ta k'ohom, nphr(aj & n). Bletia reflexa, # 1141(1,4,5). Temperate 

"plant". It is eaten by horses. 

k'ohom(2), n5. seek'ohom hobel. 

k'ohom hobel, nphr(n type n). ' k'ohom grass', witch grass Panicum bulbosum, 

#1015(1,3,5). Highland plant" It is eaten by horses, 

k'ohom hobeltik, nphr(n type n). field of witch grass. 

k'ok T(2). 

k'ok, tv. break off, cut /flower/, pull off /fruit, lump of corn dough to 

be ground/. 

k'ok, iv. be broken off. 

k'ok-£ak, n(aj & ncpd)5. with short pants, with cotton or wool tunic or 

skirt riding high in back, short-tailed (rabbit, quail), bobbed-tailed 

(horse, donkey, dog). 

k'ok-lok'es hoi, vphr(tv/aj & tvepd/ & n4d). remove one's head (charcoal-cruncher). 

k'okahtik Cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. k'okol cak /plu/. 

k'okan, tv. break off /stems/.


k'okanan, tv. cf. k'okan. 

k'okank'okan, tv. break off one after another /stems/. 

k'6kank'6kanan, tv. cf. k'bkank'bkan. 

k'okbe nuk', vphi(tv & n4d). decapitate. 

k'okbenal, n4f. stub of broken stem. 

k'okel, nc. breaking off /stems/. 

k'oket cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with short clothes (person), or short 

tail (rabbit, quail), 

k'okilan, tv. keep breaking off /cabbage leaves, flowers/, keep pulling off 

/fruit/. 

k'okilanan, tv. keep breaking off many /cabbage leaves, flowers/, keep 

pulling off many /fruit/, 

k'oklahet, av. pulling off /fruit/ (plu). 

k'oklahetik, av. cf. k'oklahet. 

k'oklih, av. breaking off suddenly (flowers). 

k'okobil, n4f. forked stick for picking peaches. 

k'okol cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n^d). headless, short-skirted, 

k'oktek'okte cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with short tail or short 

clothes. 

k'ok' 

k'ok', fire, firebrand, light, lantern, flashlight, truck, bus, car, machine, 

hell, fever, typhoid, healthy, robust, hot. cf. k'ak'. 

k'ol(l) prob P or P(2). 

k'ol, nc. In reference to: page /thin or small sheet/, layer /sole/, room, 

generation /infr/. 

k'olk'ol, nc. single /page, room, sole/ /I only/, 

k'olleh, n4f. entire sheet, layer or room. 

k'ol(2) probPorP(2). 

k'ol-k'os, n(x & ncpd)la. 'child's rattle', leaf flower Phyllanthus grandifolius, 

# 1533(11,12), #2278(19). Highland "tree'. Children play with the 

fruit. The trunk is used for firewood. #1936(16,17), #2165(7,11), 

#2554(21,22). Temperate "tree 1 . 

k'ol-k'ostik, nphr(x & ncpd)5. grove of leaf flower trees. 

eahal k'ol-k'os, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). leaf flower Phyllanthus 

grandifolius, #482(1,2), #2278(3,4). Highland "tree". The tender 

shoots are boiled with beans. They are "cold". The seeds are toasted 

on the griddle or next to the fire. They are cold". Children play 

with the fruit. #1087(1,4), #1936(1,3,4), #2554(1,4), Temperate 

"tree". Same use as above. 

sakil k'ol-k'os", nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). leaf flower Phyllanthus grandifolius, 

#1533(1,3). Highland "tree" #2165(l)9Temperate "tree". 

Same use as eahal k'ol-k'os. Montanoa hexagons, #656(1,2,3,4). 

Highland "tree". (RML)-Probably a misidentification. 

k'ol-k'os moletik, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ of n). 'elders' child rattle', leaf flower 

Phyllanthus grandifolius, #2165(14). Temperate "tree", 

k'olet, av. rattling inside container, rattling inside fruit (seed), running 

(little child), rolling (walker), sitting inside (ball of thread in basket or 

pot), galloping. 

k'olihtik'olihti, onom. pounding (horse V4: 2) /galloping hoof beats/. 

k'olk'ol, aj. enclosed in a cavity (round object; avocado pit). 

k'olk'on, av. rattling inside container, rattling inside fruit (seed), 

k'ollahet, av. rattling inside container, rattling inside fruit (seeds). 

k'olo-mas, n(x & ncpd)5. 'monkey rattle', see below, 

k'olo-mas te?, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). Olmediella betschleriana, 

#1252(1,3,4,5,7). Highland "tree", 

k'olo-mastik, n5. grove of k'olo-mas trees. 

k'olol, av. clattering (walker), running (child). 

k'olol, aj. loosely enclosed in a cavity (avocado pit in avocado, ball of 

thread in basket, growth in stomach), spherical (head of drunk). 

k'ololet, av. clattering (wheel V2: 6, oxcart V3: 10, hoop EKL 255: 2-17), 

rattling (wheel V2: 10), running (little child). 

k'oltek'olte, av. galloping or cantering about, running about (child). 

k'oKisya N(Sp, colgadizo). 

k'oltisya, nld. red, white and black jousting target for fiesta of St. Sebastian, 

var., k'oltisyo. 

k'oltisyo 

k'oltisyo, jousting target, cf. k'oltisya. 

k'on A. 

k'on, n5. yellow or ripe one. 

•wd-k'on. They are beginning to yellow /eighteenth developmental 

stage of com when husks begin to yellow/. 

Ritual speech, shaman referring to the tutelary gods; canib C'ul-yih, 

canib

k'an-buean, aj(aj & Ucpd). blond (whiskers). 

k'an-bue"an, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (broken bone). 

k*an-buhan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (eroded hill). 

k'an-bukan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (expanse of aztec marigolds). 

k'an-bulan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). orange (eye of whippoorwill or rabbit 

at night). 

k'an-busan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (com kernels in pile), 

k'an-butan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (corn ears in pile), 

k'an-eepan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (wrinkled mango), 

k'an-eilan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (eyes of rabid dog or angry person). 

k'an-co?an, aj(aj & Ncpd). yellow (dirty clothing), 

k'an-eopan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (corn in pile), 

k'an-eukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (wrinkled mango), 

k'an-eunan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). tan (goat, sheep). 

k'an-e'aban, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (well-swept floor), 

k'an-e'apan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (point of fence post), 

k'an-e'ikan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellowish (tip of braids), 

k'an-e'ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (staring eye). 

k'an-e'uban, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (point of fence post), 

k'an-e'utuh, n(aj & ncpd)le. 'yellow corn tassle', wasp. It5 honey is 

eaten, but few people gather it, because the wasps remain around their 

nest after it has been set afire. 

k'an-c"uyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many fruit on tree; thorn apples, 

oranges). 

k'an-cahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (potatoes in net), 

k'an-capan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (roll of Heteropteris beecheyana). 

k'an-cecan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). brown (scrotum), 

k'an-cepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (oranges in net), 

k'an-cevan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many field mustard flowers), 

k'an-cihan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many mangoes, cordia fruit, hog 

plums, plums). 

k'an-cik, aj(aj & Xcpd). rusty (wool, sheep), 

k'an-cikan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellowish (insufficiently dyed skirt), 

k'an-cinan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellowish brown (horse, cow), 

k'an-civan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (fruit stems on tree after fruit has 

fallen). 

k'an-cohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (scrotum), 

k'an-cuyan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). yellow (pus), 

k'an-c'aban, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (muddy clothing), 

k'an-c'alan, aj(aj & Tcpd). brown (thighs), 

k'an-c'etan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (wool, dog, pig, cornfield ruined by 

rain, dirty clothes). 

k'an-c'ihan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (many cushaws on ground), 

k'an-c'ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (bones of dead horse), 

k'an-c'ulan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). brown (well-swept floor, smooth board), 

k'an-hapan, aj(aj & Ucpd). tan (pretty face), 

k'an-hatan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (melon slices). 

k'an-hayan, aj(aj & Xcpd). transparently yellow (scrotum in front of 

fire or with hernia, boil, bladder). 

k'an-heman, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (corn in large piles, excrement). 

k'an-het'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (fat). 

k'an-hmn, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (com kernels or ears spread out), 

k'an-hocan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (corn husk), 

k'an-mmn, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (dirty diaper), 

k'an-hulan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (tip of fence post). 

k'an-husan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (earth washed bare). 

k'an-kaman, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (teeth), 

k'an-kavan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). yellow (sliced pineapple), 

k'an-kepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (bunch of bananas), 

k'an-kilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (vertical stripe). 

k'an-kohan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (teeth), 

k'an-kolan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (eyes with fear or sadness). 

k'an-kosan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (roasting animal on spit), 

k'an-kotan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (rainbow), 

k'an-kunan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many flowers; yellowsilk shellseed, 

agave). 


k'an-kusan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (rusty machete). 

k'an-k'atan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (rainbow). 

k'an-k'ian, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (com spread out). 

k'an-k'09an, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (clothing stained with cushaw). 

k'an-k'oean, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (blob of mud on wall). 

k'an-k'olan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). yellow (powder of anatto tree 

seed mixed in posol). 

k'an-k'uyan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). yellow (many hog plums on tree). 

k'an-la?an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (tortilla). 

k'an-laean. aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (stacks of burlap bags filled with corn). 

k'an-lahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (expanse of amanitas). 

k'an-laman, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (expanse of yellow flowers which blanket 

the ground). 

k'an-lecan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (amanita). 

k'an-lek'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (high brow). 

k'an-lep'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (mud stain on clothing). 

k'an-lesan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). yellow (excrement). 

k'an-letan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). yellow (fat on surface of food left 

overnight). 

k'an-levan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (drunk stretched out wearing yellow 

clothes). 

k'an-li'Jan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (wound). 

k'an-lican, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (clothing hung out in wind). 

k'an-likan, aj(aj & P, T or T/2/cpd)., yellow (many citrons on tree). 

k'an-lisan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many apples, thorn apples, quinces, 

oranges on tree). 

k'an-loan, aj(aj & Ucpd). dirty yellow (thread, ribbon). 

k'an-lohan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). brown (net, testicles). 

k'an-lokan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (muddy clothing). 

k'an-loman, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (seared com field, field mustard, aztec 

marigold, willow groundsel, or Hecubaea scorzoneraefolia flowers, 

thorn apples, oranges), muddy (clothing). 

k'an-lopan, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (dirty clothing). 

k'an-losan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (muddy and wet clothing). 

k'an-lucan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). yellow (pimple on eyelid). 

k'an-lukan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (scrawny dog). 

k'an-lusan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (rotten amanita). 

k'an-macan, aj & prob P or P/2/cpd. yellow (feeble flame). 

k'an-mac'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). tan (horse). 

k'an-mas'an. aj(aj & Ucpd). muddy (up to one's knees). 

k'an-meean, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (rafter). 

k'an-melan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). yellow (excrement). 

k'an-mesan, aj(aj & Tcpd). brown (well-swept floor). 

k'an-mit'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (Chamula's belt). 

k'an-mocan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (curled up dog). 

k'an-mok'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (dust-covered hair or face). 

k'an-mukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). brown (dust-covered hair or face). 

k'an-mulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (apples, peaches, oranges, thorn apples 

on tree). 

k'an-mum, n(aj & ncpd) la. yellow jacket Vespula sp.. The grubs of this 

lowland and highland wasp are dug up, roasted on the fire, and eaten. 

k'an-nelan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (eyes with anger). 

k'an-nesan, aj(aj & Acpd). blond (hair). 

k'an-niban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (smear). 

k'an-nican, aj(aj & Ncpd). yellow (expanse of willow groundsel, Hecubaea 

scorzoneraefolia). 

k'an-nikan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). yellow (many flowers of willow 

groundsel, many toasted tortillas), orange (many aztec marigold flowers, 

many oranges on tree). 

k'an-noyan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (wet daub). 

k'an-nulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (many field mustard flowers). 

k'an-nuslan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (leaves floating on water). 

k'an-pakan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (folded rain cape). 

k'an-paran, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (dead branch on tree). 

k'an-peean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (many lady slipper flowers, 

corn plants with roots that have been eaten by grubs).


k'an-pecan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (hat). 

k'an-peman, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). yellow (small quantity of brilliantine 

in bottle). 

k'an-pie'an, aj(aj & P/2/, T/2/cpd)., brown (muddy clothing), 

k'an-pic'an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (dirty clothing), 

k'an-pisan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (ball of thread), 

k'an-pitan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). orange (peach, orange, son sapote). 

k'an-pocan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (corn husk), 

k'an-pocan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (corn husk). 

k'an-pocanik. yellow /twentieth and final developmental stage of 

corn, when husks have dried out, also called k'onik sa and c'abal sa 

Vahan/. 

k'an-pok'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (ripe fruit, peaches on tree), 

k'an-polan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). yellow (stripe), 

k'an-poman, aj(aj & Ucpd). muddy (clothing), yellow (corn field covered 

with weeds, horse urine), 

k'an-puhan, aj(aj p T/2/cpd). muddy (clothes), yellow (sunset, setting of 

moon). 

k'an-pukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (cloud of dust). 

k'an-puk'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (coffee or coca cola being poured), 

k'an-p'ehan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (house), 

k'an-p'evan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (open fly), 

k'an-p'osan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (roasting ear of corn), 

k'an-p'osan, aj(aj & Ncpd). yellow (toasted tortilla, roasted ear of corn), 

k'an-p'uyan, aj(aj & Tcpd). yellow (many fruits on tree, hog plums, 

peaches). 

k'an-sepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (brown sugar loaf), 

k'an-setan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). yellow (roll of woven palm strip), 

k'an-set'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). light orange (flowers, yellow wool improperly 

dyed), muddy (clothing). 

k'an-silan, aj(aj & Tcpd). yellow (split pine). 

k'an-soman, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (muddy dog or muddy mule), 

k'an-sot'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (muddy clothing), 

k'an-soyan, aj(aj & prob P P/2/cpd)., yellow (hanging seed corn), 

k'an-sutan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (peach, white sapote). 

k'an-sut'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (striped tortilla napkin), 

k'an-set'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (sliced melon), 

k'an-sohan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (ripe peaches or mangoes, corn husks), 

k'an-sokan, aj(aj & Ncpd). brown (dirty on both sides of nose), 

k'an-siotan, aj(aj & P, Tcpd)., brown (coiled tumpline). 

k'an-sup'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many amanita clusters), 

k'an-te?, n(aj & ncpd). 'yellow tree', Mahonia chiapensis, #294(1,2,3,5). 

Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for house mainposts, axe, hoe, and 

billhook handles, digging sticks, and firewood. 

Tit'is k'an-te?, nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/5). yellow trumpet bush Tacoma 

starts, #2541(1,4). Temperate "tree". It is used for firewood. 

k'os k'an-te9, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). kidney wood Eysenhardtia 

adenostylis, #2307(19). Temperate "tree". Dalea tsugoides, #2953(1). 

Highland "tree". It is used for firewood, 

k'an-teian, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (stretched out legs). 

k'an-telan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). yellow (pine log), 

k'an-tik'an, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). yellow (expanse of muddy water), 

k'an-tilan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (fruit, sugarcane), glossy brown (tegs 

after being rubbed with a stone and oiled for fiesta), 

k'an-tok'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (raincape when worn), 

k'an-tolan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). brown (dog's muzzle), 

k'an-tue'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). tan (deer, coyote), 

k'an-tukan, aj(aj & Icpd). yellow (many aztec marigold blooms), 

k'an-tulan, cf. lulan. 

k'an-t'asan. aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (buttocks of person defecating), 

k'an-t'ayan, aj(aj & Pcpd). sopping wet (clothing), 

k'an-t'elan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). yellow (seam), 

k'an-t'ihan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (full bottle of comiteco). 

k'an-t'oban, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). yellow (cheeks of pretty girl), 

k'an-t'oean, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (mud on clothing or stuck on wall), 

k'an-t'ohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (coffee, coca cola or chicha being 

poured). 

k'an-t'uban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). muddy yellow (river), 

k'an-vaean, aj(aj & Pcpd). blond (whiskers), 

k'an-vahan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (many flowers), 

k'an-vak'an, aj(aj & Xcpd). yellow (stiff stain on clothing), 

k'an-valan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (ladino's hat), 

k'an-vayan, aj(aj & Ucpd). tan (horse), 

k'an-velan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (many amanitas). 

k'an-voean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (wool). 

k'an-voc'an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (many thorn apples on tree), 

k'an-vohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many plums clustered on tree), 

k'an-volan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (many amanitas). 

k'an-vucan, aj(aj & I, Pcpd)., yellow (burn blister), 

k'an-yalan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellowish (thighs), 

k'an-yeman, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (corn, peaches or oranges in 

piles, excrement), 

k'an-yoman, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many flowers; aztec marigolds or 

field mustard flowers), 

k'anal, nle. star. 

k'anal, n4f. yellowness, egg yolk, testis. 

k'anal, aj. yellow, 

k'anal 9aha-con, cf. con. 

k'anal ?ak', nphr(aj & n). Gaudichaudia albida, #2549(21,22). Temperate 

"vine". #2851(12). Lowland "vine", 

k'os k'anal lak', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Gaudichaudia albida, 

#2851(3,4,5). Lowland "vine", 

k'anal f'inn mut, cf. e'irin mut. 

k'anal hcabahom con, cf. con. 

k'anal coy, cf. coy. 

k'anal c'ivil mut, cf. c'ivil mut. 

k'anal c'ut mut, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. yellow-breasted bird', yellow-throated 

brushfinch Atlapetes gutturalis /Pat tOsil/. cf. k'anal 

k'ovis. 

k'anal k'ovis, cf. k'ovis. 

k'anal nic e"i?lel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'yellow-flowered plant', 

black foot Melampodium montanum, # 1755(16). Highland "plant". As 

a remedy for "wind" and diarrhea, a small bunch is brewed. A cup of 

the tea is drunk before breakfast. It is "hot". Kallstroemia rosei, 

#1629(7,11,12). Lowland "plant". (ll)-As a remedy for 

stomachache /k'us voionil/ a bunch is brewed. One cup is drunk 

before breakfast for three days. It is "medium". It is used also for 

pig fodder. 

k'anal pepen, cf. pepen. 

k'anal to, nphr(aj & n). fustic tree Chlorophora tinctoria, #1678(14). 

Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for gunstocks. 

k'anal vonon, cf. vonon. 

k'anas-to, nphr(x & ncpd)la. yellow sapote Pouteria campechiana. The 

fruit is "hot." cf. no'ici'). 

k'anub, iv. turn yellow, ripen. 

t sk'anub hu-huntik. Every one is getting yellow /nineteenth developmental 

stage or com/. 

k'anubtas, tv. make yellow (field mustard in cornfield), 

k'anubtasvan, iv. make yellow (field mustard flowers in cornfield). 

k'op N. 

k'op, nld. word, language, affair, matter, situation, argument, dispute, 

war, curing ceremony. 

hk'optik. lit., our language, i.e., Tzotzil. 

t su? h-set' kunen k'op ti wk'obe. A small curing ceremony is being 

held for me tomorrow. 

muTyuk ak'op mu")yuk arason. You have nothing to say, you have 

no thoughts. 

nnnyuk sk'op smantal yu?un sfi'amaltak. He doesn't discipline his 

children. 

ta sak'be te? ta k'op a?a pero c'abal spersa li sk'obe. He was going 

to hit him with a stick, but he had no strength in his hand, 

k'op ?o?on, nphr(n4f of n4d). anxiety, sadness.

k'op rios, nphr(n4f of n5). prayer /in Spanish/. 

k'opla, tv. hold minor curing ceremony (shaman). 

k'opla ba, rv. hold minor curing ceremony for self (shaman). 

k'oplael, vn5. minor curing ceremony /held in house and without flowers 

and candles/. 

k'oplaL n4b. plan, purpose, news, promise. 

c'abal sk'oplal. It is no deal. 

mu sk'oplal. It makes no difference (or) it does not matter. 

sk'oplal t sibat lavie. I plan to go today. 

sk'oplal t siyak'be. He is supposed to give it to me. 

stanet sk'oplal. The news is spreading /unbeknownst to person involved/. 

?ec" hhak' ak'oplal. I passed by to ask about you. 

k'oplavan, iv. hold minor ceremony for someone, 

k'opoh, iv. talk, speak, pray, make declaration, argue /legal case/, mean. 

Denunciatory speech; cf. c'i. 

ha9 yec t sk'opoh. That's what it means. 

muk' sk'opoh helavel. He didn't speak in passing /enemy/. 

lek stohob ta k'opohel. He argues well /lawyer/, (or) He prays well 

/shaman/. 

k'opoh won, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). mull over, be lost in thought, wonder, 

worry, be anxious. 

tol sk'opoh yolon ti mi vaycine. He worries so when he dreams. 

t sk'opoh yown hai 9o sp'osi yok. He was lost in thought when he 

tripped. 

t sk'opoh yoion mi sta ta k'oponel ti buc'u t sbat sk'opone. He 

wonders whether he will be able to talk to the person whom he is going 

to talk to. 

tol sk'opoh yoon k'al ?ipe ha9 sa mas i'tipah ">o. He was so worried 

when he was sick that he became even sicker. 

tol sk'opoh yo">on k'al locem snicime. lit., He was very anxious when 

the flowers entered, i.e., The patient was anxious when he climbed 

into his flower-bedecked bed. 

k'opohes 9o?on, vphr(tv & n4d). be worried or anxious. 

Ritual speech, shaman referring to patient; iyat yooon, isk'opohes 

yoon. He was anxious, he was worried. 

tol sk'opohes yo?on mi siec' yimn li camele. He is very anxious 

about whether the sickness will pass, 

k'opon, tv. talk to, pray to. Ritual speech; cf. tilin. 

isk'opon kahvaltik. lit., He talked to Our Lord, i.e., He prayed. 

k'opon avil. Try talking (or) Speak to him /to see what he replies/, 

k'opon baik, rv. talk to each other, make a deal, settle one's differences, 

agree to marry each other. Ritual speech; cf. tiiin baik. 

isk'opon sbaik ta lek. They settled their differences. 

isk'opon sbaik ta lekil k'op te nos ta na. lit., They settled their 

differences just in the house, i.e., They settled their differences privately 

without going to court. 

lek sk'opon sbaik. They are on good terms. 

k'oponan, tv. talk to (girls). 

k'oponeh-baiL vn(tv & rpncpd)5. meeting of incoming and outgoing 

officials /incoming official visits his predecessor/. Ritual speech; cf. 

thineh-baii 

k'oponk'oponan, tv. talk to one after another, 

k'oponluh ">u9un, vphr(iv & n4d). be able to tell, 

k'oponobil, nlf. cane liquor to formalize talk, 

k'oponvan, iv. speak to person (man to woman), 

hk'oplavaneh, agn. shaman who gives minor curing ceremony for person, 

hk'opohel, agn. lawyer /native/. 

hk'opohel rios, nphr(agn/vn/ type n)5. talking saint, 

hk'oponvaneh, agn. man who speaks to woman. 

k'or(l) O. 

k'or, onom. rattle /woodpecker drumming, porcupine shaking quills/ /r 

is trilled/. 

k'orlahet, av. cf. k'ororet (plu). 

k'ororet, av. drumming (pale-billed woodpecker), rattling (porcupine). 

k'or(2) X. 


k'ork'on, nle. wood ant. cf. k'oroves. The highland variety is red and 

stings. The lowland variety is black and inoffensive. 

k'oroves, nle. highland wood ant. cf. k'ork'on. 

k'orok' A or N. 

k'orok' to, nphr(x type n). shield leaf pumpwood Cecropia peltata, 

#1282(1,3,4,5,8). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used by some people 

for threshing platforms. The trunk is split and stripped of bark. 

k'os(l) 

k*os, piece broken off. cf. k'as. 

k'os(2) N. 

k'os, nla. Synardisia venosa, #B 14271(5), #2792(1,4,7). Temperate and 

highland "tree". The slips are planted by a few Zinacantecs in their 

yards, in the rainy season. The young shoots are a basic ingredient of 

the 'flower water" used to bathe patients. Eighteen shoots are required 

for a major curing ceremony, and nine for a minor ceremony. 

They are "cold" or "medium". (RML)-The shoots are also used to 

adorn a patient's ceremonial bed. There is an aura of special sacredness 

that seems to surround the shoots of this tree. For other ingredients 

of "flower water", cf. eis iuc. 

k'ostik, n5. grove of k'os trees. 

bae"i k'os, nphr(aj & n). Synardisia venosa, #813(1,2,3,5). Highland 

"tree" For use, see k'os. 

k'os'U) N. 

k'os, nld. child /under nine years old/. 

k'os, aj. little. 

k'os , nphr(aj & n)ld. young /dog, etc., i.e., puppy, kitten, 

colt, heifer/. 

k'os biolin, nphr(aj & n)la. fiddle. 

k'os bolom, cf. bolom. 

k'os k'anal pepen, cf. pepen. 

k'os limeton, nphr(aj & n)la. five liter demijohn. 

k'os poyoy, cf. poyoy. 

k'os vob, nphr(aj & n)la. fiddle. 

k'os yasal •Jamuc, cf. 'amuc. 

k'osahtik, aj. short (people). 

k'oset, av. short. 

k'osib, iv. be stunted (sick child). 

k'osil, n4f. runt (animal, peach, apple, pear, corncob). 

k'osil , nphr(aj & n)3d. youngest /sibling/. 

k'osil mayol, cf. mayol. 

k'osil piskal, cf. piskal. 

k'osil rehirol, cf. rehirol. 

k'osik'on, av. toddling, walking slowly (person who never is able to keep 

up fast pace). 

k'oslc'os, aj. short (person), young (animal). 

k'osk'ostik, aj. slightly small (hat), rather short (person), rather young 

(animal). 

k'osol, aj. cf. k'osk'os. 

k'os(2) A. 

k'oset, av. stiff (clothes with dirt or blood), brittle (leaves, stale tortillas). 

k'osib, iv. become stiff (toasted tortilla). 

k'osibtas, tv. toast /toasted tortilla/. 

k'osibtasan, tv. toast /toasted tortillas/. 

k'osibtasob, nlf. place next to fire where toasted tortillas are toasted. 

k'osibtasobil, nlf. cf. k'osibtasob. 

k'osos, nla. toasted tortilla. Toasted tortillas, in addition to being the 

basic staple taken to the lowlands, are used during the Posadas to eat 

with squash. 

k'osos te">, nphr(n type n)5. 'toasted tortilla tree', mexican tea bush 

Ternstroemia tepezapote, #515(1,2). Highland " tree " The trunk is used 

for firewood. #1863(1,16). Lowland, temperate and highland "tree". 

#2581(4,21,22). Temperate "tree\ mayan sea grape Coccoloba mayana, 

#2803(11,12). Lowland "tree". Drimysgranadensis var. mexicana, 

#120(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "tree" The trunk is used for firewood. 

Phoebe heliclrifolia, # 528(2,3,5). Temperate " tree". The trunk is used 

for firewoods by people travelling to the lowlands. 

Coccoloba sp., #1988(17). Lowland "tree"


k'osos te?tik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of k'osos tel. 

bik'it k'osos te 1 ?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild persimmon Diospyros 

nicaraguensis, #2004(17). Lowland "tree". Myrcianthes fragrans, 


eahal k'osos te?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). see below. 

k'os eahal k'osos te 1 ), nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Hex 

vomitoria, #1927(16,17). Temperate "tree". 

muk'ta k'osos te?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). hairy-leaved clethra 

Clethra lanata, #517(1,2,3). Highland "tree" The trunk is used for 

firewood by some people. 

k'ososet, av. stiff (clothes with dirt, sweat, or blood), 

k'ososib, iv. become stiff (toasted tortilla), 

k'osostah, iv. become stiff (stale tortilla), 

k'osostik, aj. stiff (clothes with dirt, sweat, or blood). 

k'ot I. 

k'ot, iv. arrive there, become, be straight-shooting (gun), reach, happen, 

come true (dream, omen). 

muk' sa sk'ot lek. It was dark now /person's eyesight not sufficient/. 

t sk'ot t sk'opoh. He tells the truth. 

mu sk'ot sk'op. He can't be trusted. 

k'ot sat, vphr(iv & n4d). see, be able to see. 

k'ot ta ?o?on, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). be offended. 

ik'ot ta yo?on ti k'usi i?albat. He was offended by what was said to 

him. 

k'ot ta lok'el, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & vn5). turn out, happen, 

k'otbah ?u?un, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). gobble up, snatch up. 

k'otebal, n5. place of final judgment, afterworld. 

k'otilan, iv. keep arriving. 

k'otk'ot, iv. be rather straight-shooting (gun), 

k'otk'ottik, iv. be rather straight-shooting (gun). 

k'otos N. 

k'otos, n. Cyperus sp.,#2183(19). Highland "plant". As a remedy for 

diarrhea, six roots are brewed. A cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast 

for two days. It is "hot". 

k'ov P. 

k'ov-9e, n(aj & ncpd)5. twisted (mouth), 

k'ovanbe, tv. twist /mouth/, 

k'ovel, aj. twisted (mouth), 

k'ovet, av. twisted permanently (mouth), 

k'ovk'ov, aj. twisted (mouth). 

k'ovtek'ovte, av. walking about with permanently twisted mouth. 

k'ovis N. 

k'ovis, nle. red-eyed towhee Pipilo erythropthalmus. Towhees are eaten, 

seasoned with mexican tea. They are "medium". They are notorious for 

scratching up newly planted highland corn. 

?ik'al k'ovis, nphr(aj & n)5. red-eyed towhee Pipilo erythropthalmus 

/male/. Male towhees, when eaten, are considered to be "cold", 

k'anal k'ovis, nphr(aj & n)5. yellow-throated brush-finch Atlapetes gutturalis. 

cf. k'anal c'ut mut. Brush-finches are eaten, seasoned with 

mexican tea. They are 'medium" They, like towhees, ravage newly 

planted cornfields. 

k'u Pt. 

k'u, pt. what, what? who. 

k'u t sapas. What are you doing? 

muk' bu staik k'u staik. They never found what they were looking 

for. 

vo?on ti k'u kale. It was I who said it. 

k'u ?epal, nphr(pt & n4f). as much, as many, however much, however 

many, how much? how many? 

k'u ?ora, nphr(pt & n5). when, when? 

k'u to ?ora. when? when in the world? /emphatic/, 

k'u ?u?un, nphr(pt & n4f). why, why? 

k'u caial, cf. ca?al. 

k'u h , nphr(pt & n/nc & numcpd/)5. whichever . 

k'u h-tosukal. whichever kind. 

k'u h-kotukal. whichever animal (or) table, etc. 

k'u hunukal, nphr(pt & n5). whichever one. 

k'u ma ?u?un, nphr(pt & pt & n4f). why? /emphatic/. 

k'u ma yu?un t sabat ta 9ora. Why are you going right now? 

k'u mam, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of ma & yu">un/). why /emphatic/, 

k'u melol, nphr(pt & n4f). why? for what reason? 

k'u smelol li s?elan savale. Why did you say that? 

k'u-sbi, n(pt & ncpd)5. Male joking speech; lit., what's-its-name, i.e., 

penis, 

k'u si, vphr(pt & iv). how, what. 

Informal greeting; k'u si? mu k'u si. What's new? Not much. 

k'u si ta ?alel. How do you account for.... 

ha? ti k'u si ti kahvaltike. It is up to Our Lord, 

k'u ti, ptphr(pt & pt). as, because, since. 

mu stal ?un k'u ti yei ti smul ?une. He did not come because it is 

true that he is guilty. 

k'u?n, pt(contr of k'u & yuiun). why, why? 

k'uk, pt(contr of k'u & -uk). whatever. 

k'uk spas, whatever he wants to do. 

k'uk shalil. however long, for how long, how long? 

k'uk ?elan, vphr(pt/contr of k'u & -uk/& iv/3s/). whichever one, whatever 

it is like. 

k'uk ca?al, ptphr(pt/contr of k'u & -uk/Sc pt). it makes no difference, 

k'uk nos" ?elan, vphr(pt/contr of k'u & -uk/& pt & iv/3s/). whichever one, 

whatever it is like, 

k'uk nos" £a?al, ptphr(pt/contr of k'u & -uk/& pt & pt). it makes no 

difference, 

k'usi, pt. what, what? 

k'usi le?e. What is that? 

k'usi stu le?e. What is that for? 

mu k'usi. It isn't anything. 

mi mu k'usi 9oy avu?une. Haven't you anything? 

bae"i leklek sba li nae pero k'usie bik'it. The house is beautiful but 

on the other hand it is small (or) The house is beautiful except that 

it is small. 

k'usi liyalbeik ?oe li s?elane. That is what they told me. 

li k'usie ha? li ?ane mas t sk'an t shelave. The thing is, the woman 

wants to dominate. 

k'usitik, pt. what, what? /plu/. var., k'ustik. 

k'ustik, pt. cf. k'usitik. 

k'usuk, pt(contr of k'usi & -uk). too, besides. 

hcopik ?o sves k'usuk nos. Their pants were different too. 

k'usuk nos. whichever one. 

k'usuk ?u?un, nphr(pt & n4b). things. 

istarn ec'el k'usuk yu?un. She took away her things, 

k'utikuk, pt. whatever, everything, everything else. 

ihkuc ti hun moc kot hbek'et k'utikuk. I carried the bag with my 

tortillas and meat and everything else. 

k'u? N. 

k'u?, n4f. skim /corn gruel/, 

k'u? ?ane, nphr(n4f of n5). blouse, 

k'u? pok', nphr(n & n)4d. set of clothing. 

k'u?il, n3a. clothes. Female speech; blouse. 

k'u?in, tv. take possession of an article of clothing. 

k'u?in, n4d. article of clothing. 

ihman hk'u?in. I bought an article of clothing for myself. 

k'u?ul, n3a. cf. k'uiil. 

k'u?ul pak'al, nphr(n & n). set of clothing. 

k'u?ulah, iv. be well-clothed (man with industrious wife). 

k'u?ulal cih, nphr(natt & n)ld. woven blanket. 

k'u?ultas, tv. clothe. 

Denunciatory speech; hk'u?ultasohot hpak'altasohot ti 1 afc'ie ti 1 

ak'opohe. I have clothed you, I have dressed you so you would grow 

up, so you would learn to talk. 

k'u?ultasan, tv. clothe many times., 

k'u?ultasobil, n4f. Denunciatory speech, parent to eloped daughter; 

clothing.


spak'altasobil sk'uiultasobil acak. the covering, the clothing for your 

ass /provided by parent/. 

k'u?ultasvan, iv. make clothes for person. 

k'uûn, tv. wrap oneself /in blanket or rain cape/. 

Ritual speech, prayer; maiuk to hk'u9un ?o ti lume, ma*>uk to hk'uiun 

10 ti ?ac'ele. May I not yet wrap myself in earth, may I not yet wrap 

myself in mud, i.e., May I not yet die. 

Tik'al k'u9 pale, nphr(/aj & n/4d of n5). cassock. 

•nk'al k'u?ul, nphr(aj & n)la. robe, ceremonial robe, ceremonial huipil. 

efibal kVnil, nphr(aj & n)3d. straight smock worn by young boys. cf. 

kamisail, e"il k'vfntl. 

e"il k'uml, nphr(aj & n)3d. straight smock worn by young boys, cf. e'ibal 

k'tfnd, kamisail. 

hk'u-mltasvaneh, agn. person who provides clothes for another. 

k'ubO) prob N. 

k'ubah, iv. entrust one's things for safekeeping. 

k'uban, tv. commission, use person's services /to carry one's goods/, have 

someone safeguard another's things. 

k'uban '>ahnil, vphr(tv // n). become engaged. 

k'ubanan, tv. entrust for safekeeping /plu/. 

k'ubank'ubanan, tv. entrust one thing after another for safekeeping. 

k'ubanobil, nlf. gift given when requesting engagement, commission, or 

article to be borrowed. 

k'ubanvan, iv. entrust to someone. 

k'ubet, av. entrusting one's things for safekeeping. 

k'ubtek'ubte, av. entrusting one's things for safekeeping here and there. 

k'ubul, aj. entrusted, left in safekeeping. 

k'ubulil, n3d. article entrusted. 

hk'ubanvaneh, agn. recently engaged boy. 

k'ub(2) T. 

k'ub-tot, n(tv & ncpd)5. 'gurgle father', blue mockingbird Melanolis caerulescens. 

cf. hlco-makom, sak-c'ut mut. 

k'ubbe, tv. chugalug. 

k'ubih, onom. swallowing or sloshing sound. 

k'ubilan, tv. slosh back and forth. 

k'ubk'on, av. gulping, sloshing /sound of liquid in stomach, demijohn or 

bottle/. 

k'ublahet, av. gulping (plu), slurping (EKL258: 1-3) (plu), sloshing /liquid 

in jugs/, slapping /sound of waves/. 

k'ublih, av. gulping suddenly, guzzling /shot of liquor/. 

k'oc prob P or P(2). 

k'ucahtik, aj. cf. k'ucul /plu/, short (horns). 

k'ucel, aj. short (woman's hair, woolen tunic, pig's or rabbit's tail), bobbed 

(dog's tail). 

k'ucet, av. walking with short (hair, woolen tunic, tail). 

k'uck'on, av. wagging (bobbed tail). 

k'uck'uc, aj. short(woman's hair, woolen tunic, pig's or rabbit's tail), 

bobbed (dog's tail). 

k'ucleh, n5. shortness /woman's hair, woolen tunic, pig's or rabbit's tail/, 

bobbed /dog's tail/. 

k'uctek'ucte, av. walking about with short (hair, woolen tunic, tail). 

k'ucul, aj. short (woman's hair, woolen tunic, pig's or rabbit's tail), bobbed 

(dog's tail). 

k'uculik, aj. cf. k'ucul /plu/, short (horns). 

k'uh P. 

k'uhahtik, aj. bent (knees), short (tunics). 

k'uhan, tv. draw up /knees/. 

k'uhank'uhan, tv. draw up one /leg/ after another. 

k'uhank'uhanan, tv. cf. k'uhank'uhan. 

k'uhav, n4f. knee. 

k'uhet, av. short (skirt, shirt, tunic). 

k'uhetik, av. cf. k'uhet (plu). 

k'uhk'on cak, vphr(av & n4d). hopping (rabbit). 

k'uhk'uh, aj. short (tail, tunic, skirt, shirt). 

k'uhlahet, av. cf. k'uhet (plu), kicking (foetus in uterus). 

k'uhlahetik, av. cf. k'uhk'on (plu) 

k'uhlih, av. kicking suddenly (foetus). 

k'uhtek'uhte cak, vphr(av & n4d). hopping about (rabbit), walking about 

(short-tailed dog). 

k'uhul, aj. bent (leg). 

k'uhulik, aj. cf. kuhul /plu/. 

k'uk' N. 

k'uk' toh, cf. toh. 

k'uk'ul con, agn(nphr/x type n/1 d). each of two lesser players of the fiesta 

of St. Sebastian who were the stewards-royal of the previous year. Literally 

'feathered serpents", they are thought to represent the raven 

that brought corn to man after the flood and taught him how to plant 

it and eat it. 

k'uk'umal, nlf. feather. 

k'uk'umal, n4d. Male joking speech; pubic hair. 

k'uk'umal cilil, nphr(n type n)3d. feathered wedding huipil, worn by 

brides and by the grand and petty Spanish ladies of the fiesta of St. 

Sebastian. 

k'uk'umal hoi, nphr(n4f of n4d). crest. 

k'uk'umal pisalal, nphr(n type n)5. hat decorated with peacock feather 

/worn by incoming and outgoing ensign-bearers/. 

k'ul(l) X. 

k'ulebal, n3d. cave, cliff /Cobtik/. 

Ritual speech, prayer, referring to home; yo hna, yo hk'uleb. my 

humble home, my humble treasury. 

k'ulehah, tv. become wealthy. 

k'ulehal, nld. wealth. 

k'ulehan, tv. become wealthy. 

k'ulehanvan, iv. make person become wealthy. 

k'ulehes, tv. make wealthy. 

k'ulehesan, tv. make wealthy /plu/ (drunk who loses clothing). 

k'ulehesanan, tv. cf. k'ulehesan. 

k'ulehesvan, iv. make person become wealthy. 

k'ulebib, iv. become wealthy /infr/. 

k'ulehibtas, tv. make wealthy /infr/. 

hk'uleh, agn. wealthy person. 

hk'ulehesvaneh, agn. person or object that makes person wealthy. 

k'ul(2) X. 

k'ul, nc. large group (people, horses, sheep) /infr/. 

k'ul(3) prob O. 

k'ulet, av. thundering (thunder, hoofbeats of many horses V4: 2, footbeats 

of people), rumbling (stomach). 

k'uletik, av. cf. k'ulet (plu). 

k'ultek'ulte, av. thundering along (hoofbeats of many horses). 

k'ululet, av. thundering (hoofbeats of many horses), rumbling (stomach 

when suffering from gas). 

k'ulnb N. 

k'ulub, nle. locust. Locusts are not considered edible. They may be sent 

as a punishment by San Salvador, 

mi k'ulubot tol save kere. Are you a locust, eating so much? 

fun A. 

k'un, aj. quiet, quietly, slow, slowly, weak, soft, 

k'unanik. Take your time, 

ta k'un to. later (or) afterwards. 

k'un-bein, iv(aj & ivcpd). travel slowly. 

mi sana 1 ) slahesel. tey nan t sk'un-bein yalel. Do you eat this? Maybe 

it will travel down slowly. 

k'un-eaeubtas ba, rv(tv/aj & tvepd/ & rpn). regain gradual control over 

oneself. 

k'un-e'ep'un, tv(aj & tvepd). tip slowly /demijohn/. 

k'un-e'ep'un ba, rv. lift one buttock slowly while sitting (person farting). 

k'un-cavcon, av(aj & avepd). stepping gingerly. 

k'un-hobel, n(aj & nepd). 'soft grass', muhly Muhlenbergia tenella, 

#2608(21,22), #2813(7,11). Lowland "plant' (7)-It is eaten by mules. 

Aegopogon cenchroides, #2450(20). Highland "plant" It is eaten by 

sheep, horses, and cattle. Arthraxon quarlinianus, #2778(7). Tem-


perate plant", 

k'un-hobeltik, n5. field of k'un-hobel. 

sakil k'un-hobel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). muhly Muhlenbergia tenella, 

#2608(15). Lowland plant". 

yasal k'un-hobel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). muhly Muhlenbergia tenella, 

#2608(20). Lowland "plant", 

k'un-k'inubal, n(aj & ncpd)5. drizzle, 

k'un-nopleta, tv(aj & tvcpd). approach slowly. 

k'un-noplita, tv(aj & tvcpd). cf. k'un-nopleta. 

k'un-puean, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). fresh (bread), 

k'un-sik, nphr(aj & ncpd)le. chill, 

k'un-sovov yalel, vphr(av/aj & avcpd/ & dr). tottering (horse), sinking 

down (woman offering little resistance to man), 

k'un-valk'un, tv(aj & tvcpd). turn up slowly /skirt/ (man, woman). 

k'un-vatet, av(aj & avcpd). rolling slowly (truck, boulder, stump). 

k'un-vecet, av(aj & avcpd). walking feebly, 

k'un-vectevecte, av(aj & avcpd). walking about feebly. 

k'un-vecvon, av(aj & avcpd). walking feebly, 

k'un-velet, av(aj & avcpd). walking feebly, 

k'un-vellah, av(aj & avcpd). cf. k'un-velet (plu). 

k'un-veltevelte, av(aj & avcpd). walking about feebly, 

k'un-velvon, av(aj & avcpd). walking feebly. 

k'un-voeet, av(aj & avcpd). walking slowly bundled up in clothes, getting 

up slowly /from bed/. 

k'un-voevon, av(aj & avcpd). walking slowly bundled up in clothes, 

k'un-yaman, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). soft (hair), lukewarm, 

k'unib, iv. become soft, weak, tame or obedient, 

k'unibtas, tv. soften /leather/. 

t sak'unibtas tana li nukul li?e. lit., You will soften the hide now, i.e., 

You will get a whipping. 

k'unibtasob, nlf. tallow, wax or salt water used to soften leather, 

k'unibtasobil, nlf. cf. k'unibtasob. 

k'unibtasvan, iv. weaken person, 

k'unil, aj. quiet, quietly, slow, slowly, weak, soft, 

k'unil, n4d. abdomen, 

k'unil ''anal to, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'soft-leaved tree', Desmanthodium 

caudatum, #2156(1). Temperate "tree". 

k'unil lok te"», nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). *soft-trunked tree', Lopezia 

langmaniae, #2101(7). Temperate "tree". Euphorbia pulcherrima, 


k'unil 9ot, nphr(aj & n)4a. tortilla /not toasted/, 

k'unil cikinil, nphr(nlf of n4d). ear lobe. 

k'unil c'util, nphr(nlf of n3d). abdomen. 

k'unil te9, nphr(aj & n). 'soft tree', Lopezia langmaniae, #2101(11). Temperate 

"tree" 

k'unil tok'oy, cf. tok'oy. 

k'unil vah, nphr(aj & n)la. tortilla /not toasted/. 

k'unk'un, aj. little by little, gradually, slowly, 

k'unk'untik, aj. very gradually. 

hk'unibtasvaneh, agn. tobacco, cane liquor, or nymphomaniac that weakens 

person, 

sk'un, cf. cenek'. 

sk'un c'um, cf. c'um. 

sk'un-pat c'um, cf. c'um. 

k'unuk' N. 

sk'unuk', nle. reddish lowland insect which eats inside of corncob. 

It'up prob A. or N. 

k'upih won, vphr(iv & n4d). long for. 

k'upil, nla. desired object or person, 

k'upin, tv. enjoy, be pleased by, be tantalized by. 

isk'upin spat ssokon. lit., He enjoyed his back, his side, i.e., He was 

well dressed. 

tol sk'upin pus li povree. lit., The poor guy enjoys a sweat bath, i.e., 

The poor guy keeps being jailed. 

k'upinan, tv. enjoy or try out many desired objects or girls, 

k'upinvan, iv. desire someone (person, dog happy to see master back). 

hk'upinvaneh, agn. girl who desires men, affectionate dog. 

k'us 

k'us, red-billed pigeon, cf. k'us(3). 

k'us(l) N. 

k'us, n4f. wedge /hoe, axe/, fipple /flute/. 

k'usi, tv. slip wedge under /table leg/. 

k'usiob, nlf. wedge, stake to keep door shut. 

k'usiobil, nlf. cf. k'usiob. 

k'us(2) T. 

k'us, tv. crunch, gnaw /bones/, eat /nuts, peanuts, toasted tortillas, green 

chili, corn on the cob, seeds, sugarcane/. 

k'us ba, rv. rot (unwashed clothing). 

k'us ba 7e, vphr(rv & n4d). bare teeth (dying animal). 

k'usan, tv. eat /nuts, etc./. 

k'usanan, tv. cf. k'usan. 

k'lisank'usan, tv. gnaw one after another /dogs gnawing leashes/. 

k'usank'iisanan, tv. cf. k'usank'iisan. 

k'usbol, nlf. human believed to be sacrificed for the construction of 

bridges or electric plants, yeast for making cane liquor. 

k'usbol makina, nphr(n type n)5. machine believed used to render people 

into grease. 

k'usel, nc. eating /corn on the cob, etc./. 

k'uset ?e, vphr(av & n4d). lit. gnashing teeth, i.e., penny-pinching. 

k'usilan, tv. keep eating or gnawing /bones, etc./. 

k'usilanan, tv. cf. k'usilan. 

k'usk'on, av. crunching, chewing /dry weeds/ (horse in dry season), 

sk'usk'on ta yot. lit., He is crunching his tortillas, i.e., He has nothing 

to eat. 

k'uslahet, av. cf. k'usk'on (plu). 

k'uslahetik, av. cf. k'usk'on (plu). 

k'usob, nlf. feed container for mule. 

k'usobil, nlf. Joking speech; teeth, cf. k'usob. 

k'ustek'uste te, vphr(av & n4d). lit., walking about gnashing teeth; i.e., 

penny-pinching. 

k'usvan, iv. lit., crunch person, i.e., badger person /repeatedly coming to 

borrow money or corn, or to ask favors/, give sickness to person (witch). 

t stiivan t sk'usvan li kriscanoetike. The people eat people, crunch 

people. 

t stiwan t sk'usvan lmk-camel. Witches eat people, crunch people. 

hk'us-9ak'al, agn(tv & ncpd). charcoal-cruncher /mythical figures who, 

in former times, disattached their heads from their bodies at night and 

ate charcoal at the fireside/. 

hk'us-bak, agn(tv & ncpd). bone-eater (dog). 

k'us(3) A. 

k'us, n5. Ritual speech, prayer; person in pain. 

li hun 9ipe li hun k'use. the sick one, the pained one. 

k'us, aj. painful. 

k'us ?a">i, vphr(aj & tv). feel pain, hurt, pity. 

k'us w>onil, nphr(aj & n3d). stomachache, pain in chest. 

k'us eukut, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. k'us eukutin. 

k'us eukut mut, nphr(nphr/aj & n5/ type n)5. cf. k'us eukutin. 

k'us eukutin, nphr(aj & n)5. red-billed pigeon Columba fasciata. cf. k'us 

eukut, k'us eukut mut, k'us eukut mut. It is believed that a man once 

feigned a bellyache so he could stay home. When his wife returned 

she found him in bed with her sister. The lovers were transformed 

into red-billed pigeons and so made their escape. It is also believed to 

have been a child who complained of a stomachache because no one 

gave it water. It is hunted for food. It is "hot". 

k'us hoi, nphr(aj & n)5. 'headache', lesser road-runner Geococcyx velox. 

cf. k'at-cih mut. It is believed that once a lazy man, lAntun Cin, complaining 

of a headache, was transformed into a road-runner. If a 

road-runner crosses one's path an accident may occur or laziness may 

set in. If a boy buries a road-runner's head in a yard in the area 

where a girl goes to the bathroom, it is believed that the grass there 

will grow abundantly and then turn brown signalling to the girl that 

he is her true love.

K7L TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 201 

k'us holol, nphr(aj & n)5. headache. 

k'us kumum, nphr(aj & n)le. white-tipped dove Leptotila verreauxi. It 

is hunted for food. It is medium" or "hot" 

k'us k'abil, nphr(aj & n)5. painful urination. 

k'us-pevuL, n(aj & ncpd)5. 'painful pevul', spiney nightshade Solarium hispidum, 

# 87(2,4,5), #1871(1,16), # 2536( 1,4,22). Highland " tree ". As 

a remedy for urinary pain, three leaves are brewed. The tea is drunk 

before breakfast for three days. It is "hot". To cure pack sores, twelve 

leaves are brewed, dried, and ground into powder. The sores are 

washed and the powder is applied two, three or four times. It is 

"hot", shrub nightshade Solatium millense, #1527(1,3,11,12). Highland 

"tree" #2536(1,4,22). Temperate "tree", shrub nightshade Solatium 

hernandezii, #208(1,2,3,5,8). Lowland "tree". Lippia chiapensis, 

#B9485(5,5a). Highland "tree" 

k'us-pevultik, n(aj & ncpd)5. expanse of k'us-pevul. 

muk'ta k'us-pevul, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). spiney nightshade Solatium 

hispidum, #1689(7,14). Temperate "tree". 

sakil k'us-pevul, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). spiney nightshade Solatium 

hispidum, #B9488(5,5a), #2220(19). Highland "tree". (19)-As a 

remedy for toothache, a bit of the fruit is crushed in one's hand 

and applied on the molar. It is "hot' 

k'us ta w?on, vphr(aj & prep & n4d). feel badly about, grieve for, resent, 

be offended by. 

k'us ta yown ti t spak'taat ta 9elek'e. He resented being falsely 

accused of stealing. 

k'us ta yo9on ti sc'amal icame. He grieved for his child who had died, 

k'us ta rios, vphr(aj & prep & n5). be deeply hurt, resent deeply, be 

extremely upset. 

k'us ta rios li S9elan t spase tol smukul-con 9isim li 9anee. He was 

extremely upset over what she was doing; the woman was selling 

(their) corn in secret. 

k'us ta rios ti yec t snopbat smule. He deeply resented being falsely 

accused. 

k'usben con, nphr(x type n)5. toothache, cavity. 

k'usk'on c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). with frequent stomach cramps. 

k'usk'ustik, aj. slightly painful, 

k'usub, iv. hurt, begin to hurt. 

k'usubah 9o9on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). pity, have sympathy, be compassionate, 

treat well. 

mu sk'usubah yo9on mi 9ip senile. He has no sympathy when his 

sibling is sick. 

k'usubah ta won, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). pity, have sympathy, be 

compassionate, treat well. 

t sk'usubah ta yo9on ta sconbe hu-huntik te yisim. He is compassionate; 

he sells his com to everyone there, 

k'usubin, tv. treat well, take care of, pity. 

mu sk'usubin k'usuk yu9un. He doesn't take care of his things, 

mu sk'usubin yahnil tol smah. He doesn't treat his wife well; he beats 

her so much. 

k'usubin el, nld. favor. 

hai ti bu sta k'usubinel Ie9e. lit., whenever he has a favor done him, 

i.e., sometime he will get his just deserts /a beating/, 

k'usubinvan, iv. do someone a favor, treat person well. 

k'usubtasbe hoi, vphrftv & n4d). annoy, give person a headache /sick 

person/. 

tol sk'usubtasbe shol hcamel tol t stahinik. They give the sick person 

a headache by playing too much, 

k'usul, n4f. pain. 

hk'us-pahayom, agn(aj & ncpd)5. procrastinator. 

hk'usubinvaneh, agn. beneficient or philanthropic person, 

k'us eukut mut, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. cf. k'us eukutin. 

It'nsk'ul N. 

k'usk'ul, nld. gleanings, 

k'usk'ulah, iv. glean /corn, beans, squash/, 

k'usk'ulan, tv. glean /corn, beans, squash/. 

k'usk'ulta, tv(aj & ncpd). have illegitimate child (woman). 

hk'usk'ul, agn. gleaner. 

k'ut T. 

k'ut, tv. twist into small sections /greens so they will fit into pot/, shell 

/corn/. 

k'ut, iv. unravel. 

ik'ut ssat ta k'ak'al. It unraveled in the heat, 

k'ut, nc. bent section /greens/ /infr/. 

k'ut ba, rv. twist and tum /to break loose/, 

k'utan, tv. shell /ears/. 

k'titank'utan, tv. shell one /ear/ after another, 

k'utank'utanan, tv. cf. k'utank'utan. 

k'utbe, tv. twist /chicken's neck/. 

k'utbe ba k'obik, vphr(rv & n4d). twist each other's arms, 

k'utel, nc. twisting into sections /greens/. 

k'utet, av. feeling hunger pangs, 

k'utilan, tv. keep twisting into small sections /greens/, twist /person's 

arm/, 

k'utilan ba, rv. keep twisting and turning /wrestling /, keep twirling 

/dancing/, 

k'utilanan baik, rv. keep twisting and turning /plu/ /wrestling/, keep 

twirling /plu/ /dancing/, 

k'utk'on, av. wagging (bobbed tail), 

k'utk'on cak, vphr(av & n4d). wagging hips, 

k'utlahet cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. k'utk'on cak (plu). 

k'utp'ih, iv. unravel. 

k'utp'in, tv. steer around bends /car/, bend /tree/. 

k'utp'in ba, rv. twist and turn /to break loose/, swivel /in seat to let 

person by/. 

k'uttek'utte cak, vphr(av & n4d). wagging hips about, 

k'ututet, av. feeling severe hunger pangs. 

k'uy PorP(2). 

k'uy, nc. In reference to: burrow of edible wasps, 

k'uyan ba, rv. form clumps (people in crowd), 

k'uyk'uy, nc. single wasp burrow /I only/. 

k'uyul, aj. crowded (market), with many wasp grubs. 

1, the. cf. li. 

la(l) Pt. 

la, pt. Particle used primarily in narrative speech - e.g., gossip, folk tales, 

dreams - indicating object or action not directly perceived, or informa- 

Jjon for whose veracity the speaker assumes no responsiblity; they 

say. 

•)a ti vo'9nee 90 la hun vinik ... Once there was a man ... . 

hi9la.' Yes, so they say. 

la(2) ' N. 

la, nle. bush nettle Wigandia kunthii, #B9493(5,5a). Highland "tree" 

tread softly Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, #1608(11,12). Temperate 

'tree". #2634(22). Lowland plant" 

latik, n5. expanse of la. 

bae"i la, nphr(aj & n). nettle Urtica urens, #359(3,4). Highland "plant". 

It grows in yards and along fences. As a remedy for "wind", a small 

handful is used to beat the affected part so that the wind" will 

depart with the blood that is shed. It is "hot", tread softly Cnidoscolus 

aff. aconitifolius, #171(2,3). Lowland "tree" 

con la, nphr(n type n). 'snake/a', bush nettle Wigandia kunthii, 

#462(5). Lowland "tree" It is said that bush nettle was a snake with 

a mortal bite, so Our Lord transformed it into a plant, tread softly 

Cnidoscolus aff. aconitifolius, #171(5). Lowland "tree" 

kilahtik la, nphr(aj & n). 'long la', Gronovia urens, # 1687(11,12). Lowland 

"plant* It grows in corn fields. 

kilkil la, nphr(aj & n). 'long la\ nettle Urtica urens, #359(1,2). Highland 

"plant". For use, see bae'i la. 

k'an-9ic la, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). bush nettle Wigandia kunthii, 

#2974(16). Temperate "tree".


k'os la, nphr(aj & n). Gronovia scandens, # 1687(14). Lowland "plant". 

It grows in corn fields. 

muk'ta la, nphr(aj & n). bush nettle Wigandia kunlhii, #2974(1). Temperate 

"tree" As a remedy for "wind", three or four leaves are used 

to beat the affected part. They are "hot", tread softly Cnidoscolus 

aconitifolius, #2634(15,20,21). Lowland plant", 

muk'tik la, nphr(aj & n). tread softly Cnidoscolus aff. aconitifolius, 

#171(4). Lowland "tree", bush nettle Wigandia kunlhii, #462(3). 


sakil la, nphr(aj & n). tread softly Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, 

#815(1,2,3,5). Lowland and temperate "plant" #1608(1,3). Temperate 

"tree" #2634(1,3). Lowland "plant" (l)-Three leaves are adhered 

softly to the affected part. They are "hot". 

selahtik la, nphr(aj & n). 'runcinate la', see below, 

k'os selahtik la, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Gronovia scandens, 

#1687(1,4). Lowland "plant". It grows in corn fields. 

let la, nphr(n type n). 'tree la', Saurauia scabrida, # 1090(1,3). Lowland 

and temperate "tree". The trunk is used for firewood. 

#1243(1,3,4,5). Temperate "tree". Saurauia oreophila, #1511(1,3). 

Lowland, temperate and highland "tree". 

la ka?, nphr(n of n). 'horse la', bush nettle Wigandia kunthii, #462(1,2). 

Highland "tree" tread softly Cnidoscolus aff. aconitifolius, #171(1). 

Lowland "tree". 

la(3) X. 

laet ?a?i, vphr(av & tv). feeling better, feeling less pain, feeling more 

comfortable, feeling refreshed, feeling warmed up, feeling well-fed /after 

being hungry/. 

slaet sa t sa?i ti ?ale vokole. He feels better now that he has had a 

curing ceremony, 

laetik, av. feeling slightly better. 

la(4) probN. 

la, n5. term of address between spouses when toasting; spouse. 

kic'ban la, ?ic'o la. I drink first, wife. Take it, husband. 

la(5) 

la, singing loudly, cf. la?(3). 

la?(l) I. 

la?, impv. come! cf. cab(2), tal. 

Response of adult to child or to much younger person who approaches 

and bows respectfully; la 1 ? cabot. meaning unclear, perhaps, 

Come! You are in my care. 

la?(2) P, P(2). 

la 1 ), tv. bend /metal, wood/. Male joking speech; bend /penis/ (woman), 

la? ba, rv. arch (snake). Male joking speech; lit., bend one's self, i.e., have 

sexual intercourse (man). 

la?-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. Male joking speech; intercourse. 

la?a?et, av. bouncing up and down repeatedly (branch, tree or beam 

under weight). 

la?ahtik, aj. bent over (slender trees). 

la?al, aj. with dip (roof, road), bowed over (slender tree). 

la?an, tv. make into arch /floral arch, frame of straw bull/, sag /back/ 

(balky mule being packed), bend down /coffee branch, trees in live 

fence/. 

la?anan, tv. bend down /branches/. 

la?anla?an, tv. bend down one after another /branches of coffee trees/. 

la?anla?anan, tv. cf. lixianlaian. 

la?be pat, vphr(tv // n). sag /back/ (balky mule being packed). 

la?el, nc. bending /hoe handle/. 

la?i, iv. sag, bend /infreq/, cf. laip'uh. 

la?la?, aj. with dip (road), sagging (roof), bowed over (slender tree). 

la?lahet, av. swaying back and forth (trees in wind). 

la?leh, n4f. dip /in ground/, sagging /roof/, bend /branch/. 

la?lon, av. bouncing slowly up and down (branch under weight, corpse 

carried on stretcher), bending back and forth, flexible (switch, rubber), 

jouncing (bridge). 

la?luh, av. bending down suddenly giving way suddenly in middle 

(tree, beam or back under weight). 

la?obil, n4f. fork of tree used to secure object for bending or straightening. 

Male joking speech; vagina. 

la?p'uh, iv. sag, bend (beam or wire under weight). 

la?p'un, tv. twist /leg/, make into arch /floral decoration, frame of straw 

bull/. 

la'Jp'un ba, rv. sag (mule), lean over backwards. 

la?p'unobil, n4f. fork of tree used to secure object for bending or straightening. 

Ia9p'unvan, iv. make person bend over backwards (child). 

la?ulan, tv. bend back and forth /hat brim to test if properly stiff/. 

la?ulan ba, rv. Male speech; lit., keep bending oneself i.e., have repeated 

sexual intercourse. 

laûlanan, tv. bend back & forth /hat brims to test if properly stiff/. 

la?(3) prob O. 

la?et, av. singing loudly (drunkards). 

la?etah, iv. sing loudly. 

la?etik, av. cf. lafet (plu). 

lalon, av. singing loudly (children). 

la?la? A. 

la?la?, aj. constant, cf. labal. 

Use limited to following; la?la? mah-bail. constant fighting. 

la?la? "nit-bail, constant quarreling. 

la?la? sa^sa? k'op. constant quarreling. 

lab N. 

lab-k'el, tv(n & tvcpd). visit briefly, take a quick look at. 

lab-k'elvan, iv(n & ivcpd). take a quick look at person, 

lab-sati, tv(n & tvcpd). take a quick look at /corn field, person/, 

lab-sativan, iv(n & ivcpd). take a quick look at person, 

labah, iv. mock, criticize, watch hostilely or critically, 

laban, tv. mock, watch hostilely, look at critically, criticize, ridicule, 

laban ba, rv. mock or criticize self, 

labanan, tv. watch many things hostilely. 

labaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mocking one another, mutual criticism, 

labanlaban, tv. watch one after another hostilely. 

labanvan, iv. mock or criticize person, watch person hostilely or critically, 

labta, tv. bewitch, shorten one's life span (cricket, owl, etc.). d.pay camel. 

labta ba, rv. feel sense of well-being, but with death imminent, 

labtaan, tv. bewitch /flowers, cultivated plants by looking at them/, 

labtabe, tv. bewitch. 

mu slabtabe komel ?un. lit., He left no bewitchment behind, i.e., He 

passed by quickly, without looking. 

labtavan, iv. shorten person's life span (cricket, owl, etc.). 

hlabanvaneh, agn. mocker, critical person. 

hlabtavaneh, agn. animal that shortens person's life span /cricket that 

sings in one's house, owl that calls or coyote that barks near one's house, 

road-runner or weasel that crosses one's path/. 

labal A. 

labal, aj. all, constant, completely, nothing but, nothing at all. cf. labial. 

slabal ?asalunatak. All the hoes are his. 

labal iyic" ta h-mek. He was completely penniless. 

naka labal c'istik. nothing but brambles. 

labal ikic" ta h-mek. I have seen nothing at all like it! 

labal- , iv(aj & ivcpd). only , do nothing but . 

ilabal-ve?. He did nothing but eat. 

labal ba, rv(aj & rvcpd) keep , constantly. 

slabal-?ut sba. They keep scolding each other. 

slabal-mah sba. They keep hitting each other. 

slabal-ti? sba. They keep pecking (or) biting each other (chickens, 

turkeys, horses, pigs). 

slabal-tik' sba. He keeps interfering. 

slabal-bue* sbaik. They keep kissing each other. 

slabal-ceculan sbaik. They keep pulling at each other (drunks dragging 

each other around). 

slabal-kob sbaik. They are constantly mating (dogs, horses). 

slabal-mey sbaik. They keep embracing each other. 

slabal-nitulan sbaik. They keep tugging at each other.

labal tii-bail, vn(aj & tv & rpncpd)5. constant pecking or biting each 

other. 

labal tik'-bai] ta - -, nphr: vn/aj & tv & rpncpd/5 & prep & n5). 

constant 

labal tik'-bail ta cukel. constantly causing each other to be jailed. 

labal tik'-bail ta k'ok'. lit., constantly sticking each other in the fire, 

i.e., constantly involving each other in trouble. 

labal tik'-bail ta k'op. constant interference. 

labal tik'-bail ta satil. constant mutual accusation. 

labal tik'-bail ta vor constantly pushing each other in the water. 

be P, P(2). 

lae, tv. stack /boards, firewood, bottles on side, burdens, bricks, tiles, 

tortillas/, grind a third time /corn/, pile up in tiers /pots/, cf. he. 

lae, aj. flat-kernelled. 

lae, nc. stack /tortillas, boards, bricks/, 

lae ba, rv. coil (snake), pile in (people in truck or house). 

lae-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. crowding, 

lae hotil, cf. cenek'. 

Iae-te-J mok, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. plank fence /used for cattle 

corral/. 

laeae, av. lining up (people coming to receive corn gruel), 

laeahtik, aj. cf. laeal /plu/. 

laeakil, n4f. in many stacks. 

laeal, aj. stacked, coiled (snake), lined up close together (beans in pods 

of kantela cenek' or scarlet runner bean), piled up (corpses in communal 

grave) /during famine/, 

laealik, aj. cf. laeal /plu/. 

laealldeal, n4f. each of many stacks, 

laean, tv. stack, 

laean ba, rv. coil (snake). 

laeanan, tv. set in stacks, 

laeanlaean, tv. make one stack after another, 

laeanlaeanan, tv. cf. laeanlaean. 

laeanob, nlf. place where objects are stacked, 

laeanobil, nlf. cf. laeanob. 

laebenal, n4f. stack. 

Sarcastic request for a drink of posol; mu h-set'uk slaebenal avisim. 

It isn't a little stack of com you have! 

laebil te 1 ) mok, nphr(nphr/aj & n5/ type n)5. plank fence /used for cattle 

corral/. 

laeebal, n5. moment before finishing the stacking of objects, 

laeel, nc. restacking. 

laeet, av. walking in a row, climbing up hill (mules), stacked. 

lek slaeet sbat. They are stacked one on top of the other (boards in 

house construction), 

laeetik, av. walking in a row. 

laei, iv. be in a stack. 

latrlae, nc. single stack /flat objects/ /I only/. 

laelae, aj. stacked, 

laelahet, av. piling one whiplash on top of another, lowering in banks 

(clouds of drizzle in northeaster). 

laden, n4f. stack. 

laelnn, av. lowering in banks (northeast clouds of drizzle). 

laduh, av. being whipped suddenly, 

laeomah, iv. grind a third time /corn/. 

laetelaete, av. bringing out one stack after another /tortillas for banquet/. 

laeulan, tv. keep stacking. 

hlae-9isim, agn(tv & ncpd). woman who grinds corn, 

hlaeom, agn. woman who grinds corn third time. 

ttt" P(2). 

lae", tv. pinch /finger/, pick up between the knees /child/, pick up with 

two sticks /snake/, hold under arm, carry /short sticks interspersed with 

long sticks/, pin /hand, foot/ (rock, tree). 

lae\ nld. Male joking speech; vagina. 

lae* ba, rv. be stuck in or between, be pinned beneath, intertwine legs. 

lae"-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. with legs intertwined. 


203 

lae'ahtik, aj. stuck in between (stolen com ears hidden in bundles of 

firewood). 

lae"al, aj. stuck, narrow (ravine). 

lae'alik, aj. cf. lae'ahtik. 

lae"an ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). carry /short sticks interspersed with long 

sticks/. 

lae"anan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. lae'an ec'el. 

lae'anlae'an ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). carry one after another /short sticks 

interspersed with long sticks/. 

lae'an lae'anan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. lae'anlae'an ec'el. 

lae"et, av. walking with staff of office under arm (shaman, religious or 

civil official). 

lae"i ta te9, vphr(iv & prep & n5). be stuck in branches (tree), 

lae'lae', aj. narrow (ravine, cave), hemmed in (path between cliffs), 

lae'leh, n4f. narrowness /cave/. 

lae'luh, av. closing legs together suddenly (woman), 

lae'telae'te baston, vphr(av & nld). walking about with staff of office 

under arm. 

lae'telae'te bis, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with shaman's staff under 

arm. 

lae'telae'te cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about swaying hips, 

lae'ulan ba, rv. sway hips (provocative girl). 

lae*ulan cak, vphr(tv // n). sway hips. 

laeVan, iv. cause a person to be stuck in or between or be pinned beneath. 

hlaeVaneh, agn. person who causes another to be pinned beneath, stuck 

in, or between. 

lac P. 

laeahtik, aj. cf. laeal /plu/. 

laeal, aj. standing up (ears of dog, cat, horse or rabbit, horns), 

laealik, aj. cf. laeal /plu/. 

lacan, tv. prick up /ears/. 

lacel, aj. standing up (ears of dog, horse, or rabbit). 

lacct, av. pricking up (ears). 

laclac, aj. standing up (ears of dog, horse or rabbit), 

laclon, av. walking and pricking up (ears), 

lactelacte cikin, vphr(av & n4d). running about with pricked up ears (dog 

chasing its quarry), 

lagarto N(Sp, lagarto). 

lagarto, nla. crocodile Crocodilus amehcanus. The thick part of the 

crocodile's tail is considered edible, var., lakarto. 

lagrio N(Sp, ladrillo). 

lagrio, nla. brick, var., latrio. 

lab(l) I. 

lah, iv. finish, end, die, wear out, be used up, get hurt. Ritual speech; end. 

cf. sikub. 

mu slah ta tek'el li ">uk'ume. lit., One never finishes walking across 

the river, i.e. The river is too wide to ford. 

ilah sa korisma. The dry season has ended. 

lah camuk. It finished dying (or) It died for good. 

lepal tak'in ilah TO yu">un. lit., A lot of money was used up because 

of it, i.e., It cost a lot of money. 

Complementary verb denoting completed action; k'ep lahuk i vce. 

The rain has passed. 

lah won, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be placated, reconciled, or appeased, 

forgive, do one's best, do everything in one's power. 

lah kofon ihlahesbe ycon pero muk' slah. I did my best to appease 

him, but he did not forgive me for it. 

ilah yoon isk'an ta kavilto. He did everything in his power; he asked 

at the town hall. 

lah yoon li yahnile k'u ti muk' smahohe ta h-p'el nos k'op. His wife 

was reconciled since he hadn't struck her over just a trivial affair, 

lah mesa, vphr(iv & n5). end formal meal, 

lah ta soe", vphr(iv & prep & n5). be bitten by bat (white sapote, animal). 

Male joking speech; lahem ta soe". lit., She was bitten by a bat, i.e., 

She was deflowered, 

laheb, n5. Ritual speech, prayer referring to death; end.


laheb tup'eb. the end, the extinction, 

laheb habil, nphr(n4f of n5). year renewal ceremony /the third of three 

ceremonies/, 

laheb k'ak'al ve9el, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ of n5). Last Day of the Meal 

/fourth day of the fiesta of St. Sebastian, Jan. 22/. 

lahebal, n3b. ghost, afterworld, moment when action is about to end. 

lahebal kabteltik. Our work is almost finished. 

slaheb. his death. 

slaheb . the last . 

Ritual speech, prayer referring to death; lahebal tup'ebal. the end, 

the extinction, 

lahel, vnla. end, death. 

slahelal balamil. the ends of the earth. 

slahel 9ol k'ak'al. shortly after noon, 

lahelea, tv. make sure, 

lahelea, pt. then, finally, in the end, it turned out. 

lahelea mu k'u ssar In the end it was in vain. 

lahelea li slekome bat ta yan. In the end his fiancee went off with 

another. 

lahelea-k'el, tv(tv & tvcpd). look to make sure, 

lahes, tv. finish, eat up, eat. 

yec slahes vah ta balamil. lit., He just eats up tortillas on this earth, 

i.e., He is a good-for-nothing. 

Male joking speech; yec slahes mis ta balamil. lit., He just eats cunts 

on this earth, i.e., He is a good-for-nothing, 

lahes 9o9on, vphr(tv // n). make certain. 

lahes ba, rv. promise to reform, recant. 

islahes sba k'al ta nup-kantela ti mi 9o yok'itaoh kahvaltik ta stohol 

sci9ile to mi ta smalale. She would recant at the adoration of the 

candles if she had cried out to Our Lord against her sibling or her 

husband, 

lahes k'op, vphr(tv & n5). ask forgiveness, settle a dispute. 

ba slahes k'op ti mi isc'ak yahnile. If his wife separated from him 

he would go settle the dispute. 

lahes mul, vphr(tv // n). ask forgiveness, apologize, atone. 

ta lek ta slahes smul ta stot ti mi yakube. He apologizes properly 

to his father when he gets drunk, 

lahesan, tv. eat a lot. 

lahesbe . vphr(tv & vn4f). finish . 

ta hlahesbe sti9el. I will finish eating it. 

lahesbe 9o9on, vphr(tv & n4d). appease, reconcile, placate, beg pardon, 

apologize. 

islahesbe yo9on balamil. lit., He placated the earth, i.e.. He held a 

ceremony for the earth lord after there had been much sickness in his 

home. 

islahesbe yown yahnil ti mi yute. He would apologize to his wife 

if he had scolded her. 

lahesbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). apologize for, help another make amends. 

9ay slahesbe smul sc'amal ta sna sni9-mol. He went to apologize for 

his son at the house of his (son's) father-in-law. 

Iaheseh-9o9onil, vn(tv & ncpd)5. request for forgiveness. 

laheseh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual reconciliation, 

laheseh-k'op, vn(tv & ncpd)5. request for forgiveness, settlement of dispute. 

laheseh-mulil, vn(tv & ncpd)5. request for forgiveness, atonement, 

lahesob, nlf. liquor or ceremony given when begging forgiveness. 

lahesobil, nlf. cf. lahesob. 

lahesvan, iv. consume person's financial resources. 

lahet 9a?i, vphr(av & tv). feeling better, feeling less pain, feeling more 

comfortable, feeling refreshed, feeling warmed up, feeling well-fed /after 

being hungry/. 

slahet sa t sa9i mi yuc" preskoe. He will feel refreshed if he has a 

soft drink. 

slahet t sa9i li t sic' 9atimol li hcamele. The patient is refreshed by 

the bath, 

lahlah, iv. finish or end quickly. 

lahlahtik, iv. finish or end quickly. 

lahtelahte, av. running out one after another (contents of containers), 

lahulan, iv. keep running out (water supply). 

hlahel, agn. Ritual speech; shaman referring to his patient; invalid, 

spuc'leb sta9leb ti yo hcamele ti yo hlahele. there where he lies, there 

where he lies face up, the lowly patient, the lowly invalid. 

hlaheseh-9o9onil, agn(vn & ncpd). person who asks forgiveness or settles 

argument on another's behalf, 

hlaheseh-k'op, agn(vn & ncpd). person who asks forgiveness or settles 

argument on another's behalf, 

hlaheseh-mulil, agn(vn & ncpd). person who asks forgiveness or settles 

argument on another's behalf. 

hlahesvaneh, agn. article that consumes one's resources. 

lah(2) P(2). 

lahah, av. bristling while moving (people's uncovered heads), 

lahahet, av. bristly, prickly sensation /caused by touching Cyclanlhera 

bourgeana, chayote, wooly caterpillar, hair clippings/, 

lahal, aj. bristling (heads of people in crowd), 

lahan ba, rv. break out (measles), 

lahbe, tv. strike with something prickly, 

laheah, iv. break out (measles), 

lahean ba, rv. break out (measles). 

lahel, nc. blow of prickly plant /to remove wind in limbs/, 

lahi, iv. break out (measles), 

lahlahet, av. stinging (nettles), 

lahleh, n4f. protruding /thorns, mushrooms/, 

lahlon, av. prickling (cactus, etc., in skin), striking with bush nettle, 

lahluh, av. stinging or pricking suddenly (prickly plant). 

lahun Num. 

lahun , n(num & nccpd)le. ten. 

lahuneb, nle. ten. 

lahuneb 9o9-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). ninety, 

lahuneb 9os-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). fifty, 

lahuneb ca9-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). thirty, 

lahuneb can-vinik, vphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). seventy. 

lahca , n(num & ncpd)le. twelve. 

lahceb. nle. twelve. 

lahlahun- , n(num & nccpd)5. by or in tens, every ten. 

lahlahuneb 9o')-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). in or by 

nineties, every ninety /archaic/, 

lahlahuneb TOs-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). in or by 

fifties.every fifty /archaic/, 

lahlahuneb ca9-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). in or by 

thirties, every thirty /archaic/, 

lahlahuneb can-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). in or by 

seventies, every seventy /archaic/. 

lak P. 

lakahtik, aj. cf. lakal /plu/. 

lakak ec'el, vphr(av & dr). yielding or trembling (mud or aquatic weeds 

underfoot). 

lakaket, av. yielding or trembling (mud underfoot), pliant (soft egg shell), 

lakal, aj. boiling, boiled, sitting on fire cooking /by boiling/, cooked /by 

boiling/. 

lakalik, aj. cf. lakal /plu/. 

lakan, tv. place on fire, boil, cook /by boiling/, 

lakanan, tv. place on fire, boil or cook /plu/. 

lakanlakan, tv. boil or cook one after another, 

lakanlakanan, tv. cf. lakanlakan. 

lakanvan, iv. cook person American. 

laket, av. boiling, cooking /by boiling/, 

laki, iv. boil, cook /by boiling/, 

laklahet, av. yielding or trembling (mud underfoot), 

laklak, aj. yielding or trembling (mud), 

lakleh, nlf. cooking. 

nas slakleh. It has been cooking for a long time, 

laklon, av. yielding or trembling (mud underfoot).

lakluh, av. yielding or trembling suddenly (mud or aquatic weeds underfoot). 

laktelakte, av. sloshing about (sopping wet person). 

hlakaneh- , agn(vn & ncpd). person cooking . 

hlakaneh-volil. person cooking meal. 

hlakaneh-cenek'. person cooking beans, 

hlakanvaneh, agn. person who cooks another, 

hlakleh, agn. pot used for boiling "flowers," "flowers" to be boiled in 

curing ceremony. 

lakarto 

lakarto, crocodile, cf. lagarto. 

laktor N(Sp, tractor), 

laktor, nla. tractor, road machine. 

t sbat ta ve9el laktor. He is going to be food for tractors /said of 

person who takes long trip from home, or who seeks work far from 

home/. 

lak'(l) X. 

lak'-nain, iv(x & ncpd). become neighbor. 

lak'in, iv. Ritual speech, address of bride's ritual tutor to groom's ritual 

tutor; accompany. 

t saciTin t salak'in ta hun smal ta hun ssakub. You will join her, you 

will accompany her at dusk, at dawn, 

lak'invan, iv. accompany person. 

Ritual speech, petitioners to bride's family; t scpinvan t slak'invan. 

She will join the person, she will accompany the person, 

hlak'-na, agn(x & ncpd). neighbor. 

lak'(2) X. 

lak'ta, tv. replace distant fence posts, 

cai-lak'ta, tv(num & tvcpd). twine /yarn, thread/. 

lam P, T, T(2). 

lam, tv. cover oneself, apply compress. 

ta hlam hcih. I am going to cover myself with my blanket. 

islam pukuk. lit., It covered the dust, i.e., rain that wets down dust, 

lam, iv. be eased (pain), be mended (roof)lam 

ba, rv. be gathered together in open space. 

lam-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. gathering of many people in open space. 

lam hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). cover head (woman with shawl folded and 

placed on top of head, shaman with neckerchief draped loosely over 

head when praying, steward covering head similarly when counting 

chaplet coins). 

lamahtik, aj. scattered (animals), floppy (ears). 

lamal, aj. covered, eased, gathered together in open space, floppy (ears, 

hat). 

mi lamal to sk'usul. Is the pain still eased? 

lamalik. aj. cf. lamahtik. 

lamam, av. scattering or crowding about quickly (many animals or people). 

lamamet, av. walking about (great many people or animals), 

laman, tv. herd /sheep, horses/, place down flat /tortilla on griddle/, 

laman ba, rv. gather widely in open space, break out (measles, pox, 

pimples). 

lamanan, tv. place down flat /tortillas on griddle/. 

lamanbe, tv. cover (measles). 

lamanlaman, tv. cover selves one after another, 

lamanlaman komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave untethered one after another 

/horses/ (drunk). 

lamanlamanan komel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. lamanlaman komel. 

lamanvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave person behind, 

lambe, tv. cover /person/. 

ta hlambe ka p >tik h-p'isuk. I guess I will take a drink /to chase one's 

hangover/. 

ta hlambe bala. I will pepper him with shot. 

islambe shobelal sna. He repaired the thatch on his house. 

islambe mahel. He slugged him. 

islambe pop ta ssat. He covered his face with a mat /murder victim/. 

lek islambe vo?. He was soaked /in rainstorm/. 


205 

lambenal sonobil, nphr(n4f of n3d). new sole /nailed on top of worn 

sandal sole/, 

lameah, iv. have pain or sexual appetite eased, give vent to anger (drunk), 

become tame. 

lamean ba, rv. assuage sexual appetite, calm down. 

lamean aba mi sak'an lekote. Calm down if you want to do the right 

thing. 

lamean vinik, vphr(tv & n5). assuage man's sexual appetite (woman), 

lameanbe k'usul, vphr(tv & n4f). ease one's pain, 

lameanvan, iv. assuage man's sexual appetite (woman), 

lamebal, n5. moment before dispute is settled or pain is assuaged. 

lamel. nc. cover. 

lames k'op, vphr(tv & n5). calm a dispute, ease a situation (magistrate, 

lawyer). 

islames k'op ti mu t sk'an t smah sbaike. He eased the situation so 

that they would not want to hit each other, 

lamesbe k'usul, vphr(tv & n4f). ease pain, 

lamet, av. walking about, flocking about (people or animals), 

lametah, iv. flock, 

lametik, av. cf. lamet (plu). 

lami, iv. be seated or standing in open space (many persons or animals), 

be sitting flat (tortilla on griddle), break out (measles, pox, pimples), 

lamk'uh, iv. become floppy (hat), 

lamk'un, tv. make floppy /hat/, 

lamlah, av. flopping (ears of dogs). 

lamlahet, av. flopping (ears of dogs), spreading widely (toes), 

lamlam, aj. floppy (dog's ears, hat), 

lamleb, nld. customary gathering place /sheep, cows/, 

lamleh, nib. gathering, scattering /people, animals/, eruption /measles, 

etc./. 

lamlon, av. flopping (ears of dog, hat), scattered, spreading widely (toes). 

slamlon Irabtel. The workers are spread out. 

lamlonah, iv. flop, 

lamluh, av. converging suddenly (many people, animals or birds), moving 

away suddenly (people, animals, birds), 

lamob, nlf. covering, 

lamobil, nlf. cf. lamob. 

lamp'uh, iv. cf. lamk'uh. 

lamp'un, tv. cf. lamk'un. 

lamtaob, nlf. new sole nailed on top of worn sandal sole, 

lamtaobil, nlf. cf. lamtaob. 

lamtelamte, av. moving about in flock or crowd, 

lamulan, tv. keep covering self /with blanket/, keep mending /roof/, 

lamulan, iv. be eased repeatedly (toothache), 

hlameaneh-k'op, agn(vn & ncpd). person who settles dispute (magistrate, 

lawyer). 

hlameaneh-vinik, agn(vn & ncpd). loose woman, 

hlameseh-k'op, agn(vn & ncpd). person who settles dispute (magistrate, 

lawyer), 

lorn, nc. weeding /1-3/, planting /1-2/, layer of clothing /1-5/. 

h-lom...h-lom. some people...some people. 

caica'J-lom t sk'opoh. He tells two different stories (or) He betrays 

a confidence. 

lomlom, nc. single layer of clothing being worn /I only/, 

lomollomol, n4f. each of many plots of growing corn. 

lekik slomollomol. Every few plots are growing well. 

lamina N(Sp, lamina). 

lamina, nla. corrugated sheeting, water resistant cardboard /for roofing/. 

lamina karton, nphr(n of n)5. cardboard sheet, 

lamina tak'in, nphr(n of n)5. corrugated sheeting, 

land) N. 

Ian, n2d. Ritual speech, curing prayers; assuagement, cf. lam. 

d'ul-lan, c'ul-sik. the holy assuagement, the holy coolness. 

hd'amuntik tal, hmakitik tal ti yo 1 alanilike ti yo 1 asikilike. Let us 

borrow, let us share Thy assuagement, Thy coolness.


lan(2) A or N. 

Ian te?, nphr(x type n). tonduz senna Cassia tonduzii, #2436(20). Temperate 

" tree" The trunk is used for roof purlins, fence posts, and firewood. 

rippleseed plantain Plantago major, #601(1,3). Highland plant" 

As a remedy for mumps three leaves are bound to the neck. They 

are cold". To lessen muscular reflex pain /nelub/ a leaf is bound 

to the affected part; neck, arm, hand, thigh. 

lansa N(Sp, lanza). 

lansa, nla. spear, bayonet. 

lansa ?ak\ nphr(n type n). 'spear vine', Mandevilla sp.. # 1663(7). Lowland 

"vine" 

lap(l) T. 

lap, tv. wear, dress, repair /fence by placing new posts between rotten 

ones/. 

lap, iv. be dressed (saint). 

lap, n4f. replacement /for worn out fence post, worn set of clothing/. 

lap ?oy, nphr(nla of n5). vertical pole of wattle and daub wall, 

lap ?oyal na, nphr(nlf of nphr/nattlf & nld/). vertical pole of wattle and 

daub wall. 

lapahtik, aj. cf. lapal /plu/. 

lapal, aj. lit., clothed, i.e., in office. 

lapal ta yabtel.. He is in office. 

k'al lapalon ta kalkalteal. When I was an alcalde. 

lapalik, aj. cf. lapal /plu/. 

lapan, tv. dress (people). 

lapanan, tv. cf. lapan. 

lapanlapan, tv. dress one after another, 

lapanlapanan, tv. cf. lapanlapan. 

lapbe ba, rv. dress each other. 

lapel, ncle. change of clothing. 

lapet vuvun, vphr(av & nld). dressing according to one's own taste. 

lapleh, n4f. dressing /saint/. 

lapob 9ual, nphr(nlf of nlf). candles lighted in church, or liquor served 

when saint is adorned with chaplets. 

lapob k'uvul, nphr(nlf of n3d). cane liquor served while dressing /bride 

and groom, individuals who wear special clothing for fiesta/. 

lapobil ?ual, nphr(nlf of nlf). cf. lapob tual. 

lapobil k'uvul, nphr(nlf of n3d). cf. lapob k'uiul. 

laptelapte •mvun, vphr(av & n4d). walking about wearing /clothes, usually 

someone else's/. 

lap(2) X. 

laplon, av. penetrating repeatedly. 

slaplon t sic' vat. She was being penetrated repeatedly by the penis. 

lapluh, av. penetrating suddenly (thorn, penis). 

lapis N(Sp, lapiz). 

lapis, nla. pencil. 

lap' X. 

lap'ap', av. shining (sun, moon, Venus). 

lap'ap'et, av. gleaming (broken glass, corn field, mirror), twinkling (candles), 

lap'et, av. gleaming, twinkling (candle, light, sun, moon, reflection of sun 

or moon). 

lap'etik, av. shining (clothes of people in distance). 

Iap'lahet, av. gleaming, twinkling (candles, stars, lights or mirrors). 

lap'lahetik, av. shining (clothes of people in distance). 

lap'lon, av. gleaming (candle, light, glass). 

Ritual speech, prayer to rising sun; slap'lon tal anicimal bae slap'lon 

tal anicimal sate. Your beautiful visage is approaching gleaming, 

your beautiful face is approaching gleaming. 

lap'luh, av. shining with sudden blinding intensity (lightning), 

lap'telap'te, av. gleaming here and there. 

larino N(Sp, ladino). 

larino, n5. ladino. 

larkavi'sta N(Sp, larga vista), 

larkavista, nla. transit, binoculars. 

laso N(Sp, laso). 

laso, nla. rope, var., lasu. 

lastima N(Sp, lastima). 

lastima, nla. wound, 

lastima, excl. what a pity! that's too bad! 

lasu 

lasu, rope. cf. laso. 

las(l) P. 

lasahtik, aj. cf. lasal /plu/. 

lasal, aj. erupted (measles, pox, pimple), barely emerging (weeds), 

lasalik, aj. cf. lasal /plu/. 

lasan ba, rv. erupt (measles, pox, pimples), 

lasi, iv. erupt (measles, pox, pimples), 

lasleh, n4f. eruption (measles, pox). 

laslehikil, n4f. exudation /droplets appearing where squash is scratched/. 

las(2) X. 

lasas'et, av. slightly hot (chili), 

laset, av. slightly hot (chili), 

lasluh, av. stinging suddenly (nettle). 

lata N(Sp, lata). 

Iata, nla. gallon can. 

latin N(Sp, latin), 

latin, n5. Latin, var., platin. 

latrio 

latrio, brick, cf. lagrio. 

lavalena N(Sp, clavellina). 

lavalena, nla. Ritual speech, prayer of abandoned spouse, beseeching 

death of offender; pink. cf. nicim. var., lavalina. 

vasasenauk lavalenauk ti shole ti yovone ti yo 1 avalabe ti yo 1 

anic'nabe. may it be a lily, may it be a pink, the head of thy lowly 

child, the heart of thy lowly child. 

lavalina 

lavalina, pink. cf. lavalena. 

lavi N. 

lavi, n5. today, now that, since, for the present, var., lavil. 

lavi batem 9une mu hnai k'u ta hnop. Now that she has left (me) I 

don't know what to do. 

lavi-1 stal semanae. next week. 

lavi t stal habile, next year. 

hai to lavie. from now on. 

lavil 

lavil, today, now that, since, for the present, cf. lavi. 

lavus N(Sp, clavo). 

lavus, nla. nail. 

lavus let, nphr(n of n)la. wooden peg for securing roof shingles, 

lavustik, aj. sprouting, accuminate, spikelike (corn) /first developmental 

stage when sprouts are one inch high, also called bicilik and p'icilik/ 

/plu/. 

Ml) P, P(2). 

lev, tv. toss off /burden/ (mule), raise or pry open eyelid /with finger/, 

pry open /corn husk to see if ripe/, 

lev, nc. tossing off /mule's burden/, 

lev ba, rv. frisk, jump around (child, colt), walk idly. 

Ie9anan, tv. pry open /corn husks/, toss off /burdens/ (mule), 

levanlevan, tv. pry open one after another /corn husks/, toss off one after 

another /burdens/ (mule), 

levanlevanan, tv. cf. leianleian. 

lev-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. gambol, jumping or frisking around (children), 

lev-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with white of eyes showing, 

levahtik, aj. face up /plu/. 

levahtik sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. letel sat. 

levan, tv. lay face up. 

levan ba, rv. stretch out face up /in sun/. 

levbe, tv. pry apart /legs/. 

leveah, iv. rip wide open (clothing), fall apart (fence), 

levevet, av. threadbare, glaring angrily, 

level, nc4e. tossing off /mule's burden/.

leiel, aj. face up, torn. 

le?el sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). lit., with white of eyes showing, i.e., lost 

in thought. 

le?elik sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. leiel sat. 

leiet, av. lying face up. 

lMetik, av. cf. le*>et (plu). 

le'i, iv. lie face up. 

leolah, av. bucking (mules). 

lcilahct. av. thrashing about, 

lertahet cak, vphr(av & n4d). frisking, 

letlahetik, av. thrashing about (plu). 

lolo, aj. with white of eye showing, torn (clothing). 

loleh, nib. face up. 

likan me, k'usi t sapas ta leilehe. Get up, what are you doing face 

up? /sleeping person/. 

le?lon, av. lying face up trying to stand, heavy-lidded, 

legion cak, vphr(av & n4d). bucking (mule). 

lertuh, av. bucking suddenly, ripping wide open suddenly (clothing), 

leip'uh, iv. fall face up, rip wide open (clothing), fall apart (fence), crack 

open (house, i.e., mud wall). 

le^p'un, tv. force apart /legs/, break down /fence/. 

le"Uele?te, av. falling here and there (drunk). 

leitele^te cak, vphr(av & n4d). bucking about (mule). 

le'Hele'He sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about and staring aimlessly, 

leralan ba, rv. buck or frisk (mule). 

leTvan, iv. throw person (horse), 

hleivaneh, agn. bronco. 

Ie7(2) A. 

1«, aj. there, over there, that one, that person, like that. 

mu sa sak'ot ta hnatik \zit. You cannot reach home now like that 

/if drunk or sick/. 

le^le 1 ) to, ajphr(aj & pt). rather distant /time, place/. 

leb X. 

leb soe*, nphr(x of n). 'bat's leb', mimosa Mimosa invisa,#2671(l,3,15,20,21,22). 

Lowland "vine" (20)-It is eaten by horses. 

leb soe"tik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of leb soe". 

k'os leb soe*, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Schrankia leptocarpa, 

#1677(1,4). Lowland "plant" 

muk'ta leb soe 5 , nphr(aj & nphr/x of n/). Anoda crisiata, #2113(14). 

Temperate "plant" 

lebeb, av. flaring (flame), 

lebebet, av. glistening (face, legs, greased or oiled hair), shining (grease 

on surface of water), flaring (flames), 

lebel, aj. beautiful and big (woman), glistening (hair), leveled, hoed or 

weeded in broad swatch, 

lebet, av. glistening (face, legs, greased or oiled hair), forming broad 

swatch (land being cleared, weeded or hoed), 

leblah, av. walking fat and glistening (horses), 

leblahet, av. flashing (lightning), fat and glistening (horse), pleasingly 

plump and well-groomed (girl). 

leblahetik, av. pleasingly plump and well-groomed (girls), 

leblon, av. flaring (flame), fat and glistening (horse, beautiful woman), 

lebluh, av. flaring up suddenly (flame, lightning), 

lebtelebte, av. flaring here and there (flames), 

lebuel, vn5. flaring /flame/. 

lebal A. 

lebal nuti 1 ?, nphr(aj & n)la. wide-meshed net in which corn is flailed. 

lec(l) N(Sp, leche). 

lee, nla. cow's milk. 

lec(2) P, P(2). 

lee, tv. hoe up /weeds/, hold /basket, bowl/, gore /with one horn/, 

spoon, scoop out /with shovel, gourd, spoon/, 

lee, nc. bowlful, gourdful, spoonful, shovelful, 

lec-ie, n(aj & ncpd)5. with protruding lower lip. 

lecahtik, aj. cf. lecel /plu/. 

lecan, tv. set down /bowl/. 


207 

lecan ba, tv. stand up swaying (child before it can walk), stand (mushroom). 

lecanan, tv. set down /books/. 

lecanil, n4d. stupidity. 

skoh slecanil s"elan ispase. That happened to him because of his 

stupidity. 

lecanlecan, tv. set down one after another /bowls/. 

lecanlecanan, tv. cf. lecanlecan. 

lecanob. n5. table for meal, depression in ground where bowl can be set. 

lecanobil, nlf. container for beans, etc., depression in ground where bowl 

can be set. 

lece-pat, n(aj & ncpd)ld. creche, hut used in lowlands, var., leco-pat. 

lece-pat na, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)5. hut used in lowlands, 

lecet, av. lying neglected in container (food not sold at market), moving 

around in stomach (intrusive object). 

lecec likel, vphr(av & dr). swaying (heavy object when lifted), 

lececet, av. jiggling (house in earthquake), 

lecel(l), aj. in bowls, agape. 

lecel svoel. Their meal has been served. 

lecel(2), ncle. bowlful, gourdful, spoonful, shovelful, 

lecelik, aj. with pair of leaves (young watermelon gourd, cabbage, summer 

squash, broad bean, beans), protruding (horns), 

lecellecel, n4f. each of many bowlfuls, etc. 

lecet ne, av. with mouth agape /lost in thought/. 

leci, iv. be in container /bowl/. 

lecil, n3a. wooden spoon, clay spoon /formerly/, inan. poss; slecal. 

leclahet, av. jouncing (boards of bridge), jolting (car), rocking (dugouts), 

leclahetik, av. rocking, swaying (people in dugout), 

leclec, nc. single bowlful, etc. /I only/, 

leclec, aj. squat (cow), wide (cap of amanita), too wide and low (house), 

protruding (lower lip), bent upwards (hat brim), 

lecleh, nlf. protruding (lower lip). 

k'u t sapas ta lecleh ave. What are you doing with your mouth agape? 

/lost in thought/, 

leclon, av. shaking, quaking (earth), rocking (dugout). 

sleclon sme 1 ? vinik. The pain is flickering in his chest, 

lecluh, av. quaking suddenly (earth). 

leco-pat, cf. lece-pat. 

leco-pat na, cf. lece-pat na. 

lecob, nlf. large wooden spoon, shovel, 

lecobil, nlf. cf. lecob. 

lecp'uh, iv. jump up (one end of board), 

lectelecte, av. distributing one bowl after another, 

lecvan, iv. toss person in the air (bull). 

lecuka N(Sp, lechuga). 

lecuka, nla. lettuce. 

legra N(Sp, regla). 

legra, nla. roof rod of tile-roofed house, var., regra. 

leh P. 

leh-9e, n(aj & ncpd)5. with mouth agape (person lost in thought), 

lehahtik, aj. cf. lehel /plu/. 

lehan, tv. gape /mouth when staring at person/, 

lehanil, n4d. stupidity. 

skoh slehanil sielan ispase. That happened to him because of his 

stupidity, 

leheah, iv. gape, 

lehel, aj. agape (mouth), 

lehelik, aj. cf. lehel /plu. 

lehet, av. with mouth agape (person lost in thought), 

lehetik, av. cf. lehet (plu). 

lehi ie komel, vphr(iv & n4d & dr). be left behind gaping /lost in 

thought/. 

lehlah, av. panting (plu). 

lehlahet, av. cf. lehlon (plu). 

lehlahetik, av. cf. lehlon (plu). 

lehleh, nld. with tongue hanging out (dog), with mouth agape.


lehleh 9e, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with mouth agape, with tongue hanging 

out (rabid dog). 

lehlon, av. with tongue hanging out (dog), panting (dog V4: 5), opening 

mouth /after eating hot chili/. 

lehp'uh, iv. cf. leheah. 

lehtelehte 9e, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with mouth agape /lost in 

thought/. 

lek A. 

lek, n5. good. 

Use restricted to; ta hun lek. for your own good. 

lek, aj. good, well, fine, exact, careful, carefully, important, possible, easy. 

hayib lek ?ora t syul. At exactly what time will he return. 

mu hk'an lek. I don't like it very much. 

lek , vphr(aj & tv). be good at . 

lek 9a9i, vphr(aj & tv). think well of, be happy about. 

lek ?il, vphr(aj & tv). be on good terms with, think highly of, be lucky 

/finding object on path, buying article for low price/, 

lek iyil muk' S9oc ta cukel. He was lucky not to go to jail, 

lek iyil ti muk' shelav k'al Hobel li hmilvanehe. The murderer was 

lucky that (the case) didn't get to San Cristobal. 

lek 9o?on, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). good-hearted, kind, nice. 

lek hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). good-hearted, kind, nice /less freq than 

above/. 

lek kom, vphr(aj & iv). be content with or in agreement with /infr/. 

lek k'opon, vphr(aj & tv). be on good terms with. 

lek sk'opon slak'-na. He is on good terms with his neighbor. 

lek.il, nla. goodness. 

slekil yo9on iyak'. He gave it out of the goodness of his heart, 

k'e slekil. Look how good it is! 

lekil, aj. good. 

ta lekil k'op. properly, satisfactorily, or out of court, 

lekil k'elbil. properly cared for or attended to. 

lekil ?a9i, vphr(n4f & tv). exploit, take advantage of /lenience/. 

slekil t sa9i li muk' bu t sic' mahele. He took advantage of not being 

beaten. 

slekil t sari li muk' bu t sic' sibtasele baei stamohbe loiil. He took 

advantage of not being threatened; he has begun to gossip a lot. 

lekil , tv(aj & tvcpd). do carefully or properly. 

ta hlekil-?ak'be. I will do right by him. 

islekil-k'el k'ahoh. He harvested carefully /by leaving nothing behind/. 

Ritual speech, shaman during candle inspection; t salekil-nupbekon, 

t salekil-iic'bekon. Thou wilt meet them /candles/ properly for me, 

Thou wilt receive them properly for me. 

Ritual speech, shaman before departing for shrines, referring to 

candles; mi lekil-c'ambil tana mi lekil 'Jic'bil tana. Will they be 

properly accepted today, will they be properly received today? 

Ritual speech, shaman praying before departing for shrines; mi 

salekil-9ilbekon mi salekil-malabekon. Wilt Thou look upon me 

with favor, wilt Thou await me with favor? 

lekil-wi, tv(aj & tvcpd). listen carefully or pay close attention to. 

islekil-wi k'usi t S9ale. He listened carefully to what he was told. 

lekil a I, nla. goodness. 

lekin, tv. Ritual speech; enjoy, cf. tuein. 

Denunciatory speech when family, having accepted brideprice, subsequently 

fails to relinquish bride; hun ycon ta slekin ta suein ti h-set'e, 

ti hutebe. Happily they enjoy, they delight in the morsel, the trifle. 

leklek, aj. rather good, rather well. 

leklek 9unen ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/aj & rpn/4b). beautiful, cute. 

leklek ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn). beautiful, handsome. 

leklektik, aj. rather good, rather well. 

lekub, iv. recuperate, improve (work, working ability). 

yantik t slekub. He is becoming a better person (or) It is becoming 

a more obedient animal. 

lekub 9o9on, vphr(iv eft n4d). restore one's spirits. 

lekubtas, tv. improve, set aright. 

lekoh N. 

lekoh, n4b. separate, apart, divorced. 

lekohlekoh, n4f. each separately. 

lekom N. 

lekomah, iv. seek a bride. 

lekomil, n3d. fiancee, bride. 

lekomin, tv. be engaged or married (girl). 

lekominvan, iv. be engaged to or marry a girl. 

hlekomahel, agn. fiance, groom. 

lek'(l) T. 

lek', tv. lick, taste /salt or meal by dipping finger in and then licking it/. 

Male scolding speech; lek'an acak kavron. Lick your ass, bastard! 

lek', nc. lick. 

lek' 9e, vphr(tv & n4d). chew the cud (cow), rage impotently. 

lek' ba, rv. lick oneself (cat, dog, cow). 

lek'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. licking. 

lek'an, tv. lick /plu/ (cat). 

lek'anlek'an, tv. lick one after another. 

lek'anlek'anan, tv. cf. lek'anlek'an. 

lek'be, tv. lick. 

slek'be yila9al yol. It licked the dust off its lamb. 

Ritual speech, curing prayers, petition addressed to tutelary gods on 

behalf of animal spirit companion; lek'bekon bue"bekon ti yunen pat 

9une ti yunen sokon 9une t avunen nicike t avunen k'elome. Lick it 

for me, kiss it for me, its little side, Thy little flower, Thy little 

sprout. 

lek'ek'et wk', vphr(av & n4d). flicking tongue in and out (snake). 

lek'el, nc. lick. 

lek'et, av. licking. 

lek'lahet, av. licking (puppies, children). 

lek'lahetik, av. cf. lek'lahet. 

lek'lon 9e, vphr(av & n4d). licking one's chops (person waiting impatiently 

to eat). 

lek'ob 9ae"am, nphr(nlf of n4d). salt lick /trough/. 

90 slek'ob yae'am t'ul. There is a salt lick for the rabbits /referring 

to any place where rabbits consistently congregate/. 

lek'obil 9ae'am, nphr(nlf of n4d). cf. lek'ob Yae'am. 

lek'van, iv. lick person (dog). 

lek'(2) P(2). 

lek' ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap. 

lek'ahtik, aj. cf. lek'el /plu/. 

lek'an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap /plu/. 

lek'anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. lek'an la mahel. 

lek'be 9arsial, vphr(tv &. nld). whip. 

lek'ek'et, av. slapping (belt of gasoline-motored corn mill). 

lek'el, aj. bald. 

lek'et, av. with hair flattened down, bald. 

lek'Iah, av. slapping /sound/ (sandal) /archaic/ (sing or plu). 

lek'lahet, av. cracking /sound/ (whip), slapping. 

lek'leh, n5. bald, with hair flattened down. 

lek'leh yav spek'. His hair is flattened down where his tumpline 

crosses. 

lek'lek', aj. bald. 

lek'luh, av. cracking suddenly (whip, lightning), slapping suddenly. 

lek'telek'te ti"> ba, vphr(av & nphr/n of n/4d). walking about with glistening 

or flattened down hair. 

lek'ulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slapping. 

lem(l) P. 

lem, nc. large blob or mound (manure, human excrement, cow patty). 

lemahtik, aj. cf. lemel /plu/. 

leman, tv. place down in a large blob or mound /mud, thick and improperly 

made tortilla/. 

lemanleman, tv. leave one large blob or mound after another /excrement/. 

lemekil, n4f. in many large blobs or mounds (cow patties). 

lemel, aj. in a large blob or mound (manure, human excrement, cow

patty). 

lemelik, aj. cf. lemel /plu/. 

lemellemel, n4f. each of many large blobs or mounds. 

lemi, iv. sit in a large blob or mound (tortilla). 

lemleh, n4f. width of large blob or mound, 

lemlem c'ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & nib), with bulging middle (pot). 

lem(2) X. 

lemem, av. burning /pain in heart/, 

lememet, av. stinging or smarting (pain caused by chili, smoke in eyes, 

or medicine), 

lemlahet, av. stinging (pain, cracked hands, medicine), smarting /from 

switching/. 

lemlon, av. stinging (wound, scrape, eyes from chili). 

lemlonah. iv. sting. 

lemluh, av. stinging suddenly /medicine, chili in eyes/. 

lemtelemte, av. stinging throughout body, 

len P(2). 

lenahtik, aj. cf. tenel /plu/. 

lenan, tv. set down /pot/, 

lenan ba, rv. be seated (drunkard, balky cow). 

lenanan, tv. set down /pots/. 

lenanlenan, tv. set down one after another /pot/. 

lenanlenanan, tv. cf. lenanlenan. 

lenanvan, iv. push person on his butt. 

lenbe, tv. make person bulge /with food or drink, with beating or scolding/. 

lenel, aj. seated on the ground, 

lenelik, aj. cf. lenel /plu/. 

lenen, av. falling on one's seat, 

lenenet c'ut, vphr(av & n4d & prep & vn5). with bulging stomach (pig, 

mare, puppy, child), 

lenet, av. seated on ground, 

lenetik, av. cf. lenet (plu). 

leni, iv. sit directly on (pot on fire, child, woman or drunk on ground). 

lenlah, av. slipping and falling on one's seat (sing or plu). 

lenlahet, av. falling on one's seat (child, drunk), 

lenlahetik, av. cf. lenlahet (plu). 

lenleh, nib. sitting on ground, 

lenlen c'ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & nib), with bulging belly, chubby (person, 

pot). 

lenlon, av. sitting and unable to move (drunk). 

lenluh, av. falling suddenly on one's seat. 

lentelente, av. sitting down here and there (shepherd), walking about with 

swollen belly (horse, sheep). 

leon N(Sp, ledn). 

leon, nla. mountain lion Felis concolor. 

Joking speech; t sbat ta voel leon. He is going to be food for the 

lions, i.e., He is going to the circus. 

iep P(2). 

lep ta kuceL vphr(tv & prep & vn5). carry piggyback /large child/, 

lepahtik, aj. mounted /plu/. 

lepan, tv. set down /elevated above the ground/, 

lepan ba, rv. sit down /be elevated above the ground/. 

lepanlepan ta kucel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). carry one after another 

piggyback. 

lepanlepanan ta kucel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. lepanlepan ta kucel. 

lepel, aj. seated or elevated above the ground, mounted /on horse/. 

lepel scak ta kucel. His bottom sticks out when he is carried (large 

child). 

lepet, av. mounted. 

lepetik, av. cf. lepet (plu). 

lepi, iv. be seated or elevated above the ground (pot on hearthstone, 

person or object on bed, stone, chair or horse). 

leplah. av. bouncing up and down (people on horseback), 

leplahet, av. bouncing up and down (people on horseback). 

leplahetik, av. cf. leplahet. 


lepleh, nib. sitting /elevated above ground/. 

leplon, av. bouncing up and down (person on horseback). 

leptelepte, av. bouncing up and down here and there (person being carried). 

lepvan ta kucel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). carry person piggyback /child/. 

hlepvaneh ta kucel, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). person who carries child 

piggyback. 

Iep' prob P or P(2). 

lep', nc. stain, bruise, scar, blemish, burned patch /clothing, land/. 

lep'ahtik, aj. cf. lep'el /plu/. 

lep'antik, aj. with widely separated spots. 

lep'eah, iv. form scar. 

lep'ean, tv. scar. 

lep'ekil, n4f. with many spots /pinta/. 

lep'el, aj. stained. 

lep'el yav cobtik. The corn field makes an open space /in the 

woods/. 

lep'elik, aj. cf. lep'el /plu/. 

lep'ellep'el, n4f. each of many stains, burned patches or blemishes. 

lep'et, av. walking with scar, stain or blemish. 

lep'lahet, av. flashing (lightning). 

lep'leh, nib. scar, stain, blemish, patch /field/. 

lep'lehikil, n4f. cf. lep'leh /plu/. 

lep'lep', nc. single blemish /I only/. 

lep'lep', aj. scarred, stained, tonsured. 

lep'telep'te, av. walking about with scar, stain or blemish. 

lereho 

lereho, clock, watch, cf. reloho. 

les P(2). 

les, nc. small mound of watery material (mud, excrement) /flatter than 

fern/. 

lesahtik, aj. cf. lesel /plu/. 

lesan, tv. drop /excrement, chicken/. 

lesan ba, rv. sit down (woman). 

lesanan, tv. leave a lot of /excrement/ (dog). 

lesanlesan, tv. leave one small mound after another /excrement/. 

lesanlesanan, tv. cf. lesanlesan. 

lesbe, tv. sling at /mud/. 

lesekil, n4f. many small mounds. 

lesel, aj. watery (mud), seated (woman on mat. drunk in mud). 

leselik, aj. seated on ground or mat /plu/. 

lesellesel, n4f. each of many piles /excrement/. 

leses, av. sitting down /from standing position/. 

leseset, av. watery (mud). 

leset, av. watery (mud), sitting /in mud. on mat/. 

lesetik, av. sitting /in mud, on mat/ (plu). 

lesi, iv. be seated (woman). 

ieslah, av. slipping (fresh daub). 

leslahet, av. slipping on rear /in mud/ (plu), flowing (watery cow or horse 

manure). 

leslahetik, av. slipping on rear /in mud/ (plu). 

lesleh, nib. sitting on ground, watery state /excrement/. 

leslehikil, n4f. watery state /excrement/. 

lesles, nc. single small mound /mud/ /I only/. 

lesles, aj. watery (mud, excrement). 

lesion, av. sitting helplessly /in mud/, walking in blubbery fashion (fat 

woman), bubbling (corn gruel, nixtamal). 

lesluh, av. slipping suddenly and falling /in mud/. 

lesteleste, av. slipping here and there (in mud), slipping and falling off 

here and there (fresh daub). 

ha"> ti bu slesteleste ta vulaial. Wherever she sits down paying visits 

/large woman who is always visiting instead of working/. 

leseiisya N(Sp, licencia). 

lesensya, nld. Ritual speech; forgiveness. 

•>ak'on t apertonal lak'on t alesensya htot kahval. Pardon me, forgive 

me, My Father, My Lord. var., lesinsya.


lesinsaro N(Sp, licenciado). 

lesinsaro, agn. lawyer /ladino/. var., lisensaro. 

lesinsya 

lesinsya, forgiveness, cf. lesensya. 

let P(2). 

let, nc. puddle /clotted blood, corn gruel/. 

let ba, rv. thicken, clot. 

letahtik, aj. cf. letel /in several containers/. 

letan, tv. thicken, scoop up thick substance /corn gruel/. 

letanletan, tv. set down one pile after another /mud for adobe/. 

letanobil, n4f. broken gourd or pot for scooping up spilled corn gruel. 

letekil, n4f. thickness /mud or corn gruel in several bowls/. 

letel, aj. greasy (liquid, lard), clotted (blood). 

letelik, aj. cf. lelahlik. 

letelletel, h4f. each of many puddles /clotted blood, corn gruel/. 

letet, av. moving thickly (egg yolk, mud). 

letetet, av. moving thickly (egg yolk, mud). 

led, iv. thicken (liquid) /infr/. 

letlah yalel, vphr(av & dr). falling (daub). 

letlahet, av. cf. letlon (plu) /in several containers/. 

letlahet yalel, vphr(av & dr). falling in blobs (mud). 

letleh, n4f. thickness /mud, corn gruel/. 

letlehkil, n4f. thickness /corn gruel in several bowls/. 

letlet, aj. thick (liquid). 

letlon, av. moving thickly, moving back and forth thickly (egg yolk, lard). 

letluh, av. suddenly falling thickly (excrement, corn gruel). 

lettelette, av. spilling and moving about thickly. 

lettelette sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with whites of eyes showing. 

letanya N(Sp. letam'a). 

letanya, n5. Rogation Day /Monday before Ascension Day/. 

letanyatilc, n5. Rogationtide /ten day period beginning on Monday before 

Ascension Day/. 

9os'ib letanya, nphr(num4e type n)5. Third Rogation Day /Wednesday 

before Ascension Day/. 

ba letanya, nphr(n type n)5. First Rogation Day /Monday before Ascension 

Day/. 

canib letanya, nphr(num4e type n)5. Fourth Rogation Day /Thursday 

before Ascension Day/. 

cib letanya, nphr(num4e type n)5. Second Rogation Day /Tuesday before 


vcob letanya, nphr(num4e type n)5. Fifth Rogation Day /Friday before 


let' P. 

let', nc. small blob /thick liquid/. 

let'ahtik, aj. cf. let'el /plu/. 

let'an, tv. drop /small blob of thick liquid; human or chicken excrement/. 

let'anlet'an, tv. leave one dropping after another (chicken). 

let'anlet'anan, tv. cf. let'anlet'an. 

let'ekil, n4f. in many small blobs (clotted blood). 

let'el, aj. spilled (small blob of thick liquid; corn gruel, human or chicken 

excrement). 

let'ellet'el, n4f. each of many small blobs (chicken droppings). 

let'et, av. lying spilled (small blob of thick liquid). 

let'i, iv. be sitting in container or spilled (blob of thick liquid, corn gruel, 

boiled squash). 

let'lah yalel, vphr(av & dr). falling (daub). 

let'lahet, av. dropping (small blobs of thick liquid). 

let'let', aj. spilled (small blob of thick liquid; corn gruel, human or chicken 

excrement). 

let'luh, av. dropping suddenly (small blob of thick liquid, bird dropping). 

let'telet'te, av. spilling here and there (small blob of thick liquid). 

lev P, T, or T(2). 

lev, tv. break open. 

islev la ta sk'ob. He opened it wide with his fingers, they say, i.e., He 

forced a young virgin. 

lev, iv. open (door in wind), be broken (fence). 

lev, nc. tear, hole /clothing, fence/. 

lev ba, rv. frisk, jump around (child, colt). 

lev-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. gambol, jumping, frisking around (children). 

levahtik, aj. ripped in many places (clothing), broken in many places 

(fence). 

levahtik K, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. level te /plu/. 

levahtik sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. level sat /plu/. 

levan, tv. break open, open, have sexual relations (man), place face up. 

islevan komel ta be. He left him face up on the path /murderer/, 

levan ba, rv. lie face up. 

levanan, tv. break open in many places /fence/, 

levanlevanan, tv. break open one after another /fences/, 

levanvan, iv. leave person face up (murderer), 

levbe, tv. clear wide swath /land/, 

level, aj. lying face up, ripped open, torn (clothing, seam), wide open 

(door), wide-necked (shirt, tunic), wide (cleared stretch of forest), 

level ie, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with mouth agape, spreading gossip, 

level sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). wide-eyed, staring, 

levelik, aj. broken in many places (fence), 

levelik sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. level sat. 

levellevel, n4f. each of many holes /in fence/, 

levet, av. lying face up and moving (lazy person asleep in field), falling 

on back (mortally wounded deer), opening a crack (door), swinging 

back and forth (door). 

levev yalel, vphr(av & dr). falling over backwards /from sitting or 

squatting position/, 

levi, iv. lie on back (dog), 

levil, n3d. groin, 

levk'uh, iv. fall over backwards (drunk, horse), collapse (fence, door, 

wall), wear torn /clothing/, 

levk'un, tv. push over backwards /drunk, horse/, collapse /fence, door, 

wall/. 

levk'un ba, rv. fall over backwards. 

levk'unan, tv. push over backwards /drunks/, knock down /fences/, 

levk'unvan, iv. push person over backwards, 

levlah, av. bucking (mules). 

levlahet, av. walking with many tears in clothing, falling down and getting 

up repeatedly, 

levlahetik, av. falling down and getting up repeatedly (plu), lying and 

moving /in sexual relations/, 

levleh, nld. lying face up. 

levlev, nc. single tear /clothing/, single hole /fence/ /I only/, 

levlev, aj. ripped open, with torn seam, 

levlon, av. thrashing /dying, sexual intercourse, drunk/, flapping (torn 

clothes), 

levluh, av. bucking suddenly (mule), ripping open suddenly (clothing), 

opening suddenly (door), 

levp'uh, iv. cf. levk'uh. 

levp'un, tv. cf. levk'un. 

levp'unan, tv. cf. levk'unan. 

levtelevte, av. falling here and there (drunk), 

levtelevte cak, vphr(av & n4d). bucking about (mule), 

levtelevte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about staring aimlessly, 

levulan ba, rv. buck or frisk (mule). 

levulan cak, vphr(tv & n4d). buck (mule trying to throw off burden), 

hlevanvaneh, agn. Female speech; seducer. 

li(l) Pt. 

li, pt. the, the one, the fact that, fix contracts to / when preceding second 

person possession marker, a-/, var., i, ni /infr/. 

pero mas muk' li ta wlon "»osile. But the lowland one is bigger, 

li t s"bate. the fact that he is going. 

li(2) X. 

lilih, iv. burst open (corn tassel), fall off completely (leaves or peaches 

when knocked down by hail), evaporate (dew), become covered with 

spots (victim of pinta), fall apart (flower). 

t slilih hu-huntik. A very few are in flower /twelfth developmental

stage of corn, also called hlilihel, t stitih hu-huntik or htilihel sa/. 

hlihel, vn5. shattered (pot), covered with spots (victim of pinta), covered 

with bruises. 

lilihem, aj. with aches and pains throughout body, 

lilihemal, n4f. shattered remains /pottery/, crumbs /salt remaining after 

block of salt is sawed/. 

Win, tv. shake, shake down /peaches, leaves/, hoe completely, crumble 

/earth, salt/. 

t slilinat ta sik. He is shivering with cold /sick person/, 

lilin ba, rv. shake self (dog, chicken, buzzard, horse), 

lilinbe, tv. spray /bullets/, scatter /salt, chicken feed/, 

lilinan, tv. shake /plu/, shake off much /dirt/. 

lilmliiinan, tv. shake one after another, 

lilinobil, nlf. pole used to knock down fruit, 

lilinvan, iv. make person shiver /with fear/. 

hlilihel, agn. corn in flower. 

hlilihel sa. The corn is in flower now /twelfth developmental stage 

of corn, also called / slilih hu-huntik, t stitih hu-huntik or htilihel sa./ 

hlilineh ânal te 1 ?, agn: nphr(vn & nphrcpd/n4f of n5/). first rain of 

wet season /causing old leaves to fall/. 

lias N(Sp, has). 

has, nla. leather strap /used to bind firewood or flowers or used as 

lariat/. 

Ii7(l) A. 

li?, aj. here, now, this, var., liii. 

Customary greeting arriving at person's house; mi li"?ote. Are you 

here? 

hi t sahtakbetikotik cabanuk. Now we send you greetings. 

hi to, ajphr(aj & pt). right here. 

liii, aj. cf. Hi. 

11-7(2) T(2). 

hi, iv. stretch or crack open. 

li 1 ) ba, rv. split open (wood, clothing, heel). 

hi ta havel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). split apart /wood/. 

liiahtik, aj. torn in many places, badly eroded /about to break off/. 

Uian ta havel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). split apart /wood/. 

lftanlftan, tv. stretch apart and tear in one place after another /improperly 

woven cloth/. 

lfranlftan ta havel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). split apart one after another 

/wood/. 

b' J >anh''>anan ta havel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. liianliian ta havel. 

Ii9be, tv. stretch open. 

liieah, iv. split open (old fence, clothing). 

liêt, av. stretching apart and tearing (clothing, straight-grained wood). 

liwet, av. cracking (heel), splitting open (wood, rubber). 

h?il, aj. torn (clothing, hat brim), grimacing (child making ugly face in 

play by stretching mouth with forefingers), cracked open (earth, daub, 

heel), split (tooth). 

liftlik, aj. splitting (clothing, wood), cf. liiahtik. 

li-rteh, n4f. tear. 

hi\ii, aj. torn (clothing, hat brim), grimacing (child making ugly face in 

play by stretching mouth with forefingers), cracked open (earth, daub, 

heel), split (tooth). 

Inlon cak, vphr(av & n4d). roughhousing, jumping about. 

h?luh, av. cracking or splitting open suddenly (wound, earth, worn clothing, 

vagina, tree). 

li?p'uh, iv. cf. liieah. 

lfttelftte, av. splitting open here and there (clothing), splitting apart one 

after another (wood). 

lfttelftte cak, vphr(av & n4d). roughhousing, jumping about. 

lie P(2). 

lic-k'u?, n(aj & ncpd)5. with unfastened tunic. 

lie ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike. 

licahtik, aj. cf. licil /plu/. 

lican, tv. make flap. 

li£be labtel, vphr(tv & vn5). work at high speed. 


licbe ''anil, vphr(tv & n5). dash away. 

licbe e"etob, vphr(tv & n5). fell large tree rapidly. 

licbe te^tik, vphr(tv & n5). flee, lit., to the woods. 

licbe yalel, vphr(tv & dr). bring down /bird in tree top/. 

licet, av. flapping, waving (banner, ribbon). 

licetik ta lanil, vphr(av & prep & vn5). racing along with clothes flying 

(horse racers, constables). 

lici, iv. flap (banner). 

licic yalel, vphr(av & dr). fluttering down (bird), toppling (tree), 

licicet, av. waving, flapping (woman's blouse caught in wind, fluttering 

(man's ribbons in wind). 

licil, aj. on the brink of (tree on cliff edge). 

liclahet, av. flapping, waving (flags, ribbons), taking many tumbles. 

liclahelik. av. taking many tumbles (plu). 

liclic, aj. on the brink of (tree on cliff edge), 

liclon, av. flapping, waving (banner, ribbon), 

licluh, av. flying off suddenly /in wind/, 

licp'uh, iv. stop at the brink of. 

licp'un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). push over brink /tree/, 

lictehcte, av. toppling down here and there (large trees), dashing about 

(horses, spooks at Carnival), 

liculan, tv. wave back and forth /banners/ (ensign-bearers changing 

office), /hat/ (happy drunk), 

liculanan, tv. wave back and forth /plu/. 

lie' P, T or T(2). 

lie', tv. broaden /tortilla/, spread wide /mouth of net, burlap bag/, 

lie", iv. spread wide (tortilla being patted), expand (balloon), stretch 

(corn-flailing net). 

lie' ba, rv. spread wide, stretch (net) /in sun/, 

lic'ahtik, av. cf. lic'il (plu). 

lic'an, tv. spread out /laundry/. 

lic'an ba, rv. spread wide /arms, wings/, sprawl on stomach, 

lic'anan, tv. spread out much /laundry/, 

hc'anlic'an, tv. spread out one after another /laundry/, 

lic'anhc'anan, tv. cf. lic'anlic'an. 

lie'et. av. spreading wide (soaring buzzard, mouth), 

lie'et ê, vphr(av & n4d). with mouth agape /shouting, crying, drinking 

cane liquor/. 

lic'i, iv. have arms or wings spread wide /leaning forward/, 

lic'ic', av. fluttering (fledgling). 

lic'ic', aj. smooth, hard-skinned (nearly full-grown squash), 

lic'ic' yalel, vphr(av & dr). gliding down (plane), 

lic'ic'et, av. stretching thin, flapping (clothing, ribbons), 

lic'ic'tik, aj. slightly smooth, 

lic'il, aj. spread out (clothes), large (house, woman), sprawled on stomach, 

sitting with wings spread out (setting hen), 

lic'ilik, aj. cf. lic'il /plu/. 

lie'lah, av. floundering about (drunk, dying animal) (sing). 

lie'lahet, av. sprawling frequently (child learning to walk), fluttering 

(fledgling), flapping (laundry). 

HC'lahet ?e, vphr(av & n4d). cf. lie'lon te (plu). 

lic'lahetik, av. sprawling frequently (plu). 

lie'leh, nib. sprawled face down, 

lie'lic', aj. wide /cloth on loom when too wide/. 

lie'lon ie, vphr(av & n4d). ranting (drunk), 

lie'luh, av. stretching suddenly (clothing), flying off suddenly (wool or 

clothing in wind), 

lic'telic'te yalel, vphr(av & dr). gliding down one after another (buzzards), 

falling one after another (drunks in fight, trees), 

lic'ulan, tv. keep spreading wide /in wind/, 

lii'ulan cak, vphr(tv & n4d). roughhouse. 

lie'van, iv. Male joking speech; stretch person wide /vagina/. 

hluTvaneh, agn. person who opens another wide /vagina/. 

lik(l) P, T or T(2). 

lik, tv. begin, lift or carry object with handle or by edge /table, chair, 

empty demijohn, basket/ /in hand, on arm/, take off /fire/.


lik, iv. get up, arise, become erect. 

bu likem tal leê. Where does he (or) it come from? 

slik skah. They are very frequent /minor and major disputes, communal 

taxes or bouts of sickness/. 

lik lat, vphr(iv & n4d). have erection (male). 

lik io7on, vphr(iv & n4d). have pain in heart. 

lik 'Wun, vphr(iv & n4d). be able to carry /heavy object/. 

lik cak, vphr(iv & n4d). have erection (female) /both male and female 

speech/. 

lik c'ut, vphr(iv & nlf)- rise in the center (tortilla). 

lik hoi, vphr(iv & n5). come out of drunken stupor. 

lik hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). occur to oneself, decide to do something illicit 

/elope/. 

lik ta lum, vphr(iv & prep & n5). start from scratch. 

lik ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). kick. 

lik vo9, vphr(tv & n5). suffer from swellhead (sheep). 

likahtik, aj. suspended downwards (air pine flowers, stalactites). 

likan ba, rv. hang by the arms (person, monkey, yalem bek'et, e"uh ton 

/stone that is believed to hang from trees during severe norther/), hang 

heavily (rain cloud). 

likanan, tv. lift /pots of nixtamal/. 

likan likan, tv. lift one after another. 

likanhkan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). kick one after another 

(drunk kicking over pots of food). 

hkanlikanan, tv. cf. iikanlikan. 

likantik, aj. tattered. 

likav cakil, nphr(nlf of n3d). buttocks. 

likbenal, nlf. planting distance between holes in same row (corn, beans). 

likeah 9ok, vphr(iv & n4f). become undermined (tree roots). 

likcah yalel, vphr(av & dr). slide down (avalanche), sag (bridge). 

likeanbe 9ok, vphr(tv & n4f). undermine /tree/. 

likebal, n3b. beginning, nest egg /money or corn for initial investment/, 

slikeb k'in. the first day of a fiesta, 

slikeb shol. the idea which triggered his actions. 

likebin, tv. begin to accumulate wealth. 

likel, nc. moment, one moment /h- not obligatory/, 

ta h-likel. in a little while, 

h-likel sa. a moment ago. 

mas h-likel. quicker or easier, 

h-likel ta meleanel. It is easy to do. 

Ritual speech, curing prayer; li ta h-likel li ta ca'J-likel t sba kehluk 

TO t sba patluk ô. In a moment, in two moments, he will kneel, he 

will bow low. 

likel, dr. auxiliary verb expressing beginning of action. 

likel kahel, nphr(vn & vn)5. repetition. 

likem k'ok', nphr(aj & n)ld. lantern. 

likes, tv. begin, lift. 

likes k'op, vphr(tv & n5). begin investigation, inquire into, take to 

court. 

likesbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). investigate a report, initiate a claim, 

islikesbe sk'oplal ti yosil slot vonee ti k'u si 9ic'bil ta yan 9o 

kriscano. He initiated a claim for the land that was once his 

father's (to find out) how it had been acquired by somebody else. 

liket, av. carrying by handle or by rim, moving past (clouds in wind). 

liket c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). heavy-bellied (pregnant ewe, mare or woman). 

liki, iv. be hanging by the arms (person, monkey, yalem bek'et). 

liki-cob, n(iv & ncpd)5. mythical tornado. 

likik, av. rushing with raised /fist/ or lowered /horns/. 

likiket, av. hanging ominously (cloud). 

likil, aj. overhanging (cliff, tree), hanging by a thread (branch), hanging 

ominously (cloud), puffy (face). 

liki] mahal, ajphr(aj & aj). in tatters (clothing). 

liklah, av. moving with tattered clothes (sing or plu). 

liklahet, av. dangling and swaying (Spanish moss, stalactiform soot), in 

tatters (clothing). 

likleh, n4f. suspended. 

liklik, iv. get up rather early. 

liklik, aj. overhanging (cliff), hanging down (seat of improperly belted 

pants). 

liklik ?u9un, vphr(iv & n4d). be able to lift a bit. 

likliktik, iv. get up rather early, 

liklon, av. dangling and swaying (bull penis, mud clotted in sheep's wool), 

tattered (clothing). 

Ukluh, av. kicking suddenly. 

likob, n4f. possession customarily carried /water gourd, basket/, 

likobil, n4f. rope for lifting object. 

likoh, aj. in sling, draped over arm (shawl), with lame leg hanging limply, 

likp'uh wk, vphr(iv & n4f). cf. likeah lok. 

likp'uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). stretch downwards (bag with heavy contents, 

watermelon squash on vine), slide down (avalanche), 

likp'unbe lok, vphr(tv & n4f). cf. likeanbe 10k. 

hktelikte, av. walking about with dangling object /shoulder bag/ or with 

tattered clothing, 

likulan, tv. keep carrying by handle. 

slikulan yok. He jumps on one foot /captain/, 

likulan, iv. keep beginning, keep becoming erect, 

likulanan, tv. wave /banners/. 

likulanvan ta tek'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep kicking person, 

likvan muyel, vphr(iv & dr). lift person (ferris wheel, log that springs up 

at one end). 

likvan ta tek'el, vphr(iv & prep & n5). kick person, 

hlik w 9ak'al, agn: vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/cpd). censer bearer. 

hlik-vo9, agn(tv & ncpd). sheep suffering from swellhead. 

hlikulanvaneh ta tek'el, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who keeps 

kicking another (drunk), 

hlikvaneh ta tek'el, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who kicks 

another. 

lik(2) X. 

lik, nc. In reference to: clothing, paper /heavy or large sheet/, net, bag, 

saddle bag, leather, tumpline, slingshot, hat, necklace, 

likikil, n4f. suit of clothing for each day. 

hkillikil, n4f. each of many /bags/. 

likleh, nlf. piece of clothing, sheet of paper, 

liklik, nc. single piece /clothing/ /I only/. 

lik(3) N. 

liklik, n5. sparrow hawk Falco sparverius. It is considered edible. It is 

"cold". It has the reputation for stealing chicks. Its call is believed to 

forecast a norther. 

lik(4) X. 

lik, nc. cardful /wool/. 

liklik, nc. single cardful /I only/. 

likido N(Sp, liquido). 

likido, nla. weed-killer. 

likok N. 

likokil, n3d. dribble of saliva (cow, horse, mad dog), cf. lik(I). 

lil 

HI, shake, burst open, shatter, shiver, evaporate, fall apart, cf. li(2). 

lima(l) N(Sp, lima), 

lima, nla. sweet lime . See below. 

limailuk, n5. large grove of sweet limes, 

limatik, n5. grove of sweet limes. 

civo lima, nphr(n type n). 'goat lima', sweet lime . Same aspimilpat 

lima. 

c'ulul lima, nphr(aj & n). 'smooth lima', sweet lime Citrus limetta, 

#2426(1). Temperate "tree". It is planted at the beginning of the 

rainy season. The seed is placed in a hole with fertilizer. The fruit is 

harvested in December. It is sold at market. It is cold". 

has-cu 1 ) lima, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'flat-breasted lima', sweet 

lime Citrus limetta, #2426(20). Temperate "tree". The trunk is used 

for firewood. The fruit is sold at market. It is "cold", 

lima hmalalena, nphr(n4d of agn). 'magdalenas lima', sweet lime .

Same as pimil pat lima. 

naranha lima, nphr(n type n). 'orange lima', sweet lime Citrus limetta, 

#2426(3,5). Temperate "tree" For use, see c'ulul lima. 

pimil pat lima, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'thick rind lima', sweet lime 

.(3,5)-Lowland and highland "tree" It is grown by some ladinos and 

by some of the people of Magdalenas. It is planted at the beginning 

of the rainy season. It is "cold" 

tefel lima, nphr(n of n). 'lima tree", sweet lime Citrus limetta, 

#305(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". It is grown by ladinos. The fruit is sold 

at market. It is "cold" #403(1,3). Temperate and highland "tree 

It is grown in yards, and along the stream at Voi-bie. The seeds are 

planted in June, one to a hole. The harvest is in February and March. 

The fruit is cold". It is sold at market. Sweet limes are hung on the 

trees that flank the creche. The trunk is used for firewood. (23)-Thirty 

stemmed sweet limes are provided by the stewards of the Holy Cross 

on the Seventh Posada for adorning the Christmas trees, 

teiel limatik, nphr(n of n)5. grove of sweet limes. 

lima(2) N(Sp, lima). 

lima, nla. file. 

limete N(Sp, Umeta). 

limete, nla. quart bottle /proper size for accompanying formal visit/. 

var., limite. 

umetein, tv. take possession of quart bottle. 

limeton N(Sp, limeton). 

lime ton. nla. twenty liter jug. var., limiton. 

wlol limeton, nphr(aj & n)ld. medium-sized demijohn /10 liters/. 

limite 

limite, quart bottle, cf. limete. 

limiton 

limiton, twenty liter jug. cf. limeton. 

limon N(Sp, limon). 

limon bobel, nphr(n type n). 'limon grass', lemon grass Cymbopogon 

citratus, #773(1,2). Temperate and highland "plant" It is grown by a 

few Zinacantecs in their yards. The seedlings are transplanted in the 

rainy season. The entire plant is brewed with refined sugar as a substitute 

for coffee. It is "cold". It is sold at market. 

te"> limon, nphr(n type n). 'tree limon' or probably from te limon 'limon 

tea', lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus, #773(3). Temperate and highland 

"plant" Same as limon hobel. 

limpronis 

limpronis, quince, cf. nimpronis. 

limusna N(Sp, limosna). 

limusna, nla. alms, offering. 

slimusnail hcob. the offerings for my corn field /candles, etc., offered 

to the earth lord and the tutelary gods for planting and weeding 

rites, requesting rain and protection from wind and snakes/, 

slimusnail hna. the offerings for my home /offerings to earth lord 

for house dedication/. 

slimusnail ka'al. the offerings for my well /offerings to earth lord 

for annual or biannual dedication of well/. 

Ritual speech; c'ul-limusna, c'ul-iovlikasyon. holy alms, holy obligation. 

•Joe limusna, vphr(iv & n5). hold one of three community-wide annual 

year renewal ceremonies for warding off epidemics, request for rain, 

protection for youths drafted in army and sent to Mexico City /formerly/. 

"?oc limusna, vphr(iv & n4d). hold curing ceremony, 

hk'an-limusna, agn(tv & nepd). beggar. 

lin(l) P, T, or T(2). 

tin, nc. tree heavily laden with fruit, 

iin ba, rv. fill out, mature physically (tree, child), 

linahtik, aj. cf. linil /plu/. 

linan ba, rv. drape heavily (chayote vine). 

Imanli'nan, tv. loosing hair one after another, 

linantik, aj. widely spaced /fruit on tree/. 

lineah, iv. mature physically (tree, child). 

TZOTZIL-ENGL1SH 213 

lineah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). fall down (hair braided on top of head). 

lines yalel, vphr(tv & dr). knock down /fruit/. 

lini, iv. be heavy with fruit. 

linil, aj. heavy with fruit, heavily braided, heavily foliaged, with abundant 

loose hair (girl). 

linilik. aj. with abundant loose hair /plu/. 

lininet, av. crumbly (salt, earth), falling (leaves or fruit from tree). 

linleh, nlf. abundance /of fruit on tree/. 

linlehikil, n4f. cf. linleh /plu/. 

linlin, aj. heavy with fruit, heavily foliaged, heavily branched, 

linlin tc. tree with overarching branches. 

linlon. av. shaking back and forth (long wool of sheep, long hair of dog 

or goat). 

linp'uh, iv. drop off (all fruit before ripe), become heavily foliaged. 

linp'un, tv. cause to drop off /all fruit before npe/. 

linulan, tv. shake up and down causing rustling sound /branch/, shake 

back and forth causing rustling sound /tree/. 

lin(2) X. 

linet, av. running in crowd (people), stampeding (horses, sheep), thundering 

(thunder, horses). 

linetik, av. running in crowd (people). 

limn, av. running in crowd (people), stampeding (horses, sheep). 

lininet, av. running in crowd (people), stampeding (horses, sheep), thundering 

(thunder, dynamite or rocket in distance, horses V4: 2, rock slide 

V3: 1), cracking (rifle fire), crashing (house VI: 8 and 9, car V3: 9). 

linlah, av. running in crowd (people), stampeding (horses, sheep). 

linlahet, av. thundering repeatedly (dynamite), cracking repeatedly (rifle 

fire). 

linluh, av. stampeding suddenly (horses, sheep). 

h'nteli'nte, av. rushing about in groups or flocks (people, animals). 

Up' P. 

lip'-iok, n(aj & ncpd)5. lame /with only toes touching ground/. 

lip'ahtik, aj. cf. lip'il /plu/. 

lip'an, tv. place precariously. 

lip'an ba, rv. lean far out. 

lip'eah, iv. totter on brink (tree). 

lip'eanbe, tv. undermine. 

lip'et, av. tottering (tree on cliff). 

lip'etik, av. leaning far out (people on cliff). 

lip'i, iv. be leaning far out (person). 

lip'il, aj. leaning far out (person, tree). 

lip'ilik, aj. leaning far out (people). 

lip'ip', av. toppling over (tree or person into ravine). 

lip'lah, av. toppling over (trees into ravine). 

lip'leh, nib. standing and leaning far out /person, tree/. 

lip'lehikil, n4f. cf. lip'leh /plu/. 

lip'lip', aj. leaning far out (person, tree). 

lip'lon ôk, vphr(aj & n4d). limping /hurt heel/. 

lip'luh 7ok, vphr(av & n4d). lifting heel suddenly /when stepping on 

thorn/. 

lip'telipte lok, vphr(av & n4d). limping about /hurt heel/. 

lirio N(Sp, lirio). 

lino, n. lily. See below. 

eahal lirio, nphr(aj & n)5. Hippeastrum sp., # 1351(1,3,4,5,7). Highland 

"plant". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The bulbs 

are planted in the rainy season. The flowers are sold at market in 

San Cristobal and Tuxtla. 

lis(l) P(2). 

lis, nc. In reference to: strip of meat hanging from pole, article of clothing 

hanging on line, bunch of corn ears hanging from rafter. 

lisahtik, aj. cf. lisil /plu/. 

lisan, tv. produce in abundance /fruit/, hang up large quantity of /meat, 

clothes, ears of corn/. 

lisan ba, rv. hang down in abundance (fruit, meat from smoke pole). 

lisanan, tv. hang up a lot of /meat, clothes, ears of corn/. 

lisanbe, tv. hang up /meat, ears of corn, clothes/.


li'sanlisan, tv. drape heavily here and there (beans on plants, peaches or 

avocados on trees). 

h'sanli'sanan, tv. cf. lisanlisan. 

lisanob, nlf. line, pole, rafter for hanging objects. 

lisanobil, nlf. cf. lisanob. 

lisantik, aj. shredded (leaves by hail). 

liseah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). hang down in clusters. 

liscan yalel, vphr(tv & dr). bend down in clusters. 

liset, av. swaying heavily (fruit-laden branch). 

lisi, iv. be hanging down in abundance (fruit, meat /from smoking pole/, 

ears of corn /from rafters/). 

lisikil, n4f. many strips /meat/. 

lisil, aj. hanging down in abundance (fruit, meat, clothes, ears of corn), 

shredded (leaves by hail), hanging in clusters (nits in hair, mud or 

sheep's wool), perching in flocks (birds), clinging (sand in eye of waking 

person). 

h'silli'sil, n4f. each of many /bunches, strips/. 

lisilik, aj. perching in flocks (birds). 

lisk'uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. liseah yalel. 

lisk'un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cause to drop /fruit/ (oppossum). 

lislahet, av. swaying back and forth (mud clinging to sheep's coat). 

lisleh, nlf. hanging in abundance. 

lisp'uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. liseah yalel. 

lisp'un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. lisean yalel. 

h'steli'ste, av. walking about with (necklace, ribbons, tassels) swaying back 

and forth. 

lis(2) prob O. 

liset ta 9ic, vphr(av & prep & n5). sucking breath in and out after eating 

chili. 

lisetik ta 9ic, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. liset ta lie (plu). 

lisiscl ta ?ic, vphr(av & prep & n5). sucking breath in and out after eating 

chili. 

lislahetik ta ?ic, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. lislon ta tic (plu). 

lislon ta -?ic, vphr(av & prep & n5). sucking breath in and out after eating 

chili /EKL 258: 2-9/. 

lisensaro 

lisensaro, lawyer, cf. lesinsaro. 

User N(Sp, diesel). 

user, nla. diesel truck or road machine. 

lisises N(Sp. dieciseis). 

lisiscs, n5. Independence Day /September sixteenth/. 

k'in lisises, nphr(n of n)5. Independence Day. 

k'in lisisestik, nphr(n of n)5. around the sixteenth of September. 

listo A(Sp, listo). 

listo, aj. ready. 

lisyenpre 

lisyempre, December, cf. disyempre. 

litro N(Sp. litro). 

htro, nla. liter bottle, twenty liter dry measure /formerly a wooden box/. 

litroin, tv. take possession of liter bottle. 

hanika litro, nphr(n type n)5. twelve liter dry measure. 

lit' P(2). 

lit' 90k, vphr(tv & n4d). stand on tiptoes or on tip of hoof. 

lit'-?ok, n(aj & ncpd)5. lame /hurt heel/. 

lit'an ?ok, vphr(tv & n4d). stand on tiptoes, stand with tip of hoof touching 

ground. 

lit'an ba, rv. stand on tiptoes or on tip of hoof. 

lit'eah ?ok, vphr(iv & n4d). become lame. 

lit'et ?ok, vphr(av & n4d). limping /hurt heel/. 

lit'il, aj. standing on tip of hoof or with heel of one foot raised. 

lit'it'et, av. trembling (leg while standing with heel raised) /pulling out 

thorn/. 

Iit'lah ?ok, vphr(av & n4d). cf. lit'lon -)ok (plu). 

lit'Iahet ?ok, vphr(av & n4d). hopping (child, buzzard) /plu/. 

lit'lit', aj. with lame foot /heel raised/. 

lit'lon lok, vphr(av & n4d). limping, hopping (buzzard). 

lit'lonah, iv. limp. 

h't'luh, av. limping suddenly /heel raised/. 

lit'p'uh ôk, vphr(iv & n4d). cf. lit'eah lok. 

lit'p'unbe lok, vphr(tv & n4d). lame /chicken/ (boy with slingshot). 

ht'telit'te, av. limping about, hopping about (buzzard). 

liv P. 

liv-9e, n(aj & ncpd)5. crybaby. 

liv-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5. with rear end spread wide /climbing tree/. 

livahtik, aj. stretched wide (rear ends of people climbing tree), too wide 

apart (rows of corn). 

livan it, vphr(tv & n4d). stretch mouth with fingers. 

liveah, iv. split wide open (worn clothes). 

livel, aj. spread wide (rear end, mouth). 

livet 9e, vphr(tv & n4d). stretching mouth /Scolding speech when drunk 

or child is yelling/. 

livet cak, vphr(av & n4d). roughhousing. 

livetik, av. crying (children). 

livil, aj. stretched with a crack showing. 

Scolding speech; mi livil no los ave ta yuc'el pos. Is your mouth 

stretched from drinking cane liquor? 

livilik, aj. too wide apart (rows of corn). 

liviv, av. slipping into groove (axe slipping into previous cut). 

livlahet ê, vphr(av & n4d). cf. livlon le (plu). 

livlahet cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. livlon cak (plu). 

livlon "?e, vphr(av & n4d). stretching mouth (crying child, shouting 

drunk). 

livlon cak, vphr(av & n4d). roughhousing around. 

h'vluh, av. cracking or splitting open suddenly (wood, earth, drum, vagina), 

slipping suddenly into groove (axe). 

h'vtelivte ft, vphr(av & n4d). stretching mouth time and again (shouting 

drunk). 

h'vtelivte cak, vphr(av & n4d). roughhousing around. 

livra N(Sp, libra). 

Iivra, nla. pound scales /used to weigh fish and shrimp, formerly used 

to weigh cotton/. 

livro N(Sp, libro). 

livro, nla. book. 

?ok slivroale hcantik. If there were a book about it we would learn 

it /Spanish/. 

lo X 

loet, av. with unfastened sides (tunic). 

loin ta lapel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). wear tunic with unfastened sides. 

lotelote, av. walking about wearing tunic with unfastened sides. 

U»9(l) T. 

lo, tv. eat /fruit, eggs, squash, potatoes, greens, honeycomb, excrement/. 

slo 1 ) ssim. He is eating his mucous (drunk, baby), 

lo ba, rv. squash (fruit), 

lo ta ti?el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). gulp down greedily (dog eating flesh 

of dead animal, child greedily eating meat), 

loahtik, av. squishy (mud on clothing), 

loan, tv. eat /fruit, etc./. 

loanan, tv. cf. loian. 

16")anlo'>an, tv. eat one after another /fruit, etc./. 

loianloânan, tv. cf. loianloian. 

lobahel, n5. fruits, 

lobalal, aj. edible (fruit), 

lobalal cis-te?, cf. cis-te 1 ?. 

lobalal c'is, cf. c'is. 

lo^balal met, cf. met. 

lobalal petok, cf. petok. 

lo^be, tv. eat /fruit, etc./. 

islo'ibe scob. It ate his corn (mule or dog in corn field, eating young 

corn). 

lobol, nla. fruit, banana, 

lobolaltik, n5. large banana grove, 

loiboltik, n5. banana grove.

•rik'al lo'Jbol, nphr(aj & n). banana. Same as bart hnbol. 

bae*i loibol, nphr(aj & n)la. banana. Lowland "tree" or highland 

"tree' planted beyond Larrainzar(?). It is planted by some ladinos 

at the beginning of the rainy season. The fruit is "medium" or 

cold" Two trees are provided by the stewards of St. Anthony on 

the Seventh Posada. They are stood on either side of the entrance 

to the creche. (RML)-Banana peels should not be eaten, lest someone 

in one's family die. It is believed that because Christ planted 

banana palms, they must not be cut down, 

eahal loibol, nphr(aj & n). banana. Lowland "tree" The fruit is 

"hot" 

can-eelav loibol, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n). 'four-ridged banana', 

banana Musaparadisiaca, #762(1,2). Lowland "plant" It is grown 

by a few Zinacantecs. The leaves are used by ladinos for wrapping 

tamales, posol, and meat. The fruit is eaten by people and pigs. It is 

"cold" 

cimpo loibol, nphr(x type n). banana. Lowland "tree" The fruit is 

"cold" 

k'os lo">bol, nphr(aj & n). Heliconia aff. librata, #724(1,2). Temperate 

plant" 

lo^bol ''ak', nphr(n type n). philodendron Philodendron hederaceum, 

#2811(11,12). Lowland vine" 

lobol cih, nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5). 'sheep fruit' or 'deer fruit', bomarea 

Bomarea hirtella, #1375(7). Temperate vine" 

lcbol c'is, cf. c'is. 

lo^bol bes te9, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'jay's fruit tree', Rhamnus 

nelsonii, #1428(7). Highland "tree" 

lo"?bol hti9-sip, nphr(n of agn/tv & ncpd/). 'tick-eater fruit' or 'ani's fruit', 

hackberry Celtis iguanaea, #1674(7). Lowland "vine" 

loibol mut, nphr(n of n). 'bird fruit', Monnina xalapense, # 1390(7). Highland 

"tree" 

lobol vet, nphr(n of n). 'fox fruit', thymeleaf coriaria Coriaria thymijolia, 

#B9276(5,5a), #146(1,2,4,5), #2254(3,4,19). Highland plant" The 

berries are eaten by gray foxes, steller jays, and rufous-collared robins. 

To make their hair grow longer, women pound six tender shoots 

and rub them on their hair. #2449(1,20). Highland "tree" (20)-It is 


lOTeah, iv. become mushy. 

t sloeah sk'ur His shirt has become grimy and threadbare (person 

who never changes his shirts). 

lorel, nc. eating /salt/ (sheep, cow). 

lo-Jet, av. very soft or oozing (mud), rotting (fruit), 

lo'rilan, tv. keep eating /greens, etc./. 

lo'Jilanan, tv. keep eating a lot of /greens/ (rabbit). 

lolahet yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down in many places (fresh daub), 

lolahetik, av. eating (people eating fruit). 

lo?leh, n4f. mushiness /fruit/. 

lo'rtih, av. squashing suddenly (ripe fruit underfoot). 

lo?lon, av. feeling mushy substance (excrement in pants), eating soft 

substance (animal eating dirt). 

slo^lon ta lo?bol. It is eating fruit. 

Io9ob(l), nlf. pot for squash, salt trough for animals. 

lo?ob(2), n5. muddy place, 

lowbil, nlf. cf. loiob(l). 

loiobtik, n5. muddy place. 

IOTOI, aj. mushy (mud, excrement on clothes), soft (sufficiently cooked 

beans). 

kwolik, aj. cf. lonahtik. 

loTp'ih, iv. become grimy and threadbare, become mushy. 

t sloTp'ih ta hpat. It squashed on my back (fruit being carried). 

169tel6'>te, av. walking about with threadbare clothes. 

lo'Tvan ta tilel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). bite person (dog). 

hlo?-eo?, agn(tv & ncpd). excrement-eater /dog/, lecherous person. Female 

speech; exclamation of disgust at another's action. 

hlo?-makom, agn(tv & ncpd)5. 'blackberry eater', blue mockingbird Melanolis 

caerulescens /Hole' C'enom, Muk'ta Hok'/. cf. k'ub lot, sak-c'ut 


hlo 1 ) ton tuluk', agn: vphr(tv & nphrepd/n of n/5). Joking speech; lit., 

turkey egg eater, i.e., person who is very sensitive to the cold, 

hlovaneh ta tiiel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). dangerous dog. 

lolo 1 *, n5. Baby talk; banana, fruit. 

101(2) X. 

lclo 1 ?, nld. halictine sweat bee. This lowland sweat bee has no edible 

grubs or honey. 

lclon, av. swarming (bees, gnats). 

Io9(3) prob N. 

loil, nld. hearsay, news, conversation, discussion, joke. 

mu loiluk. lit., It's no joke, i.e.. It's the truth, 

loilah, iv. converse, joke, 

lcilta, tv. discuss, gossip. 

stanet sloiltael. Gossip about it is spreading, 

lcilta ba, rv. relate circumstances of one's disgrace or defeat, 

loiiltaan, tv. gossip about many things, 

loîltabe, tv. gossip, 

lciltavan, iv. gossip about people, 

kwlo, tv. trick, deceive, 

koloan, tv. deceive many times, 

lolobe, tv. trick or deceive person. 

ta hloilobe seeb. lit., I will deceive him concerning his daughter, i.e., 

I will steal his daughter away from him. 

ta hlolobe shol. lit., I will deceive his head for him, i.e., I will get 

him drunk and deceive him. 

loiloob, nlf. lure /deer/. 

lo">loobil, nlf. cf. lonloob. 

loilovan, iv. trick person, 

hloil, agn. gossip. 

hlo'Hltavaneh, agn. person who gossips about others, 

hlolovaneh, agn. deceiver. 

ec?eh loîl, nphr(vn type n)5. humorous talk, joking. 

loe P(2). 

loe, tv. stack /tortillas, stone slabs, boards, bricks, paper/, 

loe, nc. stack /tortillas, etc./. 

loe ba, rv. coil (snake), 

loeahtik, aj. cf. locol /plu/. 

loean, tv. stack /tortillas, etc./. 

loean ba, rv. coil (snake). 

loeanob, nlf. cloth for covering stack of tortillas, 

loeanobil, nlf. cf. loeanob. 

loeet, av. sitting in stack (tortillas), 

loei, iv. be stacked (tortillas, etc.). 

loeleh, nlf. stack. 

loeloe, nc. single stack /tortillas/ /I only/, 

loeokil, n4f. in stacks. 

loeol, aj. stacked (tortillas, etc.), coiled (snake). 

loeolloeol, n4f. each of many stacks, 

loeteloete, av. carrying one stack after another /bricks/. 

loe 1 P(2). 

loe*, tv. lift with tweezers or tongs, remove earth with post-hole digger, 

hold between legs. 

loe", n4d. mandibles (insect), claw (crab), 

loe" 9ok, vphr(tv // n). press legs together tightly (child, woman trying to 

save virginity). 

loe" ba, rv. press legs together tightly (child, woman trying to save virginity, 

become cramped (fingers), intertwine one's legs. 

loe'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. with legs intertwined, 

loe'ahtik, aj. cf. loe'ol /plu/. 

loe'an 9ok, vphr(tv // n). press one's legs together tightly. 

loe'an ba, rv. press one's legs together. 

loe*et £ak, vphr(av & n4d). wagging hips. 

]oe*i, iv. press together tightly (long objects, branches). 

loeMlan £ak, vphr(tv // n). walk tight-assed. 

loeMahet £ak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. loe'lon (plu).


loe'leh, nld. with legs or knees pressed together. 

Scolding speech, mother berating daughter for laziness; k'u t sapas 

ta loe'leh acak ta ti9 k'ok'e. What are you doing squeezing your 

ass tightly by the fire? 

loe'loe', aj. pressed together (legs, rocks), narrow (cave, ravine), hemmed 

in (path with cliffs on either side). 

loe'lon cak, vphr(av & n4d). trudging wearily (child), walking tightassed. 

loe"ob, nlf. tongs /used by ladinos for lifting coals or ice/, paper clip. 

loe'obil, nlf. cf. loe'ob. 

loe"ohel, n5. trimming of candles on Maundy Thursday. 

loe"ol, aj. pressed together (legs), narrow (cave, ravine). 

loe"olah, iv. trim /candles that are trimmed with tweezers by ensignbearers 

on Maundy Thursday/. 

loe'olahel, n5. cf. loe'ohel. 

loe'om cih, nphr(x type n)la. cramp in fingers. 

loe'om cih, nphr(x & n). mimosa Mimosa albida, # 1531(11,12). Temperate 

and highland "plant". #1835(15,16). Temperate "vine". 

#1957(16,17). Temperate plant* cf. lot'om c'il 

loe'om cih e'iilel, nphr(nphr/x & n/ type n). mimosa Mimosa albida, 


loe'om cih c'is, nphr(nphr/x & n/ type n). mimosa Mimosa albida, 

#437(2,3,5). Temperate "tree". #1957(1,3,4). Temperate plant". 

#2275(3,4). Highland "plant" #2643(1,3). Lowland "plant" 

loe'opil, n3d. armpit. 

hloe'optik ec'el. up to our armpits /seventh developmental stage of 

corn/. 

loe'op'in, tv. hold in armpit or under arm. 

loe'op'invan, iv. hold under arm /child/. 

loe'teloe'te cak, vphr(av & n4d). trudging wearily about, walking about 

with very tight seat of pants. 

loe'van, iv. pinch person (crab, grasshopper, leaf-cutter ant). 

hloe'op'invaneh, agn. person holding child under his arm. 

loc' P. 

loc'ahtik, aj. cf. loc'ol /plu/. 

loc'an, tv. set up on /child set on horse, young chicken set on roost/. 

loc'an ba, rv. cling to /tree/. 

loc'anan, tv. set up on /chickens set on roost/. 

loc'anloc'an, tv. set one after another on perch. 

loc'anloc'anan, tv. cf. loc'anloc'an. 

loc'et, av. clinging to /branches/ (person). 

loc'etah, iv. climbing and clinging to /branches/ (person, squirrel, monkey, 

jaguar). 

loc'etik, av. cf. loc'et (plu). 

loc'i, iv. be encircling object (person clinging to tree trunk or branches, 

child holding to horse's neck), be perched (bird). 

loc'lah yalel, vphr(av & dr). climbing down rapidly. 

loc'lahet, av. climbing up (woodpeckers). 

loc'lahetik, av. clinging to and jumping from branch to branch (people). 

loe'leh, nld. clinging to. 

loe'lon, av. climbing up (person, woodpecker), jumping up (chicken). 

loc'ol, aj. encircling object, perched. 

loc'teloc'te, av. climbing about (person, woodpecker, green jay, monkey, 

or squirrel in tree). 

loh(l) P(2). 

loh-?at, nphr(aj & nepd). with testicles hanging down (boy, ram). 

loh-ât pos, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n). 'dangling testicle medicine', 

Micropteura renifolia, # 1530(11,12). Highland "plant". (11)-To induce 

the birth of sons, a man gathers a bowlful of tubers. These are 

ground, and brewed with six chilis and two pieces of brown sugar. A 

cup of the warm tea is drunk by his wife before breakfast for three 

days. It is "hot". 

loh ec'el ta cuke], vphr(tv & dr & prep & vn5). lead off to jail in pairs. 

loh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). flail. 

lohahtik, aj. cf. lohol /plu/. 

lohan, tv. dangle in pairs (testicles). 

lohet, av. dangling in pairs (testicles), yoked (oxen), bouncing (net). 

lohetah, iv. dangle in pairs (testicles). 

lohetik, av. walking side by side (oxen, people of like mind). 

lohi, iv. dangle in pairs (testicles). 

lohlah, av. walking in pairs (people, oxen). 

lohlahet, av. bouncing up and down in pairs (udders). 

lohlahet sanav, vphr(av & iv). walking yoked (oxen). 

lohleh, nld. dangling in pairs (testicles, breasts). 

lohlih, av. swaying suddenly in pairs (bull testicles or fruit when hit by 

rock). 

lohloh, aj. gap-toothed, dangling in pairs (testicles). 

lohlon, av. bouncing up and down in pairs (breasts, testicles), walking 

yoked (oxen), bouncing (nearly empty net). 

lohob, n5. rope for tying pair of prisoners. 

lohobil, nlf. cf. lohob. 

lohol, aj. gap-toothed, dangling in pairs (testicles). 

lohom nuti9, nphr(aj & n)la. wide-meshed net for carrying corn, 

lohtelohte, av. walking along side by side, swinging back and forth (dog 

teats), walking about with bouncing (nearly empty net), 

lohvan ec'el ta cukel, vphr(iv & dr & prep & vn5). lead people off to jail 

in pairs /at Carnival/. 

loh(2) 

loh rios, I swear to God! cf. 9il(2). 

lok(l) X. 

loklahet, av. blazing in many places, 

loklili. av. blazing suddenly (flames), 

loklon, av. burning (candle, oil lamp), 

lokoket, av. blazing (flames). 

loktelokte, av. blazing here and there (runaway fire). 

lok(2) prob O. 

loket nil, vphr(av & n4d). snoring softly through nose, 

lokoket ni 1 ), vphr(av & n4d). snoring very loudly. 

lok(3) T. 

lok, tv. cut out or chip off /pine or incense from living tree/. 

lok, nc. chunk /pine cut out of trunk of living tree/, 

lok ba, rv. gash self by missing aim /axe/, 

lokan, tv. cut many, chip much /pine, incense/, 

lokanan, tv. cf. lokan. 

lokanlokan, tv. cut or chip one after another, 

lokanlokanan, tv. cf. lokanlokan. 

lokbe, tv. cut out or chip off /pine or incense from living tree/, 

lokel, nc. axe blow, 

lokob, nlf. axe. 

lokobil, nlf. cf. lokob. 

lokvan ta 9ek'el, vphr(iv & prep & n5). gash person with axe by missing 

aim. 

hlokvaneh ta 9ek'el, agn(nphr/iv & prep & n5/). person who mistakenly 

cuts another with axe. 

lok(4) X. 

lokol, aj. very fat-faced. 

loko N(Sp, loco), 

loko, nle. licentiousness, 

loko, n5. licentious person. Loose women are punished in he\\(k'atinbak) 

by having a red-hot wire inserted in their vaginas until they sizzle. 

They are then forced to eat their own sexual parts. Men who commit 

incest with their mothers, sisters or co-mothers are placed in the hell 

fire, eaten by devils, and are digested and ejected whole in an endless 

cycle. 

loko, aj. provocative, over-sexed, boy-crazy, 

lokoib, iv. become girl-crazy /from drink/, 

lokotik, aj. rather over-sexed. 

lokom N. 

lokom, nld. dewlap /lizard, chicken/. 

loktor N(Sp, doctor), 

loktor, agn. doctor. 

lok'(l) T.

lok\ tv. cut off, remove /clothes/, rent. 

lok', iv. exit, go out, come out, issue forth, run (dye), end (term of office, 

year), fall off (pants, skirt), rise (sun, moon), be able to spare. 

mi slok' to hayibuk 1 atak'ine. Can you spare a little money? 

lok' lahuk vctik. The rainy season has ended. 

lek ilok'. It turned out well. 

li k'ose mu to slok' lek slc'opoh. The child does not yet speak clearly 

(or) pronounce words properly. 

Ritual speech, host or shaman offering cane liquor at beginning of 

meal; lok'uk h-set' huteb ya^lel hmesatik. May a little, a bit of our 

table's water issue forth, 

lok', n4f. rent. 

lok' lakta, vphr(iv & nle). issue document. 

lok' ">at, vphr(tv & n5). castrate. If a horse or pig is to be castrated, the 

owner, the castrator and his helpers must be continent for three days and 

three nights lest the wound fester, 

lok' lisim, vphr(tv & n4d). shave. 

lok'-'Jisim, vn(tv & ncpd)5. corn harvest season. 

lok'-iisimtik, vn(tv & ncpd)5. corn harvest season. 

lok' eoe, vphr(tv & nib), shear. 

lok' c'ulel, vphr(iv & n4d). lit., have soul depart, i.e., die. 

lok' c'ulelal, vphr(iv & n5). lit., have ghost depart, i.e., die. 

lok' hobel, vphr(tv & nib), cut thatch, 

lok' hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). have haircut, 

lok' kwenta, vphr(iv & n5). be profitable, 

lok'-man, tv(tv & tvcpd). buy second-hand, 

lok'-manulan, tv(tv & tvcpd). keep buying second-hand, 

lok' manya, vphr(iv & n4d). receive prolonged punishment, 

lok' misa, vphr(iv & nle). celebrate requiem mass, 

lok' na, vphr(tv & n3b). rent house. 

lok' nit 'Jic'ak, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). cut fingernails, 

lok' si 1 ), vphr(iv & n4d). gather firewood (religious official only), 

lok' ta , vphr(iv & prep & n5). make debut as. 

ilok' ta vilolal. He made his debut as a shaman. 

ilok' ta "Jik'alil. He appeared impersonating a spook /at Carnival/. 

ilok' ta e*ak-bak'. He made his debut as a bone-setter. 

t slok' ta tamolal. She is making her debut as a midwife. 

t slok' ta pasyal. He goes hunting, also, in polite speech. He goes to 

the bathroom. 

lok' ta won, vphr(iv & prep & n4d). be at fault, be responsible for. 

lok' trigo, vphr(tv & n5). reap wheat, 

lok' ves, vphr(tv & n4d). lit., have pants taken off, i.e., be tricked or 

cheated. 

lok'an eoe, vphr(tv & nib), shear a lot of wool, 

lok'anlok'an, tv. remove one after another /pieces of clothing/, shear one 

after another. 

lok'anlok'anan, tv. cf. lok'anlok'an. 

lokTjalal -?osil, nphr(aj & n)ld. rented land. 

lok'eb k'ak'al, nphr(nlf of n5). East. 

lok'ebal, nlf. end/of work/, 

lok'ebal son, nphr(n type n)5. exit song played by trio when procession 

leaves house or church. 

lok'el, dr. auxiliary verb expressing motion out of. 

lok'el, nc. time. 

hay lok'el. How many times? 

muk' bu hay lok'el. never. 

mu hay lok'eluk. never, nevertheless, 

lok'el, aj. fallen out (bottom of basket), 

lok'el won, nphr(vn4f of n4d). sincerely, 

lok'el be, nphr(vn type n)5. path leading out of town, 

lok'el lok'el, vphr(vn 1 b & vn 1 b). being revealed frequently (gossip, name 

of person witch is selling to earth lord). 

lok'el lok'el sc'ulel. He became unconscious frequently, 

lok'es, tv. remove, take out, take off, dispatch /constable, principal/, 

produce, make /tortillas, cane liquor, gunpowder/, contribute /money, 

com, chicken/, celebrate /fiesta, requiem mass/, stick out /tongue/. 


lok'es icon, vphr(tv // n). try one's best, fulfill one's desire, satisfy one's 

curiosity. 

islok'es yoôn issa^ snail pero muk' bu itak'bat. He tried his best; he 

looked for the right house, but he wasn't answered /a boy who is 

unsuccessful in his petition for a bride/. 

•>ak'o slok'es ycon ti htote ''ak'o slok'es yoôn ti hmoe. lit., Let 

my father do his worst, let my mother do her worst, i.e., Let the witch. 

whether male or female, kill me /exclamation of dying person/, 

lok'es-wonil, vn(tv & ncpd)5. doing one's best. 

lok'es bala, vphr(tv & n5). shoot, remove bullet, 

lok'es bijl, vphr(tv & n5). announce names /newly elected officials/, 

lok'es c'ulelal, vphr(tv & n5). chant response /on All Souls' Day to call 

forth souls/ (sacristan), 

lok'es k'ak'al won, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). give vent to one's 

anger. 

lok'es k'evuh, vphr(tv & n5). strike up a tune (fiddler), 

lok'es mantal. vphr(tv & n5). issue an order, decree, 

lok'es manya ta 'Jabtel, vphr(tv & n4d & prep & vn5). push one's workers 

by working extra long and fast, 

lok'es pos, vphr(tv & n5). distill liquor, bootleg. 

lok'es son, vphr(tv & n5). strike up a tune (fiddler), 

lok'es ta c'om, vphr(tv & prep & n5). borrow money, 

lok'es ta holinom, vphr(tv & prep & n5). borrow money with interest, 

lok'es tiro, vphr(tv & n5). shoot, 

lok'esan, tv. remove /plu/. 

lok'esbe, tv. carry out hostile action against, 

lok'esbe "won, vphr(tv // n). fulfill one's desire, try one's best, 

lok'esbe won, vphr(tv & n4d). try one's best for someone, 

lok'esbe manya, vphr(tv // n). teach a lesson. 

t slok'esbe smanya mu sak'be ta ">ora yahnil. They are teaching him 

a lesson by not giving him his wife quickly. 

islok'esbe smanya ta likaeil li kaie yuûn tol shatav. He taught the 

mule a lesson /by giving it a heavy/ burden because it runs away so 

often, 

lok'esbe ves ta lclovaneh, vphr(tv & n4d & prep & vn5). tnck the 

pants off of. 

lok'eseh-bala, vn(tv & ncpd)5. removal of bullet /from body/, 

lok'eseh-biil, vn(tv & ncpd)5. announcement of names /religious officials/. 

lok'eseh-mantal, vn(tv & ncpd)5. issuing of order, 

lok'eseh-pos, vn(tv & ncpd)5. bootlegging, distilling of liquor, 

lok'eseh-sibak, vn(tv & ncpd)5. gunpowder manufacture, 

lok'eseh-vob, vn(vn & ncpd)5. circuit made by the ensign-bearers when 

they pick up their musicians, 

lok'esob "Uial, nphr(n4f of n4d). jug, bucket, 

lok'esob holobil, nphr(nlf of n3d). bodkin, 

lok'esob holobil, nphr(n of n). 'loom cloth remover', wild flax Linum 

mexicanum, # 1491(11,12). Highland plant" 

lok'esob manya, nphr(n of n)5. punishment, revenge, 

lok'esob vo"J, nphr(n of n)5. water jug, bucket, 

lok'esobil â'al, nphr(n4f of n4d). cf. lok'esob laial. 

lok'esobil holobil, nphr(n4f of n3d). cf. lok'esob holobil. 

lok'esobil ta balamil, nphr(n4f & prep & n5). corn or gourd used in 

divination at curing ceremony, 

lokesobil vo 1 ?, nphr(n of n)5. cf. lok'esob voi. 

lok'esvan ta labtel, vphr(iv & prep & n5). dismiss person from office, 

lok'esvan ta balamil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). rescue from the earth (shaman). 

lok'esvan ta cukel, vphrfiv & prep & vn5). rescue person from jail, 

lok'esvan ta na, vphr(iv & prep & n5). drag person from house /to 

murder/. 

lok'el cak, vphr(av & n4f). with bottom falling off. 

lok'et ves, vphr(av & n4d). with pants down /defecating/. 

lok'ilan, iv. keep exiting. 

lok'lok', iv. go a little ways out. move out a little /build one's house at 

slight distance from parents/, run slightly (dye).


lok'lok'es, tv. take a little out /nixtamal/. 

lok'lok'es, tv. move away slightly /table, pot, etc./. 

lok'lok'tik, iv. run slightly (dye). 

lok'lon cak, vphr(av & n4d). with pants down again and again (person 

suffering from diarrhea). 

lok'ob, nlf. cane liquor /served when bride and groom or dudes 

change clothes/. 

lok'ob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)le. picture, manikin. 

lok'ob hoi, nphr(n of n)5. barbershop, clippers, scissors. 

lok'obil, n4f. tweezers, sickle. 

lok'obil hoi, nphr(n4f of n4d). barbershop habitually patronized. 

lok'ol, nlf. Ritual speech, prayer; picture, image, cf. k'esolil. 

slok'ol shelol ti vinahelal ">anee. the picture, the substitute for the 

heavenly lady /female saint/. 

lok'ol-cak, nphr(aj & ncpd). with bottom nearly fallen out /basket/, too 

weak to lift burden /person/. 

lok'ta, tv. create, copy, draw, photograph, sculpt, fashion. Picture-taking 

is resented because of the fear that it will cause soul-loss. Similarly it is 

not permissable to take photographs of the saints' images for fear that 

the saints' souls will be stolen and the town punished, 

lok'tabon hc'ut. lit., copy my stomach for me, i.e., Take my drink 

/person who requests aid of companion to avert total inebriation/. 

k'e S9elan islok'ta. Look what he did! /something bad/. 

lok'taan, tv. take pictures of. 

lok'taob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)le. camera, photograph /which serves as 

substitute during person's absence/, picture, substitute /in ritual duties/, 

Joking speech; substitute for husband or wife. 

lok'tavan, iv. photograph or make image of person, impersonate, substitute 

for person. 

lok'telok'te, av. appearing one after another (murderers). 

hlok'-9at, agn(tv & ncpd). castrator. 

hlok'-eoe, agn(tv & ncpd). shearer. 

hlok'-hobel, agn(tv & ncpd). thatch cutter. 

hlok'-holol, agn(tv & ncpd). barber. 

hlok'-na, agn(tv & ncpd). tenant. 

hlok'-trigo, agn(tv & ncpd). wheat reaper. 

hlok'el, agn. outgoing official. 

hlok'eseh-w?onil, agn(vn & ncpd). petitioner who does his best to win girl 

for the prospective groom. 

hlok'eseh-mantal, agn(vn & ncpd). person who issues order. 

hlok'eseh-pos, agn(vn & ncpd). cane liquor distiller, moonshiner. 

hlok'eseh-sibak, agn(vn & ncpd). gunpowder maker /formerly/. 

hlok'esvaneh, agn. shaman. 

hlok'esvaneh ta balamil, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). shaman. 

hlok'esvaneh ta cukel, agn(nphr/vn5 & vn5/). lawyer /native/. 

hlok'esvaneh ta na, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). murderer. 

hlok'ol-cak ric, cf. 9ic. 

hlok'tavaneh, agn. person who photographs people, person who acts as 

substitute /for cantor or dame/. 

lok'(2) X. 

Iok\ nc. thread, strand /rope/. 

lok'lok', nc. single /thread, strand, rope/ /I only/. 

lol N(Sp, Lorenzo). 

lol, nld. Lawrence, Robert. 

lolen N(Sp, Lorenza). 

lolen, nld. Lorentia /name also of one of the dames/. 

lolo? 

lolo, fruit, banana, cf. lo?(l). 

lom(l) p, T, or T(2). 

lom, iv. fall (drunk, person with burden, animal, tree, house, cliff). 

lom-iok, n(aj & ncpd)5. wide-footed /barefoot/. 

lom-c'en, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. dry sink. 

lom ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike /on back or side with fist/. 

lom ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). stamp. 

lomahtik, aj. depressed (land, foot prints), not full (bottles, bags). 

loman, tv. place /tortilla on griddle/, put in /foot in mud or dust/. 

lomanan, tv. place /tortillas on griddle/. 

lomanloman, tv. place one after another /tortillas on griddle/. 

lomanloman ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). step on one after another. 

lomanlomanan, tv. cf. lomanloman. 

lomanob, n4f. griddle. 

lomanobil, nlf. cf. lomanob. 

lombe, tv. beat /with rock or stick/, guzzle /food, water, posol/. 

lomeah, iv. give way, sink (surface of ground). 

lomean, tv. cause to give way or sink /surface of ground/. 

lomebal, n5. moment before falling. 

lomel, aj. sunken (eye). 

lomes, tv. knock down /house/, fell /tree/. 

lomesan, tv. fell /trees/. 

lomesobil, n4f. axe. 

lomet, av. sunken (eye). 

lomi, iv. lie on (tortillas on griddle), put in (foot in hole). 

lomilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep striking /on back or side 

with fist/, 

lomilan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). step on /corn, plants/ (horse), 

stamp on /enemy/, 

lomilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep striking many times /on 

back or side with fist/. 

lomilanan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). step on a lot. 

lomk'ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). sink (land), 

lomk'in yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cause to sink /land/, 

lomlah, av. thudding (hoofbeats, footsteps of drunk), 

lomlahet, av. thudding (footsteps of drunk), 

lomlahetik, av. cf. lomlahet. 

lomleh, nlf. depression in land, sunken (eye). 

lomlih, av. thudding suddenly (falling drunk, rock), sinking suddenly 

(mole hill underfoot). 

lomlom, aj. sunken (eye), depressed (land). 

lomlon, av. thudding (earth being stamped on grave), 

lomokil, n4f. many hollows, 

lomol, aj. not full, 

lomolik, aj. cf. lomol /plu/. 

lomom, av. making hollow sound /underfoot/, 

lomp'ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. lomk'ih yalel. 

lomp'in yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. lomk'in yalel. 

lomtelomte, av. thudding about barefoot, sinking here and there (land), 

lomtelomte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with sunken eye. 

lomvan ta mahel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). slap person, 

lomvan ta tek'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). step on person's foot, 

hlomvaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who strikes 

another /on back or side with fist/, 

hlomvaneh ta tek'el, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who steps on 

another's foot. 

lom(2) prob O. 

lomet, av. roaring (fire), 

lomlahet, av. roaring (blasting iron), crashing (thunder EKL 255: 1-1), 

clopping. 

lomlih, av. cracking (rifle), roaring suddenly (blasting iron), flaring suddenly 

(fire). 

slomlih sk'ak'al. It suddenly cracked (rifle fire), 

lomlon, av. booming (large bell). 

slomlon t sk'opoh. He talks with a deep voice, 

lomomet, av. roaring (fire), booming (blasting iron or bomb in distance), 

banging and popping (fireworks VI: 3). 

lom(3) 

lom, weeding, planting, some people, layer of clothing, plot of growing 

corn. cf. lam. 

lomio N(Sp, lomillo). 

lomio, nld. pack blanket /one placed on either side of mule's backbone/. 

Ion prob O. 

lonlon, av. booming (large bell), 

lononet, av. ringing (bell).

lona N(Sp, lona). 

lona, nla. canvas /covering for com, market stalls, trucks/, large burlap 

bag. 

lonkanisyo N(Sp, longaniza). 

lonkanisyo, nla. sausage. 

lop(l) probPorP(2). 

lop-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. sunken-eyed, 

lopahtik, aj. cf. lopol /plu/. 

lopeah, iv. become sunken (eyes with hunger), 

lopeanbe, tv. put out /eye/, 

lopel, aj. sunken (eyes). 

lopet, av. with sunken (eyes), 

lopk'ih, iv. cf. lopeah. 

lopk'inbe, tv. make sunken /face with hunger/, 

loplah, av. with sunken (eyes) /in anger/ (plu). 

loplahet, av. with sunken (eyes) (plu). 

lopleh, n5. sunken-eyed, 

loplon, av. with sunken (eyes) /in anger/. 

loplop, aj. sunken (eyes), 

lopol, aj. sunken (eyes), 

lopolik, aj. sunken (eyes) /plu/. 

loptelopte, av. walking about with sunken eyes or with ribs showing (dog, 

cow, horse). 

lop(2) T. 

lop ta ?uc'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slurp /cane liquor, posol, corn gruel 

broth, squash/, /beans/ (Chamula laborers), 

lopan ta -nic'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slurp a lot. 

lopanan ta ?uc"eL vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. lopan la tuc'el. 

lopanlopan ta Tuc'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slurp one after another. 

lopanlopanan ta -?uc'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. lopanlopan ta fuc'el. 

loplahet, av. slurping (plu). 

loplon, av. slurping, rustling. 

sloplon scak ta lanil. She was hurrying with rustling skirt /narrow 

skirt/. 

loria N(Sp, gloria), 

loria, n5. Ritual speech, address to earth lord; glory, heaven. 

c'ul-vinaheL, c'ul-loria, c'ul-lum, c'ul-iosil. Holy Heaven, Holy Glory, 

Holy Earth, Holy Land. 

loro N(Sp, loro). 

loro, n5. parrot. Parrots are not considered edible. They are known to 

feed occasionally in lowland corn fields. A child who is slow in learning 

to talk may be given the crumbs that have fallen from the beak of a 

ladino's pet parrot, 

loro mut, nphr(n type n)ld. 'parrot bird', rose-breasted grosbeak 

Pheucticus ludovicianus. 

los(l) P. 

losahtik, aj. cf. losol /plu/. 

losan, tv. set down /rope, tripe, wire, chain, clothing/, 

losanan. tv. set down /ropes, etc./. 

losanlosan, tv. throw off one piece of /clothing/ after another, 

losanlosanan, tv. cf. losanlosan. 

loset, av. lying (rope, tripe, wire, chain, clothing), 

losi, iv. lie (rope, tripe, wire, chain, clothing), 

loslah yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down (fresh daub). 

Iosleh, nlf. long flexible object lying. 

loslos, aj. slippery and flexible (cow stomach, lights). 

losol, aj. lying (rope, tripe, wire, chain, clothing). 

losos, av. moving (snake, rope, streamer). 

losteloste, av. throwing around /clothes in open field/ (children). 

kw(2) T. 

los ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap lightly /with fist or rag/. 

loslahet mahel, vphr(av & vn5). slapping /sound/, 

loslih, av. falling and thudding suddenly (woman, laundry), 

loslon, av. slapping, 

losvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). slap person lightly /with fist or 

rag/. 


hlosvaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who slaps 

another lightly /with fist or rag/. 

los(3) prob P or P(2). 

losahtik, aj. cf. losol /plu/. 

losol, aj. soaked (clothing, people). 

losolik, aj. cf. losol /plu/. 

losp'ih, iv. become soggy (paper, clothing). 

losp'in, tv. soak. 

losp'in ba, rv. become soaked (child). 

losp'invan, iv. soak person (baby), 

hlosp'invaneh, agn. baby who soaks another person /with urine/. 

los(4) X. 

loslon, av. bubbling. 

lososet, av. bubbling (boiling food or water) /sound/. 

losena N(Sp, docena). 

losena, nle. dozen, var., losina. 

losina 

losina, dozen, cf. losena. 

losa N(Sp, Rosa). 

losa, nld. Rose, var., Losik, Sik /when young/. 

losik 

losik, Rose. cf. losa. 

lot P(2). 

lot, tv. set together. 

Use restricted to; islot sca^-vaial. lit., He set the two together i.e.. He 

married both sisters. 

lot, nc. objects lying, sitting, or standing together /1-3/ (stones, eggs, two 

fingers or toes grown together from birth, two trees growing from single 

base). 

lot-'fok, n(aj & ncpd)5. webbed-toed. 

lot ba, rv. sit together (two people). 

lot-k'ob, n(aj & ncpd)5. webbed-fingered. 

lotahtik, aj. cf. lolol /plu/. 

lotan, tv. set down together /logs, stones, eggs/. 

lotan baik, rv. stand or sit side by side (people). 

lotanlotan, tv. set down in pairs or threes one after another /stones for 

boundary markers/. 

lotanlotanan, tv. cf. lolanlblan. 

lotebal, nld. Ritual speech, elders praying, referring to Chapel of Our 

Lord of Esquipulas; meeting place. 

seobleb, slotleb htotik hmotik. the gathering place, the meeting 

place of our fathers, our mothers. 

Ritual speech, shaman in curing prayer referring to Calvary; seobleb 

slotleb ti vakib c'ul-totile ti vakib c'ul-moile. the gathering place, the 

meeting place of the six holy fathers, the six holy mothers. 

lotet, av. walking side by side (people, oxen). 

lotetah, iv. walk side by side (oxen). 

lotetik, av. walking side by side (people). 

loti, iv. lie together (logs, stones, eggs), be falling together (shooting 

stars). 

Ionian, tv. keep herding by twos and threes /sheep/. 

lotlah, av. walking side by side rapidly. 

lotlahet, av. walking side by side (chicks, people). 

lotlahetik, av. walking side by side (people). 

lotleh, nld. standing or sitting together /people/. 

lotion, av. walking side by side slowly (people, oxen, sheep). 

lotob, n4f. pole used to push objects together. 

lotobil, nlf. cf. lotob. 

lotol, aj. lying, sitting, or standing together (people, houses, animals, pair 

of oxen, testicles). 

Ritual speech, religious officials at fiesta; eobolotik lotolotik ta 

muk'ta k'in ta muk'ta paskwa. We are gathered, we are joined 

together at the great fiesta, on the great feast day. 

lotolik, aj. in pairs (wedding couples). 

lotot, av. walking side by side. 

lottelotte, av. walking about side by side.


?os-lot, n(num & nccpd)5. constellation of three stars in Orion's belt; 

delta, epsilon, xi. 

?os-lot h9elek', nphr(n/num & nccpd/4d of agn). constellation; supposedly 

only seen by robbers. 

lot' P(2). 

lot' ba, rv. compress, close up (notch in tree trunk closed by weight of 

toppling tree). 

lot'ahtik, aj. cf. lot'ol /plu/. 

lot'an ba, rv. huddle with arms pressed to body (person) /squatting/. 

lot'et, av. holding on /to branch/. 

lot'etik, av. cf. lot'et (plu). 

lot'i, iv. huddle with arms pressed to body (person) /squatting/. 

lot'leh, nld. huddling with arms pressed to body /squatting/. 

lot'lon, av. walking gingerly (sick person, person walking on slippery trail, 

or barefoot on thorny path). 

lot'ol, aj. huddled with arms pressed to body (person), crouched (cat). 

lot'om c'is, nphr(x & n). mimosa Mimosa albida, #437(2,3,5). Temperate 

"tree". # 1091(1,3). Lowland and temperate "plant". # 1531(1,3). Temperate 

and highland "plant". #2533(1,4). Temperate "vine". 

#2643(22). Lowland "plant", cf. loe'om cih. 

Iu9 P(2) or T(2). 

Iu7, tv. bend. 

Imahtii, aj. cf. luiul /plu/. 

Iu9an, tv. bend down /coffee branches/. 

Imantlk. aj. bent over (slender trees spaced far apart) /in wind/. 

Iu9 ba, rv. give way (teg)hmnan, 

tv. bend down /coffee branches/. 

Iu9anlu9an, tv. bend down one after another /coffee branches/. 

Iu9anlu9anan, tv. cf. luianluian. 

Iu9eah, iv. bend (tree, back, leg). 

Iu9ean, tv. bend /metal, wood used to make frame of straw bull/. 

luwl, nc. bending /spook's stave/. 

Iu9et, av. bending back and forth. 

Iu9il, n3d. Male speech; vagina /less vulgar than mis/. 

Iu9ilan, tv. bend back and forth (spooks striking flexible staves on ground 

during Carnival). 

Iu9ilanan, tv. bend back and forth (many spooks striking flexible staves 

on ground during Carnival). 

Iu9k'ih, iv. give way (leg of heavily burdened person). 

Iu9lah, av. trembling (legs). 

Iu9lahet, av. trembling (slender trees in wind), bending back and forth 

(spooks' staves). 

ltnlih, av. giving way suddenly (leg). 

Iu9lon, av. trembling (legs with exhaustion). 

Iu9lu9, aj. bent over. 

Iu9p'ih, iv. give way (leg of heavily burdened person), bend (staff, neck 

of heavily burdened person). 

luTp'in, tv. bend /slender tree, leg, neck of heavily burdened person/. 

Iu9p'in ba, rv. bend (tree). 

Iu9p'invan, iv. bow person's head (burden). 

Iu9u9, av. bending over quickly (slender tree), giving way (leg). 

Iu9u9et, av. trembling (legs with exhaustion, tree heavily laden with fruit). 

Iu9ul, aj. bent over (slender tree in wind, heavily laden branch). 

Iu9ulik, aj. cf. luiul /plu/. 

lub(l) I. 

lub, iv. tire. 

lub 9u9un, vphr(iv & n4d). be capable of feeling exhaustion /referring to 

spooks when jailed on Tuesday of Holy Week/. 

lubeah, iv. tire. 

lubean, tv. fatigue, wear out /quarry/. 

lubean ba, rv. wear self out quickly. 

lubeanan, tv. fatigue badly /overloaded mule/. 

lubeunvan, iv. fatigue person (work). 

lubebal, n5. moment before tiring. 

lube I, vnle. exhaustion. 

lubes, tv. exhaust /mule/. 

lubes ba, rv. wear self out. Ritual speech; cf. cames ba. 

lubesan, tv. fatigue badly /overloaded mule/. 

lubk'ih, iv. drop from exhaustion (person, mule, hen). 

lubk'in, tv. make drop from exhaustion. 

lubk'in ba, rv. drop from exhaustion. 

lubk'invan, iv. make person drop from exhaustion. 

lublub, iv. tire slightly. 

lublubtik, iv. tire slightly. 

lubul, n5. Ritual speech, curing prayers; fatigue. 

ti hun pic'ile, ti hun lubule, ti ta hun smale, ti ta hun ssakube, ti hpate, 

ti hs'okone kahval. the weariness, the fatigue, at dusk, at dawn, in my 

body, my side, My Lord. 

hlubeanvaneh, agn. person who tires another /in pursuit/. 

lub(2) P. 

lub-k'ob, n(aj & ncpd)5. praying mantis, 

lubahtik, aj. cf. lubul /plu/. 

luban ba, rv. crouch (cat before jumping, hen before being trodden by 

rooster). 

lubi, iv. set (hen), crouch (woman, rabbit). 

lublah, av. hopping (buzzards), 

lublahet, av. crouching (rabbits). 

lublahetik, av. bobbing (dancing without lifting feet), hopping (buzzards), 

lubleb, n4d. place where hen habitually lays her eggs. 

lublon, av. flapping slowly (wings of chickens being carried upside down, 

chickens or turkeys copulating), fluttering (fledgling), bobbing (dancing 

without lifting feet), hopping (buzzard), 

lubtelubte, av. hopping about (buzzard). 

lubub yalel, vphr(av & dr). sagging to ground (overladen mule), 

lububet, av. with faltering legs. 

lubul, aj. setting (hen), crouched (cat, rabbit, person), at 

home /Von-bie/. 

lubulik, aj. cf. lubul /plu/. 

lublih, av. sagging suddenly under weight, falling suddenly (drunken 

dancer), crouching suddenly (hen, turkey). 

hie" P(2) or T(2). 

lue", tv. conceal /face with shawl/ (girl), shield or conceal under clothes, 

shield under feathers (hen covering chicks or eggs). 

slue" sk'ob. He puts his hands under his shirt. 

ilue"e ta e'ftlel. It was choked with weeds, 

me" ba, rv. cuddle up /under blanket/. 

hie 1 -bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. cuddling up. 

lue'ahtik, aj. cf. lue"ul /plu/. 

lue'an, tv. hide many things under clothing. 

lue'anan, tv. cf. lue'an. 

liieanlue'an, tv. hide one thing after another under clothing, 

lue'anlue'anan, tv. cf. lue'anlue'an. 

lue*et, av. hiding under clothes, 

lue'etik, av. cuddled (plu). 

lue'ilan, tv. conceal and uncover face fussily (self-conscious girl at fiesta), 

lue'lahetik, av. having sexual relations /serial rape/, 

lue'omah, iv. set (hen), 

lue'omal, n 1 d. person who cuddles up and keeps us warm (woman), bottle 

of liquor stuck in one's sash. 

liie'telue'te, av. snatching up and concealing one thing after another. 

lue"ul, aj. with face covered (girl), 

lue'van, iv. cuddle against person, 

hlue'vaneh ta vayel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who snuggles 

up with children in bed to keep them warm. 

luc(l) P(2). 

lucahtik, aj. cf. lucul /plu/. 

lucan, tv. set on top of. 

lucan ba, rv. perch. 

naka ta slucan sba ta ba lum. They just perch on the earth's surface 

(short-lived mushrooms), 

lucanan, tv. set on perch /chickens/. 

lufianlucanan, tv. set one after another on perch /chickens/.

lucantik, aj. sparse (peaches on tree). 

luceah, iv. blister. 

lucet, av. perching (person, bird). 

lucetah, iv. perch. 

lucetik, av. cf. lucet (plu). 

luci, iv. be perched (bird, person, animal). 

lucilan, tv. bounce /baby/. 

luclah muyel, vphr(av & dr). clambering up. 

luclahet, av. perching (birds). 

luclahetik, av. perching (people). 

lucleb, nld. perch. 

lucleb e'unun, nphr(n of n). 'hummingbird perch', Lamourouxia viscosa, 

# 1583(11,12). Temperate plant' 

lucleb vonon, nphr(n of n). 'bumblebee perch', cigar flower Cuphea aequipetala, 

# 1449( 11,12). Highland plant" 

luclebin, tv. use as a ladder, perch on. 

lucleh, nld. perching. 

luclih muyel, vphr(av & dr). rising up suddenly (child on seesaw). 

luclon, av. bouncing up and down (large child on mother's back, coffin). 

lucluc, aj. perching (too small hat on crown of head), 

lucp'ih, iv. cf. luceah. 

luctelucte, av. jumping from branch to branch (bird, squirrel), climbing 

one tree after another (person). 

lucuc, av. perching (child on seesaw), 

lucul, aj. perched, protuberant (blister), 

lucul, n5. Ritual speech, prayer; the perched one, i.e., person. 

k'elbekon to 9ilbekon to ti p'ehele ti lucule ti yo 1 avalabe ti yo 1 

anic'nabe kahval. Watch after them for me, look after them for me, 

the round ones, the perched ones. Thy lowly children. Thy lowly 

offspring, My Lord, 

luculik, aj. cf. lucul /plu/. 

liicullucul, n4f. each of many blisters. 

lucvan muyel, vphr(iv & dr). toss person in air (cow, tree), 

hlucvaneh, agn. ccw that tosses person in air. 

luc(2) P(2) or T(2). 

luc, tv. prick out /thorn with needle/, embroider, scoop with rind 

/squash/, 

luc ta vah, vphr(tv & prep & n5). scoop up food with tortilla or toasted 

tortilla. 

lucbe, tv. embroider. 

lucbcnal, nlf. hole left where thorn has been dug out. 

lucel, nc. scoop up /with tortilla/, pricking out /thorn with needle/. 

lucob, nld. squash rind used for scooping out cooked squash, tortilla or 

toasted tortilla for scooping up food, needle for digging out thorn. 

lucobil, nlf. cf. lucob. 

lucolah, iv. embroider, 

lucul, n4e. embroidery, carving, mosaic. 

luculta, tv. embroider. 

lucultaan, tv. embroider /pieces of clothing/. 

lucultik, aj. embroidered. 

hlucolahel, agn. embroiderer, 

blucom, agn. embroiderer. 

loc(3) 

luc, Mary. cf. manic. 

lugar N(Sp, lugar). 

lugar, nlf. place, var., lukar. 

lugarin, tv. stay or work in one place. 

tab P. 

luhahtik, aj. cf. luhul /plu/. 

luhan til ba, vphr(tv & nphr/n4d of n5/). scowl, 

luhet, av. scowling. 

luhetik, av. cf. luhet (plu). 

luhi, iv. scowl. 

luhleh, n4f. scowling, heavy-lidded /with sleepiness/, 

luhlehikil, n4f. cf. luhleh /plu/. 

liihlih, av. scowling suddenly. 


221 

luhlon, av. scowling. 

luhluh, aj. furrowed /brow/. 

luhp'in ba, rv. become furrowed (brows of old person). 

luhp'in sat, vphr(tv & n4d). scowl. 

luhteluhte sat, vphr(av & n4d). scowling about. 

luhuh, av. scowling. 

luhul, aj. scowling. 

luhulik. aj. cf. luhul /plu/. 

luk(l) N(Sp, luco). 

luk, nla. billhook. 

tanhero luk, nphr(aj & n)la. imported billhook /formerly/. 

tanhero luk, nphr(aj & n)la. tranhero luk, cf. tanhero luk. 

luk(2) P(2). 

luk ba, rv. curl up (sleeping child, cat, or dog, snake), lasso , loop (vine), 

go crooked (planting, hoeing), 

luk-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. lassoing. 

luk-bain, tv(tv & ncpd). lasso. 

luk ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). kick in the shins /scrawny person/, 

luka, tv. lasso, 

lukaan, tv. lasso /plu/. 

lukael, nc. lassoing. 

lukahtik. aj. cf. lukul /plu/. 

lukan ba, rv. curl up (sleeping child, cat or dog), 

lukanahtik, aj. with many horseshoe curves, winding (path), 

lukanobil, n4f. cloth used as hammock for child, 

lukantik, aj. with many horseshoe curves, winding (path), 

lukaob, nlf. lasso, 

lukaobil, nlf. cf. lukaob. 

lukeah, iv. warp, twist (wood), go crooked (planting, hoeing, clearing), 

lukean, tv. bend /metal, floral arch, wooden frame of straw bull/, curve 

(path). 

luket, av. curled up, moving around /pain/, undulating (snake), 

luketah, iv. curl up /to sleep/, 

luki, iv. curl up (sleeping child, cat or dog). 

lukilan ba, rv. frolic (calf, lamb), writhe (snake), meander (row of planting)luklah, 

av. hobbling (emaciated person or horse), weaving or lurching 

along (drunk) (sing or plu). 

luklahet, av. hobbling (scrawny horse), weaving or staggering (drunk), 

luklahetik, av. weaving or staggering (drunks), 

lukleb, n4d. sleeping place (dog, cat). 

luklebin, tv. use as a sleeping place, curl up on. 

lukleh, nlf. curled up. 

luklih, av. snaking out suddenly (lasso), undulating suddenly (snake). 

luklon, av. dragging self around (emaciated bitch that has just given 

birth). 

lukluk, aj. crooked (branch, path, row), 

lukomah, iv. undulate (snake), wriggle excitedly (dog), flash (lightning), 

thrash in fury (drunk). 

lukp'ih, iv. cf. lukeah. 

lukp'in, tv. cf. lukean. 

lukp'inobil, nlf. tool used to bend metal, 

liiktelukte, av. walking about emaciated (bitch or mule), shaking out one 

after another (lassos). 

lukuc to, nphr(n type n)la. hook /for hanging nets, machetes or hats/. 

var., lukus tei. 

lukuk, av. curling up quickly. 

lukuket, av. moving around (pain), zigzagging (lightning), crooked (row 

of hoeing), 

lukul, aj. curled up (sleeping child, cat or dog), coiled (snake), crooked 

(tree). 

lukul ta hc'ut. curled up in my lap. 

lukul k'amal, ajphr(aj & aj). reeling (drunk). 

lukum, nla. earthworm, tapeworm. 

lukus to, nphr(n type n)la. cf. lukuc te 1 ). 

lukar


lukar, place, cf. lugar. 

lukarto N(Sp, Eduardo). 

lukarto, nld. Edward. 

lukasyuQ N(Sp. education). 

hlukasyon, agn. school committee member. 

lukas N(Sp, Lucas). 

lukas, nld. Lucas, var., Kas /when young/. 

lukiim N. 

lukum, nla. worm /earthworm, tapeworm/, cf. luk(2). 

lukumento N(Sp, documento). 

lukumento, nla. legal document /formerly/, var., lukumyento. 

lukumyento 

lukumyento, legal document, cf. lukumento. 

lula N(Sp, ruda). 

lula, nla. rue Ruta graveolens, #371(1,2,3), #2041(3,17,18), 

#2186(1,3,4,19). Highland "plant" (1,3)-It is grown in yards. The slips 

are planted in the rainy season. To cause measles to erupt, three 

shoots are brewed. The shaman bathes the child in the water. It is 

"hot" To relieve the heat of mahbenal, three or six shoots are gathered 

or bought and brewed with mexican savory and a pinch of tobacco. 

One cup is drunk, and the remainder is used to bathe the 

patient's arms, legs, chest, forehead, back and sides. It is "hot" A 

person who has been tormented by the earth lord in his dreams gathers 

or buys three shoots. They are brewed, and he is bathed with the 

water for three to eight days. It is "hot". (5)-To induce a woman's 

milk to flow, rue tea is drunk. It is "hot" (16,17)-As a remedy for 

stomachache, a handful is brewed. The patient drinks two spoonsful 

mixed with cane liquor. As a remedy for soul-loss /balamil/, it is 

ground and rubbed on the body at bedtime for three days. It is "hot" 

Sometimes it is sold at market. (RML)-For further use, cf. eie pos. 

lulse 

lulse, candy, cf. lurse. 

lulse 

lulse, candy, cf. lurse. 

IM.FI N. 

lum, nla. earth, earthenware. 

ta lum hc'ul-me9tik. lit.. The holy mother is on the earth, i.e.. There 

is no moon. 

lumal, nib. Ritual speech, oath of office; lit., earth, i.e., body. 

mi lok' tal alumal, mi lok' tal avac'elal. lit., Has your earth appeared, 

has your mud appeared? i.e., Have you arrived? Address by people 

remaining at home to those departing for visit to mountain shrines, 

hmalatik alumal, hmalatik avac'elal. We will wait for your earth, 

we will wait for your mud. 

lumal, n4d(lp). Zinacantan. 

lumal p'in, nphr(n of n)5. place where pottery clay is extracted. 

lumal semet, nphr(n of n)5. place where clay for griddles is extracted. 

lumal tok, nphr(natt & n)5. fog, mist. 

lumal toktik, nphr(natt & n)5. expanse of fog or mist. 

lumal toktik sa ssate. lit., His eyes are a cloud of mist, i.e., His 

eyes are glazed with death. 

lumil tok, nphrfnatt & n)5. fog, mist. 

lumta, tv. hill /potatoes, cabbage, corn/. 

lumtaan, tv. hill /potatoes, cabbages, corn/. 

lumtalumlaan, tv. hill one after another /potatoes, etc./. 

lumtaobil, n4f. hoe. 

lumtik. n5. ground, floor. 

ta lumtik. on the ground (or) on the floor. 

lumtikil c'o, cf. c'o. 

slumil, cf. cenek'. 

lik'al lum, nphr(aj & n)la. black earth /used for dying clothes/. 

eahal lum, nphr(aj & n)5. red earth. It was sold formerly by Zinacantecs 

to ladinos, who mixed it with lime to make plaster. 

eahal lumtik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of red earth /eroded land/. 

lumum N(Sp, numero). 

hi me ro, nla. number. 

lumpisera N(Sp, lombricera). 

lumpisera, n. macawood Platymiscium dimorphandrum, #301(2,3). Lowland 

"tree". The trunk is used for fieldhouse roof poles, fence posts, 

and firewood. 

luna N(Sp, luna). 

luna, nle. moon. 

90 slunail hsat. I have a twitch in my eye. 

lunes N(Sp, lunes). 

lunes, nle. Monday. 

lunes" k'ak'al, nphr(n type n)5. Carnival Monday. 

lunes' santo, nphr(n & aj)5. Monday of Holy Week. 

lup(l) T. 

lup, tv. draw /water/, scoop up /corn, beans/ /in gourd, spoon or shovel/. 

lupan, tv. draw a lot of /water/. 

lupanan, tv. cf. lupan. 

lupanliipan, tv. scooping out one after another /handful of mud from 

well/. 

liipanlupanan, tv. cf. lupanlupan. 

lupel, nc. scoop /with cup/. 

lupilan, tv. keep playing with /dust, water/. 

lupilanan, tv. keep playing with a lot of /dust, water/. 

luplahet, av. scooping up repeatedly /squash, corn gruel/ (plu). 

luplahetik, av. cf. luplahet. 

luplon, av. scooping up repeatedly /squash, corn gruel/. 

lupob, nlf. container for scooping up /corn gruel/ or drawing /water/. 

lupobil, nlf. cf. lupob. 

lupteliipte, av. moving about /burning pain in stomach/. 

hlup , agn(tv & ncpd). person drawing or scooping up 

/water, corn gruel, cooked squash/. 

lup(2) X. 

lupet, av. feeling pain /in stomach/. 

lupup, av. feeling pain /in stomach/. 

lupupet, av. burning /pain in stomach/. 

lupa N(Sp, Guadalupe). 

lupa, nld. Guadalupe. 

luranko 

luranko, peach, cf. lurasnu. 

lurse N(Sp, dulce). 

lurse, nla. candy. 

lulse, n5. Baby talk; candy, var., lulse. 

lulse, n5. cf. lulse. 

lursein, tv. take candy. 

lus(l) N(Sp, luz). 

lus, nle. light, electricity, rocket flare. 

lus(2) P. 

lusahtik, aj. cf. lusul /plu/. 

lusan ba, rv. droop, wilt (leaf, flower). 

luscah, iv. droop. 

lusean, tv. bend down /hat brim/, make droop /flower/. 

luset, av. drooping, wilted (flower, leaf), limp (drunk). 

lusetik, av. cf. luset (plu). 

lusi, iv. droop, wilt (leaf, flower). 

luslah yalel, vphr(av & dr). drooping (candles), slumping (drunk or person 

mortally wounded). 

luslus, aj. floppy (hat brim). 

lusp'ih, iv. wilt, droop (hat brim, candle). 

lusp'in, tv. cf. lusean. 

lusteluste, av. drooping or wilted here and there (leaves, trees). 

lusul, aj. floppy (hat brim), wilted. 

lusulik, aj. cf. lusul /plu/. 

lusus yalel, vphr(av & dr). slumping /from standing position/, drooping 

(candle). 

lus(3) N(Sp, Luz). 

lus, nld. Luz /infr/. 

lus X.

L/M TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 223 

lus mut, nphr(x type n)5. unidentified highland bird /Pat nOsil/. 

lut P(2). 

hit, iv. form a rib /improperly woven cloth/. 

hit, nc. rib /improperly woven part of cloth/. 

lut ba, rv. form a rib /improperly woven cloth/. 

lutahtik, aj. forming ribs (improperly woven cloth). 

lutan ba, rv. quiver (skin). 

lutantik, aj. with ribs in several places /improperly woven cloth/. 

lutemal, n4f. rib /improperly woven part of cloth/. 

lutet, av. with quivering eyelash or skin. 

lutlahct, av. quivering throughout body. 

lutlih, av. quivering suddenly. 

lutlon, av. quivering (eyelash, skin). 

lutlut, n5. Male joking speech; vagina. 

lutlut, aj. scarred. 

lutukil, n4f. with ribs in several places /improperly woven cloth/. 

lutul, aj. scarred. 

lutulik, aj. badly scarred. 

liitullutul, n4f. each of many ribs /improperly woven cloth/. 

lututet, av. quivering /eyelash, skin/. 

Inf P(2). 

lut', tv. baste, sew stitches far apart. 

lut', nc. stitch /widely-spaced/. 

lut'ahtik, aj. cf. lut'ul /plu/. 

lut'an ba, rv. sit with bowed head, sit inertly (sick person or chicken). 

lut'antik, aj. with widely spaced stitches. 

lufbenal, n4f. stitching /of capon's wound/. 

lut'eah, iv. become gathered (scar). 

lut'ean ti? ba, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n3d/). frown. 

lutVanvan, iv. scar person. 

lut'el, nc. basting. 

lut'et, av. huddling, sitting inertly. 

lut'etik, av. cf. lut'et (plu). 

lut'i, tv. step over. If a woman steps over a murderer's face three times 

it is believed that the victim will not be seen in the murderer's eyes. 

lut'i, iv. crouch (rabbit), sit inertly (sick person), 

lut'ivan, iv. step over person (woman). 

lutiah, av. hopping (buzzards), walking doubled over (people in cold), 

lutiahet, av. hopping (rabbits, buzzards), walking doubled over (people 

in cold). 

lutiahetik, av. walking doubled over (people in cold). 

Iufleb, n4f. perch, 

lutieh, nlf. sitting or crouched, 

lution, av. hopping (buzzard), quivering (eyelash), walking doubled over 

(person in cold). 

lut'Ionah, iv. hop (buzzard), quiver (eyelash). 

lutlut', nc. single stitch /I only/, 

lutlut', aj. gathered (scar), 

lut'p'ih, iv. cf. lut'eah. 

lut'p'invan, iv. scar person, cause person to stay at home (sickness), 

lut'telut'te, av. hopping about (buzzard, rabbit), walking about with scar, 

walking about doubled over (person in cold), 

lut'ul, aj. crouched with head bowed (person, cat, rabbit), sitting inertly 

with bowed head (sick person or chicken), 

lut'ulik, aj. cf. lui'ul /plu/. 

lut'ulliit'ul, n4f. each of many sections basted or sewn with widely spaced 

stitches. 

lut'ut'et, av. huddling and shivering. 

hlut*ieh-be c'o, cf. £'o. 

M 

m, please, cf. mc(l). 

ma Pt. 

ma, pt. Intensifying particle, cf. me. 

pero k'u ma yu9un. But why? ma replaces me in interrogative 

phrases in polite speech. 

ma9n ka9n, ptphr: pt(pt & ncpd/contr of iu-)un/) & x(x/prob contr of "skal/ 

& ncpd/contr of nwiun/). I thought /incorrectly/, I supposed, cf. ma. 

ma9uk, pt. it isn't, they aren't. 

ma9uk yec smelol cak tahe. It isn't like that. 

maiuk, pt. man, pt. Interrogative particle implying that speaker disapproves. 

man me t sabat. So you're going? 

man ka t sabat. I thought you were going. 

ma?(l) A, P(2). 

ma? ba, rv. droop (eyelids) /with sleep/. 

ma9-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with lids drooping or nearly closed /after beating, 

or with blindness/. 

ma9-sat mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 'blind bird', white-tipped 

brown jay Psilorhinus mexicanus, yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus, 

mangrove cuckoo Coccyzus minor, cf. lora mut. 

ma9a"?et sat, vphr(av & n4d). with lids constantly drooping /eye disorder/. 

ma9ahtik, aj. cf. matal /plu/. 

ma9al, aj. with lids drooping or nearly closed /with sleep, from swelling/, 

nwal hsat ihta ti hmule. lit., With my eyes almost closed I sinned, 

i.e., I sinned without knowing what I was doing. 

ma'Jalik, aj. cf. mala! /plu/. 

ma9et sat, vphr(av & n4d). with lid closed /from blow/. 

ma9lah sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking blindly in the dark, being unaware 

of alleged crime. 

ma^lahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). with lids drooping or nearly closed (sick 

chicks). 

ma9leh, n5. with drooping eyelids. 

ma9mai, aj. with lids drooping or nearly closed /congenital eye condition/. 

mammon sat, vphr(av & n4d). with lids closed (person, sick chicks), walking 

blindly in dark, being unaware of alleged crime. 

ma9tema9te sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with drooping lids /congenital 

condition/. 

ma9ub, iv. go blind. 

ma9(2) 

ma9, it isn't, there aren't, cf. ma. 

ma9(3) prob O. 

ma9lahet, av. cf. maimon (plu). 

ma9mon, av. miaowing. 

ma9(4) X. 

ma?-cuih, iv(x & ivcpd). stop nursing (child whose mother has died or 

whose milk has run dry). 

mart X. 

ma9lta, tv. sprinkle, water, var., malta. 

marttaan, tv. sprinkle or water /plu/. 

ma9ltaeh-9itah, vn(tv & ncpd)5. watering of cabbage. 

ma9ltaeh-nicim, vn(tv & ncpd)5. watering of flowers. 

ma9ltama'?ltaan, tv. sprinkle or water one after another. 

ma9ltaob, nlf. watering can. 

ma9ltaobil, nlf. cf. mailtaob. 

ma9ltavan, iv. sprinkle person. 

hma9ltavaneh, agn. person who sprinkles another. 

mac prob P or P(2). 

maeae, av. growing drowsy. 

maeaeet, av. between sleep and wakefulness /half-dreaming/. 

maeal, aj. drowsy. 

maeet, av. between sleep and wakefulness /half-dreaming/, 

s'maeet ssat balamil. There is barely enough light to see by. 

maeetik, aj. barely dreaming. 

yalal maeal, ajphr(aj & aj). beautiful (girl's eyes), peeping forth (young 

squashes, gourds, chayotes or corn ears). 

mae'(l) P(2). 

maer'ahtik, aj. mired, embedded, jailed /plu./. 

mae'al, aj. stuck /in tree or ravine/, mired (car), embedded (thorn in

224 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 M 

foot), jailed, 

tihil mae'al ?o. tight-fitting. 

mae'alik, aj. jailed /plu/. 

mae'almae'al, n4f. each of many embedded /thorns, nails/. 

mae'an, tv. embed /axe in tree, sandal in mud/. 

ismae'an ta cukel li hun loe. He stuck that guy in jail. 

mae'an ba, rv. become stuck or mired. 

mae'anan ta cukel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). jail /plu/. 

mae"aneh-bail ta cukel, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & vn5). mutual 

jailing. 

mae'anvan ta cukel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). jail person. 

mae'eah, iv. become mired. 

mae'ean ba, rv. become mired, founder. 

mae'ean komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave mired /car/. 

mae'et, av. foundering /in mud/. 

mac'i. iv. stick (sandal in mud, axe head in trunk of tree). 

mae'lab, av. becoming embedded or mired, foundering (sing or plu). 

mae'lahet, av. foundering /in mud/. 

mae'lahetik, av. cf. mae'lahet. 

mae'leh, n4d. imprisonment /use restricted to 3s, 3p/. 

mae'luh, av. piercing suddenly /foot/ (thorn). 

hmae'anvaneh ta cukel, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). person who has 

another jailed. 

mae^) T. 

mae', tv. chew /chewing gum, maguey, sugarcane/. 

lek ismae 3 pos volhe. lit., He chewed cane liquor well yesterday, i.e., 

He got thoroughly drunk yesterday. 

mae', nla. skin of corn kernels, posol. 

muk'ul pah mae\ a lot of sour posol /said by dudes when they go 

to drink com gruel with straw bull/. 

mae', nc. bite /dog, horse/. 

mae' 9e, vphr(tv // n). bite one's lip (angry person wishing to harm 

enemy). 

mae' baik ta tfrel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). nibble each other (horses). 

mae'an-eoe, nphr(x & n)la. son sapote Licaniaplatypus, # 1705(14). Lowland 

"tree" (5)-As a remedy for dysentery, the pit is brewed to make 

a tea. To calm whooping cough, a decoction of son sapote pits and 

walking stick insects is drunk. The fruit is "medium", cf. tieompi. 

mae'benal, n3b. chewings, pulp that has been spit out /sugarcane/. 

mae'el, nc. bite /dog, horse/, bite of sugarcane. 

mae'mon 9e, vphr(av & n4d). stinting oneself /in food/, craving /food, 

drink/. 

mae'obil, n4f. molars. 

mac'temae'te 9e, vphr(av & n4d). walking about stinting oneself /in 

food/. 

mae'ulan, tv. keep chewing /chewing gum, sugarcane, lip/, nibble. 

mae'ulanan, tv. nibble /plu/. 

rnae'ulanvan ta thel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep nibbling (horses, donkeys). 

mae'van ta ti?el, vphr(iv & prep & n5). nibble (horses, donkeys nibbling 

each other affectionately). 

mac'tf) I. 

mae', iv. dry out partially (clothes, wood), dry up partially (mud, wound, 

skin disease). 

mae'ebal, n5. moment before drying out. 

mae'ae'et lubel, vphr(av & vn5). hungry and thirsty after hard labor. 

mae'et lubel, vphr(av & vn5). hungry and thirsty after hard labor. 

mair'ul N. 

mae'ul, n. see below. 

k'ak'al mae'ul, nphr(aj & n) or nphr(n type n). 'hot manful or 'sun 

mae'uT or 'day mae'uT, railway beggarticks Bidens pilosa, 

# 1472( 11,12). Highland " plant 

mac(l) prob P or P(2). 

macac, av. growing drowsy. 

macacet, av. between sleep and wakefulness /half-dreaming/. 

macal, aj. drowsy. 

macet, av. between sleep and wakefulness /half-dreaming/. 

maclah, av. walking hesitantly /in dark/, walking hatless and without 

shoulder bag /sing or plu/. 

maclahet, av. walking hesitantly /in dark/(plu). 

maclahetik, av. cf. maclahet. 

macmon, av. walking with faltering step (sick person), walking hesitantly 

/in dark/, walking with leaden feet /in dream/. 

mactemacte, av. walking about without burden (woman who has lost her 

only child), walking about angrily. 

yec nos smactemacte ta viinal. She is just walking about hungrily. 

mac(2) 

mac, basket, cf. moe(l). 

mack 

macit, machete, cf. macita. 

macita N(Sp, machete), 

macita, nla. machete. 

macita 9ak\ nphr(n type n). 'machete vine', wild jack bean Canavalia 

villosa, #402(1,3). Highland vine", jack bean Canavalia hirsutissima, 

#1232(1,3,4,5), #2555(1,4). Temperate "vine", jack bean Canavalia 

glabra, #2158(11). Temperate "vine", wild yam bean Pachyrhizus 

strigosus, #1571(1,3,11,12). Temperate "vine". Rhynchosia longeracemosa, 

#1910(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate "vine". 

k'os macita iak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Centrosema pubescens, 


yas'al macita 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild yam bean Pachyrhizus 

strigosus, #2628(1,3). Lowland "vine" 

macita te9, nphr(n type n). 'machete tree', flamboyant tree Delonix regia, 

#852(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree", giant senna Cassia emarginata, 

#1676(7). Lowland "tree". Caesalpinia pukherrima, #2626(21). 

Lowland "tree". Bauhiniapauletia, #2891(14). Lowland "tree". It is 


k'os macita te?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Caesalpinia exostemma, 

#245(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree', 

macit, n5. Baby talk; machete, 

macitain, tv. take machete. 

macu N(Sp, macho), 

macu, nla. male mule. 

smacual. runty /peaches/. 

•nacura A(Sp, machorra). 

macura, aj. barren (woman). 

mac'op A. 

mai'optik, aj. shriveled up (corn kernel, bean pods, beans). 

mae'ul N. 

mae'ul, n. see below. 

k'ak'al mac'ul, nphr(aj & n) or nphr(n type n). 'hot mac'uP or 'sun 

mae'uT or 'day mac'ul', railway beggarticks Bidens pilosa, #2368(20). 

Highland plant" 

sakil mac'ul, nphr(aj & n). Tagetes filifolia, #2372(20). Highland 

plant". 

mac'ul e'wlel, nphr(n type n). see below. 

k'anal mac'ul e*i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Dyssodia papposa, 

#2371(20). Highland "plant". It is eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle. 

magre N(Sp, madre). 

magre, nld. nun. 

mah(l) T. 

mah, tv. hit, strike, beat, flail, 

mah, nc. flailing /com, beans/. 

mah ba, rv. flagellate or strike self /on Holy Saturday Eve or Easter/, 

mah-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. beating, scuffle. 

mah-e'i'>al, vn(tv & ncpd)ld. Joking speech; lit., dog-beating office, i.e., 

office of constable. 

mah-sik, vn(tv & ncpd)5. sickness caused by over-heating /sweating/. 

mah-soroal, vn(tv & ncpd)ld. Joking speech; lit., skunk-beating office, 

i.e., office of constable, 

mah-tani, tv(tv & nepd). whitewash.

M TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 225 

mah-voal, vn(tv & ncpd)ld. Joking speech; lit., fly-swatting office, i.e., 

office of constable. 

mail an, tv. hit or flail /plu/. 

mahan an, tv. cf. mahan. 

mahanmahan, tv. hit or flail one after another. 

rnahaninihanan, tv. cf. mahanmahan. 

mahbe cak, vphr(tv & n4d). fornicate, 

mahben, n4b. sickness caused by supernatural punishment. 

smahben ?ue kolor sickness caused by witch. 

smahben totil moil (or) smahben htotik hmotik. sickness caused by 

tutelary gods. 

smahben kahvaltik. sickness caused by sun. 

smahben pukuh. cf. smahben iue koloi. 

smahben c'ulelal (or) smahben ?anima. sickness caused by ghost. 

smahben balamil. sickness caused by earth lord. 

smahben k'ak'al. sickness caused by sun when sick person goes out 

into hot sun. 

mahbenal, nle. sickness caused by supernatural punishment, cf. mahben. 

mahebal, n5. moment before flailing is finished, 

mahel, nc. flailing, 

mahob, nld. flail, threshing net. 

mahob ?ik'al, nphr(n of n). 'wind beater', bracelet-wood Jacquinia auranliaca, 

#2687(15,21). Lowland "tree'. (15)-As a remedy for "wind", a 

branch is cut and used to beat the affected part until it bleeds, 

mahob lik'al tet, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). bracelet-wood Jacquinea 

aurantiaca, #241(1,2,3,5), #995(3), #2687(1,3). Lowland "tree". Asa 

remedy for wind", three or four branches are used to beat the affected 

part until it bleeds. Then a rag, soaked in alcohol or turpentine, is 

bound around it. It is "hot" 

mahob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)4b. branches used to strike earth to bring 

back lost soul /Quercus rugosa, yellow or montezuma pine/. 

mahob voi, nphr(n of n)5. propeller /seen on lexicographer's boat/. 

mahobil, n4b. cf. mahob-bail. 

mahobil, nlf. cf. mahob. 

mahomah, iv. full /cloth/, 

mahulan, tv. flail, keep beating or shrinking, 

mahvan, iv. hit, strike or beat someone. 

hmah-Tisim, agn(tv & ncpd). flailer of corn, 

hmah eoi ka7, agn: vphr(tv & nphrcpd/n of n/)5. person who breaks up 

horse manure for fertilizer, 

hmah-k'ok", agn(tv & ncpd). fire beater, cabbage boiled very briefly 

before it is served. 

hmah-nukul, agn(tv & ncpd). Joking speech; lit., skin beater, i.e., drummer. 

hmahvaneh, agn. person who hits another. 

moh, nc. In reference to; blow, planting /1-2/, meal, rainfall, curing 

ceremony, look. 

ta h-moh. forever. 

mu sibat ta h-moh. I am never going. 

mu h-mohuk i camele. There is more than one kind of sickness. 

mu h-mohikotik. We are not all alike. 

kool sci'Nik h-moh t sibat ?une. I am going once and for all. 

moh moh, nc. single time /blow, rainfall /I only/. 

mah(2) P(2). 

mahah yalel, vphr(av & dr). sagging (broken branch). 

mahahtik, aj. swinging loosely, dangling (legs). 

mahal, aj. limp (dead chicken or person), dangling (penis), 

mahan, tv. dangle. 

ismahan yok ta ba mesa. He sat with legs dangling at the head of 

the table /bride's ritual tutor waiting for gifts/. 

mahan ba, rv. droop head (baby). 

maheah, iv. droop, (dying creature, leaves in strong sun or frost), 

mahean yalel, vphr(tv & dr). droop /head/ (baby), 

mahet, av. in stupor (drunk or sick person), dangling (penis, mucous), 

sagging (drunk on horse). 

mahetik, av. cf. mahet (plu). 

mahk'uh, iv. nod loosely (head of dying creature), hang loosely (broken 

wrist). 

mahk'un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. mahean yalel. 

mahlah, av. walking rapidly and swinging arms (plu). 

mahlahet, av. walking rapidly and swinging arms (plu), nodding with 

sleep (plu), swinging (legs of children or of corpse carried strapped to 

chair). 

mahlahetik, av. cf. mahlahel. 

mahleh, nlf. with legs dangling, 

mahluh, av. dangling suddenly (broken finger). 

mahmon, av. dangling (horse tail, broken leg of dog, broken arm), nodding 

(head with sleep). 

smahmon yok ta nekebal. Her legs are dangling over the shoulders 

/woman in intercourse/, 

mahp'uh, iv. cf. mahk'uh. 

mahp'un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. mahean yalel. 

mail N. 

mail, nla. watermelon squash . See below, var., mayil. 

mailtik, n5. field of watermelon squash. 

cih-con mail, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'striped snake maiT or 'gopher 

snake maiF, watermelon squash Cucurbila ficifolia, #2708(1,4). Highland 

vine" Same use as sakil mail. (RML)-This is a streaked variety. 

sakil mail, nphr(aj & n). watermelon squash Cucurbila ficifolia, 

#2706(1,4). Highland 'vine' It is grown by many Zinacantecs in 

their corn fields. It is planted in the beginning of the rainy season. 

Five or six seeds are placed in each hole, with sheep manure. The 

harvest is in November. It is sold at market. The tender shoots are 

boiled and eaten. Young squashes are boiled and seasoned with 

chili, coriander and salt. Ripe squashes are boiled with brown sugar 

and orange peel. They are "hot" For use during the Posadas, cf. 

c'um. 

yasal mail, nphr(aj & n). watermelon squash Cucurbila ficifolia, 

#2707(1,4). Highland 'vine" Same use as sakil mail. 

mail e'iolel, nphr(n type n). creeping bluets Houslonia serphyllacea, # B95 

32(5,5a), #9(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant" Children play with the berries, 

mail con, nphr(n type n)5. lit., watermelon squash animal, i.e., ninebanded 

armadillo Dasypus novemcinclus /infr/. cf. kapon con. Term 

of reference substituted for the usual name when hunting armadillos 

lest the meat taste bad. 

mail to, nphr(n type n). cotton tree Pseudobombax ellipticum, 


mak T. 

mak, tv. close, cover, pin, shield, sign up, contract, retail, herd or drive 

/animals/, stop up. 

ta hmak ta be. I will wait for him. 

mak, iv. close, become constipated, 

mak, nld. apron. 

mak habil, vphr(tv & num & n5). be engaged for year(s). 

mak -/abtel, vphr(tv & n4d). sign up for religious post. 

mak âhnil, vphr(tv & n4d). become engaged /at petition ceremony/. 

mak ">e, vphr(tv & n4d). give hush money to. 

mak 9e, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be struck dumb, be silent (birds in rainy 

season). 

mak loTOn, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be winded, 

mak Won, vphr(tv & n4d). be afraid /to ask favor/. 

mu smak yo'ton. He isn't afraid /to speak up/, 

mak fok, vphr(iv & n4d). bar /animals from field/. 

mu smak yok. lit., She does not bar her feet, i.e., She is forever 

visiting, 

mak •Jok, nphr(n4f of n4f). cloth that covers feet of saints when carried 

in procession. 

mak 7osil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). cloud over, 

mak lulii, nphr(nlf of nld). strap of slingshot. 

mak ba ">o9on, vphr(rv & n4d). get out of breath, 

mak ba ta na, vphr(rv & prep & n5). hide in house.


mak-bail ta na, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & n5). hiding in house. 

mak cikin, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). grow deaf. 

mak ec'el, vphr(iv & dr). go out of sight. 

mak kantela, nphr(n of n)lb. each of three tips of pine placed at foot of 

candles at shrines /yellow or montezuma pine/, 

mak k'eslal, vphr(tv & n4d). hide one's shame, 

mak k'op, vphr(tv & n5). avoid the subject, 

mak limete, nphr(nlf of nld). bottle cap. 

mak mok, nphr(nlf of nld). branches used to make fence impenetrable, 

mak mulil, vphr(tv & n5). conceal another's guilt, exonerate unjustly, 

mak na, vphr(nlf of nld). door, 

mak nukul, nphr(n type n)lb. apron, 

mak nuk', vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). suffer throat congestion or bronchitis, lose 

one's voice. 

mak p'in, nphr(nIf of nld). lid. 

mak sat, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). go blind, 

mak sat, nphr(n of n)ld. mask, 

mak sat, nphr(nlf of nld). horse blinders, 

mak sonobil, nphr(nlf of n3d). tongue of ceremonial sandal, 

mak ta be, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n5). be held up or delayed (order, letter), 

mak ta k'ob, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). fret /stringed instrument/, 

mak ti9 na, nphr(nlf of nphr/nlf of nld/). door, 

mak ti? tak'in, vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n of n/5). be silenced (church bells 

from Maundy Thursday to 10 p.m. Holy Saturday), 

mak ventana, nphr(nlf of nld). shutter, 

makahtik, aj. cf. makal /plu/. 

makak 9osil, vphr(av & n5). clouding over suddenly. 

makal, aj. closed, enclosed, covered. 

makal ta 9ik\ lit., closed by wind" i.e., constipated or unable to 

urinate or break wind, 

makal 9osil, nphr(aj & n5). overcast. 

makalik, aj. cf., makal /plu/. 

makan, tv. close /plu/, close up /holes in fence/. 

makanan, tv. cf. makan. 

makanmakan, tv. close up one after another /holes in fence/, close one 

after another /doors/. 

makanmakanan, tv. cf. makanmakan. 

makbe it, vphr(tv & n4d). muffle, conciliate or pacify with token gift. 

makbe 9ok, vphr(tv & n4d). get underfoot or in way. 

makbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). conceal another's guilt, exonerate unjustly. 

makbe ni9, vphr(tv & n4d). head off /deer/, 

makbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). act behind someone's back, close another's 

eyes /corpse/. The eyes of a dead person are closed lest he take one 

of the living along with him. 

makbe sat 9ue kolo 1 ?, vphr: tv & nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/)5. make 

offering in order to blind witch, 

makbe sat balamil, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). make offering to earth 

lord for house or field ceremony, 

makeah 9o9on, vphr(iv & n4d). get out of breath, 

makebal ?osil, nphr(n of n)5. moment before becoming overcast, 

makebal ec'el, nphr(n5 & dr). moment before going out of sight. 

makel, vn5. constipation, 

makel, nc. stretch of land to be cleared or hoed simultaneously by row 

of workers. 

makes, tv. constipate. 

makesvan, iv. cause constipation /cushaw that is too hot, many potatoes/. 

maket, av. herding, driving. 

maket 9osil, vphr(av & n5). cloudy, overcast, 

maketah, iv. cloud over, 

maketik, av. leading /prisoners to jail/. 

maki, tv. Ritual speech, curing prayer; share. 

ta smaki ta skevu ti yo 1 alekile ti yo 1 avueile ti yo 1 avalabe ti yo 1 

anic'nabe. Thy lowly child of man, Thy lowly child of woman will 

share, will enjoy Thy lordly goodness, Thy lordly beneficence. 

Ritual speech, curing prayer; hc'amuntik tal hmakitik tal ti yo I 

alanilike ti yo 1 asikilike. Let us borrow, let us share Thy assuagement, 

Thy coolness, 

makibe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). share punishment /person apprehended 

with criminal and arrested unjustly as accomplice/, 

makita, tv. share leftover food and drink, 

makita mulil, vphr(tv & n5). share punishment, 

makitaan mulil, vphr(tv & n5). share punishment of people, 

maklah, av. moving partially concealed /behind trees/ (sing or plu). 

maklahet, av. moving partially concealed (in weeds or underbrush), 

maklahet 9e, vphr(av & n4d). stuttering, stammering /also said of person 

with rudimentary knowledge of Spanish/. 

maklahet 9osil, vphr(av & n5). clouding over and clearing repeatedly, 

maklahetik, av. cf. maklahet (plu). 

makleh, nlf. imprisonment, closing. 

makmon 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). desiring unattainable object or girl, 

makob 9a9al, vphr(nlf & n4d). fence around well, 

makob 9ik', nphr(n of n)5. ceremony to prevent wind from destroying 

corn field, 

makob camel, nphr(n of vn)5. ceremony to prevent epidemics, to blind 

witch, or to appease earth lord, 

makob hiak'-camel, nphr(n of agn/tv & ncpd/)5. tobacco or garlic used 

to blind witches, 

makob k'ak'al satil, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/)5. amber charm worn by 

infants and young children to protect them from evil eye. 

makob vo9, nphr(nlf of n5). fence around well, 

makobil, nlf. cf. makob camel. 

makobil 9a9al, nphr(nlf of n4d). cf. makob ")a1al. 

makobil 9e, nphr(n4f of n4d). hush money, present given to person to 

prevent him from talking, 

makobil 9ik', vphr(n4f of n5). branches or straw mat set up to shield 

candles from wind. 

makobil camel, vphr(n4f of vn5). cf. makob camel. 

makobil ni 1 ) cih, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4d of nld/). sheep runway between 

corn fields to corral, 

makobil sat 9ue kolo, nphr: n4f of nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/5). candles 

or ceremony to ward off envious people /term may be applied to any 

private ceremony/, 

makobil sat balamil, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n5/). garlic or tobacco 

buried where person has fright and rubbed on body at bedtime, camphor 

placed in bag and hung around neck at bedtime, 

makobil vo9, nphr(nlf of n5). cf. makob vol. 

makol, n4f. apron, fence. 

maktemakte, av. driving here and there /animals/. 

makulan, tv. keep driving, covering or pinning, 

makulan ba, rv. keep hiding behind, 

makulan k'op, vphr(tv & n5). keep avoiding the subject, 

makulan ta be, vphr(tv & prep & n5). keep accosting /girl/. 

makulan ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). keep being held up or delayed 

(order, letter). 

makulanan, tv. keep closing /plu/. 

makulanan ta be, vphr(tv & prep & n5). keep accosting /plu/. 

makulanvan ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). keep accosting person (boy, 

whip-poor-will). 

makvan ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). attack person on road, 

makvan ta na, vphr(iv & prep & n5). attack person in house. 

hmak- , agn(tv & ncpd). driver, herdsman of /sheep, etc./. 

hmak-9okol, agn(tv & ncpd). child or adult who obstructs progress of 

walking people. 

hmak-9osil, agn(tv & ncpd). squatter. 

hmak-9ul, agn(tv & ncpd). person who moves from place to place when 

corn gruel is being distributed so that he will be served more than once, 

hmak-balamil, agn(tv & ncpd). squatter, 

hmak-be, agn(tv & ncpd). assassin, highwayman, 

hmak-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). person who conceals another's guilt or 

who exonerates another unjustly, 

hmak-rekwa, agn(tv & ncpd). muleteer.


hmak ti? na, agn: vphr(tv & nphrcpd/n of n/). person or persons during 

petition who guard door to make sure that family of intended bride 

does not escape. 

hmakbalal, agn. single official assistant serving religious dignitary /except 

constable, cantor, captain/, 

hmakol, agn. driver /of game/, 

mok, nld. fence, 

mok, nc. group of soldiers, highwaymen, blow /with Mexican coyote 

brush to remove wind' from leg/, cf. mok(2). 

mok mok al lik, n5. many fences, 

mokmoktik, n5. many fences. 

mokokil, n4f. many blows /to remove wind" from legs/. 

moktii, n5. extent of fence, 

makina N(Sp, maquina). 

makina, nla. machine /typewriter, tractor, mill/. 

mako 1 ) N. 

makoi, nla. cockroach. 

teitikal mako?, nphr(aj & n)5. forest cockroach, 

totikil mako9, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. tettikal makoi. 

makom N. 

makom, nla. blackberry Rubus adenoirichus, #2223(19). Highland "vine". 

As a remedy for dysentery, a small bunch of the fruit is crushed 

in the hand and mixed with cold water and sugar. A cup is drunk. It 

is medium". 

makomaltik, n5. large blackberry patch. 

makomtik, n5. blackberry patch. 

bae*i makom, nphr(aj & n). blackberry Rubus irasuensis, #370(1,2,4). 

Highland "vine" The berries are eaten by people and birds. They 

are cold" 

eahal makom, nphr(aj & n). wild blackberry Rubus humistralus, 

#609(1,3). Highland vine" The berries are "cold" 

c'ail makom, nphr(aj & n). 'bitter blackberry', wild blackberry Rubus 

fagifolius, #703(1,2,3,5). Highland plant" 

kaslan makom, nphrfaj & n). wild blackberry Rubus sapidus, 

#89(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant" The berries are eaten by people and 

birds. They are "cold" To relieve heartburn /met vinik/, the berries 

are mashed in a cup of cold water, sweetened with refined sugar. 

One cup is drunk, blackberry Rubus coriifolius, #1384(3). Temperate 

"vine". #2284(3,4). Highland "vine". Same use as above. 

muk'ta kaslan makom, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Rubus sp., 

#749(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". It grows in yards and fencerows. 

The fruit is sold at market. Same use as kaslan makom. 

k'os makom, nphr(aj & n). mock strawberry Duchesnea indica, 

#2381(20). Highland "plant". The fruit is eaten by mice, 

pahal makom, nphr(aj & n). 'sour blackberry', blackberry Rubus irasuensis, 

#705(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant" It grows in fencerows. The 

berries are eaten by birds. 

tanal makom, nphr(aj & n). 'gray blackberry', blackberry Rubus adenoirichus, 

#1873(16). Highland "vine" 

tusum makom, nphr(n type n). blackberry Rubus coriifolius, #1384(7). 

Temperate "vine" 

#2284(19). Highland "vine". The berries are "cold" 

makom ?ak', nphr(n type n). Buettneria aculeata, #2598(22). Temperate 

"vine" 

makom luc, nphr(n of n). 'opossum blackberry', jimson weed Datura 

stramonium, #1025(1,3,5). Highland "plant" It grows in rubbish 

heaps and in fencerows. 

makom e'frlel, nphr(n type n). mock strawberry Duchesnea indica, 

#20(1,3,4), #971(1,3), #2381(3,4). Highland "plant". It grows in fencerows. 

Children eat the fruit. 

makom c'is, nphr(n type n). 'blackberry bramble', mimosa Mimosa albida, 

#1835(1,4). Temperate "vine". Buettneria aculeata, 

#1609(1,3,11,12,13), #2598(1,3). Temperate vine". 

#2822(3,4,11,12). Lowland "vine". Gouania pofygama, 


yasal makom c'is, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Buettneria aculeata. 

#2598(15,20,21). Temperate "vine* 

makom rosa, cf. rosa. 

makom vet, nphr(n of n). 'fox's blackberry', blackberry Rubus adenotrichus, 

#1873(1), #2223(1,3,4). Highland "vine" 

makuliskuat N(Sp, macuilisguate from N, macuili and cuahuitl). 

makuliskuat, n. Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabrura, # 1697(7). Lowland 

"tree". The bark is used to lash pole walls and fences. 

mak'(l) prob P or P(2). 

mak'ak'et sat, vphr(av & n4d). rolling whites of eyes, 

mak'al, aj. with only whites of eyes showing, 

mak'el, aj. with only whites of eyes showing. 

Reproach of person to another's child who watches people eating; k'u 

t sapas ta mak'el asat. What are you doing looking through halfclosed 

eyes. 

mak'eah, iv. close half-way (eyes) /from hunger or sickness/, 

mak'et sat, vphr(av & n4d). with only whites of eyes showing, 

mak'lah, av. moving quickly and indistinguishably (sing or plu). 

mak'lahet, av. moving indistinguishably or partially concealed, 

mak'lahetik, av. cf. mak'lahet (plu). 

mak'leh, n4d. nearly closed (eyes of dying person), 

mak'luh, av. rushing past allowing only a glimpse of self, 

mak'mon wôn, vphr(av & n4d). longing unrealistically for something, 

mak'mon sat, vphr(av & n4d). peering out (prisoner). 

yec smak'mon ssat. lit.. Her eyes are just half open, i.e., She is just 

moping around. 

mak'temak'te, av. rushing about when barely visible (deer). 

mak'(2) X. 

mak'lan, tv. board, provide food or food and lodging. Ritual speech; cf. 

yayin. 

mu s'a buc'u smak'lanon. There is no one to support him. var., 

mak 'lin. 

mak'lan ba, rv. reciprocate food and lodging (religious official), support 

one another (orphaned brothers and sisters), 

mak'lanan, tv. provide food for many /laborers/. 

mak'lantas, tv. provide food or food and lodging, 

mak'lantasan, tv. provide food for /laborers/. 

mak'lantasvan, iv. feed person /one's laborers/, 

mak'lanvan, iv. support person. 

mak'lin, tv. cf. mak'lan. 

hmak'lanvaneh, agn. woman who comes to relieve wife of domestic 

chores in time of sickness. Denunciatory speech, parents referring to 

youngest daughter who elopes, or to youngest son who does not marry 

and therefore brings no woman to help his mother; provider. 

ha 1 ) sa hmak'lanvaneh ha 1 ) sa hyayinvaneh ti yecuke. She would 

have been the provider, the supporter, 

hmak'lantasvaneh, agn. cf. hmak'lanvaneh. 

mal(l) T. 

mal, tv. spill /liquid/, cause to overflow, 

mal, iv. set (sun), overflow, spill, 

mal sa, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt). late in the afternoon, 

mal sa k'ak'al, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt & n5). late in the afternoon, 

malan, tv. spill many times, 

malanan, tv. cf. malan. 

malanmalan, tv. spill one after another, 

malanmalanan, tv. cf. malanmalan. 

maleb k'ak'al, nphr(n of n)5. West, 

malebal, n5. Ritual speech, addressing sun in afternoon; hour of setting. 

malebal ec'el c'ayebal ec'el 1 anicimal ba 1 anicimal sate tot kahval. 

It is the hour for Thy flowery visage, Thy flowery face to set, to be 

lost, father, my lord, 

malel, vn4f. the whole day. 

ta smalel 90 k'ak'al 9un bi. on the very same day. 

males k'ak'al, vphr(tv & n5). work from dawn to dusk, 

malesob k'ak'al, nphr(n of n)5. very small amount of work, 

malesobil k'ak'al, nphr(n4f of n4d). a little extra work before sunset, 

malet k'ak'al, vphr(av & n5). in the late afternoon.


malk'uh, iv. spill, overflow. 

malk'un 9ok \ot, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). open floodgates, 

malk'unan TOk vo">, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). open wide floodgate, 

malk'unvan, iv. spill person (canoe), leave person stranded (flood), 

mallahet, av. spilling over (bubbling water, river), streaming (tears), filled 

to the brim. 

mallahetik, av. spilling (children). 

malluh, av. spilling suddenly, 

malmon, av. trickling down (a few tears), spilling, 

malob tanil vo 1 ?, nphr(nlf of nphr/natt & n/ld). place where lime water 

is thrown out. 

malobil tanil vO, nphr(nlf of nphr/natt & n/ld). cf. malob tanil vol. 

maltemalte, av. spilling over here and there (river), 

malulan, tv. keep spilling, 

hmal tanil voi, agn: vphr(tv & nphrcpd/natt & ncpd/). person who pours 

out lime water, 

smal, n5. afternoon. Ritual speech, prayer; dusk. 

ta hun smal ta hun ssakab. at dusk, at dawn, 

smalmal, n5. slightly later in the afternoon, 

smalmaltik, n5. very little later in the afternoon. 

mal(2) 

mal, sprinkle, cf. ma^l. 

mal(3) 

mal, Mary. cf. manic. 

mal(4) 

mal, age. cf. mul(l). 

mal(5) 

mal, marry, cf. malal. 

mala T. 

mala, tv. wait. 

mal ava?i. Wait and see! /threat implied/. 

mal avil. Wait and see! 

smala smala yalel muyel ti ssate. He waited and waited, casting his 

eyes up and down, 

mala ba, rv. wait, 

malaan, tv. wait for /plu/. 

malaob, nlf. food or drink given to person while waiting, place where 

animal habitually feeds or drinks, place where person waits, 

malaobil, n4f. cf. malaob. 

malavan, iv. await person, 

hmalavaneh, agn. person waiting for another. 

malal N. 

malalil. n3d. husband, 

malalin, tv. marry /man/, 

malih, iv. marry (woman). 

t sbat ta malihel. She is getting married. 

malate N(Sp, maleta). 

malate, nla. suitcase, var., malete. 

malayo E(Sp, mal haya). 

malayo, excl. Female scolding speech, mother to child, or male scolding 

speech, now archaic; Dammit! 

malayo muk' bu sabat. Dammit you aren't going! 

malete 

malete, suitcase, cf. malate. 

malku' N(Sp, marco). 

malku9, nla. threshold. 

maltil N(Sp, Martin). 

maltil, nld. Martin, var., Til /when young/. 

maltisyon N(Sp, maldicion). 

maltisyon, nld. evil deed, crime. 

maluk N(Sp, maluco). 

maluk, nle. Genipa sp., # 1331(1,3,4,5,8). Lowland "tree". Some Zinacantecs 

eat the fruit. It is "cold", calabash tree Crescentia cujete, 

#874(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" (RML)-Probably a misidentification. 

malva N(Sp, malva). 

malva, n. shrubby four o'clock Mirabilis jalapa, # 1017(1,3,5). Highland 

"plant" It grows in fencerows. A person suffering from a black eye 

brews three or four shoots and bathes the bruise with the decoction. 

bik'it malva, nphr(aj & n). shrubby four o'clock Mirabilis jalapa, 

#734(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". It grows in rubbish heaps. 

sakil malva, nphr(aj & n). wild heliotrope Heliotropium indicum, 


malvarisko N(Sp, malvarisco). 

malvarisko, n. shrubby four o'clock Mirabilis jalapa, # 1441(1). Lowland 

and highland "plant". To cure facial burns, women brew the shoots 

and rub them on the burn. They are "hot". #1793(4). Highland 

"plant" The flowers are rubbed on a black eye to remove the 

bruise. 

mam(l) E. 

mam, excl. c'mon! /exclamation of parent to toddling child, encouraging 

it to walk/. 

mamcoc, excl. c'mon! 

mam(2) 

mam, grandchild, cf. mom. 

mamal N(Tze, mamal). 

mamal, n5. dude /each of two characters in festivities of Christmas 

season played by the senior stewards/ /Tzeltal term of address/. 

mampo N(Sp, manflor). 

mampo, n5. man who never has sexual relations. 

mamasita N(Sp, mamacita). 

mamasita, n5. Male speech, intimate term of address to wife or mistress; 

lit., little mother. 

man(l) 

man, so! cf. ma. 

man(2) T. 

man, tv. buy. 

manbil ta tak'in. bought with money /hangover/, 

man ba, rv. be lucrative (corn or beans that are bought and sold at a 

profit), 

man ba ta tak'in, vphr(rv & prep & n5). buy release from jail, spend 

money for doctor, 

man-bail ta tak'in, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/5 & prep & n5). purchase of 

release from jail. 

manan, tv. buy /plu/. 

mananan, tv. cf. manan. 

mananmanan, tv. buy one after another, 

mananmananan, tv. cf. mananmanan. 

manbalal, aj. purchased (adopted child, sheep), 

manbalal 9osil, nphr(aj & n)5. purchased land, 

manebal, n5. moment before bride enters groom's house, 

manel, nc. buying, 

manlahet, av. cf. manmon (plu). 

manlahetik, av. cf. manmon (plu). 

manmon, av. arriving frequently to make purchases. 

manob , nphr(n of n)5. money for specific purpose. 

manob bek'et. money to buy meat, 

manobil, n4f. money, 

manolah, iv. purchase, 

manulan, tv. keep buying. 

manulan ba, rv. keep being lucrative (corn, beans), 

manvan ta tak'in, vphr(iv & prep & n5). pay bride price in lump sum. 

hman-loria, agn(tv & ncpd). Ritual speech; lit., buyer of glory, i.e., Christ, 

specif., The Entombed Christ. 

c'ul-hman-vinahel, c'ul-hman-loria. holy buyer of heaven, holy buyer 

of glory, 

hman-vinahel, agn(tv & ncpd). Ritual speech; lit., buyer of heaven, i.e., 

Christ, specif., the Entombed Christ, cf. hman-loria. 

hmanolahel, agn. customer, 

hmanvaneh, agn. Ritual speech; Christ. Christ is believed to have 

bought our souls /c'ulel/ from Our Savior and given them to us. 

c'ul-hmanvaneh, c'ul-htohvaneh. holy purchaser of persons, holy


payer of persons, 

mana A or N. 

mana "7ok(l), nphr(x type n4d)ld. see below, 

mana •)ok(2), nphr(x type n). see mana iok(l), var. /Na Cih/. 

mana loktik, nphr(x type n4f)5. expanse of mana yok. 

eahal mana lok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/). Cantharellus sp., 

#58(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" It is boiled and seasoned with 

mexican tea and chili. It is cold". 

c'is mana ->ok, nphr(n type nphr/x type n4f/). see below, 

k'anal c'iS mana tok, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/x type n4f/). hedgehog 

fungus Hydnum repandum, #53(1,4). Highland "mushroom" 

It is boiled, seasoned with mexican tea and chili, false chanterelle 

Clitocybe aurantiaca, #98(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" Same 

use as above. 

k'anal mana iok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/). orange-brown lactarius 

Lactarius volemus, #185(1,4,7). Highland "mushroom". It is 

boiled, seasoned with mexican tea and chili. It is "cold". Lactarius 

sp., #51(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". Same use as above. Clitocybe 

sp., #99(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". It may be mixed with 

k'abis toh, yisim cih, and c'is mana yok, boiled, and eaten. Collybia sp., 

#92(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". It is not eaten, 

sakil mana ?ok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/). Lactarius sp., 

#128(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". It is sliced, boiled and seasoned 

with mexican tea and chili. It is cold". 

manavel 

manavel, Emanuel. cf. manvcl. 

mam-ana N(Sp, manzana). 

maneana(l), nla. adam's apple . 

maneana(2), nla. apple. See below, 

maneanailtik, n5. large apple orchard. 

maueanatik, n5. apple orchard. 

Tit'is maneana, nphr(n4f of n5). Amelanchier dentkulata, #1778(16). 

Temperate "vine". The fruit is edible. 

bae'i maneana, nphr(aj & n)5. apple Maluspumila, #579(1,3). Highland 

"tree". It is grown by a very few Zinacantecs, in their yards. 

The seeds are planted at the beginning of the rainy season, one to a 

hole, or seedlings are transplanted. The harvest is in August. Apples 

are sold at market. They are "cold" 

kamosa maneana, nphr(aj type n). 'suede apple', apple Malus pumila, 

#584(1). Highland "tree". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their 

yards. The harvest is in September. Same use as bae'i maneana. 

kaslan maneana, nphr(aj & n)ld. apple Malus pumila, #521(1,2,3). 

Highland "tree". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. 

The seeds are planted or slips are grafted onto bae'i maneana. Same 

use as bae'i maneana. 

perota maneana, cf. perote maneana. 

perote maneana, nphr(n type n)). 'perote apple', apple Malus pumila, 

#520(1,2,3). Highland "tree". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in 

their yards. Same use as bae'i maneana. var., perota maneana. 

tanhero maneana, nphr(aj & n). 'foreign apple', see below, 

eahal tanhero maneana, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). apple Malus pumila, 

#574(1,4). Highland "tree" It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in 

their yards. Same use as bae'i maneana. 

sakil tanhero maneana, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). apple Malus pumila, 

#591(1,3). Highland "tree". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in 

their yards. The seedlings are transplanted in the rainy season or 

slips are grafted onto bae'i maneana. Same use as bae'i maneana. 

maneana 'Jak', nphr(n type n). Tournefortia volubilis, #856(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

vine". 

maneana kinya, cf. kinya. 

maneana to, nphr(n type n). service berry Amelanchier nervosa, 

#46(1,2,3), #2261(3,4). Highland "tree". It is used for firewood, yellow 

oleander Thevetia ovata, #1681(14), Lowland "tree". 

maneanilya N(Sp, manzanilla). 

maneanilya, nla. may weed Anthemis cotula, #588(1). Highland "plant". 

It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The seeds are sown 

in the rainy season. The flowers are sold at market in Chamula and San 

Cristobal. As a remedy for cough, two stalks are brewed together with 

basil, brown sugar and tallow. Alternately, they may be brewed with 

basil and a shot of cane liquor. One cup is drunk. It is "hot". As a 

remedy for "wind" and diarrhea, two stalks are brewed. The tea is 

mixed with cane liquor in which camphor is soaked. One cup is drunk 

before breakfast for three days. It is "hot". For ritual use, cf. eahal 

nicim. var., maneaninya /Htek-lum/. 

maneanilyatik, n5. expanse of may weed. 

maneaninya 

maneaninya, cf. maneanilya. 

mancuk Pt. 

mancuk, pt. if it weren't that, even though. 

mancukuk s'Jelan lapase lek lak'ot ta lok'el bi aâ. If that hadn't 

happened to you it would have turned out well for you. 

mancuk lubemone t sibat. Even though I am tired I am going. 

manko N(Sp, mango). 

manko, nla. mango Mangifera indica, #205(1,2,3,4,5). Lowland "tree". 

It grows in groves in lowland towns. The seed is planted, one to a hole, 

in April. The harvest is in May. The fruit is sold at market. It is eaten 

by everyone. It is "hot" The trunk is used for firewood. A wooden 

mango is kept by the senior steward of Our Lady of the Rosary in his 

coffer. It is removed and washed on Saint Rose Day. 

mankoaltik, n5. large mango grove. 

mankotik, n5. mango grove. 

mankornal N(Sp, mancornar). 

mankornal, nla. yoke, pair of oxen. 

mankornal k'anal, nphr(n type n)5. pair of shooting stars. 

rnanso A(Sp, manso). 

manso, aj. good-natured (person), docile, good-natured (mule). 

mansoib, iv. become docile or good-natured (mule). 

mansoibtas, tv. tame /mule/. 

mansotik, aj. rather good-natured (mule, dog). 

manta N(Sp, manta). 

manta, nld. muslin. 

mantal N(Sp, mandar). 

mantal, nib. advice, order, epidemic. 

ta smantal. representing him (or) on his part, 

smantal kahvaltik. sickness caused by gods /requires only minor 

curing ceremony/. 

smantal pukuh, smantal h9ak'-camel, (or) smantal ?ue kolo?. sickness 

caused by witch. 

hmanlal, agn. person sent on errand. 

mantikat N(Sp, manteca). 

mantikat, nla. lard. 

mantres N(Sp, manteles). 

mantres, nla. table cloth, cloth used to wrap candles. 

mantres k'u?ul, nphr(n type n)la. woolen tunic /archaic/. 

manu'U) N. 

manui, n5. cat, vagina. 

manui(2) N(Sp, Manuela). 

raanuf, nld. Emma /infr/. 

manvcl N(Sp, Manuel). 

manvel, nld. Emanuel. var., Manavel, Vel /when young/. 

manya(l) N(Sp, mana). 

manya, nld. hobble. 

manya lek'el, nphr(n type n)ld. shackle. 

•>ak' manya, vphr(tv & 4d). climb with aid of climbing loop /formerly 

people climbed a greased pole on the fiesta of St. Lawrence/. 

manya(2) N(Sp, mafia). 

manya, n5. wicked /thief, rapist/. 

•)ak' manya, vphr(tv & n5). show. 

kom ta manya, vphr(iv & prep & n5). get used to, /acting improperly/, 

be spoiled (person). 

komilan ta manya, vphr(tv & prep & n5). keep being spoiled or getting 

used to.

230 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY I NUMBER 19 M 

man>a(J) N(Sp, mania). 

manya cenek', cf. cenek". 

manyoso A(Sp, manoso). 

manyoso, aj. cunning (animal, thief). 

mar N(Sp, mar). 

mar, n5. ocean. 

Ritual speech, curing prayers; c'ul-maretik c'ul-9ahvetik. the holy 

oceans, the holy elders. 

mararo 

mararo, purple, cf. moraro. 

marcante N(Sp, marchante). 

marcante, nld. merchant, mistress or lover of a long time's standing, 

reciprocal term of address used between highland ladino merchants and 

Indian customers. 

marimpa N(Sp, marimba). 

marimpa, nld. marimba. 

te?el marimpa, nphr(n of n). 'marimba tree", onion cordia Cordia alliodora, 

#3007(11). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for making marimbas, 

house mainposts, doors, corn bins, lamp stands, chairs, table legs, 

coffers, crosses, gunstocks, slingshots, gates, and fence posts. 

markarita N(Sp, margarita). 

markarita, nla. see below. 

markaritailtik, n5. large field of markarita. 

markaritatik, n5. field of markarita. 

eahal markarita, nphr(aj & n). Gaillardea cf. lanceolata Michx. (cult.) 

, #903(1,3). Lowland "plant" It is grown by ladinos, in their yards. 

The flowers are sold at market. They are put in altar vases. 

k'os markarita, nphr(aj & n). ox eye daisy Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, 

#381(1,2). Highland "plant". Same use as muk'ta markarita. 

muk'ta markarita, nphr(aj & n). ox eye daisy Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, 

#382(1,2), #599(1). Highland "plant". It is grown by 

some Zinacantecs, in their yards. The seeds are planted by men 

and boys in the rainy season. The flowers are sold at market in San 

Cristobal, Tuxtla, and Arriaga. They are put in altar vases by people 

begging pardon in church. (RML)-Ox eye daisies, carnations, 

calla lilies, dahlias, gladiolas, and geraniums are the major commercial 

flowers. For ritual use, see kartuco. 

pino markarita, nphr(aj & n). 'fine daisy', ox eye daisy Chrysanthemum 

leucanthemum, #620(1,2,4). Highland "plant" Same use as muk'ta 

markarita. 

markariton, nla. ox eye daisy Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, #599(5). 

Highland "plant". Same as muk'ta markarita. 

markaritontik, n5. field of ox eye daisies. 

markarita e"i?lel, nphr(n type n). china pink Dianthus chinensis, # 622( 10). 


markariton N(Sp, margariton). 

markariton, ox eye daisy, cf. markarita. 

markus N(Sp, Marcos). 

markus, nld. Mark, var., Kus /when young/. 

maro N(Sp, marro). 

maro, nla. sledgehammer. 

marso(l) N(Sp, mazo). 

marso, nla. maul /used to tamp down earth of fresh grave or to strike 

chisel/. 

marso to, nphr(n type n)la. maul. 

marso(2) N(Sp, marzo). 

marso, n5. March. 

martes N(Sp, martes). 

martes, n 1 e. Tuesday. Tuesdays are considered the best days for holding 

curing ceremonies for women. 

martes k'ak'al, nphr(n & aj)5. Carnival Tuesday. 

martes santo, nphr(n & aj)5. Tuesday of Holy Week. 

martil N(Sp, martir). 

martil, n5. Ritual speech; lit., martyr, i.e., St. Sebastian. 

c'ul-martil, c'ul-piarol. holy martyr, holy creditor. 

martil, n5. Church of St. Sebastian in Htek-lum. 

martio N(Sp, martilla). 

martio, nla. hammer, hammer /firearm/. 

martomo N(Sp, mayordomo). 

martomo, agn. steward or mayordomo /religious official of the first level 

of the religious hierarchy, man in charge of waterhole renewal ceremonies/. 

martomo ?ane, agn(nphr/n type n/5). steward or mayordomo of 

Vcn-bie. 

martomo rey, agn(nphr/n type n/5). steward-royal or mayordomo rey 

/most prestigious official of the first level of the religious hierarchy/. 

manic N(Sp, Maria). 

maruc, nld. Mary, var., Mai, Luc /when young/. 

maruc -ntah, nphr(n type n) 1 a. 'mary greens', pokeberry Phytolacca octandra, 

#627(1,2,3). Highland "plant". Some Zinacantecs eat the tender 

shoots after they have been boiled. They are "cold" cf. nob. 

maruc e'i'rtel 9ob, cf. 9ob. 

maryan N(Sp, Mariano). 

Maryan, nld. Mariano, var., Ran /when young/. 

mas(l) A(Sp. mas). 

mas, aj. more. 

mas hutuk. less, 

mas ta. more than, 

mas minor, better. 

masmastik, aj. a little more than, a little over. 

mas(2) T. 

mas lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). remove solid from liquid, pick out or take out 

of /meat, cabbage, nixtamal, sand, or person fallen into water/. 

masan, tv. take out a lot of /meat/ from liquid. 

masanan, tv. cf. masan. 

masanmasan, tv. take out one after another from liquid /meat in broth/. 

masanmasanan, tv. cf. masanmasan. 

masas, av. floating swiftly (laundry). 

masaset, av. floating (algae). 

masel, nc. removing solid from liquid /nixtamal//1-3/. 

maset, av. floating. 

maslah, av. swimming, floating (branches). 

maslahet, av. floating, submerged, cf. masmon (plu). 

maslahetik, av. cf. masmon (plu). 

masluh, av. surfacing suddenly. 

masmon, av. moving in or on water, swaying back and forth slowly in 

water, removing solid from liquid /nixtamal, etc./. 

masob, nlf. spoon used to take solid food out of liquid. 

masobil, nlf. cf. masob. 

mastemaste, av. floating about. 

masulan, tv. keep removing solid from liquid /nixtamal, meat, cabbage, 

sand/, dip /hair in water/ (woman). 

mas(l) N. 

mas, n5. geoffroy's spider monkey A teles geoffroyi, howler monkey Ahuatta 

villosa. Monkeys are not eaten. Howler monkey skins are used for 

hats by Chamula Carnival characters. An earlier stage of man is believed 

to have been transformed into monkeys when they climbed 

into trees at the time of the flood. There are reputed to be individuals, 

referred to as mas, who, by looking at a woman in late pregnancy, can 

transfer her baby to another woman who gives birth shortly thereafter. 

mas, agn. monkey character of Chamula Carnival. 

inas(2) prob A. 

masal sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with beautiful face. 

masil, n4f. smallness and cuteness /baby's hand/. 

mas(3) prob P or P(2). 

masahtik, aj. stirring (legs or arms of foetus). 

masalik, aj. cf. masahtik. 

masas, av. floating swiftly (laundry). 

maset, av. floating along, ballooning /in water/, stirring (three-four 

month foetus). 

masetik, av. floating along, ballooning /in water/(plu).


maslah, av. fording, swimming, floating (logs). 

maslahet, av. cf. masmon (plu). 

maslahetilc, av. paddling about, thrashing about (people in water). 

masluh, av. floating suddenly. 

masmon, av. paddling or thrashing about /dog or mouse in water/. 

mas'temas'te, av. floating about (duck). 

mas(4) prob P or P(2). 

mas-nii 9ane, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. woman who always appears 

angry, 

mas-ni? vinik, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. man who always appears 

angry. 

mas-te9, n(aj & ncpd)la. corn stubble rake, 

masahtik, aj. visible (footprints in mud). 

masal ni9, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). looking down nose /in anger/, 

masalik, aj. cf. masahtik. 

masel ni 1 ?, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). looking down nose /in anger/. 

masleh, nlf. looking down nose /in anger/. 

masmas ni9, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). looking down nose /in anger/. 

mastemaste ni?, vphr(av & n4d). walking about looking down nose /in 

anger/. 

masluh, av. looking down nose suddenly /in anger/. 

masil N. 

masil, nld. gossip, conversation, 

masilah, iv. converse, 

masilta, tv. gossip about. 

mas fro 

mastro, teacher, cf. maystro 

masuJ N. 

masu?, nla. cat /Voi-bie/. 

•natal N(Sp, Magdalena). 

matal, nld. Magdalene, Miriam. 

matal ">ak\ nphr(n type n). 'magdalene vine', Gonolobus sp., #2670(21). 

Lowland "vine" (RML)-It is said that the ill effects resulting from 

contact with this vine can be cured by returning to the vine and telling 

it to exchange its name with yours. 

ma tan 

matan, gift, present, cf. moton. 

matapalo N(Sp, matapalo). 

matapalo, n. Oreopanax capitatus, #155(1,2,3,5). Highland "tree" 

matas N. 

matas, nle. railway beggarticks Bidens pilosa, # 104(1,2,4,5), #978(1,3), 

#1716(15,16), #2192(19). Highland "plant". (l)-It grows in yards and 

corn fields. It is eaten by sheep. #329(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant" It 

grows in corn fields, perennial beggarticks Bidens oslruthioides, 

#490(1,2). Highland "plant". It is eaten by sheep, cattle, mules, and 

asses, golden beggarticks Bidens aurea, # 1469(3). Highland 

"plant". 

matastik, n5. field of beggarticks. 

•Jit'is matas, nphr(n4f of n5). perennial beggarticks Bidens ostrulhioides, 

#1804(1,4). Highland "plant". It grows in yards. It is eaten by 

sheep. Bidens cf. triplinervia, #70(2,3,4,5). Highland "plant". Same 

use as above. Bidens feruiifolia, #985(1,3). Highland plant" 

Same use as above. Bidens chrysanthemifolia, # 1430(1), # 1788(4). 

Highland "plant". Same use as above. 

eoein matas, nphr(aj & n). 'hairy matas', golden beggarticks Bidens 

aurea, #993(1,3). Highland "plant". It grows in yards. 

k'anal matas, nphr(aj & n). perennial beggarticks Bidens oslruthioides, 

#117(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". It grows in yards. It is eaten by 

sheep and mules. 

niuk'ta k'anal matas, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Bidens triplinervia 

var. mollis, #2388(3,4). Highland "plant". 

k'os" matas, nphr(aj & n). railway beggarticks Bidens pilosa, # 1431(1). 

Highland "plant". Melampodium linearilobum, #1317(1,3,4,5). Lowland 

"plant". 

sakil matas, nphr(aj & n). railway beggarticks Bidens pilosa, # 1472(3). 

Lowland, temperate, and highland "plant". It grows in corn fields. 

It is used as horse fodder. #1716(3), #2040(3,17), #2492(4). Highland 

plant". 

k'os sakil matas, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). railway beggarticks Bidens 

pilosa, #2368(3,4). Highland plant" 

matas e'i'Jlel, nphr(n type n). railway beggarticks Bidens pilosa, 


matasil be e"i9lel, nphr(nphr/natt & n/ type n). 'trail matas plant', golden 

beggarticks Bidens aurea, #1168(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant" 

matasil te^tik, nphr(natt & n). 'forest matas', perennial beggarticks Bidens 

ostruthioides, #1851(1,16). Highland "plant" 

matyo N(Sp, Mateo). 

matyo, nld. Matthew. 

mat' prob P or P(2). 

mat'ahtik, aj. cf. mat'at /plu/. 

mat'al, aj. unbecomingly tight (pants). 

mat'el, aj. unbecomingly tight (pants). 

mat'et ves, vphr(av & n4d). unbecomingly tight (pants). 

mat'lah, av. unbecomingly tight (pants) (plu). 

mat'lahet ves, vphr(av & n4d). unbecomingly tight (pants) /plu/. 

mat'leh, n4f. unbecomingly tight /pants/. 

mat'mat', aj. unbecomingly tight (pants). 

mat'mon ves, vphr(av & n4d). walking with unbecomingly tight pants. 

mat'temat'te ves, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with unbecomingly tight 

pants. 

mau O. 

mau, onom. meow. 

mauluh, av. meowing suddenly. 

mautemaute, av. walking about meowing. 

main N. 

mau 1 ?, nla. cat /Voi-bie/. 

may(l) P or P(2). 

mayahtik, aj. worn down (tips of branches dragged on ground). 

mayal, aj. worn thiri (toe of sandal), with eyes glazed over. 

mayalik, aj. glazed (eye with exhaustion). 

mayay ec'el sat, vphr(av & dr & n4d). with lids drooping. 

mayayet sat, vphr(av & n4d). struggling to keep eyes open. 

mayeah, iv. have corners worn off (hoe). 

mayean, tv. grade, bevel. 

mayel, aj. heavy-lidded. 

mayet sat, vphr(av & n4d). with lids barely open. 

mayetah, iv. become heavy-lidded (eyes). 

mayi, iv. be heavy-lidded (eyes). 

mayk'uh, iv. wear thin (sandal), become heavy-lidded /eyes with death/. 

mayk'un, tv. wear thin /sandal/, bevel, grade. 

mayleh, nlf. heavy-lidded. 

maymay, aj. beveled, worn thin (sandal). 

mayp'uh, iv. cf. mayk'uh. 

mayp'un, tv. cf. mayk'un. 

maytemayte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about heavy-lidded. 

may(2) 

may, tobacco, chewing tobacco, cf. moy. 

mayil 

mayil, cf. mail. 

mayo N(Sp, mayo). 

mayo, n5. May. 

mayotik, n5. sometime in May. 

mayol N(Sp, mayor). 

mayol, agn. constable or mayor /lowest ranking official of lowest grade 

of religious hierarchy who acts as errand boy and policeman for civil 

authorities/, tithing man or mayor /dignitary who brings salt from 

Voi-bie to the chapel of Lord Esquipulas/, religious functionary 

/member of curing party who aids shaman, each of two assistants of 

cantors who serve from Carnival Friday to Carnival Tuesday, carrying 

banners from Carnival Saturday to Carnival Tuesday, and candles 

on Carnival Monday and Thursday/, hummingbird incarnation 

of messenger of tutelary gods, hummingbird incarnation of witch's


messenger. 

tal hmayolal. the constables came for me. 

mayol, n5. ear of corn with middle section lacking kernels. 

k'osil mayol, agn(nphr/n4f of n5/). eighth and lowest ranking constable. 

maystro N(Sp, maestro). 

maystro, agn. teacher, musician /formerly/, var., mastro. 

maytin N(Sp, maitin). 

maytin, n5. evening of first day of fiesta. 

me(l) Pt. 

me, pt. please /desiderative particle/. 

Mu me sabat. Please don't go. 

m, pt(contr). please. 

me(2) 

me, if. cf. mi. 

me?(l) O. 

me?, onom. baa, meow, bleat. 

me?e9, av. moving and bleating (goat, lamb). 

me?e?et, av. bleating (goat, V2: 17). 

me?et, av. baaing (sheep V2: 16), meowing. 

me?lah, av. cf. meiei (plu). 

me?lahet, av. bleating, meowing (plu). 

me9lahetik, av. baaing. 

me?luh, av. meowing suddenly. 

me?mon, av. meowing greedily. 

me9teme?te, av. meowing, bleating or baaing here and there. 

010(2) N. 

me 1 ?, n5. Term of address to mother, step-mother, grandmother, aunt, 

great aunt, older sister, older female cousin, mother-in-law, older sisterin-law, 

wives of fiance's petitioners, older female relatives and nonrelatives 

of one's husband's parents who attend the house-entering 

ceremony and/or the wedding, older female relative and non-relatives 

of the wedding godparents who attend the wedding, godmothers of 

baptism, confirmation and marriage, wife of the ritual tutor who instructs 

a couple during husband's term of office as steward, stewardroyal, 

publican, ensign-bearer, tithing man of Voi-bie. 

me 1 ) , nphr(n type n)5. term of address to older woman, term of 

reference to older woman when speaking with her kin; Mother 

/personal name/. 

mo , nphr(nld of nld). female /animal/. 

mei cih. ewe, doe. 

me 1 ? baka. cow. 

me9 ?ac'el, nphr(n of n)5. 'mud mother', spotted sandpiper A ctitis macularia, 

killdeer Charadrius vociferus. cf. tac'el mut. They are eaten, seasoned 

with mexican tea. They are "cold" 

me9 ?alak', nphr(n4d of n4d). hen. 

sme? kalak'. my hen. 

mei ?ik\ nphr(n of n)5. mother wind. This evil female spirit is believed 

to be the embodiment and origin of wind. With her hair a tangle of 

leaves and twigs, she is said to emerge from caves, when mist and 

drizzle are especially thick, to steal the soul of corn. 

me? 9isim, nphr(nlf of nld). corn with two ears inside one husk. 

me 1 ) 9okol, nphr(nlf of n3d). big toe. 

me9 9ol, nphr(n4d of n4d). afterbirth. 

sme9 kol. The afterbirth of my child. 

me? 9unen, nphr(n Id of n5). afterbirth. The afterbirth is wrapped in rags 

and buried by the midwife in the front yard or next to the house. If the 

mother wishes to delay the next conception, the afterbirth is either 

buried at the far edge of the yard or is buried deep in the ground. If 

the first child is a girl a piece of the father's pants or shirt is buried 

with the afterbirth to ensure that the next baby will be a boy. 

me? ?us, nphr(n of n)5. mexican beaded lizard Heloderma horridum. 

The mexican beaded lizard is believed to spit on people, causing instant 

death. To jump over its bones reputedly will also bring instant death. 

me? camel, nphr(n of n)5. evil female spirit causing sickness. 

me? c'ekc'ek, nphr(nld of nld). hen with chicks. 

sme? hc'ekc'ek. the mother of my chicks. 

me 1 ) kaslan, nphr(n type n)5. hen. 

me? kavilto, nphr(n of n)5. person who takes many disputes to court. 

me9 k'ak'al sik, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/). aquatic hair-like object believed 

to be the cause of malaria. 

me9 k'inubal, nphr(n of n)5. 'origin of the noreaster', rainbow, temperate 

and lowland worms occurring in clusters on ground. The rainbow is 

believed to be a cold Chamula female devil that steals corn's 

soul (c'ulelj, prevents rain from passing by it, and causes stomachache. 

To prevent the rainbow from following a person it is considered effective 

to spread chewing tobacco around, urinate or exhibit oneself 

to it. A child should not point at the rainbow lest his finger rot away, 

nor should he stare at it, lest his belly button rot away. 

me9 k'is, nphr(n of n)5. leaf-cutter ant. This term refers to the ants 

when they sprout wings and swarm in June. cf. k'is. They are toasted 

and eaten. They are "medium" 

me? k'obol, nphr(nlf of n3d). thumb. 

me? lus, nphr(n of n)5. power plant. 

met nikel, nphr(n of n)5. volcano. 

me? pos, nphr(n of n)5. starter for cane liquor /yeast/. 

me? senen, nphr(n of n)5. crane fly. 

me? taiv, nphr(n of n)le. 'origin of frost', highland worm. It occurs in 

clusters on the ground. It is said to have been a Chamula woman who 

brought a mirror that told where treasure was, but which then caused 

the frost to fall. 

me? tak'in, nphr(n of n)5. treasure, shooting star /seen after midnight/. 

Where shooting stars land, treasure reportedly can be found. 

me9 vinik, nphr(nld of nld). chest pain, 

sme? hvinik. the pain in my chest. 

me9 vo?, nphr(n of n)5. distant rainy season thunder, toad Bufo valliceps, 

leopard frog Rana pipiens. cf. lamuc, rana. 

me? yakil vo?, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/)5. starter for chicha /charred 

corncob or charred piece of sugarcane/. 

me? yi, nphr(n of n)le. half-grown corn /when ear is half-grown/. 

me? yitik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of half-grown corn /fourteenth developmental 

stage when ear is half-grown/. 

me? yoket, nphr(nlf of nld). main hearthstone /it is never moved/. 

me?el, agn. old woman, widow, religious functionary /old woman who 

serves stewards, elders, ensign-bearers of the Holy Cross, St. Lawrence, 

or St. Dominic/. 

me?el, aj. old /woman/. 

me?el eeb, nphr(aj & n)5. spinster. 

me?el con(l), nphr(n type n)le. 'old woman animal', raccoon Procyon 

lotor. Raccoons are eaten, seasoned with coriander. Their flesh is 

"cold". They are notorious for scratching up young corn plants. Raccoons 

are companion animal spirits of scrawny, ugly people, especially 

of Chamulas whose companion animal spirits are said to be 

more on the loose because of the ineffectiveness of their tutelary gods 

and their spirit corrals. 

me?el con(2), cf. con. 

me?elme?el, aj. rather old (woman). 

me?elub, iv. age (woman). 

me?il, n3d. mother. 

me?il, n5. center strip of woman's blouse. 

me?in, tv. Ritual speech, prayer; mother, care for as a mother. 

la?uk to me htotin la?uk to me hme?in ti hmotone ti kaboltayele. 

May I still father, may I still mother, my gift (child), my travail. 

me?in, iv. be produced (cane liquor), become habitual (drunkenness), 

become chronic (sickness). 

t sme?in ta hk'ob. lit., It is being produced by my hand, i.e., I am 

prospering. 

me?intas, tv. make habitual or chronic. 

me?intasan, tv. make habitual or chronic for many people. 

me?lal, n4d. wife /rather derogatory/. 

me?lahet, av. cf. momon (plu). 

me?mon, av. calling mother" persistently.


meiobtakil, n3d. Ritual speech; female incense tender for elders and 

stewards, supernatural female assistant for tutelary gods. 

me'Uik, n5. ma'am /term of address to older woman/. 

motikin, tv. address as "ma'am" 

•>ak' mo k'ob, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). impress fingerprint. 

•>av mo k'ob, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n4d/). fingerprint. 

memci, n5. Baby talk; term of address for mother or grandmother. 

hmemcuik, n4d. lady. 

me 1 ) an 

moan, poverty, misery, grief, widow, widower, be orphaned, be impoverished, 

howl, bay. cf. moon. 

meicun N(Tze, metcun). 

me^cun, n5. dame /each of two characters representing the dude's wife 

and played by the junior stewards//Tzeltal term of address/. 

meion N. 

melon, nld. orphan, poor person. Ritual speech; cf. muinat. 

meionil, n5. adoption. 

me'Jonin, tv. adopt. 

moanah, iv. be orphaned. 

meianah-TOk', vphr(iv & ivcpd). howl (child), bay (dog, V2: 19). 

moanal, nla. poverty, misery, grief. 

ssa 1 ) smOanal. He is earning a living. 

moanal lane, nphr(aj & n)5. widow. When a widow dies her soul /c'ulel/ 

is believed to join that of her first husband. 

meranal vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. widower. 

meiantas, tv. impoverish. 

moantasvan, iv. impoverish. 

hmOanlasvaneh, agn. sickness that impoverishes person. 

raee P. 

meeahtik, aj. cf. meeel /plu/. 

meean, tv. set down /wood, sugarcane, pine tip, pencil, candle, rifle/. 

meean ba, rv. lie down briefly /to sleep/. 

meeanan, tv. set down much /wood, etc./. 

meeanmeeanan, tv. set down one after another /wood, etc./. 

meeeeet, av. zig-zagging (lightning), undulating (snake), whirling (tornado). 

smeeecet sk'usul hc'ut. my belly aches. 

meeel, aj. lying (wood, sugarcane, knife, scissors, pencil, bottle, flashlight). 

meeet, av. lying (wood, sugarcane, pencil, flashlight). 

rneri, iv. lie (wood, sugarcane). 

meelahet, av. cf. meeel (plu). 

meeleh, n4f. lying (wood, etc.). 

meeluh, av. twitching suddenly /in sleep/. 

mecmon. av. wriggling (dog's tail on ground, snake), struggling and unable 

to get up (drunk, sick person). 

meetemeete, av. lying about (machete, etc.). 

mee" N. 

mee'ta, tv. incapacitate, prevent, cast evil eye, sanitize, protect, cure or 

empower by magic. To incapacitate a devil or a snake, tobacco or garlic 

is thrown at it. When com is stolen from a field, the owner may make 

a cross of the com stalks that have been stripped of ears and stand it 

in the center or in a comer of the field so that Our Lord will punish 

the robber with poverty and death. The same effect may be produced 

by drawing a cross on the footprints of the robber. To prevent the 

flesh of a charcoal-cruncher or yalem bek'et from re-adhering, salt is 

rubbed on it. To prevent a weasel that has crossed one's path from 

shortening one's life, and to ensure that it will die in its den, three 

crosses are made on the path with one's foot. To cause hail to stop 

falling, three pans of embers, three loom bars and three bodkins are 

flung at the hail. To ensure that a jaguar will not toss back one's bullets, 

a person sleeping in the woods will wrap the wad with three pubic 

hairs and three hairs from his arm pit and insert it in the rifle 

barrel, or he will simply break wind on the rifle. To make an enemy's 

field of corn die, a person sprinkles tobacco on it. To make an 

enemy's peach tree die, a stick of pine is buried at its foot. If the wife 

of the owner of an avocado tree is pregnant, she must take three bites 

out of three avocados lest the fruit be spoiled. When a religious official 

or groom has a bull slaughtered their assistants bite the raw meat three 

times lest it be contaminated by the pregnancy of the wife or mistress 

of one of the party. To tame a mean mule its neck is rubbed three times 

with a broom. To rid a corn field of raccoons, a naked boy and a naked 

girl walk around the edge of the field three times or an adult scatters 

garlic and tobacco around the edge. Opossums and raccoons reportedly 

can be prevented from entering the corn field by preparing a bed of 

straw for them six inches long placed on each side of the field. Raccoons 

may also be discouraged from entering the corn field if the farmer 

constructs a platform in the trees at the edge of the field, lies down on 

it, and calls out to the raccoons, "Let's sleep together." To rid a com 

field of June bug grubs a man may take a greasy, old skirt of an old 

woman and, holding it aloft like a flag, walk around the field three times. 

Alternatively, he may take two grubs and place them head to head or 

one across the other and bury them in one of their tunnels in that 

position. To prevent wind damage, a strip of the palm fronds distributed 

on St. Peter Martyr Day is tied to the corn plants at the four comers 

of the field. To protect a com field in high wind, the owner will call out, 

"eoean me kunen cob mu me "salomik ">un~ /Be strong my little com fields 

please do not fall down/. If a pregnant woman sleeps alone she will keep 

her husband's shirt or pants in the bed lest a monkey come to steal her 

baby. A person with gas on his stomach puts three crosses of ashes on 

it and says, "tamo be Tusta, tamo be Soktom" /Take the Tuxtla road, 

take the Chiapa road/ so that the "wind" will leave. To cure a mule of 

wind" its belly is struck three times with a woman's sash, its tail is 

cropped in a cruciform design and a copper coin is passed over the tail. 

To cure a person of a yellow spot on his eye, thirteen black beans, 

variously three or thirteen silver five cent pieces, together with white salt 

are placed outside overnight to let the dew fall upon them. Then they 

are applied to the eye to reduce the "heat". Poslom is cured by rinsing 

one's leg with a woman's urine, rubbing it with tobacco and garlic and 

then binding it with a piece of an old skirt. To ensure that a rifle fires 

well, thirteen chilis are put in the barrel which is then held over the fire 

until the chilis are roasted. 

mee'taan, tv. sanitize a lot /raw meat by biting it/. 

mee'tamee'taan, tv. sanitize one after another /raw pieces of meat by 

biting them/. 

mee'tavan, iv. incapacitate /devil or snake by throwing tobacco or garlic 

at it/. If a Chamula laborer becomes angry when his Zinacantec 

employer works faster than he does, the Chamula may see to it, by 

mysterious means, that his employer cannot keep up the pace. 

mee'ul, n4f. insignificant official post /constable/, insignificant meal. 

mee'ultas, tv. give insignificant post to. 

mee'ultasan, tv. sanitize a lot /raw meat by biting it/. 

mee'ultasvan, iv. weaken person by witchcraft. 

hmee'lavaneh, agn. person who confounds or dazes another through 

witchcraft. 

met P. 

mec-">ok, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted leg (person, horse). 

mec-k'ob, n(aj of ncpd)5. with twisted head. 

mecan ba, rv. stand or project crookedly (corn that has been beaten down 

by wind, broken leg or arm). 

meceah, iv. twist (leg, arm, tree), go crooked (end of row during planting). 

mecean ba, rv. twist (tree). 

meeel, aj. twisted (leg, arm), crooked (stick). 

meeel k'amal, ajphr(aj & aj). reeling (drunk). 

mecet, av. standing with twisted (arm, leg). 

meck'uh, iv. cf. meceah. 

meck'un, tv. twist /leg/. 

meclah. av. stumbling (drunk) (smg or plu). 

meelahet, av. cf. mecet (plu). 

meeleh, n4f. twisted (leg, arm).


mecluh, av. turning suddenly (ankle, wrist). 

mecmec, aj. twisted (leg, arm), crooked (stick). 

mecmon, av. hobbling with twisted (leg). 

mecp'uh, iv. cf. meck'uh. 

mectemecte, av. walking about with twisted arm or leg. 

meca N(Sp, mecha). 

meca, nla. wick. 

mehikano N(Sp, mexicano). 

mehikano, nld. silver money. 

mehiko N(Sp, Mexico). 

mehiko, n5. Mexico City. 

mehikoal vakas, nphr(aj & n)5. brahman cow. 

hmehiko, agn. inhabitant of Mexico City, Aztec /of mythic times/. 

mehor A(Sp, mejor). 

mehor, aj. better, var., mihor. 

mek(l) X. 

mek, nc. time /archaic/. 

ta h-mek. very much, ever. 

mu S9ec' ta h-mek. It never ends. 

ta bae"i h-mek. forever. 

mu h-mekuk t sabat 90. Don't go forever. 

mek(2) prob P or P(2). 

mekahtik, aj. crooked (sticks). 

mekel k'amal, ajphr(aj & aj). reeling (drunk) 

meko A(Sp, meco). 

meko, aj. white, fair-complexioned, albino (person, horse, dog). 

mekotik, aj. rather fair-complexioned. 

mek' O. 

mek', onom. snarl /cat/. 

mek'ek'et, av. croaking (tree frog), snarling (cat). 

mek'lah, av. walking and mewing (kittens), 

mek'lahet, av. mewing (kittens). 

mek'lahetik, av. rasping (people playing fiddles improperly), 

mek'luh, av. snarling suddenly (cat). 

mek'mon, av. snarling, crying (kittens), rasping (fiddle), wailing (baby). 

mek'temek'te, av. mewing here and there (kitten). 

mek'es N. 

mek'es, n5. highland black snake with a white belly. It rarely bites and 

is not considered dangerous. It is thought to be the earth lord's whip. 

niel P(2). 

mel, tv. distribute evenly /com gruel or meat when offered communally/, 

mel-vok', tv(aj & tvcpd) hoe /leaving no rows unfilled/, 

melahtik, aj. forming lines (moustaches), 

meleah, iv. make, settle, set one's affairs in order, build, 

meleah 9o9on, vphr(iv & n4d). restore one's spirits, 

meleahebal, n5. moment before being settled, moment before finishing 

building or making. 

meleanmeleanan, tv. prepare, build or make one after another, 

melean, tv. make, settle, set one's affairs in order, build, prepare, bake, 

cut up /chicken/, fix. 

smelean k'op. He settles the dispute /legal case/. 

smelean yot. She prepares toasted tortillas. 

smelean tal yisim. He harvests a little of his corn, 

melean ba, rv. settle /dispute/, arrange, tidy /clothing, hair/, be welldressed. 

lek smelean sba ssanav. He is well-dressed. 

Denunciatory speech; ba hmelean hbatik ba htohobtas hbatik. lit., 

Let us settle our differences, let us settle our dispute, i.e., Let us take 

our dispute to court. 

meleaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. settlement, 

meleanob, nlf. half gourd in which gunpowder is mixed, 

meleanobil, nlf. Ritual speech; courthouse /where disputes are settled/, 

cf. meleanob. 

meleanan, tv. make, settle /disputes/, 

meleanvan, iv. settle case for person, 

melel, aj. certain, true, forming a line (moustache). 

ta melel k'op. It's true. 

melel, excl. Of course! Really! Undoubtedly! 

melelik, aj. forming a line (moustache). 

melet, av. moving in an even line (workers). 

mellahet, av. creeping in a long even line (brush fire). 

melmel, aj. forming a line (moustache). 

melmon, av. creeping in an even line (brush fire). 

melmon won, vphr(av & n4d). musing /when half asleep/. 

melol, n4b. proper or traditional way. 

ha 1 ) yec smelol. That's the truth. 

mu yecuk smelol. It is wrong (or) It doesn't make sense, 

mu yecuk smelol ti stoh mas li prove vinike. It is not fair (or) just 

for the poor man to pay more. 

bae"i smelol sa. really sick, 

muk' smelol li mu k'ope. It is an ugly language. 

muk' smelol li sk'u-fe. His clothes are ruined (or) in tatters. 

Ritual speech, out-going official to assistants, ritual tutor and musicians; 

lah ti smelole lah ti stohole ti c'ul-k'ine ti c'ul-paskwae. The 

true celebration of the holy fiesta is finished, the true way is ended, 

the holy fiesta. 

melolah, iv. distribute evenly, become sensible or well-reasoned (argument). 

meltemelte, av. advancing rapidly in even line (brush fire). 

meluh, iv. walk holding on to support (child learning to walk). 

hmel-oul, agn(tv & ncpd)5. corn gruel distributor /one woman is chosen 

for each of the St. Sebastian characters and for each of the incoming 

and outgoing ensign-bearers. She must be familiar with the people of 

Htek-lum so that no one can get away with taking extra turns/. 

hmeleaneh-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd). litigant. 

hmeleaneh-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). lawyer /Indian/, native authority. 

hmeleaneh-pan, agn(tv & ncpd). baker. 

hmeleanvaneh, agn. native authority. 

9a9ibe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). pay attention, heed. 

9albe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). tell the whole story, tell the true story, tell 

one's version, make a declaration, give a speech. 

9ic' melol, vphr(tv & n4f). know right from wrong /occurs only in negative/. 

•nc'be melol, vphr(tv & n4f). learn to behave, learn the right way. 

canbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). learn the proper way /to behave, or perform 

action/. 

melaria N(Sp, medalla). 

melaria, nld. scapular medal /formerly worn by women and buried with 

them/. 

melkules N(Sp, miercoles). 

melkules, nle. Wednesday. 

melkules santo, nphr(n & aj). Wednesday of Holy Week. 

melon N(Sp, melon). 

melon, nla. musk melon Cucumis melo, #798(1,2). Lowland "plant". It 

is grown by ladinos, in their yards. The seeds are planted in November, 

four to a hole. The harvest is in March. Musk melons are sold at 

market. They are cold". (5)-They are "medium". To reduce fever, 

the seeds are ground and mixed with water. A cup is drunk. It is 

"medium" To cure sick chickens, the seeds are ground and mixed 

with sweetened water that is administered to them. 

melonaltik, n5. large field of musk melons. 

melontik, n5. field of musk melons. 

memela N(Sp, memela from N, mimilli). 

memela, nld. tortilla with hole in center/ given to children who are slow 

in learning to talk/. 

memela te9, nphr(n type n). copey clusia Clusia rosea, #539(1,3). Temperate 

"tree" The mother of a lazy girl who does not want to make 

tortillas gathers three leaves. The leaves are placed on the griddle. 

When piping hot, they are put in the girl's hands and her hands are 

pressed together. It is considered to be an effective punishment. 

#1247(1,3,4,5). Lowland and temperate "tree" 

oit'is memela te9, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). Oreopanax obtusifol-


ius, # 1132(1,4). Temperate "tree'. The trunk is used by corn farmers 

for firewood. 

meno N. 

meno, n. feather top Pennisetum setosum, #326(1,2,3,5). Lowland "grass". 

mentes N(Sp, Mendez). 

mentes, nle. gopher /term of reference used lest the gophers multiply/. 

cf. ba(l). 

meria N(Sp, media), 

meria, nla. pint, pint bottle, 

eahal meria, nphr(aj & n)ld. brown beer bottle. 

merias N(Sp, medias). 

merias, nla. woolen socks /worn by ensign-bearer, captain, cantor, angel, 

k'uk'ul con, kaibenal, and sak-hol/. 

merikano A(Sp, americano). 

merikano £'o, cf. c'o. 

merio N(Sp, medio). 

meno, nla. half real. 

Ritual speech, sick person requesting a shaman to pulse him and 

offering token payment; ?ak'o pertonal h-siluk yo hmerio. Pardon 

this lowly mite, 

merio rf?leL nphr(n type n). peperomia Peperomia campylotropa, 

#1756(15). Highland "planf 

merio coy, nphr(nle of n5). fish scale, 

merio nahelil, nphr(n of n)5. eighty cards /wool/, 

merio pos, nphr(n type n). 'merio medicine', wild dichondra Dichondra 

argenlea, # 1780(16). Highland "plant". As a remedy for fever /k'ok'/, 

a bunch is crushed and mixed in cold water. One cup is drunk three 

times a day for two days. It is "cold". 

menneho N(Sp,?). 

mermeho, nld. honey bee Melipona sp.. cf. kaiimpa pom. 

merokotom N(Sp, melocoton). 

merokotom, peach, cf. turasnu. 

mersel N(Sp, Mercedes), 

mersel, nld. Mercedes /infr/. 

merta 

merta, shit. cf. myerta. 

mes T. 

mes, tv. sweep, banish /anger, fear, or exhaustion with a drink/, rub with 

elderberry branches or eggs /child suffering from ill effects of evil eye/. 

It is believed that to sweep the house and discard the refuse in the 

afternoon brings bad luck, 

mes, iv. be swept, 

mes, nc. sweeping. 

mes ba, rv. "sweep" self with elderberry, etc. 

mes-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. "sweeping" body with elderberry, etc. 

mes semet, nphr(n of n)5. griddle broom, 

mes te?, nphr(n type n)la. 'broom tree', mexican coyote brush See 

below. 

mes te?altik, nphr(n type n). large thicket of mexican coyote brush, 

mes te?tik, nphr(n type n)5. thicket of mexican coyote brush. 

bae'i mes te?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). mexican coyote brush Baccharis 

vaccinioides, #B9265(5,5a), #B9478(5,5a), #158(1,2,3,4,5). 

Highland "tree". The trunk is used for firewood. The branches are 

used to wrap bundles of flowers sold commercially. Formerly the 

branches were used for brooms. To transfer "wind" from a 

patient's body to another person, branches are rubbed on his body 

and left on a trail, 

sakil mes tei, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). mexican coyote brush Baccharis 

vaccinioides, #597(1). Highland "tree", 

meshob e'rilel, nphr(n type n). 'broom plant', Stevia connata, 


mesob hoi bakal, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). 'corncob broom', indigo herb 

Marina scopa, #262(1,2,3,5), #2745(1,4). Lowland "plant". It grows 

in corn stubble. Five plants are tied together to make a broom to 

sweep the com cobs off the threshing platform. 

mesan, tv. sweep /plu/. 

mesanmesan, tv. sweep up everywhere. 

mesehob, nld. broom. 

meses, av. sweeping away /anger, exhaustion or fear with drink/. 

meseset, av. refreshing self /with drink/. 

meset, av. refreshing self /with drink/. 

meslahet, av. cf. mesmon (plu). 

meslahetik, av. cf. mesmon (plu). 

mesluh, av. sweeping away suddenly /anger, exhaustion or fear with 

drink/, 

mesmon, av. sweeping slowly and ineffectively, sweeping /ground with 

fringe of robe, with dog's or horse's tail/. 

mesob, n5. broom, 

mesob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. absorbent /eggs, white salt or elderberry 

branches used to "sweep" patient, and thereby absorb sickness/, 

mesob hoi bakal, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/)5. broom used to sweep bits of 

corn cob off corn that has fallen through leather sieve during threshing, 

mesobil, nld. absorbent, broom. 

mesobil hoi bakal, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n4d/). cf. mesob hoi bakal. 

mesobil lok'el c'ic'el, nphr(n4f & dr & n4d). purgative /tea of Hecubaea 

scorzoneraejolia and leaf cup roots drunk by woman after childbirth to 

flush system of blood/, 

mesomah, iv. sweep. 

Ritual speech, song, prance; t sk'iomah t smesomah. He prances, 

he dances, 

mestemeste, av. sweeping away /anger, exhaustion or fear with drink 

or heat with drink of cold water/, 

mesuh lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). appear (moon, sun), 

mesuh tal, vphr(iv & dr). appear (moon, sun), 

mesulan, tv. keep sweeping, 

mesulanan, tv. keep sweeping a lot. 

mesvan, iv. "sweep /child/ with elderberry branches, white salt, or 

eggs, 

hmes, agn. religious functionary; male who changes floral decorations 

at mountain shrines in preparation for visit, 

hmes-na, agn(tv & ncpd). person who sweeps inside of house, 

hmesom, agn. sweeper, 

hmesvaneh, agn. shaman who sweeps' child suffering from ill effects 

of evil eye. 

meskero N(Sp,?). 

meskero, n. feather top Pennisetum seiosum, #2888(1,4). Lowland 

"plant". 

meskla N(Sp, mezcla). 

meskla, nla. cement. 

mesa N(Sp, mesa). 

mesa, nla. table. Ritual speech; cf. sovrero. 

mesa e"i9lel, nphr(n type n). 'table plant', Kallstroemia rosei, # 1629(14). 

Lowland plant". Euphorbia densiflora, #2871(14). Lowland "plant" 

meson N(Sp, mesonero). 

meson, agn. publican or mesonero /each of two officials of the first level 


met N(N, metl). 

met, nla. maguey, agave, century plant. See below, 

metaltik, n5. long row of magueys. 

mettik, n5. row of magueys. 

ci met, nphr(n type n). guatemalan agave Agave aff. huehueteca, 

#494(1,2). Highland "tree" The inflorescence stalk is roasted and 

eaten by some Zinacantecs. It is "cold" The stalk is split and used 

for corral posts, bulb stem yucca Yucca elephantipes, #2007(17). 

Lowland "tree" 

hiS'ilmet, nphr(aj & n). 'slender agave', A gave sp., #1066(1,3,5). Highland 

plant". 

lobalal met, nphr(aj & n). guatemalan agave Agave cf. huehueteca 

Standl. & Steyerm., # 1264(1,3,4,5). Highland "tree". The inflorescence 

stalk is roasted and eaten by some Zinacantecs. It is "cold" 

The inflorescence stalk also is split and used for corral posts. Cha-


mulas roast the heart. They dig a hole, pile wood on the bottom, 

make a layer of stones on top, and then put in the stump that has 

been well-wrapped with leaves so no dirt will enter. The wood is lit. 

When a good fire is burning, earth is piled on top. The stump is 

roasted for three days and three nights. Chamulas bring it for sale 

to Htek-lum on major fiestas. It is "hot". Agave sp.,#638(1,2,3). 

Highland tree" 

muk'ta met, nphr(aj & n). century plant Agave cf. americana, 

#1260(1,3,4,5). Highland "tree". It grows in fencerows. The young 

plants are transplanted at the beginning of the rainy season. Some 

Zmacantecs roast the inflorescence stalk and eat it like sugarcane. 

The stalk is split also and used as posts to enclose vegetable 

patches. The leaves are used as candle holders. Square holes are cut 

in a row down the center of the leaves that are placed at the foot of 

the altar. The stewards of the Holy Cross provide four dozen leaves 

for the fourth Lenten Friday and for Holy Week. (23)-A dozen 

leaves are provided by the junior steward of St. Sebastian for the 

fiesta of St. Sebastian. A dozen are provided by the stewards of the 

Holy Cross and a dozen by the cantors for Holy Week. A similar 

number is provided by the stewards of St. Anthony and by the 

stewards of the Sacrament for the fiesta of St. Lawrence. 

muk'tik met, nphr(aj & n). century plant Agave cf. americana, 

#504(2,3,5). Highland "tree" Same as muk'ta met. 

metabel N(Sp, betabel). 

metabel, nld. beet Beta vulgaris, #2952(1,16). Highland "plant" It is 

grown by many Chamulas, but by few Zmacantecs. (l)-The seed is sown 

in June. The harvest is in September. It is "cold". (16)-Beets are 

planted by Chamulas in May and harvested in October. They are 

"cold". The greens are eaten by sheep. 

metro N(Sp, metro). 

metro, nla. meter, span from fingertips to opposite shoulder, meter stick. 

meu> O. 

meu9 mut, nphr(x type n)5. 'meow bird', white-throated robin Turdus 

assimilis. 

mey T(2). 

mey, tv. embrace, hug, encircle /tree with arms/, put arm around shoulder 

or waist, fold /arms/, cross /legs/, hold knee in one's hands, have 

front legs bound /dog to prevent it from eating corn/. 

mey baik, rv. grapple or struggle with, embrace or hug each other. 

mey-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. embracing, hugging. 

meyan, tv. embrace /plu/. 

meyanan, tv. cf. meyan. 

meyanmeyanan, tv. embrace one after another in greeting (ladinos). 

meybe nuk\ vphr(tv & n4d). lock person's neck in arms /when fighting/. 

meyel, aj. with arms folded or legs crossed resignedly (woman who has 

just lost baby or whose daughter has married and left, lazy woman). 

Ritual speech, prayer after losing possession; meyel i koke meyel i 

hk'obe. My legs are crossed, my arms are folded. 

meyet, av. strolling in embrace. 

meyetik, av. cf. meyet (plu). 

meylahet, av. embracing (many men embracing one woman). 

meylahetik, av. cf. meylahet. 

meymon, av. embracing. 

meytemeyte, av. strolling about embracing each other. 

meyulan, tv. keep embracing or hugging. 

meyulanan, tv. keep embracing or hugging /plu/. 

meyvan, iv. embrace or hug person. 

hmeyvaneh, agn. person who embraces or hugs another. 

mi Pt. 

mi, pt. if, whether, interrogative particle, 

mi sacam. Are you sick? var., me. 

mL.90 mi, pt...n5 & pt. either...or. 

mi t savak'bon 9o mi t sahmah. Either you give it to me, or I will hit 

you. 

mi havuk, ptphr(pt & pt). not even, nor even, neither. 

c'abal to 90S yahnil mi ha9uk slekom. He hadn't had a wife nor even 

a fiancee. 

9a le?e mi ha?uk TO bu sk'an ivo. He did not want to eat either. 

mi ha?uk ta hun ta hun (or) mi haiuk hun mi ha?uk hun. neither one 

nor the other, 

mi...mi, pt...pt. either...or. 

mi ta sut mi ta smah. Either he scolds or he hits. 

mi...mu, pt...pt. not even. 

mi sbakeluk mu s'ak' hk'us". She did not even let me gnaw the bone. 

mi h-set 1 mi huteb mu skuc'. I won't drink a bit, not even a drop. 

mi9n, pt(contr of mi & yu7un). if it means, if it is because. 

mu hna9 mi9n t sacam. I don't know if it means you will die. 

mo mi, ptphr(pt/contr of mi & io/& pt). would it be better, should. 

mo mi t sibat. Should I go? 

mi9 O. 

mi9, onom. bleat of lamb. 

mi9 X. 

mi9et, av. bleating (lamb). 

mi9etah, iv. bleat (lamb). 

mi9etik, av. cf. mftet (plu). 

mi9i?et, av. bleating repeatedly (lamb). 

mi9lah, av. bleating (plu). 

mi9lahet, av. bleating (plu), mewing (plu). 

mi9lahetik, av. calling sheep (plu). 

nu'9luh, av. mewing suddenly. 

mi9mon, av. mewing, calling sheep. 

nu'?temi9te, av. bleating or mewing here and there. 

mimi9, nld. lamb. 

mic' P, P(2). 

mic', tv. squeeze in one's fist or hands, stem flow of blood with fingers, 

tighten sash /fast for three days, making repentance/, 

mic', nc. handful /greens, flowers, sticks, lead tree pods, pine kindling/, 

mic'ahtik, aj. cf. mic'il /plu/. 

mic'an, tv. set down in handful, 

mic'anan, tv. set down in handfuls. 

mi'c'anmi'c'an, tv. grab one handful after another, 

mic'anmic'anan, tv. cf. mic'anmic'an. 

mic'be k'ob, vphr(tv & n4d). shake hands, 

mic'et, av. lying in handfuls 

mic'et c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). hungry, 

mic'i, iv. lie in handful or in small pile, 

mic'ic'et c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). very hungry, 

mic'ikil, n4f. in many handfuls. 

mic'il, aj. in handful, in small pile, 

mic'ilik, aj. cf. mic'il /plu/. 

nuc'ilmi'c'il, n4f. each of many handfuls. 

mic'lahet c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). cf. mii'mon c'ut (plu). 

mic'leh, n4f. lying in handfuls. 

mic'mic, nc. single handful /greens, flowers/ /I only/, 

mic'mon 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). with constricted heart /pain/, 

mic'mon c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). hungry, 

mic'temic'te c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about hungrily, 

mic'ulan, tv. keep squeezing in one's fist or hands, 

mic'van, iv. make person hungry. 

minor 

mihor, better, cf. mehnr. 

mik 

inik, Michael, cf. mikel. 

mikel N(Sp, Miguel). 

mikel, nld. Michael, var., Mik /when young/. 

mikul(l) N(Sp, Miguela). 

mikul, nld. Michaela. 

mikul(2) N(Sp, Nicolasa). 

mikul, nld. Nicole. 

mikiilas N(Sp, Nicolas). 

mikulas, nld. Nicholas, 

mikulas ?itah, nphr(n type n). 'nicholas greens', Gonolobus sp.,


#2670(15,22). Lowland "vine". (15)-The vine and leaves are gathered 

in the corn field. They are boiled. They are "medium". Cynanchum 

sp., #1273(1,3,4,5). Temperate "vine". The stalks are cut off in the 

corn fields during the weeding season. They are boiled and eaten. 


mik'(l) prob P or P(2). 

mik'-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with eyes barely open /permanent condition/. 

mik'ahtik, aj. cf. mik'il /plu/. 

mik'el, aj. heavy-lidded. 

mik'et, av. with lowered lids (sleepy person, drunk). 

mik'ik'et, av. heavy-lidded (sleepy person). 

mik'il, aj. heavy-lidded. 

mik'ilik, aj. cf. mik'il. 

mik'leh, n5. heavy-lidded. 

mik'mik', aj. heavy-lidded. 

mik'mon, av. heavy-lidded (sleepy person). 

mik'tennk'te, av. walking about with eyes barely open. 

mik'(2) N. 

mik', nle. fish scale /archaic/. 

mil(l) X(Sp, mil). 

mil, nc. thousand. 

mil(2) T. 

mil, tv. kill. Ritual speech; cf. lames. 

mil ba, rv. commit suicide, kill self /from overwork, drunkenness, hunger, 

sexual excess/. 

mil-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. killing. 

mil-k'esolil, vn(tv & ncpd)5. sacrifice /chicken/. 

mil-santo, vn(tv & ncpd)5. St. Rose Day, August 30. 

milan, tv. kill /plu/. 

milanan, tv. cf. milan. 

nulanmilan, tv. kill one after another /chickens/. 

milanmiianan, tv. cf. milanmilan. 

milob c'o, nphr(n of n). 'rat killer'. See below. 

k'os milob c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Diphysa puberulenta, 


milob c'o to, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'rat-killer tree', Gliricidia sepium, 

#226(1,2,3,5). 

milob k'esolil, nphr(n of n)5. cane liquor served when chicken is sacrificed. 

milob vakas, vphr(n of n)5. slaughterhouse /cattle/. 

milobil, n4f. vital part of body /jugular vein, testes, heart/. 

milolah, iv. slaughter. 

milomah, iv. slaughter. 

milulan, tv. keep killing /snake/. 

milvan, iv. kill person, murder. A murder victim is buried without benefit 

of a day-long wake or grave goods. It is thought that his soul goes 

to heaven. 

hrnil , agn(tv & ncpd). slaughterer /cow, pig, chicken/. 

hmil-kaslan. chicken killer /restricted to child who kills chickens 

with slingshot/. 

hmil-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd). person who kills or attempts to kill another. 

hmilvaneh, agn. murderer, killer /sickness/. A murderer is believed to 

assume the sins of his victim. It is thought that after his death the 

devils will put him in the hell fire, eat, digest and excrete him whole, 

replace him on the fire in an endless cycle. 

mil(3) P or P(2). 

mil, nc. chopped area /or tree or trees/, notch. 

mil-hoi, n(aj & ncpd)5. with featherless neck /chicken/. 

mil-nuk', n(aj & ncpd)5. scarfless or hatless and scarfless, scrawnynecked. 

milahtik, aj. constricted (water gourd or cushaw neck, necks of hatless 

people in distance). 

milantik, aj. with widely spaced ax or machete blows /sloppy chopping/. 

mileah, iv. be top-heavy (tree trunk that has been cut nearly through), 

become scrawny (neck). 

mileanbe nuk', vphr(tv & n4d). cut all the way around tree trunk, 

milet nuk', vphr(av & n4d). walking scarfless or scarfless and hatless 

(child), walking with unfeathered neck (chicken), 

mili nuk', vphr(iv & n4d). become scrawny-necked /sickness, hunger/, 

milil, aj. constricted, thin (neck from sickness or hunger, chicken with 

featherless neck), cut all the way around (tree trunk). 

mililet, av. running scarfless or scarfless and hatless (child), running with 

unfeathered neck (chicken), 

mililik, aj. cf. milil /plu/. 

mililmilil, n4f. each of many chopped areas /of tree or trees/, 

millah, av. running with unfeathered neck (chicks), running hatless and 

scarfless (people). 

millahet, av. walking with unfeathered necks (chicks), 

milleh, nld. scarfless or hatless and scarfless, scrawny-necked, 

milmil, aj. constricted, thin, cut all the way around, 

milmon, av. walking with unfeathered neck (chicken), walking without 

scarf or hat. 

miltemilte, av. walking slowly about with unfeathered neck (chicken), 

walking about without scarf or without scarf and hat. 

mimi*) 

mimi 1 ), lamb. cf. mfr. 

minas N(Sp, mina). 

minas, nla. mine, hoard of money. 

ministerio N(Sp, ministerio). 

ministerio, nla. district attorney's office. 

mis N(Sp, miz). 

mis, nld. Male speech; cunt. 

mis efit 'ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'dog's ass vine', morning glory 

Ipomoea suffulta, #1560(1,3). Temperate and highland "vine". 

mismo N(Sp, mismo). 

mismo, n5. same thing. 

mistela N(Sp, mistela). 

mistela, nla. cane liquor flavored with nance fruit or hog plums /Spondias 

purpurea, Spondias mombin/. 

mis(l) T. 

mis, tv. mix solid with water /posol, corn gruel/. 

misan, tv. mix a lot of solid with water /posol/. 

misanan, tv. cf. misan. 

misanrru'san, tv. mix one bowl after another /posol, corn gruel/. 

misanmisanan, tv. cf. misanmisan. 

misebal, n5. moment before finishing mixing posol or corn gruel, 

misel, nc. mixing of solid with water. 

misob, nlf. gourd or cup in which posol or corn gruel is mixed, 

misobil, nlf. cf. misob. 

misulan, tv. keep mixing solid with water /posol, corn gruel/, 

misulanob, nlf. cf. misob. 

misulanobil, nlf. cf. misob. 

mis(2) prob O. 

miset, av. whispering, 

misetik, av. cf. miset (plu). 

mislah, av. walking and whispering (plu). 

mislahet, av. whispering (plu). 

mis'lahetik, av. cf. mislahet. 

mismis' k'op, nphr(aj & n5). whisper, 

mismis-k'opoh, iv(aj & ivcpd). mutter to self, whisper, 

mis'mis-k'opon, tv(aj & tvcpd). whisper, 

mismis-k'oponan, tv(aj & tvcpd). whisper a lot. 

mismis-k'oponvan, iv(aj & ivcpd). whisper to person, 

mismis-k'opta, tv(aj & tvcpd). whisper about, 

mismis-k'opta baik, rv(aj & tvcpd). whisper about something to each 

other. 

mismis-k'optaan, tv(aj & tvcpd). whisper about a lot. 

mismis-k'optaan baik, rv(aj & tvcpd). whisper about a lot to each other, 

mismis-k'optaeh-bail, vn(vn/aj & tvcpd/ & rpncpd)5. whispering session, 

mismis-k'optavan, iv(aj & ivcpd). whisper about something to person, 

mis'mon, av. muttering or mumbling to self.


mismon won, vphr(av & n4d). thinking to one's self. 

mismon ta ")o9on, vphr(av & pt & n4d). praying under one's breath. 

nustemiste, av. walking about muttering or talking to self. 

misa N(Sp, misa). 

misa, nla. mass, wedding mass, requiem mass. 

misail, n4d. wedding or requiem mass. 

misatik, n5. Posadas /mass is celebrated every evening/. 

hmisavil, agn. person who attends mass. 

misik' N. 

misik' pom, cf. pom. 

misik'il, n3d. navel, belly button, umbilical cord. 

misto N. 

misto, nld. Sahia sp., #1353(1,3). Highland "plant". It is grown by 

ladinos and some Zinacantecs, in their yards. For a woman in difficult 

labor, a handful is brewed. One or two gourdfuls of the tea are drunk. 

It is "hot" The flower is put in altar vases, var., mistw>, nisto /Hteklum/. 

mistu? 

mistu?, cf. misto. 

mil' T(2). 

mit', tv. bind securely /broken wrist/, wrap around /neck/, wrap tightly 

/head in neckerchief/ (steward, holy elder, person with headache), 

strangle, choke, lash /roof purlin to rafter/. 

mit', iv. be bound or wrapped tightly. 

mit', nc. fastening /knot/. 

mit'-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. constricted in the middle or with tapering top 

(cushaw, water gourd). 

mil'ahtik, aj. constricted (necks of water gourds), binding (rope around 

neck of animal), lyrate (leaf). 

mit'an, tv. bind securely or strangle /plu/. 

mit'anan, tv. bind securely /plu/. 

mit'anmi't'an, tv. bind one after another /bags/. 

mit'anmit'anan, tv. bind one after another /bags/, lash one after another 

/roof poles, etc./. 

mit'antik, aj. bound in several places. 

mit'benal, n5. place where object has been bound. 

mil'eah, iv. be pressed down tightly (hair by rope used to carry burden), 

be constricted (cushaw, water gourd). 

mit'el, nc. fastening /action/. 

mit'et, av. wrapped (head, leg), tightly bound /with rope/. 

mit'ikil, n4f. with many constrictions /sausage/. 

mit'il, aj. strangled, constricted (neck of water gourd). 

yec sa mit'i] sc'ut. He is just thin-bellied now /from sickness/. 

mit'ilik, aj. cf. mit'ahtik. 

miVilmi't'il, n4f. each of many objects tied up /sausage links/. 

mit'it'et, av. binding (tumpline, rope, sandals). 

mit'leh, nlf. bound, constricted. 

mit'mit', nc. single knot /I only/. 

mit'mit', aj. constricted (neck or belly of water gourd or cushaw). 

mit'mon, av. slipping (knot). 

mit'ob, nlf. rope. 

mit'obil, nlf. cf. mit'ob. 

mit'temit'te, av. walking about with head, leg, or arm wrapped tightly or 

bound. 

mit'ulan, tv. keep wrapping tightly or binding securely. 

mit'van, iv. bind person's forehead /when rope rather than tumpline is 

used to carry burden/. 

mill? O. 

miuv, onom. meow. 

miirtlih, av. meowing suddenly. 

miu?temi'u9te, av. walking about meowing. 

mo 

mo, should, cf. mi. 

moioc(l) N. 

mow, n5. highland black and white snake. It is considered inoffensive, 

var., mokoc. 

O N. 

cS, n5. scarlet macaw Ara macao. Macaws are not eaten. Tail and 

wing feathers are kept by the steward of St. Sebastian. For their ritual 

use, cf. kartuco. 

moToh Pt. 

moioh, pt. no, on the contrary. 

mi mowhe. or else (or) if not (or) otherwise, 

mowh sil aâ. too bad /sarcastic/. 

mo'ohtik, pt. not really. 

moenb N, 

moeob, excl. eyebrow! This is uttered three times when caterpillars are 

found in the house. They are buried immediately under live coals. Failure 

to take this precaution is believed to produce throat congestion. 

moeobil, n3d. eyebrow. 

moc 5 T. 

moe'be, tv. thrust in intercourse. 

moe'el, nc. thrust /intercourse/. 

moe'ilan, tv. keep thrusting in intercourse. 

moe'ilan ba, rv. rock buttocks /in sexual intercourse/. 

moeHlan cak, vphr(tv & n4d). thrusting rump back and forth (dog in 

intercourse, Ladino dancing). 

moe'lahet, av. thrusting back and forth in intercourse (dogs, people). 

moe"lahetik, av. thrusting back and forth in intercourse (people). 

moe'Uh, av. thrusting suddenly. 

moe'mon, av. thrusting back and forth in intercourse (man, dog, ram, 

stallion). 

moeWet, av. thrusting back and forth in intercourse. 

moc(l) N. 

moc, nld. basket. 

mod, n4f. breast of chicken. 

moc te?, nphr(n type n)la. ladder. 

baei' te? moc, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)ld. basket used for divining. 

hak' ta moc, vphr(tv & prep & n5). divine. A scissor blade is inserted 

in the bottom of a basket. The basket is raised and suspended upside 

down from scissors. Correct prognostication is indicated by the 

basket's falling. 

k'el ta moc, vphr(tv & prep & n5). divine. 

macal, n4f. basket, constellation /88 and 90 of Taurus/. 

macal pom, nphr(nlf of n4d). basket set over incense for censing 

clothes. 

moc(2) P, P(2). 

mo£, tv. knot. 

moc, iv. be knotted. 

mo


mock'ih, iv. become permanently cramped (hand). 

moclah, av. walking huddled over (plu). 

moclahet, av. walking feebly (sick person or emaciated dog), huddled 

over /with cold/. 

moclahetik, av. knotting. 

mocleh, nlf. curled up, cramped. 

mocmoc, nc. single knot /I only/. 

mocmoc, aj. knotted (rope). 

mocmon, av. walking huddled over (poor person insufficiently clothed). 

mocobil, n4f. knot /after lashing/. 

mococ, av. walking huddled over (sleepy woman). 

mococet, av. writhing (dying snake), becoming knotted (wet rope). 

mocokil. n4f. in many knots. 

mocol, aj. emaciated (person, dog), coiled (snake)., cf. mocahtik /sing/. 

mocolik, aj. curled up, doubled up (dead or sleeping people). 

mocolmocol, n4f. each of many knots. 

mocp'ih, iv. be bedridden (sick person). 

moctemocte, av. walking about childless (woman), walking about emaciated. 

moc' P, P(2). 

moc', tv. draw up tightly /legs of child carried between two people, feet 

of bird in flight/. 

moc', n5. pain, tightening in limbs. 

moc' ba, rv. double up /legs/, curl up (bean pods, leaves, stale tortillas), 

wrinkle (clothing). 

moc'-k'ob, n(aj & ncpd)5. deformed arm /wrist twisted inwards/. 

moc'ahtik, aj. cf. moc'ol /plu/. 

moc'an, tv. lay back /ears of angry mule/. 

moc'an ba, rv. curl up /in cold/, double over, huddle, wilt. 

moc'anmoc'an, tv. lay back every few minutes /ears/ (horse). 

moc'anmoc'anan, tv. cause one after another to curl up /stale tortillas put 

on fire/. 

moc'antik, aj. curled up (patches in clothing). 

moc'eah, iv. curl up /with cold/, curl up (stale tortilla), wither (flowers). 

moc'eanvan, iv. cause person to double up (sickness). 

moc'eL aj. doubled up (shivering child sleeping alone). 

moc'et, av. doubled up /shivering with cold/, wriggling (caterpillar in 

fire). 

raoc'etik, av. doubled up (people shivering with cold). 

moc'ilan, tv. wrinkle or crumple /paper/, lay back /ears of mule, deer, 

or rabbit/, bend /hat brim/. 

moc'k'ih, iv. double up (arms and legs in sickness), gnarl (arthritic hand). 

moc*k'in, tv. cause to double up (sickness). 

mocTc'invan, iv. cf. moc'eanvan. 

moclah, av. walking huddled over /with cold/ (plu). 

moclahet, av. walking doubled over /with cold/ (plu). 

moc'lahetik, av. cf. moc'lahet. 

moc'leh, nld. huddled over. 

moc'moc', av. huddling over /fire/. 

moc'moc', aj. cramped (arthritic hand, arm or leg). 

moc'mon, av. walking huddled over (poor person insufficiently clothed). 

moc'oc', av. creeping over. 

moc'oc'et, av. doubling over /with malaria, stomachache or cold/, curling 

(dry leaves), shrivelling (tripe or jerked meat in fire), cringing (dog, 

child). 

moc'ol, aj. doubled up, curled up (sleeping person, bean pods, stale 

tortillas, leaves), curled over (ear), laid back (ear of mule , deer or 

rabbit), cramped (hand with arthritis). 

moc'olik, aj. cf. moc'ol /plu/. 

moc'olmoc'ol, n4f. each of many curled up /tortillas/. 

moc'oltik, aj. rather huddled up. 

moc'p'ih, iv. cf. mock'ih. 

moc'p'in, tv. cf. moc'k'in. 

moc'p'invan, iv. cf. moc'eanvan. 

moc'temoc'te, av. walking about huddled over (poor person with insufficient 

clothing), walking about childless. 

moc'van, iv. cause person to double over (bite of red spider, sickness). 

hmoOVunvaneh, agn. sickness that causes person to double over. 

hmod'k'invaneh, agn. cf. hmoceanvaneh. 

hmoc'p'invaneh, agn. cf. hmoceanvaneh. 

hmoc'vaneh, agn. sickness that causes person to double over. 

mob 

moh, time, kind, blow. cf. mah(l). 

niohan N. 

mohan, n5. pochote ceiba Ceiba aesculifolia, #2998(11). Lowland "tree". 

The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood.Ceiba sp., #328(1,2,3,5). 

Lowland "tree". The fruit and flower are eaten by deer, 

motion N(Sp, mojon). 

mohon. nla. boundary marker. 

mok(l) 

mok, fence, group, blow. cf. mak. 

mok(2) prob P or P(2). 

mok, nc. piece of snake, rope, wire or worm, bunch of mexican coyote 

brush left on trail, cf. mak. 

mok-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5. tailless, bobtailed, wearing short pants or skirt, 

mok-hol, n(aj & npcd)5. with shoulder length hair (boy, girl, woman), 

mok-ni"), n(aj & ncpd)5. snub-nosed, with nose amputated, blunt-tipped 

(machete, billhook). 

mok-ni 1 ? lie, cf. ?ic. 

mokahtik, aj. with tops cut off (grass or corn eaten by horse), 

mokeah cak, vphr(iv & n4d). wear short skirt. 

moktran, tv. decapitate, top /com/ (horse), 

mokel, aj. decapitated, 

moket cak, vphr(av & n4d). with limbs amputated, bobtailed, tailless, 

wearing short pants or skirt. 

moket hoi, vphr(av & n4d). with shoulder-length hair (boy, girl, woman), 

moket nil, vphr(av & n4d). with nose amputated, snub-nosed, 

moklah hoi, vphr(av & n4d). running hatless /plu/. 

moklahet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). hatless /plu/. 

moklahetik, av. walking with short skirts, 

mokleh, n5. hatless. 

mokmok, aj. short (woman's hair), in bangs, long (boy's hair), stubby (tail 

of dog or rabbit), bobbed (tail), amputated (nose), 

mokmon, av. walking short-haired (woman), walking with long hair 

(boy), wearing short skirt, walking with .stubby (tail), 

mokol, aj. decapitated, with amputated limb, tailless, bobtailed. 

mokolik, aj. cf. mokahtik. 

moktemokte cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with amputated limb, 

bobtailed, tailless or wearing short pants, 

moktemokte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with short hair (woman), 

walking about with long hair (boy), 

moktemokte ni9, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with nose amputated, or 

snub-nosed. 

mokan N. 

mokan, nla. straw mat used to wrap salt cakes. 

mokete N. 

moketeil, n3a. man's shirt, var., mokite. 

mokite 

mokite, shirt, cf. mokete. 

mokoc 

mokoc, snake, cf. nio'»oc(l). 

mol(l) A. 

mol, nld. elder, man, husband, 

mol, aj. old, large. 

hmol citomtikotik. our old pig. 

mol k'ahben. field planted for five or more years. 

mol trampol. larger of the two standard drums, 

mol kitara. large guitar used by musicians of the ensign-bearers, 

mol , nphr(aj & n4d). eldest /brother, son, brother-in-law, 

uncle/, old /father/. 

hmol lie'intak. the eldest of my younger brothers, 

mol 'Jalkalte, nphr(aj & n)5. grand alcalde.


mol 9osil, nphr(aj & n)5. heavily-timbered land. 

mol 9osiltik, nphr(aj & n)5. large expanse of heavily-timbered land. 

mol bolom, cf. bolom. 

mol k'anal, nphr(aj & n)5. Venus. 

molal, nld. old age. 

molal, n4d. husband. 

molet, av. growing old in bachelorhood, growing old without serving in 

religious office. 

moletah, iv. grow old in bachelorhood, grow old without serving in religious 

office. 

moletik, av. cf. molet (plu). 

moletik, agn. elders /religious officials of the two highest levels; alcaldes 

and prefects considered as a unit/, Female speech; affectionate term of 

reference by mother to her male children especially when they are 

watching over the house in her absence. 

molib, iv. age. 

molibel, vnld. senility. 

molibtas ba, rv. feign greater age. 

molibtasvan, iv. age man (sickness). 

hmolibtasvaneh, agn. sickness that ages man. 

muk'ta mol, nphr(aj & n)5. chewing tobacco. 

malub, iv. age (man, woman, animal). 

malubtas, tv. age /person/ (sickness). 

malubtasvan, iv. age person. 

mol(2) X. 

mol-9ok, n(aj & ncpd)5. barefoot. 

molet TOk, vphr(av & n4d). walking barefoot. 

mollah, av. barefoot. 

mollahet 7ok, vphr(av & n4d). cf. molet ")ok (plu). 

molmon 9ok, vphr(av & n4d). walking barefoot. 

mololet ?ok, vphr(av & n4d). running barefoot. 

moltemolte 9ok, vphr(av & n4d). walking about barefoot. 

molino N(Sp, molinillo?). 

molino te?, nphr(n type n). Poeppigia procera, #1162(1,4). Lowland 

"tree" The trunk is used for fieldhouses, fence posts, gates, and beds. 

molte N(Sp, molde). 

molte, nla. mold /for adobe, tile, brick or brown sugar/. 

Male joking speech; sok sa smolteal. Its mold is ruined, i.e., woman 

is no longer sexually satisfying. 

mom N. 

momil, n3d. grandchild. 

inn mob, n4d. Female speech; grandchild /use restricted to plural/, 

hmamobtak. my grandchildren. 

momo? 

momOT, posol. cf. 7iic'(2). 

monfr N. 

moni?, nla. Agaricus sp., #1(1,3,5), #78(1,3,4,5). Lowland, temperate, 

and highland "mushroom" It is gathered by children, in the beginning 

of the rainy season. It is toasted on the coals, folded in a tortilla and 

toasted on the griddle. It may also be boiled, seasoned with mcxican 

tea and chili. It is "cold". 

moniitik, n5. expanse of monii. 

muk'ta moni?, nphr(aj & n). field mushroom Agaricus campestris, 

#49(1,3). Highland "mushroom" Same use as above. 

montanya N(Sp, montana). 

montanya, n5. heavy forest, rain forest. 

montanyatik, n5. expanse of heavy forest or rain forest. 

monton N(Sp, monton). 

monton, nld. pile. 

•nor X. 

moret, av. tightly braided (rope). 

moretik, av. rather tightly braided (rope). 

mororet, av. tightly braided (rope). 

ninra N(Sp, mora). 

mora, n. fustic tree Chlorophora tinctoria, #881(1,2,3,5), 

#1328(1,3,4,5,8), #1678(1,4). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for 

fieldhouse mainposts, doors, lintels, common rafters, shelves, chests, 

coffers, chairs, tables, benches, metate platforms, bobbins, axe and 

billhook handles, slingshots, crosses, gates, fence posts and rails. 

Ladinos use the wood also for draw poles for their oxcarts, 

mora tc?, nphr(n type n). fustic tree Chlorophora tinctoria, 

#1678(11,12). Lowland "tree' . The trunk is used for gunstocks. 

moral N(Sp, morral). 

moral, nla. leather shoulder bag. 

Male joking speech, roadworkers discussing their pay; sk'an smnralil 

li tak'ine. There is so much money that we need a leather shoulder 

bag. 

moralin, tv. take shoulder bag. 

eahal moral, nphr(aj & n)ld. large shoulder bag used by finca laborers. 

moraro N(Sp, morado). 

moraro, nle. purple, var., mararo. 

moraro, aj. purple, var., mararo. 

morarotik, aj. purplish, 

mono N(Sp, morillo). 

morio, nla. crossbeam, roof rod. 

moro A(Sp, moro). 

moro, n4e. curliness (chicken feathers), 

moro, aj. curly (chicken feathers) /permanent condition/, curled up 

(leaves of diseased peach tree). 

moro hoi to, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'kinky-haired tree', Davilla 

aspera var. matudae, # 1682(7). Lowland "tree". It is used for firewood, 

moroib, iv. curl up (leaves of diseased bean plants, peach tree or cabbage, 

burnt hair), 

morotik, aj. rather curly (chicken feathers, burnt hair), curled up 

(leaves of diseased peach tree, etc.). 

moroc' 

moroc', kinky, curl up. cf. mimic'. 

mos N. 

mos, nle. gangrene, 

moso N(Sp, mozo). 

moso, n3d. servant. 

Ritual speech, referring to religious official; li smosoe li skeleme li 

kahvaltike. the servant, the boy of Our Lord, 

mosoil, n5. servant. 

mosoin, tv. employ as a servant, reduce to subjection (ladino, earth lord). 

mosote N(Sp, mozote from N, mozotl ?). 

mosote, n. sand bur . See below. 

mosotealtik, n5. large field of sand burs, 

mosotetik, n5. field of sandburs. 

bik'it mosote hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). sand bur Cenchrus 

brownii, #1839(15,16). Temperate plant". (16)-It is eaten by horses 

and cattle, 

c'is mosote, nphr(aj & n). 'spikey mosote', sand bur Cenchrus brownii, 

# 1574(1,3). Lowland and temperate plant". #1839(1,4). Temperate 

"plant" #2023(1,3,4,16,17). Lowland "plant" 

sakil mosote, nphr(aj & n). sand bur Cenchrus brownii, #2299(3,4). 


mosote hobel, nphr(n type n). 'mosote grass', hairy sand bur Cenchrus 

pilosus, #1303(1,3,4,5). Lowland plant" It grows in com fields. 

mostasa 

mostasa, black mustard, cf. mustisya. 

mosan N. 

mosaml, n5. Ritual speech, prayer referring to shrine of Musul Vic. 

mosanil c'ul-totil, mosanil c'ul-me?il. Musul Vie holy father, Musul 

Vie holy mother, /archaic; meaning unknown/. 

mosit N. 

mosit, nld. cat. 

moto N(Sp, motor), 

mo to, nle. bulldozer. 

Minion N. 

moton, n4d. gift, present /freq referring to cane liquor/. 

yulun bairt amoton ta tael lo k'ulehal. lit., It is a real gift for getting


wealth, i.e., It is a great opportunity for getting rich. 

Ritual speech; hmoton kaboltayel. my present, my travail /child/. 

matanal, nle. gift, present /freq cane liquor/. 

matanal 9osil, nphr(n3d type n5). ejido land, inherited land. 

matantas, tv. do a favor. 

matantasan, tv. do favors. 

matantasvan, iv. do person a favor. 

mot' prob P or P(2). 

mot'-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5. bobbed-tailed (mule, dog, rabbit, donkey), with 

very short cotton or wool tunic, pants or skirt riding high in back. 

mot'ahtik, aj. cf. mot'ol /plu/. 

mot'el, aj. with very short wool or cotton tunic. 

mot'et cak, vphr(av & n4d). with very short pants, wool or cotton tunic 

or skirt. 

mot'lah, av. running with bobbed tail (dogs). 

mot'lahet cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. mot'et cak. (plu). 

mot'leh, nld. bobbed-tailed. 

mot'mon cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with bobbed tail (dog), hopping 

with bobbed tail (rabbit). 

mot'mot', aj. bobbed-tailed (dog, mule, donkey), with very short wool or 

cotton tunic, with very short pants or shirt. 

mot'ol, aj. bobbed-tailed (dog, mule, donkey), with very short wool or 

cotton tunic, with very short pants or skirt. 

mot'olik, aj. cf. mot'ol /plu/. 

mot'temot'te cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with bobbed tail (dog). 

moy N. 

moy, nla. tobacco, chewing tobacco. Tobacco is considered to be a 

guardian, both of the individual and of his home. If a person scolds 

tobacco or says thanks for it when it is offered to him, Zinacantecs 

believe that his belly will swell or that he will become stupid. Tobacco 

may be given, but not sold, lest the plant die. Tobacco is sprinkled on 

the ground to calm a violent storm. Should a ladino foreman on the 

coffee plantations not let his workers rest, they may sprinkle tobacco 

on his back when he is asleep. This is reputed to cause him nausea 

and diarrhea, laying him up for at least a day. See below. 

moytik, n5. expanse of tobacco. 

9anal moy, nphr(n4f of n5). 'tobacco leaf, tobacco Nicotiana labacum, 

#368(1,2). Highland plant" It grows in yards, next to houses. The 

leaves are pounded together with lime, camphor and orange rind. The 

mixture is chewed by old men. Shamans bury the powder in the 

ground at the spot where a person has suffered soul-loss. They also 

spit tobacco juice on the ground to scare the witch off. Tobacco juice 

is spat at snakes to paralyze them. A person who is frightened rubs 

his body with tobacco at bedtime. As a remedy for a swollen stomach 

/pumel/, a person chews tobacco or rubs it on his stomach. A mule 

suffering from wind' in its legs is forced to drink hot water or cane 

liquor in which tobacco has been sprinkled. It is "hot". For further 

uses, cf. mee'ta. 

k'os sakil 9anal moy, nphr: aj & nphr/aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). Ceraslium 

vulcanicum, #1236(7). Temperate and highland "plant" 

sakil moy, nphr(aj & n). tobacco Nicotiana labacum, # 524(2,3,5). Temperate 

"plant". As a remedy for wind", a handful of tobacco leaves 

are pounded on the underside of a log stool, together with lime. 

The powder is eaten or drunk in warm water. It is "hot". 

moy te9, nphr(n type n). Solatium erianlhum, #2159(11,14). Temperate 

"tree'. 

vietikal moy W>, nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). 'temperate tobacco tree', 

Solatium erianthum, #2159(7). Temperate "tree". 

mayal, n4f. tobacco, chewing tobacco. 

mu(l) A. 

rau, aj. delicious, fragrant, disgusting, 

li mu vinike. the disgusting man. 

li mu suleme. the disgusting buzzard. 

mueb, n4f. herb or orange rind Ued to flavor cane liquor. 

muebin, tv. flavor. 

muet, av. delicious, fragrant. 

muet, av. fragrant. 

smuet ta ni£im. lit., fragrant in the flowers, i.e., person who has 

entered ceremonial bed. 

muetah, iv. be fragrant (person who has been censed). 

muetik, av. sweet-smelling (cane liquor, women who have powdered 

themselves), 

muib, iv. become fragrant. 

te t smuib ta k'un, pero bu t savak' yu 1 ) van ta hc'ay 9un. The flavor 

will improve slowly, but where can it be put, I can't throw it out 

/unsavory dish/, 

muibtas, tv. flavor, 

muil, n4b. flavor, aroma, 

muil, aj. delicious, fragrant, 

muil to, nphr(aj & n). 'fragrant tree', gold shower Galphimia glauca, 


mumu, aj. rather fragrant or tasty, 

mumutik, aj. rather fragrant or tasty. 

muyubah, iv. be elated, thrilled, excited or relieved. Ritual speech; cf. 

nicimah. 

hmuyubahel, agn. delighted person. 

mu(2) Pt. 

mu, pt. not. 

mu generally contrasts with muk', implying speaker's unwillingness to 

carry out action; mu sibat. I will not go. 

muk' sibat. I am not going. 

When occurring with interrogative particle, mu implies speaker's desire 

that person addressed carry out action; mi mu sabat. Won't you 

go? 

mi muk' sabat. Aren't you going? 

mu 9a9ibah, ajphr(pt & aj) it is not known. 

mu wibah mi stal. It is not known if he will come, 

mu 9altikuk, vphr(pt & tv). in vain, needlessly, unnecessarily. 

mu me 9altikuk sibat. Don't make me go for nothing, 

mu lohtikinbah, ajphr(pt & aj). he or it is not known, I, etc., did not 

recognize him or it. 

mu k'u 9al, vphr(pt & pt & tv/3s/). don't mention it, he does nothing, 

mu k'u ca?al, ptphr(pt & pt & pt). it is nothing, for no reason. 

k'u ca9al? mu k'u ca9al. Why? For no reason, 

mu k'u sa?, vphr(pt & pt & tv/3s/). It is worthless! It is useless! 

mu ... mi, pt ... pt. not even. 

mu sbat mi hunuk. Not even one is going, 

mu patob woniluk, nphr(pt & nphr/n of n/5). it is not certain, it is not 

known. 

mu ta woniluk, nphr(pt & prep & n5). pay no attention to. 

mu ta9luk 9a9i, vphr(pt & tv/3s/ & tv). be dissatisfied with. 

mu9n, pt(contr of mu & yuiun). because (I, etc.) am not... 

mu?n t sibat. because I am not going. 

mu9n no, ptphr(pt & pt). maybe not. 

mu9n no sbat. Maybe he won't go. 

mui nos, ptphr(contr of mu & tonos. never. 

mu9 nos yu9unuk ha? stak'in. It never was his own money. 

mu9nuk, pt(contr of mu & yw>un & -uk. cf. muin. 

mu9yuk, pt(contr of mu & ioy & -uk. not, no, none. 

mi 9oy 1 avisime, mu9yuk. Have you any corn? No. 

mu9yuk ve'el, vphr(pt/pred/ & n5). no meal /name of 3rd day of fiesta 

of St. Sebastian, January 21st.) 

muk', pt(contr of mu & yui & -uk) no, not. cf. mu. 

muk' kisim. I have no corn, 

muk' bu, nphr(pt/contr of mu & yui & -uk/& n5). never. 

muk' buy Ii9ay. I never went. 

muk' bu mas, nphr(pt/contr of mu & yui & -uk/& n5 & aj). not very 

much, not very often. 

muk' bu mas Ii9ipahe. I did not get sick very often, 

muk' k'oplal, vphr(pt/contr of mu & yui & -uk/& n4f). it makes no 

difference, 

muk' k'oplal 9u9un, vphr(pt/contr of mu & yui & -uk/& n4f & n4d). cf.


muk' ta talel 9u9un. 

milk' ta falel, vphr(pt/contr of mu & mW) & -uk/& prep & vn5). never 

mind, who cares, forget it. 

muk' ta lalel ouiun, nphr(pt/contr of mu & yW) & -uk/& prep & vn5 & 

n4d). it makes no difference to /me, etc./ or (I, etc.) do not care, 

muk' ta Won, nphr(pt/contr of mu & yW> & -uk/& prep & n4d). be 

indifferent, not care. 

mu?(l) N. 

muiil, n3d. sister-in-law /wife's sister, male's brother's wife, husband's 

brother, female's sister's husband/ /archaic/. 

mu?(2) 

nnrt, no, not, never, none. cf. mu(3). 

mumat N. 

mu'mat, nld. leftovers, scraps. Ritual speech, prayer; illegitimate or unwanted 

child. 

ti yo 1 ame?onone ti yo 1 amu?natone. I am Thy wretched orphan, 

I am Thy wretched foundling. 

buy amuinat ata tal. Where did you find these scraps? 

mue P, P(2). 

mue, tv. shrink /new clothing/, shorten /tumpline/, draw up /legs/, hug 

to body /arms/. 

mue, iv. shrink (clothing, sandal), 

mue ba, rv. curl up (person sleeping in cold, caterpillar), shrivel up (penis 

or testicles in cold). 

mueahtik, aj. shriveled up (caterpillars), 

muean, tv. shrink /plu/. 

mucan ba, rv. shrivel (pupating caterpillar), 

mueanmiiean, tv. shrink one after another, 

miieannmueanan, tv. cf. mueanmuean. 

muebenal, n4f. part of clothing that has shrunk, 

mueebal, n5. moment before finishing shrinking. 

mueel, nc. shrinking. 

muees, tv. reduce /tarea/. 

mueesobil, n4f. soap used when shrinking new clothes. 

mueet, av. huddling, curling up (sleeping person), ducking, 

mueetik, av. cf. mueet (plu). 

mueetah, iv. draw up (legs). 

mud, iv. be curled up. 

mueilan, tv. keep shrinking /new clothing/, drawing up /legs/ or hugging 

to body /arms/. 

mueilan ba, rv. inch (caterpillar), 

mueilanan, tv. keep shrinking /new clothes/, 

mudah, av. inching rapidly (korio eukumj (plu). 

muelahet, av. twitching /in sleep/, inching (caterpillar), 

muelahetik, av. ducking (plu). 

mueleh, nib. curled up, shrunken. 

niuclih, av. recoiling /from fear/, flinching, twitching /in sleep/. 

muemon, av. inching (caterpillar), 

muemue, aj. drawn up (pupa, penis), 

mueob, nlf. rock on which new woolen clothes are fulled. 

mucobil, nlf. cf- mueob. 

mueom, n3d. clothes that are to be fulled. 

mueomah, iv. full /beat clothes on rocks to shrink them/. 

mueomahebal, n3d. rock on which new woolen clothes are fulled /infr/. 

muetemuete, av. inching along (caterpillar), shrinking /with fear/ one 


rautrue. av. recoiling, withdrawing, 

mueueet, av. curled up shivering (person in cold), contracting (rubber of 

slingshot), shrinking /with fear/. 

mueul, aj. drawn up (arms, legs, caterpillar), 

hmueom, agn. fuller, 

hmueomahel, agn. fuller. 

mue" T(2). 

mue', tv. close or shut /eyes/. 

mue', iv. be closed (eyes of corpse), 

mue', nc. catnap /I-2/. 

mue" ba, rv. close (eyes). 

mue'-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with nervous blink. 

mue'-sati, tv(tv & nepd). shut eyes. 

mue'ahtik, aj. cf. mue'ul /plu/. 

mue'an, tv. close both /eyes/. 

mue'anan, tv. close both /eyes/ (plu). 

mue'antik, aj. with eyes closed every few minutes. 

mue'ebal, n5. moment before falling asleep. 

mue'el, nc. catnap /I only/. 

mue'el, aj. closed (eyes). 

mue'et sat, vphr(av & n4d). with puffed eye (black eye). 

mue'ilan, tv. blink. 

mue*ilanan, tv. blink repeatedly. 

mue'lahet, av. with closed eyes (children playing). 

mue'leh, nlf. closed /eyes from sleepiness or black eye/. 

mue'lih, av. flickering out suddenly (light, candle), tightening suddenly 

(anus with fear). 

mue'mon, av. blinking nervously or sleepily, 

mue'mue', nc. single catnap /I only/, 

mue'mue', aj. nearly closed /congenital eye condition/, 

miie'temue'te, av. walking about blinking nervously, 

mue'ue', av. with closed eyes (sleepy person), 

mue'ue'et, av. blinking /with fear, from bright light/. 

mue'ul, aj. closed (eyes). 

mue'ul ti hsat ihta ti hmule. lit., With my eyes closed I was found 

guilty, i.e., I have been slandered. 

Ritual speech, slandered person praying; yec mue'ul ti hbae mue'ul 

ti hsate ihta ti hmule ti hkolote. With my eyes closed, with my eyes 

shut, I was found guilty, I was condemned. 

mue'ulik, aj. closed (eyes of newborn animal). 

mue P, P(2). 

mue ba, rv. curl up (person). 

mucahtik, aj. cf. mucul /plu/. 

mucan ba, rv. curl up. 

mueet, av. curled up /sleeping/, 

mueetik, av. cf. mueet (plu). 

muci, iv. curl up, huddle /in sleep/, 

mue'lah, av. running huddled over (plu). 

muclahet, av. cf. mueet (plu). 

mucleh. nlf. curled up. 

mucmon, av. huddled over (poor person insufficiently clothed), 

muctemucte, av. walking about huddling over /insufficiently clothed/, 

mucuc, av. curling up stealthily /beside woman/, 

mucucet, av. curling up and shivering /with cold/, 

mucul, aj. curled up (person, stale tortilla, leaf, leaf of seared com plant), 

coiled (snake). 

muculik, aj. cf. muiul /plu/. 

mucaco N(Sp, muchacho). 

mucaco, nld. boy /priest's helper/. 

mue' P, P(2). 

mue', tv. draw up tightly /legs of child carried between two people, feet 

of bird in flight/. 

mue' ba, rv. curl up tightly /with cold/, curl up (leaves), make fist, 

mue'ahtik, aj. cf. mue'ul /plu/. 

muc'an, tv. lay back /ears/ (angry mule), 

mue'anan, tv. cf. muc'an. 

muc'anmufi'an, tv. lay back both /ears/ one after another (mule), 

muc'anmiic'anan, tv. cf. muc'anmuc'an. 

mud'et, av. curled up tightly /in cold/, 

mue'etik, av. cf. mue'et (plu). 

muc"ilan, tv. crumple, wrinkle /cloth, paper/, bend /hat brim to test if 

properly stiff/, lay back /ears of mule, deer or rabbit/, 

muf'k'ih, iv. curl up (arm or leg from sickness). 

muflah, av. walking huddled up (plu). 

mu£'lahet, av. twitching (mule's or dog's ears when alerted). 

mu£'lahetik, av. curled up tightly /in cold/ (plu).


muc'leh, n5. huddled over and shivering. 

muc'mon, av. walking shivering and huddled over. 

muc'muc", aj. curled up (hand, foot). 

muc'p'ih, iv. cf. muc'k'ih. 

muc'temuc'te, av. walking about huddled over and shivering. 

muc'uc'et, av. shivering and huddled over, cringing (child, dog). 

muc'ul, aj. curled up tightly (person sleeping in cold), coiled (snake), laid 

back (ear of mule, deer or rabbit), 

muc'ulik, aj. cf. muc'ul /plu/. 

muc'a 

muc'u, who, who? cf. buc'u. 

mub O. 

muh, onom. moo. 

muhet, av. mooing (cow EKL 252: 1-14). 

muhetah, iv. imitate mooing (children). 

muhetik, av. cf. muhet (plu). 

muhlah, av. mooing (plu). 

muhlahet, av. mooing (plu). 

muhlahetik, av. mooing, imitating mooing. 

muhmon, av. imitating mooing, 

muhtemuhte, av. mooing here and there. 

muhuh, av. mooing, 

muhuhet, av. mooing (angry cow). 

pas muh, vphr(tv & onom). stand on all fours and imitate cow (child). 

muk(l) N. 

mukil, n3d. female's younger sibling. 

muk(2) T(2). 

muk, tv. bury, sink, plant /potato, pit/, put in /water/. 

muk, iv. sink, be buried, 

muk, nc. sinking. 

muk ba, rv. sink /in mud, water/, bury self /in blanket/, 

muk-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. burial. 

muk k'op, vphr(tv & n5). keep a secret. 

muk mulil, vphr(tv & n5). conceal another's guilt, exonerate unjustly. 

muk ta k'ok', vphr(tv & prep & n5). roast /in ashes/, 

mukahtik, aj. buried, sunk /plu/. 

mukan, tv. bury or plant /plu/. 

mukanan, tv. cf. mukan. 

mukanmukan, tv. plant or bury one after another, 

mukanmukanan, tv. cf. mukanmukan. 

mukbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). conceal another's guilt, exonerate unjustly. 

mukbil ta tan, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). roasted on the coals, 

mukeah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). sink. 

mukean, tv. make sink. 

mukean ba, rv. sink. 

mukeanvan, iv. make person sink /in mud/ (heavy burden), 

mukebal, n5. moment before ending funeral. 

muk el, nc. sinking /I - 3/ /person in water/, dip /when wading/, 

mukenal, n5. cemetery. 

mukes yalel, vphr(tv & dr). drop inadvertently /into water/. 

muket, av. buried /in blankets/, buried (lime in ground), hidden. 

smuket yalel ta cak vot. sinking to the bottom of the well. 

simuketotik to. We are being concealed i.e., corn has grown over our 

heads /ninth developmental stage of corn, also called shaset la 

hholtik/. 

muketah, iv. bury self in blankets (child in daytime). 

muketik, av. buried /in blankets or tall corn/ (plu). 

mukilan, tv. plant slip /apple, elderberry Synardisia venosa /, keep covering 

/head with shawl/. 

mukilan ba, rv. roll /in mud, dust, leaves/, keep covering head in shawl, 

mukilanan ba, rv. keep rolling /in mud, dust or leaves/. 

muklah, av. becoming mired (plu). 

muklahet, av. becoming mired (plu), wrapped in blankets, 

muklahetik, av. taking dust baths (chickens), 

mukleh, nib. buried /in blankets/. 

muklih, av. being buried or mired suddenly. 

muklomah, iv. bury /person/. 

muklomal, n5. burial. 

mukmon, av. becoming stuck or buried /in mud, dust/, taking dust bath 

(chicken). 

mukob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. cane liquor, chicken, corn or money needed 

for funeral. 

mukobil, n4f. money for burial expenses. 

mukolah, iv. take dust bath (birds), take mud bath (pig). 

mukp'ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. mukeah yalel. 

mukp'in, tv. cf. mukean. 

mukp'in ba, rv. sink, 

mukp'invan, iv. cf. mukeanvan. 

muktemiikte, av. sticking one foot after other /in mud/. 

mukuk, av. burying self /in blankets/. 

mukuket, av. sinking repeatedly /in mud/, 

mukul, aj. buried, sunk, secret, hidden, 

mukul , tv(aj & tvcpd). secretly . 

ismukul-êlk'an. He stole it secretly. 

ismukul-ee'nn. He smiled. 

ismukul-con. He sold it secretly. 

ismukul-c'ikbe. He slipped it to him secretly. 

ismukul-k'an. He asked for it secretly. 

ismukul-mah. He hit it secretly (or) He nudged him. 

mukul , iv(aj & ivcpd). secretly . 

imukul-milvan. He murdered someone secretly. 

t smukul-k'elvan. He is watching /her/ on the sly. 

mukvan, iv. bury person /pay funeral expenses/. 

t smukvan t spisvan. He buries /him/, he shrouds /him/. 

hmuk-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). person who conceals another's guilt or who 

exonerates another unjustly. 

hmuklomahel, agn. person who is constantly involved in brawls, 

hmuklomal, agn. person who attends funeral. 

hmukvaneh, agn. person who pays funeral expenses. 

Ritual speech, parent referring to youngest child who remains in 

home; htoyvaneh, hk'ecvaneh, hmukvaneh, hpisvaneh. lifter, carrier, 

burier, shrouder. 

mukumu N(Ch,?). 

mukumu, n. shrubby spurge Euphorbia leucocephata, # 2962( 16). Temperate 

"tree". The flower is sold at market in Tuxtla. Ladinos put the 

flowers in altar vases. 

sakil mukumu, nphr(aj & n). shrubby spurge Euphorbia leucocephala, 

#2965(16). Temperate "tree". Same use as above. 

muk'(l) A. 

muk', aj. large. 

muk' me?il, nphr(aj & ncpd)3d. cf. muk'ta moil. 

muk'-totil, nphr(aj & ncpd)3d. cf. muk'ta tolil. 

muk'et, av. very slightly improved (sick person) /infr/. 

muk'etah, iv. improve very slightly (sick person). 

muk'ib, iv. grow up (person), become serious, critical, or grave (quarrel, 

sickness, situation, crime), increase in size (house with addition, corn, 

clothes of growing child), 

muk'ibtas, tv. enlarge /house/, intensify /quarrel, guilt/. 

ismuk'ibtas sia ec'el ta loil. He embroidered the story, 

muk'ibtasan, tv. intensify /quarrels/. 

muk'ibtasvan, iv. care for or accompany person (spouse). 

muk'muk' hutuk, vphr(aj/pred/ & aj/pred/). rather large, 

muk'muk'tik, aj. rather large, 

muk'ta, aj. large, 

muk'ta lalkalte, agn(aj & agn). grand alcalde /most prestigious position 

of fourth grade of religious hierarchy/, 

muk'ta lalmul, cf. 'almul. 

muk'ta iik\ cf. cenek'. 

muk'ta be, nphr(aj & n5). highway. 

muk'ta h-likel, nphr(aj & n/num & nccpd/). roughly an hour's time, 

muk'ta hkaslan, cf. hkaslan. 

muk'ta hsinulan, cf. hsinulan.


muk'ta htoy-k'in, cf. btoy-k'in. 

muk'ta k'anal, nphr(aj & n5). Venus. 

muk'ta k'anal pepen, cf. pepen. 

muk'ta k'ok', nphr(aj & n)5. typhoid fever. 

muk'ta k'on, cf. usim. 

muk'ta moil, nphr(aj & n)3d. grandmother /maternal, paternal/, aunt 

/maternal, paternal, wives of maternal and paternal uncles/, female 

cousin older than ego. Ritual speech, prayer; tutelary god. 

muk'ta mol, cf. mol. 

muk'ta nicim, cf. nicira. 

muk'ta pom, nphr(aj & n)5. honeycomb, cf. laha-pom. 

muk'ta sak, cf. rtsim. 

muk'ta totil, nphr(aj & n)3d. grandfather /maternal, paternal/, uncle 

/maternal, paternal, husbands of maternal and paternal aunts/, male 

cousin older than ego, jaguar. Ritual speech, prayer; tutelary god. 

var., muk'-lolil /Naben Cauk/. 

muk'tik , nphr(aj & n)le. heavy (forest), large (boulders, buildings, 

trucks). 

muk'tikil, n4e. size /plu/. 

muk'ul, n4e. size. To indicate the height of a child a person bends his 

right hand upwards, holding his index finger straight up. 

muk'ul w, nphr(n4f of n4d). thigh muscle. 

muk'ultas, tv. put on a grand display /food, large gathering/, celebrate, 

muk'ultasel, nld. Ritual speech, song; glorification. 

stoyel, smuk'ultasel. his celebration, his glorification /veneration of 

coffer/. 

muk'ultasvan. iv. do a thing grandly for person, hold big celebration for 

person, 

hmuk'ibtasvaneh, agn. person who cares for or accompanies another 

(spouse). 

hmuk'ta-totik, agn(aj & ncpd). jaguar, 

hmuk'ultasvaneh, agn. wise old man. 

muk'(2) 

muk', no, not, never, cf. mu. 

nml(l) N. 

mulav, iv. rape, commit adultery. 

mulavil, aj. sinful. 

Joking speech, to older man who has not released" younger man; 

mi savak' amulavil k'obe. Will you give me your sinful hand? 

mulil, n3a. crime, sin, misconduct, guilt, blame. Hostile prayers and the 

lighting of candles are said to have no effect upon a guiltless person. 

Ritual speech, shaman referring to his patient; ssawh smul ssaTOh 

skolor He sought crime, he sought evil, 

mulilal k'op, nphr(natt & n5). rape, 

mulin, tv. bear guilt, sin. 

k'usi amulin. Why were you sentenced? 

hmul, agn. male lover /occurs only with an. poss./. 

hmulavil, agn. sinner /every person/, rapist, adulterer, 

hmulavil ">ane, nphr(agn type n)5. adulteress, prostitute, 

makita mulil, vphr(tv & n3d). share another's guilt unjustly. 

ta mul, vphr(tv & n4d). be guilty, sin, commit crime. 

mul(2) I, T(2). 

mul, tv. dip /hair, water jug, water gourd, or stick in water, cloth in dye, 

fingers or stirring rod in food/, poke /pine in fire/. 

mul, iv. be dipped (water jug, water gourd, or stick in water, cloth in dye. 

mul, nc. dips /head in water/. 

mulahtik ta k'ok', vphr(aj/pred/ & pt & n5). cf. mulul ta k'ok' /plu/. 

mulan, tv. poke a lot of /pine in fire/. 

mulanan, tv. cf. mulan. 

mulanmulan, tv. poke one after another /sticks of pine into fire/. 

mulanmulanan, tv. cf. mulanmulan. 

mulbe, tv. poke. Male joking speech, dip /penis/, 

ismulbe stahal. He poked the pine in /fire/. 

mulel, nc. dipping /into water/, 

mules, tv. poke, dip. 

muliIan, tv. keep dipping or putting in. 

mullahet, av. poking /pine in fire/ (plu). 

mullahetik, av. cf. mulmon (plu). 

mullih yalel, vphr(av & dr). sink suddenly /into water/. 

mulmon, av. poking /pine in fire/. Male joking speech; dipping (penis). 

mulul ta k'ok', vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). burning with fever. 

mululik ta k'ok', vphr(aj/pred/ & pt & n5). cf. mulul la k'ok' /plu/. 

mula N(Sp, mula). 

mula, nld. mare /mule/. 

mulinero N(Sp, molinero). 

hmulinero, agn. miller. 

inulino N(Sp, molino). 

mulino, nla. mill /corn grinder, gasoline-driven corn mill, water mill/. 

hmulinoahel, agn. person going to, at or coming from corn mill. 

multa N(Sp, multa). 

multa, nla. fine. 

mum N. 

mum, nla. wasp grub /nakov/, yellow jacket grub. They are eaten, 

roasted or boiled. They are "cold". But pregnant women should not eat 

them lest their pregnancy last a full year. 

niiimnn N. 

mumun, nla. bean tamale , Piper sp., #2428( 1,20). Lowland and temperate 

" tree". It is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The leaves 

are boiled and eaten as greens, used to flavor beans and snails, and 

used as wrapping for bean tamales. They are "cold" They are sold at 

market. #2690(1,3,15,20,21,22). Lowland "tree". Same use as above. 

mumunaltik, n5. large grove of mumun trees. 

mumuntik, n5. grove of mumun trees. 

munisyon N(Sp, munition). 

munisyon, nla. shotgun pellets. 

munyeka N(Sp, muneca). 

munyeka, nld. doll. 

muruc' A(Sp, morocho). 

muruc', aj. kinky (hair, pubic hair), var., moroc'. 

muruc' litah, cf. "?itah. 

muruc' eib, cf. rib. 

muruc'ib, iv. curl up (leaves of bean plants or cabbage with sickness, 

burnt hair), var., moroc'ib. 

muruc'ibtas, tv. make curly /hair/, var., moroc'ibtas. 

muruc'tik, aj. rather kinky, var., moroc'tik. 

mus(l) T. 

mus m'9, vphr(tv & n4d). sniff (person, dog). 

musbe vayel, vphr(tv & vn5). breathe loudly in sleep. 

musilan ni?, vphr(tv & n4d). keep sniffing. 

muslah nP, vphr(av & n4d). walking and breathing heavily (exhausted 

mules). 

muslahet nil, vphr(av & n4d). cf. musmon nil /plu/. 

muslin ni 1 *, vphr(av & n4d). sniffing suddenly. 

musmon ni?, vphr(av & n4d). breathing through nose /in sleep/, sniffing 

(person, dog), snivelling, snuffling. 

mustemuste ni9, vphr(av & n4d). sniffing about. 

mususet nit, vphr(av & n4d) breathing through nose /in sleep/. 

tnus(2) prob P or P(2). 

mus-'Msim, n(aj & ncpd)5. downy-haired. 

musahtik, aj. with downy hair /plu/. 

muset 'Jisim, vphr(av & n4d). walking with downy hair. 

musmus, aj. with downy hair, barely sprouting. 

musul, aj. with downy hair (face of adolescent boy or girl, pubes of 

adolescent girl), barely sprouting (weeds). 

musulik, aj. cf. musul /plu/. 

musika N(Sp, musica). 

musika, nla. band music, marimba. 

musika, nld. harmonica. 

musikero N(Sp, musico). 

hmusikero, agn. musician /in band/. 

mustisya N(Sp, mostaza). 

mustisya, nla. black mustard Brassica juncea, # 1727(3,15,16). Highland

M/N TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 245 

"plant". It grows in yards. The greens are boiled. They are "hot". They 

are sold at market, var., mostasa /Htek-lum/. 

c'ulul mustisya, nphr(aj & n). 'smooth mustard', black mustard Brassicajuncea, 

#569(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant". It grows in yards. The 

greens are boiled. They are "hot". 

mus prob P or P(2). 

mus, nld. Male joking speech: vagina. 

mus-ie, n(aj & ncpd)5. toothless. 

mus-ni 1 ?, n(aj & ncpd)5. snub-nosed (girl), blunt-tipped (machete, billhook). 

musahtik, aj. snub-nosed, toothless /plu/. 

musel, aj. snub-nosed, toothless. 

muset 9e, vphr(av & n4d). wrinkling up nose with suppressed laughter. 

muset ni 1 ?, vphr(av & n4d). wrinkling up nose with suppressed laughter. 

muslahet 7e, vphr(av & n4d). cf. musel ie (plu). 

muslahet ni?, vphr(av & n4d). cf. musel nit (plu). 

muslahetik, av. chewing toothlessly. 

musmon te, vphr(av & n4d). chewing toothlessly. 

musmon ni?, vphr(av & n4d). chewing toothlessly, nibbling (rabbit, person 

nibbling food secretively). 

musmus, aj. snub-nosed, toothless, with sunken lips. 

mustemuste ni9, vphr(av & n4d). walking about wrinkling up nose with 

suppressed laughter. 

musuk', nld. Male joking speech; vagina. 

musul, aj. snub-nosed /mark of beauty/, blunted (tip of billhook), toothless, 

with sunken lips. 

musulik, aj. toothless /plu/. 

mut N. 

mut, nla. bird, penis /of little boy/. Form of reference or address for the 

band-tailed pigeon used by hunters lest its flesh taste bitter. 

We smutal. birds have entered /cornfield/ (or) buzzards have arrived 

/at corpse/. 

mut bolom, nphr(n of n)5. 'jaguar's bird', large lowland owl /unidentified/. 

It is believed to guide jaguar to prey of snails and crabs. 

mut kahvaltik, nphr(n4f of n5). Male joking speech; penis. 

mutal vah, nphr(natt & n)Ia. wedding bread /bird-shaped/. 

mntut N. 

mutut, n5. wild fig Ficus cotinifolia, #1627(1,3,11,12,13). Lowland and 

temperate "tree" (l>To stop bleeding, the bark is cut, sap is collected 

on a leaf and poured on a cut. It is "medium". An unattested variety 

is used for fence posts, wild fig Ficus cotinifolia, #2574(21,22). Temperate 

"tree" It is used for firewood. 

mututtik, n5. grove of wild fig trees. 

eahal mutut, nphr(aj & n). wild fig Ficus cookii, #303(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"tree". 

sakil mutut, nphr(aj & n). wild fig Ficus cotinifolia, #755(1,2), 

#2574(1,4). Temperate "tree". The trunk is used for firewood by the 

people of Cobtik. (4)-Three leavesful of sap are poured on a cut to 

stop bleeding. It is "hot". 

mat' P, P(2). 

mut'ahtik, aj. cf. mut'ul /plu/. 

mut'an, tv. leave exposed /ass, when asleep/. 

mut'be, tv. draw closed /mouth of bag/. 

mut'el, aj. pursed (ass), Male joking speech, referring to vagina; pursed. 

mut'ilan cak, vphr(tv // n). buck repeatedly. 

mut'ilanbe, tv. keep drawing closed /mouth of bag/. 

mut'uCet, av. shying /from fear/. 

mut'lah, av. shying (mules with fear). 

mut'lahet, av. starting (person with nightmare), having spasms (flesh of 

recently slaughtered animal), walking gropingly. 

mut'lahetik, av. bucking (plu). 

mut'leh, n5. pursed /ass/. 

k'u t sapas ta mut'leh a£ak. lit., What are you doing with your ass 

pursed?, i.e., What are you doing lying in bed? 

nnit'lih, av. starting suddenly. 

mut'mon cak, nphr(av & n4d). bucking, shying. 

mut'mut', aj. Male joking speech, referring to vagina; pursed. 

mut'ul, aj. pursed (ass with fear from nightmare), drawn closed (mouth 

of bag). 

mut'ulik, aj. drawn closed (mouths of bags). 

muy(l) N. 

muy, n I a. chico sapote Manilkara achras, # 2821 (3,4,5,7,11,12). Lowland 

"tree". (4)-The fruit is "hot". It is sold at market. (12)-The fruit is 

cold". (7)-The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. 

muytik, n5. grove of chico sapote trees. 

muy(2) I. 

muy, iv. climb, rise. 

imuy tal. He came up /to Zinacantan center from one of the hamlets/. 

imuy ta shol. lit., It climbed to his head, i.e., He got drunk (or) He 

became infatuated. 

muy, aj. recent. 

li muy k'ak'al tale, the recent past /one to two months/, 

lavi muy 9ora tale, the recent past. 

muyan moel, nphr(impv/iv/ & n)le. 'climb on, woman', wasp Vespula 

sp.. cf. licit lakov. 

muyan me9el havlan mol. Climb on, woman, lie down, man! /uttered 

so that wasp will abandon nest, leaving honey/. 

muyebal, n3d. ladder. 

muyebaltik, n5. ascent. 

muyel, nc. row /of work/. 

muyel, dr. auxiliary verb expressing motion upwards. 

muyel muyel, nphr(vn5 & vn5). rising frequently (debt). 

muyeltik, vn5. ascent. 

muyes, tv. raise /price/, lift up on, postpone /religious post/. 

muyes ba, rv. climb up by oneself. 

muyesan, tv. lift /plu/. 

muyesob, nlf. net for hanging corn in. 

muyesobil, nlf. cf. muyesob. 

muyesvan, iv. lift person. 

muyilan, iv. keep climbing. 

muymuy, iv. rise slightly (price). 

muymuyes, tv. lift slightly /burden/. 

muymuytik, iv. rise slightly (price). 

hmuyel, agn. person or people climbing /path, or into truck/ /no plu/. 

muy(3) 

muy, elated, thrilled, excited, relieved, cf. mu(l) 

myerta N(Sp, mierda). 

myerta, n5. Scolding speech; shit, var., merla. 

batan ta myerta. Go to shit! 

N 

na(l) N. 

na, nla. house, home, domestic group /one or more localized patrilineages/, 

building. 

ta hnatik. at home /in one's house or community/. 

ik'ot t sna. He arrived home. 

Ritual speech; yo hna yo hk'uleb. my humble home, my humble 

treasury. 

na , nphr(n of n)5. house /chicken, dog/, birdcage, pigsty, 

sheepfold /for rainy season/, stable. 

na , nphr(nlf of nld). sheath /knife, machete/. 

na ?akov, nphr(n of n)5. wasp nest. 

na lokol, nphr(nlf of n3d). stocking. 

na iota, nphr(n of n)5. cobweb. 

na ba, nphr(n of n)5. gopher burrow. 

na eukum, nphr(n of n)5. tent caterpillar nest. 

na ion, nphr(n of n)5. worm hole /sugarcane worm/. 

na holol, nphr(nlf of n3d). cap. 

na hpol-be, nphr(n4f of agn/tv & nepd/). roadworkers' camp. 

na hpostavaneh, nphr(n4f of agn). clinic, doctor's office. 

na k'obol, nphr(nlf of n3d). glove.

246 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 N 

na k'onom, nphr(n of n)5. June bug burrow. 

na loktor. nphr(n4f of agn). clinic, doctor's office. 

na pale, nphr(n4f of n5). priest's house, convent in Htek-lum. 

na pistola, nphr(nlf of nld). holster. 

na pisalal, nphr(nlf of n3d). rain hat. 

na pom, nphr(n of n)5. beehive /only of cliff or cave-dwelling bees/. 

na p'ilis, nphr(n of n). 'grasshopper house 1 , pitcher sage Lepechinia schiedeana, 

#1395(4). Highland •plant", 

na s'inic, nphr(n of n)5. ant nest, 

na vonon, nphr(n of n)5. bumblebee burrow, 

na vonon te?, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'bumblebee burrow tree', senna 

A cassia skinneri, #1600(11,12). Temperate "tree". 

nail, nle. house, home, 

nail ?abtehebal, nphr(n att & n5). tool shed, 

nail cobtik, nphr(natt & n5). sleeping hut near lowland corn field. 

nail cukel, nphr(natt & vn5). jail, 

nail e'en, nphr(natt & n5). cave, 

nail ka?, nphr(natt & n5). place where one always hitches horse /in 

another village/. 

nail kasolina, nphr(natt & n5). service station. 

nail trago, nphr(natt & n5). cantina. 

nail vo?, nphr(natt & n5). cantina /archaic/. 

nain, tv. reside in house of another person. 

Tik'al na, nphr(aj & n)5. unlighted or empty house. 

na(2) 

na, just, only, scarcely, cf. naka 

na? T. 

na 1 ?, tv. know, remember, miss, calculate, realize, regret, be accustomed 

to, think. 

mi sana? sti?el citom. Do you eat pork? 

mu sa k'u hnar I have nothing to worry about. 

mu sana? sa ta yolon ta yak'ol ?un bi ?a. Then you do not remember 

anything at all! 

mi yec sanai. Do you think so? 

mi ihmahbe ana?oh. Do you think I hit him? 

ana?oh amanya atuk. It's you yourself who does that! /retort after 

being accused of doing something bad/. 

na 1 ? ?ahval, vphr(tv & n4d). lit., remember His Lord, i.e., be properly 

attentive to the gods, use restricted to third person singular. 

na? baik, rv. miss each other (people, animals). 

na?-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. missing each other, 

na? kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5). be a believer /Catholic/. 

isna? kahvaltik. lit., He remembered Our Lord, i.e., He prayed when 

in danger. 

na? rios, vphr(tv & n5). be a believer /Catholic/. 

na? ta ?o?on, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). take pity on, be compassionate, 

show empathy. 

sna? ta yo?on me?anal. He takes pity on poor (people). 

mu sna? ta yo?on camel. He has no sympathy for sick (people). 

na?a?et, av. talking endearingly (man and woman). 

na?an, tv. miss /children/. 

na?anan, tv. cf. naian. 

na?el, vnld. wisdom, sentiment for absent or dead person. 

na?et, av. grief-stricken, 

na^lahet, av. cf. natnon (plu). 

nailahetik, av. cf. nainon (plu). 

na?le, tv. criticize, ridicule. 

mu salabanon mu sana?leon. Don't ridicule me, don't criticize me. 

na?levan, iv. criticize or ridicule person. 

na?non, av. longing (parent for dead child). 

na?obil, n4f. inheritance, possessions left by deceased, grief /for deceased/. 

na?ulan, tv. keep missing. 

na?ulan ta ?o?on, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). keep being generous or showing 

empathy. 

na?ulanan, tv. keep missing /children/. 

na?van, iv. miss person. 

hna?vaneh, agn. person who misses another. 

mu na?bah, ajphr(pt & aj). not known, never known, impossible to know. 

mu na?banah, ajphr(pt & aj). cf. mu naibah. 

nab N. 

nab, nle. river, pond, lake, ocean. 

nabil ?uk'um, nphr(natt & n)5. deep stream, river. 

nae" N. 

nae" ?amuc, nphr(n of n)le. frog eggs. 

nae'il, n3a. necklace. 

nae'in, tv. wear necklace /given by fiance/. 

nac' P. 

na£' tal, vphr(iv & dr). appear above horizon (sun, moon, Venus), appear 

over crest of hill (person), barely emerge (new tooth), 

nac'ahtik, aj. cf. nac'al /plu/. 

nac'al, aj. peeking, peering (person, frog in water, animal in burrow), 

nac'alik, aj. cf. nacal /plu/. 

nac'an ba, rv. peek (person), peep out (corn plant that barely emerges 

before dying), peer (prisoner), 

nac'an hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). peek, 

nac'an ta cukel, vphr(tv & pt & vn5). jail, 

nac'aneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. peering out (prisoner), 

nac'eah tal, vphr(iv & dr). appear above horizon (sun, moon, Venus), 

appear over crest of hill (person), barely emerge (new tooth), 

nac'ean lok'el hoi, vphr(tv & dr & n4d). lift head /abOe water/, 

nac'el, aj. peering, peeking, 

nac'es tal hc'ul-me?tik, vphr(tv & dr & agn/aj & nepd/). make the moon 

appear (fetus born precisely one lunar month late), 

nac'et, av. peering, spying on, peeking, 

nac'etah, iv. peer, peek, spy on. 

nac'etik, av. cf. nac'et (plu). 

nac'i, iv. peek, 

nac'ita, tv. peer or peek at. 

nac'itaan, tv. peer or peek at /plu/. 

nac'itavan, iv. visit person frequently, 

nac'lah, av. peering, looking in all directions /plu/. 

nac'lahet, av. cf. nac'non (plu). 

nac'lahetik, av. cf. nac'non (plu). 

nac'Ieh, nld. peeking, peering, 

nac'luh, av. peering out suddenly. 

nac'non, av. peering, looking in all directions, peering in or looking in 

daily (dog, visitor, lover), 

nac'p'uh tal, vphr(iv & dr). poke out (thorn), 

nac'ta, tv. peer or peek at. 

nac'ta baik, rv. peek at each other, 

nac'taan, tv. peer or peek at /plu/. 

nac'taeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. peeking at each other, 

nac'tanac'taan, tv. peer or peek at one after another, 

nac'taob, n4d. window or peephole through which one is observed, 

nac'taobil, nlf. cf. nac'taob. 

nac'tavan, iv. peek at or spy on person, 

nac'tenac'te, av. peering or looking in here and there /searching from 

door to door/. 

hnac'itavaneh, agn. frequent visitor. 

hnac'tavaneh, agn. person who is peering or peeking at another. 

nan 

nah, spin. cf. no 

nailo N(Sp, nylon from E, nylon). 

nailo, nla. plastic /sheets used for rain capes, particularly by women/. 

nak P, P(2). 

nak ocel, vphr(tv & dr). drag into /boulder, bag of com/, 

nak ba lok'el, vphr(rv & dr). push person aside to secure seat, evict person 

from land. 

nak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. eviction. 

nak lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). evict, drag off /heavy pot on fire/, 

nakahtik, aj. cf. nakal /plu/.

N TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 247 

nakak yalel, vphr(av & dr). sinking slowly or settling (water jug in well). 

nakaket sat, vphr(av & n4d). glaring angrily. 

nakaket yalel, vphr(av & dr). sinking slowly or settling (water jug in well). 

nakal, aj. residing, dwelling, at home. 

mi liTOte mi nakalot to. Are you here, are you still at home? /standard 

greeting when paying visit/. 

ti mi muk' •>os nakalone. ... in case I'm not at home. 

?a li wnee li-J nakale. The woman lives here (or) The woman is from 

here. 

nakalik, aj. cf. nakal /plu/. 

nakan, tv. give permission for temporary settlement on one's land, steady 

/one's legs when carrying heavy burden/, tighten /burden/, hold firmly 

/butt of rifle against shoulder/, hang /door/, set firmly /stone, log/. 

nakan ba, rv. stay at home /to keep appointment with visitor/, sit /on 

ground refusing to budge/. 

nakanan, tv. give permission to people for temporary settlement on 

one's land. 

nakaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. staying at home /to keep appointment/. 

nakannakan, tv. give permission to one person after another for temporary 

settlement on one's land. 

nakannakanan, tv. cf. nakannakan. 

nakav, iv. meaning unclear; occurs only as I sbak' t snakav: She bustles 

about. 

nakbal, aj. sitting; restricted to bak'bal nakbal: lit., moving, sitting, i.e., 

tossing and turning (sick person). 

nakeah, iv. stay at home /waiting for person/. 

nakean, tv. seat /with force/. 

nakean ba, rv. stay at home, sit /on ground refusing to budge/. 

naket, av. dwelling, remaining permanently. 

snaket ta pikel li ?isime. The corn supply is never depleted, 

snaket li labtele. The work is endless. 

naket sat, vphr(av & n4d). glaring angrily, staring dazedly (drunk, very 

sick person). 

snaket no los ssakil ssat. He is just glaring out of the whites of his 

eyes. 

naketah, iv. be at home. 

naketik, av. cf. naket (plu). 

naki, iv. live, dwell, reside. 

naklahet, av. cf. naknon (plu). 

nakiahetik, av. cf. naknon (plu). 

nakleb w>, nphr(n4f of n4d). rump /section of slaughtered chicken/. 

nakleb cuk, nphr(n4f of n5). pole plate. 

naklebal, n3b. mat where woman sits. 

nakleh, nld. residing. 

nakleta, tv. stay at home /to keep appointment/. 

nakletavan, iv. stay at home for person /to visit/. 

naklomah, iv. reside permanently. 

nakluh, av. falling suddenly on one's rear end. 

naknon, av. sitting unable to rise (drunk). 

nakp'uh, iv. slide, slip (earth, boulder). 

nakp'un, tv. slide, move /earth, boulder/. 

nakp'un ba, rv. sit helplessly. 

naktenakte, av. living in one house after another, sitting down time and 

again (person on trail). 

nakulan ba, rv. sway back and forth on one's seat (enraged woman or 

drunken man). 

nakulan cak, vphr(tv & n4d). sway on one's seat (drunken woman). 

nakulanan cak, vphr(tv & n4d). keep swaying on one's seat. 

nakvan lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). evict person. 

hnaklomal, agn. resident. 

hnakvaneh, agn. evictor. 

naka Pt. 

naka, pt. just, only, nothing but, simply, hardly, scarcely, as soon as. 

var., na. 

naka c'entik. There are nothing but cliffs. 

mu savak' t avoôn naka nos Io7il. Don't pay attention to it, it's 

simply a lie. 

naka to ios ilok'ik ec'el k'alal ital vo9e. They had hardly left when 

the rain began. 

naka to liyul. I just arrived. 

naka ha 1 ), ptphr(pt & pt). nothing else, that is all /implies a great quantity 

of one kind of thing, or frequency of one type of action/. 

naka ha 1 ? t skiltik. That is all we could see. 

naka me , nphr(pt & pt & vn5). hurry up and . 

naka me pasel. Hurry up and do it. 

naka to, ptphr(pt & pt). just. 

naka to liyul. I just arrived, 

naka to TOS, ptphr(pt & pt & pt). had scarcely, had just. 

naka to ws" liyul. I had just arrived, 

na, pt. cf. naka. 

nak' T(2). 

nak', tv. keep, store, hide, 

nak', iv. be stored, 

nak', nc. stored object, 

nak' ba, rv. hide, 

nak'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. hiding. 

tahinkotik ta nak'-bail. Let's play hide and seek! 

nak'ahtik, aj. stored /plu/. 

nak'al, aj. stored (new clothes), hidden (person, object), 

nak'alik, aj. hiding /plu/. 

nak'an, tv. keep, store or hide /plu/. 

nak'an baik, rv. hide selves, 

nak'anan, tv. cf. nak'an. 

nak'annak'an, tv. hide or store one thing after another, 

nak'annak'anan, tv. cf. nak'annak'an. 

nak'balal con, nphr(aj & n)5. Male joking speech, lit., hidden animal, i.e., 

vagina. 

nak'ebal, n5. moment before storing away, 

nak'el, nc. stored object, 

nak'et, av. stored. 

nak'et 9u9un, vphr(av & n4d). kept at home /daughter/, 

nak'lahetik, av. cf. nak'non (plu). 

nak'leh, nld. hiding, stored, 

nak'nak'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. stealthy searching /for something to 

steal/, furtive watching /amorous boy/, 

nak'non, av. hiding things. 

nak'ob, nlf. storage place for money or new clothing, 

nak'ob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)ld. place of ambush, 

nak'ob k'ui pale, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4d of n5/). wardrobe for priest's 

vestments. 

nak'obal, nla. shade, shadow, reflection. To sit in the shadow of the 

cross is thought to expose oneself to sickness, var., nak'ubal. 

Ritual speech, prayer referring to tortillas; ti yo 1 asohobale ti yo 1 

anak'obale kahval. Thy humble sunbeam, Thy humble shade, My 

Lord. 

Ritual speech, prayer referring to cane liquor; ti yo 1 ae"uhulale ti 

yo 1 anak'obale kahval. Thy humble dew, Thy humble shade, My 

Lord. 

nak'obal krus, nphr(n of n)5. lit., cross' shadow, i.e., illegitimate child, 

nak'obal siulem, nphr(n of n)5. lit., buzzard's shadow, i.e., illegitimate 

child. 

nak'obil, nlf. cf. nak'ob. 

nak'obil k'u9 pale, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4d of n5/). cf. nak'ob k'ut pale. 

nak'tenak'te, av. hiding in one place after another /stolen goods/, 

nak'ubal, nla. cf. nak'obal. 

nak'ubal ûs, nphr(n of n). 'gnat's shadow'. See below, 

yasal nak'ubal •Jus, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Ageralum corymbosum, 


nak'ulan, tv. keep hiding. 

nak'ulan ba, rv. keep hiding /from house to house, behind one tree after 

another/.


nak'ulanan, tv. keep storing or hiding /plu/. 

nak'ulanvan, iv. keep hiding person. 

nak'van, iv. hide person. 

hnak'-iane, agn(tv & ncpd). person who elopes with girl and hides her in 

his house. 

hnak'-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd)5. person in hiding. 

hnak'-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). person who conceals guilt. 

hnak'-tak'in, agn(tv & ncpd). person who guards money left over from 

fiesta expenses. 

hnak'ulanvaneh, agn. person who keeps hiding another. 

hnak'vaneh, agn. person who hides another. 

nam 

nam, walking-stick, staff, move away, move aside, remove, emigrate, 

distance, cf. nom. 

nan Pt. 

nan, pt. perhaps, cf. van. 

t sibat nan. Perhaps I will go. 

nanal N. 

nanal, nle. shade, shadow /in daylight only/. 

nanalih, iv. seek shade. 

nanalihebal. n3d. person's place in the shade. 

nanaltik, n5. expanse of shade. 

nanri? N(N, nantzi). 

nanei?, nla. nance Byrsonima crassifolia, #322(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". 

The trunk is used for fence posts, and for firewood. As a remedy for 

loose teeth, the bark is brewed and the tea held in the mouth, or the 

bark is chewed raw. It is "hot". As a remedy for bloody dysentery, 

nance bark tea is drunk. It is medium The fruit is sold at market. 

It is "hot". It is used to flavor cane liquor. 

nanei?altik, n5. long row of nance trees. 

nanei?tik, n5. row of nance trees. 

nankeo 

nankeo, cf. nankipu. 

nankipo 

nankipo, cf. nankipu. 

nankipu N(Ch, nanguipo). 

nankipu, n. Cordia dentata, #789(1,2), #1660(1,4,7,11,12,14), 

#2685(1,3). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for hoe and pick handles, 

gunstocks, fence rails and posts. var., nankeo /Sek'emtik/, 

nankipo /lElan Vot/, nankipui /Hok' C'enom, Muk'ta Hok'/, nankito 

/Htek-lum, Na Cih, Voi-bie/. 

muk'ta nankipu, nphr(aj & n). Cordia dodecandra, #865(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"tree". It is grown by ladinos in fencerows. The pit is planted 

in the rainy season. The trunk is used for benches, slingshots, and 

fence posts. Ladinos use it for house mainposts. Cordia sebestena, 


nankipu to, nphr(n type n). Cordia dentata, #2685(15,20,22). Lowland 

"tree". The trunk is used for hoe, pick, and billhook handles, digging 

sticks, and fence posts. 

nankipu? 

nankrpu?. cf. nankipu. 

nankito 

nankito, cf. nankipu. 

nantai N. 

nanta?, n. pochote ceiba Ceiba aesculifolia, #2998(1,4,5). Lowland 

"tree". It is used for benches, fence posts, and firewood. 

nap N. 

nap, n 1 d. coyol A crocomia mexicana, # 759( 1,2). Lowland and temperate 

"tree". It is grown by ladinos in their yards. It is planted in June, one 

seed to a hole. The harvest is in January. The fruit is sucked as a 

candy, and the nut is broken and eaten. It is "medium". Ladinos put 

the flowers in altar vases. 

naptik, n5. grove of coyol trees. 

napac N(Sp, mapache). 

napac, nle. raccoon Procyon lotor, Villista. cf. meêl con. 

napactik, n5. era of the Villistas. 

napalu prob A or N(Sp,?). 

napalu, cf. ?isim. 

uapus N(Sp, rabano). 

napus, nla. field mustard Brassica campestris, #1462(3,11,12). Temperate 

and highland "plant". #2061(18). Highland "plant". It is grown 

by many Zinacantecs, in their corn fields. The seeds are sown in May. 

The leaves, flowers, and shoots are boiled. They are eaten by everyone. 


napusaltik, n5. large expanse of field mustard, 

napustik, n5. expanse of field mustard, 

baiî napus, nphr(aj & n). field mustard Brassica campestris, 


c'is napus, nphr(aj & n). 'prickly napuf, field mustard Brassica campestris, 

#29(1,3,4). Temperate and highland "plant". #1745(3,15,16,), 

#2061(3,17), #2203(1,3,4). Highland plant". For use, see napus. 

c'is napusaltik, nphr(aj & n)5. large expanse of field mustard. 

c'is napustik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of field mustard. 

nap' P, P(2). 

nap', tv. stick, 

nap', iv. be stuck to. 

nap' ec'el, vphr(iv & dr). stick close to, follow close behind (animal, wife). 

nap'-9us e'iilel, nphr(n/tv & ncpd/ type n). 'gnat sticking plant', Croton 

ciliato-glanduliferus, #875(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant", 

nap' ba, rv. adhere to. A tortilla sticking to the griddle is thought to 

indicate that the cook will be falsely accused, 

nap'ahtik, aj. cf. nap'al /plu/. 

nap'al, aj. stuck to, immediately behind, hanging around. 

Ritual speech, ritual assistant; nap'alon tal nocolon tal ta spat ta 

ssokon ta htote hmOe. I come immediately behind, standing close 

to my father, my mother. 

nap'aUk, aj. cf. nap'al /plu/. 

nap'an, tv. make false accusation of paternity to enable girl to marry, add 

one's sheep to another's herd if one has only one or two sheep, follow 

close behind. 

Ritual speech, petitioners addressing girl's parents; ta hnap'an ta 

hnocan ta yo 1 apatik ta yo 1 asokonik yo hkrem yo 

hc'amaltikotik. I will trail, I will follow Thy lordly backs, Thy 

lordly sides with our son, our child, 

nap'an ba, rv. claim /falsely/ to have had sexual relations with, follow 

close behind. 

nap'an ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). join /other group/. 

nap'aneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. staying close behind /religious official 

behind companion/, hanging around, 

nap'annap'an, tv. glue one after another, 

nap'annap'an ba, rv. deceive one girl after another, 

nap'annap'anan, tv. cf. nap'annap'an. 

nap'anvan, iv. stay close to person (entering religious official staying close 

to his ritual tutor), 

nap'ap', n. see below. 

yasal nap'ap', nphr(aj & n). Cuphea leptopoda, # 1621(11,12). Temperate 

"plant", 

nap'ap', aj. sticky, 

nap'ap' ?on lf>, cf. 9on to. 

nap'ap' e^lel, nphr(aj & n)le. 'sticky plant', velvet bur Priva lappulacea, 

#827(1,2,3,5), #1326(1,3,4,5,8). Lowland "plant", firecracker flower 

Cuphea cyanea, #1230(7), #2287(19). Temperate "plant". Stevia lucida, 

#414(1,2,3). Temperate plant". To speed the mending of a 

broken bone, three shoots are warmed on the griddle and bound to 

the break. Siegesbeckia jorullensis, #116(1,2,3,4,5), #1039(1,3,5). 

Highland "plant". It sticks to one's clothes. Ageratum houstonianum, 

#693(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant". Bastardia viscosa, # 1103(1,3). Lowland 

"plant". Cuphea leptopoda, # 1621(1,3). Temperate plant". Gnaphalium 

sp., #1399(3). Temperate "plant". Mentzelia aspera, 

#2602(15,20,21,22). Temperate plant". Sahia misella, #2816(7). 


nap'ap' e'Meltik, nphr(aj & n). expanse of nap'ap' fillet.


9ik'al nap'ap' e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). velvet bur Priva lappulacea, 

#1980(16,17). Lowland "plant", 

k'anal nap'ap' e'iilel, uphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). see below, 

muk'ta k'anal nap'ap' e'iilel, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Mentzelia aspera, #2602(1,3). Temperate "plant", 

k'os nap'ap' e'iilel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). velvet bur Priva lappulacea, 

# 1634(11,12,14). Lowland and temperate plant". Salvia misella, 

#256(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant" It sticks to one's clothing. Galium 

sp., #1911(1,3,4). Temperate plant". Galium uniculalum ssp. obstipum, 

#2336(3,4,19). Highland "vine" 

muk'ta nap'ap' e'i'Jlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Gnaphalium sp., 

#411(1,3), #1040(1,3). Highland "plant" To speed healing of a cut, 

one to four leaves are applied once a day for three days. They are 

not as efficacious as the smaller variety. They are medium . Conyza 

chilensis, #1021(1,3,5). Highland "plant" Mentzelia aspera, 

#1978(1,3,4), #2841(3,4,5,8). Lowland "plant", 

sakil nap'ap' eMilel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Gnaphalium sp., 

#1040(5), #1358(1,3). Highland "plant". 

yasal nap'ap' e'iilel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). velvet bur Priva lappulacea, 

#1634(1,4). Lowland and temperate "plant" #1980(1,3,4). 

Lowland "plant" 

nap'ap' nic, nphr(aj & n). 'sticky flower', firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, 

#1534(11,12). Temperate and highland "plant" 

nap'ap' nic e'i'Jlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). firecracker flower Cuphea 

cyanea, #2170(11). Temperate plant", 

nap'ap' posil i\k\ cf. posil ?ik'. 

nap'ap'et, av. sticky, 

nap'et, av. following immediately behind (dog, constable, wife, child who 

receives cane liquor for incense bearers). 

nap'etah. iv. follow immediately behind, 

nap'etik, av. cf. nap'et (plu). 

nap'i, iv. stick, follow close behind. 

Ritual speech, ritual tutors of entering religious officials to musicians; 

t snap'i ta yo 1 apat t snap'i ta yo 1 asokon. He stands at thy humble 

back, he stands at thy humble side. 

Bride's ritual tutor to groom's ritual tutor; savalbe k'op savalbe 

rason li hmotone li kaboltayele ta snap'i ta yo 1 apatik ta snap'i ta 

yo 1 asokonik kumale hmei kumale hkasayil. You will talk to her, 

you will advise her my present, the fruit of my suffering, she will 

stand at thy humble backs, she will stand at thy humble sides, 

comadre my mother, comadre my ancient mother. 

napTtan, iv. stick to person's clothing (weeds), 

nap'lahet, av. cf. nap'non (plu). 

napiahetik, av. cf. nap'non (plu). 

nap'leh, nld. hanging around, 

nap'non, av. sticky, hanging around /behind house or back fence/ 

(woman's lover), 

nap'ob, nlf. glue, paste, 

nap'obil, nlf. cf. nap'ob. 

nap'tenap'te, av. staying at one house after another (orphan), 

nap'ulan, tv. keep sticking, keep mending /threadbare clothes/. 

nap'ulan ba, rv. keep sticking to. 

hnap'anvaneh ta mulil, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who unjustly 

shares another's guilt, 

naranha N(Sp, naranja). 

naranha, nla. orange Citrus sinensis, #564(1,3). Highland "tree". See 

below. 

naranhatik, n5. orange grove. 

c'ulul pat naranha, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'smooth-skinned orange', 

orange. Highland "tree". It is planted in the rainy season by 

Tenejapanecs. The fruit is "hot", 

hayal pat naranha, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'thin-skinned orange', 

orange. Same as c'ulul pat naranha. 

pimil pat naranha, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'thick-skinned orange', 

orange Citrus sinensis, # 564(3). Highland "tree . A few Zinacantecs 

grow oranges in their yards. Seeds or seedlings are planted in the 

rainy season. The harvest is in December. Oranges are sold at market. 

These oranges are sweeter than the thin-skinned variety. They are 

"hot". Poor people substitute orange leaf or rind tea for coffee. It 

is "hot". The rind is brewed with aztec marigold and elderberry 

flowers for cough medicine. It is also used to flavor cane liquor. 

(23)-Thirty stemmed oranges are provided by the senior steward 

of the Holy Sacrament on the Seventh Posada, to decorate the 

Christmas trees, 

naranha lima, cf. lima, 

nas A. 

nas, aj. earlier today. 

mi nasot. lit., Are you earlier today, i.e., Have you been waiting long 

for me? 

nas âk'ubal, nphr(aj & n5). late at night /10-11 p.m./. 

nasil, n4f. earlier today, 

nasnas, aj. a little while ago /more recent than nas /, rather late at night 

/9 p.m./. 

nasnastik, aj. cf. nasnas. 

nasub, iv. grow late /at night/. 

nastok 

nastok, again, too. cf. nostok. 

nat A. 

nat, aj. deep (cave, hole, bullet, well, river), long (hair, legs, rope), tall 

(person), high (mountain), far (object swept along by river), 

nat to stimbe ec'el. It will take a long time /to finish/, 

mu sa natuk ibat. He didn't last long /after having ominous dream/, 

nat lora, vphr(aj/pred/ & nld). lit., have long hour, i.e., be long-lived, 

natih, iv. lengthen (day), 

natihes k'ak'al, vphr(tv & n5). postpone. 

natik, aj. long (hair, trees, logs, mud hole), tall (people), deep (cave), 

natikil, aj. deep (caves), long (ropes). 

natikil ?alavanus, cf. >alavanus. 

natikil kinya, cf. kinya. 

natikil te9, nphr(aj & n)la. rafter, fence rail, 

natil, n4b. depth, length, height /person, sun/. 

snatil k'ak'al. long days /January-June/, 

natil, aj. deep, long, tall (person), 

natil te 1 ), nphr(aj & n)la. fence rail, rafter, 

natil vesal, cf. ves(3) 

natilah, iv. become more infrequent (sickness, beating), be widely separated 

/in time/. 

natnat, aj. rather long or deep, 

natnattik, aj. cf. natnat. 

natub, iv. grow long (legs), grow spindly (unweeded corn, beans or potatoes), 

natubtas, tv. lengthen. 

snatubtas sves. He puts his pant legs down (or) He wears long pants, 

snatubtas yorail. He lengthens his hour, i.e., talking saint lengthens 

petitioner's life-span, 

natubtasan, tv. wear long /pants/. 

hnat-ves, agn(nphr/aj & ncpd/) person wearing long pants, 

hnatikil hoi, agn(aj & n)5. Lacandon, long-haired devil, cf. hvalapat-iok. 

nativirat N(Sp, natividad). 

nativirat, n5. ensign-bearer of Our Lady of the Nativity. 

nav 

nav, spin, purr. cf. no. 

navasas N(Sp, navajas). 

navasas, nla. straight razor, penknife, 

naviiyaka N(Sp, nauyaca from N, nahui and yacatl). 

navuyaka, n5. fer-de-lance Bolhrops atrox. The fer-de-lance reportedly 

wraps itself around a person, bites him and stabs him with the blade at 

the end of its tail until its victim falls. Immediate swelling and death 

within a half hour is considered to be inevitable. 

ne N. 

ne bolom, nphr(n of n). 'jaguar tail', Selenicereus sp., #842(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"plant"


ne e'i? e"i?lel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'dog tail plant', club moss 

Lycopodium taxifolium, #132(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "plant". (RML)- 

This name is included as a tribute to the inventiveness of my principal 

collector whose artfully suppressed smile was not matched by his 

colleagues. This was, to my knowledge, the first of perhaps many inventions, 

but it was not a far-fetched one, for club moss has been 

called in English, fox tail, lamb's tails, and toad's tail. It is used for 

thatch and as a fixer for daub. 

ne cue, nphr(n of n). 'squirrel tail', feather grass . See below. 

ne cuctik, nphr(n of n). field of feather grass. 

ne cue hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'squirrel tail grass', feather 

grass Stipa ichu, #576(1), #2240(1,3,4,19)- Highland "plant" 

ne kotom, nphr(n of n). 'coati tail', giant bamboo Chusquea sp., 

#149(1,2,4,5). Highland (1,4,5)-"vine" or (2,3)-"tree". The trunk is 

used for loom bars. #1876(1,16). Highland "tree". Lasiacis sorghoidea, 

#2807(12). Lowland "plant" 

ne kotomtik, nphr(n of n)5. grove of giant bamboo, 

k'os ne kotom, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). tibisee Lasiacis divaricata, 

# 1218( 1,3,4,5). Temperate plant". 

ne kotom nicim, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'coati tail flower', Acalypha 

hispida, #2692(15). Lowland "tree". 

ne sibak, nphr(n of n)ld or (nlf of nld). rocket /archaic/, var., nelsibak 

/infr/. 

neil, n3b. tail, fringe. 

ne^l) P, P(2). 

nel ba hoi, vphr(rv & nib), go crooked (end of row during planting), wag 

head to side (baby). 

ne?ahtik hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4f). crooked (end of row). 

ne?an ba, rv. duck head sideways. 

noan ba muyel, vphr(rv & dr). grow upwards (com that has been 

knocked down and seeks light). 

neran hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). let head fall (drunk), tilt head (person turning 

head to look). 

ne?eah, iv. become crooked (end of row), fall to side (head). 

noeanbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4f). let end of row go crooked. 

new> tal, vphr(av & dr). toppling forwards (tree). 

ne9el hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & nib), with head sagging to side (drunk), with 

head tilted sideways (person with tumpline turning head to look), tilted 

(roof), crooked (end of row, top of stump). 

neielik hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4f). cf. neiahtik hoi 

noet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). with head wobbling to side (baby, drunk). 

noetik, av. wobbling heads to side. 

ne?i hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). droop to side (baby's head when sleeping). 

nolah tal hoi, vphr(av & dr & n4d). approaching with wobbling heads 

(drunks). 

nolahet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). cf. nelnon hoi (plu). 

neileh, n4f. crooked (end of row). 

ne?leh, nlf. tilted or drooping to side /head/. 

nevluh bat hoi, vphr(av & iv & nib), ducking head suddenly to side, 

rebounding suddenly (punching bag at fair). 

none? hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & nib), with head sagging to side, with head 

tilted sideways, tilted (roof), crooked. 

nonon hoi, vphr(av & n4d). with head bobbing sideways (baby, drunk, 

sick person on horseback). 

nop'uh, iv. cf. neêah. 

ne^p'unbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4f). cf. neteanbe hoi. 

ne'Hene'He, av. toppling one after another (trees). 

noulan, tv. keep wobbling /head/ (drunk). 

ne?ulanan, tv. keep wobbling /heads/ (drunks). 

ne?(2) prob O. 

newet, av. wailing (newborn baby). 

ne?lahet, av. cf. nelnon (plu). 

ne?lahetik, av. cf. nerinon (plu). 

nevnon, av. wailing (newborn baby). 

nee P(2) or T(2). 

necec tal, vphr(av & dr). dinning of approaching religious officials and 

musicians, dinning of spooks during Carnival. 

nececet, av. shaking (house in earthquake), quaking (weeds), blaring (cow 

horns), buzzing (cicadas), shivering, shouting, applauding, clamoring 

(people EKL 255:1-11), talking in background (people EKL 255: 2-9). 

nececin, tv. cause to shake (malaria). 

necel hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & nlf)- with tilted roof. 

nedet, av. buzzing (fiesta), dinning (people V2: 6). 

necetik ta k'evuh, vphr(av & prep & n5). singing (drunks). 

neclahet, av. quaking /with fear/, shivering (plu), shaking (house). 

neilahetik, av. quaking /with fear/, shivering (plu). 

necluh, av. shaking suddenly (house or ground in earthquake). 

necnec hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & nlf). with tilted roof. 

necnon, av. quaking (house, earth, person with fear), shivering, shaking 

(bed). 

necp'uh hoi, vphr(iv & nlf)- have roof tilt (collapsing house). 

ne£tenecte, av. walking about shivering, walking about creating a din 

(many people). 

neculan, tv. shake /tree/. 

neculan ba, rv. jiggle (child). 

nekeb N. 

nekebal, n3b. shoulder /person, animal, hill, bottle, fiddle, guitar/, 

hnekebtik ec'el. shoulder-high /eighth developmental stage of com/. 

nek' prob O. 

nek'ek'et, av. gasping and crying (baby V2: 9). 

nek'lah, av. howling (newborn babies, babies at baptism, babies on mothers' 

backs). 

nek'lahet, av. cf. nek'non (plu). 

nek'lahetik, av. cf nek'non (plu). 

nek'luh, av. howling suddenly (newborn baby, baby at baptism). 

nek'non, av. howling (newborn baby, baby at baptism), screeching (fiddle). 

nek'tenek'te, av. howling here and there (baby on mother's back). 

nel(l) I, T. 

nel, tv. iron, flatten /corn field/, sweep along broadside /logs/ (river). 

nel, iv. die, end (work). 

Ritual speech, outgoing official; inel ieue ti yo kabtele ti yo hpatane. 

It has ended, it is finished, my lowly work, my lowly contribution. 

nelan, tv. flatten a lot of /com field/. 

nelannelan, tv. iron one after another. 

nelebal, nib. moment when work or religious post ends, moment of 

death, cf. eueebal. 

nelel, nc. ironing. 

neles, tv. finish /work/, complete /week of official duty, term of office/. 

nelesobil, nld. Ritual speech, outgoing official to assistants, musicians, 

and ritual tutor. 

snelesobil sia me seueesobil sa me ti yo kabtele ti yo hpatane. Now 

it is the end of my humble work, now it is the end of my humble 

offering. 

nelesvan, iv. make person die (sickness). 

nellahet ta k'u'Mil, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. nelnon (a k'utul (plu). 

nellahetik ta k'u?ul, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. nelnon ta k'utul (plu). 

nelnon ta k'uûl, vphr(av & prep & n5). ironing endlessly. 

nelob, nlf. iron. 

nelobil, nlf. cf. nelob. 

nelomah, iv. iron. 

nelulan, tv. keep ironing. 

nelvan, iv. kill person (car). 

hnelom, agn. ironer. 

hnelvaneh, agn. car that kills person. 

nel(2) P. 

nel-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. cross-eyed. 

nelan sat, vphr(tv & n4d). glare angrily out of comer of eye. 

nelel, aj. cross-eyed. 

nclelct sat, vphr(av & n4d). glaring angrily out of corner of eye. 

nelet sat, vphr(av & n4d). cross-eyed. 

neletah sat, vphr(iv & n4d). glare angrily out of corner of eye.


nelis, n5. cross-eyed person. 

nellah sat, vphr(av & n4d). glaring angrily out of corner of eye (plu). 

nelnel, aj. cross-eyed. 

neltenelte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about glaring angrily out of corner 

of eye. 

nel(3) 

nel, rocket, cf., ne. 

nelub N. 

nelub, nla. reflex pain in thigh or armpit. 

nen N. 

nen, nla. mirror. 

Ritual speech, referring to scribes who are credited with special visual 

powers; toh nen. pine, mirror, 

nen sat, nphr(n4e of n4d). pupil /eye/, glasses. 

nene'? N(Sp, nene). 

nene?, nld. baby, term of adress for unweaned child. 

nene? , nphr(n type n)ld. baby /mammal, bird, snake/. 

nene? eu, cf. eu. 

nes(l) A. 

nes, aj. blond (hair). 

nesnestik, aj. rather blond. 

nesnestik lisim cih, cf. ?isim cih. 

nesnestik ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn/3s/). rather blond. 

nes(2) N. 

nes, n. see below. 

kilahtik nes, nphr(aj & n). 'long nes", see below, 

eahal kilahtik nes, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Boerhaavia diffusa, 


vaâhtik nes, nphr(aj & n). 'erect nei", spiderling Boerhaavia erecta, 

#906(1,3), #1672(1,4). Lowland "plant" 

net P, P(2). 

net-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted head. 

netahtik, aj. twisted (chayote roots, heads of sick chickens), cf. netel 

/plu/. 

netan, tv. tilt one's head, 

netanvan, iv. bow person's head /by burdening heavily, as in former 

times when Indians were compelled to serve as porters/, 

neteah, iv. droop (head of person carrying heavy burden, head of dying 

chicken). 

netean ba hoi, vphr(rv & n4f). make end of row go crooked /planting/. 

netel, aj. tilted (head of person with tumpline who turns to look), 

overturned (car), tilted (roof), bent (neck of gourd, neck of sick chicken), 

netelik, aj. tilted (heads of people with tumpline). 

netel, av. bending to side (head or neck under heavy load). 

netetah, iv. bend to side (neck or head under burden), 

netetet, av. twisting repeatedly (head or neck under heavy load), 

netetik, av. cf. netel (plu). 

neti, iv. tilt (head) to look, 

netk'uh, iv. cf. neteah. 

netk'unbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4f). cf. neteanbe hoi. 

netlah, av. walking twisting /heads/ to side, 

netlahet, av. cf. netet (plu). 

netlahetik, av. cf. netet (plu). 

netleh, nlf. with tilted head. 

netluh, av. ducking suddenly to side (head), 

netnet, aj. permanently tipped or twisted to side (roof, neck of person, 

chicken, or gourd). 

netnon, av. twisting to side (head or neck under heavy burden), 

netp'uh, iv. cf. neteah. 

netp'unbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4f). cf. neteanbe hoi. 

nettenette, av. twisting to side (head or neck under heavy burden) while 

walking about. 

netulan, tv. keep tossing /head/ (playful child), 

netulan ba, rv. keep tossing one's head (playful child), 

netulanan ba, rv. keep tossing one's head (playful child, drunk). 

net' T. 

net', tv. push, press with side of hand /tortilla, dough/, crush, mend 

/clothing/, catch up with /person/, make sag /fence/, extend /boundaries 

of one's land illegally/, push open /door/. 

snet'oh t sik'ot batel. I was pushed down again and again. 

net' ocel ta cukel, vphr(tv & dr & prep & vn5). jail. 

net' ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). wash down /food/. 

net' baik, rv. shove each other. 

net'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. shoving each other around, squeezing people 

/into room/. 

net'an, tv. push /people/. 

net'annet'an, tv. make sag in one place after another /fence/ (mule), 

move in one after another /boundary markers/. 

net'bil ec'el, vphr(aj & dr). pursued. 

net'el, nc. massage /I-3/. 

net'luh, av. heaving /against door that refuses to budge/. 

net'net' ba, rv. keep shoving each other. 

net'non, av. pushing, pressing /tortillas/. 

snet'non ta losil. He is extending his land /illegally/. 

net'ob, nlf. press /for making tortillas/. 

net'obil, nlf. cf. net'ob. 

net'u, tv. pin to ground, slip under. 

net'ulan, tv. strain to push open /door/, keep moving in /boundary 

marker/ (neighbor extending his property stealthily), press in /heart/ 

/press fingers against stomach when there is pain below chest/. 

net'ulanan, tv. strain to push open in many places /fence/ (mule). 

net'ulanbe mo vinik, vphr(tv & nphr/nld type nld/). keep massaging 

/chest when suffering from pain/. 

net'uob, nlf. paper weight. 

net'uobil, nlf. cf. net'uob. 

net'uvan, iv. crush person (falling house or cliff)net'van, 

iv. push person, return insufficient change, demand return of 

more money than was actually borrowed, pin person to ground (person, 

tree). 

hnet'vaneh, agn. person who illegally extends boundaries of his land, 

person who pushes another. 

ni, the, the fact that. cf. li. 

ni(2) T. 

ni, tv. wrap thread around warping bar. 

ni, iv. wrap around warping bar (thread). 

nian, tv. wrap a lot of thread around warping bar. 

nianan, tv. cf. nian. 

m'anman, tv. wrap one /hank/ after another around warping bar. 

niannianan, tv. cf. niannian. 

niel, nc. wrapping thread around warping bar /1-3/. 

niob, nlf. warping bar. 

niobil, nlf. cf. niob. 

niolah, iv. wrap thread around warping bar. 

mom, nld. wrapping of thread around warping bar. 

niomah, iv. wrap thread around warping bar. 

niulan, tv. keep wrapping around warping bar. 

niulanan, tv. keep wrapping a lot around warping bar. 

hniom, agn. person who wraps thread around warping bar. 

hniomahel, agn. person who wraps thread around warping bar. 

ni?(l) P, P(2). 

ni? ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). sag (branch). 

ni? yalel, vphr(tv & dr). pull down /branch/. 

ni?ahtik, aj. cf. nilil /plu/. 

ni?an ba, rv. bend over (slender tree). 

ni?eah, iv. slump forward (drunk). 

ni?eah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). bend down (branch) /laden with fruit/. 

ni?ean yalel, vphr(tv & dr). pull down /branch/. 

ni?et, av. bending down (slender tree), swaying (heavily laden branch), 

rocking back and forth slumped forward (drunken woman, person on 

horse). 

ni?etah, iv. slump forward (drunk).


ni9etik, av. slumped forward (drunks). 

ni?i yalel, vphr(iv & dr). bend down slowly (branch). 

niii? yalel, vphr(av & dr). bending down slowly (slender tree, branch), 

toppling slowly (tree). 

niwet, av. sagging greatly and swaying (heavy-laden branch on the point 

of breaking). 

niiil, aj. bent down (slender tree, branch), bent over (sleeping person). 

ni9ilik, aj. cf. nitil /plu/. 

niflahet, av. bending down (slender trees, branches). 

ni?leh, nib. bent over, slumped forward. 

ni'9luh yalel, vphr(av & dr). bending down suddenly (branch). 

niinon, av. nodding forward (sleepy person, drunk). 

ni?obil, n4f. pole used to pull down branches to reach fruit. 

ni9p'uh, iv. bend down (tree, slender branch). 

ni9p'un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). pull down /branch/. 

ni9p'unvan, iv. cause to bend down within reach (fruit). 

m'9tem'9te yalel, vphr(av & dr). toppling here and there (trees). 

ni'Julan, tv. shake up and down /branch/ /holding on to tip/. 

ni9ulan ba, rv. rock back and forth (drunken woman singing), toss from 

side to side (self-conscious girl walking), frisk (lamb, colt). 

nii(2) N. 

ni9, nib. nose, clitoris, tip, top /tree/, peak /mountain/, beak /turtle, 

bird/, point /pencil, knife, machete/, muzzle /animal/, scroll /fiddle/. 

Ritual speech, prayer referring to one's enemy; ha9al sni9 ha9al 

scikin. lit., His nose is tilted, his ears are tilted, i.e., He is rebellious 

or haughty. 

ni? lic'akil, nphr(nlf of n3d). fingernail, toenail, tendril. 

ni9 9o9onil, nphr(nlf of n3d). tip of sternum. 

ni9 9okol, nphr(nlf of n3d). toe. 

ni"? 9ok', nphr(nlf of n4d). clitoris. 

nil e'i?, nphr(n of n). 'dog nose', bomarea Bomarea hirtella, #2323(19). 

Highland "vine". 

nil cu9ul, nphr(nlf of n3d). nipple /hoi cw>ul more freq/. 

ni9 k'obol, nphr(nlf of n3d). finger. 

nil yihil bikil, nphr(nlf of nphr/aj & n/5). appendix. 

ni9ni9 totik, nphr(n of n)5. tree tops. 

Ii9ec' ta ni9ni9 te9tik yilel. I seemed to pass over the tree tops /in 

dream/. 

9o9lol ni9 k'ob, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n4d/). middle finger. 

ni-nab, n(n/contr of nit/ & ncpd)lf. spring, headwaters. 

Ritual speech, fiesta of the Holy Cross ceremony, rain petition ceremony, 

ceremony for soul-loss when shaman prays at spring; 

c'ul-ni-nab vo9 c'ul-ni-nab nab. holy wellspring, holy headwaters. 

nl9(3) N. 

ni9-me9elil, n(n & ncpd)3d. male's mother-in-law. 

ni9-me9elin, tv(n & ncpd). become man's mother-in-law. 

ni9-me9elinvan, iv(n & ivcpd). make woman a man's mother-in-law. 

ni9 molil, nphr(n of n)3d. male's father-in-law. 

ni9-molin, tv(n & tvcpd). become a man's father-in-law. 

ni9-molinvan, iv(n & ivcpd). make man a man's father-in-law. 

ni9al, nld. child's spouse's parents /formerly term of address between 

both sets of parents/. 

ni?il, n3d. son-in-law. 

ni9in, tv. become a son-in-law. 

ni9invan, iv. make man a son-in-law. 

nib(l) T(2). 

nib, tv. anoint, smear, mash /beans and corn with hands to make bean 

tamales/, plaster. 

nib, iv. be mashed (corn, beans). 

nib ba, rv. smear substance on self. 

nibahtik, aj. smeared. 

niban, tv. plaster /plu/. 

nibanmban, tv. plaster one after another /cracks/. 

nibantik, aj. smeared here and there (egg shell with blood). 

nibbenal, n4f. smear. 

nibebal, n5. moment before finishing painting. 

nibel, nc. painting. 

nibet, av. slippery (mud). 

nibib, av. slippery (mud). 

nibibet, av. slippery (mud). 

nibilik, aj. smeared. 

nibluh, av. slipping suddenly. 

nibnon, av. plastering /house/. 

nibob, n5. cloth on which corn and beans for bean tamale are mashed. 

nibobil, nlf. cf. nibob. 

nibtenibte, av. slipping and sliding about /in mud/. 

nibulan, tv. keep smearing /mud on clothes/, keep mashing /com and 

beans/. 

nibulan ba, rv. keep smearing substance on self. 

nib(2) prob P or P(2). 

nib-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. thin-faced, 

nibil, aj. drawn (face with sickness or exhaustion), 

nibnib, aj. thin (faced). 

nibak N. 

nibak, n5. Ixtapa. 

hnibak, agn. Ixtapanec. 

hnibakahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from Ixtapa. 

nic N. 

nic, nib. flower, strength /cane liquor/. 

An. poss. restricted to Ritual speech; ti yo 1 anice, ti yo 1 ak'elome. 

Thy flower, Thy sprout /patient/, 

nic hoh, nphr(n of n). 'raven's flower', zephyr lily . See below. 

sakil nic hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). zephyr lily Zephyranthes aff. 

brevipes, #666(4). Highland "plant". Children play with the flowers, 

nic k'in, nphr(n of n)5. dog days, butterfly that appears in great numbers 

during the dog days. 

nic k'intik, nphr(n of n)5. around the time of the dog days. 

nic k'ok', nphr(n of n)5. spark, 

nic nab, nphr(n of n). 'lake flower', see below, 

nic nabtik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of nic nab. 

9alavena nic nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). 'mint nic nab', stalky 

berula Berula erecta, #1166(1,4,5). Highland plant", 

bero nic nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). watercress nic nab', bittercress 

Cardamine flaccida, #628(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant". 

(5)-Sheep that eat bittercress become dangerously ill. 

bik'it nic nab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild valerian Valeriana sorbifolia, 

#2401(20). Highland "plant". It is poisonous. (RML)-Probably 


koko9on nic nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). dotted smartweed Polygonum 

punctatum, #629(1,2,3), #2031(3), #2179(1,3,4). Highland 

"plant", stalky berula Berula erecta, #1457(3). Highland "plant". 

Aster exilis, #2467(4). Highland "plant". 

kucara nic nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). 'spoon nic nab', wild violet 

Viola nannei, #2764(1,4). Highland "plant". (5)-If eaten, it is fatal 

to sheep, 

k'anal nic nab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Ludwigia peploides, 


pec'e-9ok nic nab, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/n of n/). 'flat-stemmed 

nil nab', blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium scabrum S. & C, #619(4), 

#2181(1,3,4), #2355(3,4), #2471(4). Highland "plant", 

nic pok', nphr(nlf of nld). pom-pom of scarf, 

nic pok' 9ulo9, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ of n). 'Chamula's scarf tassel', 

Lamourouxia viscosa, #2095(7,14). Temperate "plant", 

nic sokon k'u9ul, nphr(nlf of nphr/nlf of n3d/). tassel of cotton tunic, 

nid tokail e'frlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'shawl tassel plant', Bouvardia 

leiantha, #1912(16). Temperate "plant". 

nicim, nla. flower /inan. poss. restricted to the dead and the gods/, 

"flower water" /to bathe patient, sacrificial chicken and steward's coffer/, 

embroidery. Ritual speech; cane liquor. 

Ritual speech, midwife referring to baby; mu me satubtabekon, mu 

me sasetabekon ti 9unen nicime ti 9unen lavalina. Please, for my 

sake do not spit on the little flower, please for my sake, do not spit


on the little pink, 

nicim lanima, nphr(n 1 f of n5). flower used to decorate grave on All Souls' 

Day /aztec marigold, dahlia/, 

nicim ?anima, nphr(n of n). 'corpse flower', shrubby spurge Euphorbia 

ieucocephala, #2810(11). Lowland "plant", 

nicim w?on, nphr(n5 type n4d). lit., flower heart, i.e., rejoicing /over 

death of enemy/, 

nicim ?uc, nphr(n of n). 'opossum's flower', dawn flower Orthosanthus 

chimborascensis var. centroamericanus, #1392(9). Highland plant", 

nicim c'o, nphr(n of n). 'mouse's flower', Schrankia leptocarpa, # 1677(7). 


nicim c'ulelal, nphr(n of n). 'ghost's flower', bloodflower milkweed Asclepias 

curassavica, #1381(7). Temperate "plant". 

nicim hc'ul-mcuik, nphr(n4d of agn/aj & ncpd/). 'virgin's flower', fever 

few chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum parthenium, #1466(11,12). Highland 

"plant". #2445(20). Temperate "plant". As a remedy for stomachache, 

six shoots are brewed. The tea is drunk before breakfast 

and supper. It is "hot" 

nicim hc'ul-me'Uik valalupa, nphr: n of nphr(agn/aj & ncpd/ type n). 

'flower of Our Lady of Guadalupe', jubas bush Iresine celosia, 

#497(1,2,3). Highland "plant". Ladinos infrequently put the flowers 

in altar vases on the fiesta of Our Lady of Guadalupe. 

nicim hharal-mcrtik, nphr(n of agn/aj & ncpd/). 'virgin's flower', fever 

few chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum parthenium, #460(1,2,3), 

#1466(3), #1748(3). Highland "plant" It is grown by Zinacantecs, 

in their yards. The seeds are planted at the beginning of the rainy 

season. The flowers are put in altar vases, cf. hharal-meitik. 

nicim hoh, nphr(n of n). 'raven's flower', ladies' tresses Spiranthes cinnabarina, 


?ik'9ik'-lo9an nicim hoh, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n of n/). zephyr 

lily Zephyranthes carinata, #706(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant", zephyr 

lily Zephyranthes brevipes, #748(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant" 

sakil nicim hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). zephyr lily Zephyranthes off. 

brevipes, #666(1,2,3). Highland "plant" Children play with the 

flowers. 

nicim moeletik, nphr(n4d of n5). 'ladies' flower', Anthurium aff. fortinense, 

#1599(11,12). Temperate "plant". For use, seepamal habnal. 

(ll)-Six leaves are needed to wrap candles, 

nicim moletik, nphr(n4d of n5). 'gentlemen's flower', Epidendrum ibaguense, 


nicim ninyo, nphr(n of n). ' Christ child's flower', shrubby spurge Euphorbia 

Ieucocephala, #2869(1,4). Lowland plant", 

nicim ninyo, nphr(n4d of n5). ' Christ child's flower', moss Thuidium 

delicatulum, #1362(7). Highland "plant", 

nicim rios, nphr(n4f of n5). 'god's flower', ladies' tresses Spiranthes aurantiaca, 


nicim san-lukas, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/). 'flower of San Lucas', peruvian 

zinnia Zinniapemviana, #2437(20). Highland "plant". Stewards occasionally 

put these zinnias in altar vases, var., san-lukas /Htek-lum/, 

san-tukas /Htek-lum/. common zinnia Zinnia elegans, #1646(1,4). 

Lowland "plant" The ladinos of San Lucas plant zinnia seeds in the 

beginning of the rainy season. They put the flowers in altar vases. 

Zinnias are also grown for sale. 

nicim san-lukas, nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/5). 'flower of San Lucas', 

common zinnia Zinnia elegans, #2663(1,3). Lowland plant". Ladinos 

put the flowers in altar vases. 

muk'ta nicim san-lukas, nphr: aj & nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/)5. 

bush sunflower Tithonia rotundi folia. #2612(1,3). Lowland 

'plant" The flowers are put in altar vases. They are sold at market. 

nicim santo, nphr(n of n). spurge Euphorbia hypericifolia, #782(1,2). 

Lowland "plant", spurge Euphorbia hirta, #1307(1,3,4,5). Lowland 

"plant", spurge Euphorbiagraminea, #2537(1,4). Temperate plant". 

eahal nicim santo, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). shrubby spurge Euphorbia 

Ieucocephala, #2962(1). Temperate "tree". 

muk'ta nicim santo, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). spurge Euphorbia grami- 

nea, #2093(1). Temperate "plant", shrubby spurge Euphorbia Ieucocephala, 

#2592(1,3). Temperate "tree' The flower is gathered by 

ladinos to put in altar vases and for All Souls' Day wreaths. 

sakil nicim santo, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). see below, 

k'os sakil ni£im santo, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). spurge 

Euphorbia biformis, #1047(1,3,5). Highland "plant", 

niiim hsoktom, nphr(n4d of agn). ' Chiapanec's flower', gold shower 

Galphimiaglauca, #2417(20). Highland "tree", shrubby spurge Euphorbia 

Ieucocephala, #2810(7,12). Lowland plant". Ladinos put the 

flowers in altar vases. They are sold at market, 

nicim valalupa, nphr(n of n). 'flower of Guadalupe', jubas bush Iresine 

celosia, #1494(1,3), #2068(3,4). Highland "plant" 

nicimah, iv. Ritual speech, curing prayer; rejoice. 

muyubahanik tal 7un nicimahanik tal ?un. Come elated, come rejoicing! 

nicimal, n4d. altar flower, 

nicimal, aj. Ritual speech, song, prayer; flowery, beautiful. 

nicimal vinik nicimal hkaslan. beautiful man, beautiful ladino 

/saint/. 

nicimal lut k'obol, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n3d/). palmar lines, 

nicimal k'in valalupa, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/). 'Guadalupe Day 

flower', jubas bush Iresine celosia, #B9515(5,5a), #82(2,4,5). Highland 

"plant". The flowers are put in altar vases on Guadalupe Day. 

nicimaltik, n5. large expanse of cultivated flowers. 

nicimtik, n5. expanse of cultivated flowers. 

nicimtik, aj. decorative (embroidery, carving, floral decorations, beautiful 

cloud formations), 

nicin, tv. flower. 

W)lol nicim, nphr(n of n)5. lit., half flower, i.e.. minor curing ceremony. 

It requires visits to only two mountain shrines. 

muk'ta nicim, nphr(aj & n)5. major curing ceremony. It requires large 

quantities of "flowers" and visits to at least four mountain shrines and 

the three churches of Htek-lum. 

nic'on N. 

nic'onil, n3a. child of man /archaic/, calf /that grows up to become as 

dangerous as the deceased bull that sired it/. 

Ritual speech, blessing of meal; bentisyon bae'i rios totil, bentisyon 

bae"i rios nic'onil, bentisyon bae'i rios lespi'ritu santo kahval. blessing 

Very God the Father, blessing Very God the Son, blessing Very 

God the Holy Ghost, My Lord, 

nid'onin, tv. be adopted. 

nic'nab, nld. child of man /archaic/, absolute form occurs only in Ritual 

speech; talab nic'nab: child of woman, child of man, i.e., bride 

and groom. 

nic'nah, iv. be fertile (man). 

nih P, P(2). 

nihahtik, aj. cf. nihil /plu/. 

nihan, tv. duck /head of unruly horse/, bow /head of person in greeting 

or prayer/, tilt low /hat/. Ritual speech; bow. cf. ciman. 

nihan ba, rv. listen attentively or respectfully, bow head, sit with head 

bowed pensively, acquiesce. 

lek snihan sba saiibe smelol rason. He listens respectfully to his 

advice. 

te isnihan sba h-likel iskus 9O. Then he bowed his head for a while 

/to sleep and/ to sober up. 

nihaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. bending over and listening respectfully 

/at courthouse/. Ritual speech; cf. cimaneh-bail. 

mhanmhan, tv. tilt low one after another /hats to avoid being recognized/. 

nihanobil, n4f. Ritual speech, song; bending place, cf. cimanobil. 

nihantik, aj. bowed over here and there (corn plants). 

niheah, iv. bow, become obedient, respectful, nod /in sleep/, 

nihean, tv. bend or pull down /branch/, cause to bow one's head /in 

shame or drowsiness/. 

te snihean ta lutel. Then he made him bow his head with the rebuke, 

nihean ba, rv. bow one's head.


niheanvan, iv. make person obey or be respectful. 

nihet, av. with bowed head /drunkenness, shame/, respectful, obedient. 

nihetik, av. cf. nihet (plu). 

nihi, iv. bow (head in greeting to older person, head of mule that has been 

broken in). 

nihih ec'el, vphr(av & dr). weaving head /after receiving blow/. 

nihih yalel, vphr(av & dr). slumping over /with sleep or drunkenness/. 

nihil, aj. with head bowed, obedient (girl), lowered (eyelids). 

nihilul, n4d. Denunciatory or Ritual speech; bowing place /for repentence/. 

nihk'uh, iv. bow. 

nihk'un yalel, vphr(rv & dr). push down face first. 

nihk'unvan yalel, vphr(iv & dr). push down person face first. 

nihlah, av. walking with bowed heads (horses). 

nihlahet, av. cf. nihnon (plu). 

nihlahetik, av. cf. nihnon (plu). 

nihleh, nld. with head bowed. 

nihluh, av. nodding suddenly. 

nihnon, av. nodding /in sleep/. 

nihomal, n4d. Denunciatory or Ritual speech, shaman referring to, and 

interceding for erring patient; lit., bowing place or neck, i.e., respectfulness. 

•?oy anihomal "?oy apusomal. You have a bowing place, you have a 

bending place, i.e., you have a neck to bow and knee to bend, in 

respect. 

nihomal — —, nphr(n type n)5. respectful /girl, boy/. 

nihp'uh, iv. cf. nihk'uh. 

nihp'un ba, rv. slump over. 

nihp'un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. nihk'un yalel. 

nihp'unvan yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. nihk'unvan yalel. 

nihtenihte, av. nodding head from place to place /in one house after 

another/. 

nihulan, tv. keep lowering head /batter assailant's head on ground repeatedly/, 

nod /head up and down in agreement/. 

hnihk'unvaneh, agn. one who pushes another person face down. 

hnihp'unvaneh, agn. cf. hnihk'unvaneh. 

nik I, T. 

nik, iv. shiver /with cold/, tremble /with fear/, quake (earth), be ripe 

(avocados or white sapote whose pits rattle when ripe), din, buzz (fiesta, 

market), ripple (water). 

t snik statal. The mud is stirred up (or) The dregs are stirred up. 

nikemik sa. lit., They are stirred up now, i.e., The eggs have been 

incubated for three or four days and the chicks are developing. 

inik scinab. His brains shook (person riding in car on bumpy 

road). 

muk' sinik tal. I didn't get stirring. 

mu snik t sk'opoh. He is reticent. 

nik ba, rv. gather (clouds), develop (egg), thunder here and there, bubble 

up here and there (springs). 

nil;-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. assembly /of entire community/. 

nikah, iv. rush, hurry. 

nikan ba, rv. be developing (eggs), gather (people). 

nikav., iv. nod /with sleep/. 

nikavah, iv. nod /sleep/. 

nikebah, iv. nod /with sleep/. 

nikebal, nld. nodding /with sleep/. 

nik el., vnle. earthquake. Earthquakes are believed to be caused by 

the movement of the pillars which support the world. An earthquake 

occurring during the day is thought to forecast famine while a nocturnal 

earthquake forecasts an epidemic. Earthquakes are also thought 

to indicate a change of climate and to cause rabies among dogs. 

nikes, tv. stir, stir up /mud/. 

nikesan, tv. shake or stir /plu/. 

nikesvan, iv. make person tremble /with cold or fear/. 

niket, av. dinning, resounding (musical instruments, singing or talking 

people). 

sniket yalel. Everyone is talking about it. 

niketik ta k'evuh, vphr(av & prep & vn5). singing /plu/. 

nikiket, av. buzzing (cicadas), tooting (cow horns), trembling (grass or 

weeds in wind). 

nikil, aj. abundant (fruit on tree). 

niklahet, av. quaking severly (earth), moving back and forth (high weeds 

through which people are walking). 

nikluh, av. clamoring suddenly, stirring up suddenly (mud in water), 

snikluh seeiintael. The laughter is suddenly spreading /about person/. 

sniMuh yalel. The talk is suddenly spreading /about person/. 

nikniktik, iv. hurry. 

niknon, av. shaking (house), quaking (earth, person with fear), feeling 

faint, trembling (mud), shivering. 

nikobal, nld. nodding /with sleep/. 

niktenikte, av. walking about creating a din (many people), swirling about 

(mist from cave). 

nikulan, tv. shake /tree, liquid/. 

hnikavel, agn. nodding person. 

hnikebahel, agn. nodding person. 

hnikesvaneh, agn. sickness or cold that makes person tremble. 

nimpronis N(Sp, membrillo). 

nimpronis, nla. quince Cydonia oblonga, #355(1,2). Highland "tree'. 

Slips are planted by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards, and in gullies, 

during the rainy season. They are planted by old men and women, 

lest younger people die from planting quinces. The trunk is used for 

sir spook's walking stick and for the walking sticks of the other Carnival 

spooks. Stewards use the trunks for tamale platforms when tamales 

/pisil vahf are cooked for the change of office. Stewards-royal 

use the trunks similarly every other Saturday for the visit of the tithing 

man. The fruit is harvested in August. It is eaten raw or roasted. 

It is "cold". It is sold at market in San Cristobal. Quince confection is 

made by ladinos. The grand and petty ladinos buy the confection and 

distribute it to the other players at the fiesta of St. Sebastian. Quinces 

are also used to flavor cane liquor. 

nimpronisaltik, n5. large grove of quince trees. 

nimpronistik, n5. grove of quince trees. 

nimurus E(Sp, ni modos). 

nimurus, excl. Male joking speech; who cares, forget it! 

nin X. 

nin, aj. oversensitive (child who cries when scolded slightly), fine (paste, 

corn dough). 

nin cakil, nphr(aj & n)3d. pope's nose. 

Scolding speech, mother to child who cries when scolded; toh nin cak 

kaslanot. You are just the pope's nose. 

ninet, av. oversensitive (child who cries when scolded slightly). 

ninab 

ninab, spring, headwaters, cf. ni?(2) 

oinyal N(Sp, nifial). 

ninyal, nle. women's penitentiary, room in Htek-lum where female prisoners 

were once detained /constables formerly were permitted sexual 

license with female prisoners/. 

ninyo N(Sp, nino). 

ninyo, nla. gecko Coleonyx elegans. It is considered inoffensive. 

ninyo, n5. Christ Child. 

nisto 

nisto, cf. misto. 

nisyo N(Sp, Dionisio). 

nisyo, nld. Dennis. 

nit P, T(2). 

nit, tv. pull /ear, hair/, stretch /holding on with hands/, lead /mule, 

drunk/, set example for /workers/, count /objects, persons, animals, 

units of time/, massage /with downward motion, or towards extremities/. 

nit, iv. be counted. 

nit, nc. In reference to: bean vine, large rip /in clothing/, patch of


sloppy weeding. 

h-nit h-eak. in shreds /clothing/. 

nit ba, rv. become drawn (face). 

nit-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. leading each other /across river/. 

nit-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with drawn face, scar-faced. 

nitahtik, aj. cf. nitil /plu/. 

nitan, tv. set example for /workers/, lead /mules, drunks/, count a lot. 

nitan ba, rv. cling (bean vine), 

nitanan, tv. count a lot. 

nitannitan, tv. lead one after another /mules/. 

nitannitanan, tv. cf. nitannitan. 

nitantik, aj. widely spaced (bean plants), 

nitbe bala, vphr(tv & n5). pull trigger, shoot. 

nitbe cikin, vphr(tv & n4d). pull by the ear /disobedient child/. 

nitbe nil, vphr(tv & n4d). pull by the muzzle /mule to stop it from eating 

or to make it walk/, 

niteah, iv. become drawn (face). 

nitel, nc. pull /sheep pulling off leaves, dogs pulling off pieces of flesh/, 

nitel, aj. drawn (face), 

nitet, av. drawn (face), being led (animal), kept engaged /by task that 

doesn't end/. 

snitet ta k'op (or) snitet ta restikoal. The argument (or) case is becoming 

drawn out (or) dragging on. 

nitetah, iv. be about to congeal (chicken broth), be about to drag on 

(argument). 

nitetik, av. kept engaged /by task that doesn't end/ /plu/. 

nitil, aj. drawn (face), clinging (vines, infant who clings to mother's blouse 

and refuses to be set down, bean plants), 

nitil ta hyuêl. employed by the government, 

nitil ta kavilto. employed in the civil government, 

nitil ta c'ay-k'ak'al. occupied wasting time /scribes who are not paid 

for their services/, 

nitilik, aj. cf. nitil /plu/. 

m'tilnitil, n4f. each of many blobs of phlegm /mixed with blood/, each 

of many bean plants, 

nititet, av. dripping (mucous, honey), stretching (chewing gum), curdling 

(corn gruel, squash, beans), congealing (broth), racked /with cough or 

vomiting/, 

nititub, iv. curdle (corn gruel), congeal (broth). If corn gruel is 

touched with finger when cooking, it is believed that it will curdle, 

nititubtas, tv. curdle /corn gruel/, make congeal /broth/, 

nitlah, av. in shreds (clothing). 

nitlahet, av. drawn (faces), pulling /rope/ (many people), 

nitlahetik, av. pulling /rope, handles/, 

nitleh, n5. drawn /face/, 

nitlub, av. biting suddenly (snake, dog). 

nitnit, nc. single piece of torn clothing worn everyday /I only/, 

nitnit, aj. in shreds (clothing), with skin of cheek and jaws adhering to 

skin of neck. 

nitnon, av. tearing at /flesh/, hiking /pants/, being led (drunk), 

nitob, n If. hoe, rake or rope used to drag branches, rope to drag sheep, 

cow, dog, or pig. 

nitobil, nlf. cf. nitob. 

nitp'uh, iv. become drawn /face with age/, 

nitp'un, tv. cause to adhere /skin of cheek and jaws to skin of neck/ 

(tuberculosis), 

nitp'unvan, iv. cause to adhere /skin of cheek and jaws to skin of neck/ 

(tuberculosis), 

ni'tteni'tte, av. leading away here and there /stolen animals/, walking 

about with drawn face (drunk), 

nitulan, tv. tug /vine/. 

nitulanan, tv. tug /vines/. 

nitulanbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). pull person's hair (drunk). 

nitulanvan, iv. keep tugging at person /woman tugging at drunken husband/. 

nirvan, iv. lead /person/ /with hand or holding onto horse's rope when 

crossing river/, last for a long time (corn). 

hnitol, agn. counter. 

hnitulanvaneh, agn. person who keeps tugging at another. 

hnitvaneh, agn. person leading another /with hand/. 

nivel N(Sp, nivel). 

nivel, nla. carpenter's level. 

no(l) Pt. 

no, pt. just, simply. 

muin no hna9. I simply do not know. 

no ?os, ptphr(pt & pt). just. 

ha9 no TOS yec. just the same. 

nos, pt(contr of no & vos). just. 

no(2) N. 

no, nld. thread. 

no eekil, nphr(n type n)ld. cotton skirt. 

nahebal, n3d. bowl in which spindle is turned. 

nahelil, n3d. spinning. 

nahomah, iv. spin. 

navu, tv. spin. 

navuan, tv. spin a lot. 

navuh, iv. spin, purr. 

navul, n4f. thread. 

navun, tv. spin. 

navuob, nlf. bobbin. 

navuobil, nlf. cf. navuob. 

hnahom. agn. spinner. 

tuy>iii n. 

noci 1 ?, nld. yellow sapote Pouteria campechiana. var., noci. cf.k'anaste 

1 ). 

not" P. 

noc, nc. patch. 

h-pak' h-noc. badly patched clothes. 

nocahtik, aj. cf. nocol /plu/. 

no6an, tv. follow close behind, set on top of /small burden/. 

Ritual speech, petitioners addressing girl's parents; ta hnap'an ta 

hnocan ta yo 1 apatik ta yo 1 asokonik yo hkrem yo hc'amaltikotik. 

I will trail, I will follow Thy lordly backs Thy lordly sides with 

our son, our child. 

nocan ba, rv. live with (orphan), follow close behind, claim /falsely/ to 

have had sexual relations with, 

yec isnocan sba ta hun eeb. He claimed he had laid the girl. 

nocanan, tv. incriminate /plu/. 

nocanhe, tv. follow close behind, set on top of /small burden/, 

bik'it isnofianbe yikae ska 1 ). He set small burdens on his mule, 

isnocanbe ec'el sci?il. She had her sister follow close behind. 

nocet, av. walking (insect), sticking to (child always following parent, 

man following girl). 

nocetik, av. walking (children sticking to parents). 

nofii, iv. stand (insects) /close to surface/. 

nocleb buluk' sat, nphr(x & n,). 'hornworm perch', bush sage Salvia 

titliaefolia, #1443(1), #1518(1,3), #1735(3,15,16), #2059(3), 

#2364(3,4), #2481(4). Highland "plant". 

nocleb e"unun, nphr(n of n). 'hummingbird perch', nettle sage Salvia 

urica, # 1367(7). Temperate "plant". 

nodeb e'unun e'hlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). cigar flower Cuphea 

aequipetala, #1435(7). Highland plant". 

nocleb p'ilis", nphr(n of n). 'grasshopper perch', pitcher sage Lepechinia 

schiedeana, #2225(19). Highland "plant" 

noclcb vonon, nphr(n of n). 'bumblebee perch', cigar flower Cuphea 

aequipetala, #507(2,3,5), #964(1,3), #1397(3), #1435(1), #1449(3), 

#1715(3,15,16), #2034(3,18), #2351(3,4), #2463(4). Highland 

"plant". (5)-A handful of flowers is rubbed seven or eight times on a 

dark scar or on the black patches that appear on some women's faces 

after childbirth. They are "medium". (3)-As a remedy for diarrhea, a 

handful is brewed. One cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast and 

lunch. It is "hot". (15)-As a remedy for dysentery /sakil sim-nak'al/,


the plant, together with its roots, is brewed. A cup of the tea is drunk 

before breakfast for three days. It is 'hot". (16,17)-To cure a child of 

stomachache, a small bunch is brewed. A half cup is drunk before 

breakfast. It is "hot". 

nocleb vonontik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of nocleb vonon. 

?it'is nocleb vonon, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/). cigar flower Cuphea 

aequipetala, #2463(21,22). Highland "plant". As a remedy for nightmares, 

a small bunch is brewed by the shaman. A cup of the tea is 

drunk before breakfast for three days. It is "hot", 

bik'it nocleb vonon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Castilleja integrifolia, 


muk'ta nocleb vonon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Gaura hexandra, 

#618(1,2,4). Highland "plant". Justicia clinopodium, 

#1903(1,3,4,16). Highland "plant" (16)-As a remedy for diarrhea, 

a bunch is brewed and a half cup is drunk once a day for three 

days. It is "hot". Cuphea pinetorum, #2404(20).. Highland plant". 

As a remedy for dysentery, a handful is brewed. The tea is drunk 

three or four times a day for two days. It is "hot". Lopezia hirsute, 


vasal nocleb vonon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Buchnera pusilla, 

#1240(7). Temperate and highland 'plant". 

nocleb vonon e'frlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). cigar flower Cuphea 

aequipetala, #2351(20). Highland "plant". As a remedy for diarrhea, 

a small bunch is brewed. The tea is drunk three times a day until 

relief has been found. It is "hot", 

nocleh, n4d. standing (insect). 

nocnon, av. walking (insect), 

nococet, av. going sour (corn dough), 

nocol, aj. standing (insect). 

Ritual speech, ritual assistant; nap'alon tal nocolan tal ta htote 

hmc?e. I come immediately behind, standing close to my father, my 

mother. 

nocolik, aj. cf. nocol /plu/. 

noctenocte, av. flying and alighting here and there (insect), walking about 

(insect), 

hnocol, agn. low creature. 

Denunciatory speech, woman denying affair; mu sui skik' ti hpak'ale 

ti hnocole. I cannot marry the low creature, the base creature. 

noci 

noci, yellow sapote. cf. no?cfr. 

noc' P. 

noc', n5. distant place. 

Ritual speech, prayer of man drafted into army /formerly/; mu 

savak'bon ta hun nom mu savak'bon ta nun noc'. Do not leave me 

far away, do not abandon me in a distant place, 

noc'ahtik, aj. cf. noc'ol /plu/. 

noc'an, tv. place /insect on tree, object on branch/, 

noc'an ba, rv. cling /to tree trunk/. 

noe'et, av. shinnying, climbing (child, squirrel, woodpecker, iguana), 

noe'etah, iv. shinny. 

noe'etik, av. cf. noe'et /plu/. 

noc'i, iv. stand (insect, fungus, snail, squirrel, woodpecker, iguana, lizard, 

person cringing to tree trunk), 

noc'ih muyel, vphr(iv & dr). shinny up. 

noc'ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). shinny down, 

noe'lah muyel, vphr(av & dr). cf. noc'non (plu). 

noe'lahet, av. cf. noc'non (plu). 

noe'lahetik, av. shinnying climbing (plu). 

noe'leh, nld. clinging to /tree trunk, heap of bags of corn/, 

noe'lih, av. landing suddenly (blow on face), 

noc'noc', aj. small (hat), 

noc'non, av. climbing (woodpecker). 

yec ta snoc'non. lit, It is just climbing, i.e., It is unproductive /rooster 

or pig that does not breed/. 

noc'oc' muyel, vphr(av & dr). scrambling up (animal, person), 

noc'ol, aj. clinging /to tree trunk or cliff/. 

nod'olik, aj. cf. noc'ol /plu/. 

noftenoc'te, av. climbing about (squirrel, monkey or woodpecker on tree 

trunk). 

nodyembre N(Sp, noviembre). 

nodyembre, nle. November, var., novyembre, noyempre. 

nodyembretik, n5. sometime in November. 

nob I. 

noh, iv. fill, flood, 

noh, aj. full. 

noheb, n4f. amount needed to fill container, 

nohebal, n5. moment when person or thing is almost full, moment before 

flooding. 

nohebin, tv. fill with, 

nohel, vnlf. flood, 

nohes, tv. fill, fill in /ground/, 

nohesan, tv. fill /plu/. 

nohesob, n 1 f. amount needed to fill container, earth needed to make floor 

of house even. 

nohesobil, nlf. cf. nohesob. 

nohesvan, iv. fill person /with food, drink/, flood out people, 

nohilan, iv. keep filling, 

nohnoh, iv. flood slightly, 

nohnoh, aj. rather full, 

nohnohes, tv. fill or fill in slightly, 

nohnohtik, aj. rather full, 

nohnohtik, iv. flood slightly. 

hnohesvaneh, agn. heavy rain that falls for several days. 

nok N. 

nok, nle. alder Alnus ferruginea, #1478(11,12), #2363(20), 

#2480(21,22). Highland "tree". (20)-The bark is used to tan hides. It 

is put both above and below the hides, in a large pot, and covered 

with water. It is left to stand for ten days. (21,22)-To induce an abortion, 

the husband gathers three alder cones. They are brewed. The 

decoction is drunk once. It is "cold". The trunk is used for firewood, 

var., snok /Vot-bie/. alder Alnus arguta, #1870(16). Highland 

"tree". 

noktik, n5. grove of alders. 

eahal nok, nphr(aj & n). alder Alnus ferruginea, # 14(1,2,3,4). Highland 

"tree". The bark is used by Zinacantecs to dye the jaguar costumes, 

and by Chamulas to dye leather chin straps. A large net of the inner 

bark is pounded and soaked in a large pot of cold water. The 

trunk is used for the jaguar tree on the fiesta of St. Sebastian. 

(23)-It is provided by the jaguar and spook players, 

sakil nok, nphr(aj & n). alder Alnus ferruginea, #658(1,2,3,4), 

#1478(3), #2039(3,17), #2185(1,3,4,19), #2347(3,4,19), 

#2363(3,4), #2480(4). Highland "tree". (3)-It grows in yards, and 

along streams. The trunk is used for roof purlins, common rafters, 

and steambath rafters. A handful of the bark is boiled and used to 

dye the jaguar costumes. Chamulas use it similarly to dye hat straps 

yellow. (19)-The trunk is used for firewood, alder Alnus arguta, 

#1870(1), #2924(1,3). Highland "tree". 

snok, cf. nok. 

nok'ol A or N. 

nok'ol sik'ol, nphr(x & n)le. mistletoe Struthanthus tacanensis, 

#147(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "vine". To speed the mending of a bone 

break, three leaves are wilted on the griddle and bound to the break 

for three days, var., nop'ol sik'ol ZiApas, Hok' C'enom, Htek-lum, 

Muk'ta Hok', Na Cih, Naben Cauk/. mistletoe Struthanthus marginatus, 

#B9261(5,5a). Highland vine", flowering mistletoe Psittacanthus 

calyculatus, #1322(1,3,4,5). Highland "vine". 

#1628(1,3,11,12,13). Temperate "vine". #1990(1,3,4), #2683(21). 

Lowland "plant", mistletoe Phoradendron nemosum, #1917(16). 


k'anal nok'ol sik'ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/). leafless mistletoe Arceuthobiumglobosum, 

# 1165(3,4,5). Highland "plant". (5)-The leaves of 

an unattested variety are boiled with eon-teial krus. The tea is


drunk for whooping cough. It is "hot". The leaves are also used in the 

steam cure, mistletoe Phoradendron nertosum, #2021(1,3,4). Lowland 

"plant", flowering mistletoe Psiltacanthus cafyculatus, 

#2683(1,3,22). Lowland "planf 

k'os nok'ol sik'ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/). flowering mistletoe Psittacanthus 

cafyculatus, #1990(16,17). Lowland 'plant' 

muk'ta nok'ol sik'ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/). mistletoe Phoradendron 

nervosum, #1917(1,3,4). Temperate "plant". 

muk'tik nok'ol sik'ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/). mistletoe Phoradendron 

nervosum, #1917(17). Temperate "plant". 

nok'ol sik'ol hfik'al, nphr(nphr/x & n/ of agn). 'spook's mistletoe", flowering 

mistletoe Psittacanthus cafyculatus, #1322(8). Highland "vine". 

nom A. 

nom, n5. Ritual speech; distant place, cf. noc'. 

nom, aj. far, distant. 

mu nomuk sk'ot. It will not be long before it comes true /dream/. 

nom nti baik, vphr(aj & rv). live at a distance from each other, 

nom te?el ?akan, vphr: ajphr(aj & aj/pred/) & n4d. at arm's length, at 

a distance. 

nomnomah, iv. move to a distance, 

nomnomtik, aj. a short distance away. 

nam-tal, aj(aj & ivcpd). foreign, distant (relative with same surname, but 

relationship unknown). 

snam-tal ciiil. his distant cousin. 

nam-tal-k'eL tv(aj/aj & ivcpd/ & tvcpd). scan the horizon, watch from 

a distance. 

nam-te9, n(aj & ncpd)le. top bar or handle /harp/. 

nam-te9 mol, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). 'elder's walking stick', yellow 

crown beard Verbesina, cf. perymenioides, #316(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"tree" It is used for walking sticks, crown beard Verbesina gigantoides, 


eahal nam-te 1 ) mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). crown beard 

Verbesina gigantoides, #2151(1,7,11,14). Temperate "tree" crown 

beard Verbesina turbacensis, #2534(1,4). 

k'os nam-to mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). Eupatorium cf. 

eriocarpum Rob. , #2994(1,4,5). Lowland "tree", 

muk'ta nam-te9 mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). crown beard 

Verbesina gigantoides, #2674(1,3). Lowland "tree" It is used for 

walking sticks when the trail is slippery, and for firewood, 

sakil nam-te 1 ) mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). crown beard 

Verbesina gigantoides, #2674(22). Lowland "tree", crown beard Verbesina 

turbacensis, #2534(21,22). Temperate "tree", crown beard 

Verbesina virgata, #2746(1,4). Lowland "tree". 

yasal nam-te? mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). crown beard 

Verbesina gigantoides, #2674(20). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used 

for house walls. 

nam-tMal, n(aj & ncpd)3a. walking stick, shaman's or official's staff. 

nam-teTin, tv(aj & ncpd). walk with aid of walking stick, walk with 

shaman's or official's staff. 

namah, iv. move away, move aside, become more distant (wells in dry 

season), become less severe (diarrhea, labor pains), occur less frequently 

(fiestas). 

namahes ba, rv. emigrate. 

namahes ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). remove, take to a distance, 

namahesvan, iv. make person move to a distance, 

namal, nlf. distance. Ritual speech; mortification. 

smakobil sk'eslal, smakobil snamal. the mask for their shame, the 

mask for their mortification, i.e., corn gruel given by religious officials, 

which, in its abundance, permits no feelings of shame. 

Denunciatory speech, person complaining before magistrate, of 

wife's or other person's behavior; t sic' hambel sk'eslal snamal. 

Her shame, her mortification should be exposed, 

namal, aj. distant, 

nameah, iv. move away /infr/. 

namean, tv. move away. 

hnam-tal kriscano, agn: nphr(aj/aj & ivcpd/ & n5). stranger, foreigner. 

nonibre N(Sp, nombre). 

nombre, excl. in the name /of God/. 

nombre, n5. Ritual speech, prayer; name, var., nbmpre /more freq/. 

7en ">el n6mbre c"'ul-rios" Hesu-kristo kahval. in the name of the Holy 

God, Jesus Christ, My Lord. 

nompra N(Sp, nombrar). 

nompra, n 1 d. presentation of coffee /by ensign-bearers on the first day 

of fiesta/. 

•)ak' nompra, vphr(tv & n4d). serve coffee (ensign-bearers on the first day 

of fiesta). 

nompre 

riorapre, name. cf. nombre. 

nop(l) I, T. 

nop, tv. think, appoint, elect. 

nop, iv. become accustomed to. 

nop wi, vphr(tv // tv). decide. 

nop avaii. Think it over! 

nop wri, vphr(iv // tv). be accustomed to. 

nop ?own, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4d). desire, want. 

snopohbe to TOS yoon ti t sbate. He had intended to go. 

snop yoon t sftabteh. He wants to work. 

snop yo9on li ka9 Ie9e. He wants that mule. 

snop yo9on vinik. She desires a man. 

nop ?u?un, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). think up, think out, be able to think 

effectively, lie, become accustomed to person or person's home, feel at 

home. 

inop ymun ti k'usi sk'an yoon smeleane. He thought out what he 

wanted to make. 

mu snop yuûn ti k'usi t spase. He can't think what to do. 

nop ba, rv. decide among oneselves. 

nop hun rason, vphr(tv & num & n5). judge or reason well, 

nop k'op, vphr(tv & n5). lie. 

nop-k'op, n(tv & ncpd)5. he. 

nop ta 9a7yel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). calculate, 

nop ta hoi, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). decide. 

isnop ta shol ti su9 sbat ta tavanehe. He decided that he could go 

live matrilocally. 

k'un to snop tal ta shol ti ha9 lek ta slahesbe yooon ta lekil k'op ti buc'u 

smahohe. Eventually he decided it would be a good idea to apologize 

properly to the person he had hit. 

nopan, tv. lie about /plu/. 

nopanan, tv. cf. nopan. 

nopannopan, tv. he about one thing after another, think of one thing after 

another. 

nopannopanan, tv. lie about one thing after another, 

nopbil biil, nphr(aj & n)5. nickname, 

nopbil k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. lie that has been told, 

nopes, tv. accustom, make accustomed, 

nopesan, tv. make many accustomed /by feeding another's chickens or 

cats so they will change homes/, 

nopesvan, iv. make person feel at home, 

nopet, av. thinking or pondering ineffectively, 

nopilan, iv. be unable to feel at home /in other's house/, 

nopilan, tv. plot, desire, want, keep lying. 

ta snopilan 9elek'. He wants to steal. 

isnopilan t spah. He planned to stay, 

nopilan ba, rv. keep pretending /that one is a god/. 

nopilanan, tv. plot /evil deeds/, 

noplahetik, av. cf. nopet (plu). 

nopnon, av. thinking or pondering ineffectively, 

nopnop, iv. become rather used to. 

nopnop-k'op, n(tv & ncpd)5. pure lies. 

nopnoptik, iv. become rather used to. 

nopob kumpareil, nphr(n of n)5. second round of cane liquor, coffee and 

bread served by groom's family to bride's family during groom's formal


entrance into bride's home /at this time all adults present become ritual 

kin/. 

nopobil kumpareil, nphr(n4f of n5). cf. nopob kumpareil /infr/. 

nopolah, iv. consider together (plu). 

noptenopte, av. wandering about thinking or pondering ineffectively. 

nopvan, iv. grow well under one's care (plants), be broken in (mule). 

hnop-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). liar. 

hnopesvaneh, agn. person who makes another feel at home. 

hnopvaneh, agn. scribes and elders who appoint people to office. 

nop(2) P(2)orT(2). 

nop ba, tv. draw near (other animate being). 

Male joking speech, referring to couple; snop sbaik scakik tana. 

Their asses will draw near together now. 

nopahtik, aj. cf. nopol /plu/. 

nopleta, tv. approach stealthily. 

noplita, tv. approach stealthily. 

nopoh, iv. approach /in space or time/. 

nopohel, vn5. meeting. 

nopohes, tv. bring near. 

nopohes ba, rv. come near. 

nopohesan, tv. bring near /plu/. 

nopohesvan, iv. let person in. 

nopol, aj. near, soon. 

nopolib, iv. be approaching. 

nopolik, aj. cf. nopol /plu/. 

nopoltik, aj. rather near or soon. 

nop' T(2). 

nop*, tv. relight /fire, by rearranging wood and blowing/, flash /flashlight/. 

nop*, iv. be relit (fire). 

nop', nc. relit /fire/ /1-3/. 

nop'ahtik, aj. cf. nop'ol /plu/. 

nop'an, tv. relight /fires/. 

nop'anan, tv. cf. nop'an. 

nop'annop'an, tv. relight one /fire/ after another. 

nop'annop'anan, tv. cf. nop'annop'an. 

nop'antik, aj. burning in widely spaced patches. 

nop'ebal, n5. moment before relighting. 

nop'et, av. glowing (firefly, cigarette), shining (flashlight). 

nop'ilan, tv. keep relighting /fire, by rearranging wood and blowing/. 

nop'ilanan, tv. keep relighting /fires/. 

nop'lah, av. gleaming (lights of car, torches being carried). 

nop'lahet, av. glowing, flashing, burning (fires, blows, bites, stings). 

nop'leh, n4f. burning (fire, spark that has jumped onto clothing). 

nop'lih, av. stinging suddenly /cut, sting, spark, whip blows/, flashing 

(flashlight, spark), glowing (eyes in the dark), burning (strong cane 

liquor). 

nop'non, av. glowing. 

nop'nop', nc. single relit fire /I only/. 

nop'ob, nlf. kindling for relighting fire. 

nop'obil, nlf. cf. nop'ob. 

nop'okil, n4f. in many fires. 

nop'ol, aj. glowing, flashing (flashlight). 

nop'olik, aj. glowing well. 

nop'olnop'ol, n4f. each of many relit fires. 

nop'op', av. gleaming (Venus, lights of moving car, lantern, spark, flashlight, 

firefly). 

nop'op'et, av. shining brightly (headlights, forest fire). 

nop'tenop'te, av. flashing about (flashlight), flashing one after another 

(headlights). 

hnop'-k'ok', agn(tv & ncpd). person who relights fire. 

nop'ol 

nop'ol, mistletoe, cf. nok'ol. 

nostok Pt. 

nostok, pt. again, another time, too. var., stok /less freq/, nastok /least 

freq/. 

not' prob O. 

not'et, av. colicky, praying softly in nasal voice /with fear/. 

not'etik, av. cf. not'et (plu). 

not'lahet, av. cf. not'et (plu). 

not'lahetik, av. cf. not'et (plu). 

not'ot'et, av. colicky, praying softly in nasal voice /with fear/. 

noventa Num(Sp, noventa). 

noventa, nle. ninety. 

noventatik, n5. by or in nineties, every ninety. 

novyembre 

novyembre, November, cf. nodyembre. 

noy T(2). 

noy, tv. grind a second time /corn/, crush /person struck by car/. 

noy, iv. be ground a second time /corn/. 

noy ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). crush underfoot, squash. 

noyahtik, aj. cf. noyol /plu/. 

noyan, tv. grind a lot of /corn/ second time. 

noyanan, tv. cf. noyan. 

noyannoyan, tv. grind quantity /corn/ second time, one after another. 

noyannoyanan, tv. cf. noyannoyan. 

noybenal, n4f. leftover corn that has been ground twice. 

noyeah ta tek'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). squash underfoot. 

noyebal, n5. moment before reaching proper consistency /daub/. 

noyet ta tek'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). squashing underfoot. 

noyilan, tv. keep grinding for second time /corn/, make squishy /daub/. 

noyilanan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep squashing underfoot 

/plu/. 

noyilanobil, n4f. hoe for mixing daub, 

noyk'ih ta tek'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). cf. noyeah ta tek'el. 

noylahet ta tek'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. noyet ta tek'el (plu). 

noylahetik, av. cf. noynon (plu). 

noyleh, n4f. squashed (fruit), 

noylih, av. squashing suddenly, 

noynon, av. grinding slowly for second time /corn/, 

noyob, nlf. metate. 

noyobil, nlf. cf. noyob. 

noyol, aj. squashed, squishy (mud), 

noyolik, aj. cf. noyol /plu/. 

noyomah, iv. grind for second time /corn/. 

noyoyet ta tek'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). slippery underfoot (mud), 

noyp'ih ta tek'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). cf. noyeah ta tek'el. 

noytenoyte ta tek'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). slipping about, 

noyvan ta tek'el, vphr(in & prep & vn5). stamp on person (drunk), 

hnoyom, agn. person who grinds corn for second time, 

hnoyomahel, agn. person who grinds corn for second time, 

hnoyvaneh ta tek'el, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). person who stamps on 

another. 

noyempre 

noyempre, November, cf. nodyembre. 

nue T. 

nue, tv. chase. 

nue baik, rv, chase each other, 

nue-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. eviction, playing tag. 

nue lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). chase out, evict, 

nuean lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). chase out /plu/. 

nueanan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. nuean lok'el. 

nueannuean, tv. chase one after the other, 

nueannuean lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). chase out one after another, 

nueannueanan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. nueannuean lok'el. 

nueebal, n5. moment before being chased, 

nueet ûûn ta •Janil, vphr(av & n4d & prep & vn5). fleeing rapidly from 

person (mule, spook being chased by constable during Carnival), 

nueilan, tv. keep chasing /chicken/, keep playing tag. 

nueilan baik, rv. chase each other /playfully/, 

nueilaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. playing tag. 

nuelahetik ta ka"), vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. nuenon ta kai (plu).


mien on ta ka9, vphr(av & prep & n5). chasing mules repeatedly /out of 

corn field/. 

nutmue baik, rv. chase each other rapidly. 

nueobil, n4f. hunting dog. 

nueol, n5. drive /deer, rabbit/. 

nueolah, iv. track (dog), drive /deer/. 

nuetenuete 7utun, vphr(av & n4d). fleeing from place to place, running 

here and there from person, 

nuevan, iv. chase person, 

hnueel, agn. fugitive. 

htakel hnueel. lit., the sent one, the chased one, i.e., constable /constable 

is sent on the run by magistrate/, 

hnuevaneh, agn. pursuer, evictor. 

nuh P. 

nuh-pat con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. beetle, sowbug, turtle, 

nuhahtik, aj. cf. nuhul /plu/. 

nuhan, tv. place upside down /pot, bowl/, place right side up /hat/. 

nuhan ba, rv. lie face down. 

nuhanan, tv. place upside down /pots, gourds, bowls/. 

nuhannuhan, tv. turn one after another face down /gourds, pots/, 

nuhannuhanan, tv. cf. nuhannuhan. 

nuhanob, nlf. shelf, place where pots and dishes are set. 

nuhanobil, nlf. cf. nuhanob. 

nuhanvan, iv. murder person, 

nuheah, iv. lie upside down. 

nuhean komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave face down /murder victim/. 

nuheanvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave person face down /murder victim, 

drunk/, 

nuhet, av. lying face down or upside down, lying right side up (hat), 

walking with face down (armadillo, possum, etc.), walking with floppy 

or bent ears (mule). 

nuhetik, av. walking or working with lowered faces (people), 

nuhi, iv. be face down (person), be upside down (pot), 

nuhk'ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). fall head first. 

nuhk'in, tv. turn upside down violently, chug-a-lug. 

nuhk'in yalel, vphr(tv & dr). push down head first. 

nuhk'invan yalel, vphr(iv & dr). push person down head first, 

nuhlah, av. falling face down (plu), scurrying face down (armadillos), 

nuhlahet, av. walking or working bent over, walking with face down, 

walking with floppy ears (plu). 

nuhlahetik, av. lying face down, walking or working bent over (plu). 

nuhleh, nib. lying face down or upside down, 

niihlih, av. falling suddenly face down. 

nuhnon, av. walking bent over /with heavy load/, walking with face 

down (armadillos, skunks, ground doves, raccoons, opossums, pigs 

rooting for food, people), walking with floppy ears, working bent 

over. 

nuhnuh, aj. floppy (front and back of hat brim, ears). 

nuhp'ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. nuhk'ih yalel. 

nuhp'in, tv. cf. nuhk'in. 

nuhp'in yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. nuhk'in yalel. 

nuhp'inan, tv. knock over /pots/, 

nuhtenuhte, av. walking about with head down (pig, armadillo, raccoon, 

opossum, skunk, ground dove). 

nuhuh, av. falling face down, scurrying face down (armadillo). 

nuhuhet, av. walking face down (armadillo). 

nuhul, aj. face down (drunk), upside down (pot), right side up (hat). 

nuhulik, aj. cf. nuhul /plu/. 

hnuhanvaneh, agn. murderer. 

Diikul N. 

nukul, nla. pelt, skin /of animal/. Male joking speech; vagina, drum, 

nukul pat, nphr(n type n). 'leather bark', cypress Cupressus lusilanica, 

#B9545(5,5a), #64(2,4,5), #2399(3,4), #2513(4,21,22). Highland 

"tree". A few Zinacantecs grow them in their yards. Old men or 

women transplant the young trees, digging a hole two and a half 

handspans deep. Young people do not plant cypresses, lest they them- 

selves die. The trunk is used for house mainposts, rafters, doors, jail 

doors, lintels, balcony railings, courthouse posts, chests, coffers, coffins, 

chairs, tables, benches, metate platforms, shelves, lecterns, 

harp handles, and bell stocks. It is also used for gates, fence posts, 

corn bin posts, sheep corral posts, graveyard crosses, crosses at the 

entrance to the churches, telephone and electricity posts, staves of 

the stewards-royal and the publicans. The branches are used to enclose 

the walls of the creche. They are sold in Tuxtla for decoration, 

juniper Juniperus gamboana, #1496(11). Highland "tree", chiapas 

white pine Pinus chiapensis, #B 14274(5). Highland "tree", 

nukul pattik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of nukul pat trees, 

nukul pat te 1 *, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). mexican hackberry bush 

Trema micrantha, #2624(20). Temperate "tree". The bark is used for 

lashing fieldhouses. 

nukul vesal, nphr(nlf type n3a). leather breeches /worn by sir spook, 

spooks at fiesta of St. Sebastian, dudes/, 

nukulal, nib. skin /of person/, 

hnukulal. my skin, 

snukulal hsat. the skin of my face, 

nukulal "(at, nphr(nlf of nld). foreskin. 

nukulal , nphr(n type n). leather /sandal, shoulder bag/. 

nuk' N. 

nuk' ookol, nphr(nlf of n3d). ankle. 

nuk' cih, nphr(n of n)ld. 'deer neck' or 'sheep neck', shrub blackberry 

Rubus trilobus, #484(1,2), #933(1,3), #1869(1,16), #2227(1,3,4,19). 

Highland "tree" Women gather the trunks for loom bars and shuttles. 

For loom bars the ends are cut even and the bark is stripped. 

For shuttles, the bark is stripped and the ends are flattened and 

forked. The trunk is also used for shepherds' switches. The fruit is 

edible. It is "medium" 

nuk' cihtik, nphr(n of n)5. patch of bush blackberries, 

nuk' cil •mlo, nphr(n of nphr/n4d of n5/). 'neck of a Chamula's huipu", 

firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, #2170(14). Temperate "plant", 

nuk' k'obol, nphr(nlf of n3d). wrist. 

nuk'il, n3b. neck, throat /person, gourd, bottle, water jug, pitcher/, 

eaves or roof-ledge /house/, fingerboard /fiddle, guitar/, collar 

/shirt/, tuning /music/, section of trunk that has been chopped all 

the way around. 

9oc ta nuk' na. It entered under the eaves. 

muk 1 snuk'. It is low-pitched /music/, (or) He has a low voice, 

bik'it snuk'. It is high-pitched /music/, (or) His voice is high-pitched, 

sk'an snuk 1 . It needs /the ribbon/ for the collar, 

nuk'ul, nla. lymphatic gland, mumps, 

nuk'ulal camel, nphr(natt & vn)5. mumps, 

bakel nuk'ul, nphr(nlf of n3d). neck vertebrae, 

k'ak'-nuk'ul, n(aj & ncpd)Id. mumps, 

nul P(2). 

nul, tv. gnaw silently, eat clean /bone, corncob, mango pit/, chop /with 

dull axe that does not bite/. 

nul, nc. In reference to: sheep, horse, chicken. 

yo h-nul li heebe. I have only one daughter /but many sons/. 

nulahtik, aj. standing close to ground (mules seen in distance), 

nulan, tv. gnaw silently /plu/. 

nulanniilan, tv. gnaw silently one after another, 

nulbenal, n4f. gnawed section (corncob). 

nulet, av. running close to ground (small car, weasel, rat), dribbling, 

nuletah, iv. run close to ground. 

nuli, iv. stand close to ground (rat). 

nulilan. tv. keep gnawing or eating clean /bone, corncob, mango pit/, 

keep chopping at (with dull axe or billhook). 

nulk'ih, iv. slip, 

nullahet, av. cf. nulet. (plu). 

nullahetik, av. cf. nulet. /plu/. 

niillih, av, sliding or slipping suddenly /in mud, or dry leaves/, dribbling 

suddenly, running off (drop of water), 

nulnon, av. gnawing silently (dog eating bone), chopping at /weeds with


dull hoe/, grinding ineffectively /in sexual intercourse/. 

nulnul, nc. single (chicken, daughter) /I only/. 

nulp'ih, lv. cf. nulk'ih. 

nulp'in, tv. slide /standing tree/ /infr/. 

nulteniilte, av. running along close to ground (small car, weasel, rat). 

nulul, aj. standing close to ground. 

yo h-kotuk nulul. I have only one /chicken./ 

nulul, av. sliding, running close to ground. 

nululet, av. running close to ground (small car, weasel, rat). 

nululih, iv. slip (person, tree), slide (child using maguey leaf as sled). 

nululihes, tv. shed /rain, water/ (rain cape, feathers, canvas). 

nululihes yalel, vphr(tv & dr). slide down /board of attic floor boards/, 

push down /log/. 

nululihesob, nlf. roller. 

nululihesobil, nlf. cf. nululihesob. 

nululik, aj. cf. nulul /plu/. 

nululin, tv. slide /standing tree/. 

niip P(2) or T(2). 

nup, tv. meet, touch to lips /without drinking/ /bottle, shot glass/. 

nup ?anima ba, vphr(tv/3s/ & nphr/n4d & rpn/). lit., have a meeting of 

souls, i.e., be in love. Ritual speech; cf. nup c'ulel ba. 

nup ba, rv. meet, join. 

nup ba ?uk'um, vphr(rv/3s/ & n5). juncture of rivers. 

nup ba be, vphr(rv/3s/ & n5). crossroads. 

nup ba ta be, vphr(rv & prep & n5). meet on the road (people, animals). 

nup-bai], vn(tv & rpncpd)5. meeting, encounter. 

nup c'ulel ba, vphr(tv/3s/ & nphr/n4d & rpn/). lit., have a meeting of 

souls, i.e., be in love. 

Ritual speech, petitioner to parents of girl; isnup sc'ulel sbaik isnup 

yanima sbaik. They are in love, they are in love. 

nup hpetom, nphr(n4d of agn). godmother of wedding couple. 

nup kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5). worship. 

Ritual speech, when person leaves companions, entering church to 

pray; hnupban kahvaltik. I am going to worship, first. 

nup kantela, vphr(tv & n5). venerate candles /curing ceremony, house 

dedication, fiesta of the Holy Cross/. 

Ritual speech, following veneration of candles; lah hnupban kantela 

totik. I have revered the candles first, sir. 

nup-kantela, vn(tv & ncpd)5. veneration of candles. 

nup k'obol, vphr(tv & n5). bow formally, make formal appearance as 

shaman. 

nup rios, vphr(tv & n5). worship. 

nupan, tv. meet /plu/. 

nupanbe k'ob, vphr/tv & n4d/. bow to /plu/. 

nupannupan, tv. pray to one /saint/ after another. 

nupbe k'ob, vphr(tv & n4d). bow formally to. 

nupil, n3b. companion /religious officer who shares same post/, mate 

/sandal/, garment /of set/. Ritual speech; spouse, mate. cf. citilil. 

nupilan, tv. keep touching lips /to bottle/, keep meeting each other. 

nupilan baik, rv. bow to each other (banners or saints before procession). 

nupilanan, tv. keep meeting /plu/. 

nupilanan baik, rv. bow to each other (banners or saints before procession). 

nupin, tv. suit /food/ (herbs), fit (clothes, handle), accompany /in office/, 

be suitable (land for crop). 

nupinah, iv. Rjtual speech, wedding song; join, marry. 

snupinah ?o me li yokik bi, snupinah 10 me li sk'obik bi. Their feet 

will surely be joined, their hands will surely be joined, 

snupinah ">o me li lalab bi, snupinah 90 me li nic'nab bi. The child 

of woman is surely marrying now, the child of man is surely marrying 

now. 

nupleh, n4d. married couple, pair /sandals/. 

nupob vornamentu, nphr(n of n)5. place where visiting saint is greeted. 

nupob k'obol, nphr(n of n)5. greeting by fiancee's family to suitor's 

family, establishing ritual kin ties between the two families at house 

entrance ceremony. 

nupob k'u'Jul, nphr(n of n)5. place where new clothes of saint are received. 

nupobil ?ornamentu, nphr(n of n)lf. cf. nupob lornamentu. 

nupobil k'u9ul, nphr(n of n)lf. cf. nupob k'utul. 

nupol, n5. trip made to the outskirts of the town to greet visiting saint, 

mutual greeting of banners in the Church of St. Lawrence prior to the 

lenten processions. 

nupolah, iv. direct assembling of banners (first sacristan) /inside 

church door prior to procession/. 

nupolahel, vn5. assembly of saints in church following procession. 

nuptan, tv. befall. 

Ritual speech, prayer; mu me k'u hpas mu me k'u hnuptan bu 

sisanav bu sibein. May nothing harm me, may nothing befall 

me where I walk, where I travel. 

nuptan palta, vphr(tv & n5). have misfortune. 

nuptanan, tv. befall many times. 

nupul, n4b. companion /religious officer who shares post/, mate /person, 

bird, coyote, spotted skunk, sandal/, garment /of set/. 

nupulik, aj. married. 

Denunciatory speech, parent of daughter who has eloped; nupulik 

sa eâhalik sa, hun sa yconik, ec?ehik sa, knilik sa yan li vorone 

mu sa bu yilohon yilel. They are married now, they are joined 

now, happily they laugh and talk now, but as for me they never 

seem to have seen me. 

nupultas, tv. finance wedding. 

nupultasan, tv. finance many weddings /of one's children/. 

nupultasobil, n4f. money for financing wedding. 

nupultasvan, iv. finance person's wedding. 

nupun, iv. have church wedding. 

nupun ta 9eklisa, vphr(iv & prep & n5). have church wedding. 

nupun ta pale, vphr(iv & prep & n5). have church wedding. 

nupun ta sivil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). have civil wedding. 

nupunaheb, n4f. money for financing wedding. 

nupunahebal, n5. wedding huipil. 

nupunvan, iv. marry person. 

nupvan, iv. meet /person/. 

nom snupvan yik'. Its odor travels far (factory). 

hnup-kantela, agn(tv & ncpd). person who venerates candles. 

hnup-rios, agn(tv & ncpd). worshipper. 

hnupol, agn. person who goes to meet another or who goes to meet 

visiting saint. 

hnupolahel, agn. member of group that accompanies visiting saint. 

hnupultasvaneh, agn. priest who marries couple. 

hnupunel, agn. bride, groom. 

hnupvaneh, agn. person who meets another. 

nup' T(2). 

nup', tv. fold /beans in tortilla, hands in prayer or death/, close loosely, 

draw together /double door, edges of cloth to be sewn together/. 

nup', iv. cover completely (thatch or tile on newly built roof, daub on 

freshly plastered wall). 

nup' ba, rv. close (door), mend (wound, broken bone). 

nup'-k'ob, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. 'folded hands', praying mantis. 

nup'ahtik, aj. cf. nup'ul /plu/. 

nup'an, tv. fold /beans in tortilla/. 

nup'anan, tv. cf. nup'an. 

mip'annup'an, tv. fold one after another /beans in tortilla/. 

nup'be sat, vphr(tv & n4d). close another's eyes /corpse/, cf. makbe sal. 

nup'benal, n4f. seam, crack where top edge of box meets lid, where door 

meets jamb. 

nup'ebal, n5. moment before thatch or tiles cover new roof, or before 

daub covers new wall. 

nup'et, av. with (hands) folded in prayer, swinging to and fro (door). 

nup'ilan, tv. move together /edge of cloth to be sewn/, keep folding or 

closing. 

nup'ilan ba, rv. keep closing (door in wind). 

nup'ilanan, tv. move together in many places /edge of cloth to be sewn/.

N/P TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 261 

nup'lahet, av. cf. nup'et (plu). 

nup'lahetik, av. cf. nup'non (plu). 

nup'leh, nlf. folded (hands), ajar (door). 

niip'lih, av. swinging shut suddenly (door). 

nup'non, av. swinging to and fro slowly (door), moving (murmuring lips), 

folding slowly /beans in tortilla/. 

nup'ob, n5. needle and thread, 

nup'obil, nlf. cf. nup'ob. 

nup'teniip'te k'ob, vphr(av & n4d). moving from shrine to shrine folding 

hands in prayer. 

nup'ul, aj. drawn closed (door, lid, seam), folded (hands in prayer), wilted. 

Ritual speech, prayer wondering if person is praying for one's death; 

mi nup'ul van ti yoke, mi nup'ul ti sk'obe. Is he kneeling, are his 

hands folded? 

nup'ulik, aj. cf. nup'ul /plu/. 

nup'up', av. swinging shut slowly (door), 

nup'up'et •Je, vphr(av & n4d). moving lips (fish). 

nus P. 

nus, n5. swimming, 

nusahtik, aj. cf. nusul /plu/. 

mu sna 1 ) nus. He doesn't know how to swim. 

nusan, tv. set down /insect, snail, dead lizard/. 

nusan ba, rv. lie (dying insect). 

niisannusan, tv. put down one after another /caterpillars/, 

nuset, av. walking slowly (insect, lizard, snail, rat, turtle), swimming (fish, 

duck, turtle, tadpole, aquatic insect), 

nus'etah, iv. walk (insect, rat), swim (fish, etc.). 

nusetel con, nphr(vn type n)5. crawling animal /general term comprising 

insects and snails/, 

nusetel tuil con, cf. mil con. 

nusetik, av. cf. nuset. /plu/. 

nusi, iv. stand (insect, lizard /on upright/, snail), 

nus'ih, iv. swim (person, insect, frog, duck, dog). 

nusinah, iv. swim (person, dog) /not habitually/, 

nuslah, av. cf. nusus (plu). 

nuslahet, av. cf. nuset (plu). 

nusleh, n4d. standing (insect, snail, lizard), floating (insect), 

mislih, av. darting (insect, rat, fish). 

nusnon, av. walking slowly (insect, rat), dragging self along ground, 

swimming (dog, horse), rocking ineffectively /sexual intercourse/, 

mistenuste, av. walking about (insect, rat), swimming about (fish). 

nusul, aj. standing (insect, snail, lizard), floating (insect, frog). 

nusulik, aj. cf. nusul /plu/. 

nusus, av. scurrying (spider, scorpion, rat), swimming (fish, duck, aquatic 

insect, frog), 

nususet, av. dragging self on ground (dying insect, lizard), walking rapidly 

(flea, sowbug, centipede). 

nuti9 N(M-Z, nuth). 

nuti 1 ), nla. net. 

nutml tai, nphr(nattlf & nld). scrotum. 

ocel 

ocel. in. cf. ioc. 

o 

pa?(l) X. 

pa^-muk'ta, tv(x & xcpd). spy from afar /for premeditated reason/. 

pa?-muk'tavan, iv(x & xcpd). spy on person from afar /for premeditated 

reason/. 

pa 1 )!, tv. spy from afar, 

paiivan, iv. spy on person from afar, 

paiuta, tv. spy from afar, 

paûtavan, iv. spy on person from afar, 

hpawaneh, agn. person who spys on another from afar /robber, lover/. 

hpa'J-muk'tavaneh, agn(x & xcpd). person who spys on another from afar 

/for premeditated reason/. 

hpa'Jutavaneh, agn. person who spys on another from afar /robber, lover/. 

pa9(2) A or N. 

pa"? 'Jitah, nphr(x type n)ld. spider flower Cleome magnifka, 

#2920(1,3,16). Highland "tree" (1,3)-The leaves are boiled and eaten 

as greens. They are "cold". They are sold at market. (16)-It is planted 

by some Zinacantecs, in the rainy season. It is "medium". (RML)- 

This is one of the most frequently mentioned famine foods. 

pa? P, P(2). 

pae ba, rv. become snarled, be tangled (wool). 

pae-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. snarly-haired (sick woman). 

pae-hol nicim, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'snarly-haired flower', Alternanthera 

laguroides, # 1976(16,17). Lowland "plant" It grows in corn 

fields. 

paeae, av. walking slowly with snarled /hair/ (sick woman). 

paeahtik, aj. cf. paeal /plu/. 

paeal, aj. snarled (hair), tangled (wool). 

Scolding speech; paeal ahol cak me 1 ) îk'. Your hair is long and dirty 

like Mother Wind's. 

paealik, aj. cf. paeal /plu/. 

paean, tv. tangle or mat /wool, hair/. 

paeeah, iv. become snarled. 

paeel, aj. snarled (hair). 

paeet, av. walking with snarled /hair/ (sick woman). 

paeetah, iv. walk with snarled /hair/. 

paei, iv. be snarled (hair). 

paek'uh, iv. cf. paeeah. 

paelah, av. cf. paeae (plu). 

paelahet, aj. cf. paeet /plu/. 

paeleh, nld. snarled /hair/. 

paepae, aj. snarled (hair), tangled (wool). 

paepon, av. walking slowly with snarled /hair/. 

paetepaete, av. walking about with snarled /hair/ (sick woman). 

pac" P(2) or T(2). 

pae", tv. conceal /guilt of other person/. 

pae*, nld. corn lamale /wrapped and divided in middle by corn leaf/. 

Male joking speech; vagina. 

pae'-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with frontally depressed head. 

pae" mulil, vphr(tv & n5). conceal person's guilt, exonerate unjustly. 

pae'-ni'', n(aj & ncpd)5. narrow-nosed. 

pae' ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). squash underfoot, stand on /end 

of rope, person/. 

pae'ae 1 yalel, vphr(av & dr). flattening (tin can underfoot). 

pae'ahtik, aj. cf. pae'al /plu/. 

pae'al, aj. flattened (fence), squashed. 

pae'alik, aj. cf. pae'al /plu/. 

pae'anahtik, aj. cf. pae'al /plu/. 

pae'anbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). suppress or conceal person's guilt many 

times. 

pae'be mul, vphr(tv & n4d). conceal another's guilt, exonerate unjustly. 

pae'eah, iv. flatten, be flattened (wrecked car), squash (fruit). 

pae'ean, tv. flatten. 

pae'et, av. walking with frontally depressed (head) or narrow (nose), lying 

flattened and abandoned (tin can). 

pae'k'uh, iv. cf. pae'eah. 

pae'k'un, tv. cf. pae'ean. 

pae'k'unan, tv. flatten /fences/. 

pae*k'unobil, n4f. flattening instrument /tortilla press/. 

pae'k'unvan, iv. flatten person (landslide, automobile). 

pae'leh, n4f. crushed, flattened. 

pae'lehkil., n4f. flattened (many partially full bags). 

pae'ob, nlf. story told to conceal person's guilt. 

pae'obil, nlf. d.pae'ob. 

pae'pae", aj. frontally depressed (head).


pae'tepae'te, av. walking about with frontally depressed (head) or narrow 

(nose). 

pae*ulan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). stamp on. 

pae'ulanan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). stamp on a lot. 

pae'ulanvan ta tek'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). stamp on person. 

pae"van ta tek'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). stamp on person, 

hpae'-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). person who conceals another's guilt or who 

exonerates another unjustly, 

hpae'ulanvaneh ta tek'el, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). person who 

stamps on another, 

hpae'vaneh ta tek'el, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). person who stamps on 

another. 

pac P, P(2). 

pac, tv. hold /basket, bowl/. 

paca. nld. lowland corn /thin kernel; black, white/. 

paca, aj. concave (bottle), thin (corn kernel, stone slab). 

pacahtik, aj. cf. pacal /plu/. 

pacal, aj. sitting (basket, bowl), served (meal), couchant (moon) /crescent 

or gibbous moon with horns perpendicular to the horizon, reportedly 

indicating a dry season/. 

pacalik, aj. cf. pacal /plu/. 

paean, tv. put in /basket, bowl/. 

paean ba, rv. sit in /basket/ (child). 

pacanan, tv. put in /bowls, baskets/. 

pacanob, n5. large bowl, depression in ground where bowl can be set. 

pacanobil, nlf. cf. pacanob. 

pacanpacan, av. serve one after another /bowls/, 

pacanpacanan, tv. put in one /bowl, basket/ after another, 

pacbenal, n4f. part of bowl held on to. 

pacet, av. sitting (basket, bowl, food), 

pacetah, iv. sit (wool in basket), 

paci, iv. sit (basket, bowl, meal). 

pacleh, n4f. carried /in basket/, served /food on table/, 

pacob, nlf. basket, 

pacobil, nlf. cf. pacob. 

pacolah, iv. serve as wedding petitioner, 

pacomal ?okol, nphr(nlf of n3d). arch of foot, 

pacomal k'obol, nphr(nlf of n3d). palm of hand, 

pacpac, aj. concave (scales), shallow and wide (bowl, basket), 

pactepacte, av. being set down one after another (bowl of food, gourd of 

corn gruel). 

paculan, tv. keep holding /basket/. 

hpacol, agn. wedding petitioner. There are two, junior and senior; perhaps 

so named because they are believed to carry the souls of the bride 

and groom to the church, 

hpacvaneh voelil, agn(nphr/vn of vn/). religious functionary /woman 

chosen by religious official to direct the preparation of food on ceremonial 

occasions/. 

pac'(l) P. 

pac'ahtik, aj. cf. pac'al /plu/. 

pac'al, aj. flat (land, stone, board, floor, roof), 

pac'alaltik, n5. wide expanse of flat land, 

pac'alik, aj. cf. pac'al /plu/. 

pac'altik, n5. plains, flat land, 

pac'alubtas, tv. level /ground/, plane /log/, 

pac'an, tv. set down /flagstone/. 

pae'leh, n4f. flatness, level, 

pac'omal ?okol, nphr(nlf of n3d). sole of foot, 

pac'pac", aj. flat (land, roof, stone), 

pas ta pac'al, vphr(tv & prep & aj). level /ground/. 

pac'(2| prob O. 

pac'ac'et ?e, vphr(av & n4d). dabbling /movement and sound of duck's 

bill/. 

pae'lahet 9e, vphr(av & n4d). cf. pac'pon te (plu). 

pac'pon 9e, vphr(av & n4d). eating /movement and sound/, chomping 

(horse eating salt, pig V4: 3). 

pah(l) P(2). 

pah, tv. fix /post in ground/. 

pah ba, rv. upset stomach (cane liquor). 

pah-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5. tall-crowned (hat of Chamulas) /formerly/. 

pah-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. Joking speech; long-headed. 

pah-ni9, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-nosed (pig, man). 

pah-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-faced (dude's mask). 

pahahtik, aj. fixed (posts, stares), embedded (thorns, knives), pointed 

(noses, heads, corn kernels), stiff (legs from exhaustion), 

pahal, aj. fixed (post), embedded (thorn, knife), steep, long and pointed 

(nose, head, corn kernel). 

pahal lubel. stiff with exhaustion /legs/, 

pahalik, aj. cf. pahal /plu/. 

pahaltik, n5. steep slope, 

pahaltik, aj. rather steep, 

pahan, tv. fix many /posts in ground/, 

pahanan, tv. cf. pahan. 

pahanpahan, iv. fix one after another /posts/, 

pahanpahanan, tv. cf. pahanpahan. 

pahbe, tv. stab /with knife/, insert /penis/, prick (needle, thorn). 

Scolding speech to bothersome child, batan naka me hpahbot lok'el 

xupet k'ok': Get out, or I will stick a firebrand through you. 

ispahbe sa TOVOI. He has already planted, 

pahbe k'ok', vphrftv & n5). set fire to /house/, 

pahcuc te"), nphr(nlf of nla). wedge, 

panel, nc. sticking in /digging stick/. 

pahet, av. standing in ground (walking stick, digging stick), staring fixedly, 

glaring angrily. 

pahi, iv. be fixed (post), 

pahlah, av. walking with cane or staff /plu/. 

pahlahet, av. with prickly sensation (hair in clothes following haircut), 

pahlahetik, av. planting with digging sticks /plu/. 

pahleh, n4f. fixed /posts/. 

pahluh, av. becoming embedded suddenly (thorn in flesh, knife), 

pahpah, aj. long and pointed (thatch roof, mountain, dude's mask, beak, 

tight pants), narrow and deep (pot, water jug), 

pahpahtik, aj. rather narrow or tall (pot or water jug), 

pahpon, av. walking /with cane/, 

pahtepahte nam-tei, vphr(av & n/aj & ncpd/4d). walking about with 

cane, 

pahtepahte no, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with long face, walking 

about glaring or staring fixedly, 

pahtepahte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with long face, walking 

about glaring or staring fixedly, 

pahulan, tv. keep fixing /fence posts/, 

pahulanan, tv. keep fixing /fence posts/. 

pahulanbe, tv. keep stabbing /with knife/, keep inserting or pricking. 

ispahulanbe shol ta lum. He pushed his face in the ground (child). 

pah(2) I. 

pah, iv. stop, cease (rain, pain), be cancelled /trip/, 

paheah, iv. stop /arguing/, stop growing (corn), 

paheah w)on, vphr(iv & n4d). assuage or pacify /sexual appetite, desire 

for alcoholic beverage/, 

pahean, tv. delay /person/, 

paheanan, tv. delay /people/. 

paheanob, nlf. medicine to stop vomiting or diarrhea, 

paheanobil, nlf. cf. paheanob. 

paheanvan, iv. delay person. 

paheb, n4f. end (edge of world). 

t spaheb sa nos yec cak tahe. That is the first time a thing like that 

has happened. 

t spaheb ta h-mek eoe ti hun vinike. He was the last man to be so 

strong. 

pahebal, n5. moment before ending /hail storm/, 

pahes, tv. prevent /departure/, stop /work, horse/, end /pain/, 

pahesan, tv. prevent /departure/ of many.

pahesbe k'ob, vphr(tv & n4d). prevent person from working. 

pahesvan, iv. delay person. 

pahet, av. stopping every few minutes (tired mule). 

paheuk, av. delaying, postponing. 

pahpon, av. delaying, postponing. 

pahulan, iv. keep delaying or postponing. 

hpahe-ahcl. agn. com plant that has reached full height, /eleventh developmental 

stage of corn, also called balalik sa hu-huntik and I sbik 'tah snii 

hu-huntik/. 

hpaheanvaneh, agn. person who delays another. 

hpahesvaneh, agn. person who delays another. 

pah(3) 

pah, sour, ferment, chicha. cf. poh. 

pak P, P(2). 

pak, tv. double over /cornstalk/, repay in kind, answer back, fold /clothing/. 

pak, nc. In reference to; folded /suit of clothing, canvas, mat, tortilla/. 

pak 9ahval, vphr(tv // n). answer back, fight back, retaliate. 

t spak yahval kere. lit., Boy, it retaliates! i.e., weak cane liquor that 

nevertheless goes to one's head. 

pak baik, rv. do reciprocal work. 

pak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. reciprocal work. 

pakahtik, aj. cf. pakal /plu/. 

pakakil, n4f. many folded suits of clothing. 

pakal, aj. folded (clothing, money, document). 

pakalik, aj. cf. pakal /plu/. 

pakalpakal, n4f. each of many folded suits of clothing. 

pakan, tv. set down folded. 

pakan, tv. double over /cornstalks/, fold a lot of /clothing/. 

pakan baik, rv. do reciprocal work. 

pakanob, nlf. place where clothing is folded and stored, mat and basket 

where ceremonial clothes are placed /of dudes, players, cantors, holy 

elders, sir spook, ensign-bearers and elders/. 

pakanobil, nlf. cf. pakanob. 

pakanpakan, tv. set down one after another. 

pakanpakanan, tv. cf. pakanpakan. 

pakav ?ok, nphr(n4f of n4d). underside of knee joint (person, animal). 

pakbe, tv. throw back, repay /labor/. 

ispakbe sutel. He threw it back. 

ispakbe sk'ak'al. He repayed him for his days /of work/. 

pakbenal, n4f. cuff, top of skirt folded over sash. 

pakel, nc. folding /clothing, canvas, or mat/. 

paket, av. walking and carrying folded clothing or mat, sitting folded. 

paki, iv. be folded. 

paklahet, av. cf. pakpon (plu). 

paklahetik, av. cf. pakpon (plu). 

pakleh, n4f. folded. 

paklu, tv. fell /by cutting trunk only partially so that fallen tree can serve 

as fence/. 

pakluan, tv. fell /plu/. 

pakJuh, iv. fell. 

pakluh, av. falling suddenly. 

pakol, n4f. reciprocal gift. Ritual speech; cf. helolil. 

mu skuc spakol. I cannot reciprocate /drink/, I cannot tolerate the 

reciprocal gift /person whose constitution cannot tolerate cane liquor/. 

pakpak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. reciprocal offering /of cane liquor by 

the cupbearers of each ensign-bearer on fiesta of St. Sebastian/. 

pakpak vo 1 ?, nphr(aj & n)5. cane liquor offered reciprocally by ensignbearers 

and their cooks on major fiestas /St. Sebastian, Carnival, St. 

John's Day/. 

pakpon, av. folding slowly. 

paktepakte, av. walking about carrying folded clothing or mat. 

pakulan, tv. keep doubling over /cornstalks/ or folding /clothing/. 

pakulan baik, rv. do reciprocal work frequently. Male joking speech, 

referring to two men; have sexual relations with each other. 


263 

pakulaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. frequent reciprocal work. 

pakvan ta labtel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). reciprocate work. 

pok, nc. suit of clothing, sheaf /official documents/ /archaic/. 

pokahtik, aj. cf. pokol /plu/. 

pokan, tv. set down folded. 

pokanob, nlf. place where clothing is folded and stored, mat and basket 

where ceremonial clothes are placed, 

pokanobil, nlf. cf. pokanob. 

pokleh, n4f. in pile /tripe/. 

pokokil, n4f. many folded suits of clothing. 

pokol, aj. folded (clothing, money, document), 

pokolik, aj. cf. pokol /plu/. 

pokolpokol, n4f. each of many suits of clothing, 

pokpok, nc. single suit of clothing /I only/. 

pakaJ N. 

pakai, nla. lead tree. cf. ôlnob. 

pak' P, P(2). 

pak', tv. mend /clothing/, plaster /house wall with daub/, hang on wall, 

pak', n4f. daub /mud and pine needles/, patch, bandage, 

pak' ba, rv. become matted (wool), become hard (hoed ground), become 

firm (cracked earth that is stamped on to cover the cracks), become 

stuck tight. 

pak' cak, nphr(n of n). 'bottom patch?', broom jute Sida rhombifolia, 

#1552(11,12). Temperate plant", mallow Malva parviflora, 

#1726(15,16). Highland 'plant" mallow Malva nicaeensis, 

#2210(19). Highland "plant" To relieve constipation, a small 

bunch is brewed. One cup of the tea is drunk in the morning and in 

the afternoon. It is'hot". 

bik'tal pak' cak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). mallow Malva nicaeensis, 

#73(1,2,3,4,5). Highland plant". It grows in yards. To speed the 

mending of a cut, three shoots are brewed and the cut is washed 

with the decoction three times for one day. It is "hot" 

hic'il 9anal pak' cak, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n of n/). 'slender 

leaved pak' cak', broom jute Sida rhombifolia, #1355(7). Highland 

"plant" 

k'anal pak' cak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). broom jute Sida rhombifolia, 


k'os pak' cak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). mallow Malva nicaeensis, 

#573(1), #2210(1,3,4). Highland "plant". It grows in yards. To 

relieve constipation a small handful of shoots is brewed. One cup 

of the tea is drunk before breakfast. The leaves are brewed and the 

decoction used to bathe festering cuts, mallow Malva parviflora, 

#2392(3,4). Highland plant". 

muk'ta pak' cak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). false mallow Kearnemalvastrum 

lacieum, #613(1,2,3). Highland "tree" #1775(16). Highland 

"plant" The bark is used for rat traps, cf. pee". 

muk'tik pak' cak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). false mallow Kearnemalvaslrum 

lacteum, # 1775(4,5). Highland "plant" Same use as muk'ta pak' 

cak. 

sakil pak' cak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). verbene Verbena Carolina, 


pak 1 cak e^lel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). broom jute Sida rhombifolia, 


pak' cak vesal, nphr(n 1 f of nphr/n 1 f of n3d/). patch /used to cover open 

seam in seat of new pair of pants/, 

pak'-cikin, n(aj & ncpd)5. deaf. 

pak'-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. deaf and stuttering. 

pak' na, nphr(n of n)5. wall, 

pak'-sim, n(aj & ncpd)le. mosquito larva, 

pak' ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap, strike /with fist/, 

pak' ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). stamp on (drunk), kick (mule), 

pak'ahtik, aj. cf. pak'al /plu/. 

pak'ak', av. wafting (odor), 

pak'ak'et, av. too closely spaced (corn plants in row), closely spaced 

(teeth of comb), 

pak'al, aj. lying (clothing), low-lying (mist), flattened (corn field), too


closely spaced (corn plants), hanging on wall (picture), bedridden, 

lying on ground (dead animal or person, hoe, axe, knife, empty burlap 

bag, sandal, paper), hiding, stuck, 

pak'al scikin. He pays no attention. 

soban me mi pak'al ta sue' 1 acake. Hurry up, is your ass stuck in 

resin? /to person who won't get up/. 

pak'al , nphr(nlf of nld). bag /in which salt, sugar, or bread is 

put when purchased/ or /in which money is cached/, 

pak'al 7eal, nphr(nlf of n3d). lip. 

pak'al lot, nphr(n4f of n4d). tortilla bag. 

pak'al ?ual, nphr(nlf of nld). bag in which chaplet is stored or carried, 

pak'al kantela, nphr(nlf of nld). cloth used to wrap candles, 

pak'al vah, nphr(n of n)5. tortilla bag. 

pak'alik, aj. cf. pak'al /plu/. 

pak'alin, tv. offer /object, daughter/, 

pak'alinan, tv. offer for low price /plu/. 

pak'alin ba, rv. offer self (boy who insists on being engaged to girl who 

does not love him, boy who needs work, woman), 

pak'alinob, n4f. small gift of liquor given to man to learn whether he will 

give his daughter away. 

pak'alinvan, iv. offer daughter /in common-law marriage/, 

pak'alpak'al, n4f. each of many sheets /of paper/, 

pak'altas, tv. Denunciatory speech before magistrate; cover. 

ihk'multas, ihpak'altas. I clothed him, I covered him. 

pak'altasobil, n4f. Denunciatory speech, parent to eloped daughter; 

clothing. 

spak'altasobil sk'u?ultasobil acak. the covering, the clothing for your 

ass /provided by parent/, 

pak'altasvan, iv. cover or clothe person, 

pak'an, tv. mend /clothing/, mend /house wall with daub/, accuse false- 

iypak'an 

ba ta mulil, vphr(rv & prep & n5). blame self unjustly, take the 

blame for. 

ispak'an sba ta mulil sciiuk hun eeb âk' ?o mi mu sk'ane. He took 

the blame for the girl's condition even though she didn't love him. 

pak'anan, tv. mend /clothes/, 

pak'anob, nlf. banana leaf, strip of plastic or stool /on which tortilla is 

patted/. 

pak'anobil, nlf. cf. pak'anob. 

pak'anpak'an, tv. pat one after another /tortillas/, 

pak'anpak'anan, tv. cf. pak'anpak'an. 

pak'anvan, iv. accuse person falsely, 

pak'ayom, nla. young bean pod. 

pak'bal, n4f. daub, wall. 

pak'bal na, nphr(n type n)5. wattle and daub house, 

pak'bal na, nphr(n of n)5. wall, 

pak'be baik, rv. slap each other. Male joking speech; have mutual sexual 

relations (two men), 

pak'be vun, vphr(tv & n4e). acquire authoritative legal order /in San 

Cristobal/. 

pak'benal, nlf. patch. 

pak'bentik, aj. patched, 

pak'eah, iv. be laid low /with sickness/. 

pak'ean yalel, vphr(tv & dr). stamp down /pile of stubble/, 

pak'eanvan, iv. lay person low (sickness). 

pak'et, av. lying (clothing, paper), in the air (odor), too closely spaced 

(corn plants in row). 

pak'lah, av. slapping (running sandaled feet), 

pak'lahet, av. clouting, pounding, (running feet of children), 

pak'lahetik, av. patting /tortillas/. 

pak'Ieh, nlf. lying on ground /clothes, corpse/. 

pak'luh, av. slapping hard suddenly, falling with slapping sound, exploding 

(young corn stalk or horse manure heated under fire, taken out and 

struck with rock /child's game/, rifle bore V3: 16). 

pak'ob, nlf. daub, 

pak'obil, nlf. cf. pak'ob. 

pak'pom, onom. kaboom /sound made by rifle when percussion cap fires 

first and main charge later/. 

pak'pon, av. patting /tortillas/, hoeing ineffectually /tall weeds/, pounding 

(running feet of child). 

pak'ta, tv. accuse person falsely. 

pak'ta ba, rv. sham /sickness, wealth/, borrow money on behalf of undisclosed 

party. 

t spak'ta sba ta c'om-tak'in (or) t spak'ta sba ta pial. He borrows 

money /on behalf of undisclosed party/, 

t spak'ta sba ta camel. He shams sickness. 

pak'ta baik, rv. accuse mutually. 

t spak'ta sbaik ta ">ak'-camel. They accuse each other of witchcraft. 

pak'taan, tv. accuse falsely /plu/. 

pak'tan, n5. tortilla /archaic/. 

pak'tanih, iv. pat tortillas. 

pak'tavan, iv. accuse person falsely. 

pak'tepak'te, av. tossing about /clothing/ (child), running along pounding 

(feet of child). 

pak'tepak'te cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about narrow-hipped (woman). 

pak'uh, onom. slap /sound/. 

pak'ulan, tv. keep patching. 

pak'ulan ">ok, vphr(tv // n). stamp. 

pak'ulan ba, rv. be tamped down repeatedly (earth). 

pak'ulan k'ob, vphr(tv // n). clap. 

pak'ulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slapping or striking /with 

fist/. 

pak'ulan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep stamping on. 

pak'ulanan, tv. keep mending in many places. 

pak'ulanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slapping or striking 

/plu/ /with fist/. 

pak'van ta tek'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). stamp on person (drunk), kick 

person (mule). 

hpak'alinvaneh, agn. person who offers daughter to another. 

hpak'altasvaneh, agn. person who clothes another /wife, mother/. 

hpak'tan, agn. person who pats tortillas. 

hpak'tavaneh ta 9ak'-camel, agn: nphr(vn5 & prep & vn/tv & ncpd/5). 

person who makes false accusation of witchcraft. 

hpak'tavaneh ta ?elek', agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who falsely 

accuses another of robbery. 

hpak'vaneh ta tek'el, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn/5). person who stamps 

on another, horse that kicks person. 

spak'in te?, nphr(n4f of n5). evil female spirit. She is believed to be able 

to take the appearance of one's wife to lure a hapless drunk into a clump 

of magueys. The back of her head is hollow. Her hair is made of poisonous 

caterpillars /c'isal toh/. When the drunk touches her sexual 

parts they turn into excrement. When he strikes her she turns into a 

tree. /cf. Florentine Codex, book 5, chap. 13/. 

Scolding speech; vaeel ahol cak spak'in to. Your hair is as messy 

as spak'in let's. 

e"il pak'al, nphr(aj & n)4f. red striped turban. 

pok\ nla. neckerchief, scarf, material, clothing, inan. poss.; usu. bag /for 

tortillas, bread, salt, candles or chaplet/. 

pok' cih, nphr(n type n)ld. large cotton cloth /used by women to carry 

child or laundry/. 

pok' k'u9ul, nphr(n type n)ld. man's cotton tunic. 

pok' mocebal, nphr(n type n)ld. cotton shawl. 

pok'in, tv. take neckerchief. 

eahal pok', nphr(aj & n)la. red turban /worn by ritual tutors, governors, 

ensign-bearers/. 

eahal pok', nphr(aj & n)5. red canopy that covers Christ on Good Friday. 

e"il pok', nphr(aj & n)ld. red striped turban /worn by elders, ensignbearers, 

ritual tutors/., cf. eahal pok'. 

yasal pok', nphr(aj & n)5. blue cloth with white cross hung behind cross 

on Good Friday. 

pal prob P or P(2).

pal-ves, n(aj & ncpd)5. with overly long short pants. 

palahtik, aj. cf. palal /plu/. 

palal, av. walking fast with long straight tail. 

palal, aj. overly long (skirt, cotton or wool tunic.) 

palalet, av. walking fast with long straight tail (dog, squirrel, fox). 

palalik, aj. cf. palal /plu/. 

palet, av. walking with long straight tail (dog, squirrel, fox), walking with 

overly long skirt, cotton or wool tunic, 

pallahet, av. cf. palet (plu). 

palpal, aj. with overly long skirt. 

palpon cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with meagre buttocks and overly 

long skirt, walking with overcoat, 

paltepalte, av. walking about with long straight tail, with overly long skirt, 

overcoat, cotton or wool tunic. 

pala N(Sp, pala). 

pala, nla. shovel. 

pala makina, nphr(n type n)le. steamshovel. 

pala te 1 ?, nphr(n type n)la. oar, bread paddle. 

palanka N(Sp, palanca). 

palanka to, nphr(n type n)la. lever, 

palas N(Sp, Francisco), 

palas, nld. Francis. Male joking speech; penis. Term of address for 

skunk so it will not spray person. 

pale N(Sp, padre), 

pale, n5. priest, 

palma N(Sp, palma). 

palma, nld. sabal palm Sabalsp., #953(3). Lowland "tree". The trunk 

is used for fence posts, stiles, and bridges. The fronds are used for thatch. 

Children play with the nuts. The shoots are split and folded and used 

as reinforcements for Zinacantec men's hats. The fronds are used for 

the hats of religious officials of other Tzotzil and Tzeltal towns. They 

were used for the high-peaked hats once worn by Chamulas. 

pahnatik, n5. grove of sabal palms. 

bae'i palma, nphr(aj & n). sabal palm Sabal sp., #953(3). Lowland 

" tree * Same as palma. 

palom 

palom, white dog or chicken, cf. paloma. 

paloma N(Sp, paloma). 

paloma, nle. domestic pigeon, white-winged dove, band-tailed pigeon, 

pentecostal dove /hung in church for 10 days/. 

Ritual speech, shaman when bathing sacrificial chicken; t sba 

vinahuk t sba 9osilahuk h-kot yo sk'esol h-kot yo shelol, h-kot yo 

?ik'al paloma, h-kot yo sakil paloma. It will become visible, it will 

be heard, his one lowly substitute, his one lowly replacement, one 

lowly black dove, one lowly white dove, 

palom, nld. white dog or chicken. 

palta N(Sp, falta). 

palta, n5. deficiency, fault, trouble, problem. 

mu k'u palta t sa9i. He has no problems, 

palta to. short, missing /object, person/, 

is n up tan palta. He had an accident (or) a misfortune, 

k'usi palta. What is wrong? 

palta, aj. thieving, loose (girl). 

pam 

pam. cense, incense, cf. pom(2). 

pan(l) N(Sp, pan), 

pan, nla. bread. 

pan(2) T. 

pan, tv. put on fire, boil /"flowers", wool thread, palm frond, squash, 

corn on the cob/. 

pan, iv. be boiled, boil (person in sun). 

pan ba, rv. ripen /fruit that is wrapped in pine needles and set in sun/, 

panan, tv. boil pots of. 

pananan, tv. cf. panan. 

pananet lut na, vphr(av & nphr/n4f of n5/). stuffy inside, 

pananet balamil, vphr(av & n5). muggy. 


pananpanan, tv. boil one pot after another of /corn/. 

paneah, iv. ripen, cf. pan ba. 

panebal, n5. moment before being finished boiling. 

panel, nc. boiling /1-4/, boiling of wool /generally twice, with black 

earth/. 

panin, nla. nixtamal /corn boiled in lime to remove skins/, 

panob, nlf. pot for boiling "flowers", palm fronds, wool thread or corn 

on the cob. 

panobil, nlf. cf. panob. 

panolah, iv. boil /wool thread only/, 

panulan, tv. keep boiling /"flowers", etc./. 

panvan, iv. induce perspiration (hot sun, fire /not sweatbath/). 

hpan-nicim, agn(tv & ncpd)5. religious functionary /woman who brews 

"flowers" for steward's coffer/. 

pana N. 

pana, nlf. outside, /prob contr of pal na/. 

pana, nld. Denunciatory speech; neighbor. 

muk' bu skut hpana hsokon na. I never criticized my neighbor, 

panaih, iv. go outside, 

panain, tv. have a neighbor. 

hpanahel, agn. person who is outside, an poss.; patient. 

pansuro A(Sp, pansudo). 

pansuro, aj. paunchy, 

pansurotik, aj. rather paunchy. 

panyo N(Sp, pafio). 

panyo, nla. ladino neckerchief, 

panyo, n4e. ribbon used to decorate ceremonial robe, 

panyo vesal, nphr(n type n)ld. green velveteen knee pants /worn by 

ensign-bearers when entering and leaving office, and by judge ordinary, 

cantor, k'uk'ul con, groom, angel/. 

papai 

papa 1 ), tortilla, cf. vah(l). 

papausa N(Sp, papausa). 

papausa, nla. ilama Annona diversifolia, #808(1,2). Lowland "tree" It 

is grown by ladinos in their yards and along the river's edge. Slips are 

planted in the rainy season. The fruit is harvested in August. It is sold 

by ladinos at market. It is "cold" 

papaya N(Sp, papaya). 

papaya, nla. papaya Caricapapaya, #800(1,2). Lowland "plant" It is 

grown by ladinos, in their yards. The seeds are planted in the rainy 

season, one to a hole. The fruit is harvested in January. Papayas are 

eaten by people and birds. They are sold at market. They are "cold". 

papayatik, n5. papaya grove. 

k'os papaya, nphr(aj & n). wild papaya Carica cauliflora, #2799(12). 


te'Hikal papaya, nphr(natt & n). 'wild papaya', wild papaya Carica 

cauliflora, #2799(7). Temperate "tree". 

papaya mut, nphr(n of n)la. 'bird's papaya', wild papaya Carica cauliflora, 

#259(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". Some Zinacantecs eat the fruit. It 

is "cold" #2799(3,4,5). Temperate "tree" 

papyan N(Sp, Fabian). 

papyan, nld. Fabian, /common only in Cobtik/. 

parallel N(Sp, paraje). 

parahel, nle. hamlet. 

hparahel, agn. hamlet-dweller. 

paraiso N(Sp, paraiso). 

paraiso to, nphr(n type n). 'paradise tree', china berry Melia azedarach, 


parce N(Sp, parche). 

parce, nla. sticking-plaster, var.. parci. 

parci 

parci, sticking plaster, cf., parce. 

pareho A(Sp, parejo). 

pareho, aj. similar, together. 

pareho stuc'el. cut evenly (tree, salt).


pareho t sbat. lit., It goes together, i.e.. The musicians (or singers) are 

together. 

parehotik, aj. rather similar. 

parke N(Sp, parque). 

parlce, n5. park, central square. 

partamento N(Sp, departamento). 

partamento, n5. Department of Indian Affairs /Departmento de Asuntos 

Indi'genas/. 

parte A(Sp, parte). 

parte, aj. unassociated, separate, different, 

parteparte, aj. each different. 

partil N(Sp, partida). 

partil, n5. drove /cattle, pigs, sheep/. 

parto N(Sp, parte?). 

parto, nla. straw mat /folded and sewn to make bag for storing corn or 

beans/. 

pas T. 

pas, tv. do, become, make, be harmed. Ritual speech; be harmed, cf. 

nuptan. 

pas avil. See if it will work! 

pas avaii proval. Taste it! 

pasbat tal. made for someone else /tortillas commissioned by other 

person/. 

pas, iv. ferment (chicha). 

pas ?abtel, vphr(tv & vn5). hold religious post, 

pas 9abtel, vphr(tv & vn4d). murder, steal, 

pas ?apostal, vphr(tv & n5). bet. 

pas 9il, vphr(tv & n4d). run into debt, 

pas 9ora, vphr(tv & n5). wait. 

pas ba, rv. pretend to be, act as if, make a show of being. 

vinik spas sba. He pretends to be very manly /man who has deceived 

a girl/. 

pas ba ta , vphr(rv & prep & n5). transform self into , 

disguise self as . 

pas baik ta preva, vphr(rv & prep & n5). struggle, fight. 

pas bolil, vphr(tv & n5). behave unwisely, steal girl. 

pas eaeal, vphr(tv & n5). prevail. 

pas cob, vphr(tv & n4d). work in corn field /clear, plant, weed, harvest/. 

pas copolal, vphr(tv & n5). blunder, botch. 

pas c'ul-karira, vphr(tv & n/aj & ncpd/)5. Ritual speech, prayer; lit., 

perfdnn the holy charity, i.e., save person's life. 

pas c'ul-pavor, vphr(tv & n/aj & ncpd/)5. Ritual speech, prayer of patient 

expressing gratitude for recovery; lit., grant the holy favor, i.e., save 

person's life. 

kol aval 7un htot, kol aval ?un kahval apas ti c'ul-pavore, apas ti 

c'ul-karira. Thank Thee My Father, thank Thee My Lord, Thou 

hast granted the holy favor, Thou hast performed the holy charity. 

pas hamparoal, vphr(tv & n5). be greedy or lustful, exceed one's authority. 

tol spas hamparoal slahes ta ?ora srasyon lo^bol. He is so greedy 

that he eats his share of the fruit right off. 

ispas hamparoal islahes stuk lo^bol li k'ose. The child was greedy 

and ate up the fruit himself. 

ispas hamparoal ba svok' ta na li ?anee. He was lustful and broke 

into the woman's house, 

pas kanal, vphr(tv & n5). win, make a profit, look for work, render good 

harvest (lowland corn and kidney bean). 

pas kasto, vphr(tv & n5). expend money for /funeral, wedding, house/. 

pas kolo, vphr(tv & n4d). commit carnal crime, 

pas kompisyon, vphr(tv & n5). make confession, 

pas kwenta, vphr(tv & n5). realize, count. 

paso kwenta. It can be seen (or) It is clear that, 

pas k'in, vphr(tv & n5). hold private fiesta (ladino), celebrate fiesta, get 

drunk and shout in the house, complain constantly to authorities, 

pas k'op, vphr(tv & n5) get embroiled in an argument, 

pas k'osos, vphr(tv & n5). make toasted tortillas, 

pas muh, vphr(tv & n5). stand on all fours imitating cow (child). 

pas mul, vphr(tv & n4d). commit carnal crime, quarrel, have sexual 

relations. 

pas na, vphr(tv & n5). construct house, 

pas palta, vphr(tv & n5). have misfortune or accident, 

pas pavor, vphr(tv & n5). grant a favor, 

pas pletu, vphr(tv & n5). quarrel, 

pas preva, vphr(tv & n5). taste, try. 

pas prosisyon, vphr(tv & n5). process (saints). 

Joking speech, referring to person wandering about aimlessly; yec 

spas prosisyon. He is just parading about, 

pas proval, vphr(tv & n5). cf. pas preva. 

pas rason, vphr(tv & n5). advise, be wise. 

lek spas rason ta yalkalteal. As a judge he gives good counsel, 

mu snao spas rason. He is foolish, 

pas resal, vphr(tv & n5). pray /in church, at bedtime/, 

pas sibak, vphr(tv & n5). make gunpowder, 

pas sonsoal, vphr(tv & n5). do something foolish or ill-advised, 

pas ta kriscano, vphr(tv & prep & n5). become an adult, assume human 

form. 

pas ta mantal, vphr(tv & prep & n5). send on errands, 

pas ta pac'al, vphr(tv & prep & aj). level /ground/, 

pas ta pareho, vphr(tv & prep & aj). level /land/, balance /burden/, plane 

/beam/. 

pas torial, vphr(tv & vn5). act out bullfight (straw bull of Christmas 

season, dude). 

pas trago, vphr(tv & n5). bootleg, 

pas trate, vphr(tv & n5). make a deal, make a pact, 

pas vah, vphr(tv & n5). make toasted tortilla, 

pas ve">elil, vphr(tv & n5). prepare meal, 

pasan, tv. make /plu/. 

pasan preva, vphr(tv & n5). try many times, 

pasan ve9elil, vphr(tv & n5). prepare large meal, 

pasanan, tv. cf. pasan. 

pasanpasan preva, vphr(tv & n5). try one after another /women, bowls 

of chicha/. 

pasaset, av. fermenting. 

pasbe senya, vphr(tv & n5). make signs /to girl/, 

pasel, vn4g. creation. 

Denunciatory speech, dispute over patrimonial land; ta spasel 

c'ul-wsil, ta spasel c'ul-balamil. when the holy earth was created, 

when the holy world was created, 

pasel, nc. toasting of toasted tortillas /I-2/. 

paset, av. fermenting, 

pasetik, av. fermenting. 

pasob 7abtel, nphr(nlf of n5). house of religious official, 

pasob labtel, nphr(n4d of n5). house of religious official, ceremonial 

robe. 

pasob 'tot, nphr(n4f of n4d). cf. pasob vah. 

pasob kanal, nphr(n of n)5. hoe, special knowledge or ability permitting 

one to win. 

pasob kasto, nphr(n of n)5. religious post, object lost just after being 

bought, object that one does not want to buy. 

pasob kompisyon, nphr(n of n)5. white flowers and ribbons as well as 

candles taken to confession, confessional booth, 

pasob kwenta, nphr(n of n)5. paper on which list is written, 

pasob k'in, nphr(n of n)5. clothes worn by spooks during Carnival, by 

players, angels, captains, and sir spook, 

pasob k'osos, nphr(nlf of nld). large griddle used for making toasted 

tortillas. 

pasob mulil, nphr(n of n)5. broken engagement, 

pasob na, nphr(nlf of nld). money for constructing house, 

pasob pavor, nphr(n of n)5. liquor given when requesting favor, 

pasob pletu, nphr(n of n)5. act or object which only causes quarrels, 

pasob preva, nphr(n of n)5. sample of chicha, test to see whether person 

can work well or whether shaman can return sickness, 

pasob prosisyon, nphr(n of n)5. flower petals strewn on processional 

path, processional trees.

pasob proval, nphr(n of n)5. large gourd of corn gruel presented by ritual 

tutors of incoming and outgoing ensign-bearers to stewards, ensignbearers, 

elders, and civil officials during change of office of each ensign-bearer. 

The outgoing ensign-bearer presents corn gruel early on 

the second day of the fiesta, the incoming ensign-bearer early on the 

third day. 

pasob rason, nphr(n of n)5. brain. 

pasob resal, nphr(n of n)5. rosary, candles given when praying, bread 

given by stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary, Our Lady of Guadalupe, 

St. Sebastian, the Holy Sacrament, St. Lawrence, and St. Dominic 

to ladinas who are asked to pray. 

pasob sibak, nphr(nlf of nld). half gourd used for making gunpowder. 

pasob trago, nphr(n of n)5. shack where bootlegger's still is hidden. 

pasob trate, nphr(n of n)5. gift of liquor to ensure deal, gift of ribbons, 

etc. to girl to win her favors. 

pasob vah, nphr(nlf of n5). firewood or griddle for making toasted tortillas. 

pasob voelil, nphr(n of n)5. frying pan. 

pasobil 9abtel, nphr(nlf of n5). house of religious official. 

pasobil 9ot, nphr(n4f of n4d). firewood or griddle for making toasted 

tortillas. 

pasobil kanal, nphr(n of n)5. very narrow stretch of trail where woman 

who has rebuffed all advances can be siezed. 

pasobil kompisyon, nphr(nlf of n5). cf. pasob kompisyon. 

pasobil kwenta, nphr(nlf of n5). cf. pasob kwenta. 

pasobil k'osos, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. pasob k'osos. 

pasobil na, nphr(n 1 f of n 1 d). cf. pasob na. 

pasobil prosisyon, nphr(nlf of n5). cf. pasob prosisyon. 

pasobil proval, nphr(n4f of n5). corn bought by middleman as sample. 

pasobil sibak, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. pasob sibak. 

pasobil vah, nphr(nlf of n5). cf. pasob vah. 

paspon, av. doing same stupid thing day after day. 

paspastik, iv. ferment slightly. 

pasulan, tv. keep doing. 

pasulan ba, rv. keep pretending to be. 

pasulan bolil, vphr(tv & n5). keep behaving unwisely or having affairs. 

pasulan eaeal, vphr(tv & n5). keep prevailing. 

pasulan cob, vphr(tv & n4d). keep working in corn field. 

pasulan hamparoal, vphr(tv & n5). keep being greedy or lustful. 

pasulan kanal, vphr(tv & n5). keep earning money, but not providing for 

family. 

pasulan kompisyon, vphr(tv & n5). keep making confession. 

pasulan kwenta, vphr(tv & n5). keep counting. 

pasulan k'in, vphr(tv & n5). keep getting drunk and shouting in the house. 

pasulan k'op, vphr(tv & n5). keep getting embroiled in fights or arguments. 

pasulan k'osos, vphr(tv & n5). make toasted tortillas. 

pasulan mul, vphr(tv & n4d). keep committing carnal crime with same 

person, assault repeatedly, keep quarreling. 

pasulan na, vphr(tv & n4d). keep building house. 

pasulan palta, vphr(tv & n5). keep having misfortune. 

pasulan pavor, vphr(tv & n5). keep doing favors. 

pasulan pletu, vphr(tv & n5). keep causing quarrels. 

pasulan preva, vphr(tv & n5). keep trying, keep having sexual relations 

with girls. 

pasulan prosisyon, vphr(tv & n5). keep parading about aimlessly. 

pasulan proval, vphr(tv & n5). cf. pasulan preva. 

pasulan sibak, vphr(tv & n5). make gunpowder. 

pasulan sonsoal, vphr(tv & n5). keep doing something foolish or illadvised 

/having illicit affairs, refusing to give away daughter/. 

pasulan trago, vphr(tv & n5). keep bootlegging. 

pasulan trate, vphr(tv & n5). keep making deals in vain. 

pasulan vah, vphr(tv & n5). make toasted tortillas. 

pasulan ve?elil, vphr(tv & n5). prepare meal ineffectually. 

pasulanan k'osos, vphr(tv & n5). make toasted tortillas. 


pasulanan preva, vphr(tv & n5). keep trying many times. 

pasulanan proval, vphr(tv & n5). cf. pasulanan preva. 

pasulanan vah, vphr(tv & n5). make toasted tortillas. 

pasulanbe senya, vphr(tv & n5). keep making signs /to girls/, 

pasulanobil mul, nphr(n4f of nld). cane liquor that keeps making person 

commit crime. 

pasvan ta preva, vphr(tv & prep & n5). test person's strength. 

hpas-9abtel, agn(tv & ncpd). religious official /general term/, 

hpas-balamil, agn(tv & ncpd). creator god /vasak-men/, lit., earth-maker, 

hpas-kahon, agn(tv & ncpd). coffinmaker. 

hpas-kanal, agn(tv & ncpd). job-hunter, 

hpas-k'ak'al, agn(tv & ncpd). Our Lord who takes account of our daily 

sins, lit., day-maker. 

hpas-k'in, agn(tv & ncpd). person who finances minor fiesta, 

hpas-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). civil official /general term/. 

hpas-k'osos, agn(tv & ncpd). maker of toasted tortillas, 

hpas-na, agn(tv & npcd). builder. 

hpas proval 9ane, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ of n). Don Juan, 

hpas-rason, agn(tv & ncpd). wise person, 

hpas-resal, agn(tv & ncpd). worshipper, 

hpas-sibak, agn(tv & ncpd). gunpowder maker, 

hpas-sonobil, agn(tv & ncpd). sandal maker, 

hpas-trago, agn(tv & ncpd). bootlegger, 

hpas-vah, agn(tv & ncpd). maker of toasted tortillas, 

hpas-vinahel, agn(tv & ncpd). creator god /vasak-men/, lit., heaven-maker. 

hpas-vo9, agn(tv & npcd). religious functionary /each of two women who 

prepare corn gruel for each ensign-bearer and each of the elders/, 

yan pas 9o9on, vphr(aj & tv/3s/ & n4d). feel sick. 

pasaro A(Sp, pasado). 

pasaro, n5. disinfectant /human excrement rubbed on wound to prevent 

infection if thorn cannot be extracted/. 

pasaro, aj. former (religious official). 

pasaro mol. ancient man (or) man who as passed through entire 

religious hierarchy. 

pasaro me9el. ancient woman. 

pasensya E(Sp, paciencia). 

pasensya, excl. So what!, What can you do? 

pasku9 

pasku9, cf. paskwa., 

paskwa N(Sp, pascua). 

paskwa, n5. Christmas Eve, Christmas Day. Ritual speech; feast day. 

lah ti smelole lah ti stohole ti c'ul-k'ine ti c'ul-paskwae. The true 

celebration of the holy fiesta is finished, the true way is ended, the 

holy feast day. 

paskwa cenek', cf. cenek'. 

paskwatik, n5. Christmas season /period from December twentieth to 

twenty-sixth/. 

ba-k'el paskwa, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/). Christmas Day. 

pasku?al cenek', cf. cenek 1 . 

pasmo N(Sp, espasmo). 

pasmo, nle. malaria, var., pasmu. 

pasmu 

pasmu, malaria, cf. pasmo. 

pasak' N. 

pasak', nla. pineapple Ananas comosus. Lowland "plant" The fruit is 

eaten raw and used to flavor the chicha that is drunk at the fiesta of St. 

Sebastian and Carnival. It is "medium", wild pineapple Bromeliaplumieri, 

#3003(11). Lowland "plant". The fruit is sold at market. It 

is "medium" 

pasak'iltik, n5. large field of pineapples. 

pasak'tik, n5. field of pineapples. 

bae*i pasak*, nphr(aj & n). same us pasak'. 

£impo pasak', nphr(x type n)5. wild pineapple Bromelia hemisphaerica, 

#859(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant" The fruit is eaten by squirrels, rats 

and people. It is cold". Eating it in great quantities will cause


one's mouth to bleed. 

hoi ?itahil pasak', nphr(nphr/n of natt/ & n)5. 'cabbage head pineapple', 

same as cimpo pasak'. 

kinya pasak', nphr(n type n)5. 'banana pineapple', wild pineapple 

Bromelia pinguin, #858(1,2,3,5), #1318(1,3,4,5). Lowland "plant". 

The fruit is eaten by squirrels, rats, magpie jays, and people, but if 

eaten in quantities one's mouth will bleed. The fruit is eaten raw, 

roasted or boiled. It is "cold". It is sold at market, wild pineapple 

Bromelia hemisphaerica, #2889(1,4,14). Lowland "plant". Same use 

as above. 

potpot pasak', nphr(aj & n). 'clustered pineapple', wild pineapple 

Bromelia plumieri, #893(1,2,3,5), #3003(1,4,5). Lowland "plant". 

(l)-The fruit is eaten, after rubbing off the down with leaves. It is 

"cold". (4)-It is "hot" 

setom pasak', nphr(n type n). 'round pineapple', same as potpot 

pasak'. 

setomal pasak', nphr(natt & n). 'round pineapple', same as potpot 

pasak'. 

pasamum N. 

pasamum, n. brush cherry Eugenia acapulcensis, #2142(11), #2443(1). 

Temperate "tree" (11)-The fruit is eaten, viburnum Viburnum elatum, 

#2946(1). Highland "tree", 

•nt'is pasamum, nphr(n4f of n5). brush cherry Eugenia acapulcensis, 

#2142(14). Temperate "tree" The fruit is eaten, 

muk'la pasamum, nphr(aj & n). sweet leaf Symplocos vernicosa, 

#1543(1,3). Temperate and highland "tree". The trunk is used for 

hoe and billhook handles, digging sticks, and fence posts, sweet leaf 

Symplocos limoncilla, #2730(1,4). Highland "tree" brush cherry 

Eugenia acapulcensis, #2443(20). Temperate "tree". The fruit is 

"cold". Ardisia escallonioides, #2686(1,3). Lowland "tree" Same 

use as sweet leaf. 

pasamum te9, nphr(n type n). viburnum Viburnum elatum, #949(1,3). 

Highland "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts. The fruit is "hot". 

Eugeniayunckeri, #1650(1,4). Lowland " tite". Ardisia escallonioides, 


paskip N(Sp, Pascua). 

paskui, nld. Pascua /feminine name/. 

pastol N(Sp, pastor), 

pastol, nld. Christmas figurine /clay animal, angel or shepherd used by 

children and for creche/. 

pasy X(Sp, pasear). 

pasyah, iv. go hunting, take a walk, divert self /on streets, in market/, be 

carried in procession (saint). 

pasyahebal, n3d. Polite speech; area of yard used for defecation, 

pasiyan, tv. go hunting, take a walk, divert self /on streets, in market/, be 

carried in procession (saint), 

pasyanan, tv. divert self in many places, 

pasyanobil, n4f. unsuccessful trip, 

pasyanvan, iv. hunt down murderer or eloped girl, hunt down person 

(murderer). 

hpasyal, agn. hunter. 

bat ta pasyal, vphr(iv & vn5). go hunting, take a walk, divert self /on 

streets, in market/. Polite speech; go to defecate. A man returning 

successfully from a hunt may tack the animal's skin head down on a 

fence post by the house to ensure continued good luck. 

paset, av. taking a walk, diverting self, hunting, walking around /inside 

yard to check for trespassers/. 

pasetah, iv. hunt lazily, amble around /in market, in yard, on paths/, 

pasetik, av. cf. paset (plu). 

pastepaste, av. walking about diverting self. 

pasyon N(Sp, pasion). 

pasyon, agn. cantor or pasionero /official of the first level of the religious 

hierarchy/. 

pasyonal, n4d. post of cantor. Ritual speech, prayer; lit., passion, i.e., 

money. 

h-sil yo 1 akrus h-sil yo 1 apasyonal. a splinter of Thy lordly cross, 

a sliver of Thy lordly passion. 

pat P, P(2). 

pat, tv. mold with mud or soft substance /pot, water jug, griddle, adobe, 

tile/, 

ispat vah. She made bean tamales. 

pat, iv. be made (pot, water jug, griddle, adobe, tile). 

pat hoi, nphr(nlf of nlf)- butt. 

spat shol 9ek'el. blunt end of axe head, 

pat hoi ")asaluna. top of hoe blade. 

pat holol, nphr(nlf of n3d). back of head. 

ihc'ay ta spat hhol. I forgot it completely. 

patahtik, aj. cf. patal /plu/. 

patal, aj. sitting bowed over, lying face down, setting (hen), standing 

(lizard, turtle, rabbit, frog, mouse), lying down (dog, tiger), 

patal ta balamil. buried in mist. 

Ritual speech, prayer; kehelon tal patalon tal. I come kneeling, 

bowing low. 

patalik, aj. cf. patal /plu/. 

patalpatal, aj. crouched low /when walking or running/. 

patan, tv. mold /pots, etc./. 

patan, nig. annual tax /on ejido landowners to support federal forest 

service/. 

Ritual speech, stewards, ensign-bearers and elders transmitting offices 

to successors; ikil ta yo hba ikil ta yo hsat ti yo kabtele ti yo 

hpatane. I have seen with my humble sight, I have seen with my 

humble eyes, my lowly work, my lowly contribution. 

patan ba, rv. bow to ground /in prayer/, lie face down, lie down, stand 

(lizard, frog, turtle, mouse, rabbit). 

patan k'op, nphr(n type n)5. constable /archaic/. 

patanob ?alak', nphr(n4f of n4d). broken pot used as nest for setting 

hen. 

patanob kaslan, nphr(n5 of n5). cf. patanob lalak'. 

patanobil lalak', nphr(n4f of ft4d). cf. patanob lalak'. 

patanobil kaslan, nphr(nlf of n5). cf. patanob lalak'. 

patanpatan, tv. make one after another /tile, adobe, etc./, lay one after 

another /egg/ (chickens). 

patanpatan, tv. patanpatanan, tv. lay one after another (chickens). 

patat, av. approaching and lying down. 

patatet, av. walking doubled over /with pain/. 

patbe won, vphr(tv & n4d). concede, mollify, give partial gratification 

to. 

yuûn lek spatbe yown kriscanoetik ta sconbe hu-hun kwarto yisim 

ti mi c'abal sa yisim li yane. He kindly gives the people partial 

gratification; he sells a quart of corn to each when they have no 

more corn. 

ba spatbe yo9on hayibuk k'ak'al. She went and gratified him only 

a few days /girl who returns home soon after marriage/, 

ispatbe yown hayib. He mollified him with a few (pesos) /when 

religious official requests a loan/. 

patbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). mold head of newborn child with hands or log 

stool. 

patebal, n5. moment before finishing being made. 

patebal koion. lit., My heart is almost made., i.e., My son is almost 

old enough to help me work. 

patet, av. sitting bowed over, lying face down, setting (hen), standing 

(lizard, etc.), lying down (dog, tiger). 

patet won, vphr(av & n4d). happy. 

bae*i skuset sa yo9on spatet sa yown. He was very happy, very 

happy. 

patetik, av. lying face down /plu/. 

pati, iv. sit bowed over, lie face down, bow low /in prayer/, set (hen), 

stand (lizard, etc.). 

patil, n3c. back /house, chair, person, hand, arm, leg, fiddle, guitar/, flat 

side /machete/, shell /egg/, far side /griddle, pot/, far end /harp/, rind 

/fruit/, bark /tree/, pod /bean/, shell /snail, turtle/, armor /armadillo/, 

empty nest /wasp/.

spatilal sa Ie9e a9a. He is the last in the line of command (or) He is 

at the very bottom. 

ta patil. at the end, behind, right behind, immediately afterwards. 

Ritual speech, prayer; hpat, hsbkon. lit., my back, my side, i.e., my 

body. 

patis, nle. whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus sp., Ameiva sp. Although this 

lizard does not bite, by walking across one's food it is thought to leave 

behind a fatal poison. 

patk'uh, iv. stumble (person, horse), sag (house, fence), collapse, 

patk'un ba, rv. stumble, collapse, 

patk'un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). push face down. 

patk'unvan, iv. push person face down, make person collapse (burden), 

patlah, av. stumbling /sing/. 

patlahet, av. taking many tumbles, (child, drunk), taking dust bath 

(chickens). 

patlahetik, av. taking many tumbles, (children, drunks), 

patleb, n4d. nest of setting hen. 

patlebin, tv. lie face down on. 

patleh, nlf. lying face down, sitting bowed over, setting /hen/, standing 

/lizard, etc./. 

patluh, av. falling face down suddenly, 

patob, nphr(nlf of nld). bottom of old pot, water jug or griddle on 

which new form is built, 

patob 9O9oniL nphr(n of n)5. certainty. 

Use restricted; mu patob 9o9oniluk. It is not certain (or) it is not 

known. 

patob samit, nphr(nlf of nld). adobe mold, 

patob tesa, nphr(nlf of nld). tile factory, tile mold, 

patob vah, nphr(n5 of n5). cloth on which bean tamales are prepared. 

patobil , nphr(nlf of nld). cf. patob . 

patobil 9o9on, nphr(n4f of n4d). palliative /small toy given to child to 

placate it until better toy can be bought/, 

patobil samit, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. patob samit. 

patobil tesa, nphr(nlf of nld). tile mold, 

patobil vah, nphr(nlf of n5). cf. patob vah. 

patolah, iv. make earthenware vessels. 

patomah, iv. make earthenware vessels. 

patpat, aj. slightly pitched /roof insufficiently pitched and permitting 

leakage/, behind /implies movement behind, as behind house or fence/. 

patpon, av. taking dust bath (chicken), 

pattepatte, av. setting in one place after another (hen). 

patulan, tv. keeping making /pots, griddles, adobes, water jugs/. 

patulanan, tv. keep making /adobes/. 

hpat , agn(tv & ncpd). maker of /pots, jugs, griddles or 

adobes/, 

hpat-vah, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /each of two women, 

senior and junior, who prepare bean tamales for wedding/, 

hpatan, agn. Ritual speech, ritual tutor to steward when departing to 

receive chaplet, to ensign-bearer when departing to receive corn 

gruel; contributor. 

9a yaya tot 9ahvetik 9oyuk yo 1 avokolik 9oyuk yo 1 avik'tifik, 

eoblanik ec'el lotlanik ec'el, ta sme9anal na ta sme9anal k'uleb li 

yah9abtele li yahpatane. Oh Beloved Father, Ancients, wilt Thou 

bear the hardship, wilt Thou endure the suffering, leave together, 

depart together, depart together for the house of poverty, the house 

of wealth of His laborer, His contributor, 

hpatk'unvaneh ta 9ac'el, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who 

pushes another down in the mud. 

hpatlom, agn. setting hen. 

hpatol, agn. censer maker, candlestick maker, 

hpotob, agn. potter, censer maker, candlestick maker, 

ta pat, nphr(prep & n3b). behind. 

isnak' sba ta pat mak na. He hid behind the door, 

ta patil, nphr(prep & n5). at the end, the last /person in line/. 

patera N(Sp, patada). 

patara, n5. kicking, kick. 


patas N. 

patas, n. oleander . See below. 

k'os patas, nphr(aj & n). oleander Nerium oleander, #719(1,2). Temperate 

"tree". Ladinos grow oleanders in their yards. They put the 

flowers in altar vases. 

patas cenek', cf. cenck". 

pataS nicim, nphr(n type n). ' patas flower', nosegay frangipani . See 

below. 

eahal patas niiim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). nosegay frangipani 

Ptumeria rubra, #791(1,2). Lowland "tree". Ladinos grow frangipanis 

in their yards. Slips are planted in the rainy season. The flowers 

are used by the people of San Lucas, Chiapa, Chiapilla, and 

Acala to decorate the graves on All Souls' Day, and to put in altar 

vases. The people of Chiapa and Chamula thread the flowers on 

strings for church decorations during Holy Week, 

k'anal patas nicim, nphrfaj & nphr/n type n/). nosegay frangipani 

Ptumeria rubra, #802(1,2). Lowland "tree" Same use as eahal patas 

nicim. 

moraro patas nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). nosegay frangipani 

Plumeria rubra, #778(1,2). Lowland "tree". Same use as eahal patas 

nicim. 

sakil patas nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). white frangipani Plumeria 

alba, # 202( 1,2,3,4,5). Lowland " tree" Same use as eahal patas nicim. 

pataset, cf. cenek'. 

pativil N. 

pativil, nla. white shawl /worn by ensign-bearers on the Fourth Friday, 

of Lent, Wednesday of Holy Week, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, 

worn by sak-holetik or grooms, worn by prefects on Good Friday/. 

patron N(Sp, patron). 

patron, nld. boss, employer. 

patrons N(Sp, patrona). 

patrona, nld. female employer. 

pav N(Sp, pavo). 

pav, nld. peacock. One tail feather is used to adorn the hats worn by 

the ensign-bearers when they enter and leave office, var., pavo, pava 

/Hok' C'enom, Muk'ta HokV. 

pava 

pava, peacock, cf. pav. 

pavav N. 

pavav, n5. highland and lowland katydid or cricket that makes sudden 

sharp hissing sound at night. The singing of this insect near one's house 

is believed to cause sickness, var., spav, spavav. 

pavlu N(Sp, Pablo). 

pavlu, nld. Paul /infr except in Cobtik/. 

pavo 

pavo, peacock, cf. pav. 

pay(l) P(2) or T(2). 

pay, tv. muster /for lynching/. 

pay camel, vphr(tv & vn5). cast a spell (witch of neighboring town), 

announce one's death (owl, whippoorwill, etc.). 

payahtik, aj. cf. payal /plu/. 

payal, aj. assembled (mob for lynching). 

payan, tv. muster a mob /for lynching/. 

payanpayan, tv. muster one after another /for lynching/. 

paybalal fame), nphrfaj & vn)5. sickness caused by spell. 

payulan camel, vphr(tv & vnS). keep casting spells or announcing deaths. 

hpay-camel, agn(tv & vncpd). animal of ill-omen. Owls and other animals 

that announce one's death may not be sent directly by a witch, but 

are thought to have overheard the names of a witch's prospective victims. 

They then, reportedly, call upon those who are the weakest and 

have the shortest life span. 

poy, nld. murder accomplice. 

pay(2) prob P or P(2). 

payahtik, aj. cf. payal /plu/. 

payal, aj. uneven (ground, sole). 

payalik, aj. cf. payal /plu/.


payeah, iv. become uneven (land after slide, sole). 

payc'uh, iv. disappear below horizon (sun), disappear down trail. 

payk'uh, iv. cf. payeah. 

paypay, aj. uneven. 

paypon, av. walking with one side of sole worn down, walking with overly 

long skirt or with tunic that is not fastened on the sides. 

paytepayte, av. jumping out of sight one after another. 

pay(3) 

pay, candle-bearer, cf. poy(2). 

pec P, P(2). 

pee, nc. tree, plant. 

pee- lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). dig up /tree, plant/. 

peeahtik, aj. cf. peeel /plu/. 

peeahtik hobel, nphr(aj & n). 'erect grass', Cyperus sp., #1474(11,12). 


peean, tv. set on ground /tree, plant/. 

peean ba, rv. sit cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself (woman). 

peean lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). dig up /trees, plants/. 

peea nan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. peean lok'el. 

peeanob nicim, nphr(nlf of nld). flowerpot. 

peeanobil nicim, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. peeanob nicim. 

peeanpeeanan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). dig up one after another /trees, 

plants/. 

peeantik, aj. sparse, too widely spaced (plants, trees). 

peeeean, tv. dig up /trees, plants/. 

peeekil, n4f. many trees or plants. 

peeel, aj. sitting cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself (woman), 

standing (tree, plant). 

peeelik, aj. cf. peeel /plu/. 

pceelpeeel, n4f. each of many trees or plants. 

peeet, av. sitting cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself (woman). 

peeetah, iv. sit cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself (woman). 

peeetik, av. cf. peeet (plu). 

peei, iv. sit cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself (woman), stand 

(tree, plant). 

peekantik, aj. sparse, too widely spaced (plants, trees). 

peelah, av. waddling /plu/. 

peelahet, av. cf. peepon (plu). 

peelahetik, av. cf. peepon (plu). 

pedeh, nib. sitting cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself, entirety 

/tree or plant/. 

peeobil, n4f. hoe, pick. 

peepee, nc. single /tree, plant/ /I only/. 

peepee, aj. stocky (person), low and heavily foliaged (tree). 

peepon, av. swaying from side to side (woman dancing or sitting and 

singing), waddling (duck, fat woman). 

peetepeete, av. walking about holding saplings, sitting here and there 

swaying from side to side (drunken woman). 

pee- P(2). 

pee", nla. trap /for rat or dog/. To trap rats, a rock a handspan and a 

half in length, and a handspan and four fingers in width is rubbed on 

the ground to smooth it. A stake is planted at one end of the rock. 

False mallow bark is tied to the top of the stake and to a bunch of 

weeds at the far end of the rock. Corn kernels that have been roasted 

to add fragrance are tied to the bark. The rock is rested on the bark 

and, if necessary, a second rock is placed on top of it. More corn 

kernels are blown under the rock. When the rat cuts the bark, the 

rock falls on top of it. 

pee" ba, rv. sag (top of fence). 

pee* ba, rv. pez'ahtik aj., cf. pee'el /plu/. 

pee'anrik, aj. sagging here and there (top of fence). 

pee'cah, iv. sag (fence). 

pee'ean, tv. make sag /top of fence/. 

pee'ean ba, rv. sag (top of fence, mule's back). 

pee"eanan, tv. make sag in many places /fences/. 

pee"eanvan, iv. crush person (burden). 

pee'ee' yalel, vphr(av & dr). sinking down (top of fence, heavily laden 

truck). 

pee'ee'et, av. giving way underfoot (top of fence), sagging (truck being 

loaded). 

pee'el, aj. crushed (basket), sagging (top of fence). 

pee"elik, aj. cf. pee'el /plu/. 

pee"et yalel, vphr(av & dr). sagging (fence). 

peeVuh, iv. sag (top of fence). 

pee'k'un, tv. make sag /top of fence/, crush. 

peeTc'un ba, rv. be crushed /by burden/. 

peeTc'unan, tv. cf. pee"eanan. 

peeVunvan, iv. cf. pee"ean\an. 

pee'lah, av. staggering /under burden/ /plu/. 

pee'lahet cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. pee"pon cak (plu). 

pee"lahetik, av. staggering /under heavy burdens/. 

peeMeh, n4f. sagging (top of fence). 

pee'lehikil, n4f. cf. pee'leh /plu/. 

pee"luh yalel, vphr(av & dr). giving way suddenly (top of fence). 

pee'pee', aj. sagging (top of fence). 

peepon cak, vphr(av & n4d). staggering /under heavy burden/. 

peVtepee'te cak, vphr(av & n4d). staggering about /under heavy burden/. 

pee"ulan, tv. make sag /top of fence by jumping on it/. 

pee'ulanan, tv. make sag in many places /top of fence by jumping on it/. 

pec P, P(2). 

pec, tv. hold wide-brimmed container in one or both hands /bowl, basket, 

half gourd/, hold flat object face up in one or both hands. 

pec, n4e. last child. 

pec, nc. In reference to: board, rind, crackling, bowl, basket, stale tortilla, 

toasted tortilla, metate platform, tile, adobe, honeycomb. 

pec ba, rv. warp. 

pec cakil, nphr(nlf of n3d). buttock, spine and pope's nose /section of 

slaughtered chicken/. 

peeahtik, aj. sitting (wide-brimmed containers, upside down hats), served 

(meals), sticking out (ears of person listening), with wide flakes curled 

up at the edge (dried mud). 

pecan, tv. set down /meal, bowl, basket, half gourd/, put in /bowl, 

crown of hat/. 

pecan, aj. clumsy (person who stumbles). 

pecanan, tv. set down /bowls/. 

peeanob, nlf. tortilla gourd, gourd, basket. 

peeanobil, nlf. place where bowl is set, tortilla gourd, gourd, basket. 

peeantik, aj. widely spaced (honeycombs). 

pecanpecanan, tv. set down one after another /bowls, baskets/. 

pecec, n5. last child. 

pecec, av. moving with wide-brimmed hat (sombreron). 

pecec, aj. broad and shallow (basket). 

pecec te?, nphr(aj & n)ld. forked stake for holding pots, etc. 

pececet, av. bobbing (kite), quaking (earth), bouncing (board carried on 

head). 

pecekil, n4f. many /pesos, honeycomb/. 

pe£el(l), n4f. round /peso/. 

naka specel pesu. just round pesos, i.e., silver pesos. 

pecel(2), aj. sitting (wide-brimmed container, upside down hat), served 

(meal), sticking out (ears of person listening). 

peeelik, aj. cf. pecel(2) /plu/. 

pecelpecel, n4f. each of many boards, bowls, baskets, etc. 

pecet, av. sitting (meal, wide-brimmed container), jutting (chin), bouncing 

(board carried on head), carrying about /tortilla/ (child). 

peci, iv. be served (meal). 

peck'uh, iv. warp, twist (foot). 

peck'un, tv. twist /foot/. 

peciah, av. stumbling, jolting (car) /sing/. 

pedlahet, av. jolting (car), jouncing (loose bridge planks), tripping. 

peclahetik, av. tripping (plu). 

petileh, n4f. served /meal/, entirety /world, township/.


ta specleh balamil. in the whole world. 

specleh htek-lum. community-wide (entire township), 

pecluh, av. twisting suddenly (foot), 

pecob, nlf. container /plate, gourd/, 

pecobil, nlf. cf. pecob. 

pecpec, nc. single /board, tile, rind, adobe, etc./ /I only/, 

pecpec, aj. warped, excessively broad-brimmed (hat, basket), wide 

(leaves), twisted to side (foot). 

pecpon, av. jouncing (loose bridge plank, bed), teetering (seesaw). 

pectepecte, av. distributing one after another /bowls of corn gruel meal/, 

carrying about /bowl, basket/. 

peculan, tv. keep jouncing /board/, keep jiggling /wide-brimmed container/. 

hpecaneh-veêUl, agn(vn & ncpd). religious functionary /woman who 

attends each of the elders, ensign-bearers when meal is offered, and 

stewards when coffer is venerated/ /one for each official/. 

pec* P(2), T(2). 

pec', tv. tie in bundle /thatch, flowers/, braid /hair/, tie /mouth of bag/, 

bind /leg/. 

pec', iv. be fastened (bag, burden). 

pec', nla. duck /general term referring to both domestic ducks raised by 

ladinos and to wild ducks/. Teal and other wild ducks are hunted 

occasionally for food. They are "cold", 

pec", nlf. braid. 

pec', nc. two cardfuls /of wool, considered as a unit/ /I - 5/. cf. lik. 

pec' 9antas, nphr(n of n)le. long strip of cloth used to tie saint to litter. 

pec'-TOk, n(aj & ncpd). cf. pec'e-iok. 

pec' ba, rv. become matted (woman's hair, wool), 

pec' halal, nphr(n of n)la. braided headdress /worn by bride, snup hpetom, 

candle bearer, and kaibenal/. 

pe£'-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. highland black and white snake. Its bite is 

considered dangerous. A "hot" tea of chili water in which thirteen 

slivers of pine have been boiled is drunk, and the limb is bound to 

prevent the pain from reaching one's heart, 

pec'ahtik, aj. cf. pec'el /plu/. 

pec'ahtik ?uc'ul vo?, cf. •mc'ul »o9. 

pec'ahtik eahal hobel, cf. eahal hotel. 

pec'ahtik hobel, nphr(aj & n). 'flat grass', blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium 

scabrum S. & C, #619(1,2,3). Highland "plant", golden-eyed grass 

Sisyrinchium angustissimum, #646(1,2), #1031(1,3,5). Highland 

"plant", dawn flower Orthosanthus chimborascensis var. centroamericanus, 

#680(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant", 

pec'an, tv. tie in bundles, 

pec'anan, tv. cf. pec'an. 

pec'anpec'an, tv. tie one bundle after another, 

pec'anpec'anan, tv. cf. pec'anpec'an. 

pec'benal, nlf. braid. 

pec'bentik, aj. bound together (legs, two sticks). 

pec"e-9ok, n(aj & ncpd). 'flat stem', golden-eyed grass Sisyrinchium convolutum, 

#1544(1,3,11,12). Temperate "plant", var., pec'-iok /Hok' 

C'enom, Muk'ta Hok'/. 

k'anal pef'e-'Jok, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). golden-eyed grass Sisyrinchium 

tinctorium, #901(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant", ladies' tresses Spiranthes 

aurantiaca, #1142(1,4). Temperate "plant". It is eaten by 

cattle and horses. 

pec'e-?ok tfiilA, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). golden-eyed grass Sisyrinchium 

angustissimum, #1458(11,12). Highland "plant", golden-eyed 

grass Sisyrinchium convolutum, #2150(11). Temperate "plant". 

pec'e-iok hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'flat stem grass', golden-eyed 

grass Sisyrinchium angustissimum, #646(3). Highland "plant", goldeneyed 

grass Sisyrinchium convolutum, #2150(1,7,14). Temperate 

"plant", dawn flower Orthosanthus chimborascensis var. centroamericanus, 

# 1392(3), #1502(1,3), #2935(1). Highland "plant", knotgrass 

1'aspalum distichum, #1174(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant", beard grass 

Andropogon glomeratus, #189(16,17). Lowland "plant". (16)-It is 

eaten by horses and cattle. Carex donnell-smithii, # B9544(5,5a), 

271 

#B9547(5,5a). Highland -plant". 

k'anal ped'e-TOk hobel, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). goldeneyed 

grass Sisyrinchium convolutum, #1143(1,4). Temperate "grass". 

It grows in corn fields, 

pec'e-ok nic nab, cf. nic nab. 

pef'ebal, n5. moment before finishing braiding or tying in bundle, 

pec'ekil, n4f. in many bundles /flowers/, 

pef'el, aj. bound (prisoner), tied in bundle (thatch, firewood, flowers), 

braided (hair), tied (mouth of bag), flat (duck's bill and feet, stem), 

pef'el halal, ajphr(aj & aj). tangled (weaving). 

pec'elik, aj. cf. pec'el /plu/. 

ped'elpec'el, n4f. each of many bundles, 

pei'et, av. braided (hair), bound (wound), matted (hair). 

pec'i, iv. be matted (hair), be braided (headdress of bride), 

pec'lahet, av. cf. pec'pon (plu). 

pec'lahetik, av. cf. pec'pon (plu). 

pec'leh, n4f. braided, tied, 

pec'ob, nlf. rope, 

pef'obil, nlf. cf. pec'ob. 

pec'pec', nc. single two carding brushful unit /I only/. 

pei'pef, aj. matted (wool, hair), flat (duck's bill and feet, stem), 

pec'pon, av. fastening burden slowly and ineffectively. 

spec'pon snii t Svei. He is eating slowly. 

ped'tepec'te wk, vphr(av & dr). waddling about (duck), 

pec'ulan, tv. keep tying in bundle /thatch, flowers/, braiding /hair/, tying 

/mouth of bag/ or binding /leg/. 

pec'ulan ba, rv. keep binding each other (children), 

pec'ulanan, tv. keep lashing /plu/. 

pec'ulanobil, n4f. rope for tying bundle, 

ped'van, iv. truss person /prisoner/, 

hpec'vaneh, agn. person who trusses another. 

peh(l) P, P(2). 

peh-TOk, n(aj & ncpd)5. with lame leg. 

pen ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cause to limp (person), 

pehahtik, aj. sitting helplessly (people, mules). 

pehan ba, rv. sit down and be unable to walk (person, mule), 

peheah, iv. become lame, be unable to run (car with flat), 

pehel, aj. sitting helplessly (person, mule, car with flat tire), 

pehelik, aj. cf. pehahtik. 

pehet, av. sitting helplessly. 

pehi, iv. be unable to walk (person, horse), be unable to travel (car), 

pehk'uh, iv. cf. peheah. 

pehk'un, tv. lame. 

pehk'unvan, iv. lame person (sickness, other person), 

pehlah, av. limping /sing/. 

pehlahetik, av. cf. pehpon /plu/. 

pehleh, nib. lameness, 

pehluh, av. limping suddenly. 

pehpeh, aj. permanently lame, 

pehpon, av. limping, 

pehponah, iv. limp, 

pehtepehte, av. limping about. 

hpehk'unvaneh, agn. sickness or person who lames another. 

peh(2) P(2) or T(2). 

pen lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). dislodge /stone, stump, tethering post/ /with 

hoe or axe head/. 

pehahtik, aj. large (corn kernels), buck (toothed), 

pehan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). dislodge /stones, stumps, tethering posts/. 

pehanpihan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). dislodge one after another /stones, 

stumps, tethering posts/. 

pehanpehanan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. pehanpehan lok'el. 

pehelik, aj. cf. pehahtik. 

pehobil, n4f. hoe /to dislodge stone, etc./. 

pek' P or P(2). 

pek', nla. tumpline. 

pek' meiel, nphr( n of n). 'woman's tumpline', jack bean Canavalia glabra,


#2158(7). Temperate "vine". #2286(19). Highland "vine". Ladinos 

and Zinacantecs use it for lashing roof crests, purlins, and fences. Ladinos 

use it for lashing cattle corrals, jack bean Canavalia kirsutissima, 

#1232(7). Temperate "vine". Rhynchosia discolor, #2453(20). Temperate 

"vine". It is used to lash roof poles, beams, and fence posts, 

balahtik pek' me'el, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 'round pek' mefeP, 

Gouania polygama, #1625(1,3,11,12,13). Lowland, temperate, and 

highland "vine". 

eahal pek' mewl, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Heteropteris beecheyana, 

#1968(1,3,4,16,17). Lowland vine". (17)-It is used to lash purlins 

and fence posts, 

k'anal pek' mewl, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Rhynchosia discolor, 


k'os pek' mewl, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Turbina corymbosa, 

#228(1,2,3,5). Lowland "vine". Serjania sp., # 1573(1,3). Temperate 

"vine". 

sakil pek' moel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Serjania sp., # 1154(1,4,5), 

#1259(1,3,4,5,7). Temperate vine". Turbina corymbosa, #1833(1,4). 

Temperate "vine". Galactia striata, #1136(1,4). Temperate "vine". 

yasal pek' me?el, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). see below. 

hic'il yasal pek' me?el, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 'slender 

blue pek' metel', Solanum dulcamaroides, #1285(1,3,4,5). Lowland 

vine". 

pek'ahtik, aj. low /plu/. 

pek'eah, iv. descend very low (wounded bird, plane), be flattened 

(fence) /not quite so flat as pae"eah/. 

pek'ean, tv. flatten /fence/. 

pek'eanan, tv. flatten in many places /fence/. 

pek'el, aj. short (person), small (horse), low (chair, table, roof, tree, 

clouds, low-flying plane, number, fruit), 

pek'elik, aj. cf. pek'el /plu/. 

pek'elub, iv. descend very low (bird, plane), 

pek'elubtas, tv. place at lower level, 

pek'es, aj. short (person, animal, tree), 

pek'i, iv. descend, become low. 

pek'lah, av. running (children), 

pek'lahet, av. cf. pek'pon (plu). 

pek'lahetik, av. cf. pek'pon (plu). 

pek'leh, n4f. low height /plane, bird/, 

pek'pek', aj. short (person), small (horse), low (roof, table, chair, house, 

tree). 

pek'pon, av. walking (short person, person bowed low under burden), 

pek'tepek'te, av. walking about (short person), 

pek'ul, n4f. tumpline. 

peles N(Sp, peras). 

peles, nla. pear. 

pelesaltik, n5. large pear orchard, 

pelestik, n5. pear orchard. 

bae"i peles, nphr(aj & n)5. pear Pyrus communis, #352(1,2). Highland 

"tree". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. It is planted 

by old men or women, in the rainy season, for if a young person 

were to do the planting he might die. The trunk is used for firewood. 

The fruit is harvested in August. It is sold at market in San 

Cristobal and Tuxtla. It is cold". 

kaslan peles, nphr(aj & n)la. pear Pyrus communis, #351(1,2,3,4). 

Highland "tree". It is grown by most Zinacantecs in their yards. 

Steins are cut and placed at an angle in the ground, to be transplanted 

later in the rainy season. The harvest is in September. The 

fruit is sold at market in San Cristobal and Tuxtla. It is "cold". 

peron, n. pear. Same as kaslan peles. 

pelota N(Sp, pelota). 

pelota, nld. ball. 

pettre N(Sp, peltre). 

peltre, nld. enamelware pot. 

pem(l) prob P or P(2). 

pemahtik, aj. with small amount of liquid covering bottom of containers. 

pemel, aj. tearful, with small amount of liquid covering bottom of container 

or well, 

pemelik, aj. cf. pemahtik. 

pemet, av. teary, with small amount of liquid covering bottom of container. 

pemlahet, av. swaying (small amount of liquid on bottom of containers), 

pemleh, nlf. tearfulness, small amount of liquid standing in container, 

pempon, av. swaying (small amount of liquid on bottom of container). 

pem(2) A or N. 

pem k'ulub, nphr(x & n). verbene Verbena littoralis, #2249(3,4), 

#2361(3,4,20). Highland "plant". (l)-The parents of a rebellious child 

crush a handful of the plant in cold water, or brew it. The child is 

forced to drink a cupful so that he will vomit his evil. It is "cold". 

(5)-As a remedy for malaria, the plant is brewed. The tea is "hot". 

(20)-To cure diarrhea a handful is brewed. A cup is drunk before 

breakfast. It is "hot", verbene Verbena Carolina, #1448(3), 

#2460(21,22). Highland "plant". (21,22)-As a remedy for madness 

/cuvah/, a small bunch is brewed. A spoonful of the brew is forced 

down the person's nose once a day for three days. It is "hot", 

sakil pem k'ulub, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/). Borreria laevis, 

#2374(20). Highland "plant". As an antidote for jimson weed poisoning, 

the leaf is ground on a stone and mixed with water. The 

water is administered to the poisoned dog. 

pendent> N(Sp, pendejo). 

pendeho, n5. stupid or awful person, jerk, var., penteho /more freq/, 

penteho. 

penteho 

penteho, stupid or awful person, jerk. cf. pendeho. 

penton N(Sp, pendon). 

penton, n5. each of two banners of cantors. 

pepen N. 

pepen, nle. butterfly. 

i?oc spepenal li 9itahe. The cabbage has been ruined by cabbage 

worms. 

pepen h'lak'-pohol, nphr(n type n/tv & ncpd/)5. cabbage butterfly. 

•?ik'al pepen, nphr(aj & n)5. highland and lowland butterfly /two varieties/. 

k'anal pepen, nphr(aj & n)5. see below. 

k'os k'anal pepen, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. highland and lowland 

sulphur, 

muk'ta k'anal pepen, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. highland and lowland 

tiger swallowtail. 

yasal pepen, nphr(aj & n)5. morpho Morpho sp.. The person who 

catches and keeps one of these butterflies reportedly will never go 

hungry, 

pepen iik\ nphr(n type n). 'butterfly vine', Stigmaphyllon humboldtiana, 

#2905(1,4). Lowland "vine", 

pepen cue, flying squirrel, cf. cue. 

pepen &'o, cf. «S'o. 

pepen soe", cf. soc". 

pepen hti?-cih, nphr(n type agn/tv & ncpd/)5. vampire bat Desmodus 

rotundus. 

periko N(Sp, perico). 

periko, n5. parrot. 

pennlnso 

perminso, permission, permit, cf. permiso. 

penniso N(Sp, permiso). 

permiso, nle. permission, permit, var., perminso. 

per© Pt(Sp, pero). 

pero, pt. but. 

perol N(Sp, perol). 

perol, nla. caldron /for distilling cane liquor/. 

peron N(Sp, peron). 

peron, n. pear Pyrus communis, #351(1,2,3,5). Highland "tree". Same 

as kaslan peles. 

peron eu, cf. eu.

perota N(Sp, Perote). 

pcrota maneaaa, cf. maneana. 

perote N(Sp, Perote). 

perote maneana, cf. maneana. 

persa 

persa, strength, necessity, biceps, semen, cf. pwersa. 

pertis N(Sp, perdiz). 

pertis mut, nphr(n type n)5. rufescent tinamou Crypturellus cinnamomeus. 

It is hunted for food. It is "hot". 

pertonal N(Sp, perdonar). 

pertonal, n5. forgiveness, type of curing ceremony. The patient begs 

forgiveness, offering candles, but no flowers. Occasionally an unrepentant 

patient is whipped with tumpline or pine bough before each 

shrine to bring forth tears. 

Ritual speech, prayer; ?oyuk (S'ul-pertonal loyuk c'ul-lesensya. 

May there be holy pardon, may there be divine forgiveness. 

poserente 

peserente, magistrate, president, presidente. cf. preserente. 

peso N(Sp, peso). 

pesu, nla. peso. 

pe«(D T. 

pet, tv. embrace, caress, cany in one's arms /child, puppy, cat/, hold in 

one's lap. 

pet baik, rv. embrace or carry each other. 

pet-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. embracing or carrying each other. 

petan, tv. carry /children, stones/. 

petanan, tv. cf. petan. 

petanpetan, tv. carry one after another /children, stones/. 

petanpetanan, tv. cf. petanpetan. 

petbalal, nld. godchild. 

petbe cu?, vphr(tv & n4d). fondle breast. 

petet ">w>ua, vphr(av & n4d). carrying /child, puppy, cat/. 

petetik, av. carrying in arms /children, puppies, kittens/. 

petlahet, av. cf. petpon (plu). 

petlahetik, av. cf. petpon (plu). 

petleh, n4f. held, carried. 

petomah, iv. hold child during baptism. 

lek sc'i spetomah. He holds child well during baptism so that it grows 

up. 

petomal, nld. baptism, an. poss.; godchild. 

petpon, av. trying in vain to lift heavy object, holding in one's arms or 

lap /child, woman/. 

pettepette, av. walking about carrying in arms /child, puppy, cat/. 

petulan, tv. keep carrying /child/, try in vain to lift /heavy object/. 

petulan baik, rv. keep embracing or carrying each other. 

petulanan, tv. keep carrying /puppies/. 

petulanvan, iv. keep embracing or carrying person. 

pel van, iv. carry person in arms, hold person on lap, embrace, caress, hold 

child during baptism (godparent). 

hpetim, agn. godfather, cf. hpetom /less freq/. 

hpetom, agn. godfather of wedding couple and woman who substitutes 

for godmother, godfather and godmother of baptism, each of male and 

female assistants of tutelary gods who care for companion animal 

spirits. Barren women are thought to be the female assistants of the 

tutelary gods. 

hpetulanvaneh, agn. person who keeps embracing or carrying person. 

hpetvaneh, agn. person who is holding child or adult in arms or on lap. 

pet(2) P(2). 

pet ba, rv. swell (bite). 

petahtik, aj. cf. pete! /plu/. 

petan ba, rv. swell in many places (bites). 

petantik, aj. with widely spaced swellings (bites). 

peteah, iv. swell (bite). 

petel, aj. raised (bites). 

petelik, aj. cf. petel /plu/. 

petet, av. raised (bites). 


peti, iv. rise (bite), 

petleh, n4f. raised /bites/. 

petet N. 

petet, nla. spindle. 

petet te 1 *, nphr(n type n). 'spindle tree', Perymenium nelsonii, # 1545(1,3). 

Temperate and highland " tree". The trunk is used for house mainposts, 

wattle, corn bin posts, and fence posts. #2442(1). Highland "tree". 


k'os petet tei, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Zexmenia frutescens, 


petok N. 

petok, n 1 d. prickly pear Nopalea sp., # 243( 1,2,3,5), #342(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"agave" 

petokaltik, n5. large expanse of prickly pears, 

petoktik, n5. expanse of prickly pears. 

•nk'-kmn petok, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). prickly pear Opuntia sp., 

#1010(1,3,5). Highland "plant" It grows in yards. Ladinos plant the 

slips in the dry season or the rainy season. The fruits are harvested 

in August. They are eaten after the spines are rubbed off with 

weeds. They are "cold" 

eahal petok, nphr(aj & n). prickly pear . Same as lik'-lotan petok. 

lo?balal petok, nphr(aj & n). prickly pear Opuntia sp., #642(1,2). Highland 

"plant". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs. The leaves are 

planted in April. The fruits are harvested in August. They are 

"cold". To make whitewash, the leaves are chopped up finely and 

mixed with the lime so that it will stick, 

totikil petok, nphr(natt & n). prickly pear Opuntia sp., #640(1,2). 

Highland "plant". The fruits are eaten by birds. 

pehP N(Sp, Petrona). 

petu 1 ), nld. Petrona. 

petul N(Sp, Pedro), 

petul, nld. Peter. 

pev prob P or P(2). 

pev-ie, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted mouth (Dr. Evans.) 

pevahtik, aj. warped, crooked /plu/. 

pevel, aj. twisted (mouth), warped, crooked (board), 

pevelik, aj. cf. pevahtik. 

pevet, av. walking with twisted (mouth), 

pevpev, aj. twisted (mouth), warped, crooked (board). 

pevrero N(Sp, febrero). 

pevrero, n5. February, 

pevrerotik, n5. sometime in February. 

P' 

piet, av. whistling, whistling at person, whistling (gourd), tooting (whistle 

EKL 255: 2-2), honking (car V 3: 9), wailing (siren V 3: 11). 

pietik, av. cf. piet (plu). 

pietah, iv. whistle. 

pilah, av. whistling /plu/. 

pilahet, av. cf. pipon (plu). 

pilahetik, av. cf. pipon (plu). 

pipipet, av. tooting (car V 3: 9, whistle for school children). 

pipipi, onom. call to turkeys. 

pipita, tv. call /turkeys/. 

pipon, av. whistling, whistling at person, peeping (baby turkey), singing 

(mockingbird EKL 255: 1-9), calling turkeys (person). 

piu, tv. whistle at. 

piuan, tv. whistle at /plu/. 

piulan, tv. keep beeping (car), peeping (turkey) or calling turkeys (person). 

piuta, tv. whistle at. 

piutaan, tv. whistle at /plu/. 

piutavan, iv. whistle at person, whistle at girl. 

hpiutavaneh, agn. person who whistles at another. 

pial N(Sp, fiar). 

pial, nld. object bought on credit. 

plarol N(Sp, fiador).


hpiarol, agn. creditor. 

Ritual speech, prayer; c'ul-martil, c'ul-piarol. holy martyr, holy creditor, 

i.e., St. Sebastian. 

pie T. 

pie, tv. dig up /rock, plant/, pull /tooth/. 

pie, iv. be uprooted, be pulled (tooth), 

pie, n4e. runt of litter, last child, 

pie lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). dismantle /house so as to move it to new 

location/. 

piean, tv. dig up /rocks, plants/. 

pieanan, tv. cf. piean. 

pi'eanpiean, tv. dig up one after another /rocks, plants/ (person), root up 

one after another /plants/ (pig), 

pi'eanpi'eanan, tv. cf. pieanpiean. 

pieel, nc. digging up /to transplant/, 

pielahet, av. aching (teeth), 

pielahetik, av. digging up /rocks/ (plu). 

pieob, nlf. crowbar, pick, 

pieobil, n 1 f. cf. pieob. 

pieolah, iv. root (pig, armadillo, skunk), 

piepon, av. uprooting /potatoes/ (pig), aching (tooth), digging up 

/rocks/. 

pietepiete, av. walking about digging up /boundary markers/. 

pieulan, tv. keep uprooting, 

pieulanan, tv. keep uprooting /plu/. 

pievan lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). evict person, 

hpievaneh lok'el, agn(nphr/vn5 & dr/). evictor. 

pieak 

pieak, clover, cf. pieak'. 

pieak' N. 

pieak', nle. wild clover Trifolium amabile, #1744(3,15,16), #2032(3,17), 

#2362(3,4). Highland "plant". Same use as muk'tapieak'. (5)-To find 

a four-leafed clover reputedly brings good luck, var., pieak /Hteklum/. 

white clover Trifolium repens, #1746(15,16). Highland "plant" 

Medicagopolymorpha, #2208(19). Highland "plant", 

pieak'iltik, n5. large field of clover, 

pieak'tik, n5. field of clover. 

eahal pieak', nphr(aj & n). see below. 

muk'ta eahal pieak', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Medicago polymorpha, 


k'os pieak', nphr(aj & n). wild clover Trifolium amabile, #2462(4). 


muk'ta pieak', nphr(aj & n). white clover Trifolium repens, #8(1,2,3,4), 

# 1746(3). Highland "plant". Children mash the roots and roll them 

into pellets. Two are dropped into an elderberry stem. The stem is 

pounded on the ground, "exploding" one of the pellets to the 

height of a rooftop. The leaves are eaten by sheep, 

pieak' citom, nphr(n of n). 'pig's clover', wild clover Trifolium amabile, 

#2362(20), #2462(21,22). Highland "plant", 

pieak, nle. same as pieak'. 

pie'd) P(2), T(2). 

pie 1 , tv. wring /laundry/, milk /cow/, blow /nose/, squeeze /orange/, 

squeeze out /pus/, grind /sugarcane/. 

pie", iv. be milked (cow), wring /laundry/. 

pie* ba ocel, vphr(rv & dr). squeeze one's way in. 

pie*-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. crowding, jostling, 

pic'ahtik, aj. soaked /plu/. 

pie'an, tv. wring much /laundry/. 

pie'anan, tv. cf. pie'an. 

pi'e'anpi'e'an, tv. wring out one after another /wet clothes/, 

pie'anpi'e'anan, tv. cf. pie'anpie'an. 

pie*eah, iv. become soaked (clothing, person), 

pie'ean, tv. soak, get wet. 

pie'ean ba, rv. get soaked in vain. 

pie'eaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. vain soaking /of person/. 

pie"eanvan, iv. soak person (rain). 

pie'el, nc. wringing, milking, grinding /sugarcane/, blowing of nose. 

pie"et, av. squishing (fruit underfoot), walking with soaked /clothing/, 

sopping wet (floor). 

pie"i, iv. become soaked. 

pie'ie', av. squirting (pus), squishing (fruit underfoot), 

pie'ie'et, av. squishing (fruit underfoot) /sound/, 

pie'il. aj. overcrowded (church, house, courthouse) /permitting no one 

else to enter/, soaked or sopping wet (clothing, floor), 

pie'ilik, aj. soaked. 

pi'e'ilpi'e'il, n4f. each of many wrung out pieces of laundry, 

pie'k'uh, iv. cf. pie'eah. 

pie'k'un, tv. cf. pie'ean. 

pie"k'un ba, rv. cf. pie'ean ba. 

pieVunvan, iv. cf. pie"eanvan. 

pie'kh, n4f. soaked. 

pi'e"luh, av. squishing or squirting suddenly (fruit underfoot) /sound/, 

pie'omah, iv, wring out /laundry/, milk /cow/, 

pie'pie' ea-mel, nphr(aj & vn)5. watery diarrhea. 

pie"pon, av. spitting frequently (drunk). 

pie"ulan, tv. keep wringing /laundry/, milking /cow/, blowing /nose/, 

squeezing /orange/, squeezing out /pus/, or grinding /sugarcane/. 

pieVan, iv. squeeze one's way between people, 

hpie'eanvaneh, agn. person who soaks another, shower that only serves 

to soak person. 

hpieVunvaneh, agn. cf. hpie'eanvaneh. 

pie-C) O. 

pie", onom. cheep. 

pie" ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). step on /chick/ (mother hen), 

pie'anpie'an, tv. step on one after another /mother hen stepping on chicks 

causing them to cheep/, 

pie'lah, av. cheeping (hungry chicks). 

pie*lahet, av. twittering (birds EKL 252: 1-16), cf. pie"pon (plu). 

pie"lahetik, av. cf. pie'pon (plu). 

pie'luh, av. cheeping suddenly (baby chick), squelching suddenly /in 

intercourse/. 

pie'pon, av. cheeping (hungry or cold chick), tooting (flute), farting, 

pie'tepie'te, av. cheeping about (hungry or cold chick), tooting about 

(flute). 

pie'oe' N. 

pie*oe\ n. Monnina xalapense, #B9275(5,5a), #57(2,3,4,5). Highland 

plant" Women crush the berries on their palms, for three or four 

days, to cure laundry hands /nesel k'obol/. They are "hot". The berries 

are eaten by birds. The leaves are eaten by sheep. #1231(1,3,4,5). 

Temperate and highland "plant". #1907(3,4,16,17). Temperate 

"tree". #1390(3), #807(16), #2079(3,4,17), #2248(3,4). Highland 

"tree", 

pie'oe'tik, n5. expanse of pie'oe'. 

eahal pie'oe', nphr(aj & n). firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, 

#1534(1,3). Temperate and highland "plant". 

muk'ta pie'oe', nphr(aj & n). Fuschia boliviano, #1188(1,3,4,5). Highland 

"plant", 

pie'oe' e'iflel, nphr(n type n). see below. 

k'anal pie'oe' e*i'?lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type a/). Lithospermum calycosum, 


pic(l) X. 

pi&c lok'el, vphr(av & dr). squirting (urine) /man/. 

pi&cet, av. urinating (man). 

picicin, tv. urinate (man). 

picluh, av. bubbling up suddenly (spring). 

picitepuSte lok'el tal, vphr(av & dr & dr). bubbling up here and there 

(spring). 

pic(2) O. 

piclpici, onom. call for puppy or pig. 

picit, onom. call for puppy or pig. 

pifiita, tv. call /puppy, pig/, 

pielahet, av. cf. piepon (plu).

piclahelik, av. cf. picpon (plu). 

picpon, av. calling puppy or pig. 

pictepicte, av. walking about calling puppy or pig. 

pic*(l) P, P(2). 

pi£\ tv. make lump /mud, lime, corn dough, corn and bean tamale/, set 

/broken limb/, massage pregnant woman's stomach (mid-wife; once a 

month from fifth or sixth month on), 

pic", iv. set (bone), 

pic', nc. lump /mud, corn dough/, 

pic' Won, vphr(iv/3s/ & ^4d). be tantalized by, long for. 

yec t spic' yolon ti k'usi Sile c'abal stohol yuûn. In vain he longs 

for what he sees — he hasn't the money for it. 

yec t sak' pic'-Won t slah camuk. For nothing he inspires longing; 

then dies /baby/. 

pic' ba, rv. harden (blood, mud), cluster or swarm (bees), become matted 

(wool). 

pic'ahtik, aj. in lumps, wads or balls. 

pic'an, tv. set down lump of /corn dough, mud/, set down wad or ball 

of /clothes, paper/, 

pic'anan, tv. set down lumps of /corn dough, mud/, set down wads or 

balls of /clothes, paper/, 

pic'anpic'an, tv. make one lump after another /corn dough, lime/, set 

down one wad after another /laundry/, 

pic'anpic'anan, tv. cf. pic'anpic'an. 

pic'antik, aj. widely spaced (tents of tent caterpillars). 

pic'el, nc. making into lump /dough, lime/, setting /bone/, massage. 

pic'et, av. enervated, exhausted (person), lying abandoned in lump (corn 

dough), ball or wad (clothing), wrapped around (suitcase with rope). 

pic'et "?o9on, vphr(av & n4d). longing for. 

pic'i, iv. sit in lump (corn dough, mud), lie in wad or ball (clothes, paper), 

in thick clusters (fruit, flowers, tents of tent caterpillars), 

pic'ic', av. becoming exhausted. 

pic'ic' sa tal li balamile. I (etc.) am becoming exhausted. 

pic'ic'et, av. feeling exhausted or enervated. 

pic'ikil, n4f. many lumps of dough, 

pic'il, nle. exhaustion. 

Ritual speech, curing prayer; ti hun pic'ile ti hun lubulc. the exhaustion, 

the infirmity. 

pic'il, aj. in thick clusters (fruit, flowers), in lump (mud, corn dough), 

bag-shaped (tent of tent caterpillars), in wad (clothes), in ball (wool), 

crumpled in ball (paper, paper money). 

pic'il li balamile. I (etc.) am exhausted. 

pic'ilik, aj. hanging in lumps (mud or sheep's wool), in wads, crumpled 

in balls, exhausted. 

pic'ilpic'il, n4f. each of many lumps of dough or wads of wool, 

piciahet, av. making mud pies (plu). 

pic'lahetik, av. cf. pic'lahet. 

pic'leh, nlf. in lump or wad, matted, 

piciehikil, n4f. sitting /many caterpillars/. 

piSiuh, av. falling suddenly (crumpled money, clothes, lump of dough), 

pic'ob, nlf. tobacco leaves and thorn apple leaves used to bandage 

broken bones. 

pic'ob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)5. cf. pic'ob. 

pic'obil, nlf. cf. pic'ob. 

pic'omah, iv. twist wool thread in one's fingers /archaic/. 

pic'pii', nc. single lump or wad /I only/. 

pic'pic', aj. wadded. 

pic'pon, av. setting (broken limb), making mud pies. 

puS'tepic'te balamil, vphr(av & n5). feeling fatigue in every limb or ravished 

by thirst, 

pic'ulan, tv. keep making lumps /mud, lime, corn dough, corn and bean 

tamale/, keep setting /broken limb/, keep massaging pregnant woman's 

stomach (midwife; once a month from fifth or sixth month on), keep 

testing /unripe fruit with fingers/. 

pic'ulanan, tv. cf. pic'ulan /plu/. 

pic'van, iv. weaken or exhaust person (sickness, hangover, work), massage 

person. 


hpic'vaneh, agn. masseuse /midwife/. 

pic'(2) X. 

pi£' mut, nphr(x type n)5. white-lored gnatcatcher Polioptila albiloris. 

pi£'(3) N. 

pic', n. pepper weed Lepidium virginicum var. pubescens, # 28( 1,3). Highland 

"plant". It grows in yards. Some Zinacantecs boil the leaves and 

eat them as greens, but they cause stomachaches if eaten in quantities. 

They are cold". 

k'os pic, nphr(aj & n). pepper weed Lepidium virginicum var. 

pubescens, #896(1,2,3,5), Highland "plant". It grows in yards. 

pic' ?itah, nphr(n type n). 'pic' greens', same as pic'. 

pic' e'rtlel, nphr(n type n). same aspic'. 

pic' tuluk', nphr(n of n). turkey's pic", same aspic'. 

muk'ta pic' tuluk', nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Conyza parva, 

#1290(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant". 

pik T. 

pik, tv. touch, use, spend /money/. 

pik, nc. touching, using /objects/. 

pik •wun, vphr(iv & n4d). govern /mule/. 

pik ba, rv. finance. 

pik-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. caressing /illicit/. 

pik-bail ta tak'in, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & n5). costly enterprise. 

pik c'ic', vphr(tv & n5). pulse. If a shaman on his own initiative offers 

to pulse a person, it is thought that his intention is to steal the person's 

soul. 

pik na, vphr(tv & n5). break into house in owner's absence. 

pikan, tv. use many, spend much. 

pikanan, tv. cf. pikan. 

pikanpikan, tv. touch or use one thing after another. 

pikanpikanan, tv. cf. pikanpikan. 

pikbalal tak'in, vphr(aj & n)5. spending money. 

pikbe, tv. use another person's belongings. 

ispikbe smertal. He committed adultery (or) He fondled his wife. 

pikebal, n5. moment before touching, using or spending. 

pikel, nc. pulsing. 

piket, av. being spent rapidly (money). 

piketik, av. constantly using /mule without letting it rest/. 

piklahetik, av. cf. pikpon (plu). 

pikobil cak, nphr(n4f of n4d). Scolding speech; lit., instrument for touching 

one's ass, i.e., hand. 

pikpik, nc. single use /I only/. 

pikpon, av. touching repeatedly, picking up repeatedly /without buying/, 

fondling woman repeatedly, 

spikpon ta stak'in. He keeps spending his money. 

piktepikte, av. spending money time and again. 

pikulan, tv. keep fondling /another person's wife/, keep using or touching. 

pikulanan, tv. keep using /plu/. 

pikulanobil cak, nphr(n4f of n4d). Scolding speech; lit., instrument for 

repeatedly touching one's ass, i.e., hand. 

pikvan, iv. fondle person, pulse person. 

hpik-c'i£', agn(tv & ncpd). pulser. 

hpikvaneh, agn. person who fondles another, pulser. 

piko N(Sp, pico). 

piko, nla. pickaxe. 

piko ?asaluna, nphr(n type n)5. hoe with pick at one end /used formerly/. 

pikot N(Sp, pickup from E, pickup). 

pikot, nla. pickup truck. 

pik'(l) prob P or P(2). 

pik', nld. Male joking speech; vagina. 

pik'ahtik, aj. cf. pik'il /plu/. 

pik'et ê, vphr(av & n4d). toothless. 

pik'il, aj. toothless. 

pik'in, nld. Male joking speech; vagina. 

pik'in to, nphr(n type n). copey clusia Clusia rosea, # 1247(7). Lowland 

and temperate "tree".


pik'is, aj. with food spilled on front of clothes, grease-stained. 

pik'is vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. loquacious or mendacious man. 

pik'istik, aj. with food spilled completely over front of clothes, greasestained. 

pik'pik', aj. toothless. 

pik'tepii'te ?e, vphr(av & n4d). walking about toothless. 

pik'(2) A or N. 

pik" Ian, cf. san. 

pik'ok' N. 

pik'ok', nla. morning glory lpomoea tyrianthina, #928(1,3), #2317(3,4). 

Highland "vine". Men pull up the vines for lashing roof poles. Ten to 

fifteen rolls are needed. The vine is used for dog leashes. Children 

lasso each other with morning glory vines, morning glory lpomoea 

purpurea var. purpurea, #2493(21,22). Highland vine", morning glory 

lpomoea sp., #1728(15,16), #1703(3,15,16), #2050(3,17,18), 

#2194(1,3,4,19). Highland "vine". (15,16,17)-It is used to lash 

roof poles and fences. (19)-It is used to lash corrals. 

#1905(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate vine". 

pik'ok'tik, n5. expanse of morning glories. 

eoriron pik'ok', nphr(aj & n). 'downy pik'ok", morning glory lpomoea 

tyrianthina, #2317(19). Highland "vine". It is used to lash 

corrals. 

k'os pik'ok', nphr(aj & n). morning glory lpomoea sp., #1728(3). 

Highland "vine", morning glory lpomoea purpurea var. diversifolia, 

#2321(3,4). Highland vine*, morning glory lpomoea purpurea var. 

purpurea, #2493(4). Highland "vine". 

sakil pik'ok', nphr(aj & n). Operculinapinnatifida, #877(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"vine". 

pik'ok' ?ak', nphr(n type n). morning glory lpomoea sp., #2157(14). Temperate 

vine". It is used for lashing roof poles and sheep corrals, 

k'anak pik'ok' 9ak\ nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Operculina pteripes, 


k'os pik'ok' 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). morning glory lpomoea 

seducta, #2292(19). Temperate "vine". 

pU(l) N(Sp, Felipa). 

pil, nld. Philippa, Liana. 

pil(2) N(Sp, Felipe), 

pil, nld. Philip. 

pil(3) prob P or P(2). 

pilahtik, aj. cf. pililik. 

pilet sat, vphr(av & n4d). staring vacantly (baby). 

piletik sat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. pilet sat. 

pililik, aj. with oval eyes /mark of beauty/. 

pilpoc, av. opening eyes wide (baby). 

pila N(Sp, pila). 

pila, n5. baptismal font. 

9ik'al pila, nphr(aj & n). horn of plenty Craterellus cornucopoides, 

#190(3). Highland mushroom". 

pilis N. 

pilis', nle. golden eye Viguiera dentata, #2793(3,4,5,12), #2883(1,4). 

Lowland and temperate "plant". The stems are sold by the people of 

Laguna Grande to the fireworks makers, for rocket stems, var., p'ilis 

/Hok' C'enom, Muk'ta Hok'/. 

pilistik, n5. expanse of pilis. 

k'os pilis, nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Simsia sanguinea, #2959(1). 

Highland plant". Melampodium divaricatum, #834(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"plant" 

sakil pilis, nphr(aj & n). golden eye Viguiera dentata, #261(1,2,3,5). 

Lowland "tree". Aldama dentata, #201(1,2,3,4,5). Lowland "tree". 

The stems are sold in bundles by the people of Totolapa to the 

fireworks makers in San Cristobal. A handful of stems may be tied 

together in the middle and used as a torch. 

pilis e*i9lel, nphr(n type n). golden eye Viguiera dentata, #2883(14). 

Lowland "plant". 

pilis te?, nphr(n type n). golden eye Viguiera dentata, # 2793( 11). Temperate 

and lowland "plant". 

p'ilis, cf. pilis. 

pim A. 

pirn, aj. thick (sole, tortilla, weeds, hair, fog, gourd, pottery, bottle, rind, 

bark), crowded, stubborn, covered with (flowers, fruit, rocks), heavy 

(undergrowth, frost, forest, cloth), 

pim t salik ti 9oy smule. Everyone says he is guilty. 

pimah, iv. sprout thickly (weeds, underbrush, feathers). 

pimih, iv. sprout thickly. 

pimihes, tv. make thick /fence/, resole /sandal/. 

pimihesan, tv. make impassible in many places /fence/. 

pimihesob, nlf. branches used to make fence impassible. 

pimihesobil, nlf. cf. pimihesob. 

pimil, n4b. great quantity /of fruit on tree, people/, thickness, stubborness. 

pimil, aj. thick, disobedient, stubborn, heavy (undergrowth), robust 

(man). 

pimil 9anal, nphr(aj & n)la. 'thick leaf, stone crop Sedum praealtum, 

#575(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in 

their yards. The seedlings are transplanted in the rainy season. Each 

steward provides half a large basket of sedum on the First Posada, to 

adorn the litters of Joseph and Mary, and to decorate the churches of 

St. Lawrence and St. Sebastian. A small basket is gathered to decorate 

each steward's altar. For the Seventh Posada half a large basket 

is provided by each steward to decorate the creche. The plants are 

tied in vertical strips on the roof, alternating with geraniums, and 

mountain palm or holly fern. The plants are bought from those few 

Zinacantecs who grow them. To cure fever sores, a handful is chewed 

before breakfast for (4)-one to two days, or (3)-nine days. It is "cold". 

pimil ?analtik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of stone crop. 

k'os" pimil 9anal, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). stone crop Sedum guatemalensis, 

#1865(16). Highland "planf 

pimil pat cikin-ib, cf. cikin-ib. 

pimil pat lima, cf. lima. 

pimil pat naranha, cf. naranha. 

pimil sat, cf. 9isim. 

pimil pat toh, cf. (oh. 

pimilaltik, n5. large expanse of heavy growth. 

pimpimtik, aj. rather thick (weeds, crowd), rather stubborn. 

pimub, iv. become stupid (child who has been struck on the head). 

pimubtas, tv. make thick or impenetrable /fence/. 

pimubtasan, tv. make impassible in many places /fence/. 

pimubtasob, nlf. branches used to make fence impassible, resole. 

pimubtasobil, nlf. cf. pimubtasob. 

pimubtasvan, iv. make person stupid /parent by constantly beating 

child/. 

pimenta N(Sp, pimienta). 

pimenta, nla. pepper. vdit.,pimilta /Caynatik/, piminta /Htek-lum, Sek'emtik/. 

pimenta e*i9lel, nphr(n type n). 'pepper plant', peperomia Peperomia campytotropa, 

#1438(7), #1756(4,5). Highland "plant". Ocimum micranthum, 


pimenta te 1 ?, nphr(n type n). 'pepper tree', Parathesis leptopa, #530(2,5). 

Temperate "tree". Parathesis chiapensis, #1964(1,3,4). Temperate 

"tree". The trunk is used for house mainposts and fence posts. 

pimentail 9ul, nphr(natt & n)la. large pepper berry, an. or inan. poss.; 

corn gruel flavored with pimentail 9«/. It is "hot."It is used to flavor 

sakil lul. 

kaslan pimenta, nphr(aj&n) la. small pepper berry. It is "hot."It is used 

to flavor chicken and pamal lul. cf. pimenta. 

pimero 

pimero, first, at first, cf. primero. 

pimilta 

pimilta, pepper. 

piminta 

piminta, pepper, cf. pimenta 

pinka N(Sp, finca).

pinka, nla. lowland coffee ranch. 

hpinkahel, agn. person who goes to coffee ranch as a laborer. 

pin,. A(Sp, fino). 

pino, aj. fine, good. 

pino bukaro, cf. bukaro. 

pino dalya, cf. dalya. 

pino klavel, cf. klavel. 

pino markarita, cf. markarita. 

pintero N(Sp, pintado). 

pintero, nla. black and white palm strip on hat. 

pinto N(Sp, pinto). 

pinto, nla. spotted /dog, cow, horse or corn/. 

?oy spintoal. He is spotted /by pinta/. 

pinto, aj. spotted (dog, cow, horse, corncob with black, white and yellow 

kernels), 

pinto to, nphr(aj & n). 'spotted tree', bittersweet bush Wimmeria pubescens, 

#1706(1,4), #1986(1,3,4,16), #2673(1,3), #2887(1,4). Lowland 

"tree" The trunk is used for hoe and billhook handles, for digging 

sticks, flails, fence posts, and firewood. 

pintotik, aj. with small spots. 

pintol N(Sp, pintor). 

hpintol, agn. religious functionary /each of three people who paint straw 

bull of Christmas season/. 

pinyon N(Sp, pifion). 

pinyon, n. barbados nut Jatropha curcas, #764(1,2). Temperate 'tree". 

It is planted in fencerows around the corn fields. Birds eat the nuts. 

pip O. 

pip, onom. beep /car/. 

pipet, av. beeping (car), 

pipip, av. beeping and moving rapidly (car), 

pipipet, av. beeping and moving rapidly (car), 

piplah, av. cf. pipip (plu). 

piptepipte, av. beeping one after another. 

pipi? N. 

pipi?, n5. Baby talk; bug, insect. 

pipis 

pipis, hat. cf. pis. 

pirik' A(Sp, biricii?). 

pirik', nld. grey basket-weave shawl /archaic/. 

piruk', aj. speckled (bean) /Hok' C'enom/. 

piruk'tik, aj. speckled (bean) /Hok' C'enom/. 

piritu N(Sp, espi'ritu). 

piritu, nla. patent medicine /bought in San Cristobal, rubbed on child's 

veins to protect it from earth lord/. 

pirnk' 

piruk', speckled, cf. pirik'. 

pis P, P(2). 

pis, tv. wind up /cotton, wool thread, string/, coil /woven palm strip/. 

pis, iv. be wound up (string, thread), be coiled (palm strip). 

pis, n4d. round rump of baby chick, 

pis, nc. ball /thread, string/. 

pis ba, rv. become large and round (buttocks of girl), 

pis-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. round-topped. 

pisahtik, aj. cf. pail /plu/. 

pisan, tv. set down in ball /wool, thread, cotton, string/, 

pisanan, tv. wind up a lot of /yarn/, 

pisanpisan, tv. wind into one ball after another. 

pisanpisanan, tv. cf. pisanpisan. 

pisantik, aj. in widely spaced balls (thread), 

pisbenal, nlf. ball /thread, string/. 

pisebal, n5. moment before finishing winding thread into ball, 

pisel, nc. winding into ball /thread/, 

piset, av. winding into ball (cotton, wool, string, thread), 

piseah, iv. become bald, 

pisi, iv. be in ball (cotton, wool, string, thread), 

pisil, aj. in ball (cotton, wool, string, thread), shaven (head). 


pisil vah, nphr(aj & n)la. corn tamale. cf. pan". 

pisilik, aj. round and firm (breasts of adolescent girl). 

pisilpi'sil, n4f. each of many balls /thread/. 

pisis, av. running hatless (boy). 

pisis boc, nphr(aj & n)la. ceremonial coffee gourd. 

pisiset ta anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running very fast (boy). 

pislah tal hoi, vphr(av & dr & n4d). approaching hatless (boys). 

pislahet, av. cf. piset (plu). 

pislahetik, av. cf. piset (plu). 

pisleh, n4f. ball /thread, string/. 

pi'sluh, av. dashing suddenly (rabbit, small dog, sheep). 

pisob, nlf. swift or winding frame /for winding off skein/. 

pisobil, nlf. cf. pisob. 

pisolah, iv. wind thread into ball. 

pisomah, iv. wind thread into ball. 

pispis, nc. single ball /thread/ /I only/. 

pispis, aj. in ball (cotton, wool, thread, string), shaven (head). 

pispon, av. walking hatless (boy), winding slowly into ball. 

pi'stepi'ste, av. running about hatless (boy). 

pisulan, tv. keep winding up /cotton, etc./ or coiling /palm strip/. 

hpisolahel, agn. person who winds thread into ball. 

hpisom, agn. person who winds thread into ball. 

hpisomahel, agn. person who winds thread into ball. 

pistola N(Sp, pistola). 

pistola, nld. pistol. 

pis P(2), T(2). 

pis, tv. shroud, wrap /tamale/, cover /head, newborn baby, patient so 

that he cannot be seen/, cover /face/ (girl), 

pis, iv. be covered (face). 

pis, nc. In reference to: bean, corn, or pork tamales. 

pis ba, rv. cover self /with blanket/, 

pis-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. covering each other /in bed/, 

pisahtik, aj. cf. pisil /plu/. 

pis'alal, nle. hat, head /nail/, glans. 

pisan, tv. wrap /tamales/. 

pisanan, tv. cf. pisan. 

pisanpisan, tv. wrap one after another /tamales/, cover one after another 

/burdens with canvas, bags of corn with blankets, etc., to hide them 

from view of person coming to borrow corn/, 

pisanpisanan, tv. cf. pisanpisan. 

pisebal, n5. moment before finishing wrapping tamales. 

pisi, iv. be covered (tortillas to preserve warmth), 

pisikil, n4f. many tamales /pisil vah, pae", pitavul/. 

pisil, aj. wrapped, covered, 

pisilik, aj. cf. pisil /plu/. 

pisilpisil, n4f. each of many tamales. 

pislahet, av. cf. pispon (plu). 

pislahetik, av. cf. pispon (plu). 

pisleh, nlf. wrapped, covered, 

pisob, nlf. covering /tamale, baby, patient, corpse/, 

pisobil, nlf. cf. pisob. 

pistol, n4b. hat. 

pisol kelem, nphr(n of n). 'boy's hat' or 'rooster's hat', red hypomyces 

Hypomyces lactifluorum parasitic on Russula sp., # 117(3,4,5). Highland 

"mushroom". 

pisol tak'in, nphr(n type n)ld. loudspeaker /archaic/, 

pisolah, iv. wrap /tamales/. 

pisolin, tv. take possession of hat, use as a hat. 

pisolito, n. see below. 

eoein pisolito, nphr(aj & n). 'downy pisolito', see below, 

sakil eoein pisolito, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Lactariussp., # 178(4,5). 


k'anal piSolito, nphr(aj & n). Hygrophorus sp., # 129(3,4,5). Highland 

"mushroom". 

sakil pis'olito, nphr(aj & n). Lactarius sp., #24(1,3), # 145(3,4,5). Highland 

"mushroom".


pisomah, iv. wrap /tamales/. 

pispis, nc. single tamale /I only/. 

pispon, av. wrapping slowly /tamales/. 

pistepiste, av. walking about wrapped in blanket (child). 

pisulan, tv. keep wrapping /tamales/. 

pisu'anan, tv. keep wrapping many /tamales/. 

pisvan, iv. wrap or cover person, shroud person. 

•?ik'al pisalal, nphr(aj & n)la. black felt hat /worn by ensign-bearers, 

elders, cantors, judge ordinary, carried by bridegroom/. 

hpisolabel, agn. person who wraps tamales. 

hpisom, agn. person who wraps tamales. 

hpisomahel, agn. person who wraps tamales. 

hpisvaneh, agn. person who finances funeral. 

Ritual speech, parent referring to youngest child who remains in 

home; htoyvaneh hk'ecvaneh hmukvaneh hpisvaneh. lifter, carrier, 

burier, shrouder. 

pipis, n5. Baby talk; hat. 

piskal N(Sp, fiscal). 

piskal, agn. each of four sacristans. 

k'osil piskal, agn(nphr/n4f of n5/). fourth sacristan. 

pit(l) P or P(2). 

pit-hol, n(aj & ncpd)S. shaven-headed. 

pit-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. wide-eyed /with fear/. 

pit-sat ûl, cf. ml. 

pitahtik, aj. wide-eyed /staring/. 

pitavul, nla. corn and fresh bean tamale. 

pitel, aj. bare (rumped), wide (eyed) /staring/, shaven (head). 

pitet, av. walking with bare (rump), with wide (eyes) /staring/ or with 

shaven (head). 

pitet ta ?anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running hatless (child). 

pitetah hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). walk hatless. 

pitetik ta ?anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. pitet ta lanil (plu). 

piti, iv. be shaven-headed. 

pitil, aj. bare (rump), wide (eyed) /staring/, shaven (head), sticking up 

(small rock). 

pitilik, aj. wide-eyed /staring/. 

pitit, av. running hatless. 

pitk'uh, iv. slip /in mud/. 

pitk'uh 9u?un, vphr(iv & n4d). slip out of one's grasp. 

pitk'uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). fall, slip down (burden). 

pitk'un, tv. make fall or slide down, abort. 

pitk'unan, tv. abort /children/. 

pitk'unvan yalel, vphr(iv & dr). push person down. 

pitk'unvan ta cukel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). free prisoner secretly. 

pitlah, av. walking hatless /plu/, running (children). 

pitlahet, av. feeling lumpy (corn gruel), cf. pitpon (plu). 

pitleh, nlf. wide-(eyed) /staring/, bare-(headed, rumped), shaven-(headed), 

hatless. 

pi'tluh, av. starting up and fleeing suddenly (person, rabbit, dog), slipping 

suddenly (foot). 

spi'tluh ibat. It slipped down easily (pill). 

Male joking speech; spi'tluh i?oc. It slipped in suddenly (penis). 

pitpit, aj. bare (rump), wide-(eyed) /staring/, shaven (head), sticking up 

(small rock). 

pitpon, av. walking wide-(eyed) /staring/, walking hatless or shavenheaded, 

dangling (dog, pig, or horse testes), swaying (woman's rump). 

pi'ttepitte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about wide-eyed. 

pi'ttepi'tte ta ranil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running about (hatless person, 

rabbit, small dog). 

hpitk'unvaneh ta cukel, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). person who secretly 

frees prisoner. 

pit(2) N. 

pit, nle. ear pod tree Enterolobium cyclocarpum, #275(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"tree". The trunk is used for dugouts, fence posts, corral posts, and 

firewood. The fluff that surrounds the seeds is used for soap. The 

seeds are roasted and eaten. They are "medium". For medicinal use, 

cf. e'oban. 

plaso N(Sp, plazo). 

plaso, nle. period of time before deadline, 

plata N(Sp, plata). 

plata, nld. silver /money/. 

platin 

platin, latin, cf. latin, 

plato N(Sp, plato). 

plato, nla. plate. 

sk'an splatoal li k'esolile. A plate is needed for the sacrificial chicken, 

pulatu, nla. bowl, var., pulitu, pulutu /less freq/. 

pletu N(Sp, pleito). 

pletu, n5. quarrel, dispute, war. cf. 111(3); lil. 

ploho A(Sp, flojo). 

ploho, aj. lazy, unable to cany load, unwilling to have sexual relations, 

plohoib, iv. become lazy or weak, become unwilling to have sexual relations. 

plohoibtasvan, iv. weaken person (sickness, liquor), 

plohotik, aj. rather lazy, etc. 

hplohoibtasvaneh, agn. witch who weakens person. 

po9on N. 

poion, nla. hog plum . 

po-tonaltik, n5. large grove of hog plums, 

powntik, n5. grove of hog plums. 

•)at citom poton, nphr: nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5) type n. 'pig's penispoion', 

hog plum Spondias mombin, #337(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". Same as 

teitikal poion. 

bae*i poion, nphr(aj & n). hog plum Spondiaspurpurea, #336(1,2,3,5), 

#805(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". It is grown by ladinos and a few 

Zinacantecs. The stem is stuck in the ground. The fruit is harvested 

in April and sold at market. It is eaten raw or used to flavor cane 

liquor. It is "cold". 

e'unbalal poôn, nphr(aj & n). 'cultivated poion', same as baeî poion. 

k'anal po9on, nphr(aj & n). hog plum Spondias purpurea, #848(1,2,3,5). 

Lowland "tree". The fruit is eaten by birds and people. It is "cold". 

te^tikal po?on, nphr(natt & n). 'wildpoion', hog plum Spondias mombin, 

#337(1,2,3,5), #806(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" The fruit is eaten by 

birds and people. It is eaten raw or used to flavor cane liquor. It is 

cold", 

yasal po9on, nphr(aj & n). hog plum Spondias purpurea, 

#849(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" The fruit is eaten by birds. 

pcJon c'is\ nphr(n type n). 'poion thorn', tallow wood Ximenia americana, 

#436(1,2,3). Temperate "tree". 

po?on tei, nphr(n type n). Trichilia sp., #3010(11). Lowland "tree". It is 


poiot N. 

po'Jot, n5. almost, about to. 

poot stal li k'ine (or) po">ot sa li k'ine. The fiesta is almost here, 

poot svaileh. He (or) she is almost mature /physically/, i.e., teenager 

/16-17 years/. 

poiotah, iv. be on the verge of completion (work), 

powttas, tv. be on the verge of completing /work/. 

poe P, P(2). 

poe, tv. fold /food in tortilla/, hold with pot holder /corn husk/, 

poe, iv. be folded (food in tortilla), 

poe, aj. double (bloom), 

poe, nc. food folded in tortilla /I-3/. 

poe ba, rv. cover self /with blanket/, open (flower), 

poe-nic hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'thick flower grass', windmill 

grass Chloris virgata, #1575(1,3,11,12). Lowland and temperate 

"plant". #1838(1,4). Temperate "plant", 

poeahtik, aj. folded in tortilla (food), double (blooms of aztec marigold 

or geranium), wrapped /in robes/. 

poealal niftm, nphr(natt & n)5. geranium /archaic/, 

pocan, tv. wrap, 

poean, tv. fold much /food in tortillas/.

poean, n. see below. 

k'anal poean, nphr(aj & n). aztec marigold Tagetes erecta, 

#2411(20). Highland "plant". The flowers are put in altar vases on 

All Souls' Day. Verbesina crocata, #2700(20). Lowland plant". 

The flowers are put in flower vases, 

poean to, nphr(n type n). see below. 

k'anal poean te 1 ?, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). yellow crown beard 

Verbesina perymenioides, #2414(20). Highland "tree". It is eaten by 

sheep, horses, and cattle, 

poean baik, rv. dress up. 

poeanan, tv. fold much /food in tortillas/. 

poeanpoean, tv. fold in one tortilla after another, 

poeanpoean bait, rv. dress up one after another, 

poeanpoeanan, tv. cf. poeanpoean. 

poeanpoeanan baik, rv. cf. poeanpoean baik. 

poeeah, iv. open (flower). 

poeemil, n3d. food folded in tortilla. 

poeet, av. lying folded (tortilla), 

poeet sik, vphr(av & n5). feeling chilled, 

poeetah, iv. walk wrapped in robe. 

poei, iv. be wrapped /wounded leg in piece of old straw mat/. 

poeik nicim, nphr(aj & n). 'double flower', Verbesina crocata, #2802(7). 

Lowland "plant*. The flowers are put in altar vases, 

poelahet, av. folding repeatedly in tortilla (plu), foaming (soap in river), 

poeleh, nlf. wrapped (food in tortilla, neck or leg in bandage), 

poelih, av. feeling sudden chill /from fear/. 

poeob, n 1 f. tortilla in which to wrap food, anthurium leaf to wrap candle, 

poeob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. leaf for wrapping broken bone. 

poeobil, nlf. cf. poeob. 

poeoe tal sik, vphr(av & dr & n5). becoming cold, 

poeoeet, av. feeling slightly chilled, having goose pimples, 

poeokil, n4f. many large or double /marigolds/. 

poeol, aj. enveloped (patient) /bed surrounded with "flowers"/, double 

(bloom of aztec marigolds, geranium), well-dressed /at fiesta/. 

poeolik, aj. enveloped /plu/, sprouting (corn) /second developmental 

stage when sprouts are two inches high/ /plu/. 

poeolpoeol, n4f. each of many folded tortillas. 

poepoe, aj. double (bloom of aztec marigold or geranium). 

poepoe-vokan, iv(aj & ivcpd). have spittle form around mouth (drunk). 

poepon, av. folding repeatedly in tortilla, foaming (spittle of drunk), 

poetepoete, av. feeling chilly here and there, 

poevan, iv. cover person /with blanket/. 

poevan ta nicim, vphr(iv & prep & n5). place patient in bed of "flowers", 

hpoevaneh ta nicim, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). shaman who places 

patient in bed of "flowers". 

poe" P. 

poe"-9e, n(aj & ncpd)5. with sunken cheeks. 

poe"-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with sunken eye. 

poe" ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & n5). bash /with fist/, 

potr'ahtik, aj. with depressions (ground, floor), sunken (eyes with anger), 

dented (eggs, cans). 

poe*an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). bash /plu/ /with fist/, 

poc'anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. poe"an la mahel. 

poe'anpoe'an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). bash one after another 

/with fist/. 

p6e"anp6e*anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. pde'anpbe'an ta 

mahel. 

poe'antik, aj. with widely spaced depressions (floor). 

poe'be , vphr(tv & n5). strike with /rock, stick/. 

poe'eah, iv. become sunken (eye), sink (mud underfoot). 

poe"ean komel, vphr(tv & dr). impress footprint on /fresh adobe/. 

poe'el, aj. sunken (eye). 

poe*et sat, vphr(av & n4d). with sunken eye. 

poe*i, iv. be sunken (eye). 

poe'ilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep bashing /with fist/. 

poe'ilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep bashing many /people 


279 

with fist/. 

poe'k'ih, iv. cave in (earth), become depressed (roof, wall), be dented 

(egg, metal, fruit). 

poe"k'in, tv. cave in /earth/, cause depression in /roof, wall/, dent, 

poe'k'inan, tv. cave in in many places /earth, roof/. 

poe*lah sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking with sunken eye. 

poe"lahet mahel, vphr(av & vn5). bashing each other /sound/. 

poeMahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. poe'el sat (plu). 

poeleh. n4f. dent /egg, can/, caved in area /land/. 

poe"leh, nlf. sunken /eye/. 

p6e*lih, av. caving in suddenly, being slugged suddenly, 

poe'oe', av. sinking (foot in mud). 

poe'oe'anbe , vphr(tv & n5). strike repeatedly with /rock, 

stick/. 

poe'oe'anbe mahel, vphr(tv & n5). bash repeatedly /with fist/. 

poe'oe'et, av. sinking slowly (mole hill underfoot). 

poe"ol, aj. sunken (eye), dented (egg, can), caved in (land), sunken (grave). 

poe*olik, aj. sunken (eyes), impressed (footprint), 

poe'poe', aj. sunken (eye), dented (egg), caved in (land), dug out (pine 

trunk). 

poe'pon, av. slugging /sound/, sinking slowly, 

poe'tepoe'te sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with sunken eye. 

poe'van ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). bash person /with fist/, 

hpoe'vaneh ta mahel, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/)5. person who bashes 

another /with fist/. 

poe P, P(2). 

poe, nc. chip /bark, pine, incense/, leaf /corn husk/, 

poc-cikin, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-eared (dog, cow), 

poe lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). split off /pine chips from standing tree/. 

poe lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). flake off (scab, bark, fingernail, toenail), shuck 

/corn/. 

poe ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). bat at /moth/, 

pocahtik, aj. cf. pocol /plu/. 

pocahtik "»anal e'iolel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'broad-leaved plant', 

bitter dock Rumex obtusifolius ssp. obtusifolius, #33(1,2,3,4), #34(1,3 

,4), #34(1,3,4), #2472(4). Highland plant". It grows in yards. The 

leaves are gathered occasionally and sold to butchers in San Cristobal 

to wrap meat, plantain Plantago hirtella, #2029(17). Highland 

"plant". Myriocarpa iongipes, #533(2,5). Temperate "plant", 

pofan, tv. set down /flat object; hat, sandals, flattened can, basket on 

side/. 

poean, aj. idle, useless, stupid (man only). 

poean hmak-k'ak'al. lit., idle obscurer of the sun, i.e., person equated 

with buzzard sunning self with outstretched wings, 

pocan ba, rv. hold out wings (buzzard sunning self, sick chicken), 

poean lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). split off many /pine chips/, shuck much 

/corn/. 

poeanan, tv. set down /hats, sandals, shoulder bags/. 

pocanan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. pocan lok'el. 

pocanil, n4d. stupidity, clumsiness, 

pocanpocan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). shuck one after another, remove bark 

from one after another. 

poianpocan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). bat at one after another. 

poeanpoeanan, tv. set down one after another /hats, sandals/. 

pocanpocanan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. poeanpoean lok'el. 

pocantik, aj. lazy, stupid, 

pocet, av. lying (flat object; hat, sandals, etc.), idling (lazy person, man 

too old to work). 

pocetah, av. lie (hat, sandals, etc.), live idly, 

podetik, av. cf. pocet (plu). 

poii, iv. lying (hat, flattened can, basket on side), 

pocih, onom. flap, slap, thump, thud /sound of flapping wings, of tumpline 

used as whip, of falling can or gourd/, 

pocilan, tv. twitch /ears/ (mule or dog that feels gnats), flake off, keep 

swatting /hat/, 

pocilan, iv. twitch (horse's, dog's or pig's ears).


pocilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep batting at /with hat/. 

pocilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep batting to the ground 

many times /hat/ (drunk). 

poclah, av. stumbling (old horse, drunk), rattling (wheel barrow) /sing/. 

poclahet, av. lying (flat objects; hats, etc.), flapping (wings, banners) 

/sound/, thumping or bumping /sound/. 

poclahetik, av. idling (lazy people), bumping or thumping (plu). 

poclan, aj. Female scolding speech; lazy, clumsy. 

Mother scolding child who falls; poclan kar lit., Clumsy mule! i.e., 

Clumsy ox! 

pocleh, nlf. lying /flat object; hat, etc./, idleness /person/. 

poclih, av. flapping up suddenly (bird). 

pocob, nlf. axe used to split chips off pine. 

pocobil, nlf. cf. pocob. 

pococ, av. flapping slowly. 

pococet, av. flapping spasmodically (wings of dying chicken) /sound/. 

pocokil, n4f. many chips /incense, pine/. 

pocol, aj. lying (flat object; corn husk, sandal, flattened carcass or tin can, 

hat, basket on side, wide leaf), empty (house, car, basket, corn storage 

pot), wide (leaf), blushing (face). 

pocolik, aj. big (ears of brahman or dog, leaves of arrow root or 

healthy corn plant). 

pocolpocol, n4f. each of many chips. 

pocpoc, nc. single chip /bark, incense/ /I only/. 

pocpocpoc, onom. flap, flap /sound of rooster flapping wings when 

crowing/. 

pocpon, av. flapping (wings, banner) /sound/, twitching (horse's, dog's 

or pig's ears) /sound/, clopping (ceremonial sandals), thumping 

(heart, drum), idling (lazy person). 

spocpon sa me"? vinik. His heart is thumping /with fear, exhaustion 

or sickness/. 

poctepocte, av. wandering about idly. 

pocvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). bat at person /with hat/. 

hpocvaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who bats at 

another /with hat/. 

poc' X. 

poc'i baik, rv. peck each other (chickens, turkeys). 

poh(l) A. 

poh, aj. sour. 

pohpohtik, aj. slightly sour. 

pah-?ul, n(aj & ncpd)ld. 'sour corn gruel', sumac Rhus schiedeana, 

#53(1,2). Temperate and highland "tree". The trunk is used for house 

mainposts, gate posts, fence posts, and pack rope cleats. The leaves 

are chewed to cure fever sores. They are cold". #1401(3), 

#1539(11,12). Highland "tree". (3)-The trunk is used also for digging 

sticks, hoe and billhook handles. The fruit is eaten by birds and 

by people when they are hot. (12)-The fruit is cold" sumac Rhus 

terebinthifolia, #2162(1,11). Temperate "tree". 

k'os pah-?ul, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). sumac Rhus terebinthifolia, 

#1900(16,17), #2271(19). Highland "vine". #2523(1,4). Temperate 

vine". Amelanchier denticulata, #1778(4). Highland "tree", 

sakil k'os pah-iul, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). sumac Rhus 

terebinthifolia, #2162(7). Temperate "tree" 

pah-?ul lak', nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). sumac Rhus terebinthifolia, 

#429(1,2,3). Temperate "vine". 

pahahet, av. fermenting for a long time. 

pahal, n4f. sourness. 

pahal "nil, cf. ?ul. 

pahal cicol, cf. cicol. 

pahal makom, cf. makoui. 

pahal pil, nphr(aj & n)5. 'sour Philippa', western kingbird Tyrannus verticalis. 

cf. c'ituri'). 

pahal VO9, nphr(aj & n)ld. chicha. 

pahal voi, nphr(aj & n)5. stomach juices that rise to mouth when person 

is nauseated. 

pahayom, nla. ear of corn with corn smut/slightly sour/. It is said that 

the person who eats corn that has had smut cleaned off it will change 

his mind. 

pahet, av. fermenting, 

pahetah, iv. ferment, go sour, 

pahlahet, av. fermenting (plu). 

pahub, iv. become sour, 

pahubtas, tv. ferment, 

pahubtasan, tv. ferment large quantity. 

poh(2) T(2). 

poh, tv. take away, dispossess, 

poh, iv. peel (skin), be dispossessed, be taken away, 

pohahtik, aj. cf. pokol /plu/. 

pohan, tv. confiscate or dispossess /plu/. 

pohanan, tv. cf. pohan. 

pohanpohan, tv. confiscate one after another, 

pohbalal 9osil, nphr(aj & n)la. ejido land, 

pohilan, tv. keep taking away or dispossessing, 

pohilanan, tv. keep confiscating much /land/. 

pohol, aj. empty (house, pot, car when owner is absent), 

poholik, aj. cf. pohol /plu/. 

pohpoh, iv. be dispossessed of a small amount, 

pohpohtik, iv. be dispossessed of a small amount, 

pohpon ta macita, vphr(av & prep & n5). confiscating people's machetes 

constantly (ladino land owner), 

hpoh-wsil, agn(tv & npcd). ejido owner. 

poh(3) T. 

poh, tv. defend. 

lek spoh ta 6amel. lit, He defends /people/ well in sickness; i.e., He 

is a capable shaman. 

poh, nc. brood of chicks, litter of pigs, pups or kittens, 

poh 9u?un, vphr(iv & n4d). be able to save or rescue. 

muk' spoh yu9un ta k'ok* li sme?e te k'ak'. He was not able to save 

his mother from the fire, she burnt up. 

poh ba, rv. defend self, 

poh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual defense, 

pohantik, aj. widely spaced in time (brood, litter). 

pohel, nc. defense. 

pohob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)4d. weapon for defense, 

pohobil, n4f. makeshift emergency curing ceremony when patient is too 

ill to visit shrines /upon patient's partial recovery, full ceremony is 

performed/. 

pohpoh, nc. single litter or brood /I only/, 

poholpohol, n4f. each of many broods, 

pohvan, iv. defend person, 

pohvan ta camel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). defend person in sickness 

(shaman). 

hpohvaneh, agn. person who defends another. 

poh(4) O. 

poh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). break down /door/, 

pohih, onom. crash /falling object or shattered door/, bang /rocket/. 

pohilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep breaking down /door/, 

pohlah, av. rattling (cans being carried, truck), 

pohlahet, av. bumping around /sing/, banging (rockets), banging away 

(rifles VI: 1), crackling (rifles VI: 2). 

pohlahetik, av. bumping around (people). 

pohlih, av. banging suddenly, blasting suddenly (rocket V3: 15, blasting 

iron), crashing suddenly (shattered door, falling object), cracking suddenly 

(rifle V3: 15). 

pohol cak'al, ajphr(aj & aj). crashing about (drunk), 

pohpon, av. crashing /sound of breaking in house/, thumping (heart). 

poh(5) N. 

poh cak, nphr(n4f of n4d). ilium /chicken/. 

pohol N. 

pohol, nle. black wooly bear. 

pohov N. 

pohov, nle. pus. inan. poss.; pus, milky sap.

pobov 9ak', nphr(n type n). morning glory Ipomoeapauciflora, # 2795(7). 

Temperate "vine". It is used to lash fences. Mandevilla tubiflora, 

#2098(11,14). Temperate "vine". Sarcoslemma bilobum, #2143(11). 


k'os" pohuv 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). chile jasmine Mandevilla 

subsagittata, #2002(16,17). Lowland vine". 

pohov e"i?lel, nphr(n type n). spurge Euphorbia graminea, #1227(7), 

#2302(3,4). Highland "plant". #2093(11), #2537(21,22). Temperate 

"plant", bloodflower milkweed Asclepias curassavica, #1694(11,12). 

Lowland plant". Euphorbia heterophylla, #1594(11,12). Temperate 

'plant". #2054(17,18). Highland plant". Euphorbia dentata, 

#1888(16,17). Temperate "plant". Euphorbia francoana, 

#1645(7,11,12,14). Lowland and temperate "vine". Begonia plebeja, 


kilkil pohov e*i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Euphorbia densiflora, 


k'os pohov e'blel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Euphorbia dentata, 

#1888(1,3,4). Temperate "plant". Euphorbia heterophylla, #2054(3). 


muk'la pohov e'i'Jlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Euphorbia heterophylla, 


sakil pohov c"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). shrubby spurge Euphorbia 

leucocephala, #2592(15,20). Temperate "tree". (20)-The flowers 

are put in altar vases. They are sold at market in Tuxtla. 

yasal pohov e'ftlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Euphorbia sp., 


pok T(2). 

pok, tv. wash /person, watermelon squash, cushaw, summer squash, objects 

other than clothing, wool, food and containers for food and drink/, 

pok ba, rv. wash self. 

pok-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. bathing of person. 

pok levil, nphr(nlf of n3d). water used by woman to wash her groin, 

then added to posol of agressive or violent husband to render him 

tame and stupid, 

pokan, tv. wash /plu/. 

pokanan, tv. cf. pokan. 

pokanpokan, tv. wash one after another. 

pokanpokanan, tv. cf. pokanpokan. 

pokbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). reform person /loose woman or lecherous man 

who mends her or his ways after marriage/. 

pokel, nc. washing, bathing /wound/, 

pokil, aj. used (water), 

pokilan, tv. keep washing /self, etc./. 

pokilanan, tv. keep washing /plu/. 

poklahet, av. cf. pokpon (plu). 

pokob, nlf. wash basin (gourd used to wash hands before meal), "flower 

water used to bathe patient or sacrificial chicken, 

pokob TCk'en, nphr(n I f of n 1 d). water used to rinse off metate and metate 

platform. Rinse water is used to soothe burn. Children should not drink 

rinse water lest they grow up to be lazy and irresponsible. 

pokobil, nlf. cf. pokob. 

pokpon, av. washing /leg, arm, face/. 

pokvan, iv. bathe person /child, patient/. 

hpokvaneh, agn. shaman who bathes patient, person who washes corpse. 

poket N. 

poket, nla. wide-mouthed, large handleless bowl used for squash and 

com gruel. 

poko? A. 

poko?, aj. old (clothes, tools, house), outgoing (elders and civil officials), 

skwenta poko sa habil ?un bi. That was last year's affair! 

t Sloe kantela skwenta pokoi habile, lit., Candles enter for the old 

year, i.e.. A ceremony is held for the year's end /last of the three year 

renewal ceremonies/. 

puko9 9eklisya, nphr(aj & n)5. lit., old church, i.e., nave of former 

church that now stands as a wing of the church of St. Lawrence in 

Htek-lum. 


281 

poko9 mol, nphr(aj & n)5. grand or petty alcalde of previous year. 

poko?ib, iv. become old in appearance (clothes, tools, house). 

pokoibtas, tv. make appear old /clothes, tools, house/. 

poko9ibtasan, tv. make many appear old /clothes, tools, houses/. 

pokotik, aj. rather old. 

pokok(l) N. 

sipokok, nle. frog, toad /archaic/. 

pokok(2) 

pokok, mexican malanga. cf. pok'ok'. 

pok'(l) P, P(2). 

pok'-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5. with long baggy pants. 

pok'-cikin vakas, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)la. brahman. 

pok'-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. flabby-faced. 

pok' ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug. 

pok'ahtik, aj. cf. pok'ol /plu/. 

pok'an, tv. slacken /rope, wire/. 

pok'an, tv. set down /clothing/. 

pok'an ba, rv. sit (woman). 

pok'an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /plu/. 

pok'anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. pok'an ta mahel. 

pok'anpok'an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug one after another. 

pok'anpok'anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. pok'anpok'an ta 

mahel. 

pok'eah, iv. become wet (clothing), shrink (cooked greens), 

pok'et, av. wet (clothing). 

pok'et cak, vphr(av & n4d). sitting (woman, man with baggy pants), 

pok'et cikin, vphr(av & n4d). walking slowly with large floppy ears, 

pok'etik, av. sitting (women), 

pok'i, tv. sit (woman), be slack (rope, wire), 

pok'ilan, tv. twitch /ear/ (horse, pig or dog that feels gnats), 

pok'ilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging, 

pok'ilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging /plu/. 

pok'ilanvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep slugging person, 

pok'lahet cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. pok'pon cak (plu). 

pok'lahet cikin, vphr(av & n4d). cf. pok'pon cikin (plu). 

pok'lebal, n4f. old mat on which lazy woman sits. 

pok'leh, nlf. sitting /woman/. 

pok'lih, av. falling suddenly and thudding (hat, clothing), thudding suddenly 

(blow), 

pok'ol, aj. large and floppy (ear of mule, dog, or cow), baggy (pants), wet 

(clothing), squashed (fruit), slack (rope or wire, string between two 

points). 

yec te pok'ol scak ta na. She just sits idly at home, 

pok'olik, aj. wet (clothing), 

pok'pok', aj. large and floppy (ear of mule, cow, dog), baggy (pants), 

too long and slack (rope, wire). 

pok'pon £ak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with long baggy pants, 

pok'pon cikin, vphr(av & n4d). twitching ear or ears (mule, dog or pig 

that feels gnats), 

pok'tepok'te £ak, vphr(av &' n4d). walking about with large rear (fat 

woman, man with long baggy pants), 

pok'tepok'te £ikin, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with large floppy 

ears (animal). 

pok'van ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). slug person, 

hpok'vaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who slugs 

another. 

pok'(2) prob O. 

pok'et ni9, vphr(av & n4d). snoring (person V4: 8). 

pok'lahet ni?, vphr(av & n4d/3p/). cf. pok'et nft (plu). 

pok'ok'et ni 1 ), vphr(av & n4d). snoring loudly. 

pok'(3) 

pok', neckerchief, cf. pak'. 

pok'ok' N. 

pok'ok', nle. mexican malanga Xanthosoma mexicanum, 

#1333(1,3,4,5,8), #1659(11). Lowland "plant", var., spokoi /Muk'.ta 

Hok\ Sek'emtik/, spokok /Htek-lum/, pokok /Htek-lum/, spok'ok'


/Hok' t'enom, Htek-lum/. 

pok'ok'tik, n5. expanse of mexican malanga. 

k'os pok'ok', nphr(aj & n). mexican malanga Xanthosoma mexicanum, 


pol P(2) or T(2). 

pol, tv. clean /ditch/, level, straighten /road/, break /trail/. 

primero ta spol ec'el be le?e. lit., He will be the first to break the trail, 

i.e., He will die first. 

pol, nc. wide stripe /edge of cotton tunic/, lane, ditch, 

pol ec'el, vphr(iv & dr). be cleared (road), 

pol be hoi, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). part one's hair, 

pol-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with every other row hoed, 

polahtik, aj. stretching away (lanes, trails), forming broad streaks (cirrus 

clouds). 

polan, tv. clean /ditches/, level or straighten long stretch of /road/. 

polanpolan, tv. clear one after another /breaches, ditches/, 

polantik, aj. forming widely spaced broad streaks (cirrus clouds), 

polav, n4f. line /separating ribs of cushaw/. 

polav k'obol, nphr(nlf of n3d). palmar lines, 

polel, nc. clearing /road, ditch/. 

polet, av. stretching away (trail, road). 

polilan, tv. keep cleaning /ditch/, leveling, straightening /road/ or breaking 

/trail/. 

pollahet ta be, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. polpon ta be (plu). 

poUahet ta be-o*?, vphr(av & prep & n/n of ncpd/5). cf. polpon ta be-on 

(plu). 

pollahetik ta be, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. polpon ta be (plu). 

pollahetik ta be-09, vphr(av & prep & n/n of ncpd/5). cf. polpon ta be-ov 

(plu). 

pollih, av. streaming suddenly (diarrhea), 

polob, nlf. hoe or pick for clearing road or ditch, 

polobil, nlf. cf. polob. 

polokil, n4f. many streaks /clouds/. 

polol, av. leave behind streamer (airplane), 

polol, aj. stretching away (lane, ditch, trail), parted (hair), 

pololet, av. leaving single visible trail (armadillo, robber or leaf-cutter 

ant), stretching away (path). 

pololet eo?, vphr(av & n4d). dribbling down (cow manure, diarrhea), 

pololpolol, n4f. each of many rows, each of many dirty creases, 

polpol, nc. single row, single track /armadillo/ /I only/, 

polpol, aj. parted (hair). 

polpon, av. parting /hair/, stretching away (path), 

spolpon sbe. His trail is visible (robber), 

spolpon yailel ssat. His tears are streaming down, 

polpon eo?, vphr(av & n4d). streaming diarrhea (child), 

polpon ta be, vphr(av & prep & n5). clearing road, 

polpon ta be-09, vphr(av & prep & n/n of ncpd/5). clearing ditch, 

poltepolte, av. stretching away (path), 

poltepolte eo?, vphr(av & n4d). walking about defecating (cow) or 

streaming diarrhea (person). 

hpol- , agn(tv & ncpd). roadworker, ditchdigger, one who cuts 

path. 

polor 1 N. 

polos', nla. Cyclanthera langaei, #1187(1,3,4,5), #2390(3,4). Highland 

vine". For use, cf. c'upak'. 

poloe'tik, n5. expanse of poloe". 

pom(l) O. 

pom, onom. bong, 

pomilan, tv. beat /laundry on rocks/, 

pomilanan, tv. beat a lot of /laundry on rock/, 

pomlah, av. rushing and roaring (flood), 

pomlahet, av. rushing and roaring in many places (rivulet), beating 

/clothes on rocks/ (plu). 

pomlahetik, av. beating /clothes on rocks/ (plu). 

pomlih, av. cracking suddenly (rifle fire), blasting suddenly (explosive, 

blasting iron). 

pompon, av. beating /clothes on rocks/, bonging (vespers), tolling (bell 

EKL 255: 2-6). 

pom(2) N. 

pom, nld. incense, inan. poss., spamal. 

Ritual speech, prayer; h-p'eh me yo spom h-p'eh me yo sd'ail. a 

chunk of his incense, a cloud of his smoke, 

pomtik, n5. grove of bursera trees. 

•)a£'el pom, nphr(n type n). 'mud incense', large leaved bursera Bursera 

cf. diversifolia, #776(1,2). Temperate "tree". The fruit is eaten by 

white-winged doves. The trunk is used for incense. Three splinters 

are brewed as a basic ingredient of "flower water" for bathing patients 

and coffers. For swelling, thirteen splinters are brewed with 

gunpowder. One cup of the decoction is drunk before breakfast. It 

is "hot". For a loose tooth, thirteen splinters are brewed together 

with thirteen splinters of eahal tulan. A cup is drunk before breakfast. 

It is "hot". The resin is used to plug cavities. It is applied once 

a day for three days. It is also used on fiddle strings, small leaved 

bursera Bursera bipinnata, #1639(1,4,7,11,12,14), #B14263(5). 

Lowland "tree". (7,U,12,14)-The trunk is used by everyone for incense 

and firewood. 

?ac'el pomtik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of lac'el pom trees. 

bae*i pom, nphr(aj & n). hairy bursera Bursera tomentosa, 

#846(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for incense. An 

elder, when entering office, should have six burlap bags of incense. 

It is burned three times daily by his wife. Stewards and stewardsroyal 

need eight bagsful. One basket is required by the official in 

charge of each Holy Cross Day ceremony. One basket is needed for 

a curing ceremony. It is "hot", large leaved bursera Bursera excelsa, 

#B14262(5), #1658(1,4,7,11,12). Lowland "tree". (7,11,12,14)-The 

trunk is used for incense. It is cut into slivers fifteen centimeters 

long and then chopped into chips. (5)-The resin is used to plug cavities. 

It is "hot". 

bae"i pomtik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of bae'i pom trees, 

kacimpa pom, nphr(n type n)le. 'pipe honey', honey bee Melipona sp.. 

Temperate and lowland stingless bee whose honey is gathered. Its wax 

is used to mend broken gourds and water jugs. cf. mermeho. 

misik'pom, nphr(n type n)le. 'belly button honey', honey bee. Temperate 

and lowland bee whose honey can only be reached, it is said, by the 

person who can put his hand behind his back, reach around and 

touch his belly button. 

ton pom, nphr(n type n)le. 'rock honey', honey bee Trigona sp.. This 

lowland stingless bee has no edible grubs. It has a little honey which is 

difficult to secure because the bees swarm on the gatherer, pinching 

him. 

pom e'unun, nphr(n of n)5. 'hummingbird incense', bush sage Salvia 

excelsa, #1467(11,12), #1725(15,16), #2058(18). Highland "plant*. 

Salvia chiapensis, #542(1,3). Temperate plant". Salvia coccinea, 

#996(3). Lowland "plant". Salvia holwayi, #B9264(5,5a). Highland 

plant". 

pom e'ununaltik, nphr(n of n)5. large expanse of pom e'unun. 

pom e*ununtik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of pom e'unun. 

?ik'al pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5. bush sage Salvia tilliaefolia, 

#2659(17). Lowland "plant" wild sage Salvia polystachya, 

#2217(19). Highland "plant" bush mint Hyptis urticoides, 

#1766(15). Highland •plant". #1908(1,3,4,16). Temperate "plant". 

Castilleja integrifolia, #1501(1,3), #2171(1). Temperate "plant". 

#1802(1,4), #2403(1). Highland "plant". Salvia purpurea, 

#1924(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate "plant". Priva aspera, #2141(14). 

Temperate "plant". Lamourouxia lanceolata, #2969(1). Temperate 

plant". 

lik'al pom e"ununtik, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5. expanse of nik'alpom 

e'unun. 

Tit'is 9ik'al pom e'unun, nphr: n4f of nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Stachys 

coccinea, #92(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". A large handful is used 

as one of the ingredients of the steam cure. cf. eelo-pat. 

k'anal lik'al pom e'unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Castille-

ja integrifolia, #1803(1,4). Highland "plant". 

k'os Tik'al pom e'unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild sage 

Sahia polystachya, 2217(1,3,4). Highland "plant", bitter bush Picramnia 

tetramera, #2520(1,4). Temperate "plant". Castilleja integrifolia, 


muk'ta Tik'al pom e'unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild 

sage Sahia polystachya, #2276(3,4). Highland "plant" 

eahal pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). firecracker flower Cuphea 

cyanea, #1071(1,3,5). Highland "plant". #1230(1,3,4,5). Temperate 

"plant", bush sage Sahia excelsa, #2045(3,17), #2058(17), 

#2502(4). Highland "plant". Sahia cinnabarina, #B9256(5,5a). 

Highland "plant". Sahia chiapensis, #2562(21,22). Temperate 

"plant". Sahiapurpurea, #2703(1,3,15,20). Lowland "plant". Homelia 

patens, #999(3). Lowland "plant". Prim aspera, #1523(1,3). 

Highland "plant". Kohleria elegans, #1810(15,16). Highland "plant". 

eahal pom e'ununtik, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5. expanse of eahal pom 

e'unun. 

bik'it eahal pom e'unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Sahia 

cinnabarina, #119(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant", 

k'os eahal pom e'unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Sahia 

chiapensis, #2526(1,4). Temperate "plant". 

muk'ta eahal pom e'unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). bush 

sage Sahia excelsa, #2058(3), #2382(3,4). Highland "plant". Sahia 

hoh/ayi, #2075(17). Highland "plant" Lamourouxia viscosa, 

#1583(1,3). Temperate "plant". Prhaaspera, #1837(1,4). Temperate 

"plant" 

c'is pom e'unun, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). 'prickly hummingbird 

incense', wild sage Sahia polystachya, #2276(19). Highland "plant", 

k'anal pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). firecracker flower Cuphea 

cyanea, #1387(3), #1424(3,5), #2074(3,4). Highland "plant". 

#1954(1,3,4), #2287(3,4), #2517(1,4). Temperate "plant", 

muk'ta k'anal pom e'unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Lopezia langmaniae, #2291(3,4). Temperate and highland "plant" 

muk'ta pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). bush sage Sahia excelsa, 

#2502(21,22). Highland "plant", bitter bush Picramnia tetramera, 

#2520(21,22). Temperate plant". As a remedy for "wind", a small 

bunch is heated and bound to the affected part. It is "hot". Sahia 

holwayi, #2945(1). Highland "plant". Lamourouxia viscosa, 

#2095(1). Temperate plant". Prha aspera, #2141(11). Temperate 

plant", 

yasal muk'ta pom e'unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Hyptis 

mutabilis, #1817(1,4). Highland "plant" 

puh-iakan pom e'unun, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/n of n/). 'hollow 

stemmed hummingbird incense', Prha aspera, #2141(1). Temperate 

"plant". 

sakil pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). bush sage Sahia excelsa, 

# 1467(3), # 1725(3). Highland "plant", bush mint Hyptis urticoides, 

#2086(17). Highland "plant", shrubby spurge Euphorbia leucocephala, 

#2592(21,22). Temperate "tree", red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, 

#1941(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate "plant". Hyptis tomentosa, 


yas-Tulan pom e'unun, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n of n/). nettle 

sage Sahia urica, #1367(3). Temperate "plant", 

yasal pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild sage Sahia polystachya, 

#B9496(5,5a). Highland "plant", nettle sage Sahia urica, 

#1889(1,3,4). Temperate "plant". Sahiarubiginosa, #556(1,3). Temperate 

"plant". Sahia purpurea, #2703(22). Lowland plant", 

k'os yasal pom e'unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). bush sage 

Sahia tilliaefolia, #2364(20). Highland "plant", 

muk'ta yasal pom e'unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Sahia 

purpurea, #2703(1,3). Lowland "plant", 

pom e'unun te"), nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). see below, 

eahal pom e'unun te?, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Fuschia 

microphylla ssp. quercetorum, #1376(3). Temperate "tree". 

pom c'a-te?, cf. Pa-te?. 

pom rios, nphr(n of n). 'god's incense', large leaved bursera Bursera 


excelsa, #1658(14). Lowland "tree". Same use as bae"i pom. 

pamal, n4d. incense /when possessed by saint/. 

pamal •Jul, nphr(natt & n)la. corn gruel flavored with sugar, chili and 

pepper /drunk by everyone on Maundy Thursday, by players on fiesta 

of St. Sebastian, by stewards when counting chaplets/. 

pamal habnal, cf. habnal. 

pamal kokov, nphr(natt & n)la. powdered cocoa, chocolate /archaic/. 

pamta, tv. cense. 

pamtaan, tv. cense /plu/. 

pamtaluh, iv. cense. 

pamtaob, n5. basket over which clothes are censed. 

pamtaobil, nlf. cf. pamtaob. 

pamtavan, iv. cense person /during curing ceremony or each of three year 

renewal ceremonies/. Joking speech; break wind. 

hpamtavaneh, agn. person who censes another. 

pom(3) prob O. 

pomet, av. streaming (urine of drunk who urinates in pants, rivulet). 

pomom, av. streaming (rivulet). 

pomomet, av. streaming (rivulet, urine). 

pomtepomte, av. streaming here and there (urine of drunk). 

pomos N. 

pomos, n5. see below. 

pomosaltik, n5. large expanse of pomos bushes. 

pomostik, n5. expanse of pomos bushes. 

lik'al pomos, nphr(aj & n). wild lilac Ceanothus coeruleus, #B9480 

(5,5a), #674(1,2,3,4), #967(1,3), #2341(3,4). Highland "tree". The 

branches are used for brush fences. They are planted in a circle 

around flower plants to shelter them from wind and rain. The trunk 

is used for firewood. 

Tit'is pomos, nphr(n4f of n5). Spiraea cantoniensis, #22(1,3,4,5). 

Highland " tree ". It grows in yards. The flowers are put in altar vases, 

eahal pomos, nphr(aj & n). cream bush Holodiscus argenteus, 

#600(1), #2234(1,2,4). Highland "tree" The trunk is cut by women 

to make loom bars, and stirring rods. It is cut by men for wattle. It 

is also used for firewood. 

eahal pomostik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of cream bushes, 

k'os pomos, nphr(aj & n). cream bush Holodiscus argenteus, 

#2234(19). Highland "tree". 

sakil pomos, nphr(aj & n). cream bush Holodiscus argenteus, 

# 152(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "tree". It is used for firewood, wild lilac 

Ceanothus coeruleus, #1403(3), #2341(19). Highland "tree". 

(3)-The trunk is used for wattle and stirring rods. (19)-It is used 

for firewood. Gymnopodium Jloribundum var. antigonoides, 

#309(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for firewood. 

pop N. 

pop, nld. straw mat. 

popin vayuk, vphr(tv & iv). go to bed. 

papal, n4f. straw mat. 

papal ?ae'am, nphr(nlf of nld). straw mat in which salt is wrapped. 

papal 'mal, nphr(nlf of nld). straw mat in which chaplet is wrapped. 

papal nicim, nphr(nlf of nld). straw mat on which "flowers" for curing 

ceremony are placed. 

poraso N(Sp, porazo). 

poraso, n5. blow /fist/. 

poreso E(Sp, por eso). 

poreso, excl. that is why! 

poristero N(Sp, forastero). 

poristero, nle. vagrancy, var., porostero. 

hporis'tero, agn. vagrant, foreigner, homeless person who begs food from 

house to house, var., hporostero. 

porkatorio N(Sp, purgatorio). 

porkatorio, n5. purgatory, var., porkitario. 

porfce Pt(Sp, porque or por qui). 

porke, pt. because, why? 

porkiriya N(Sp, porqueria). 

porkin'ya, excl. Female speech; How stupid! How disgusting!


porkinya, n5. Female speech, referring to quarrelsome man or child; 

disgusting person. 

porkinya, aj. Female speech; disgusting. 

porkinya mol mu sc'un mant.il. The disgusting man does not behave 

/woman decrying husband to her children/. 

porfcitario 

porkitario, purgatory, cf. porkatorio. 

poro N(Sp, forro). 

poro, nla. rubberized or plastic rain hat. var., foro. 

poroin, tv. steal rain hat. 

porostcro 

porostero, vagrancy, vagrant, cf. poristero. 

portin N(Sp, fortih). 

portin, nld. fort, barracks. 

portuna N(Sp, fortuna). 

portuna, nld. treasure. 

posara N(Sp, posada). 

posara, n5. lodging for the night. 

poslom N. 

poslom, nle. sickness in leg, falling star seen at dusk. The soul of an evil 

person may take the form of a shooting star or a fire. If it is met on the 

trail before midnight, one's leg is reported to swell and become watery. 

The sickness is treated by bloodletting and by washing the leg 

with a woman's urine, rubbing it with garlic and tobacco and binding 

it with an old skirt. 

poso N(Sp, pozo). 

poso, nla. well. 

posporo N(Sp, fosforo). 

posporo, nla. match, matchstick. 

posvelo N(Sp, pozuelo). 

posvelo, nla. large glass. 

pos N. 

pos, nla. cane liquor. 

posil, nib. medicine, seasoning. 

c'abal sa sposil. lit., There is no more medicine for it, i.e., the argument 

cannot be settled amicably and person is jailed. 

posil •Jaha-con, nphr(n type n/aj & ncpd/). 'rattlesnake medicine', 

unicorn plant Martynia annua, #2684(21). Lowland "plant'. 

posil ?ane e'i?lel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'woman's medicine plant', 

firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, #1424(7). Highland "plant" 

posil ?apon, nphr(n of n). 'shame medicine', pink evening primrose Oenothera 

rosea, #66(2,4,5), #1453(3,11,12), #1711(3,15,16), 

#2036(3,17,18), #2354(3,4), #2470(4,21,22). Highland "plant". 

(5)-It grows in yards and along fences. It is a remedy for infants 

whose mother has been shamed or who themselves have been shamed 

or embarrassed, and subsequently suffer attacks of diarrhea and nausea. 

A handful is mashed in a gourd of warm or cold water to which 

salt has been added. The water is drunk and the plants are rubbed on 

the infant's body. It is "cold". (15)-A small bunch is boiled and a half 

cupful of the tea is drunk before breakfast for three days to counteract 

the effects of "evil eye". It is "cold". (17)-Both infants and adults 

suffering from evil eye" may be cured by crushing a handful of the 

plant in salt water and drinking the water twice a day. The infant's 

head is washed with this water twice a day. The shaman also sprays it 

on the elderberry branches he uses to sweep" the child. It is "cold". 

(21,22)-The child's mother crushes a small bunch in her hand, mixes 

it with water and gives the water to her child to drink twice a day. It 

is cold" 

posil lapontik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of evening primroses, 

trahal posil ?apon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). pink evening primrose 

Oenothera rosea, #2354(3,4). Highland "plant". Same use as posil 

tapon. 

muk'ta posil lapon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). white evening primrose 

Oenothera kunthiana, #2089(3,4). Highland "plant". 

posil 9eal, nphr(n of n). 'mouth medicine', butter wort Pinguicula moranensis, 

#398(1,2,3), #942(1,3). Highland "plant". As a remedy for 

fever sores a child chews three or four leaves once a day for two days. 

They are "cold", sumac Rhus terebinthifolia, #2523(21,22). Temperate 

"vine". As a remedy for fever sores, a few of the berries are 

chewed. They are cold", bitter dock Rumex oblusifolius ssp, obtxisifolius, 

#2472(21,22). Highland "plant". Begonia biserrata. #1235(4). 

Temperate and highland "plant". 

posil ?ik', nphr(n of n). 'wind medicine', Stevia polycephala, #2265(19). 

Highland "plant". As a remedy for "wind", five stalks are brewed. A 

large cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast for two days. It is 

"hot". #2918(16). Temperate plant". A bunch of the stalks are 

boiled and the water used to bathe the affected part once daily for 

three days. It is "hot". 

nap'ap' posil ?ik\ nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 'sticky wind medicine', 

Stevia lucida, #2516(21). Highland "tree". As a remedy for wind, the 

shaman beats the patient's body with a handful of branches once a 

day for four days. They are "hot". 

posil lobal, nphr(n of n)5. 'cough medicine', lavender sage Salvia lavanduloides, 

#B9268, #118(2,3,4,5), #2452(1). Highland "plant". As a 

remedy for coughing, three entire plants are brewed. The tea is drunk 

before breakfast for three days. It is "hot". #2527(1,4). Temperate 

plant". (1)-A handful of the plant is brewed with may weed. A cup 

is drunk before meals for two days. It is "hot", pitcher sage Lepechinia 

schiedeana, #1805(1,4). Highland "plant". 

posil •ml h9alnom, nphr: n4f of nphr(n4d/3s/ of agn). 'seasoning for a 

post-partum mother's corn gruel', st. John's wort Hypericum uliginosum, 


posil balamil, nphr(n of n). 'earth medicine', indian paintbrush Castilleja 

arvensis, # 1942(16). Temperate "plant" As a remedy for soul-loss, 

two or three stalks are brewed. A half cup of the tea is drunk before 

breakfast. It is "hot". 

posil ea^nel, nphr(n of vn). 'diarrhea medicine', cutleaf broom baccharis 

Baccharis serraefoha, #44(1,2,3), #1520(1,3), #1815(1,4). Highland 

"plant". It grows in yards. As a remedy for diarrhea, a small handful 

of leaves is brewed. The tea is "hot". #2939(1). Highland "tree", 

firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, #2517(22). Temperate "plant". 

To stop diarrhea, a small bunch is brewed. The tea is drunk before 

breakfast for two days. It is "cold", black foot Melampodium montanum, 

#1422(16). Highland "plant". Borreria laevis, #1890(16,17). 

To cure diarrhea, a bunch is brewed with yisim be. A half cup of the 

tea is drunk twice a day. It is "hot". 

poJil dakal, nphr(n of n). 'boil medicine', jubas bush Iresine celosia, 

#1484(11,12). Highland "plant". #2114(7). Temperate "plant". Eryngium 

ghiesbreghtii, #1901(16,17). Temperate and highland "plant", 

(16)-As a remedy for boils, a small bunch is brewed. The warm 

water is used to bathe the affected part three times daily for two or 

three days. It is "hot". Pinaropappus roseus, #2072(17). Temperate 

"plant". 

posil fiih, nphr(n of n). Arenaria allorum, #1434(7). Highland "plant", 

posil cin, nphr(n of n). 'tin medicine', leaf flower Phyllanthus mcvaughii, 

#2550(21,22). Temperate "tree" Echeveria prob. mucronata, 

# 1493( 11,12). Highland "plant". (11)-As a remedy for cin skin disease, 

a bunch of leaves are ground and applied to the affected part 

once each morning for three days. They are "cold". Perymenium 

purpusii, #2915(16). Highland "plant". As a remedy for cm, three or 

four stalks are ground, mixed with lemon juice and soot, and applied 

to the affected part until healed. They are "hot". Villadia sp., 


posil iuvah, nphr(n of n)5. 'madness medicine', milkwort Polygala costaricensis, 

# 1604(1,3,11,12). Lowland and temperate "plant". It grows in 

cornfields. To cure madness, the plant is burned over the fire while 

the patient is forced to inhale the smoke. If this is not effective, the 

patient is held down, and warm water, in which the plant has been 

crushed, is poured down his nostrils. It is "hot". #1933(1,3,4,17), 

#2106(1). Temperate 'plant", buttercup Ranunculus geoides, 

#2349(3,4). Highland "plant", wild basil Satureja brownii, 

#2490(21,22). Highland "plant", fresh water snail Stenophysa nitens,

USNM 678745. It is ground alive and the juice drunk to cure rabies. 

It is "cold", 

posil e'en sok, nphr(n of nphr/n type n/). 'chigger medicine', Habenaria 

sp., #1635(7). Lowland "plant". 

posil c'ic', nphr(n of n). 'blood medicine', firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, 


posil c'ic' ea9nel, nphr(n of nphr/n type n/). 'bloody diarrhea medicine', 

firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, #1424(10). Highland "plant". 

posil c'o e'i'rtel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'rat poison plant?', Drymaria 

multiflora, #1437(7). Highland "plant". 

posil haval wkol, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/). 'cracked foot medicine', tree 

bocconia Bocconia arborea, # 2576( 1,4). Temperate " tree" (1 )-The sap 

of young shoots is applied to the affected part every two or three 

days. It is "hot". Bocconia frulescens, #1798(4). Highland "tree", 

posil hik'ik'ul wbal, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/). 'whooping cough medicine', 

lavender sage Sahia lavanduloides, #118(1). Highland "plant". 

For use, cf. posil tobal. 

posil hoi salu9, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). 'cat's head medicine', Gnaphalium 

sp., # 1358(7). Highland plant". 

posil holol, nphr(n of n). 'hair medicine', Anoda cristata, #1471(11,12). 

Highland "plant". # 1568(11,12). Temperate "plant" To induce their 

hair to grow longer, women grind the shoots on a rock and mix them 

with cold water. They are "cold" 

posil holol, nphr(nlf of n3d). brilliantine. 

posil k'ak'al 9o9on, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). 'anger medicine', Drymaria 

multiflora, #1370(7). Temperate "plant". 

posil k'ak'al sik, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/). 'malaria medicine', white 

lantana Lantana hirta, #1500(1,3), #1897(1,3,4). Temperate plant". 

To cure malaria, a large handful of shoots are brewed in a covered 

pot. A large cup of the tea is drunk once daily for three days. It is 

"hot". #2260(3,4). Highland "plant". 

posil k'ak'et, nphr(n of n). 'burn medicine', shrubby four o'clock Mirabilisjalapa, 

#1793(16). Highland "plant" To heal burns, a bunch of 

the entire plants is brewed. The burns are bathed with the water three 

times daily until healed. It is medium". Justicia sp., #2818(7). Lowland 

plant" A small bunch of the plant is ground on a rock and 

applied to burns once daily for three days. It is cold*, 

posil k'ok', nphr(n of n). 'fever medicine', wild dichondra Dichondra 

argentea, #1365(7). Highland "plant", wild basil Saiureja brownii, 

#1452(11,12). Highland "plant", plantain Plantago hirtella, 

#2029(18). Highland plant" Loeselia mexicana, #B9512(5,5a), 

#485(1,2), #943(1,3). Highland "plant". To allay fever, a handful 

is crushed in cold water. One cup is drunk before breakfast. It is 

"medium". Alternatively, a handful of shoots may be brewed and a 

cup of the tea drunk before breakfast. It is "medium", 

k'anal nic posil k'ok', nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n of n/). spot 

flower Spilanthes americana, #2028(17). Highland "plant" 

muk'ta posil k'ok', nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Salvia holwayi, 


sakil posil k'ok', nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild dichondra Dichondra 

argentea, #1356(7). Highland "plant". 

posil mahbenal, nphr(n of n). plantain Plantago hirtella, #1714(11,12). 

Highland "plant". (11)-To reduce the heat of mahbenal, six leaves are 

ground and mixed with cold water. A half cup of the water is drunk 

once in the morning or afternoon. It is "cold". Only shamans administer 

this medicine, 

posil mako9, nphr(n of n). 'cockroach poison', Haplophylon cinereum, 

# 1666(1,4,11,12,14). Lowland and temperate "plant" To rid the house 

of cockroaches, a bunch is ground with corn dough. The dough is 

placed under the eaves for the cockroaches. It is "hot". 

posil mako9 con, nphr(n of nphr/n type n/). 'cockroach poison', Haplophyton 

cinereum, # 1666(7). Lowland and temperate "plant". Same use 

as posil rnakof. 

posil met vinik, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). senna Cassia hispidula, 

# 1122(1,4,5) Lowland and temperate "plant". To ease the pain of met 

vinik, men in the lowlands crush a handful in water. A cup is drunk once 


or twice. It is cold". 

pos"il nuk'ul, nphr(n of n). 'mumps medicine', milkweed Asclepias oenotherioides, 

#291(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant". To cure the mumps, milkweed 

leaves are crushed and bound to the neck. They are "cold". 

Echeveria off. acutifolia, #558(1,3). Temperate "plant". Same use as 

above. Echeveria sessiliflora, #945(1,3). Highland "plant". Same 

use as above. Echeveria prob. mucronata, #1493(1,3). Highland 

"plant". 

posil pat ka9, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). 'mule's back medicine', wild coffee 

Psychotria sp., #771(1,2). Temperate "plant". To cure pack sores, the 

leaves are burned on the griddle and ground into powder. The powder 

is applied to the sore. It is "hot". #1329(1,3,4,5). Lowland 

"plant". Same use as above, but "medium" #2134(1). Temperate 

"tree", 

posil poslom, nphr(n of n). 'poslom medicine', Chimaphila umbellata, 


posil sal-e'i 1 ), nphr(n of n/aj & nepd/). 'sal-e'ii medicine', spot flower 

Spilanthes americana, #2465(21,22). Highland "plant". To cure sal-e'it 

blemishes, a small bunch is ground and applied to the affected part 

once daily for two days, bonytip fleabane Erigeron karwinskianus, 

#B9513(5,5a), #75(2,4,5), #936(1,3), #1503(1,3,11,12), #2067- 

(3,4,17). Highland plant" To remove blemishes, a few flowers are 

rubbed on the affected part. They are "hot", aster Aster moranensis, 

#1740(3,15,16). Highland "plant". (15)-To cure blemishes, a leaf is 

applied to the affected part. It is "medium". Aster exilis, 


posil sal-e'i'Mik, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/)5. expanse of posil sal-e'it. 

posil sal-e'i9 fak', nphr: nphr(n of n/aj & nepd/) type n. bomarea Bomarea 

hirtella, # 1509(11,12). Temperate and highland vine". To remove 

blemishes, the berries are rubbed on the affected part. They are 

medium". 

posil satil, nphr(n of n). 'eye medicine", Diastatea micrantha, 

#2538(21,22). Temperate "plant". To cure pink eye, a shoot is cut and 

three drops of the sap are placed in the eye once daily for three days. 

It is "cold". Drymaria multiflora, #2497(21,22). Highland "plant", 

posil sep', nphr(n of n). 'mange medicine', buttercup Ranunculus geoides, 

#1712(15,16), #2464(4). Highland "plant", plantain Plantago alismatifolia, 

#2461(21,22). Highland "plant". To rid oneself of mange, a 

small bunch is ground and bound to the affected part once daily 

for three days. It is cold", self heal Prunella vulgaris, #2030(18). 

Highland "plant". Croton ciliato-glanduliferus, #1601(11,12). Temperate 

"plant". 

posil sim-nak'al, nphr(n of n/n & ajcpd/). 'dysentery medicine', firecracker 

flower Cuphea cyanea, #2074(17). Highland "plant". As a 

remedy for dysentery, a small bunch is brewed. One cup of the tea is 

drunk in the afternoon for two days. It is "hot". Hamelia patens, 

#212(1,2,3,5), #836(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant". To cure "white dysentery", 

a handful of shoots are brewed. The tea is drunk before 

breakfast and in the evening. To cure bloody dysentery, the shoots 

are crushed in cold water and the water drunk as above. It is "medium". 

#1577(1,3,11,12). Temperate "tree". Dalea versicolor, 

#2518(21). Temperate "plant". To cure "white dysentery, a small 

bunch is brewed. A cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast for two 

days. It is "cold" Gomphrena decumbens, #796(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"plant". It is grown by ladinos in their yards. They put the flowers 

in altar vases. A handful of the plant is bought by Zinacantecs suffering 

dysentery. It is brewed and a large bowlful drunk before 

breakfast. It is "hot". Krameria revoluta, #2697(21). Lowland 

"plant". 

posil tanal 9eal, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). 'tooth medicine', box-briar 

Randia aculeata, #1238(5). Lowland, temperate, and highland "tree". 

pos"il ti9ben lukum, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). spurge Euphorbia glomerifera, 

#689(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant". To cure sores on the bottom of 

one's toes, a handful of shoots are crushed and bound to the affected 

part. They are changed every three days until the sores are healed. 

They are "hot".


sakil posil twben lukum, nphr: aj & nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). spurge 

Euphorbia hypericifolia, #1566(1,3). Lowland and temperate "plant". 

posil t'ahel(l), nphr(n of vn). 'abrasion medicine', snowberry Symphoricarpus 

microphyllus, #668(1,2,3,4). Highland "plant". Women whose 

legs are chafed by their skirts when they walk to Chamula or San 

Cristobal rub the berries on the affected part two or three times for 

three days. They are "hot". 

posil t'ahel(2), nphr(n of vn). 'crack medicine', Fomes sp., 

# 122A(3,4,5), #183A( 1,3,4,5,8). Highland "mushroom". To cure 

cracked heels, three mushrooms are rubbed on one's heels. They are 

"hot". 

k'anal posil t'ahel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Trametes sp., 

# 123A(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". Same use as above. 

posil vayicil, nphr(n of n). 'dream medicine', wild geranium Geranium 

seemannii, #2501(21,22). Highland "plant". Crolalaria sagittalis, 

#2547(21,22). Temperate plant" To relieve nightmares, a bunch 

is brewed and the patient's body is bathed withthe water twice a 

day. 

posil vo?an, nphr(n of n). 'voian medicine', jubas bush Iresine celosia, 

#2114(14). Temperate "plant", 

posil yayihel, nphr(n of vn). 'cut medicine', spurge Euphorbia hypericifolia, 

# 1566(11,12). Lowland and temperate plant". (11)-The sap is applied 

to minor cuts. It is "medium", morning glory Ipomoea pauciflora, 

#2872(14). Lowland "vine". The sap is applied to cuts for three 

days. It is "cold" 

posil yayihemal(l), nphr(nlf of nld). 'cut medicine', Perezia relkulala, 

#2577(1,4). Temperate "plant". (l)-To speed the healing of cuts, the 

wooly down at the ends of the shoots is put in the cut for two or 

three days. Then the cut is washed with hot water and new down 

applied. It is "hot". 

muk'ta posil yayihemal, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Gnaphalium sp., 

#1020(1,3,5), #2224(1,3,4). Highland "plant" #2579(1,4). Temperate 

"plant". (l)-The leaves are brewed and applied to cuts. They 

are "hot". 

posil yayihemal(2), nphr(n of n)5. 'cut medicine', puff ball . The powder 

of an unattested variety is applied to wounds to stop bleeding. 

Puff balls are called colcol when fresh. 

posil yerva, nphr(n of n). 'tarantula medicine', wild verbene Elytraria 

imbricala, #325(1,2,3,5), #2015(1,3,4). Lowland plant". To cure 

mules that have been bitten by a tarantula, the entire plant is brewed 

together with a plant with leaves similar to geranium leaves. The decoction 

is given to the mule to drink once. It is "hot". As a remedy 

for snakebite, it is brewed with the roots of mexican tea and kururin. 

jimson weed Datura stramonium, #2473(21,22). Highland plant". 

Tridax procumbens, #250(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant". The plant is 

brewed and the tea given once to mules suffering from tarantula 

bite. It is "hot", 

posilin, n4d. medicinal herb. 

posin, tv. treat self with tobacco; anoint body for swelling /pumel/, 

anoint body /at bedtime after receiving fright on trail so that earth lord 

will not steal one's soul/, 

posta, tv. administer medicine, prepare /chewing tobacco by adding 

lime to the tobacco/, 

posta ba, rv. take medicine, 

posta baik, rv. cure each other. If a snake has been cut in two it is 

believed that another appears to revive it/. 

postaan, tv. administer medicine to many, 

postaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual curing. 

postaluh, iv. visit doctor. 

postavan, iv. administer medicine to person (doctor), cure person, 

hposil, agn. drinker. 

lek litik'bat ta hposil. I was forced to drink. 

hposlal, agn. Ritual speech, shaman, 

hpostavaneh, agn. nurse, doctor. 

posital N(Sp, depositor), 

postal, n5. women's prison in San Cristobal /archaic/. 

t sbat ta posital. lit., She goes to the women's prison, i.e., hen that 

abandons her chicks and goes to another house, presumably to regain 

youth. 

pot(l) P, P(2). 

pot, tv. gather together in pile /rocks, wood, stubble, pine needles, earth, 

corn, salt/, build /field house/, 

pot, iv. be gathered in pile, 

pot, nc. small pile, brood /chicks/, motionless group closely clustered 

/cows, sheep, chickens, people/, cluster /houses/, 

potahtik, aj. in small piles, in motionless groups, orphaned, 

potan, tv. put in pile, build /field house/, 

potan baik, rv. cluster together (people to make decision or to eat, sheep, 

mules). 

potanan, tv. put in piles. 

potanob, nlf. place where corn, etc., is to be piled, 

potanobil, nlf. cf. potanob. 

potanpotan, tv. make one small pile after another, 

potanpotanan. tv. cf. potanpotan. 

potantik, aj. in widely spaced piles, 

potel, nc. gathering together. 

potet, av. walking in small group (people, animals), lying in pile, 

potetah, iv. cluster together (animals), 

potetik, av. gathered together walking (people, animals), 

poti, iv. be in small pile, 

potilan, tv. keep gathering together in pile /rocks, etc./, keep building 

/field house/. 

spotilan k'ok'. He kept the fire well piled up. 

potilanan, tv. keep gathering a lot together /sheep/, keep building /field 

houses/. 

potleh, nlf. gathered together. 

potob nicim, nphr(nlf of nld). circle of stakes for supporting cultivated 

flowers. 

potob tak'in, nphr(n type n)ld. metal-tipped walking stick of Chamulas, 

potobil nicim, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. potob nicim. 

potokil, n4f. many piles /rocks, earth, corncobs/, 

potol, aj. in cluster (houses), in small pile, in motionless group (people, 

animals). 

potolik. aj. in small piles, in motionless groups, orphaned, 

potolpotol, n4f. each of many small piles /corn, plants, rocks/, 

potot, av. running in group (people, animals), 

pototet, av. running in group (people, animals), 

potpot, nc. single brood /I only/, 

potpot, aj. in cluster (houses), in pile, low (hip-roofed house lacking tall 

center post). 

potpot pasak', cf. pasak'. 

pottepotte, av. walking about in group (people, animals). 

pot(2) 

pot, potter, censer maker, candlestick maker, cf. pat. 

notosoara N. 

potosoara, n. bittersweet bush Wimmeriapubescens, #2887(14). Lowland 

"tree". The trunk is used for hoe handles, flails, fence posts and firewood. 

potov N(M-Z, potov). 

potov, nia. wild guava Psidium guineense, #404(1,2). Temperate "tree". 

The fruit is "cold". It is sold in Htek-lum. The leaves and bark are 

brewed as a remedy for dysentery. One or two gourdfuls of the tea 

are drunk. It is "cold", guava Psidium guajava, #696(1,2,3,5). Temperate 

"tree". #917(1,3), #1993(16,17). Lowland "tree". (l)-The 

fruit is sold by ladinos. It is "cold". (16,17)-The fruit is boiled. It is 

"hot". 

bae"i potov, nphr(aj & n). wild guava Psidium guineense, #25671,4). 

Lowland, temperate, and highland "tree". The fruit is "cold". (l)-As 

a remedy for dysentery, a handful of leaves is brewed. One cup of 

the tea is drunk before breakfast and, if necessary, before lunch 

and supper for two or three days. It is "medium". 

kaslan potov, nphr(aj & n). guava Psidium guajava, #1532(11,12).

Lowland, temperate, and highland "tree" (ll)-The fruit is "cold". 

The trunk is used for firewood. #1993(1,3,4). Lowland "tree", 

k'os potov, nphr(aj & n). guava Psidium guajava, # 1377(3). Temperate 

"tree" The fruit is "cold". It is bartered by the people of Vot-biefoi 

cabbages and tomatoes. #1436(1). Highland "tree" #1532(1,3). 

Lowland, temperate, and highland "tree" 

sakil potov, nphr(aj & n). wild guava Psidium guineense, #2567(21). 

Lowland, temperate, and highland "tree" The fruit is sold at market. 

te?tikil potov, nphr(natt & n). 'wild guava', guava Psidium guajava, 


potrero N(Sp, potrero). 

potrero, nla. pasture, 

potrerotik, n5. large pasture. 

potro N(Sp, potro). 

potro, nla. stallion. 

povlano A(Sp, poblano). 

povlano, cf. ?isim. 

povre A(Sp, pobre). 

povre, aj. poor /financially/, miserable, var., prove. 

povretik, aj. rather poor. 

poy(i) 

poy, murder accomplice, cf. pay. 

poy(2) P(2) or T(2). 

poy ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). carry off on shoulder /long tree, corpse/. 

poyahtik, aj. ribby. 

poyan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). carry off many on shoulder /long trees/. 

poyanan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. poyan ec'el. 

poyanpoyan ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). carry off one after another on shoulder 

/long trees/. 

poyanpoyanan •Jec'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. poyanpoyan ec'el. 

poyeah, iv. be gouged out (land) /by rivulets/, be ribby. 

poyet, av. being carried on shoulder (long tree). 

poylahet, av. cf. poyet (plu). 

poyol, aj. lying crosswise (salt trough for animals), ribby. 

poyolik, aj. ribby. 

hpayol-me?el, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /woman who carries 

candles for the elders on Lenten Fridays, Tuesday of Holy Week 

through Good Friday, and for the ensign-bearers of St. Dominic and 

the Holy Cross on Fourth Friday in Lent and Tuesday of Holy Week 

through Good Friday/ /one woman serving each official/. 

poyoy N. 

poyoy, nle. skunk /general term/, hooded skunk Mephitis macroura. cf. 

sak-pat. Skunks are eaten seasoned with coriander. Their flesh is "hot". 

Their scent is drunk to heat the body. They are notorious chicken 

thieves. Skunks are said to be companion animal spirits of insignificant 

people and Chamulas. When smelling a skunk a person should 

not spit, lest his hair turn white /cf. Florentine Codex, book 5, chap. 

9/. 

k'os poyoy, nphr(aj & n)ld. southern spotted skunk Spilogale angustifrons. 

It is eaten, seasoned with coriander. Its flesh is "very hot". 

Cold water should not be drunk after eating skunk meat lest one's 

burps have a skunky odor. 

prasil 

prasil, cf. brasil. 

prental N(Sp, prendar). 

prental, nla. pawn /object left as security/. 

hprcntal, agn. girl who works as servant in San Cristobal. 

preserente N(Sp, presidente). 

preserente, agn. magistrate or presidente. var., peserente. 

preserente lu'Jun can-vun, agn: n of nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/5). president 

of school committee. 

preserente ^wun leklisa, agn: n of nphr(n4f of n5). church president. 

preserente 9u?un k'in, agn: n of nphr(n4f of n5). president of fiesta 

committee. 

preserente hunta, agn(nphr/n of n/5). president of fiesta committee. 

preserente lukasyon, agn(nphr/n of n/5). president of school committee. 


287 

preserente ta Mehiko, agn(nphr/n & prep & n/). President of the Republic. 

presko N(Sp, refresco). 

presko, nla. soft drink, large glass of cane liquor /served at steward's 

entrance into office and at veneration of his coffer/. Polite speech; beer. 

preva N(Sp, prueba). 

preva, n5. attempt, proof, var., preval /infreq/, proval. 

paso preva. Try it! 

bae"i provaluk kik. Try it if you want. 

primero A(Sp, primero). 

primero, aj. at first, the first, var., pimero. 

primero valkalte, agn(nphr/aj & n/). first justice of the peace. 

primero rehirol, agn(nphr/aj & n/). first prefect, first alderman. 

primon N(Sp, primo?). 

primon, nle. cardinal flower Lobelia laxiflora, #B9481(5,5a). Highland 

plant". (5)-The sap is applied to an embedded thorn to cure infection, 

white milkweed Asclepias similis, #959(1,3). Lowland "plant". Lamourouxia 

viscosa, #2535(21,22). Temperate "plant" 

primonaltik, n5. large expanse of primon. 

primontik, n5. expanse of primon. 

bik'it primon, nphr(aj & n). cardinal flower Lobelia laxiflora, 

#2960(16). Highland "plant". It is eaten by sheep, 

k'anal nic primon, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). Castilleja integrifolia, 


k'os primon, nphr(aj & n). cardinal flower Lobelia laxiflora, #2960(1). 


muk'ta primon, nphr(aj & n). white milkweed Asclepias similis, 


muk'tik primon, nphr(aj & n). candy fuschia Fuschia splendens, #B949 

4(5,5a), #123(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "plant". 

priii 

prin, burlap bag. cf. brin. 

prisku') N(Sp, prisco). 

prisku 1 ), peach, cf. turasnu. 

prosison 

prosison, procession, cf. prosisyon. 

prosisyon N(Sp, procesion). 

prosisyon, n5. procession /of saints inside and outside church on Epiphany, 

Lenten Fridays, Palm Sunday, Tuesday of Holy Week to Holy 

Saturday, St. John's Day, fiesta of St. Lawrence, and the Posadas/, 

var., prosison. 

proval 

proval, attempt, proof, cf. preva. 

prove 

prove, poor, miserable, cf. povre. 

pue P(2) or T(2). 

pue, nld. lights /lungs/. 

pueahtik, aj. cf. pueul /plu/. 

puean, nld. lights /lungs/. 

pueeah, iv. puff up (tortilla). 

pueet, av. swelling slightly. 

pueilan, tv. make spring up and down, bounce up and down on /tree, car 

seat/. 

pueilanan, tv. make spring up and down /plu/. 

puelahet, av. fluffy (bread). 

puelih, av. suddenly breaking wind quietly, exploding suddenly but too 

quietly (blasting iron), thudding suddenly (fruit). 

puepon, av. bouncing, springy (seat, marsh weeds underfoot). 

puepue pos", nphr(aj & n). 'puffy medicine', puff ball Lycoperdon sp., 

#74(1,3,4,5), # 109(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". The powder is used 

to stanch wounds. It is "hot". 

k'anal puepue pos 1 , nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). puff ball Calvatia sp., 

#135(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". 

puetepuete, av. becoming slightly swollen in several places (leg)pueue, 

nld. lights /lungs/. 

pueueet, av. springy, bouncing up and down (branch, car seat, marsh


weeds underfoot) 

pueul, nla. lady slipper Cypripedium irapeanum, # 1134(1,3,4,5). Temperate 

"plant". The flowers are gathered for sale by men and women. 

Children turn the flower inside out and inflate it. 

k'os pueul, nphr(aj & n). Calceolaria tripartita, #1792(4). Highland 

"plant" 

pueul, aj. hollow (tortilla), slightly swollen (leg, arm, face), fluffy (bread, 

nap), large (tassel). 

pueul ?unctik. nphr(n of n). 'children's pueuV, yellow evening primrose 

Oenolhera laciniala, #1429(7). Highland "plant" 

pueul e'iilel, nphr(n type n). firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, 

# 1765(4,5). Highland "plant". #1828(1,4). Temperate "plant". Calceolaria 

tripartita, #1792(16). Highland "plant" 

pueul cicol, cf. cicol. 

pueul cicol 7ak', cf. cicol 9ak\ 

pueul cih, nphr(n of n). 'sheep's pueut or 'deer's pueuP, wild senna Cassia 

biflora, #2560(1,4,21,22). Lowland and temperate "tree", yellow trumpet 

bush Tecoma stans, #1536(1,3,11,12,13), #2266(3,4,19). Highland 

"tree" (ll)-It is used for firewood. #2541(21,22). Temperate 

"tree" As a remedy for skin disease /iin/, a small bunch of leaves 

is toasted on the griddle and ground into powder which is applied 

to the affected part. It is "cold" #2621(1,3,15). Lowland "tree". 

The trunk is used for fence posts, digging sticks, hoe, billhook, 

and pick handles, and for firewood, 

pueul cihtik, nphr(n of n)5. grove of pueul cih trees, 

k'anal pueul cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). yellow trumpet bush Tecoma 

stans, #2621(22). Lowland "tree'. 

muk'ta pueul cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). yellow trumpet bush Tecoma 

stans, #2621(20). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for fence 

posts, house walls, hoe and pick handles, 

pueul cih e^lel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Turnera ulmifolia, 


pueul cih te"?, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). yellow trumpet bush Tecoma 

stans, # 192(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts, 

digging sticks, hoe and billhook handles. #1536(1,2,11,12). Highland 

"tree" 

pueul nicim, nphr(aj & n). 'hollow flower', spiderling Boerhaavia erecta, 

# 1627(7). Lowland "plant". 

pueul saho9, cf. saho?. 

pueulah, iv. inflate pueul flower (child). 

pueulal tulan, nphr(natt & n)5. oak hedgehog gall. 

pueulik, aj. slightly swollen (limbs). 

pufultik, aj. with big fluffy decoration /on Chamula woman's huipil/. 

puekuy N. 

puekuy, n5. yellowsilk shellseed Cochlospermum vitifolium, # 196(1,2,3,5). 

Lowland "tree'. Branches are planted in the dry season to make 

fences. The trunk is used, one under each side of the leather sieve to 

keep the corn from spilling when it is flailed, 

puekuytik, n5. grove of yellowsilk shellseed trees. 

pue-(l) P(2) or T(2). 

pue" ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /on back or side/, flail /corn/. 

pue 1 ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). kick or stamp on. 

pue*ahtik, aj. cf. pue"ul /plu/. 

pue'an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). flail a lot hurriedly, slug /on 

backs or sides/. 

pue'anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. pue'an ta mahel. 

pue'anpue'an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug one after another /on 

back or side/, flail one after another hurriedly /ears of corn/. 

pue*anpue*anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. pue'anpue'an ta 

mahel. 

pue*et, av. spongy (swelling), soft (earth, rotten flesh), 

pue'ilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging /on back or side/, 

keep flailing /corn/. 

pue'ilan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep kicking or stamping on. 

pue'ilanan ta mahel., vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging /people on 

back or side/. 

pue'ilanvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep slugging person /on 

back or side/. 

pue"ilanvan ta tek'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep kicking or stamping 

on person. 

pue"k'ih, iv. dent (egg, fruit, metal). 

pue'lah, av. thumping (log, rock) /sing or plu/. 

pue'lahet, av. thudding (falling fruit or stone, drunk falling frequently), 

clopping, stamping /dancers, drunks/. 

pue'lahetik, av. thudding (footsteps). 

pue'leh, n4f. dent (fruit, egg, metal). 

pue'lih, av. thudding suddenly (person thrown or falling to ground). 

pue"pon, av. stamping (dancer, drunk), thumping (drum, tamping of 

earth on grave, person slugging another), springy (seat, mud, weeds). 

pue'tepiie'te, av. spreading from place to place (swelling), springy here 

and there (mud underfoot). 

pue'ue' yalel, vphr(av & dr). sinking (foot in mud). 

pue'ue'et, av. springy, spongy. 

pue*ul, aj. spongy (swelling). 

pue'ulik, aj. cf. pue"ul /plu/. 

pueVan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). slug person /on back or side/. 

pueVan ta tek'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). kick or stamp on person. 

hpue'vaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who slugs 

an other /on back or side/. 

puc'(2) N. 

puc ta, tv. spray /patient or sleepy musician with cane liquor, enemy with 

tobacco powder, child with water/, spit out /cane liquor/, recall soul, 

foam over (coca cola, beer, chicha). A shaman sprays salt water on 

the floor of the house of a deceased person and calls on his soul to 

depart. 

pue"ta baik, rv. spray each other. 

pue'taan, tv. spit out many times /cane liquor/. 

pue"taob savon, vphr(nlf of n4d). bubble pipe. 

pue'taob savon k'osetik, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ of n). 'children's soap 

blower', dandelion Taraxacum officinale, #2(1,2,3), #2176(1,3,4), 

#2459(4). Highland plant". Children bruise the stem and flower in 

cold water, producing a foam that they blow at each other. 

pue'tapiie'ta, tv. spit out one time after another /blood when struck in 

mouth/. 

pue"tavan, iv. spray person /mexican beaded lizard with venom, shaman 

or witch with cane liquor, water and white salt, tobacco powder 

to cure person or cause sickness/, foam over on person (chicha). 

t spue'tavan ta pos k'al tol vayele. He sprays the sleepy person 

with cane liquor /child is sprayed in eyes as a punishment for 

sleeping late/. 

hpue'tavaneh, agn. person who sprays another /witch/. 

puc' P, P(2). 

pu5' ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). hack at sloppily /weeds or grass 

with billhook/. 

pucS'ahtik, aj. cf. puc'ul /plu/. 

pue'an, tv. lay or set down /baby, log/. 

pue'an ba, rv. lie down (person, mammal). 

puc'an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cut sloppily /weeds, grass/. 

puc'anobil, n4f. place where baby is laid. 

pui'anobil kristo, nphr(n4f of n5). table on which Christ figure is laid on 

Good Friday. 

piic'anpuc'anan, tv. lay down one after another /drunks/. 

puc'anvan, iv. cause person to be bedridden (sickness, shaman who detains 

patient in bed too long). 

pue'eah, iv. be bedridden. 

pud'ean, tv. cause to be bedridden. 

pue'eananan, tv. cause to be bedridden /plu/. 

pue'eanvan, iv. cause person to be bedridden. 

pufi'el, aj. bent over (person's ear). 

pufi'et, av. lying down (person, mammal). 

pud'etah, iv. lie down. 

puS'etik, av. lying down (people).

pui'i, iv. be lying down (person, mammal). 

Ritual speech, invalid's prayer; t sipuc'i t sita"?i. I lie, I lie immobile. 

puc'ilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep cutting sloppily /weeds, 

grass/. 

puc'ilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep cutting sloppily a lot 

of /weeds, grass/. 

puc'k'ih, iv. tumble (person, horse). 

puc'k'in, tv. push down, stamp. 

puc'k'inan, tv. push down /corn plants/. 

puc'k'invan, iv. make person collapse (heavy burden). 

puc'lah, av. stumbling, staggering /sing or plu/. 

puc'lahet, av. stumbling or staggering (drunk, mule). 

puc'lahetik, av. stumbling or staggering (people). 

puc'lebal, n3d. place where one sleeps /absolute form refers to place 

where animal sleeps/ /deer, dog, sheep, mule/. Ritual speech, shaman 

referring to patient's bed; cf. tailebal. 

puc'lebin, tv. lie on. 

puc'lebinan, tv. lie on /corn plants/. 

puc'leh, nib. lying down. 

puc'lih, av. stumbling suddenly. 

puc'pon, av. walking with tip of ear bent forward (horse, dog), lying 

unable to stand (sick sheep or horse, drunk). 

puc'puc', aj. bent over (horse's or dog's ear). 

puc'tepuc'te, av. stumbling or staggering about (person, horse). 

puc'uc' yalel, vphr(av & dr). lying down. 

puc'ul, aj. lying down (person, mammal, tree trunk) 

hpuc'eanvaneh, agn. sickness that causes person to be bedridden. 

hpucTc'invaneh, agn. person who pushes another to ground. 

pub(l) 1(2). 

puh, iv. puff up (tortilla), swell /skin from sting or from contact with yaw 

root, stomach from gas/, bloat /from drinking too much water/, blister. 

puh, nla. Scirpus validus. #2496(21,22). Highland plant" 

puhtik, n5. expanse of cattails or bullrushes. 

fansnl puh, nphr(natt & n). 'female puh', cattail Typha domingensis, 

#85(2,4,5). Highland "plant", cattail Typhalatifolia, # 1480(3). Highland 

"plant". Some women who wish to make their hair grow longer 

pull up the plant, pound it on a rock and mix it with the water for 

washing their hair. They wash their hair with this water once daily 

for five days. It is "cold". California bullrush Scirpus californicus, 

#1743(15,16). Highland plant". 

vinik puh, nphr(n type n). 'male puh', California bullrush Scirpus californicus, 


puh-9akan hobel, nphr(n/aj & n/ type n). 'hollow-stemmed grass', witch 

grass Panicum maximum, #2672(22). Lowland "grass". Arundinelladeppeana, 

#2575(21,22).Temperateandhighland "plant". Itiseatenby 

horses. Lasiacis ruscijolia, #2614(22). Lowland "plant". 

puh-'iakan pom e'unun, cf. pom e'unun. 

puh-9ik*ih, iv(aj & ivcpd). swell (weevil-eaten beans when cooking). 

puh-9ut 9ic, cf. 9i&. 

puh-9ut hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'hollow grass', Arundinella 

deppeana, #3024(11). Temperate "plant". 

puh-9ut te% nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. hollow tree. 

puhahtik, aj. cf. puhul /plu/. 

puhan, aj. baggy, ballooning. 

puhantik, aj. slightly baggy or ballooning. 

puheah, iv. balloon. 

puhean ocel, vphr(tv & dr). hollow out /cliff, bank/. 

puheanan ocel, vphr(tv & dr). hollow out in many places /cliff, bank/. 

puheanvan, iv. cause swelling in person (sting, yaw root). 

puhebal ec'el, nphr(n5 & dr). moment before balloon sails away. 

puhel, aj. hollow. 

puhel aeor lit., Your excrement is hollow, i.e., You have a big belly. 

puhes, tv. inflate /balloon/, bloat /with water/. 

puhes ba, rv. bloat self /with water/. 

puhesobil, n4f. hat used to fan air into balloon. 

puhesvan, iv. cause swelling in person. 


289 

puhet, av. baggy (clothes), ballooning. 

puhetah, iv. balloon, 

puhkan, aj. baggy or ballooning (clothes). 

puhkan lie, cf. 9ic. 

puhkantik, aj. slightly baggy or ballooning, 

puhleh, nlf. hollowness, ballooning /skirt/. 

puhpuh, iv. swell or bloat slightly. 

puhpuh, aj. baggy (clothes), inflated, hollow. 

puhpuhtik, iv. swell or bloat slightly. 

puhuhet, av. ballooning, 

puhul, aj. hollow (cave, tree trunk, burrow). 

puh(2) O. 

puh, tv. smash in /door/. 

puh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). kick /door/, slug /on back or side/, 

ispuh ta mahel sti 1 ? yo9on. He struck his chest with his fist /drunk 

to prove his strength/. 

puh ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). kick, kick in. 

puhan baik, rv. shove each other. 

puhan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /plu//on back or side/, 

puhanpiihan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug one after another, 

puhih, onom. thump, thud. 

puhilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging /back or side/, 

puhilan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep kicking or kicking in. 

puhilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging /plu//on side 

or back/, 

puhilanan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep kicking or kicking in 

many times. 

puhilanvan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep kicking person, 

puhlah, av. thumping, thudding, staggering and falling (drunk)/sing// 

implies sound of feet also/, 

puhlahet, av. roaring (blasting iron), thumping /in bed/, thudding 

(blows), staggering and falling (drunks), clopping. 

puhlahetik, av. staggering (drunks) /implies sound/, 

puhlih, av. thudding suddenly (falling drunk, rock), roaring suddenly 

(blasting iron), smashing suddenly (V3: 9). 

puhobil, n4f. rock or log used to break open door, 

puhpon, av. smashing in /door/, thudding (earth being stamped on top 

of grave), thumping (heart, drum), thumping /on door VI: 13/. 

puhvan ta 9utel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). scold person, 

puhvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). slug person /on back or side/. 

puhvan ta tek'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). kick person, 

hpuhvaneh ta 9utel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who scolds 

another, 

hpuhvaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who slugs 

another /on back or side/. 

hpuhvaneh ta tek'el, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who kicks 

another. 

puk P, T(2). 

puk, tv. distribute evenly to everyone /corn gruel, cigarettes, food, palm 

fronds/. 

puk, iv. be distributed, 

puk ba, rv. become crumbly (soil). 

puk k'oplal, vphr(iv & n4f). be spread afar (gossip, news), 

puk-sat balamil, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. crumbly soil, 

puk vun, vphr(tv & n5). distribute announcements of assignments of 

religious posts and fireworks group (constables), 

pukahtik, aj. widely distributed (loans), 

pukan, tv. distribute a lot to everyone, 

pukanan, tv. cf. pukan. 

pukanpukan, tv. distribute one after another, 

pukanpukanan, tv. cf. pukanpukan. 

pukel, nc. distribution /I-3/. 

puket k'oplal, vphr(av & n4f). spreading (gossip), 

puki, tv. scatter. 

Ritual speech, prayer; ta htani ta hpuki ti yo 1 asohobale ti yo 1 

anak'obale. 1 strew Thy lordly sunbeams, I scatter Thy holy shade,


i.e., I exhaust my corn supply rapidly, 

puki ba, rv. scatter (ants, pursuers). 

pukih, iv. scatter (corn, ashes), broadcast (news), irrigate, spread (pain), 

pukilta, tv. scatter far apart, 

pukiltik, aj. scattered far apart, 

piiklih, av. scattering suddenly (people, objects), being grabbed up (fruit), 

rising suddenly (dust), spilling suddenly (com kernels). 

pukolah, iv. distribute evenly to everyone /corn gruel, food/, 

pukpon, av. sliding (dust). 

puktepukte, av. distributing around /food, loans/. 

pukuk, nla. dust, an. poss. restricted to Ritual speech, prayer. 

ti yo 1 atanon, ti yo 1 apukukon. I am but Thy lowly ashes, I am but 

Thy lowly dust. 

pukukaltik, n5. large stretch of dusty land, 

pukuket, av. sliding (dust, corn in pile), 

pukuktik, n5. dusty stretch, 

pukuktik, aj. dusty. 

hpuk , agn(tv & ncpd). distributor of /corn gruel, cigarettes, 

food/. 

hpuk-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). gossip, 

hpukol, agn. distributor /of food or corn gmel/Anfr/. 

hpukolahel, agn. distributor /of food or corn gruel/, 

tan puk, nphr(n & n)5. corn or beans scattered around the house /by 

chickens/. 

pukuh N. 

pukuh, nle. devil, witch, demon. 

pukuh, aj. dangerous, devilish, evil (person, animal), mean, ill-tempered, 

pukuhal, aj. evil, dangerous, 

pukuhib, iv. b&ome mean or nasty. 

pukuhibtas, tv. make feisty /young ram/. 

pukuhibtasan, tv. make feisty /rams/. 

pukuhil, n4d. evilness, meanness. 

avil ti hpukuhile. You see how mean I am /apology of person who 

is unable to fulfill another's request/, 

pukuhil, aj. evil, 

pukuhta, tv. bewitch /infr/. 

pukuhtavan, iv. catch person by surprise, cut person's life span (owl, tree 

alligator lizard, cricket). 

?ay pukuhtavanuk kriscanoetik. He went to catch the people by 

surprise /petitioner/, 

pukuhtik, aj. rather evil or nasty. 

hpukuhtavaneh, agn. person who catches another by surprise /petitioner 

who breaks into house of girl/, animal that cuts person's life span /owl, 

etc./. 

puk' T(2). 

puk', tv. mix in water /handfuls of corn gruel, posol, mud/, 

puk', iv. be mixed with water (corn gruel, posol, mud), 

puk', nc. lump of dough for corn gruel or posol. 

puk', onom. splash. 

puk' ba, rv. become miry (muddy stretch of trail), wallow. 

puk'-9e, n(aj & ncpd). toothless. 

puk' ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). Male joking speech; fornicate, 

puk'ahtik, aj. rotten. 

puk'an, tv. mix a lot in water /handfuls of corn gruel, posole or mud/, 

puk'anan, tv. cf. puk'an. 

puk'anpuk'an, tv. mix one after another /bowls of corn gruel or posol/. 

puk'anpuk'anan, tv. cf. puk'anpuk'an. 

puk'be ec'el 9ac"eltik, vphr(tv & dr & n5). slosh through mud. 

pukVah, iv. become sunken (cheeks), become thick (mud), become 

mushy (fruit), become fat (spinster), 

puk'eanbe, tv. knock person's teeth out. 

puk'ebal, n5. moment before finishing mixing /corn gruel, posol/. 

puk'el, nc. mixing /corn gruel, posol//1 - 3/. 

puk'et, av. becoming squishy (mud, rotten fruit), 

puk'et -?e, vphr(av & n4d). with sunken cheeks (toothless person), 

puk'ilan, tv. keep slapping /water/. 

puk'ilan ba, rv. keep becoming miry (muddy stretch of trail), keep wallowing. 

puk'ilanan, tv. keep slapping /plu/. 

puk'ilanan baik, rv. keep wallowing (pigs, children). 

puk'ilanobil, n4f. pot for mixing mud for plaster. 

puk'lah, av. splashing /sing or plu/. 

puk'lahet, av. splashing /through water/, ripe (fruits). 

puk'lahetik, av. splashing /through water//sound/(plu). 

puk'leh, n4f. mushiness. 

piik'lih, av. splashing suddenly (person, rock). 

Male joking speech; spiik'lih i?oc. It entered with a splash /penis 

in large vagina/. 

puk'ob, nlf. pot in which corn gruel or posol is mixed. 

puk'obil, nlf. cf. puk'ob. 

puk'olah, iv. wallow, splash self (person, bird). 

puk'om tan, nphr(n of n)ld. pot in which lime is mixed. 

puk'omah, iv. mix with water /corn gruel, posol, mud/. 

puk'p'ih, iv. become toothless. 

puk'pon, av. splashing, splashing self. 

puk'pon ê, vphr(av & n4d) talking or eating with sunken cheeks (toothless 

person). 

puk'puk', nc. single lump /com gruel, posol//1 only/. 

puk'tepuk'te le, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with sunken cheeks 

(toothless person). 

puk'uk'et, av. very thick (mud). 

puk'ul, aj. toothless, thick (mud), ripe and soft (fruit), mushy (rottenness), 

fat (woman). 

puk'ulah, iv. wallow, splash self (person, bird). 

puk'ulik, aj. toothless, ripe and soft, swollen or flabby (face), rotten. 

puk'ulpuk'ul, n4f. each of many lumps /com gruel, posol/. 

puk'um tan, nphr(n of n)ld. pot in which lime is mixed. 

pul T(2). 

pul, tv. draw /water/, scoop up in spoon or gourd /broth, com gruel/, 

scoop up /hoarded coins, com, beans//often to exchange secretly for 

cane liquor etc./. 

Polite speech; hpulban ka?al. I am drawing my water first. 

pul, nc. valley /I - 4/. 

pul, iv. sprout thickly (weeds, underbrush, feathers), grow densely 

(sheep's coat). 

pul-TOsil, nphr(aj &. ncpd)5. valley. 

pul balamil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). become misty or rainy. 

pul k'u?, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). become heavily feathered (chick). 

pul-sik' con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/5 type n)le. gnat. cf. val-sik' con. 

pul-tan, n(aj & ncpd)le. ashes that fly into air when water spills on fire. 

pul-tani, tv(iv & ncpd). make ashes fly into air. Formerly, when parents 

of prospective bride refused to consent to engagement, petitioners would 

toss water on fire to make ashes fly into the air. 

pul-tamh, iv(iv & ncpd). fly into the air (ashes when water spills on 

fire). 

pulahtik, aj. cf. pulul /plu/. 

pulan, tv. scoop up or draw a lot of. 

pulanan, tv. cf. pulan. 

lah spulanan lok'el yisim. lit., He finished scooping out a lot of his 

com., i.e., He is spending his resources on cane liquor. 

pulanpulan, tv. scoop up or draw one after another. 

pulanpulanan, tv. cf. pulanpulan. 

pulantik, aj. widely spaced valleys. 

pulav, nlf. valley. 

pulebal, n5. time before becoming thick /weeds/. 

pulel, nc. drawing /water/, scooping /com, beans, corn gruel/ /I-3/. 

pulet, av. pouring down noisily (cow manure, diarrhea), puffing (ashes 

when water spills). 

pulilan, tv. keep drawing /water/, keep scooping up /com, etc./. 

pulilanan, tv. keep scooping up a lot /com or beans secretly to exchange 

for cane liquor, etc./. 

pulin vo?, nphr(n of n)la. deep gourd for storing tortillas.

pullahet ta ?ul, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. pulpon ta iul (plu). 

pullahetik ta •ml, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. pulpon ta iul (plu). 

pullih, av. gushing down suddenly (diarrhea, blood). 

pulob, n 1 f. container for drawing water or for scooping up beans or corn. 

pulobil, nlf. cf. pulob. 

pulolah, iv. scoop out /corn gruel/. 

pulpon, av. streaming down and being sniffed up (mucous). 

pulpon ta ml, vphr(av & prep & n5). scooping up corn gruel every few 

minutes (child). 

pulpul, aj. shallow with sloping rim (bowl, frying pan, hat crown), depressed 

or uneven (land). 

piiltepulte, av. walking about defecating noisily (cow), walking about 

with runny nose. 

pulukil, n4f. many valleys. 

pulul, aj. dribbling (mucous). 

pululet, av. streaming down noisily (diarrhea), puffing (water on ashes). 

pululik. aj. cf. pulul /plu/. 

piilulpulul, n4f. each of many valleys. 

pulum vo 1 ), nphr(n of n). deep tortilla gourd, gourd Lagenaria siceraria, 

#2885(1,4,14). Lowland "vine* (14)-The gourds are used to store 

tortillas. They are sold at market. They are prepared by making a 

hole in the top and burying them in the ground until the pulp rots. 

Then they are dug up, washed and dried. 

pulun eoi, nphr(n of n)5. glutton /child/. 

pulun voi, nphr(n of n)la. deep gourd for storing tortillas. 

hpul- , agn(tv & ncpd). drawer /of water/, person who scoops up 

corn, beans, etc. 

hpulolahel, agn. woman who scoops out corn gruel. 

lipulom, agn. woman who scoops out corn gruel. 

9ak' pulun vc>, nphr(n4e of nphr/n of n/). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, 

# 1997(1,3,4,16,17). Lowland "vine" The seeds are planted in the corn 

field. The gourds are harvested in November and December. They 

are sold at market. They are used to store tortillas. 

•>ak' pulun voâltik, nphr(n4e of nphr/n of n/)5. large field of gourds. 

9ak' pulun vc?tik, nphr(n4e of nphr/n of n/)5. field of gourds. 

pulatu 

pulatu, bowl. cf. plato. 

pulitu 

pulitu, bowl. cf. plato. 

pulivok N. 

pulivok, nld. inca dove Scardajella inca, ground dove Columbigallina 

passerina. cf. soltaro mut, toltora. They are hunted and eaten, seasoned 

with mexican tea. They are cold". 

pulkatorio 

pulkatorio, purgatory, cf. porkatorio. 

puhitu 

pulutu, bowl. cf. plato. 

pum I, P, P(2). 

pum, iv. have gas on the stomach. 

pum ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug. 

pumahtik, aj. lying on ground (drunks, corpses). 

puman, tv. set down /log, baby/. 

puman ba, rv. lie down. 

puman ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /plu/ /on back, etc./. 

pumanan, tv. set down /logs/. 

pumanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. puman ta mahel. 

pumanob, nlf. place where large log is always set on the fire. 

pumanobil, nlf. cf. pumanob. 

pumanpuman, tv. set down one after another /logs/. 

pumanpuman ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug one after another 

/on back, etc./. 

pumanpumanan, tv. cf. pumanpuman. 

pumanpumanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. pumanpuman ta 

mahel. 

pumanvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave person sitting /drunk on path/. 

pumeah, iv. become mute and immobile. 


291 

pumean, tv. set down /log/. 

pumcanan, tv. set down /logs/. 

pumeanvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave person sitting /drunk on path/. 

pumel, vnld. gas on the stomach. 

t sak' pumel li kukaye. The lightning bug causes gas on the stomach 

/when it flies over person/. 

pumes, tv. bloat. 

pumet, av. lying (log, drunk). 

spumet svayel. He is slumbering. 

pumetik, av. lying on ground (drunks). 

pumi, iv. be lying down (person, log). 

pumih, onom. crash /falling drunk, blow on back/. 

pumilan, tv. keep beating /clothing on rocks/. 

pumilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging. 

pumilanan, tv. keep beating a lot of /laundry/. 

pumilanvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep slugging person. 

pumlah, av. roaring (torrent, flooded river), crashing (rolling boulder) 

/sing or plu/. 

pumlahet, av. roaring (river), popping (guns), thrashing helplessly (fallen 

animal, overturned beetle), thumping (snake in death throes). 

pumlahetik, av. knocking clothes against rocks (women), lying trussed up 

(prisoners), falling (drunk). 

pumleh, nlf. lying down. 

piimlih, av. thudding suddenly (falling person, rock, or log), roaring 

suddenly (blasting iron). 

pumpon, av. knocking clothes against rocks (woman), thrashing helplessly 

(fallen animal, overturned beetle), trussed up (prisoner), thumping 

(drum, stamping of earth on grave.) 

pumpum, aj. fat (stomach, belly of pot or gourd), thick (log). 

pumpumtik, iv. be rather protruding (child's tummy). 

pumtepumte c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with a paunch. 

pumul, aj. lying down (person, pig, baby, log, cow), stretched out and 

immobile (large snake). 

pumulik, aj. fluffy (bread). 

pumum, av. roaring (river). 

pumumet, av. roaring (torrent). 

pumvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). strike person /on back, 

etc./. 

punto N(Sp, punto). 

punto, nle. aim, inan. poss., gunsight. 

punyal N(Sp, punyal). 

punyal e'i'Jlel, nphr(n type n). 'dagger plant', Sesbania emerus, #2639(20). 

Lowland plant" 

pur O. 

pur, onom. snort /mule/. 

puret cak, vphr(av & n4d). defecating noisily. 

puret ec'el, vphr(av & dr). whirring away (hummingbird, tinamou). 

puret ni 1 ), vphr(av & n4d). snorting (mule). 

puretik, av. defecating noisily. 

purlah, av. whirring, snorting (mule) /plu/. 

purlahet, av. whirring (doves). 

purlih, av. whirring up suddenly (bird), making sudden sound of defecation 

(chicken, turkey, person), snorting (horse). 

purpon nit, vphr(av & n4d). snorting (horse). 

purpur, onom. whir /bird/. 

purtepurte, av. whirring here and there. 

purur, av. whirring. 

pururet ec'el, vphr(av & dr). whirring away (bird). 

pururet ni9, vphr(av & n4d). snorting (horse), snoring. 

purkuvic' 

purkuvic", whippoorwill. cf. kurkuvic". 

puro N(Sp, puro). 

puro, nla. cigar. 

puro(l) Pt(Sp, puro). 

puro, pt. just, only. cf. naka. 

piiro(2) A(Sp, puro).


puro vesal, nphr(aj & n)3d. tight-fitting pants. 

pus N. 

pus, nla. steam bath. Joking speech; jail. 

pus ton, nphr(n type n) 1 e. steam cure. To reduce swelling, and following 

bloodletting, thirteen brown river pebbles are heated red hot. The pebbles 

are put in a round hole dug in the floor. On top of the pebbles 

are placed a variety of plants. A large gourd of urine (half the contents 

from one of the male assistants and half from one of the female 

assistants) is poured over the rocks. For further description cf. 

can-eelav eele-pat. 

pusal, n4f. incriminating evidence /stolen object, weapon/ /infr/. 

pusan, nla. lights /lungs/. 

puset, av. steaming hot (house, world). 

pusil, n4e. incriminating evidence /stolen object, or weapon/. 

pusiltas, tv. take steam bath. Joking speech; put in jail. 

pusiltasan, tv. Joking speech; put in jail /plu/. 

pusiltasobil, n4f. incriminating accusation. 

pusin, iv. take steam bath. Joking speech; enter jail. 

pusinah, iv. ripen (fruit buried in pine needles and set in sun). 

puslahet, av. hissing (gas escaping from slaughtered pig's or cow's stomach). 

puslih, av. hissing suddenly (gas escaping from slaughtered pig's or cow's 

stomach). 

puspon, av. hissing (gas escaping from slaughtered cow's stomach, air 

from ball when stepped on). 

pustepuste, av. hissing in several places (gas escaping from slaughtered 

pig's or cow's stomach). 

pusuk', nla. lights /lungs/. 

pusus, av. hissing (gas escaping from slaughtered pig's or cow's stomach). 

pususet, av. steaming hot (house, world). 

hpusivil, agn. person who takes sweat bath. 

hrtc'-pus, agn(tv & ncpd). person taking sweat bath. 

pus T(2). 

pus, tv. fold /tortilla/, bend /stalk/, double over /rope, corn/. 

ta hpus kot. lit., I am folding my tortilla, i.e., I am going to eat. 

Ritual speech, shaman; tal hka9be tal hpusbe ti smule ti skolo?e t 

avalabe t anic'nabe. I have come to double over, bend, the sin, the 

evil of Thy child of woman, of Thy child of man. 

pus, nc. fold, doubling. 

tab to ca"?-pus ik'ot. He landed over there doubled up. 

pus ba, rv. crease, become dog-eared. 

pusahtik, aj. with edges bent over (tortilla, money, clothes), wrinkled 

(clothes), creased. 

pusan, tv. fold /tortillas, clothes/. 

pusanan, tv. cf. pusan. 

pusanpusan, tv. fold one after another. 

pusanpiisanan, tv. cf. pusanpusan. 

pusantik, aj. wrinkled. 

pusbenal, nlf. wrinkled seam, crease. 

puseah, iv. wrinkle. 

pusel, nc. folding. 

puset, av. walking with folded tortilla. 

pusk'ih, iv. bend (hoe blade). 

pusk'in, tv. bend /nail, clitoris/. 

pusk'inan, tv. bend /nails/. 

pusk'inobil, nlf. hammer. 

puslahetik ta vah, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. puspon ta van (plu). 

pusleh, n4f. fold. 

pusli, tv. fell /by cutting trunk only partially so that fallen tree can serve 

as fence/. 

puslian, tv. fell /plu//by cutting trunk only partially so that fallen trees 

can serve as fence/. 

puslih, av. bending suddenly (edge of blade). 

pusob, nlf. food that is folded in tortilla. Ritual speech, shaman in 

pertonal ceremony when drinking cane liquor so that guilt of patient will 

be folded over, i.e., reduced; cane liquor. 

pusobil, nlf. Ritual speech, shaman in pertonal ceremony when drinking 

cane liquor so that guilt of patient will be folded over, i.e., reduced; cane 

liquor, cf. pusob. 

9oy to yo h-set' ?oy to yo huteb ska9obil spusobil ti yo smule ti yo 

skolo?e. There is still a sip, there is still a drop for bending down, 

for folding over his lowly guilt, his lowly evil. 

pusomal, nld. Denunciatory speech; lit., folding place, i.e., joint. Ritual 

speech; cf. kehomal, nihomal. 

mu9yuk skaTOmal mu9yuk spusomal. He has no bending place, he 

has no folding place, i.e., He does not know how to show respect, 

puspon ta vah, vphr(av & prep & n5). folding tortillas every few minutes 

(child). 

puspus, nc. single fold /I only/. 

puspus, aj. with edge folded over (tortilla, money, clothes), 

pusukil, n4f. many folds. 

pusul, aj. with edge folded over (tortilla, money, clothes), doubled (rope), 

turned up (cuff), 

pusulik, aj. cf. pusul /plu/. 

9os-pusin, tv(num & tvcpd). fold over three times /bridal headdress, 

rope/. 

ca?-pusin, tv(num & tvcpd). fold in two (paper, mat), double over /with 

blow/. 

ca9-pusin ba, rv(num & rvcpd). become folded in two or doubled, kneel 

and bow low. 

can-pusin, tv(num & tvcpd). double over so as to make four /rope/. 

puta N(Sp, puta). 

puta, nld. whore. 

puta, excl. sonofabitch! /exclamation expressing surprise or amazement/, 

var., huta, hutale /esp. Pastel and lElan Von/. 

putail, n4d. stupidity. 

puv prob P or P(2). 

puvel 9e, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). grimacing /child just before crying/, 

puvet 9e, vphr(av & n4d). grimacing /child just before crying/, 

puvul 9e, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). grimacing /child just before crying/. 

puy N. 

puy, nla. river snail Pachychilus indiorum Morelet USNM 677631. It 

is eaten, especially in Lent. It is "hot" 

puyal 9uk'um, nphr(natt & n)5. fresh water snail Stenophysa nitens Philippi 

USNM 678745. It is ground alive and the juice is drunk for rabies. 

It is cold". 

puypuy, aj. too small-based (pot that doesn't sit properly), 

puypuytik, aj. rather small-based (pot). 

•>ik'al puy, nphr(aj & n)5. river snail, cf. puy. 

sok puy, nphr(n type n)ld. small-bodied snail. It is "hot". It is not 

desirable for eating. 

yasal puy, nphr(aj & n)5. river snail, cf. puy. 

puy a 1 ) N. 

puya9, nla. metal tip of walking stick of Chamulas, etc., extended to 

mean walking stick, 

puyir) N. 

puyu9, nle. morning glory Ipomoea seducta, #2292(3,4). Temperate vine", 

morning glory Ipomoea sp., #2298(19). Temperate vine". Merremia 

aegyplia, #2859(12). Lowland "vine". 

puyitfaltik, n5. large field of puyui. 

puyu^tik, n5. field of puyui. 

9ik'-lo?an puyu9, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). see below, 

muk'ta ?ik'-lo9an puyu?, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ type n). 

breedlove's morning glory Ipomoea breedlovei, #2797(3,4,5). Lowland 

"vine". 

9ik'al nic puyu9, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). morning glory Ipomoea 

hederacea, #2836(7). Lowland vine". It is eaten by mules, 

eahal puyu9, nphr(aj & n). breedlove's morning glory Ipomoea breedlovei, 

#2676(1,3). Lowland "vine" Breedlove's morning glory is used 

together with ground whippoorwill bones in a love potion. The bird 

is killed on a Thursday and hung in a tree top for exactly two 

weeks. If the bones are clean they are taken down, burned, and

P/P' TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 293 

ground into powder, together with the morning glory. Taking the 

powder with him when he goes to talk to a girl, the boy should toss 

it at her or rub it on her neck or back when he embraces her. The 

following Thursday he should talk to her, because no matter how 

obstinate she has been, she can not, it is claimed, fail to fall in love 

and elope with him. Valeriana scandens, #2228(1,3,4). Highland "vine" 

k'anal puyu?, nphr(aj & n). Operculina pteripes, #2800(3,4,5,11,12). 


muk'ta k'anal puyu?, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Merremia umbellata, 

#267(1,2,3,5). Lowland "vine" Operculina pteripes, #2615(1,3). 


k'os puyu?, nphr(aj & n). morning glory Ipomoeasp., #1360(1,3). Highland 

"vine". #2779(7). Temperate "vine", morning glory Ipomoea 

lindenii, #2099(1). Temperate "vine". Jacquemontia pentantha, 

#2866(1,4). Lowland "vine". Merremia aegyptia, #2859(11). Lowland 

"vine" 

muk'ta puyu?, nphr(aj & n). breedlove's morning glory Ipomoea breedlovei, 

#2797(11). Lowland "vine", 

muk'tik puyu?, nphr(aj & n). breedlove's morning glory Ipomoea breedlovei, 

#2797(12). Lowland "vine" 

sakil nic puyu?, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). Merremia aegyptia, 

#2798(11). Temperate vine". 

sakil puyu?, nphr(aj & n). morning glory Ipomoea alba, #315(1,2,3,5). 

Lowland "vine". Merremia aegyptia, #2798(12). Temperate "vine". 

muk'ta sakil puyu?, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). morning glory Ipomoea 

pauciflora, #2795(3,4,5). Temperate "vine". 

yas-?ulan puyu?, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). morning glory Ipomoea 

hederacea, #2836(3,4,5). Lowland vine" 

yasal puyu?, nphr(aj & n). morning glory Ipomoea lindenii, #2305(3,4). 

Highland "vine" morning glory Ipomoea hederacea, #2836(3,4,5). 


k'os yasal puyu?, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Jacquemontia pentantha, 

#2296(3,4). Temperate "vine" 

puyu?al cobtik, nphr(natt & n). 'corn fieldpuyui', Merremia aegyptia (L.) 

Urban , #2859(7). Lowland "vine" It is eaten by mules. 

puyu?al viefik, nphr(natt & n). 'temperatepuyui', morning glory Ipomoea 

signata, #1813(1,4). Temperate and highland "vine'. 

puyu? ?ak\ nphr(n type n). see below, 

k'os puyu? ?ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). morning glory Ipomoea sp., 

#242(1,2,3,5). Lowland "vine" It grows in corn fields. 

pwersa N(Sp, fuerza). 

pwersa, nlc. strength, necessity, biceps, semen, var., persa. 

ta pwersa. it is essential, imperative, or obligatory, 

mu pwersauk sibat. I don't have to go. 

hpwersa. my strength /extended to mean the food necessary for 

subsistence/. 

?ak" pwersa, vphr(tv & n5). strive. 

pwes Pt(Sp, pues). 

pwes, pt. Male speech: well, then. 

pwesto N(Sp, puesto). 

pwesto, nld. market booth. 

pyesa N(Sp, pieza). 

pyesa, nle. song/popular ladino music/, var., pyesta. 

pyesta 

pyesta, song. cf. pyesa. 

F 

p'ah(l) I. 

p'ah, iv. fall /from height/. 

p'ah si sk'usul ta ?ora. Her pain ended immediately (woman in 

childbirth). 

p'ah, nc. drop /liquid/, 

p'ahakil, n4f. many drops /blood/. 

p'ahalp'ahal, n4f. each of many drops /blood/, 

p'ahebal, n5. moment before rain falls or before object falls. 

p'ahel, nc. drop /liquid/ /I - 3/. 

Ritual speech, offering liquor; h-p'ahel me t ave h-p'ahel me t ati?. 

a drop for your mouth, a drop for your lips. 

p'ahes, tv. drop. 

p'ahesan, tv. drop /plu/. 

p'ahesanan, tv. cf. p'ahesan, 

p'ahesbe vo? ta ?e, vphr(tv & n5 & prep & n4d). put drops of water in 

mouth /of corpse on way to cemetery/. 

p'ahesob, nlf. geranium bloom used to sprinkle water in mouth of corpse 

on way to cemetery. 

p'ahesobil, nlf. cf. p'ahesob. 

p'ahesobil ?unen, nphr(n4f of n5). medicine to induce labor. 

p'ahesvan, iv. drop person /child/, drop /fruit for person standing beneath 

tree/, throw person (horse). 

p'ahlahet, av. dripping in many places (water, blood). 

p'ahleh, n4f. fallen. 

p'ahluh, av. falling suddenly. 

p'ahp'on, av. dripping (water, blood). 

p'ahtep'ahte, av. falling here and there (wounded soldiers), falling one 

after another /from sickness/. 

hp'ahesvaneh, agn. horse that throws person. 

hp'ahesvaneh ta te?, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person dropping fruit 

for another standing beneath tree. 

p'ah(2) T. 

p'ah, tv. refuse /gift, request/, disobey /order/. 

p'ahbil ta kahvaltik. rejected by Our Lord. If a man refuses cane 

liquor or any gift, it is believed that when forced by his wife's death 

to seek her replacement, he will never find her. 

p'ah ba, rv. have all that one desires. 

p'ah baik, rv. wrangle (spouses). 

p'ah-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. falling-out /between spouses/. 

p'ahan, tv. refuse /gifts, requests/, disobey /orders/. 

p'ahan ba, rv. have all that one desires. 

Female scolding speech; lah sp'ahan sba li tak'ine. lit., The money 

has disdain for itself, i.e., The man has enough money so that he 

has no inclination to earn more. 

p'ahanp'ahan, tv. refuse one after another. 

p'ahulan, tv. keep refusing or disobeying. 

p'ahulanan, tv. keep refusing /gifts/ (girl). 

p'ahulanvan, iv. keep refusing to accept person. 

p'ahvan, iv. refuse to accept person (ritual tutor, road foreman). 

hp'ahvaneh, agn. person who refuses another's request to become compadre, 

in-law, etc. 

p'al I, T. 

p'al, iv. flake (scab, dirt). 

p'al ba lok'el, vphr(rv & dr). flake off. 

p'al lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). flake off, scrape off /tortilla stuck to griddle/. 

p'alalet, av. gazing vacantly (eyes of pretty girl, eyes of baby). 

p'alan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). flake or scrape off /tortillas, scabs/. 

p'alanan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. p'alan lok'el. 

p'alanp'alan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). flake off one after another /scabs/. 

p'alanp'alanan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. p'alanp'alan lok'el. 

p'aleah lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). flake off. 

p'alean lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). flake off. 

p'ales lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). flake off (medicine). 

p'alesan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). flake off /scabs/ (medicine). 

p'alesanan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. p'alesan lok'el. 

p'alesobil, n4f. medicine to make scabs fall off. 

p'alet lok'el, vphr(av & dr). flaking off. 

p'alet sat, vphr(av & n4d). gazing vacantly, staring off into space /pretending 

not to notice that all except oneself are giving gifts that should 

be presented by everyone in group/. 

p'allahet lok'el, vphr(av & dr). cf. p'alet lok'el (plu). 

p'allahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. p'alet sat (plu). 

p'alp'as", nle. pine bark. 

p'alp'astik, aj. flaky /skin, dried mud/.


p'alp'on sat, vphr(av & n4d). gazing vacantly, 

p'altep'alte lok'el, vphr(av & dr). flaking here and there (scabs), 

p'alulan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). keep flaking off. 

p'alulanan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). keep flaking off /plu/. 

p'as T(2). 

p'as, tv. cut into short lengths /tree, snake, sugarcane, chicken bones/. 

Scolding speech to recalcitrant child; ta hp'as anuk'. I will cut your 

head off. 

p'as, iv. be cut into short length, 

p'as, nc. piece /snake/, short length /log/. 

p'as ?ok k'u9ul, nphr(nlf & nphr/n4f of n3d/). border at base of cotton 

tunic. 

p'as ba, rv. slash self, 

p'as baik, rv. slash each other. 

p'as-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual slashing /with machetes/, 

p'as be, vphr(tv & n5). cut across one's path, 

p'asahtik, aj. cut into short sections. 

p'asakil, n4f. many short sections /wood, sugar cane, sausage/, 

p'asal, aj. cut into short sections, 

p'asal te9, nphr(aj & n)la. shim. 

p'asalp'asal, n4f. each of many short lengths /sausage/, 

p'asan, tv. cut into lengths /plu/. 

p'asanan, tv. cf. p'asan. 

p'asanp'asan, tv. cut into one short length after another /wood/, 

p'asanp'asanan, tv. cf. p'asanp'asan. 

p'asantik, aj. cut into short widely separated sections, 

p'asas, nld. pork sausage. 

p'asas-'Jok, n(aj & ncpd)5. barred-legged (horse), 

p'asasil, n4f. horizontal stripes, bars, 

p'asastik, aj. with horizontal stripes /stripes at right angles to top or 

head/, barred, 

p'asbenal, n4f. end of log. 

p'asebal, n5. moment before finishing cutting into short sections, 

p'aslahetik, av. cf. p'asp'on (plu). 

p'asleh, n4f. cut /tree/. 

p'asluh, iv. be cut into short lengths, 

p'asluh, av. cutting suddenly in two. 

p'asob to, nphr(nlf of nld). wide-bladed axe. 

p'asobil, n4f. machete, axe, billhook. 

p'asp'as, nc. single short section /wood, sugar cane, sausage/ /I only/. 

p'asp'as te?, nphr(aj & n)la. short log, log stool, 

p'asp'on, av. cutting /wood/. 

p'asulan, tv. cut into many short lengths, keep cutting in short lengths, 

p'asulanan, tv. keep cutting into many lengths. 

p'asulanluh, iv. be cut into many pieces. 

p'asvan ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). cut across person's path, 

p'asvan ta macita, vphr(iv & prep & n5). slash at person, 

hp'as-holol, agn(tv & ncpd). assassin. 

hp'asvaneh ta macita, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who slashes 

at another with his machete, 

p'os, nc. short length /wood/, roll /paper/. 

h-p'os veielil. each of eight longitudinal sections of leg of slaughtered 

cow or each of two horizontal sections of drumstick. 

p'osahtik, aj. thick (young cornstalks), lying (short logs), chubby (legs of 

child or girl). 

p'osantik, aj. lying far apart (short logs), 

p'oset, av. lying (short log), 

p'osi, tv. trip over, 

p'osian, tv. trip over many times, 

p'osianan, tv. cf. p'osian. 

p'oslah, av. tripping /sing/. 

p'oslahet ?ok, vphr(av & n4d). tripping, 

p'oslahetik, av. tripping (plu). 

p'osokil, n4f. many short lengths /wood/. 

p'osol, aj. chubby (child's leg), lying (short log), 

p'osolik, aj. cf. p'osahtik. 

p'osolp'osol, n4f. each of many short lengths /wood/. 

p'osp'on, av. walking with chubby (legs). 

p'osp'os, nc. single short length /log//l only/. 

p'osp'os, aj. chubby (child's leg), stubby (log). 

p'osp'os te 1 ), nphr(aj & n)la. short log, log stool. 

p'ostep'oste 9ok, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with chubby legs (child). 

p'at T. 

p'at, tv. grind hurriedly first time /corn/. 

Polite speech, man requesting assistance when all the women of his 

household are ill; ?abolahan p'atbon hpanin. Please grind my corn 

hurriedly. 

p'at, iv. split open (bean or lead tree pod, improperly ground corn). 

p'atan, tv. grind hurriedly a lot of /corn/. 

p'atanan, tv. cf. p'atan. 

p'atanp'atan, tv. grind hurriedly first time one after another /quantity of 

corn/. 

p'atanp'atanan, tv. cf. p'atanp'atan. 

p'atatet, av. pounding (horse V4: 2) /galloping hoofbeats/. 

p'atlahet, av. splitting open (bean or lead tree pods). 

p'atluh, av. splitting open suddenly (bean or lead tree pods). 

p'atob, nlf. metate. 

p'atobil, nlf. cf. p'atob. 

p'atp'on, av. grinding ineffectively first time /corn/, pattering (deer, 

lamb). 

p'attep'atte, av. splitting open one after another (bean pods), pattering 

about (colt, lamb). 

p'atuhtip'atuhti, onom. pounding (horse V4: 2) /galloping hoofbeats/. 

p'atulan, tv. keep grinding hurriedly first time /chicken feed/. 

p'atulanan, tv. keep grinding first time a lot of /corn/. 

p'av prob O. 

p'avav tal ->e, vphr(av & dr & n4d). approaching and gnashing teeth (wild 

boar). 

p'avavet 9e, vphr(av & n4d). gnashing teeth (peccary, pig), chattering 

teeth /with cold/. 

p'avlahet ê, vphr(av & n4d). cf. p'avp'on ê (plu). 

p'avp'on 9e, vphr(av & n4d). chomping (horse, pig, sheep, dog eating dry 

corn on the cob). 

p'avtep'avte le, vphr(av & n4d). walking about chomping (pig eating 

peach pits). 

p'eh P, P(2). 

p'eh, nc. In reference to: spherical or cubic object, lunar month /I only/, 

lump of posol dough, hair, mountain, salt, house, coffer, flower, leaf, 

wire, fruit, rope, ribbon, finger's breadth /I only/, 

h-p'eh panin. lit., one /bag/ of corn dough, i.e., bag of corn that is 

destined for immediate consumption rather than for storage or sale, 

h-p'eh be sbat. The road has no turnoffs. 

Ritual speech, prayer, referring to child; h-p'eh ti yo hmotone hp'eh 

ti yo kaboltayele. I have one humble present, I have one lowly 

fruit of suffering. 

Ritual speech, curing prayer before offering incense; ha9 sa me 

makal ha 1 ) sa me kecel ti h-p'eh pome ti h-p'eh c'aile. It is covered, 

it is unfinished, the piece of incense, the cloud of smoke. 

p'eh ba, rv. be full (moon). 

p'ehahtik, aj. cf. p'ehel /plu/. 

p'ehan, tv. set down /money, coffer, spherical object; water jug, head, 

orange, rock/, build /house/. 

p'ehanan, tv. set down /rocks, fruits, etc./, build /houses/. 

p'ehanob, nlf. place where object is to be set /pot, money, etc./, table 

on which coffer rests. 

p'ehanobil, nlf. cf. p'ehanob. 

p'ehanp'ehan, tv. set down one after another /rocks, etc./. 

p'ehanp'ehanan, tv. cf. p'ehanp'ehan. 

p'ehantik, aj. widely spaced (fruit, rocks, etc.). 

p'ehanvan, iv. Joking speech; set person down /groom setting bride down 

on bed/. 

p'eheah, iv. become full (moon).

P' TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 295 

t sp'eheah lek sk'oplal. The facts of the matter are becoming clear. 

p'ehean, tv. identify, make clear. 

isp'ehcanbe lek sk'oplal. He clarified the matter. 

isp'ehean lek ti buc'u yalohe. He identified properly the one who had 

said it. 

p'ehean ba, rv. reveal one's identity. 

p'eheanobil, n4f. talking saint, divination that clarifies matter. 

p'eheanvan, iv. give information about person, identify person, 

p'eheh, av. rolling (ball), running (child), 

p'ehehet c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). running with bulging tummy (child, pup- 

py)p'ehekil, 

n4f. many /fruits, lumps of posol dough, packages, salt/. 

p'ehel, n5. Ritual speech, prayer; child, person. 

ti p'ehele ti lucule. lit., the round ones, the perched ones, i.e., the 

people. 

p'ehel, aj. sitting (money, chest, pot, orange, maguey, rock), standing 

(church, mountain), full (moon), well-reasoned (argument). 

mi muk' bu p'ehel avuiun hayibuk hc'amuntik. Haven't you a few 

(pesos) piled up for me to borrow? 

p'ehel lucul, ajphr(aj & aj). lit., sitting and perching, i.e., young and old. 

p'ehelp'ehel, n4f. each of many spherical objects, etc. 

p'ehet, av. full (moon, sun), running (hatless, child), sitting (spherical 

object, etc.). 

sp'ehet shol ta malku? k'al syakube. His head lies on the threshhold 

when he gets drunk. 

p'ehet ta lak'ot, vphr(av & prep & vn5). dancing (woman). 

p'ehetah, iv. dance (woman). 

p'ehetik ta lak'ot, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. p'ehet la nak'ot (plu). 

p'ehi, iv. be standing or sitting (money, house, coffer, spherical object; 

water jug, head, orange, rock), 

p'ehlahet, av. donating /money for fiesta/(plu). 

sp'ehlahet t stahinilc. They are playing /children/. 

p'ehlebp'ehleb, n4f. each measured word, 

p'ehleh, n4f. whole /head, barrel, etc./. 

p'ehp'eh, nc. single /eye, testicle, child, egg, tooth/ /I only/. 

p'ehp'on, av. donating /money for fiesta/, standing (sun). 

p'ehtep'ehte, av. donating in one place after another /money/. 

hp'eheanvaneh, agn. person who gives information about another. 

p'el prob P or P(2). 

p'el, nc. word, shout, call, cry. 

Polite speech; ha 1 ? nos t sakalbe h-p'el ca9-p'eluk. I am just going to 

have a word or two with you. 

sca^-p'elel yok'el kaslan. second crowing of roosters, i.e., two a.m. 

yos-p'elel yok'el kaslan. third crowing of roosters, i.e., three a.m. 

h-p'el ti k'u kale. I said one word, i.e., I meant what I said. 

ta h-p'el nos k'op. over a slight matter. 

eoe iiavan h-p'el. He gave a loud shout, 

p'elantik, aj. few /words/, 

p'elp'el, nc. single word /I only/. 

h-p'elp'el sa -Javan. He let out just one scream. 

p'en P. 

p'en-c'ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. with protruding tummy (puppy). 

p'enahtik, aj. cf. p'enel /plu/. 

p'enan, tv. set down /small pot/. 

p'enan ba, rv. sit (dog, child), 

p'enel, aj. protruding (child's tummy), 

p'enen, av. running with protruding tummy (child, puppy). 

p'enenet, av. running with protruding tummy (puppy), 

p'enet, av. running (child), trotting (puppy), 

p'enetik, av. running (children), 

p'eni, iv. be protruding (tummy). 

p'enlah, av. cf. p'enen (plu). 

p'enlahet, av. cf. p'enp'on (plu). 

p'enlahetik, av. cf. p'enp'on (plu). 

p'enp'en, aj. protruding (child's tummy), 

p'enp'on, av. trotting (child). 

p'entep'ente, av. walking about with protruding belly (child, puppy). 

p'ep' 

p'ep', sit down. cf. p'es. 

p'es P. 

p'esahtik, aj. cf. p'esel /plu/. 

p'es"an, tv. set down /child/. 

p'esan ba, rv. sit down (child). 

p'esel, aj. sitting (child). 

p'eses, av. trotting (child, puppy). 

p'eseset, av. trotting rapidly (child, puppy). 

p'eset, av. running (child), trotting (puppy). 

p'esetah, iv. run (child). 

p'esetik, av. cf. p'esel (plu). 

p'esi, iv. be sitting (child). 

p'eslah, av. cf. p'eses (plu). 

p'eslahet, av. trotting (children, puppies). 

p'esleh, nlf. seated. 

p'esp'on, av. trotting (children, puppies). 

Ritual speech, song, referring to female censer bearers and female 

assistants of stewards; sp'esp'on sa me li hmoobtak, sp'esp'on sa me 

li hc'uleltak. Now my ladies are trotting, now my souls are trotting. 

p'estep'este, av. walking about (child, puppy). 

p'ep'es, iv. Baby talk; sit down, sit down! 

p'ev P(2). 

p'ev ba, rv. Denunciatory speech; leave parental or husband's home, 

sc'ak sba sp'ev sba. They are separated, they are rent asunder. 

p'ev ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). make path through, open a crack. 

p'evahtik, aj. with many gaps (fence, wall). 

p'evan, tv. open a crack /door/. 

p'evan ba, rv. open a crack (door). 

p'evantik, aj. with widely spaced gaps (wall, corral). 

p'evean, tv. break through /fence/. 

p'eveanan, tv. break through in many places /fence/. 

p'evel, aj. open (fly), gaping (genital region of either sex), with gap (wall), 

open a crack (door), widely-spaced (corral posts). 

p'evelik, aj. with gaps (wall). 

p'evet, av. walking with open (fly). 

p'evev, av. opening a crack (door). 

p'evi, iv. be ajar. 

p'evk'un, tv. cf. p'evean. 

p'evk'unan, tv. cf. p'eveanan. 

p'evleh, nld. open a crack /door/, open /fly/. 

p'evluh, av. opening a crack suddenly. 

p'evp'ev, aj. open (fly), gaping (genital region of either sex), with gap 

(wall), open a crack (door), widely spaced (corral posts). 

p'evp'on, av. walking with open (fly), opening and closing (window). 

p'evtep'evte, av. walking about with open fly. 

p'fr P. 

p'iâhtik, aj. cf. p'hil /plu/. 

p'iân, tv. perforate. 

p'iân ba, rv. be open (small hole). 

p'franp'fran cak, vphr(tv & n4d). open one's ass again and again (nymphomaniac). 

p'hantik, aj. with widely spaced small holes. 

p'iiel, aj. open (ass). 

p'ilet, av. lying with open ass. 

p'iwtik, av. cf. p'fiet (plu). 

p'ili, iv. be open (small hole). 

p'pil, aj. with open ass. 

Scolding speech, usually referring to drunk; te p'bil ivay ta ti 1 ) k'ok'. 

He slept by the fire with his ass showing. 

p'i9ilik, aj. open (eyes of newborn puppy). 

p'iMahet cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. p'iipon cak (plu). 

p'i?luh cak, vphr(av & n4d). breaking wind suddenly (mule, dog, person). 

p'i9p'i9, aj. with small opening.

296 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 P' 

p'ilp'on cak, vphr(av & n4d). breaking wind (mule). 

p'l'itep'ftte cak ves, vphr(av & nphr/n4f of n4d/). walking about with tear 

in seat of one's pants. 

p'i9ulan, tv. keep opening (horse's ass). 

p'i9ulan ba, rv. keep opening (horse's ass). 

p'ic T(2). 

p'ic lok'el tal, vphr(iv & dr & dr). sprout (corn). 

p'ic tal, vphr(iv & dr). produce first flush of the morning (sun). 

p'icahtik, aj. cf. p'icil /plu/. 

p'ican ba, rv. sprout and wither (corn). 

p'icantik, aj. widely spaced (sprouts). 

p'icbe, tv. flick /palm when weaving/, 

p'icet ta to, vphr(av & prep & n5). holding at arm's length on stick 

/snake/. 

p'icil, aj. sprouting, 

p'icilik, aj. sprouting (corn) /first developmental stage when sprouts are 

one inch high, also called biiilik and lavustik/ /plu/. 

p'iclahetik ta Xei, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. p'icp'on ta tei (plu). 

p'icp'on ta to, vphr (av & prep & n5). flicking away with stick. 

p'icu, tv. flick away /with stick, foot/, send flying /with stick, foot, horn/, 

prick out /thorn/. 

p'icuan, tv. send flying a lot of /earth/ (bull with its horns). 

p'icuanan, tv. cf. p'icuan. 

p'iculan, tv. keep pricking out /thorn/ or digging out /insects in ground 

that are eating crop/, 

p'icuob, n5. stick for flicking away undesirable object, needle or thorn for 

pricking out thorn, 

p'icuobil, nlf. cf. p'icuob. 

p'icup'icuan, tv. flick away one after another, 

p'icvan lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). send person flying /with kick/. 

p'ih A. 

p'ih, aj. clever, smart, intelligent, cunning, 

p'ihil, n4d. intelligence, wisdom. 

Scolding speech; mu hta ap'ihil. I'm not as smart as you! 

hp'ihil nan 9une. Perhaps it is my cleverness /ironic/. 

p'ihil, aj. clever, smart, intelligent, 

p'ihp'ihtik, aj. rather clever. 

p'ihub, iv. become clever, smart or intelligent, learn. 

p'ihubel, n5. near proficiency (child learning in school, girl learning to 

weave). 

p'ihubtas, tv. advise, counsel, teach, 

p'ihubtas ba, rv. become wise or smart, 

p'ihubtasan, tv. advise, counsel or teach /plu/. 

p'ihubtasvan, iv. advise, counsel or teach person. 

lek sna") sp'ihubtasvan ta k'op. He knows well how to teach people 

what to say. 

ip'ihubtasvan ec'el k'u s9elan t sk'ot yal ta kaviltoe. He advised the 

people how to speak in court. 

ta sp'ihubtasvan li kahvaltik ti mi hna'Hike. Our Lord teaches us 

when we remember /pray to/Him, 

hp'ihubtasvaneh, agn. teacher /archaic/. 

p'U(l) I. 

p'il, iv. pass (time), 

p'ilesanbe, tv. let a lot of time pass, 

p'ilesbe, tv. let pass /time/. 

isp'ilesbe sk'ak'alil. He let the deadline pass, 

p'ilis, n5. lowland and highland grasshopper, 

p'ilom c'ak, cf. c'ak. 

p'ilom lei, nphr(n type n)ld. arrow. 

p'ilom te9, nphr(n type n)la. snare /for rabbits, dogs or quails/. 

p'Jtep'ilte, av. being postponed time and again /deadline/. 

p'il(2) prob P or P(2). 

p'ilahtik, aj. cf. p'ilil /plu/. 

p'ilel, aj. furry (mouth with thirst), 

p'ilet, av. staring (baby's or puppy's eyes). 

p'ilil, aj. furry (mouth with thirst), gazing vacantly (baby's or puppy's 

eyes). 

p'ililet, av. staring (baby's or puppy's eyes). 

p'ililik, aj. flashing (eyes of girl). 

p'illahet, av. cf. p'ilp'on (plu). 

p'ilp'on, av. staring (baby, puppy). 

p'ilis 

p'ilis, cf. pilis. 

p'in N. 

p'in, nla. pot. 

p'in tfii, nphr(n of n)5. lit., dog pot. i.e., pigment on puppy's belly. If 

a puppy lacks this pigment at birth, it is not expected to live. 

Joking speech; t sac'i nan hal, pero ti 9oy avunen p'in tune. You will 

live long, but only if you have your little pot. 

p'inal, nc. pot. 

p'inal , nphr(n 1 f of n 1 d). pot for /cane liquor, chicha, corn 

gruel, etc./. 

p'inantik, n5. pots of food being cooked at long intervals. 

p'is T. 

p'is, tv. measure, serve /cane liquor, chicha/. 

p'is, iv. be measured, be served (cane liquor, chicha). 

p'is, nld. shot glass. 

p'is, nc. shot /cane liquor/. 

p'is ba, rv. act like, overrate or overreach oneself, boast falsely, try on 

/clothing/. 

t sp'is sba ta vinikal t sal ioy êp yane. He boasts that he is manly; 

he says he has many mistresses. 

sp'is sba ta vinik isk'an yabtel ha 1 ? no ihatav k'alal t sôc sa lose. He 

overreached himself; he petitioned for office, then he fled when he 

was about to enter. 

isp'is sba ta vinik ismelean 9ep scob pero muk' slok' yu9un ta 

•>ak'in. He overrated himself; he planted a lot of corn, but he 

couldn't weed it all. 

t sp'is sba ta totil ta me'nl. They acted like a father and a mother 

/man who, together with his wife, gives his sister in marriage if her 

parents are not alive/, 

lek sp'is sba ta vinik. He acts like a man. 

sp'is sba tot Inik'al. Sir spook tries on his clothing /Carnival Friday/. 

p'is baik, rv. measure each other. 

p'is-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd). measuring to see who is taller. 

p'is krus, vphr(tv & n5). swear in the sight of God /hold hand in sign of 

prayer with forefinger bent behind thumb/. 

p'is sat, vphr(tv & n4d). cross self, pray before each saint in the church, 

hp'is hsatik vayuk. We cross outselves at bedtime. 

p'is ta c'amal, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). adopt. 

p'is ta kremil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). adopt, treat as one's own. 

p'is ta kriscano, vphr(tv & prep & n5). Ritual speech; respect, cf. p'is ta 

vinik. 

p'is ta vinik, vphr(tv & prep & n5). respect, show respect for, honor, 

mu sp'is ta vinik stek-lumal. He has no respect for his town /person 

who avoids communal labor or taxes, or who carries dispute to authorities 

in San Cristobal/. 

Ritual speech, acknowledging gift of cane liquor; kol aval ap'ison 

ta vinik ap'ison ta kriscano. Thank you for respecting me as a 

man, respecting me as a person. 

p'isan, tv. measure or serve a lot. 

p'isanan, tv. cf. p'isan. 

p'isanp'i'san, tv. measure or serve one after another. 

p'isanp'isanan, tv. cf. p'isanp'isan.. 

p'isantik, n5. shots drunk at long intervals. 

p'isbe krus, vphr(tv & n5). make sign of cross on. 

p'isel, nc. measuring. 

p'isilp'isil, n4f. each of many shots. 

p'islahetik ta -Josil, vphr(av & prep & n5). measuring land (plu). 

p'isleh, n4f. shot glassful. 

p'isob, nlf. cord used to measure land, measure for corn or beans, glass

P' TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 297 

for measuring strength of cane liquor, 

p'isobi], nlf. cf. p'isob. 

p'isol, nib. measurement /of clothes, grave, steward's altar/. 

sp'isol krus. face, 

p'isol, n4f. shot glass. 

p'isomah, iv. measure /corn, beans/, 

p'isp'is, nc. single shot /I only/, 

p'isp'on, av. measuring slowly /com, beans/, 

p'istep'i'ste, av. measuring one place after another, 

p'isulan, tv. keep measuring. 

p'isulan ba ta vinikal, vphr(rv & prep & n5). keep overreaching oneself, 

p'isulanan, tv. keep measuring a lot. 

p'isulanan ba ta vinikal, vphr(rv & prep & n5). keep overreaching oneself 

many times. 

p'isvan ta , vphr(iv & prep & n5). consider person as . 

accuse person of being . 

t sp'isvan ta vinik. lit., He measures person as a man. i.e., He respects 

person. 

tol t sp'isvan ta "?ak'-camel. He is always accusing people of being 

witches. 

hp'is-vo9, agn(tv & ncpd). cupbearer or drink-pourer. 

p'it I. 

p'it, iv. jump (person, animal, spark, chip of wood or rock), bounce, 

ricochet. 

p'itel, nc. jump, bounce. 

p'ites, tv. kick out or away, make jump, bounce, 

p'itesan, tv. make a lot jump /corn or beans being flailed/, 

p'itesanan, tv. cf. p'itesan. 

p'itesobil, n4f. snare /for dogs, rabbits or quail/, 

p'itesvan, iv. kick person out or away. 

p'itet ta 9anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running and jumping (child), 

p'itetah ta 9anil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). run and jump, 

p'itetik ta ?anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. p'itet ta tanil (plu). 

p'itit tal ta 9anil, vphr(av & dr & prep & n5). approaching by leaps and 

bounds (child, captain). 

p'ititet ta 9anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running rapidly (child). 

p'itlah tal ta lanil, vphr(av & dr & prep & n5). cf. p'itit tal ta fanii (plu). 

p'itlahet, av. simmering, twitching /sing/, jumping (fleas). 

p'itlahetik ta ?anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running (children), 

p'ltluh, av. starting or twitching /with fright/. 

p'itom c'ak, cf. c'ak. 

p'itomah, iv. gambol, frolic (child, lamb, calf). 

p'itp'on, av. thumping (heart from fear, running or chest pain), throbbing 

weakly (pulse), 

p'itp'onah, iv. thump, throb, 

p'i'ttep'itte ta ranil, vphr(av & prep & n5). frisking, gamboling or jumping 

about (child, lamb, colt), running about (constable). 

p'itu, tv. jump over or across, skip. 

isp'itu komel h-koh sone. He skipped a part of the song (fiddler), 

p'itu baik, rv. play leapfrog. 

p'ituan, tv. jump over or across /plu/, skip over /plu/. 

p'ituanan, tv. cf. p'ituan. 

p'itubil sanav, vphr(aj & iv). run and jump, 

p'itueh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. leapfrog, 

p'itulan, iv. keep jumping, 

p'itulan ba, rv. frolic, gambol (lamb, child, colt). 

p'ituobil, n4f. narrow stretch of ravine or stream that can be jumped 

across. 

hp'itesvaneh, agn. person who instigates another's flight. 

hp'itueh be c'o, cf. c'o. 

p'o? prob P or P(2). 

p'oi-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. hornless (ram, cow), knobby-headed (person). 

p'09-hol lus, cf. ?us. 

p'o?-ni?, n(aj & ncpd)5. bulbous-nosed. 

p'o?ahtik, aj. bulbous. 

p'09el, aj. knobby lêad). 

p'o9et, av. walking with knobby (head). 

p'o^lah, av. cf. p'oip'on (plu). 

p'oilahet, av. cf. p'oiet (plu). 

p'o9ol, aj. knobby (head, stump of branch), large-(headed), puffy (bruise), 

bulbous (nose), lumpy (cakal, vofan, goiter). 

pV>olik, aj. cf. p'oiol /plu/. 

p'o'Jp'O, aj. knobby (head, stump of branch), bulbous (nose). 

p'Op'on hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking hatless. 

p'op'on ni9, vphr(av & n4d). walking with bulbous nose. 

p'6')tep'd?te hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about hatless or stupidly. 

p'ok P(2) or T(2). 

p'ok, n 1 b. knot, middle of dog's penis that swells in intercourse preventing 

withdrawl. 

e"akal ta p'ok. locked together /two dogs in intercourse/, 

p'ok, nc. knot. 

p'ok ba, rv. become knotty (scar), 

p'okahtik, aj. knotty (reflex pain in groin or armpit), 

p'okan ba, rv. erupt (boil, wart). 

p'okantik, aj. with widely spaced knots, 

p'okav, nlf. knot, knotty section of tree trunk, 

p'okeah, iv. become knotty (scar), 

p'okean ba, rv. become knotty (scar), 

p'okel, aj. knotty. 

p'oko-TOk, n(aj & ncpd4f). 'knotty stem', see below. 

k'anal p'oko-TOk, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd4f/). Russula sp., #59(1,4). 


sakil p'oko-'ok, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd4f/). Phylloporus sp., #68(1,3,). 

Highland mushroom", 

p'okokil, n4f. many knots, 

p'okol, aj. knotty, scrawny (neck). 

p'okol smaneana t sk'elvan. With a knotty adam's apple, he is staring 

at someone. 

p'ok'olik, aj. cf. p'ok'ol /plu/. 

p'okolp'okol, n4f. each of many knots. 

p'okp'ok, nc. single knot /I only/. 

p'okp'ok, aj. knotty (tree trunk), knotted (rope). 

">ak" p'ok, vphr(tv & n4f). knot. 

p'okoyoi N. 

p'okoyo 1 ?, n5. dusky-capped flycatcher Myiarchus tuberculifer, greater 

pewee Contopus pertinax, gray silky-flycatcher Ptilogonys cinereus. cf. 

lulispipii, toe-hol mut. var., p'okoyok. 

p'okoyok, cf. p'okoyo 1 ). 

p'okoyok 

p'okoyok, flycatcher, cf. p'okoyo. 

p'ol 1(2). 

p'ol, iv. multiply, proliferate (corn, people, words), increase (cane liquor) 

/if official cupbearer is lucky/. 

p'oles, tv. multiply, proliferate /guilt, corn/. 

isp'oles sa ec'el ta loil. He embroidered the story, 

p'olesvan, iv. be prolific (female animal). Male joking speech; be prolific 

(woman). 

p'olmah, iv. sell commercially, 

p'olmal, nld. merchandise. 

p'olol, aj. protruding greatly (skin disease, dog's anus). 

p'olos, aj. with skin coming off (boiled corn), 

p'olp'oltik, iv. multiply or proliferate slightly (dry corn that swells when 

boiled). 

p'oltep'olte, av. multiplying in one place after another (corn), 

hp'olesvaneh, agn. prolific breeder /female animal/. Male joking speech; 

prolific breeder /woman/. 

hp'olmahel, agn. merchant. 

p'onko? N. 

p'onko 1 ?, nle. lowland cricket. 

p'os 

p'os, short length, roll, thick, chubby, trip. cf. p'as. 

p'os X.

298 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 PVR 

p'oset, av. sitting next to fire turning one side and then the other (person, 

toasted tortilla being toasted, animal smoking on spit). 

p'osetik, av. sitting next to fire (people). 

p'osin, iv. sit next to fire (person, toasted tortilla being toasted, animal 

smoking on spit). 

p'osintas, tv. set next to fire /toasted tortilla to be toasted, animal to be 

smoked on spit/. 

p'osintasan, tv. set next to fire /toasted tortillas etc./. 

p'osintasobil, n4f. spit, fire, firewood. 

p'osintasvan, iv. toast person. 

p'osleh, nld. sitting next to fire. 

p'osoi, aj. sitting next to fire warming self. 

p'ot I, T. 

p'ot, tv. roast /corn/ /dry corn is first roasted then boiled on cob with 

watermelon squash/, remove by fire /bark from green wood for hoe 

handle, etc., hoof from slaughtered cow's leg, skin from iguana, or 

armour from armadillo/. 

p'ot, iv. be roasted (corn), pop (fever sore), be removed (bark, cow 

hoof, iguana skin, armadillo armor). 

p'otan, tv. roast a lot of /corn/, remove by fire /bark from a lot of 

green wood/. 

p'otanp'otan, tv. roast one after another /ears of corn/. 

p'otanp'otanan, tv. cf. p'btanp'blan. 

p'otbenal, n3d. lip sore. 

sp'otben kahvaltik. lip sore caused by sun after swearing falsely /i.e., 

saying yiloh kahvaltik: Our Lord has seen it/. 

sp'otben htotik hme9tik. lip sore caused by tutelary god. 

p'otes, tv. remove by fire /bark from green wood/. 

p'otesan, tv. remove by fire /bark from much green wood/. 

p'otesanan, tv. cf. p'otesan. 

p'otet, av. popping /in fire/, exploding (bullet, rocket), firing (pistol). 

p'otetik, av. popping /in fire/ (people). 

p'otih, onom. crack /pistol fire/. 

p'otilan, tv. keep removing by fire /bark, etc./. 

p'otilanan, tv. keep removing by fire /bark from hoe handles/. 

p'otlah, av. exploding (rockets) 

p'otlahet, av. crackling (fire), cf. p'olel (plu). 

p'otlih, av. popping suddenly /in fire/, exploding suddenly (bullet, rocket), 

cracking suddenly (whip lash, pistol). 

p'otob, nlf. fire for popping corn, fire for removing bark, cow hoof, 

iguana skin or armadillo armor. 

p'otobil, nlf. cf. p'otob. 

p'ototet, av. sputtering (pistol fire). 

p'otp'on, av. cracking continually (whip). 

p'ottep'otte, av. walking about with cracking (pistol). 

p'otvan, iv. cause lip sores (tutelary god). 

p'W) prob O. 

p'uêt, av. squeaking (flatus). 

p'u^lahet, av. squeaking loudly (flatuses). 

p'liflih, av. squeaking suddenly (flatus). 

p'u9p'on, av. squeaking (flatus). 

p'u7U7et, av. squeaking repeatedly (flatuses). 

p'uk(l) prob P or P(2). 

p'uk-ie, n(aj & ncpd)5. with protruding cheeks, with protruding jowls 

(sheep suffering from swellhead). 

p'uket it, vphr(av & n4d). walking with protruding cheeks or with protruding 

jowls (sheep suffering from swellhead). 

p'ukp'on te, vphr(av & n4d). moving protruding cheeks (toothless person 

eating). 

p'liktep'ukte ie, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with protruding cheeks. 

p'uk(2) N. 

p'uk, n. ground orchid Govenia superba,# 1064(1,3,5). Highland "plant". 

In famine years the tuber was boiled and ground with corn or mixed 

with potatoes. It is cold", wild yam Dioscorea sp.. (RML)-The 

above is probably a misidentification. The plant collectors were too 

young to have suffered through the famine years, but Tenejapans 

who still eat p'uk call wild yam by that name. 

p'up' N. 

p'up', nla. powder, 

p'up'uh, iv. crumble, 

p'up'un, tv. crumble /earth, salt/, 

p'up'unan, tv. crumble a lot. 

p'up'unanan, tv. cf. p'up'unan. 

p'up'up'et. av. crumbling, turning to dust. 

p'us P or P(2). 

p'us-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. hunchback, bent-backed, 

p'usahtik, aj. cf. p'usul /plu/. 

p'usel, aj. hunchbacked, bowed, hunched over, 

p'uset pat, vphr(av & n4d). walking hunchbacked, 

p'usetah, iv. bend over (person), 

p'usetik, av. bowed (person), 

p'usi, iv. be hunchbacked or bowed (person), 

p'uslah, av. walking hunchbacked or bowed with age /plu/. 

p'uslahet pat, vphr(av & n4d). bowed (people working), 

p'usleh, nlf. bent over /person/, 

p'usp'on pat, vphrfav & n4d). walking hunchbacked, 

p'usp'us, aj. hunchbacked, bowed or hunched over, 

p'ustep'uste pat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about hunchbacked or bowed 

with age. 

p'usul, aj. hunchbacked, bowed or hunched over (person), 

p'usulik, aj. cf. p'usul /plu/. 

p'ul X. 

p'utlahet, av. moving silently (stomach gas). 

p'utum A. 

p'utum, aj. mottled, spotted (fawn, paca, lamb, chickens) 

p'utumtik, aj. mottled, spotted (fawn, paca, lamb, chickens), mottled (sky 

in dry season). 

p'uv prob O. 

p'uvlahet ''e, vphr(av & n4d). cf. p'uvp'on (plu). 

p'uvp'on ''e, vphr(av & n4d). chomping (horse, pig, sheep or dog eating 

dry corncob), 

p'uvtep'iivte ie, vphr(av & n4d). walking about chomping (pig eating 

peach pits). 

p'uy T. 

p'uy, tv. mash with back of spoon /chili, beans, tomato, potato/, 

p'uy, iv. be mashed with back of spoon (chili, beans, tomatoes, potatoes), 

p'uyan, tv. mash /chilis, beans, tomatoes, potatoes/, 

p'uyel, nc. mashing /chili, beans, tomato, potato/, 

p'uyilan, tv. keep mashing with back of spoon /chili, beans, tomato, 

potato/. 

p'uyob, nlf. spoon to mash chili, beans, tomato, or potato, 

p'uyobil, nlf. cf. p'uyob. 

p'uyp'on, av. mashing /chili, beans, tomato, potato/, 

p'uyul, aj. mashed into sauce (chili), 

p'uyum, nla. chili sauce. 

p'uyum tasus, nphr(n type n)5. jerked meat dipped in chili sauce, 

p'uyum ton kaslan, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/)5. eggs dipped in chili 

R 

ramos N(Sp, ramos). 

ramos, nld. large brahea palm fronds distributed on Palm Sunday, tiny 

cross of fan palm placed on folded hands of deceased while lying in 

house /when arms are straightened, cross is stuck under sash/. 

rominko ramos, nphr(n of n)5. Palm Sunday. 

savaro ramos, nphr(n of n)5. Saturday before Palm Sunday. 

ran 

ran, Maryan. cf. maryan. 

rana N(Sp, rana). 

rana, nle. leopard frog Rana pipiens. Because leopard frogs call in the 

rainy season they are considered to be the mvrical instruments of the

earth lord hanhel/. They are also called me 1 ) vol. Their legs are eaten 

occasionally. 

rancero N(Sp, ranchero). 

rancero, agn. ladino living on lowland farm, var., hrancero. 

rason N(Sp, razon). 

rason, nla. sense, wisdom, cf. k'op. 

?oy srasonal tahe. There is a proper way of thinking about /or doing/ 

it. 

mu rasonuk bu bat. Who knows where he went. 

li k'ose rason yaûk. The child was right! 

mu9yuk srasonal (or) mu sna") rason. He is wrong. 

rason vinik, nphr(n type n)5. wise or sensible person, person who gives 

good advice. 

•wi rason, vphr(tv & n5). listen to advice or counsel. 

">ak' rason, vphr(tv & n5). advise, counsel. 

•?al rason, vphr(tv & n5). advise, counsel. 

rasyon N(Sp, racion). 

rasyon, nld. portion, food given to shaman and assistants following 

curing ceremony. Male joking speech; sexual favor, provided by woman. 

naka ta rasyontik. Just "rasyon" candles, i.e., small candles costing 

a quarter real, formerly used for witchcraft. 

Witch referring to his enemy; hun nos ta rasyon kantela le") a 9a. He'll 

only need one small candle, 

rasyon 9osil, nphr(n of n)ld. inherited land. 

raya N(Sp, raya). 

raya, nle. line /for playing marbles/, Guatemalan border. 

regla 

regla, roof rod. cf. legra. 

rehirol N(Sp, regidor). 

rehirol, agn. prefect or regidor /each of four officials of the third level 

of the religious hierarchy/, alderman or regidor /each of six officials of 

the civil hierarchy/. 

rehirol mayol, agn(n5 & aj). first prefect. 

vaâl rehirol, agn(aj/num & nccpd/4f & n5). prefect or alderman 

/second - fourth/. 

k'osil rehirol, agn(nphr/n4f of n5/). fourth prefect, 

pimero rehirol, agn(nphr/aj & n/). first prefect or alderman. va.r.,primero 

rehirol. 

reketo N. 

reketo, n5. acorn woodpecker Mehnerpes jormicivorus /Pal oOsil, oApas/. 

cf. bah-tef mul, lunsakrek, tunsarek. 

rekwa N(Sp, recua). 

rekwa, nla. drove /of mules/, 

hmak-rekwa, agn(tv & ncpd). muleteer. 

reloho N(Sp, reloj). 

reloho, nla. clock, watch, var. lereho. 

repente Pt(Sp, depende). 

repente, pt. maybe. 

ta repente t stal. Maybe he will come. 

repo A(Sp,?). 

repo, excl. Female speech How wicked! How disgusting! 

repoal, n5. dissolution, dissipation. 

ko9ol shol sciiuk li sciî] ta repoale. He and his cohort in dissipation 

are of a like mind. 

resal N(Sp, rezar). 

resal, nle. prayer. 

hresaletik, agn. family group of worshippers /sing, does not occur/, 

hresavil, agn. worshipper, 

hpas-resal, agn(tv & ncpd). worshipper. 

resinto N(Sp, recinto). 

resinto, n5. spiritualist /in Tuxtla/. 

respital N(Sp, hospital), 

respital, n5. hospital. 

responso N(Sp, responso). 

response nle. responsory for the dead /chanted by sacristans at graveside 

during burial and at each grave on All Souls' Day in Htek-lum/. 


299 

var., respunso. 

lmk'-responso, agn(tv & ncpd). chanter of responsory for the dead. 

respunso 

respunso, responsory. cf. responso. 

restiko N(Sp, testigo). 

restiko, agn. witness, person who serves as witness in disputes at town 

hall. 

restumenru N(Sp, testamento). 

restumentu, nld. inheritance. 

restumentu losil, nphr(n type n)ld. inherited land. 

restumentuin, tv. inherit. 

retrato N(Sp, retrato). 

retrato, nla. picture, picture of saint on family altar. 

retrato kahvaltik, nphr(n4a of n5). picture of saint. 

reva N(Sp, legua). 

reva, n5. league. 

revoso N(Sp, rebozo). 

revoso, nld. shawl /worn by ladinas/. 

rey N(Sp, rey). 

rey, n5. king. 

Ritual speech, prayer addressing earth lord; c'ul-rey, c"ul-9anhel, 

c'ul-con, c'ul-cauk. holy king, holy angel, holy serpent, holy thunderbolt. 

rey sulem, cf. sulem. 

riata N(Sp, reata). 

riata, nla. lasso. 

riko A(Sp, rico). 

riko, aj. rich. 

rin(l) X. 

rinkastik, aj. torn in many places, bald in many places, var., rinkistik. 

rinkistik, cf. rinkastik. 

rin(2) 

rin, burlap bag. cf. brin. 

rinko 

rinko, American, cf. brinko. 

rinyon N(Sp, rinon). 

rinyon, nld. kidney. 

rios N(Sp, dios). 

rios, nla. saint, saint's image, eucharistic bread. 

nos, excl. god! var., dyos, dyos, yo^s, yoisle, yofs, yos, yosle, yos. 

rios 9espiritu santo, nphr(n type nphr/n & aj/)5. God the Holy Ghost. 

nos nic'onil, nphr(n type n)5. God the Son. 

rios totil, nphr(n type n)5. God the Father. 

hk'opohel rios, nphr(agn/vn/ type n)5. talking saint. 

kusul rios, nphr(aj & n)ld. talking saint. 

riple N(Sp, rifle). 

riple, nla. .22 rifle. 

rokainc prob A or N(Sp,?). 

rokame, cf. 9isim. 

romero N(Sp, romero). 

romero, n. Abies guatemalensis, #B2219(4). Highland "tree" 

romin N(Sp, Domingo). 

romin, nld. Dominic, var., Turn /Cobtik/. 

rominko N(Sp, domingo). 

rominko, nla. Sunday /an. poss. only by stewards-royal and publicans/. 

Curing ceremonies and burials should not take place on Sundays. Corn 

should not be planted on Sunday lest it be afflicted with smut or be 

eaten by dogs, nor should it be harvested on a Sunday, for the 

soul /c'ulel/ of the corn is believed to be off amusing itself and bathing. 

A person who works on Sundays will not be allowed to rest in the 

afterlife. 

rominko kusel, nphr(n of n)5. Easter. 

rominko k'ak'al, nphr(n type n)5. Carnival Sunday. 

rominko ramos, nphr(n of n)5. Palm Sunday. 

ron N(Sp, don). 

ron, n5. ladino. 

ronka A(Sp, ronca).

300 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 R/S 

ronka, aj. lit., hoarse /use restricted to dudes' song/. 

kalarma ronka e'urupik' ariata. lit., hoarse Catherine, earwig your 

lasso, i.e., Her vagina makes squelching sounds, var., ronko. 

ronko 

ronko, hoarse, cf. ronka. 

rosa N(Sp, loza). 

rosa, nla. pitcher, pot. 

rosa p'in, nphr(n type n)la. pitcher, pot. 

rosario N(Sp, rosario). 

rosario, n5. Our Lady of the Rosary, ensign-bearer of Our Lady of the 

Rosary. 

roston N(Sp, toston). 

roston, nla. fifty centavo piece. 

rosa N(Sp, rosa).. 

rosa, nla. Rose, rose, 

rosailtik, n5. large expanse of roses, 

rosatik, n5. expanse of roses. 

9ik'9ik'-lo9an rosa, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). see below, 

e'unbalal 9ik'9ik'-lo9an rosa, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). rose 

Rosa chinensis, #631(1,2). Highland "plant". It is grown by a few 

Zinacantecs, in their yards. Same use as eahal rosa. 

eahal rosa, nphr(aj & n). rose Rosa chinensis, #663(1,2,3,4). Highland 

"tree" #2511(21,22). Highland "vine" It is grown by some Zinacantecs, 

in their yards. The slips are planted by men or women in 

the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases by people visiting 

the churches. They are used to decorate graves on All Souls' 

Day and when the family lights candles at the graves on the fiesta 

of St. Sebastian, during Carnival and Holy Week, on St. Peter the 

Martyr's Day, St. John's Day, and the fiesta of St. Lawrence. Each 

steward and the outgoing cantors provide a small basket of roses 

and willow groundsel flowers for the Lenten Friday and Holy 

Week processions. The petals are strewn on the path. Until the 

practice was discontinued by the priest a few years ago, a small 

image of Christ was "buried" in roses on Maundy Thursday. Each 

steward provided a large basket of roses of all colors for this ceremony, 

rose Rosa sp., #2052(17,18), #2193(19). Highland vine', 

bik'tal eahal rosa, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). see below, 

e'unbalal bik'tal eahal rosa, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). rose 

Rosa sp., #675(1,2,3,4). Highland "vine" It is grown by a few 

Zinacantecs, in their yards. Same use as eahal rosa. 

k'os eahal rosa, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). rose Rosa sp., #385(1,4), 

#920(1,3), #2052(3), #2213(1,3,4,19). Highland "vine" It grows 

along fences. It is planted by ladinos. Same use as eahal rosa. 

sak-vayan eahal rosa, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). see 

below. 

k'os sak-vayan eahal rosa, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj 

& n/). rose Rosa sp., #2193(1,3,4). Highland "vine" Same use 

as eahal rosa. 

e'unbalal rosa, nphr(aj & n). 'cultivated rose', see below, 

sak-vilan e'unbalal rosa, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). rose 

Rosa chinensis, #607(1,4). Highland "tree" It grows in yards and 

along fences. Same use as eahal rosa. 

k'anal rosa, nphr(aj & n). see below. 

k'os k'anal rosa, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). rose Rosa banksiae, 

#103(1,2,3,4,5). Highland "vine" Same use as eahal rosa. 

makom rosa, nphr(n type n). 'blackberry rose', rose Rosa sp., 


sak-pak'an rosa, nphr: aj(aj & P P/2/cpd) & n)., rose Rosa sp., 

# 1734( 15,16). Highland "vine " 

sak-vayan rosa, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). rose Rosa chinensis, 

#36(1,2,3,4). Highland "vine" Same use as eahal rosa. As a remedy 

for fever sores, the flowers are dried on the griddle and the powder 

rubbed on, twice a day for two or three days. It induces salivation. 

It is "cold" 

sak-vilan rosa, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). rose Rosa chinensis, 

#2511(4). Highland "vine" Same use as eahal rosa. 

sakil rosa, nphr(aj & n). see below. 

e'unbalal sakil ros"a, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). rose Rosa chinensis, 

#660(1,2,3,4). Highland "tree". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, 

in their yards. Same use as eahal rosa. 

muk'ta sakil ros'a, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). rose Rosa chinensis, 

#407(1,3). Highland "vine" It grows along fences. Same use as 

eahal rosa. After taking a store-bought purgative, water may not be 

drunk for one day. Instead a cup of rose tea is drunk before 

breakfast and following the purgative. It is "cold" to counterbalance 

the heat of the purgative. 

rosio A(Sp, rosillo). 

rosio, aj. blue grey (sheep), 

rosiotik, aj. rather blue grey (sheep). 

ru N. 

ru, n5. blue-crowned motmot Momotus momota, russet-crowned motmot 

Momotus mexicanus /Pal tOsil/. cf. kul, turn. 

ruron, av. hooting (blue-crowned motmot, russet-crowned motmot). 

rweda N(Sp, rueda). 

rweda, n5. ferris wheel. 

sa9 T. 

sai, tv. search, look for. 

sa9bil. He deserved it /punishment/. 

mu k'u ssar It is worthless (or) It is useless. 

sa9 , vphr(tv & n 1 d). obtain, gather, or seek /firewood, pine 

needles, greens, fruit, cane liquor from Chamula, money, i.e., by selling 

or working/, 

sa? 9il, vphr(tv & n4d). get in debt, be destructive (horse that breaks 

fence, dog that eats eggs, drunk who breaks his possessions). 

sa9 ba, rv. pick a fight. 

9ak'o ssa9 sba ba9yuk. Let him be the first one to pick a fight. 

tol ssa 1 ? sba yec'o ti t sta mahele. He picks a lot of fights, that's why 

he is beaten up. 

sa9-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. looking for each other. 

sa9 hoi, vphr(tv & n5). provoke. 

yu9un yalal issa 1 ) hoi. He provoked him on purpose. 

sa9 k'op, vphr(tv & n5). pick a fight, stir up trouble, quarrel. 

tol ssai k'op syakub. He picks a lot of fights when he gets drunk. 

sa9 mul, vphr(tv & n4d). commit crime, misbehave, get into trouble. 

tol ssa? smul syakub. He gets into a lot of trouble when he gets 

drunk. 

sa9an, tv. search for /plu/. 

sa9an hoi, vphr(tv & n5). bother or molest people. 

sa9an k'op, vphr(tv & n5). quarrel or look for fight with people. 

sa9an mul, vphr(tv & n5). commit crimes, misbehave frequently, 

saânan, tv. cf. saian. 

sa9ansa9an, tv. look for one after another. 

saiansaoan mul, vphr(tv & n5). commit one crime after another, misbehave 

one time after another. 

sa9ansa9anan, tv. cf. saiansaian. 

sa9be hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). provoke. 

t ssa^be shol hyakubel. He is provoking the drunk. 

issa9be shol li e"i9e isten. He threw the dog to provoke it. 

sa9bentik, aj. depleted (palm for decoration or for hats, trees for house 

construction), 

sawl, nc. search, 

saêt, av. picking fight. 

sa9et balamil, vphr(av & n5). picking fight in vain. 

sa9et hoi, vphr(av & n4d). picking fight, shaking head in rage (bull). 

sa9et ta k'op, vphr(av & prep & n5). picking fight. 

sa9etik, av. cf. sale! (plu). 

sa9lahet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). cf. saiel hoi (plu). 

sa^lahetik, av. cf. saiet (plu). 

sa9luh hoi, vphr(av & n4d). picking a fight suddenly, losing one's temper 

suddenly.

sa?ob, nlf. place where one searches. 

sawbil, nlf. cf. saiob. 

sawlah, iv. search /restricted to hen searching for place to lay/. 

saiomah, iv. search (hen). 

sa^sai-k'op, vn(tv & ncpd)5. quarrelling. 

sa-Json, av. bothering, molesting. 

sawonah, iv. molest. 

sa'ttesa'Ue, av. searching about. 

sa'mlan, tv. keep looking for. 

saûlan ba, rv. keep getting into trouble. 

sa'mlan hoi, vphr(tv & n5). keep bothering or molesting. 

saûlan k'op, vphr(tv & n5). keep quarreling or looking for fight. 

sa'mlan mul, vphr(tv & n4d). keep misbehaving or committing crime. 

saiulanan k'op, vphr(tv & n5). keep picking fights. 

sa9ulanan mul, vphr(tv & n4d). keep getting into trouble over many 

things. 

saûlananbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). keep bothering people. 

sa9van, iv. search for person. 

hsa 1 )- , agn(tv & ncpd). person hunting /rabbits, squirrels, 

deer, etc./. 

hsa9-iabtel, agn(tv & ncpd). job-hunter. 

hsa 1 ) 9aha-pom, agn: vphr(tv & n/n & ncpd/cpd)5. honey-gatherer. 

hsa9-9ikaeil, agn(tv & ncpd). porter, 

hsai-holol, agn(tv & ncpd). molester, nuisance. 

hsa?-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). quarreler, wrangler, troublemaker. 

hsa9-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). criminal, wrongdoer. 

hsa9-nicim, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /male who gathers 

flowers, plants and pine boughs used in curing ceremonies and as decorations 

for crosses, altars, and churches/. 

hsa9-ve9elil, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /person who goes to 

lowlands to locate cow to be slaughtered for marriage or for fiesta/, one 

of the supernatural assistants of tutelary gods who hunts food for animal 

companion spirits. 

hsa9-vinik, agn(tv & ncpd). nymphomaniac. 

hsa-'sonahel, agn. molester, nuisance, 

hsawaneh, agn. pursuer /of criminal/. 

sab 

sab, hurry, cf. sob. 

saben N. 

saben, n5. long-tailed weasel Mustek frenala. Weasels are eaten seasoned 

with coriander. They are "hot" They are notorious chicken 

thieves. Weasel skins are stuffed and tossed about by the spooks during 

the fiesta of St. Sebastian. Weasels are said to be companion animal 

spirits of Chamulas. A weasel that crosses one's path is believed 

to shorten one's life span. cf. Florentine Codex, book 5, chap.6. 

yasal saben, nphr(aj & n)5. long-tailed weasel Mustela frenala. This 

may be the subspecific form goldmani, which is much lighter than 

Mustela frenata parda that also occurs in highland Chiapas. It is 

renowned for stealing money, corn, clothes, necklaces, and ribbons 

that it is said to store in its den. A clever person will kill it in its 

burrow, retrieve its treasure and make a purse out of its skin. If he 

puts three meters of green ribbon in his weasel skin purse and goes 

to where money is being counted, his purse reputedly will steal the 

money and turn him into a rich man. 

sae'(l) N. 

sae 1 , nle. lowland caterpillar. It is eaten. 

8^(2) A. 

sac 1 , aj. scrawny (person, animal). 

sae'al, aj. scrawny (person or animal lying down), 

sae'tesae'te, av. walking about with scrawny body (person, animal). 

saho9 N. 

sahoi, nla. bush sunflower Simsia amplexicaulis Pers. , #111(1,2,4,5), 

#988(1,3), #1442(1), #1717(3,16), #2191(19), #2386(20). Highland 

"plant' It grows in yards and corn fields. (I)-It is given to mules for 

fodder, van, sahui ZiElan Voi, Htek-lum, Na tih, Paste), VoiMe/. 


bush sunflower Simsia foetida, #2300(19). Highland plant" Melanthera 

nivea, #2675(1,3). Lowland plant" 

saho9altik, n5. large field of sahoi. 

sahctik, n5. field of sahoi. 

bik'it saho9, nphr(aj & n). golden beggarticks Bidens aurea, 

#2491(21,22). Highland "plant" Cosmos crithmifolius, #2578(21). 


eahal saho 1 ), nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Simsia foetida, 

#251(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant". It grows in corn fields. Aspiliapurpurea, 

#1212(1,3,4,5). Temperate "plant" 

c'is saho9, nphr(n type n). 'prickly sahoi', bush sunflower Simsia foetida, 

#2875(1,4,14). Lowland plant" (14)-It is eaten by mules, bush 

sunflower Simsia amplexicaulis, #1717(15). Highland "plant" A 

bundle is fed to one's mules three times daily. Hyptis suaveolens, 

#2647(22). Lowland "plant". Melanlhera nivea, #2675(20). Lowland 

"plant". It is eaten by mules and cattle, 

k'os' c'is saho9, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Sclerocarpus uniserialis var. 

frutescens, #2906(1,4). Lowland "plant" 

hic'il 9anal saho9, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'slender leaf sahoi', 

Bidens ferulifolia, #985(7). Highland "plant", 

kilahtik saho, nphr(aj & n). 'long sahoi', Anoda cristata, #1471(3). 

Highland plant", 

k'anal saho9, nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Simsia foetida, #2300(3,4). 


k'os k'anal saho, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). spot flower Spilanthes 

americana, #339(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant" 

muk'ta k'anal saho, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). bush sunflower Simsia 

amplexicaulis, #2386(3,4). Highland "plant" 

k'ossahc, nphr(aj & n). quick weed Galinsoga caracasana, #30(1,3,4), 

#1769(4,5), #2503(21,22). Highland "plant" It grows in corn 

fields. Sanvitalia procumbens, #2641(1,3). Lowland "plant". Sclerocarpus 

uniserialis var. frutescens, #1636(1,4). Lowland "plant" 

muk'ta saho9, nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Simsia amplexicaulis, 

#2191(1,3,4), #2476(4,21,22). Highland "plant". Zexmenia strigosa, 

#2422(20). Temperate "plant" It is eaten by sheep, cattle, and 

mules, 

pueul saho9, nphr(aj & n). 'inflated sahoi', Eupatoriastrum nelsonii, 

#1703(1,4). Lowland "plant" It grows along corn fields, 

sakil saho9, nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Simsia amplexicaulis, 

# 1442(10). Highland " plant \ Melanthera nivea, #254(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"plant" It grows in corn stubble. Milleria quinqueflora, 

#1686(1,4). Lowland "plant". Bidens chrysanthemifolia, #2070(17). 


k'os sakil saho9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Bidens chrysanthemifolia, 


muk'ta sakil saho9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Eupatoriastrum sp., 

#2597(1,3). Lowland plant" #2776(1,4). Temperate "plant" 

voe-saho 1 ), n(aj & ncpd). 'messy sahoi', Eupatoriastrum nelsonii, 

#1703(7,11.12,14). Lowland plant" 

saho? e'i'Me], nphr(n type n). see below. 

muk'ta saho9 e'iilel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). bush sunflower Simsia 

amplexicaulis, #1442(11). Highland "plant" 

saho9al cobtik e'nlel, nphr(nphr/natt & n/ type n). 'corn field sahoi 

plant', railway beggarticks Bidens pilosa L. , #1431(7). Highland 

"plant" 

saho9al totik, nphr(natt & n). 'forest sahoi', black foot Melampodium 

montanum, # 1422(1,3,5), # 1755(1,2). Highland "plant", perennial beggarticks 

Bidens oslrulhioides, #1804(15,16). Highland "plant" 

c'is sahcal te'Hik, nphr(n type nphr/natt & n/). Zexmenia strigosa, 


k'anal sahoal te'Hik, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). black foot Melampodium 

montanum, # 1895(1,3,4). Temperate "plant" 

k'os sahoial te'Hik, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). black foot Melampodium 

montanum, #1050(1,3,5). Highland "plant" 

sahu">, cf. sahoi. 

sahu 1 )

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 

% cf. saho). 

A. 

aj. white, clean, light, bright. 

lek sak li TOsile. It is light (dawn), 

lek sak li balamile. It is bright (moonlight). 

?enan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). white (whistling flame). 

?eoval, n(aj & ncpd)ld. deer mouse Peromyscus sp.. A highland and 

mperate mouse that is eaten, seasoned with coriander. It is "hot" 

?itah, cf. titah. 

?obal, n(aj & ncpd)5. tuberculosis, 

we'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (crowd). 

?oc'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (expanse of ox-eye daisies), 

losil, n(aj & ncpd)5. dawn, 

lulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). pale blue, white (flower). 

?uyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (fever sores, pimples), 

bahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white-haired /bald on top/, white (denuded 

nd). 

balan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (watermelon squash), 

balon, cf. balon. 

banan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). pale (large object at night). 

becan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (legs poking out), 

bek'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). clean (well-swept floor, clothing), white (wool, 

irn kernels). 

biean, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (thread), 

bisan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (legs), 

boean, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (wool). 

bohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). Male joking speech; white-slitted (vagina), 

bonan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (hair, whiskers), 

bot'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (ass). 

buean, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (corn silk). 

bue"an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (clean arms and legs). 

bukan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (expanse of ox-eye daisies). 

bulan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). white (foam). 

busan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (piled corn), 

butan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (bottom of fallen object at night). 

eeul, n(aj & ncpd)le. heat lightning /during rainy season/. Heat 

;htning is believed to be sea foam cast into the sky by the ocean, 

eiean, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (pubic hair), 

eilan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (face with cold). 

EC, n(aj & ncpd)5. lit., white excrement, i.e., poultry disease. 

Joking speech, term of address to spooks at fiesta of St. Sebastian; 

yahval sak-eor lord of white excrement, 

zoan, aj(aj & Ncpd). white (sick chicken's excrement). 

L'onan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (Spanish moss), 

eopan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (corn in small pile, cotton), 

eimn, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (shriveled chayote). 

eunan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). white (short-haired dog), 

e'aban, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (whitewashed wall), 

e'anan, aj(aj & Pcpd). whitish (puddle). 

e'apan, aj(aj & Pcpd). gleaming (needle), white (tip of digging stick, 

>st or stake). 

e'ikan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (cow udders). 

e'otan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (Huistec's sash, fringe of wool tunic), 

e'uban, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (tip of post or digging stick), 

eûyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (many fruit of silk tassel). 

cahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (corn, etc., in net), 

cak'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (corn left in bottom of pot), 

caman, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (dawn), 

capan, aj(aj & Pcpd). cleared (weeded land). 

recnn. aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (bull's or ram's scrotum), 

cepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (small bundle at night), 

cesan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (dried palm frond, fallen tree at night), 

cevan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (complexion of very sick person, face of 

ring chicken). 

cihan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (haired), 

cinan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (limestone rocks). 

sak-civan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (bones of dead animal). 

sak-co9an, aj(aj & Ucpd). pale /with fear or cold/. 

sak-cohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (empty net). 

sak-cunan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (stillbirth). 

sak-cuyan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). white (pus, blister). 

sak-c'akil, cf. c'akil. 

sak-c'alan, aj(aj & Ucpd). pale (thighs, bamboo), white (cliff). 

sak-c'aran, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (cliff). 

sak-c'ay, iv(aj & ivcpd). disappear. 

sak-c'eban, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (monkey face). 

sak-c'etan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (hair, skunk fur, person wearing palm 

raincoat). 

sak-c'ihan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (many rocks), 

sak-c'ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (bones of dead mule), 

sak-c'ulan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (road, smooth handle, board), 

sak-c'ut mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 'white-breasted bird', blue 

mockingbird Melanotus caerulescens, /lApas, Naben Cauk/, cf. k'ub-lol. 

sak-halan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (cliff), 

sak-haman, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). suffused with white (dawn sky), shining 

brightly (rising moon, city lights), 

sak-hapan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (sky in mountain pass, house 

/patch seen through door/). 

sak-haran, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (limestone cliffs), 

sak-has'an, aj(aj & T(2)cpd). clean (well-swept floor, house emptied of 

belongings). 

sak-hatan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (chicken intestines or heart), 

sak-hekan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (legs of slaughtered pigs), 

sak-heman, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (corn in large piles), 

sak-het'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (scar, face with fear or sickness), 

sak-hifan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (corn kernels, ears or cobs, dried bean 

pods, rocks, coins spread out). 

sak-hisan. aj(aj & Ucpd). white (two-by-four board), 

sak-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. 'white head', tayra Eira barbara. 

sak-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. holy elder, 

sak-hol, agn(aj & ncpd)Id. each of two major players of the fiesta of St. 

Sebastian /first and second prefects of the previous year/, 

sak-huian, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (streak), 

sak-huban, aj(aj &Por P/2/cpd). white (child's excrement), 

sak-huc'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (pus caused by contact with sandbox 

tree sap). 

sak-hulan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (barkless trunk, bone), 

sak-husan, aj(aj & Pcpd). bare (land, whiskerless face), 

sak-kavan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). white (vagina) /infr/. 

sak-kotan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (rainbow), 

sak-kunan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (frost, corn, beans), 

sak-k'aran, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (mountain, cliff), 

sak-k'atan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (eyes with anger), 

sak-k'ian, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). gleaming white (expanse of corn, hail, frost, 

laundry or water). 

sak-k'can, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (frost, maggoty meat), 

sak-k'oean, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (maggoty meat, bean pods on plant), 

sak-k'ohan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (all of person's hair), 

sak-k'olan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). white (beautiful face), 

sak-k'ucan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). white (newly appearing teeth), 

sak-k'uyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (many wasp grubs), 

sak-k'uyan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (pus). 

sak-la?an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (split wood, person with clean clothes), 

sak-lahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (expanse of rocks, cin). 

sak-laman, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (expanse of frost, rocks, ashes, hail or 

corn kernels). 

sak-lapan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (needle, lance), 

sak-lap'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). gleaming white (laundry, clothes, hail, mirror, 

silver pesos). 

sak-lasan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (measles), 

sak-lek'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (vagina), 

sak-lep'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (pinta).

sak-let'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (spilt corn gruel, semen), 

sak-levan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (thighs), 

sak-lmn, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (split wood). 

sak-lican, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (clothes). 

sak-likan, aj(aj & P, T or T/2/cpd)., white (face with fear, cold or sickness). 

sak-lisan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (laundry). 

sak-livan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (wound, flesh of slaughtered pig). 

sak-loian, aj(aj & Ucpd). dirty white (ribbon). 

sak-lohan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). white (ripe pineapple on plant), white (berries). 

sak-loman, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (expanse of fruit, flowers or trees). 

sak-losan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (object on path, face of sick person). 

sak-lucan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). white (pimple, pus). 

sak-lukan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (coiled Oxybelus aeneus). 

sak-lusan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (wilted and faded flowers). 

sak-macan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/ cpd). white (dawn). 

sak-mahan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (frost, ashes, bean pods or corn spread 

out, corn chaff, pig fleas, nits). 

sak-masan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). light-complexioned (nose). 

sak-meean, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (lumber, fallen drunk). 

sak-mekan, aj(aj & Acpd). white (hair), blond. 

sak-mek'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (hair, sheep's wool). 

sak-melan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). white (whiskers). 

sak-mesan, aj(aj & Tcpd). gleaming (clean or empty house, rising sun or 

moon). 

sak-mit'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (welt around waist made by overly 

tight sash). 

sak-mocan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (coiled snake). 

sak-mok'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (clothes, hair covered with ashes or 

dust). 

sak-morte, cf. "?ic. 

sak-mukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (face with ashes, ashen-colored face). 

sak-musan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). white (whiskers). 

sak-nelan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (eye with anger). 

sak-nesan, aj(aj & Acpd). gleaming (woman's hair). 

sak-niban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (stripe on road, stripe of paint). 

sak-nic to, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. shrub lemon verbena Lippia 

substrigosa, #B9476(5,5a), #401(1,4). Highland "tree" The trunk is 

used for wattle. Sixteen dozen poles are needed for a small house and 

twenty-five dozen for a large house. Solatium millense, #B9482(5,5a). 

Highland "tree" Viburnum hartwegii, #1830(15,16). Temperate 

"tree" 

sak-nic tctlk, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. expanse of sak-nic tei. 

bik'it sak-nic to, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Lippia chiapensis, 

#2714(1,4). Highland "tree". Lippia cardiostegia, #2153(14). 

Temperate "tree". Solanum millense, #B9482(5,5a). Highland "tree". 

k'os sak-nic to, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Lippia cardiostegia, 

#2153(1). Temperate "tree". Lippia chiapensis, #2981(1). Temperate 

"tree" 

sakil sak-nic ten, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Lippia cardiostegia, 


sak-nikan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). white (many white flowers). 

sak-nusan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (piglet, lice). 

sak-pakan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (laundry hung up to dry). 

sak-pak'an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (face with sickness or fear, inside 

of unripe watermelon), fair-cornplexioned, faded (skirt). 

sak-paran, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (lumber, cliff, rocky field). 

sak-paran to, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). cordia Cordiafoliosa, #2131(7). 


k'os sak-paran to, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). Verbesina 

neriifolia, #2551(21,22). Temperate "tree". 

muk'ta sak-paran te 1 ?, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/ & n). yellow 

crown beard Verbesina perymenioides, #2591(21,22). Temperate 

"tree* 

sak-pat, n(aj & ncpd)Id. 'white back', hog-nosed skunk Conepatus mesi- 


303 

leucus. It is eaten, seasoned with coriander. Its flesh is "hot". Cold 

water should not be drunk after eating skunk meat lest one's burps 

have a skunky odor. Hog-nosed skunks are said to be companion 

animal spirits of Chamulas. They are notorious chicken thieves. 

sak-peean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (many flowering ox-eye daisy, 

calla lily, or amaryllis plants, silver flag pole), 

sak-pecan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white Lenlimus lepideus, Pleurotus sp., 

ceceval ion to). 

sak-peman, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd. white (partially-filled pot of lime 

water). 

sak-petan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). white (cin). 

sak-pie"an, aj(aj & P/2/, T/2/cpd)., white (wet soapy laundry), 

sak-pic'an, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). white (pile of laundry), 

sak-pic'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (maggots), 

sak-pik'an, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). pale (vagina), 

sak-pisan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (ball of thread, limestone rock, 

potato, cabbage, buttocks of person defecating). 

sak-pitan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). white (cabbage head, buttocks, thread), 

sak-poean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (soap bubble, foam, double roses, 

mouth of drunk with spittle). 

sak-pocan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (frost-bitten leaves), 

sak-pohan, aj(aj & Ucpd). light gray (horse, cow), white (cream), whitish 

(insufficiently dyed skirt or pom-pom). 

sak-pok'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (many cordia fruit on tree), 

sak-pok'an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (face of sick person), 

sak-polan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). white (road), 

sak-puhan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (opening of window or door), 

sak-pukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (cloud of dust), 

sak-puk'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). grayish white (stream, horse, urine), 

sak-p'atan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (many cows), 

sak-p'atan, aj(aj & Tcpd). white (bean pods), 

sak-p'ehan, aj(aj & P. P/2/cpd)., white (house, mountain, church), 

sak-p'evan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (open fly), 

sak-p'ilan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). white (lips with fear, cracked lips, 

eyes of sick child). 

sak-p'oman, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (all of person's hair), 

sak-p'osan, aj(aj & Ncpd). white (face of sweating person), 

sak-p'uyan, aj(aj & Tcpd). white (many chilis on plant), 

sak-saran, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (legs of buzzard or person), 

sak-sepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (many warts), 

sak-setan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). white (pinta). 

sak-set'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). pale (insufficiently dyed pom-pom), 

sak-silan, aj(aj & Tcpd). white (sliced melon, split pine), 

sak-set'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (sliced potato or cabbage), 

sak-sokan, aj(aj & Ncpd). white (old iguana), 

sak-sup'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (object at night), 

sak-tanan, aj(aj & Acpd). white (unwashed leg, lice), 

sak-taran, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (large tree trunk), 

sak-to, n(aj & ncpd)la. roof rod of thatched roof /pine preferred/, 

sak-te'tan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (corpse), 

sak-telan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). white (lumber, stretched out leg), 

sak-tik'an, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). white (expanse of water, clouds), 

sak-timan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (thighs, face drawn with sickness, cloth 

on loom). 

sak-tinan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (long wool on sheep, hair), 

sak-tok'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (clothes), 

sak-tolan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). white (squirrel tail), 

sak-tukan, aj(aj & Icpd). white (many ox-eye daisies), 

sak-tuman, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (leg muscles, neck of laughing falcon), 

sak-t'aban, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., gleaming (clean face or clothing, long 

coat of sheep). 

sak-t'asan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (naked bather), 

sak-t'elan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). white (seam), 

sak-t'ihan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (clean water in well), 

sak-t'oban, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). light-complexioned (cheeks of


pretty girl). 

sak-t'oean, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (patch on clothing). 

sak-t'ohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (corn gruel still lacking sugar). 

sak-t'uban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). dirty white (water, chicha), white (dust), 

sak-vahan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (many ox-eye daisies, hail, frost), 

sak-vak'an, aj(aj & Xcpd). white (tunic with few red stripes), 

sak-valan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (seared corn plants), 

sak-vayan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (seared corn plants), pink, 

sak-vayan nicim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). Cosmos bipinnalus, 

#2315(19). Highland "plant" The flower is put in altar vases. 

sak-vcJan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (hair). 

sak-ve9an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (many nits), 

sak-velan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (face of sick person, Pleurolus sp., Lactarius 

sp.). 

sak-vilan, aj(aj & Icpd). white (ribbons), pale (flowers), faded (clothes), 

pink. 

sak-voean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (wool, pubic hair of old woman), 

sak-voc'an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (many chilis on plant). 

sak-vohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (clusters of fruit), 

sak-vokan, aj(aj & Xcpd). white (foam), 

sak-volan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (wedding shawl). 

sak-voman, aj(aj & P, T/2/cpd)., white (anus, patch of sky seen through 

door or window, etc.). 

sak-vosan, aj(aj & I, Pcpd)., white (drowned corpse), 

sak-vucan, aj(aj & I, Pcpd)., white (burn). 

sak-yalan, aj(aj & Ucpd). gleaming (thighs, face of baby or saint's image), 

sak-yeman, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., white (kernels, ears, corn in piles, 

feces). 

sak-yo"?an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (raised thighs of woman), 

sak-yoman, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (face of invalid, flowers, dried weeds), 

sakak, av. moving palely and rapidly /in darkness/. 

sakaket, av. gleaming palely while moving rapidly, 

sakel, aj. white (hair, pubic hair, teeth). 

sakel ahol. You are white-haired! 

saket, av. moving indistinctly /in darkness/, pale (thighs of seated woman). 

saketik, av. pale (thighs of seated woman), 

sakil, n4e. whiteness. 

ssakilal wsil. daylight. 

iyil ssakilal balamil. She saw the light of day /mother who has just 

survived childbirth/. 

Ritual speech, prayer; ssakilal anicimal ba ssakilal anicimal sat. The 

fairness of Thy beauteous eyes, the fairness of Thy beauteous face, 

i.e., daylight. 

sakil, nla. unattested lowland squash. It is "cold" 

sakil, n4f. white /eyes/, egg white, 

sakil, aj. white, unfinished (wood). 

sakil ?ak', nphr(aj & n). morning glory Ipomoea pauciflora, #2795(12). 

Temperate vine", morning glory Ipomoea sp., #2862(14). Temperate 

"vine". Jacquemontia nodiflora, #2668(22). Lowland "vine" 

sakil ">apon, nphr(aj & n)5. dandruff, 

sakil 9asuka, cf. 'asuka. 

sakil •'ul, cf. ful. 

sak 

sakil e'rilel, nphr(aj & n). Krameria revoluta, #1637(14), #2697(15). 

Lowland "plant". Eupatorium schultzii, #2865(14). Temperate plant". 

Eupatorium quadrangulare, #2898(14). Lowland "plant". Dalea sericea, 


sakil coy, cf. coy. 

sakil hobel, nphr(aj & n). Dactyloctenium aegyptium, #1630(14). Lowland 

"plant" It is eaten by horses, 

sakil holol, nphr(aj & n3d). white hair, 

sakil k'u? pale, nphr(nphr/aj & n/4d of n5). surplice, 

sakil nic e'iilel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). Stevia rhombifolia, 1781(4), 

#2077(3,4,17), #2485(4), #2944(1). Highland -plant". Stevia serrata, 

#2221(1,3,4). Highland "plant". #2529(1,4). Temperate "plant", 

sakil nicim, nphr(aj & n). shrubby spurge Euphorbia leucocephala, 

#2810(3,4,5). Lowland "plant" The flower is used on All Souls' Day 

to decorate the graves. Eupaiorium leucocephalum, #422(1,2). Temperate 

"plant" The flowers are put in altar vases. Montanoa speciosa, 

#2026(1,4). Lowland "tree" Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases, 

sakil nicim to, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). arabian jasmine Jasminum 

sambac, #910(1,3). Lowland "tree" It is grown by ladinos, in their 

yards. The slips are planted in the rainy season. Ladinos put the flowers 

in altar vases. They are sold at market. 

sakil pok', nphr(aj & n)5. white flour bag /used to carry purchases/, 

sakil pok', nphr(aj & n)la. white head cloth /worn by angels, holy elders, 

ensign-bearers and sir spook/, 

sakil satil, nphr(n4f of n3d). white of eyes, 

sakil sik, cf. sik. 

sakil sim-nak'al, cf. sim. 

sakil senen, cf. s'enen. 

sakil tei, nphr(aj & n)le. box elder Acer negundo var. (mexicanum), 

#B9277(5,5a), #154(1,2,4,5). Highland "tree". The trunk is split and 

used for sheep corrals and fences for vegetable and flower gardens. 

Some say that if it is burned for firewood one's chickens will die. wild 

lilac Ceanothus coeruleus, #1403(9). Highland "tree" giant senna 

Cassia emarginata, #1676(14). Lowland "tree". Lopezia langmaniae, 


sakil ton, nphr(aj & n)5. limestone, 

saklah, av. cf. sakak (plu). 

saklahet, av. cf. sakson (plu). 

saklahetik, av. cf. sakson (plu). 

sakluh, av. gleaming suddenly (lightning, woman's thighs), 

saksaktik, aj. whitish, 

sakson, av. moving palely /in darkness/, 

saktesakte, av. moving palely here and there, 

sakub, iv. become white, bleach, dawn, awake at dawn, 

sakub, n4f. Ritual speech, prayer; dawn. 

ta hun smal ta hun ssakub. at dusk, at dawn, 

sakubel 9osil, nphr(vn of n5). dawn, 

sakubtas, tv. survive the night (patient), postpone until morning, bleach 

/hat/. 

sakubtasob, nlf. sulphur used to bleach palm for hat. 

sakubtasobil, nlf. cf. sakubtasob. 

sakaton N(Sp, zacaton). 

sakaton, nla. witch grass Panicum maximum, # 1291(1,3,4,5,7). Lowland 

"plant" Ladinos broadcast the seeds in the corn fields in the middle 

of the rainy season. The roots are sold to those who have no seeds. 

The grass is used as fodder for donkeys, horses, and cattle. Zinacantecs 

use the grass, together with cane leaves for thatching field houses, 

sakatontik, n5. field of witch grass. 

W>lol sakaton, nphr(aj & n). 'medium-sized sakaton, witch grass Panicum 

maximum, #2672(1,3). Lowland "plant" It is eaten by mules, 

bik'it sakaton, nphr(aj & n). witch grass Panicum maximum, 

#2672(15). Lowland plant" It is eaten by mules. It is used for 

thatch, 

muk'ta sakaton, nphr(aj & n). witch grass Panicum maximum, 

#2672(20). Lowland "plant". It is eaten by mules, 

sakil sakaton, nphr(aj & n). witch grass Panicum bulbosum, # 1556( 1,3). 

Temperate "plant" witch grass Panicum maximum, 

#1984(1,3,4,16,17). Lowland "plant". (16)-It is fed to mules and 

cattle. 

sakramentu N(Sp, Sacramento), 

sakramentu, n5. steward of the Holy Sacrament, 

sakramentual nicim, nphr(natt & n)la. Hecubaea scorzoneraefolia, 

#678(1,2,3,4), #2466(4,21,22). Highland "plant" As a remedy for 

"wind", six roots are brewed, and a small cup of the tea is drunk 

before breakfast. It is "hot". (5)-The tea is drunk to stop postpartum 

hemorrhaging. It is "hot". (21,22)-The tea is drunk to induce an abortion. 

It is "hot". (23)-One small basket, half geraniums and half sak-

amentual nicim is provided by each pair of stewards to decorate the 

churches on Corpus Christi. 

sakramentual nicimtik, nphr(natt & n)5. expanse of sakramentual nicim. 

saki] sakramentual nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Hymenocallis aff. 

galveslonensis, #956(1,3)- Lowland "plant* 

sal(l) P(2) or T(2). 

sal ta mahcl, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap. 

salahtik, aj. hatless (plu), having lost one's clothes (sing). 

salal, av. running hatless. 

salal, aj. hatless, having lost one's clothes /drunk at fiesta/, deforested 

(mountain). 

salalet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). dashing hatless. 

salalik, aj. cf. salal /plu/. 

salan, tv. deforest /mountain/, impoverish (sickness). 

salan ba, rv. remove clothes /to fight/. 

salanbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). clip hair /child/. 

salbe, tv. finish hurriedly /weeding/. 

salbe 'Janil, vphr(tv & n5). rush (person). 

salel, aj. hatless. 

salet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking hatless. 

salet nos labtel, vphr(av & pt & n5). working swiftly. 

salet ta •Janil, vphr(av & prep & n5). rushing (person). 

salet ta hatbal, vphr(av & prep & vn5). fleeing (animal, person). 

saletik ta ?anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. salet ta lanil (plu). 

saletik ta hatbal, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. salet ta hatbal (plu). 

salk'uh, iv. be grazed /with knife/, be impoverished. 

salk'un, tv. graze /self with knife, etc./, shear. 

salk'unan, tv. shear many /sheep/. 

salk'unvan, iv. graze person. 

saUah, av. cf. salal (plu). 

sallahet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). cf. salson hoi (plu). 

salp'uh, iv. cf. salk'uh. 

salp'un, tv. cf. salk'un. 

salp'unan, tv. cf. salk'unan. 

salp'unvan, iv. cf. salk'unvan. 

salsal, aj. hatless. 

salson hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking hatless. 

saltesalte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about hatless. 

hsalanvaneh, agn. sickness that impoverishes person. 

sal(2) A. 

sal, aj. suffering from pinta. 

sal-'japon, n(aj & ncpd)le. dandruff. 

sal-e'i"?, n(aj & ncpd)le. white blemishes /on face/. 

sal-te?, n(aj & ncpd)5. 'scaly tree', gumbolimbo Bursera aff. simaruba, 

#840(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" For loose teeth three chips of bark are 

chewed. They are "hot" As a remedy for dysentery, four chips are 

brewed. A bowl of the tea is drunk before breakfast for three days. It 

is medium' 

sal-teitik, n(aj & ncpd)5. grove of gumbolimbos. 

•Jit'is sal-te 1 ), nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/). Trichilia cuneata, 

#816(1,2,3,5), #1274(1,3,4,5). Lowland "tree". It is used for firewood. 

Trichilia hirta, #3004(11). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used 

for fence posts and firewood. 

salil, aj. suffering from pinta. 

salistre N(Sp, salistre). 

salistre, nla. saltpeter /used to make gunpowder for blasting iron/. 

salya N(Sp, zalea). 

salya, nla. sheepskin /used by women to sit on/. 

sam(l) X. 

samamet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). slightly tipsy. 

samet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). slightly tipsy. 

sam(2) A(Sp, san). 

sam-poro martil, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Peter Martyr, ensignbearer 

of St. Peter Martyr. 

samel N. 

samel, nle. last night. 


305 

san(l) prob P or P(2). 

sanal, aj. feverish (face). 

sansan, aj. partially dry (firewood). 

san(2) A(Sp, san). 

san-antonyo, n(aj & ncpd)5. St. Anthony, steward of St. Anthony, ensignbearer 

of St. Anthony. 

san-antres, n(aj & ncpd)5. San Andres Larrainzar. 

san-hasinto, n(aj & ncpd)5. St. Hyacinth, ensign-bearer of St. Hyacinth. 

san-hose, n(aj & ncpd)5. St. Joseph, ensign-bearer of St. Joseph. 

san-torenso, n(aj & ncpd)5. St. Lawrence, ensign-bearer of St. Lawrence. 

hsan-antres, agn(aj & ncpd). inhabitant of San Andres Larrainzar. 

hsan-antresahel, agn(aj & ncpd). person going to, at or coming from San 

Andres Larrainzar. 

saiikre N(Sp, sangre). 

sankre, n5. blood. 

Ritual speech, prayer; maûk to me hmal ">o c'ic'el, ma9uk to me hmal 

io sankre. I have not yet drawn blood, I have not yet spilled blood. 

sanoria N(Sp, zanahoria). 

sanoria, nla. carrot Daucus carota var. saliva, #2951(1,16). Highland 

plant" (l)-It is grown by many Chamulas. The seeds are broadcast 

in June. The harvest is in September. Carrots are sold at market. 

They are "cold". (16)-Carrots are grown by few Zinacantecs, but by 

many Chamulas.-The seeds are planted in May. The harvest is in October. 

Sheep eat the greens. Carrots are cold" 

santa A(Sp, santa). 

santa-krus, n(aj & ncpd)5. Holy Cross, steward of the Holy Cross. 

santa-rosa, n(aj & ncpd)5. St. Rose, ensign-bearer of St. Rose. 

santa-rosa to, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). tonduz senna Cassia tonduzii, 


santa-rosail te 1 ), nphr(natt/aj & ncpd/ & n). tonduz senna Cassia tonduzii, 

#1834(15,16). Temperate "tree" 

santo N(Sp, santo). 

santo, agn. saint. 

•)oy yahsantoal hfelek', ooy yahsantoal hmilvaneh. There is a saint 

for thievery; there is a saint for murder /the Risen Jesus/. 

santo, n5. All Souls' Day, All Saints' Day. Should a person neglect the 

dead on All Souls' Day it is believed that they will take him to hell. Some 

think that those who eat the food that has been offered to the dead 

will become stupid. The soul of a person who dies within a month of 

All Souls' Day is thought to serve as a watchman for the houses of 

the dead while they are visiting at the cemetery. The soul of a person 

who dies on All Souls' Day is thought to carry the fruit back to the 

dead. 

santo rominko, nphr(aj & n)5. St. Dominic, steward of St. Dominic, 

ensign-bearer of St. Dominic. 

santotik, n5. period from October thirty-first to November fourth. 

sap(l) T. 

sap, tv. rinse /beans, nixtamal, spot or stain on clothes, meat, potatoes, 

greens, tomatoes, tubers/. 

sap ba, rv. wash off self /in river/. 

sapan, tv. rinse a lot of /beans, etc./. 

sapanan, tv. cf. sapan. 

sapansapan, tv. rinse one after another. 

sapansapanan, tv. cf. sapansapan. 

sapel, nc. rinsing /1-3/. 

saplahetik, av. cf. sapson (plu). 

sapob, nlf. water or pot used for rinsing. 

sapobil, nlf. cf. sapob. 

sapomah, iv. rinse /nixtamal/. 

sapson, av. rinsing slowly /potatoes, etc./. 

sapulan, tv. keep rinsing. 

sapulanobil, n4f. stretch of river where people bathe /making water unfit 

for drinking/. 

sap(2) A. 

sap-yok, n(aj & ncpd)5. 'acid trunk ?', oak Quercus candicans, #433(1,2). 

Temperate "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. The


leaves are used to wrap tamales /pisil vah/. They are needed by the 

stewards-royal every Saturday and by the stewards when changing 

office. 

sap-yoktik, n(aj & ncpd)5. oak grove. 

sapap, aj. acid (oak bark, satin bark, apple, nance, mamey sapote). 

sapaptik, aj. rather acid. 

sapato N(Sp, zapato). 

sapato, nla. shoe. 

sap' 1(2). 

sap', iv. dry, shrink (wood, vine, thatch, beans, corn, potatoes, skin of 

person). 

sap'es, tv. set in the sun to dry. 

sap'sap'tik, iv. dry or shrink slightly, 

sap'sap'tik, aj. rather lean, 

sap'sap', iv. dry or shrink slightly, 

sap'sap', aj. lean. 

sar T. 

sar ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike grazing blow, skin /arm/, 

sarar, av. whizzing by (rock, blow), 

sarlahet, av. grazing repeatedly /blow/. 

sarluh, av. whizzing by or grazing suddenly (rock, blow), 

sartesarte, av. whizzing by or grazing one after another (rocks), swooshing 

one after another (buzzards). 

sarulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep grazing /with fist/, 

sarulanvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep grazing person /with 

fist/. 

sarvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). graze person /with fist/. 

sarampio N(Sp, sarampion). 

sarampio, n5. measles. 

sararin A(Sp, sarado?). 

sararin, aj. entirely mottled, barred or streaked (chicken, hawk, quail, 

tinamou, hairy woodpecker), 

sararin sik, cooper hawk. cf. sik. 

sararintik, aj. rather mottled, barred or streaked (chicken, hawk, quail, 

tinamou, hairy woodpecker). 

sat N. 

sat ?ob, cf. ?ob. 

sat "»okol, nphr(n4f of n3d). anklebone. 

sat k'obol, nphr(n4f of n3d). wrist bone. 

sat mes, nphr(n of n). 'broom berry ?', broom jute Sida rhombifolia, 

#105(1,2,3,4,5), #1736(15,16), #2049(18), #2190(19), #2488(21,22). 

Highland "plant" #1899(17), #2301(19). Temperate plant", wild 

mallow Waltheria amerkana, #317(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant" yellow 

indigo bush Dalea lutea var. gigantea, #2940(1). Highland "tree 

Dalea leporina, #1773(15). Highland "plant" 

sat mestik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of sat mes. 

k'anal sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild mallow Waltheria americana, 

# 1308(1,3,4,5). Lowland "plant", broom jute Sida rhombifolia, 

#1468(3), #1736(3), #2049(3,17), #2083(3,4,17), #2190(1,3,4), 

#2365(3,4), #2488(4). Highland "plant" The plants are cut by 

boys, tied with a vine and used to sweep the yard, the threshing 

floor or wherever corn is spread out to dry. #1552(1,3), 

#1899(1,3,4,16). Temperate "plant" Sida alba, #2301(3,4). Temperate 

"plant" 

k'os sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). broom jute Sida rhombifolia, 

# 1355(1,3). Highland "plant". Hybanthus verbenaceus, # 1056(1,3,5). 

Highland "plant". Cassia cf. slenocarpoides, #1822(1,4). Temperate 

plant". Marina spiciformis, #2601(21,22). Temperate "plant" 

muk'ta sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild mallow Waltheria americana, 

#2595(15,20,21,22). Temperate plant". (20)-It is used to 

sweep when no broom is handy. Sida acuta, #2616(21). Lowland 

"plant". Turnera ulmifolia, #2001(1,3,4). Lowland plant" 

muk'tik sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). yellow indigo bush Dalea 

lutea var. gigantea, #1931(17). Temperate "plant" 

sakil sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild mallow Waltheria americana, 

#1308(8). Lowland "plant" Sida acuta, #1287(1,3,4,5), 

#2616(1,3,15,22). Lowland plant". Turnera ulmifolia, 


sat pukuh( 1), nphr(n of n). 'devil's eye', shrub nightshade Solanum aligerum, 

#B9540(5,5a), #88(1,2,4,5), #1708(3,15,16), #2383(3,4,20), 

#2504(4). Highland "plant" The berries are eaten by birds. As a 

basic ingredient of the steam cure for ~wind"/sikil kolotal iik'/, thirteen 

shoots are required, cf. can-eelav eelo-pat. shrub nightshade Solanum 

cervanlesii, # 1405(3). Highland "plant", shrub nightshade Solanum 

cervantesii subsp. gtabrum, #B9471(5,5a). Highland plant", 

shrub nightshade Solanum brachystachys, #1844(16). Highland 

"tree". 

sat pukuhtik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of shrub nightshade, 

sat pukuh(2), nphr(n of n). 'devil's eye' or 'devil's face', Lycogala epidendrum., 

#124(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" 

•Jik'al sat pukuh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Lycogala sp., # 136(3,4,5). 


sat pukuh, nphr(n4d of nlf). wart, 

sat sela, nphr(n4f of nld). silk ribbon /man. poss.; ribbon used to fasten 

shawl and sides of cotton tunic/, 

sat tak'in, nphr(n4f of n5). real /formerly/. 

can-lahuneb sat tak'in. $1.75 /formerly/, 

sat vo9, nphr(n4f of n5). small spring. 

sat votik, nphr(n4f of n5). stretch of ground with many small springs, 

satil, n3c. eye, eyesight, face, pod, burr, bean, berry, kernel, fruit, eyelet, 

hole /memela/, rust /pine/, sound hole /fiddle, guitar, harp/, mesh 

/sieve, net/, eye /needle/, needle /pine/, light /lantern, torch, etc./, 

grain /wood/, strand /rope/, slice /meat/, bead, spring /water/. Ritual 

speech; face. cf. bail. 

lyalbe ta ssat. He told him to his face. 

mu sk'ot ssatilal. lit., The eyes for it do not reach, i.e., It is too dark 

to see. 

satil, n5. pink eye. 

satin, tv. produce fruit, fruit. When the fruit trees are heavy with young 

fruit it is said that it will be a "bad year." 

satinbe, tv. Scolding speech; have a face like. 

asatinohbe 9a li sti") scak 1 ameilale. You have a face like your wife's 

ass. 

asatinohbe ssat ti e'iê. You have a face like a dog, i.e.. You are 

acting like a dog /woman scolding old man for making a pass/, 

sasat, n5. Baby talk; eye, face. 

satin N(Sp, satin). 

satin, nla. wax myrtle Myrica cerifera, #2246(19). Highland "tree" 

(5)-As a remedy for menstrual failure a tea is brewed of the brown roots 

of wax myrtle. It is "hot". (23)-The senior steward of Our Lady of the 

Rosary provides wax myrtle to decorate the side chapel of the Church 

of St. Lawrence on the fiesta of Our Lady of Guadalupe. The constables 

provide wax myrtle for the Lenten processions, 

satintik, n5. grove of wax myrtles. 

k'os satin, nphr(aj & n). wax myrtle Myrica cerifera, #395(1,3). 


muk'ta satin, nphrfaj & n). wax myrtle Myrica cerifera, #410(1,2), 

#2246(1,3,4). Highland "tree" The branches are tied to stakes on 

either side of the processional path on the Fourth Friday of Lent. 

They are used similarly for visits from government officials and to 

decorate the school on Independence Day. The tips are used in the 

steam cure for "wind"/sikil koloial iik'/. cf. can-eelav eelo-pat. 

savanero N(Sp, sabanera). 

savanero, n5. lowland snake Loxocemus sp.. It is considered inoffensive. 

It is reported to subsist on gnats and ants. 

savaro N(Sp, sabado). 

savaro, nla. Saturday /an. poss. only by stewards-royal and publicans/, 

savaro kusel, nphr(n of vn)5. Holy Saturday, 

savaro k'ak'al, nphr(n of n)5. Carnival Saturday, 

savaro ramos, nphr(n of n)5. Palm Saturday, 

say X. 

sayay yalel, vphr(av & dr). falling lightly (frail person).

saylah ec'el, vphr(av & dr). fleeing weakly (chickens), 

saylahet, av. cf. sayson (plu). 

saylahetik, av. walking weightlessly (chickens), walking feebly /people/, 

sayluh, av. suddenly falling weakly. 

sayson, av, walking feebly (sick person), weightless (tree), walking weightlessly 

(chicken). 

saytesayte, av. walking about feebly. 

say a vii n N. 

sayavun, n. see below. 

k'os sayavun, nphr(aj & n). Gaya minuliflora, #1139(1,4,5). Lowland 

and temperate plant", 

say Ion N. 

sayton, nle. dog louse, bird louse. 

•7oc sa sayton ta sc'ut. lit., His belly has lice now, i.e., He is lazy now. 

sayton c'ut, nphr(n type n)5. louse-covered belly /puppy/, 

hsayton-c'ut, agn(n & ncpd). lit., one with a louse-covered belly, i.e., 

person who appears as a spook at Carnival. 

lak'bo h-set'uk yakil voi li hsayton-c'ut mucaco. Give the one with 

a louse-covered belly a little chicha, boy! /said by spooks when begging 

for chicha from door to door at Carnival/. 

se9 A. 

se">, aj. uneven, crooked (weaving), 

seâhtik, aj. uneven (cuts in wood). 

se'el, aj. uneven (weaving, cut in wood, planting, hoeing), 

se'telik, aj. uneven (cuts in wood). 

se9sei, aj. uneven (weaving, etc.). 

seison, av. waddling (duck, fat woman), dipping to one side and then the 

next (loom). 

sOub, iv. go crooked (weaving, hoeing), 

sec" N. 

see", nla. pottery bowl. 

see", nlf. knee cap. 

sekitario 

sekitario, town clerk, secretary, cf. sekretario. 

sekretario N(Sp, secretario). 

sekretario, agn. town clerk /ladino/, secretary /ejido, church, school or 

fiesta committees/, var., sekitario, sekritario. 

sekritario 

sekritario, town clerk, secretary, cf. sekretario. 

sekub N. 

sekub, nld. liver, 

sekub t'ul, nphr(n of n) 1 a. 'rabbit liver', see below. An unattested variety 

is known to be fatal. 

sekub t'ultik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of sekub t'ul. 

eahal sekub t'ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Boletus sp., #63(1,3,4,5). 

Highland "mushroom". Leccinumsp., #113(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" 

homoc'-iut sekub t'ul, nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/n of n/). 'rabbit 

liver with riddled interior', Xerocomus subtomentosus, # 19(1,3). Highland 

"mushroom" It is eaten by some Zinacantecs. It is toasted 

on the coals. It is cold". 

k'anal homoc'- i >ut sekub t'ul, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/ type 

nphr/n of n/). Boletus affinis, # 180(4,5). Highland mushroom" 

k'anal sekub t'ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Suillus sp., #13(1,3), 

#115(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". Boletus sp., #131(3,4,5). Highland 

"mushroom", 

k'os k'anal sekub t'ul, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Boletus sp., 

#114(3,4,5). Highland mushroom". It is boiled. It is "cold" 

k'os sekub t'ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Gyroporus castaneus, 

#122(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" 

muk'la sekub t'ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Boletus sp., #123(3,4,5). 

Highland "mushroom" It is toasted on the coals. It is "cold", 

sakil sekub t'ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Boletus sp., # 116(3,4,5), 

#125(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". It is toasted on the coals, or 

sliced and boiled, seasoned with mexican tea and chili, 

sekub vakas", nphr(n of n). 'cow liver'. Boletus sp., #144(3,4,5). High- 


307 

land "mushroom" 

sem prob P or P(2). 

sememet ni 1 ?, vphr(av & n4d). rotating jaws greatly while eating (cow). 

semet nh, vphr(av & n4d). walking while rotating jaw eating, 

semlah, av. walking while rotating jaws eating (plu). 

semlahet nit, vphr(av & n4d). cf. sermon nil (plu). 

semsem, aj. wide open (jaws of cow). 

semson ni?, vphr(av & n4d). rotating jaws while eating (cow). 

semento N(Sp, cemento). 

semento, n5. cement. 

semet N. 

semet, nla. griddle. 

sempal N. 

sempal, nld. tropical mockingbird Mimusgilvus. Mockingbirds are not 

eaten. It is believed that when a mockingbird sings near a house it is a 

witch's messenger, bringing sickness, var., sempal tutu, sempral /Hok' 

C'enom, Muk'la Hok'/. 

sempal tutu, nphr(n type n)5. cf. sempal. 

sempral 

sempral, tropical mockingbird, cf. sempal. 

sempre Pt(Sp, siempre). 

sempre, pt. still, always /usu. followed by lonos/. var., syempre /less 

freq/. 

sentavo N(Sp, centavo). 

sentavo, nla. cent, money, 

sentavo e*i?lel, nphr(n type n). 'penny plant', peperomia Peperomia campylotropa, 

#1191(1,3), #1438(1), #1756(16). Highland "plant" 

seutro N(Sp, centro). 

sentro, nle. circle, circle of light produced by electric light. 

senya N(Sp, sena). 

senya, nla. scar, brand, marker /strand of yarn threaded through skin of 

back of chicken's head for identification/, sign, 

senya ">osil, nphr(n4f of nld). boundary marker, 

pasbe senya, vphr(tv & n5). make signs /to girl/. 

sep P. 

sep, nc. In reference to: disc-shaped object /sugar, salt, cheese/, 

sepahtik, aj. cf. sepel (plu). 

sepal mail, nphr(aj & n 1 d). sprout and fruit budding from old watermelon 

squash stalk. 

sepan, tv. set down disc-shaped object /sugar, salt, cheese, peso/. 

sepekil, n4f. many disc-shaped /pesos, cheeses, drops of blood/, many 

blotches /pinta/. 

sepel, aj. disc-shaped (peso, cheese), 

sepelik, aj. round (eyed) /with anger/, 

sepelsepel, n4f. each of many discs /sugar, salt, cheese/, each of many 

blotches /pinta/. 

sepleh, nlf. entire disc, 

sepsep, nc. single disc /I only/, 

sepsep, aj. round-faced. 

septyembre N(Sp, septiembre). 

septyembre, n5. September. August and September are considered to be 

a time of divine punishment; rain, mud and cold, var., setyempre /more 

freq/. 

septyembretik, n5. sometime in September. 

sep' T. 

sep', tv. pinch /finger/, cut off, cut in lengths /tree, snake, paper/, cut 

/opening for neck of shirt/, saw /salt/, cut in two /watermelon squash, 

cushaw or summer squash/. 

sep', iv. be cut into small pieces, become caught between or crushed 

(foot). 

sep', nle. mange, gangrene. 

sep', nc. gnawed off or cut off piece /ribbon, rope/. 

sep' ba, rv. be crushed or caught between, 

sep'an, tv. cut into pieces /plu/. 

sep'anan, tv. cf. sep'an. 

sep'ansep'an, tv. cut one after another into small pieces /tree/.


sep'ansep'anan, tv. cf. sep'ansep'an. 

sep'benal, n4f. cut /tree/. 

sep'bentik, aj. shredded, cut in many pieces. 

sep'elsep'el, n4f. each of many lengths /barbed wire/. 

sep'elul, n4f. scrap, piece /wood/. 

sep'ep'et, av. gnawing /infr/. 

sep'lahet, av. gnawing (witches). 

sep'lahetik, av. cutting into small pieces /wood/ (plu). 

sep'ob, nlf. axe, saw, machete. 

sep'obil, nlf. cf. sep'ob. 

sep'sep', nc. single small piece /wood, corpse/, single shred /clothing, 

ribbon/. 

sep'son, av. cutting into small pieces /wood/, gnawing (pain in stomach), 

sti^ton ssep'son. eating, gnawing (witch). 

sep'ulan, tv. cut into small pieces /weeds, wood/, shred /clothing/ 

(mouse). 

sep'ulanan, tv. keep cutting into many small pieces. 

sep'van, iv. crush person or person's hand or foot (tree, rock). 

sera N(Sp, cera). 

sera, nla. wax, wax candle. 

sera 9aha-pom, nphr(n4e of n/n type ncpd/5). beeswax. 

sera e'i9lel, nphr(n type n). 'wax plant', Govenia sp., #2546(21,22). Temperate 

'plant" 

sera kinya, cf. kinya. 

serio N(Sp, cerillo). 

serio, nla. match, matchstick. 

selo, n5. Baby talk; match, matchstick. 

servesa N(Sp, cerveza). 

servesa, nla. beer. 

ses T. 

sesben, n4f. shreds of wood produced by wood grubs. 

sesbentik, aj. shredded, chewed. 

sesintik, aj. shredded, chewed. 

sesulan, tv. shred /paper/ (mouse), riddle /clothing/ (clothes moth), 

chew /wood/ (blunt axe). 

sesulanan, tv. shred, riddle or chew /plu/. 

sesulta, tv. shred /paper/ (mouse), riddle /clothing/ (clothes moth), chew 

/wood/ (blunt axe). 

sesultaan, tv. shred a lot of /paper/ (mouse), riddle a lot of /clothing/ 

(clothes moth), chew a lot of /wood/ (blunt axe). 

sesultaanan, tv. cf. sesultaan. 

sesenta Num(Sp, sesenta). 

sesenta, nle. sixty. 

sesentatik, n5. by or in sixties, every sixty. 

set P(2) or T(2). 

set, tv. slice /pineapple, young watermelon squash, cushaw or summer 

squash, radish/, cut off level with ground /pineapple, maguey, cabbage/, 

cut /opening for neck of shirt/, gnaw holes in, saw /salt/. 

set, nc. In reference to: plot of land, corn field, maguey, pineapple, roll 

of wire, vine or woven palm, hole /gnawed in clothes/, slice /salt, 

pineapple/. 

set ba, rv. be full (moon). 

set baik, rv. surround each other, fence each other in. 

setahtik, aj. in rolls (wire, vine, palm), with round spots (costume of 

jaguar of St. Sebastian fiesta), round (blood stains, leaves). 

setahtik ?uc'ul vw, cf. 9uc'ul \oi. 

setahtik visobtakil, cf. visobtakil. 

setan, tv. gnaw holes in, cut off level with ground /pineapples/ saw much 

/salt, wood/, slice /pineapples/. 

setanan, tv. saw much /salt, wood/, slice /pineapples/. 

setansetan, tv. slice or saw one after another. 

setansetanan, tv. cf. setansetan. 

setbenal, nlf. roll /woven palm/, width of shirt neck. 

setekil, n4f. many round (blood stains). 

setel, aj. full (moon), circular (maguey), surrounding. 

setelik, aj. with round (eyes) /staring/. 

setelsetel, n4f. each of many blood stains, each of many plots of land or 

corn fields, each of many pineapple plants or slices of pineapple. 

setet, av. rolling (tire, hat, hoop, coin). 

setetet, av. rolling (tire, hat, hoop, coin), spinning (fireworks wheel), 

moving in circle (top), dancing in circle (woman). 

setetin, tv. roll /hoop, tire/. 

setleh, nlf. entire plot of land or corn field. 

setleh, n4f. hole /gnawed in clothing/. 

setob, nlf. wide-bladed axe, machete, saw, knife, billhook. 

setobil, nlf. cf. setob. 

setom pasak', cf. pasak'. 

setomah, iv. circle around (hpetom at wedding dance). 

setomal pasak', cf. pasak'. 

setset, nc. single plot of land or corn field, single roll of palm or wire, 

single slice of pineapple or pineapple plant /I only/. 

setset, aj. round, circular. Male joking speech, referring to vagina. 

setson, av. swaying from side to side (woman). 

Ritual speech, song; ssetson sa me li hme9obtak, ssetson sa me li 

hc'uleltak. Now my ladies are swaying, now my souls are swaying. 

setulan, tv. keep slicing /pineapple, etc./, keep cutting off level with 

ground /pineapple, etc./, keep cutting /opening for neck of shirt/, 

keep gnawing holes in, keep sawing /salt/. 

setulanan, tv. keep gnawing holes in. 

setulanobil, n4f. knife. 

setvan, iv. cut person. 

setenta Num(Sp, setenta). 

setenta, nle. seventy. 

setentatik, n5. by or in seventies, every seventy. 

setyempre 

setyempre, September, cf. septyembre. 

set' T. 

set', tv. pinch with fingernails, stick fingernail into /squash to test ripeness/. 

set', nc. lit., pinch /I only/, i.e., a small amount. Ritual speech, prayer; 

drop, little bit. 

c'ambon i h-set'e, c'ambon i hutebe. Accept for me the drop, accept 

for me the trifle. 

set' baik, rv. pinch each other. 

set'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. pinching each other. 

set'an, tv. pinch /plu/, stick fingernails into /squashes/. 

set'anan, tv. cf. set'an. 

set'anset'an, tv. pinch one after another, stick fingernails into one after 

another /squashes/. 

set'anset'anan, tv. cf. set'anset'an. 

set'ben, n4f. mark left by pinch. 

set'el, nc. pinching. 

set'et, av. constricting (heart with pain), pinching (stomach with hunger). 

set'et'et, av. constricting (heart with pain), pinching (stomach with hunger)set'lahet, 

av. pinching (ants). 

set'lahetik wi, vphr(av & tv). feeling pestered. 

set'luh, av. constricting suddenly (heart with pain)., pinching suddenly 

(stomach with hunger). 

set'set', nc. very small amount /I only/. 

set'son 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). feeling heart constricted /with pain/. 

set'teset'te, av. constricting time and again (heart with pain), pinching 

time and again (hunger). 

set'ulan, tv. keep pinching /to awake mate/, keep sticking fingernail into 

/squash/. 

set'ulanan, tv. keep pinching /plu/, keep sticking fingernail into /squashes/. 

set'van, iv. pinch person. 

hset'vaneh, agn. person who pinches another. 

sevulya N(Sp, cebolla). 

sevulya, nla. garden onion A Ilium cepa, #803(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant". 

It is grown by ladinos, in their yards. The seeds are planted in the

Lenten season or in June. One seed is planted to a hole. The onions are 

harvested in December. They are sold at market. Onions are used to 

flavor beans. They are cold" 

sevulyatik, n5. field of onions. 

seyo N(Sp, sello). 

seyo, nla. seal, official stamp /both mark and instrument/. 

si X. 

sihel, vn5. fluffing with fingers /wool, formerly cotton/, 

sihomah, iv. fluff with fingers, 

sivu, tv. fluff with fingers /wool, formerly cotton/. 

sivuan, tv. fluff a lot with fingers /wool, formerly cotton/. 

sivuanan, tv. cf. sivuan. 

sivuh, iv. be fluffed with fingers (wool, formerly cotton), 

sivultik, aj. downy, frayed /in middle/, 

sivuob, nlf. basket in which wool is fluffed, 

sivuobil, nlf. cf. sivuob. 

hsihom, agn. person who fluffs wool with fingers. 

si9 N. 

si 1 ;, nld. firewood, 

stfil, n4f. firewood, 

si'in, tv. take possession of firewood, 

siw, iv. gather firewood. 

si9ivab, iv. gather firewood. 

hsi9bil, agn. firewood gatherer. 

sib X. 

sibtas, tv. threaten, frighten, scare, surprise, startle, give a fright to. 

issibtas hcamel. He frightened the patient (drunk), 

issibtas scml ta 9uk'um. He scared his friend at the stream, 

sibtas ba, rv. become frightened, 

sibtas baik, rv. threaten each other, 

sibtasan, tv. threaten or frighten /plu/. 

sibtasanan, tv. cf. sibtasan. 

sibtasob, nlf. scarecrow, strips of cloth /to frighten birds away/, 

shaman's staff /to ward off dogs/, 

sibtasobil, nlf. cf. sibtasob. 

sibtasvan, iv. threaten or frighten person, 

hsibtasvaneh, agn. person who threatens or frightens another, 

sibak N. 

sibak, nla. gunpowder, soot. 

sie* N. 

sie'ah c'ut, vphr(tv & n4d). snack /because one does not want to spend 

money/. 

sie'et c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking and snacking. 

sie'il, nle. food that one craves. 

ssie"ilal 9abtel. food that one craves after hard work, 

sie'lahet c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). cf. sie'et c'ut (plu). 

si'e'tesi'e'te c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about eating snacks /because 

one does not want to spend money/. 

9a9i sie'il, vphr(tv & n4d). crave food. 

9ak' sie'il, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). cause craving for food. 

siglo N(Sp, siglo). 

siglo, n5. century. 

sih(l) 

sih, fluff, cf. si. 

sih(2) X. 

sihihet, av. feeling sharpening pain /thorn, blister/. 

sihlahet, av. feeling sharp pain in several places. 

sihluh, av. feeling sudden sharp pain in several places. 

sihson, av. feeling sharp pain /thorn, blister/, 

siltesihte, av. spreading through body (pain). 

sih(3) A. 

sibil, aj. horrible, very. 

si sihil muk'ul. This big! 

sihil 9elan, vphr(aj & iv/3s/). be horrible. 

sihi] oik'al 7elan, vphr(aj & aj & iv/3s/). be horribly dirty or black, 

sil, n5. all right, very well. 


lek ibat ti sile. It turned out very well. 

litohob li sile. I did all right. 

moioh nan sil a9a. No, that's fine. 

istam s"a yok i sil a9a. He took a journey all right /person gloating 

over enemy's death/, 

sil, aj. horrible, very, 

sil 9elan, vphr(aj & iv/3s/). be horrible. 

yan sayil 9elan. You are horrible. 

sil •nk'al 9elan, vphr(aj & aj & iv/3s/). be horribly dirty or black. 

yan sihil ">ik'al 9elan (or) yan sil 'Mk'al 9elan. He is horrible. 

yan sayil 9ik'al 9elan. You are horrible. 

9o ka toh yan si 9ik'al ">elan. Am I so horrible? 

yan sihil 9ik'al 9elan (or) yan sil 9ik'al 9elan. He is horribly dirty (or) 

horribly black (or) evil, 

sil 9ik'al talel, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/aj & vn/5). have disgusting habits. 

ayihil 9ik'al talel (or) ayil 9ik'al talel. You have disgusting habits (or) 

you are disgusting /drunk, child who falls constantly and dirties 

clothes/. 

sihom A or N. 

sihom k'at'is, cf. k'at'is. 

sik A. 

sik, n2d. Ritual speech, prayer; coolness, cf. Ian. 

sik, aj. cold, "cold" /food, medicine, illness/, "cold wind" "Cold" 

foods should not be eaten by women for up to two to three months 

during the post-partum period. 

sik-bahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). freezing cold (metal, face, snake), 

sik-cavan, aj(aj & Pcpd). freezing cold (person), 

sik-kotan, aj(aj & Pcpd). cold (empty house), 

sik k'ak', nphr(n4e & n4e). chills and fever, 

sik k'ok', nphr(n type n)5. chills and fever, 

sik-laman, aj(aj & Ucpd). weak (cane liquor), tasteless (peach, apple, 

melon). 

sik-lohan, aj(aj & Ucpd). tasteless (squash, chayote). 

sik na, nphr(nle of n3d). area beneath the eaves along the sides and 

back of house. 

sik-pitan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). freezing cold (bare stomach), 

sik-poean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., numb, 

sik-poetah, iv(aj & ivcpd). become numb, 

sik-pokan, aj(aj & Ucpd). swollen, 

sik-takin, aj(aj & ajcpd). cold and dry. 

Denunciatory speech, abandoned man bemoaning his empty house 

before magistrate; sik-takin hna sik-takin hk'uleb. My home is 

cold and dry, my treasury is cold and dry. 

sik-telan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). freezing cold (person), 

sik-t'ayan, aj(aj & Pcpd). cold and wet (clothing), 

sik-t'ohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). tasteless (corn gruel), 

sik-vokan, aj(aj & Xcpd). swollen (eyes of awaking person), 

siket, av. cool (air), chilled (heart of person whose murder or beating is 

imminent or who eats ice on hot day), 

siketik 9osil, vphrfav & n5). cool, 

sikik, av. with cool breeze, 

sikiket, av. with cool breeze. 

sikil, n4c. coldness, inan. poss.; chill /caused by fear or by unsuspected 

imminence of beating or murder/. 

ssikil yok sk'ob totil me9il. lit., the coldness of the feet and hands of 

the tutelary gods, i.e. "cold" sickness caused by failure to worship 

frequently, 

sikil, aj. cold. 

sikil 9ik'. "cold wind" that causes internal pain, 

sikil 9osilal c'aben, cf. c'aben. 

sikil ton, nphr(aj & n)le. 'cold rock', Parieiaria debilis, #25(1,2,3,4). 

Highland "plant". To reduce fever and the heat of mahbenal a large 

handful is pulled up and crushed in the hands, in cold water. Salt is 

added and a gourdful of the water is drunk from one to three times. 

It is 'cold". (5)-It is "medium", 

sikil tontik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of sikil ton.


9it'is sikil ton, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/). Galium sp., #1911(17). 

Temperate "plant" To cure skin disease /tin /, a bunch is ground 

and applied to the affected part, once. It is "cold" 

sikil vor cold water, weak cane liquor. 

sikil voi ko?on. I felt as if my heart were cold water /before being 

struck/. 

sikil balamil, nphr(aj & n)5. soul-loss. 

sikil koloal 9ik', nphr(nphr/aj & natt/ & n)5. disease /person feels cold 

in body, aches, has stomachache/. 

sikil kolcal camel, nphr(nphr/aj & natt/ & vn)5. disease /person feels 

cold in body, aches, has stomachache/. 

sikluh, av. feeling sudden chill. 

siksik, aj. rather cold, rather weak (cane liquor). 

siksiktik, aj. rather cold, rather weak (cane liquor). 

siktesikte, av. feeling cool throughout body. 

sikub, iv. cool, become cold. 

Ritual speech, prayer; mi slah mi ssikub ti hmule ti hkoloe. Will it 

end, will it cool, my crime, my evil? 

sikubtas, tv. cool, chill, render impotent /man/. 

ta ssikubtas shunul na kriscano li Imk'-camele. lit.. The witch chills 

the whole house, i.e., the witch kills all the occupants of a house. 

sikubtas ba, rv. cool self, become chilled. 

sikubtasan, tv. cool a lot of /corn gruel/. 

sikubtaseh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. chill, cooling sensation. 

sikubtasob, nlf. gourd used to cool water in which "flowers" have been 

boiled. 

sikubtasobil, nlf. cf. sikubtasob. 

sikubtasvan, iv. render man impotent /tuil sinic or lime seeds in food/, 

chill /house/. 

isikubtasvan shunleh na li camele. The sickness chilled the whole 

house. 

hsikubtasvaneh, agn. thunder shower that soaks person. 

sikera Pt(Sp, siquiera). 

sikera, pt. at least. 

sik'al 

sik'al, cigarette, cf. sik'ol. 

sik'ol N(Sp, cigarro). 

sik'ol, n4d. cigarette. 

sik'alah, iv. smoke. 

sik'alal, nle. cigarette. 

sik'alan, tv. smoke. 

sik'alanan, tv. smoke /plu/. 

hsik'alahel, agn. smoker. 

sil(l) T. 

sil, tv. splinter /pine/, slice /melon, watermelon/, split in wide strips 

/palm strip for tying branches of flowers/, break into sections /citrus 

fruit/. 

sil, iv. be splintered, sliced, split or broken into sections. 

sil, nc. slice, splinter, section /citrus fruit/, streak. 

Ritual speech, person requesting shaman's services, offering him token 

payment; bae'i kol aval ce?e, bae*i h-sil yo merio, bae'i h-sil yo 

skrusil rios. Thank you very much then. Here is just a half a penny, 

just a splinter of God's cross. 

Ritual speech, praying for prosperity; h-sil akrusil h-sil apasyonal. 

a splinter of Thy cross, a sliver of Thy passion, i.e., wealth. 

sil ?ak'ubal, nphr(x & n5). every night. 

sil ba, rv. split (wood in sun). 

sil k'ak'al, nphr(x & n5). every day. 

sil yalel, vphr(iv & dr). splinter, split (wood in sun). 

silahtik, aj. badly split /in many places/, sliced, streaked (egg with blood). 

silan, tv. splinter a lot of /pine, incense/, slice /melons, watermelons/, 

split /palm strip/, break into sections /citrus fruit/. 

silansilan, tv. slice one after another /melons, watermelons/, splinter one 

after another /pine, incense/. 

silansilanan, tv. cf. silansilan. 

silbenal, nlf. splinters /of pine/. 

silet ec'el, vphr(av & dr). splitting qaickly (pine). 

silikil, n4f. badly split. 

silil, aj. split. 

sililsilil, n4f. each of many cracks, slices or splinters, each of many streaks 

/blood on chicken egg/. 

silob, nlf. machete. 

silobil, nlf. cf. silob. 

silomal "Jak'ubal, nphr(x & n5). every night. 

silomal k'ak'al, nphr(x & n5). every day. 

silp'uh, iv. split (overly dry palm strip for hat). 

silsil, nc. single slice or splinter, single section /citrus fruit/ /I only/. 

silson, av. slicing, splitting. 

silulan, tv. keep splintering /pine/, keep slicing /melon, watermelon/, 

keep splitting in wide strips /palm strip for tying bunches of flowers/, 

keep breaking into sections /citrus fruit/. 

silulanan, tv. keep slicing /melons, etc./. 

silutik, aj. split in many places. 

sil(2) 

sil, cf. sih(3). 

sila N(Sp, cidra). 

sila, nla. citron Citrus medica, #671(1,2,3,4). Temperate and highland 

"tree" It is grown by ladinos and by the people of Chenalho, in their 

yards. The seeds are planted in the rainy season. The fruit is eaten by 

very few people. The rind is used by ladinos for lemonade. It is 

medium" or "cold". 

silvera 

silvera, cf. sirvela. 

silvirate N(Sp, servilleta). 

silvirate, nla. tortilla or posol napkin, inan. poss.; ssihirateil (or) 

ssilvirateal. 

sim N. 

sim, aj. with mucous dribbling from nose. 

sim-nak'al, nphr(n & ajcpd)le. dysentery. 

sim tuluk', nphr(n4d of n5). turkey wattle /appendage above beak/, 

hun ta ssim tuluk'. lit., the length of a turkey wattle, i.e., ridiculously 

small penis. 

sim tuluk' nicim, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'turkey wattle flower', Acalypha 

hispida, #2692(1,3). Lowland "tree" Ladinos put the flowers in 

altar vases. 

simal, nla. mucous, slime /of snail/. 

simal ">obal, nphr(n type n)5. common cold. 

simlahet, av. cf. simson (plu). 

simson, av. sniveling. 

simta, tv. deposit mucous or slime on. 

simtavan, iv. flick mucous on person, deposit slime on person. 

simtesirnte, av. walking about streaming mucous /crying/. 

eahal sim-nak'al, nphr(aj & n/n & ajcpd/)5. bloody dysentery. 

c'ic' sim-nak'al, nphr(n type n/n & ajcpd/)5. bloody dysentery. 

sakil sim-nak'al, nphr(aj & n/n & ajcpd/)5. white dysentery. 

simaron A(Sp, cimarron). 

simaron, aj. wild, mean (mule). 

simaron bek'et, nphr(aj & n)5. part of ankle /cut of beef/. 

simarontik, aj. rather mean (mule). 

siinita N(Sp, semita). 

simita, nld. type of bread sold in San Cristobal. 

simyenlo N(Sp, cimiento). 

simyento, nle. brick and mortar construction, pediment /cross/, abutment 

/bridge/. 

sin N(Sp, cine). 

sin, n5. movie, var., sine. 

9ak' sin, vphr(tv & n5). show movie. 

sine 

sine, movie, cf. sin. 

sinko N(Sp, cinco). 

sinko, nla. five cents, five pesos. 

Polite speech, response of magistrate, etc., upon receiving money for

favor; te nan sinkouk stohol hsik'ol tun. Perhaps there are five cents 

for buying my cigarettes. 

sinkwenta Num(Sp, cincuenta). 

sink wen ta. nle. fifty. 

sinkwentatik, n5. by or in fifties, every fifty. 

sinta N(Sp, cinta). 

sinta, nla. ribbon used for collar of man's wool tunic, door jamb /of 

thatch-roofed house/. 

sintiko N(Sp, sindico). 

sintiko, agn. syndic or sindico /second-ranking official of civil hierarchy/. 

sinyor N(Sp, senor). 

sinyor, n5. sir. Ritual speech, addressing male saint; lord. 

Sinyor ?Iskipula. Our Lord of Esquipula, etc. 

sinyora N(Sp, senora). 

sinyora, n5. Term of address to ladina; ma'am. 

Ritual speech, addressing female saint or female mountain; 

c'ul-vinahelal lane, c'ul-vinahelal sinyora. holy heavenly woman, 

holy heavenly lady. 

sinyorita N(Sp, senorita). 

sinyorita, n5. Term of address to ladina; female teacher, miss. 

sip(l) N. 

sip, nle. tick /three kinds; one infesting cattle and horses, one infesting 

sheep, one occurring in lowland woods/. The tiny lowland variety 

swarms over one's clothing. They will drop off if their host jumps 

over a fire. The cattle ticks embed their heads in one's skin. Even if 

pulled off, their heads remain, causing a fierce itching that reportedly 

can be calmed only by means of a sweat bath. Scars form where they 

have been embedded. 

sip(2) X. 

siplahet, av. cf. sipson (plu). 

sipson, av. light, weightless (tree, agave inflorescence stalk). 

sipres N(Sp, cipres). 

sipres, n. juniper Juniperusgamboana, #1496(1,3). Highland "tree". The 

trunk is used for house mainposts, chairs, tables, gates, doors, corn bins, 

steambaths, crosses, and fence posts, cypress Cupressus lusitanica, 

#2205(1,3,4). Highland "tree". 

siprestik, n5. grove of junipers or cypress. 

sirvcla N(Sp, ciruela). 

sirvela, nla. plum. var. silvern. 

sirvelailtik, n5. large plum orchard, 

sirvelatik, n5. plum orchard. 

?ik' j )ik'-lo'?an sirvela, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). plum Prunus domestica, 

Highland "tree". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. 

Seeds or slips are planted in the rainy season, or slips are grafted 

on peach trees. A piece of the root may be planted. The harvest is 

in September. The fruit is sold at market. It is cold". 

eahal sirvela, nphr(aj & n). plum Prunus domestica, # 578( 1,3). Highland 

"tree" Same use as nik'iik'-lotan sirvela, but harvested in August. 

k'ana] sirvela, nphr(aj & n). plum Prunus domestica, #589(1,3). 

Highland "tree" It is grown by very few Zinacantecs. Same use as 

lik'iik'-loian sirvela, but harvested in August. 

sakil sirvela, nphr(aj & n). plum Prunus domestica, #350(1,2,3,4). Highland 

" tree" It is grown by many Zinacantecs. Same use as lik 'oik '-lo- 

">an sirvela, but harvested in August, 

silvera, cf. sirvela. 

sisib N. 

sisibah, iv. whistle through teeth, 

sisibta, tv. whistle through teeth at. 

sisibta baik, rv. whistle through teeth at each other (robbers) /giving 

secret signal/. 

sisibtavan, iv. whistle through teeth at person. 

sltd) 1(2). 

sit, iv. swell (person or animal), 

sit, aj. swollen (area of person's or animal's body). 


sites, tv. cause swelling. 

Male joking speech; ta hsites ac'ut. I will make your belly swell, i.e. 

I will make you pregnant, 

sitil, aj. swollen, puffed up. 

sitilik, aj. puffed up (bread), 

sitsittik, aj. slightly swollen, 

situb, iv. become swollen (person or animal), 

situbel, vnld. swelling, 

situbtas, tv. cause swelling, 

situbtasvan, iv. cause swelling in person. 

sit(2) E. 

sitlahet, av. cf. sitson (plu). 

sitlahetik, av. cf. sitson (plu). 

sitson, av. calling psst /to attract someone's attention/, 

st, excl. Psst! /exclamation to attract someone's attention or to quiet 

dog/. 

sitatorio N(Sp, citatorio). 

sitatorio, nle. summons to appear before judge in San Cristobal. 

sitit N. 

sitit, n5. iron weed Vernonia deppeana, #B9511(5,5a). Highland "tree". 

iron weed Vernonia oaxacana, #207(1,2,3,4,5). Lowland "tree". 

marsh fleabane Pluchea odorata, #3005(11). Lowland "tree". It is 


sitittik, n5. grove of iron weed or marsh fleabane. 

eahal sitit, nphr(aj & n). marsh fleabane Pluchea odorata, #503(1,2). 

Highland "tree". It is used for firewood. 

sakil sitit, nphr(aj & n). iron weed Vernonia deppeana, #500(1,2). Highland 

"tree" It is used for firewood, marsh fleabane Pluchea odorata, 

#3005(1,4,5). Lowland "tree" 

sit' 1(2), P, P(2). 

sit', iv. swell (leather, nixtamal in water, beans, belly with gas, belly after 

drinking water, wood in rainy season), 

sit' ba, rv. swell. 

sit'ahtik, aj. swollen (dead animals), 

sit'an, tv. distend /stomach/ (mule to prevent burden from being tightly 

cinched), 

sit'es, tv. cause to swell /beans, inflated cow's bladder used as toy, barrel 

to prevent leakage/, soak /seed corn/, 

sit'esan, tv. soak a lot of /seed corn/, 

sit'esob, nlf. hot water used to make barrel swell, 

sit'esobil, nlf. cf. sil'esob. 

sit'esvan, iv. cause person to swell (too much chicha, "wind" in stomach, 

tobacco when it is scolded), 

sit'et, av. swollen with gas (stomach). 

•it'll, aj. distended (stomach with gas), swollen (dead animal), 

sit'ilik, aj. swollen (planted kernels). 

sit'it'et, av. feeling gas pains (stomach, chest), 

sit'lahet, av. swollen with gas (stomach), 

sit'leh, n4f. swollen /corpse/. 

sit'sit'tik, iv. swell slightly (nixtamal, beans, belly with gas), 

si't'tesi't'te, av. feeling gas pains in several places. 

siv 

siv, fluff, cf. si. 

sivil N(Sp, civil), 

sivil, aj. civil (marriage), 

sivilah, iv. have civil marriage, 

hsivilahel, agn. person who has civil marriage. 

sob 

sob, n5. early morning. 

s'atal hunuk sob. Come sometime early in the morning. 

sob me. Hurry up please! 

soban. Hurry up! 

sob, aj. early in the morning, 

sobah, iv. hurry. 

sobsob, aj. rather early in the morning, 

sobsobtik, aj. rather early in the morning.


sabah, iv. hurry. 

sobal N. 

sobal, nib. steam /hot liquid, river, body after washing, earth/, breath 

/when visible/. 

Ritual speech, shaman inquiring in prayer if patient has been witched; 

mi ssobal hun ye mi ssobal hun sti9 hun 9ue hun kolo9, yul ta yo spat 

yul ta yo ssokon. Has the breath of his /witch's/ mouth, the 

breath of his lips, the seeming good, the evil, reached his 

/patient's/ lowly back, reached his lowly side? 

sobaltas, tv. cause to sweat (sickness), 

sobaltasvan, iv. cause person to sweat (shaman). 

soe' N. 

soe\ nle. bat /general term/, 

soe'ilahebal, n5. Ritual speech, meaning unclear. 

soe'ilahebal c'ul-totil soe'ilahebal c'ul-me9il. ? holy father ? holy 

mother. 

pepen soe", nphr(n type n)5. vampire bat Desmodus rotundus. 

soh(l) prob O. 

sohet, av. suffering from wheezing cough /tuberculosis/, 

sohlahet, av. cf. sohson (plu). 

sohohet, av. suffering from wheezing cough /tuberculosis/. 

sohom, aj. shrill, reedy (voice), 

sohomtik, aj. rather shrill or reedy (voice), 

sohson, av. hacking (old man), 

sohtesohte, av. walking about with hacking /cough/. 

soh(2) N. 

soh, n. Lagascea helianlhifolia, #2973(16). Highland "plant" 

sok(l) T. 

sok, tv. ruin, break /machine/. 

sok, iv. slip (burden), break (sandals, threads of weaving), break down 

(car, machine), spoil (food), be ruined (adobe by rain), go crooked (row 

of planting, weaving), tangle (threads of weaving). 

sok le, vphr(iv & n4d). change one's story inadvertently. 

isok ye ta kavilto li hmilvanehe. The murderer made a slip and 

changed his story at the courthouse. 

sok won, vphr(iv & n4d). become sad, disconsolate or depressed, be 

disgusted by, nauseate. 

isok yo9on ti t sk'oponbat ta yan li slekome. He was sick at heart 

because his fiancee had an affair with someone else. 

isok ^0 yo9on li labal k'opetike. He was disgusted by the constant 

quarrels. 

sok w yo9on li volile. The meal nauseated him. 

sok ba, rv. be ruined, be broken off (engagement). 

sok be, vphr(iv & n4d). take wrong trail. 

sok hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). lose one's temper, run away (mule, chicken), 

sok k'op, vphr(iv & nld). have situation deteriorate or argument collapse, 

have an altercation, turn out badly. 

isok k'op ta be ha9 li hyakubelike. The discussion broke down as they 

were drunk. 

sok k'oplal, vphr(iv & n4f). have situation deteriorate or argument collapse, 

have an altercation, turn out badly. 

isok sk'oplal yu9un ta S9elk'ah. His argument collapsed because he 

stole. 

sok ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). go amiss, miscarry, turn out badly, break 

down. 

isok ta be li k'op 9une iioc 9ut-bail. The discussion broke down and 

turned into a quarrel. 

isok ta be yu9un yovol. His planting turned out badly. 

isok ta be sholob. Her weaving turned out badly, 

sokan, tv. ruin /plu/. 

sokan k'op, vphr(tv & n5). cause conversation or dispute to take many 

turns for the worse, 

sokanan, tv. cf. sokan. I 

sokanan k'op, vphr(tv & n5). cf. sokan k'op. 

sokansokan, tv. ruin one after another, 

sokansokanan, tv. cf. sokansokan. 

sokbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). provoke. 

issokbe shol vinik. She provoked the man. 

issokbe shol li kreme isee9inta ba9yi. She provoked the boy, she 

laughed at him first. 

issokbe shol vakas. He provoked the bull. 

sokbe hoi 9ahval balamil, vphr: tv & nphr(n4d of nphr/n4f of n5/). disorient 

the earth lord (witch). 

sokbe tal hoi 9ahval camel, vphr: tv & dr & nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of vn5/). 

summon sickness /from afar/. 

sokebal, n5. moment before taking turn for the worse (conversation, 

dispute). 

sokes, tv. mess up /bird's nest, scribe's lists/. 

soket 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). feeling anxious. 

soket hoi, vphr(av & n4d). being irritable, irritated or grumpy. 

soket k'op, vphr(av & n4d). saying the wrong thing. 

soket k'op, vphr(av & n5). going awry (dispute, argument). 

sokilan 9abtel, vphr(tv & vn5). hoe or plant crooked rows. 

sokilan 9e, vphr(iv & n4d). have conversation or dispute repeatedly take 

turn for the worse. 

sokilan ba, rv. keep being ruined, keep being broken off (engagement). 

sokilan k'op, vphr(iv & n4d). have conversation or dispute repeatedly 

take turn for the worse. 

sokilanan, tv. keep ruining /plu/. 

sokilanan k'op, vphr(tv & n5). keep causing conversation or dispute to 

take many turns for the worse. 

sokilanbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). keep disorienting /man/ (loose woman). 

sokilanbe hoi 9ahval balamil, vphr: tv & nphr(n4d of nphr/n4f of n5/). 

keep disorienting earth lord. 

soklahet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). being quarrelsome (drunks). 

soklih hoi, vphr(av & n4d). flaring up with anger (person, wasp, bee). 

sokok tal hoi, vphr(av & dr & n4d). becoming madly enraged. 

soksoktik, aj. slightly broken. 

sokson hoi, vphr(av & n4d). being quarrelsome, irritable or grumpy. 

sokson k'oplal, vphr(av & n4f). having frequent breakdowns of a discussion 

or deterioration of a situation. 

soktesokte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about irritably. 

sokvan, iv. undo patient's cure (person who comes to house of patient and 

scolds someone). 

hsokvaneh, agn. person who undoes patient's cure, improperly woven 

thread which ruins whole cloth for weaver. 

sok(2) N. 

sok, n5. cutting /weeds with brush hook/. 

soka, tv. cut down undergrowth /with billhook before felling large trees/. 

sokaan, tv. cut down /undergrowth/. 

sokaanan, tv. cf. sokaan. 

sokaob, nlf. billhook. 

sokaobil, nlf. cf. sokaob. 

soki, tv. cut down /undergrowth/. 

soklah, av. rustling (people or horses in corn field). 

soklahet, av. rustling (person in corn field). 

soklahetik, av. rustling (people in corn field). 

sokoket, av. rustling (seared corn plants). 

sokolah, iv. cut undergrowth /with brush hook before felling large trees/. 

hsokol, agn. person who cuts undergrowth /with brush hook before felling 

large trees/. 

hsokolahel, agn. person who cuts undergrowth. 

soktom N. 

soktom, n5. Chiapa de Corzo. 

hsoktom, agn. Chiapanec. 

hsoktomahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from Chiapa de Corzo. 

sol I, N. 

sol, iv. drop (pants, skirt, anus /by effects of bloody dysentery/, womb 

/by carrying heavy object following childbirth/, base of faulty pot or 

water jug), slip from one's grasp. 

sol yalel, vphr(iv & dr). jump down /from truck/, avalanche. 

solebal, n4f. moment when pants, cliff, etc., are about to drop.

solel, nc. blow with fist. 

solepal lis'im, nphr(x & n)5. corn chaff. 

soles, tv. drop /pants, skirt/, remove /corncob from husk leaving hust 

almost intact/ (thief), drop /egg on griddle/. 

soles komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave behind /snake skin/. 

solesan, tv. drop/ eggs on griddle/, remove /corncobs from husk leaving 

husk almost intact/ (thief), 

solesanan, tv. cf. solesan. 

solesbe h-moh, vphr(tv & num & nccpd). strike once /in face with fist/. 

solet, av. dropped (pants, skirt), loose /clothing/. 

soletik, av. loose /clothing/ (plu). 

solil, n4e. corn chaff, snake skin, 

solinah, iv. drop off (skin, chaff), 

solipal •)isim, nphr(x & n)5. cf. solepal lisim. 

sollah yalel, vphr(av & dr). dropping off in many places (fresh daub), 

sollahet yalel, vphr(av & dr). dropping off in many places (fresh daub), 

sollih, av. slipping suddenly out of one's grasp. 

solol yalel, vphr(av & dr). dropping off (pants), 

solson, av. jogging (person's rear end when carrying a heavy burden), 

flopping (loose sandal), dropping down (pants, skirt), 

soltesolte yalel, vphr(av & dr). sliding down in various places (cliff). 

solel Pt(Sp, solo), 

solel, pt. just, simply. 

solel mu sibat. I simply will not go. 

soltaro N(Sp, soldado). 

soltaro, agn. soldier, var., soltero /less freq/. 

soltaro mut, nphr(n type n)5. 'soldier bird", inca dove Scardafella inca, 

ground dove Columbigallina passerina/Naben Cauk/. cf. pulivok, toltora. 

soltaro pos, nphr(n type n). 'soldier medicine", indian paintbrush Castitleja 

arvensis, #1776(15). Highland plant" 

soltero 

soltero, soldier, cf. soltaro. 

som P, P(2). 

som, n4b. pine needles for ripening fruit, pine needles spread on floor of 

steward's house, leaves slipped between firewood and person's back to 

protect him from chafing, 

som 9O9on, nphr(n4f of n4d). cloth placed on newborn baby's chest to 

prevent it from being wetted by saliva. 

som ta ?avel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). plant without weeding or clearing 

corn stubble /corn, beans/. 

somahtik, aj. cf. sornol /plu/. 

soman, tv. bury /under leaves/. 

soman ba, rv. bury self /in weeds or blankets/, wrap self /in blanket/. 

somanan, tv. bury /plu/ /under leaves, in weeds/, 

somananan, tv. cf. somanan. 

somanobil, n4f. blanket. 

sdmansoman, tv. bury one after another /under leaves, in weeds/. 

somansomanan, tv. cf. sdmansoman. 

somet, av. buried or wrapped /in blanket or weeds/. 

sometik, av. cf. somet (plu). 

somi, tv. bury /mamey sapotes or mangoes in pine needles and set in sun 

to ripen/. 

somi, iv. bury or wrap self /in blanket/. 

somian, tv. bury /mangoes or mamey sapotes in pine needles to ripen/. 

somianan, tv. cf. somian. 

somilan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). stamp up and down on springy 

substance /blanket, wool/ (child), 

somilanan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). stamp up and down many 

times on springy substance /blanket, wool/ (child), 

somiob, nlf. pine needles for ripening fruit, 

somiobil, nlf. cf. somiob. 

somlah, av. moving rapidly concealed /in weeds/ (sing or plu). 

somlahet, av. moving concealed /in weeds/, 

somlahetik, av. cf. somlahet (plu). 

somleh, nlf. lying buried /in blankets/, 

somlih, av. burying self suddenly /in weeds/. 


313 

somol, aj. buried, concealed /in weeds/, wrapped /person in blanket, 

patient in "flowers", dog in leaves, mouse in wool/. 

somolon ta heoiop. lit., I am buried in my nest, i.e., I am cozy. 

somol ta e'hlel, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). clogged with weeds (corn 

field). 

somolik, aj. cf. somol /plu/. 

somomet, av. springy /underfoot/. 

somson, av. moving concealed /in weeds or underbrush/, springy /underfoot/. 

somsom, aj. thick (weeds, underbrush). 

somta, tv. bury /mamey sapotes or mangoes in pine needles and set in 

sun to ripen/. 

somtaan, tv. bury /mangoes or mameys in pine needles to ripen/. 

somtesomte, av. moving about concealed /in weeds or underbrush/. 

sompreron N(Sp, sombreron). 

sompreron, n5. big hat, sombreron. It is believed that dwarf ladmos with 

enormous hats travel about at night frightening people. They are of two 

kinds: one is the ghost of unbaptised babies, the other, a thunder and 

lightning transformation of the earth lord. It is said that if, when you 

meet a big hat, you offer him a hatful of cigarettes, he will fill your 

hat with money. During the dry season big hats are believed to travel 

on deer to Guatemala to buy their stock of rockets for the forthcoming 

rainy season. 

son N(Sp, son). 

son, nle. tune, native religious song, traditional music, 

t stih to ssonal. The music is still playing /at wake/. 

sonso A(Sp, zonzo). 

sonso, aj. stupid. 

sonso kriscanoon. lit., I am an ignorant person, i.e., I am not a 

shaman. 

sonsoal, aj. stupid. 

sonsoib, iv. become stupid. 

sonsoibtas, tv. make stupid. 

sonsoibtasvan, iv. make person stupid. 

sonsotik, aj. rather stupid. 

soral N(Sp, solar). 

soral, nle. town path /as in Htek-lum or Naben Cauk/. 

soraltik, n5. town paths. 

sorirat N(Sp, soledad). 

sorirat, n5. ensign-bearer of Our Lady of Solitude. 

soro N(Sp, zorra). 

soro, nle. skunk., cf. poyoy. 

soro te 1 ), nphr(n type n)la. 'skunk tree', garlic guineahen weed Petiveria 

alliacea, #2632(1,3,15,20,21,22). Lowland "plant" The leaves are 

warmed and bound to a bone break. As a remedy for wind", (1)- the 

root is ground and mixed with cold water. It is drunk once. It is 

"hot". (15)-Two or three roots are ground and mixed with cold water. 

The water is drunk once a day for three days to cure wind". It is 

"hot". (3)-Three roots are brewed for "wind", and three cups of the 

tea are drunk daily. (20)-The root is brewed and the tea is drunk before 

breakfast for three days to cure "wind". It is "hot", chiapan senna 

Cassia chiapensis, #1389(9). Highland "plant" 

sorto A(Sp, sordo). 

sorto, aj. deaf. 

sortotik, aj. rather deaf. 

sot(l) N. 

sot, nla. rattle /used by wedding guests, ensign-bearers, players other 

than jaguars and spooks/, rattle of rattlesnake /"hot", dipped in boiling 

water, water drunk by person with "wind" in stomach/. 

sol(2) T. 

sotilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). wrestle. 

sotilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). wrestle with many. 

sotilanvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). wrestle person. 

hsotilanvaneh ta mahel, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). wrestler. 

sot' T(2). 

sot' ba, rv. shrivel up and harden (fruit).


sot' ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /person deemed a dried up 

fruit/. 

sot'ahtik, aj. shriveled (fruits). 

sot'eah, iv. shrivel up and harden (fruit). 

sot'el, aj. shriveled (buttocks). 

sot'et, av. shriveling up and hardening (fruit). 

sot'et cak, vphr(av & n4d). sitting with shriveled buttocks (old person). 

sot'ilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging. 

sot'k'ih, iv. cf. sot'eah. 

sot'lahet, av. cf. sot'et (plu). 

sot'leh, nlf. shriveled (buttocks) /with sleep/. 

sot'ol, aj. shriveled (buttocks, fruit). 

sot'olik, aj. cf. sot'ahtik. 

sot'ot', nld. lights /lungs/. 

sot'ot'et, av. soft and shriveled (fruit to the touch). 

sot'p'ih, iv. cf. sot'eah. 

sot'son, av. hard (lowland kacimpa tree that resists axe blade), flexible 

(ball). 

sot'tesot'te cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with shriveled buttocks 

(old person). 

sovra N(Sp, sobra). 

sovra, nla. leftover /food, drink/. 

savak'be h-set'uk sovra. Give him a little of the leftover (cane liquor) 

/instructions to cupbearer when bottle has not sufficient contents for 

another complete round/. 

sovra, aj. leftover, worthless (person). 

sovrero N(Sp, sobrero?). 

sovrero, nld. Ritual speech, shaman praying just prior to adoration of 

candles, shamans praying at the Chapel of Lord Esquipulas when counting 

funds for each of the three year renewal ceremonies; table, 

c'ul-ba mesa, c'ul-ba sovrero. the holy table top, the holy table top 

/refers simultaneously to supernatural table believed to stand at 

Kahario/. 

sovrestante N(Sp, sobrestante). 

sovrestante, n5. road work inspector. 

soy prob P or P(2). 

soy, nld. seed com /hung from rafters/. 

soy-pati, tv(aj & ncpd). remove corncob from husk (robber who leaves 

husk on stalk) /use restricted to past participle/. 

soyahtik, aj. cf. soyol /plu/. 

soyi, tv. remove corncob from husk (robber who leaves husk on stalk) 

/use restricted to past participle/. 

soyol, aj. with corn husk spread open (ear of corn on stalk that has not 

been doubled). 

soyolik, aj. cf. soyol /plu/. 

st 

st, psst! cf. sit(2). 

sto E. 

sto, excl. whoa! /exclamation to calm horse/. 

su N. 

su, n4e. squash or gourd flower /any variety/, var., suy. 

suy, nle. hard gourd /used for water gourd, half gourd/. 

suy eu, cf. eu. 

suy ton, nphr(n type n)la. flint /archaic/. 

suyal voi, nphr(natt & n)5. Soyalo. 

Mill T. 

sub, tv. hurry up, make hurry, cluck /to mule/. 

suh, iv. hurry. 

suh ba, rv. hurry. 

suh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. hurrying each other. 

suhan, tv. make hurry /mules/. 

suhan baik, rv. hurry (people). 

suhanan, tv. cf. suhan. 

suhanan baik, rv. cf. suhan baik. 

siihansuhan, tv. make one after another hurry. 

siihansuhanan, tv. cf. siihansuhan. 

suhel, nc. hurrying a person /I-3/. 

suhem, aj. fast, quickly, 

suhilan, tv. keep speeding up. 

ta hsuhilanbe sk'ak'al. lit., I am speeding up its heat i.e., I am cutting 

the weeds quickly so that they will dry out fast, 

suhilanan, tv. keep hurrying /people/, 

suhilanan baik, rv. keep hurrying (people), 

suhlahetik, av. cf. suhson (plu). 

suhom, aj. cf. suhem. 

suhson, av. telling others to hurry up. 

suhsuh, tv(impv). hurry up. 

suhvan, iv. hurry person, 

hsuhvaneh, agn. person who hurries another. 

suil A or N. 

suil 9itah, nphr(x type n). 'suil greens', shrubby wound wort Liabum 

glabrum var. hypoleucum, #343(1,2,3,5). Temperate "tree" The shoots 

and young leaves are boiled alone or with beans by some Zinacantecs. 

They are "cold" 

suil 'Jitahtik, nphr(x type n)5. expanse of suil Utah. 

k'os suil 9itah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Senecio thomasii, #431(1,2). 

Temperate "plant" 

suk(l) P(2) or T(2). 

suk, tv. stopper, plug /hole in fence/, put in /jail/, hide /in weeds/, 

suk, n4f. stopper, plug, branches to plug hole in fence, 

suk ba »wn, vphr(rv/3s/ & n4d). feel full /with gas/, 

suk-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual jailing, 

sukahtik won, nphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. sukul Won (plu). 

sukahtik ta e'Wel, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). clogged with weeds (corn 

plants), 

sukahtik ta e^leltik, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). cf. sukul ta e'iileltik 

(plu). 

sukan, tv. stopper /plu/, plug in many places /fence/, put /plu/ in /jail/, 

hide /plu/ /in weeds/, 

sukanan, tv. cf. sukan. 

siikansiikan, tv. plug one hole after another in /fence/, stopper one after 

another, hide one after another /in weeds/, put one after another /in 

jail/. 

sukansiikanan, tv. cf. sukansukan. 

sukbe komel, vphr(tv & dr). beat or kill person, 

sukeah Won, vphr(iv & n4d). be out of breath, 

suket, av. stoppered (water jug), 

sukilan, tv. keep stoppering, plugging /holes in fence/, putting in /jail/ 

or hiding /in weeds/. 

sukilanan, tv. keep plugging holes in /fence/, 

suklah, av. cf. suksuk (plu). 

suklahet mi, vphr(av & n4d). cf. sukson nil (plu). 

suklahet ta e'Wleltik, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. sukson ta e'nleltik. 

suklahetik ta e'hleltik, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. sukson ta e'hleltik (plu). 

sukleh, nlf. concealment /in weeds/. 

siiklih, av. hidden suddenly (fruit that has fallen into weeds), 

sukob, nlf. stopper /stoppers and plugs for bottles traditionally made of 

corn husk/, plug, branches to plug hole in fence, 

sukobil, nlf. cf. sukob. 

sukson ni 1 ), vphr(av & n4d). breathing noisily through nose (person when 

sleeping or with cold V4: 14), sniffing (dog V4: 14). 

sukson ta eMileltik, vphr(av & prep & n5). moving concealed in weeds, 

suksuk, aj. jammed together, too closely spaced (corn plants), 

suktesiikte, av. being hidden here and there (fruits that have fallen into 

weeds). 

sukuk, av. moving concealed /in weeds/, 

sukuket, av. rustling (corn plants in wind). 

sukuket wwn, vphr(av & n4d). lacking appetite /feeling filled with gas/, 

sukul, aj. jammed together, too closely spaced (corn plants), 

sukul 9o9on, nphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). without appetite /feeling filled with 

gas/.

sukul ta e'folel, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). clogged with weeds (corn 

field). 

sukul ta e'Wleltik, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). concealed in weeds. 

sukulik ta e'i'Jlel, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). cf. sukul la e'nlel /plu/. 

sukulik ta e'i^leltik, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). cf. sukul ta e'itteltik 

/plu/. 

sukvan ta cuke], vphr(iv & prep & vn5). cause person to be jailed. 

hsukvaneh ta cukel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who has 

another jailed. 

suk(2) N. 

suk, n. see below, 

suktik, n5. grove of suk trees. 

9ik'al suk, nphr(aj & n). Lysiloma kellermannii, #2861(1,4,14). Lowland 

and temperate "tree" (l)-The trunk is used for fieldhouse 

mainposts. (14)-The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. Lysiloma 

acapulcensis, #2873(1,4,14). Lowland "tree" (1,4)-The trunk 

is used for benches. (14)-It is used for fence posts and firewood. 

Tit'is suk, nphr(n4f of n5) Piptadenia biuncifera, #1668(1,4). Lowland 

"tree". The trunk is used for fence posts. 

sakil suk, nphr(aj & n). Lysiloma multifoliata, #725(1,2). Temperate 

"tree". The trunk is used for house mainposts, common rafters, roof 

purlins, and fence posts. It is used by Ladinos for cattle corrals, 

floor boards, and oxcarts. The branches are used for brush fences. 

suk' T. 

suk', tv. rinse out /mouth, bowl, pot, bottle/. 

suk'an, tv. rinse out /bowls, pots, bottles/. 

suk'an an, tv. cf. suk'an. 

suk'ansiik'an, tv. rinse out one after another /bowls, pots, bottles/, 

suk'ansiik'anan, tv. rinse out one after another /bowls, pots, bottles/, 

suk'el, nc. rinsing out /I-3/. 

suk'ilan, tv. keep rinsing out. 

suk'ilanan, tv. keep rinsing out /bowls, etc./. 

suk'lahet, av. cf. suk'son (plu). 

suk'lahetik, av. cf. suk'son (plu). 

suk'leh, n4f. rinsed out. 

suk'ob, nlf. rinse water. 

suk'ob 9eal, nphr(nlf of n3d). gourd or cup for rinsing mouth. 

suk'obil, nlf. cf. suk'ob. 

suk'obil 9eal, nphr(nlf of n3d). toothbrush /used by ladinos/. 

suk'son, av. rinsing out slowly /bowls, etc./. 

sun N. 

sun, n5. bush sunflower Tithonia scaberrima, #427(1,2). Temperate 

"plant" bush sunflower Tithonia tubaeformis, #1473(3,11,12). Lowland, 

temperate, and highland "plant" #2212(1,3,4,19). Highland 

"plant" 

suntik, n5. expanse of sun. 

ea hal sun, nphr( aj & n). golden eye Viguiera denlata, # 2793( 11). Temperate 

"plant" 

can-eelav sun, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n). 'four-ridged sun', Hyptis 

suaveolens, #2647(20). Lowland plant" It is eaten by mules, 

k'anal sun, nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Tithonia tubaeformis, 


k'os sun, nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Tithonia tubaeformis, # 2484(4). 

Temperate and highland plant". 

hic'il 9anal sun, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'slender-leaved sun', yellow 

crown beard Verbesinaperymenioides, #525(2,5). Temperate "plant" 

muk'ta sun, nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Tithonia diversifolia, 

#1836(1,4). Lowland, temperate, and highland "plant". #2280(3,4). 

Highland "tree", bush sunflower Tithonia lubaeformis, #2366(3,4). 

Highland 'plant", leaf cup Polymnia maculata, #2387(20). Highland 

plant" It is eaten by horses, sheep, and cattle, 

sakil sun, nphr(aj & n). Lagascea helianthifolia, # 2571 (21,22). Temperate 

"tree" 

supnl N. 

supul, nle. moth /general term/. 

ssupulal 9isira. corn moth. 

h9ilavil supul, nphr(agn type n)5. 'debtor moth', moth that flies into 


lanterns at night. It is thought that this moth is doomed to death by 

fire because it once was a person who had many mistresses and 

who failed to pay off its debts. The person who kills one is believed 

to assume responsibility for its crimes. 

surko N(Sp, surco). 

surko, nla. row /corn, beans, chili, coffee, sugarcane/. 

surto N(Sp, zurdo). 

surto, nle. left hand. 

sut I. 

sut, iv. return, set (moon), subside (skin disease, smallpox, etc.), shrink 

(corn kernel), wane. 

sutel isut. He retraced his steps. 

ssut sa hc'ul-me'Hik. The moon is waning. 

isut sa hc'ul-motik. The moon has set. 

isut ta be. He returned /before reaching destination/, 

sut, n4b. change /money/, 

sutbenal, nlf. section of clothing that has been turned upside down and 

resewn. 

sutebal tal, nphr(n5 & dr). moment before return or before reincarnation, 

sutel, nc. return trip. 

sutel, dr. auxiliary verb expressing action returning towards, 

sutel sutel, nphr(vnlb & vnlb). constant returning /newly married wife 

to house of parents/, 

sutemal, n4d. return, 

sutes, tv. return /object, spouse/. 

sutes ba, rv. recant (witch who is forced to recant in cave), 

sutes baik, tv. lit., return each other, i.e.. divorce each other, 

sutes kantela, vphr(tv & nld). return candles /prospective steward accompanied 

by his ritual tutor, incense-tender, wife, and cupbearer light 

candles in the three churches of Hiek-lum before assuming office/, 

sutes k'op, vphr(tv & n5). report change of plans /referring to trip to work 

or to gather firewood, etc./. 

9ay ssutes k'op ti mu to bu t sbat ta wlone. He went to report the 

change of plans that he wasn't going to the lowlands yet. 

sutes tal, vphr(tv & dr). return, give back, regurgitate (sheep, cow), 

sutesan, tv. return /plu/. 

sutesan k'op, vphr(tv & n5). go back on one's word to many people, 

sutesanan, tv. cf. sulesan. 

sutesanan k'op, vphr(tv & n5). cf. sutesan k'op. 

suteseh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. lit., returning each other, i.e., divorcing 

each other, 

sutesob, nlf. reply /letter/, cane liquor and bread taken by petitioners 

when they return fiance to his house, 

sutesobil, nlf. cf. sutesob. 

sutesvan, iv. return person /wife, daughter/, 

sutleh, n4f. around /the world/. 

ta sk'elvan ta ssutleh c'ul-balamil. He watches the people all around 

the holy world (sun), 

sutlemal, n4f. Ritual speech, prayer; circuit. 

ssutlemal anicimal ba, ssutlemal anicimal sat. the circuit of Thy 

beautiful visage, the circuit of Thy beautiful face, 

sutp'ih, iv. regress (child who has lost mother and become more babyish), 

become senile. Ritual speech; toss. cf. valk'uh. 

sutp'in, tv. turn upside down /section of clothing/ /worn out piece is 

turned upside down and resewn/, reverse /loom/ /short section is woven 

first then that end is fastened to loom post and weaving is begun 

at other end and continued until first section is reached/, 

sutp'in ba, rv. recant, 

sutubah, iv. whirl (dust devil). 

sutubal, n4f. whorl /finger/, cowlick. It is believed that if a whirlwind 

passes over a person with a cowlick it will carry him up into the air. 

sutum 9ik', nphr(aj & n)le. whirlwind, dust devil, inan. poss.; whorl. 

ssutum 9ik'al hk'obtik. the whorls on my fingers. 

sutumah, iv. whirl (dust devil), 

sututet, av. whirling (wind), 

sututet 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). feeling nauseous, 

hsutesvaneh, agn. one of two petitioners who goes to bride's house to take

316 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 s/s 

groom home after he has fulfilled his bride service. 

suf T(2). 

sut', tv. wrap tightly /head in neckerchief with ends fastened tightly 

around neck/, bandage /wound/, put in bag /tortillas or posol/. 

yec issut' ta shol eahal pok' mu sna 1 ? rason. He just wrapped his head 

in a red turban without knowing anything /ensign-bearer, elder/, 

sut', n4f. leaves used to wrap posol or tamale, bag for tortillas, bandage, 

sut' ba, rv. wrap self /in blanket/, 

sut'ahtik, aj. wrapped (heads, tortillas), 

sut'an, tv. put in bags /tortillas, posol/. 

sut'anan, tv. cf. sut'an. 

siit'ansiit'an, tv. put in one bag after another /tortillas, posol/. 

sut'ansut'anan, tv. cf. sutansutan. 

sut'et, av. wrapped (head, wound, tortillas), bundled /in blanket/. 

sut'etik, av. bundled (people in blankets), 

sut'ilan, tv. bind /wound/, bandage slowly /carefully/. 

sut'lahetik, av. bundled /in blankets/ (plu). 

sut'leh, nlf. bundled up /in blankets/, bagged, 

sut'ob, nlf. bandage, bag for carrying tortillas, edible canna leaves to 

wrap posol, cloth for protecting new hat when it is stored, 

sut'obil, nlf. cf. sut'ob. 

sut'son, av. wrapping up slowly /tortillas, child's head/, 

sut'sut' baik, rv. wrap each other in blankets every few minutes (children), 

sut'tesut'te, av. walking about bundled up. 

sut'ul, aj. wrapped (head, tortillas, wound). 

sut'ulik, aj. bundled (people in blankets). 

suy 

suy, gourd or squash flower, flint, Soyalo. cf. su. 

syempre 

syempre, still, always, cf. scmprc. 

syen Num(Sp, cien). 

syen, nle. hundred. 

sa Pt. 

sa, pt. already, now. 

mi t sabat sa. Are you going now? 

saâb N. 

sa9ab, n5. swamp, 

saoabtik, n5. swamp. 

sac' P, P(2). 

sac', tv. stretch lengthwise, lead /mule/, carry by arms and legs /prisoner/. 

ba hsac" kok. I am going to stretch my legs /to go for a stroll, 

convalescent who is now going to walk a bit/. 

ta hsac' hlubel. I am going to stretch out. 

sac'e yakan h-set'. lit., His legs have stretched a little, i.e., He has 

grown a little. 

sac', iv. stretch lengthwise (leather, rope, burden, rubber, net), swell (rice), 

sac', nc. piece of beef /for wedding/ /1-3/. 

sac' 9ikae, vphr(tv & n4d). lengthen pack line, 

sac' ba, rv. stretch (person, caterpillar, mule, etc.). 

sac'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. tugging each other, 

sac'ac", av. stretching lengthwise (chewing gum, snake). 

sac'ac'et, av. stretching (rubber, slingshot, chewing gum), 

sac'ahtik, aj. stretched out (sleeping or dead person). 

sac'akil, n4f. many pieces /beef/, many necklaces, 

sac'al, aj. stretched out (sleeping or dead person), long (piece of meat), 

sac'alik, aj. long (pieces of meat), 

sac'an, tv. lay out /dead rabbit/, 

sac'ansac'an, tv. stretch one after another /new wool clothing/, lead one 

after another /mules/, 

sac'ans'ac'anan, tv. cf. sac'ansac'an. 

sac'be cikin, vphr(tv & n4d). pull by the ear /child or dog/. 

sac'et, av. stretched out /sleeping/. 

sac'etah, iv. stretch out /sleeping/. 

sac'etik, av. cf. sac'et (plu). 

sac'i, iv. stretch out /sleeping/. 

sac'k'uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). stretch downwards (heavily loaded net). 

sac'k'un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). make stretch downwards /heavily loaded 

net/. 

sac'lah, av. striding (plu). 

sac'lahet 9ok, vphr(av & n4d). cf. sac'son ")ok. 

sac'lahetik, av. tugging away (plu). 

sac'leh, nlf. stretched, stretched out /person sleeping/, 

sac'luh, av. stretching suddenly, 

sac'ob, nlf. tree or post to which rope or wire is tied while being stretched 

or straightened, 

sac'obil, nlf. cf. sac'ob. 

sac'omah, iv. stretch /arms and legs/, 

sac'sac', iv. stretch out or grow a little (child), 

sac'son ''ok, vphr(av & n4d). striding, 

sac'tesac'te, av. striding here and there, 

sac'ulan, tv. keep stretching. 

lek lisac'ulan. He dragged me around terribly /in fight/, 

sac'ulan ba, rv. keep stretching one's arms and legs, 

sac'van ec'el, vphr(iv & dr). carry away while holding by arms and legs, 

hsac'-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd). person who stretches self, 

hsad'vaneh, agn. person who carries another away holding him by the 

arms and legs. 

sak(l) N. 

sak-toh, n(n of ncpd)la. pine needles. 

sak(2) X. 

sakak, aj. tickling /in throat/, 

sakaket, av. with frog in throat. 

sakima N(Sp, jaquima). 

sakima, nle. horse's headstall. 

sakita N(Sp, chaqueta). 

sakita htoy-k'in, nphr(n of agn/tv & ncpd/)5. ceremonial robe of players 

/fifth day of fiesta of St. Sebastian, Jan. 23, when players wear only 

ceremonial robes/. 

sakitail, n3a. ceremonial robe, wool tunic /Vo-bie/. 

sakrestia N(Sp, sacristia). 

sakrestia, n5. sacristy. 

sakristan N(Sp, sacristan), 

sakristan, agn. sacristan, 

sakristan, n5. sacristy. 

saliua N(Sp, jalma). 

salma, n5. straw packsaddle used by ladinos. 

salteo N(Sp, sarten). 

salten, nla. frying pan, earthenware casserole, bowl in which chilis are 

stored. 

salu N(Sp, jarro). 

salu, nla. chicha pitcher /formerly used for cane liquor when men entered 

office/, flower vase /for altar/. 

salui N. 

s'alu'J, nla. cat. Male joking speech; vagina, var., sarui. 

sam(l) P(2) or T(2). 

sam, nc. pile /mud, excrement/. 

sam ta tek'el, vphr(tv & pt & vn5). step in /excrement, mud, rotten fruit/, 

samahtik, aj. squashed (excrement)., impressed (footprints in mud), 

samakil, n4f. many piles /mud, excrement/, 

samal, aj. squashed (excrement, fruit). 

samalik, aj. cf. samahtik. 

samam, av. stepping in /mud, etc./. 

saman ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). step in a lot of /excrement, etc./. 

samanan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. saman ta tek'el. 

samansaman ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). step in one time after 

another /excrement, etc./. 

samansamanan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. samansaman ta tek'el. 

samantik, aj. smeared here and there.

sarabe ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). sink into /mud/ (feet). 

sameah, iv. squash (ripe fruit). 

samean, tv. squash. 

sameanan, tv. squash /plu/. 

samet ta tek'el, vphr(av & pt & vn5). squishy underfoot (excrement, etc.). 

sarnit, nla. adobe. 

samit ?ok, nphr(n type n5). with wide feet. 

samit ni 1 ?, nphr(n type n5). flat-nosed /as a pig/. 

samital na, nphr(natt & n)5. adobe house. 

samk'uh, iv. sink in /mud, etc./. 

samk'un, tv. sink in /mud, etc./. 

samlah, av. stepping in /mud, etc./ (sing or plu). 

samlahet ni 1 ), vphr(av & n4d). cf. samson nit (plu). 

samleh, n5. size /vagina, pile of excrement/. 

samluh, av. stepping in suddenly /mud,'etc./. 

samp'uh, iv. cf. samk'uh. 

samsam, aj. flat (nose) /pig, cow/, squashed flat (fruit). 

samson nil, vphr(av & n4d). sticking nose in /excrement/ (dog), eating 

(cow, pig), 

samtesamte ni?, vphr(av & n4d). sticking nose here and there into /mud, 

excrement, etc./. 

samulan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep stepping in /excrement, 

etc./. 

sam(2) A(Sp, San), 

sam-pilpe let, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).'san felipe tree', Cochlospermum 

vitifolium, #1638(7). Lowland "tree" 

san(l) N. 

san, nla. palm tree. See below, 

san, nla. palm frond. 

bae"i san, nphr(aj & n)5. sweet brahea palm Brahea dulcis, #765(1,2). 

Temperate "tree" The shoots are used by Zinacantecs to weave hats, 

by convicts to make brooms, and by the people of Soyald to make 

mats. Zinacantecs boil the shoots and spread them in the sun to 

bleach. Four hundred and fifty shoots are provided by each of the 

stewards of the Holy Cross and St. Anthony for distribution on St. 

Peter the Martyr's Day. (5)-The fronds were used formerly for rain 

capes. They are used in sweat baths to fan the steam. From one of 

the shoots, distributed as above, men weave a narrow strip, terminating 

in a cross. This is hung from the crown of their hats, with 

the ribbons. It serves as protection from lightning. A similar strip is 

tied to the corn stalks nearest each of the four corners of the corn 

field, as a protection against wind damage. The palm heart is edible. 

pik' san, nphr(x type n). large brahea palm Brahea prominens, 

#754(1,2). Temperate "tree". The heart is eaten in periods of famine. 

It is "cold" The sheath is used as a wad for guns. The fronds 

are used by some people of Cobtik, Naben Cauk, tElan Vot, and 

Paste 1 ) for thatch. Men from lEIan Vot, appointed by the magistrate, 

provide a load of fronds to decorate the kiosk on major fiestas 

when a band has been hired, and also to decorate the school and 

the court house on Independence Day. Formerly two bundles were 

provided to decorate the Church of St. Lawrence on major fiestas, 

pik' santik, nphr(x type n)5. grove of large brahea palms, 

san 9asibal, cf. ?as. 

sanil na, nphr(natt & n)5. palm-thatched house. 

?ik'al san, nphr(aj & n)la. black-dyed palm /used for edge of brim and 

top of crown of hat/. Lest it be transformed into a snake, the black 

palm is removed from a deceased man's hat and burned. 

san(2) T. 

san, tv. walk a certain distance or certain length of time. Ritual speech, 

shaman when setting out for mountain shrines; step. 

ta htek' ta hsan ti canib syalemal avokik ti canib syalemal ak'obik. I 

will step, I will walk to Thy four thresholds, Thy four altars. 

sanan, tv. walk everywhere. 

sanav, iv. walk, act, practice one's art (shaman), be rampant (smallpox), 

make progress. 


317 

s'atambe stuk'il be k'u sêlan sasanav sak'opoh. lit., Take the straight 

path in the way you walk and talk, i.e.. Act and speak responsibly, 

mu ssanav ta bohel "?osil. He is not making progress in clearing the 

land. 

Ritual speech, prayer; mu me k'u hpas mu me k'u hnuptan bu sisanav 

bu sibein. May nothing harm me, may nothing befall me where I 

walk, where I travel, 

sanbal, n5. journey, trip. 

saneb, n4d. foot /snail/, customary feeding ground /runaway horse/. 

Ritual speech, shaman praying at initiation of new shaman; mi lekil 

htunel mi lekil hbainel ta yo I ae'el ta yo 1 avicon k'u yepal 

avak'ohbe yo sbe yo ssaneb ti yo 1 avalabe ti yo I anic'nabe. Is he a 

good servant, is he a good perceiver, beside Thee, before Thee? 

How much hast Thou given Thy child for his path, to Thy child for 

his journey? 

Ritual speech, shaman when offering liquor to person on trail when 

he is taken home after performing a curing ceremony; to to yo hbe 

to to yo hsaneb. lit., I still have my lowly path, I still have my lowly 

journey, i.e., I still have some of the liquor given to me for my return 

home. 

sanebal, n5. cf. sanbal /infr/. 

sanet, av. walking around /within yard to prevent trespassing/, 

sansan, nla. 'walk a little ?', club moss Lycopodium complanalum, 

#2342(3,4,19). Highland "vine" (19)-It is tied to the Christ Children's 

bed just before they are born. (5)-lt may be tied loosely around a 

baby's leg so that it will learn to walk faster. (RML)-Other English 

common names are: trailing Christmas green, and creeping Jennie. 

sansan link, n5. large expanse of sansan. 

sansantik, n5. expanse of sansan. 

balahtik sansan, nphr(aj & n). 'round sansan, club moss Lycopodium 

clavalum, #688(1,2,3.5). Highland "plant" 

eahal sansan, nphr(aj & n). Helerocentron subtriplinervium, 

#1220(1,3,4,5). Temperate "plant" 

kilahtik sansan, nphr(aj & n). 'long sansan , club moss Lycopodium 

complanalum, #384(1,4). Highland plant" The entire plants are 

used to decorate the litter of the Virgin Mary and the Christ 

Children's bed. They are provided by the stewards of Our Lady of 

the Rosary. They are sold in San Cristobal and Tuxtla by Chamulas 

and the people of San Felipe during the Christmas season, 

k'os sansan, nphr(aj & n). Pogonalum flexuosum, #1028(3). Highland 

plant", 

yasal sansan, nphr(aj & n). Borreria laevis, #1000(1,3,5). Highland 

"plant" 

sansan e'i'Jlel, nphr(n type n). Cyperus hermaphrodites, #1445(10). Highland 

"plant", 

sansan hobel, nphr(n type n). 'club moss grass', dawn flower Orthosanthus 

chimborascensis tar. cenlroamericanus, #2935(16). Highland "plant" 

sansanil balamil, nphr(natt & n). 'ground sansan',. See below. 

kilahtik sansanil balamil, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). 'long ground 

sansan', club moss Lycopodium complanatum, # 1225( 1,3,4,5). Highland 

"plant" 

k'os sansanil balamil, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Pogonatum flexuosum, 


sansanil be, nphr(natt & n). 'path sansan', Borreria laevis, # 1890(1,3,4). 

Temperate "plant" #2374(3,4). Highland plant" 

eahal sansanil be, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Crusea calocephala, 


sakil sansanil be, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Borreria sp., # 1508(1,3). 

Highland "plant". Cruseaparviflora, #2834(3,4,5). Lowland "plant", 

sansanil let, nphr(natt & n). 'tree "sansan. See below, 

balahtik sansanil to, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). 'round tree sansan, 

club moss Lycopodium tuerkheimii, #133(1,2,3,4,5). Highland 

"plant", 

sansanil ton, nphr(natt & n). 'rock sansan', Selaginella pallescens, 


sanvil, n5. journey, trip.


hsanvil, agn. traveler, person on the road. 

kahsanvil. my traveler /wife referring to husband who has taken 

trip/. 

sonob, n5. Hyades; pi, theta 1 and 2, 70, 71, 75, and 79 of Taurus. 

sonob hielek', nphr(n4d of agn). Pleiades. 

sonob ka 1 ?, nphr(n4f of nld). horseshoe. 

sonobit, n3a. sandal. When a man is buried his sandals are mutilated 

before being placed in the grave lest they turn into bulls and gore his 

soul /c'ulel/. 

san(3) A(Sp, San). 

san-cavascan, n(aj & ncpd)5. St. Sebastian, ensign-bearer of St. Sebastian, 

steward of St. Sebastian. 

santia N(Sp, sandia). 

santia, nla. watermelon Citrullus vulgaris, #799(1,2). Lowland "plant" 

It is grown by ladinos, in their yards and on sandbanks. The seeds are 

planted with a digging stick after All Souls' Day. The fruit is sold at 

market. It is "cold" #1644(1,4,7,11,12,14), #2661(1,3,15,20,21). 

Lowland "vine" (1)-Four to six seeds are planted to a hole. It is 

planted in November and harvested in February. (3)-It is harvested in 

March. (14)-It is harvested in April. (7,1 l,12,14)-It is grown and sold 

by the people of Chiapa. var., sancia /Na Cih, Pastel/. 

santiatik, n5. field of watermelons. 

santia âk', nphr(n type n). Melothria pendula, # 1598(11,12). Temperate 

vine" 

santia 9antivo, nphr(n of n). 'ancestor's watermelon', Melothria pendula, 

#2097(7). Temperate "vine" 

santia c'o, nphr(n of n). 'mouse's watermelon', west indian gherkin Cucumis 

anguria, #2627(21). Lowland "vine". 

sap N(Sp, Sebastian). 

sap, nld. Sebastian /infr/. 

saru? 

saru 1 ;, cat, vagina, cf. salui. 

sas T. 

sas, tv. chew /meat, vegetables, tortillas, chewing gum/, pre-chew /tortilla 

for infant/. 

sas-bik', tv(tv & tvcpd). swallow food that has been pre-chewed (puppy, 

kitten, chick, baby). 

sasan, tv. chew a lot. 

saslahet, av. chewing /chicken food/ (child). 

sasob, nlf. molars. 

sasobil, nlf. cf. sasob. 

sasulan, tv. keep chewing, nibble. 

sasulanan, tv. nibble a lot. 

sos, nc. bite. 

sosokil, n4f. many bites. 

sossos, nc. single bite /I only/. 

sesben, n4d. particle of food that falls from one's mouth. 

sasat 

sasat, face, eye. cf. sat. 

sasib N. 

sasib, n5. prairie acacia Acacia angustissima, #1386(3), #2262(19), 

#2483(21,22). Highland "tree". #1920(16,17). Temperate "tree". 

(16)-To tan leather the bark is soaked with the hides for six days. 

They are then covered with ashes. (17)-For tanning, the bark is 

soaked with the hides for fifteen days. The bark is placed both beneath 

and on top of the hides, large flowered calliandra Calliandra 

grandiflora, #1425(10). Highland "tree", puerto rican fairy duster 

Calliandra portoricensis, #2611(22). Temperate "tree". Marina procumbens, 


sasibaltik, n5. large expanse of sasib. 

sasib tile, n5. expanse of sasib. 

eahal sasib, nphr(aj & n). prairie acacia Acacia angustissima, 

#1049(1,3,5), #2262(3,4), #2455(20). Highland "tree' (20)-It is 

eaten by horses, sheep, and cattle. 

k'ik'i sasib, nphr(aj & n). 'spreading sasib', Marina procumbens, 


k'os sasib, nphr(aj & n). wild indigo Indigofera thibaudiana, 

#438(1,2,5). Temperate "tree", palmer's senna Cassia cf. palmeri, 

# 1120(1,4,5). Lowland and temperate "plant", prairie acacia Acacia 

angustissima, #1787(16), #2455(1). Highland "tree". Aeschynomene 

compacta, #2408(1). Highland plant". 

muk'ta sasib, nphr(aj & n). prairie acacia Acacia angustissima, 

#2430(20). Highland "tree" The trunk is used for fenceposts and 

firewood. 

sakil sasib, nphr(aj & n). prairie acacia Acacia angustissima, 

#745(1,2,4,5), #1485(1,3,11,12), #2073(17), #2283(19). Highland 

"tree". (l)-The trunk is used for bean poles, corn stakes, flower 

stakes, digging sticks, and firewood. (ll)-The branches are used for 

brush fences. The trunk is used for fence posts. #1234(1,3,4,5). 

Temperate and highland "tree". #1549(11,12), #1920(1,3,4). Temperate 

"tree" puerto rican fairy duster Calliandra portoricensis, 


k'os sakil sas'ib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). prairie acacia Acacia angustissima, 

#1787(4), #2483(4). Highland "tree". 

sasib te 1 ), nphr(n type n). puerto rican fairy duster Calliandra portoricensis, 

#1226A(7). Temperate "tree". 

eahal nic sasib let, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n type n/). large 

flowered calliandra Calliandra grandiflora, #1425(7). Highland 

"tree" 

sasib c'o, nphr(n of n). 'mouse's sasib', see below, 

k'os sasib c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Indigofera miniata, #772(1,2) 



savon N(Sp, jabon). 

savon, nla. soap. 

savon fak", nphr(n type n). 'soap vine', Cayaponia attenuata, #905(1,3), 

#2808(11,12). Lowland "vine". (l)-It grows in corn fields and banana 

groves. A handful or two of the fruits are gathered by women and 

pounded on rocks to produce soap for laundering and shampooing. 

Cayaponia racemosa, #2742(1,4). Lowland "vine". Same use as 

above. 

savon te 1 ), nphr(n type n). 'soap tree', Cestrum sp., #214(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"tree". The trunk is used for fence posts. The berries are mashed 

and used for laundry soap. 

s?ukun 

sfrukun, cf. lukun. 

se N. 

seil, n3d. vomit, 

sen, iv. vomit, 

senebal, n5. purgative. 

senebal pos, nphr(n type n). 'purgative medicine', Polyclathra cucumerina, 

#3012(1,4,5). Lowland "vine". As a remedy for angry rebelliousness, 

the leaves are crushed and mixed with cold water. The patient is given 

a small cupful to drink before breakfast, once. It is "hot", 

senel c'utul, nphr(vn & n)5. nausea and diarrhea, cold" sickness, 

senobal, n5. purgative, 

seta, tv. vomit on. Ritual speech; cf. tubta. 

setaan, tv. vomit on /plu/. 

setavan, iv. vomit on person, 

hsenel, agn. vomiter. 

hsetavaneh, agn. person who vomits on another. 

sek P, P(2). 

sek, tv. pick up or carry by holding between thumb and forefinger /basket, 

bowl, gourd/, 

sek-ê, n(aj & ncpd)5. scolding, 

sek ba, rv. spread wide /old basket, legs when lying down or seated/ /has 

sexual implication/. 

sekahtik, aj. served (meal), widespread (legs), 

sekan, tv. serve /meal/, 

sekan ba, rv. open legs wide and bend knees, 

sekanan, tv. serve to many people /meal/, 

sekansekan, tv. serve to one after another /meal/.

sekansekanan, tv. cf. sekansekan. 

sekek, av. opening wide /legs/. 

sekel, aj. wide open (mouth of crying child), served (meal), widespread 

(legs), gashed, wide (mouth of pot), torn (clothing). 

seket, av. sitting or lying with legs spread wide and knees raised, torn 

(clothing). 

seket 9e, vphr(av & n4d). with mouth agape /lost in thought/ or wide 

open /shouting/. 

seketik, av. with legs widespread. 

seki, iv. be served (meal). 

seklahet 9e, vphr(av & n4d). cf. sekson le (plu). 

sekleh, n4f. served /meal/. 

sekob, nlf. bowl for cooking watermelon squash rind. 

sekobil, nlf. cf. sekob. 

sekom, nld. large chunk of cooked watermelon squash rind. 

sekomal mail, nphr(natt & n)5. large chunks of cooked watermelon 

squash rind. 

sekp'uh, iv. be opened (hole in fence), diverge (rows of corn), break 

(basket), open (tunic whose cords have broken). 

sekp'un, tv. tear open /clothing/, cause to break /basket/. 

seksek, aj. wide (mouth of pot), broken (basket). 

sekson, av. torn open (clothing). 

sekson 9e, vphr(av & n4d). yelling /scolding, yakking/. 

sektesekte, av. passing one after another /bowls of food/, walking about 

holding /bowl/. 

sektesekte ie, vphr(av & n4d). walking about yelling or crying. 

sekulan, tv. keep holding between thumb and forefinger /basket, bowl, 

gourd/. 

sekulan 9e, vphr(tv & n4d). keep yelling /scolding, yakking/. 

sekulan ba, rv. keep spreading legs wide with knees bent /in intercourse/. 

sel P(2)orT(2). 

sel, tv. nick, make a small cut in edge of /clothes, ear of mule suffering 

from wind'/. 

sel, n5. person with harelip, chipped pot. 

sel-9e, n(aj & ncpd)5. with chipped rim /pot/. 

sel-ni 1 ), n(aj & ncpd)5. harelipped. 

selahtik, aj. runcinate (leaves), chipped, nicked, uneven (edge of clothing). 

selahtik la, cf. la. 

selantik, aj. shredded (leaves from hail), uneven (edge of clothing). 

selbenal, nlf. place where edge has been slightly torn /neck of shirt that 

is too small/. 

seleah, iv. tear edge slightly, chip (rim of pot). 

selean, tv. tear edge slightly, chip. 

selel, aj. torn, harelipped. 

selelik, aj. runcinate (leaves). 

selet ni9, vphr(av & n4d). walking with harelip. 

selk'uh, iv. tear edge slightly. 

selk'un, tv. cf. selean. 

selluh, av. tearing suddenly. 

selob, nlf. scissors. 

selobil, nlf. cf. selob. 

selp'uh, iv. cf. selk'uh. 

selp'un, tv. cf. selean. 

selsel, aj. with tear (edge of clothing), harelipped, runcinate (leaf)selson, 

av. with torn clothing. 

selteselte, av. walking about with clothes in tatters. 

selulan, tv. keep nicking. 

sela N(Sp, seda). 

sela, nla. ribbon. 

sela k'u9ul, nphr(n type n)3d. elaborate woven blouse /worn by young 

girls, customarily presented to goddaughter/, huipil /worn by candlebearers 

on Lenten Fridays, Wednesday of Holy Week, Maundy 

Thursday and Good Friday/. 

selo 

selo, match, matchstick. cf. serio. 


319 

seat P. P(2). 

sem-ni9, n(aj & ncpd)5. flat-nosed (cow). 

sem ta loiel, vphrftv & prep & vn5). eat by stretching mouth widely 

/maguey, white sapote/. 

sem ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). step in /excrement, mud, rotten 

fruit/. 

semahtik, aj. wide,"flat (cow or pig's nose), in piles (cow patties). 

seman, tv. leave in wide pile /excrement/. 

seman ta Io9el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). eat by stretching mouth widely 

/maguey, etc./. 

semanan, tv. leave in wide piles /excrement/. 

semanan ta Icel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. seman ta loiel. 

semanseman ta loiel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). eat one soft substance after 

another /white sapote/. 

semel, aj. wide, flat (cow or pig's nose, cow patty). 

semelik, aj. cf. semahiik. 

semem tal ni9, vphr(av & dr & n4d). approaching with flat nose (cow, pig). 

semet, av. lying in wide pile (excrement). 

semet ni9, vphr(av & n4d). walking with flat nose (cow, pig). 

semlah tal ni9, vphr(av & dr & n4d). cf. semem tal nfr (plu). 

semlahet nil, vphr(av & n4d). cf. semson n'n (plu). 

semleh, n4f. in wide pile /excrement/. 

semsem, aj. wide, flat (cow or pig's nose, cow patty). 

semson nio, vphrfav & n4d). sticking nose in /excrement/ (dogs), eating 

(cow. pig). 

s'emtesemte mi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with flat nose (cow, pig). 

semana N(Sp. semana). 

semana, nla, week, week of duty /justices of the peace, aldermen, prefects, 

constables, principals, sacristans, scribes, stewards-royal and publicans/. 

sen(l) T. 

sen, tv. poke /stick in burrow to see if animal is there/, stab /bull, pig, 

person/. 

senel, nc. sticking in (digging stick). 

senlahetik, av. cf. senson (plu). 

senluh, av. slipping in completely or stabbing suddenly. 

senobil, n4f. stick /to poke in animal burrow/. 

senson, av. poking. 

s'enulan, tv. keep poking /twig in ear/ /nervous habit/. 

sed(2) 

sen, cf. se. 

senen N. 

senen, nle. mosquito. 

sakil senen, nphr(aj & n)5. lowland and highland mosquito, 

yasal senen, nphr(aj & n)5. lowland and highland mosquito /less common/. 

senserva N(Sp, gengibre). 

senserva, nla. ginger. It is used to flavor corn gruel. It is "hot" 

senservail 9ul, nphr(natt & n)ld. ginger-flavored corn gruel. 

sep' prob P or P(2). 

sep'-ni 1 ), n(aj & ncpd)5. snub-nosed. 

sep'el, aj. snub-nosed (person, cat, dog) /mark of ugliness in person/. 

sep'elik, aj. cf. sep'el (plu). 

sep'et nil, vphrfav & n4d). walking with snub nose. 

sep'sep', aj. snub-nosed (person, cat, dog) /mark of ugliness in person/. 

sep'son nil, vphr(av & n4d). moving snub nose /while eating/. 

sep'tesep'te ni9, vphrfav & n4d). walking about with snub nose. 

serem A. 

serem nuk', nphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with cracked voice /person with 

cough or adolescent boy who has mistress/. 

seremtik nuk', nphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with cracked voice. 

sermun N(Sp, sermon). 

sermun, nld. sermon. 

ses 

ses, particle of food. cf. sas. 

set(l) P, P(2).


set-iok, n(aj & ncpd)5. with hammertoe. 

set ba, rv. open (flower). 

set-k'ob, n(aj & ncpd)5. with fingers permanently curled. 

setahtik, aj. with hammertoes, with fingers permanently curled. 

setan, tv. spread wide /rear end of scarecrow/. 

seteah, iv. spread or open wide (bunch of flowers in hand). 

setel, aj. with fingers permanently curled, with hammertoes, with widespread 

legs. 

setelik, aj. setahtik. 

setet cak, vphr(av & n4d). climbing with legs widespread. 

setlah, av. hobbling /with thorn or chigger in foot/ /archaic/ (plu). 

setlahet, av. toddling (baby). 

setset, aj. with fingers permanently curled, with hammertoes, with widespread 

legs. 

setson cak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling /with thorn in foot/. 

set(2) T. 

set, tv. chip /pottery/. 

set, iv. chip. 

set, nc. chunk /squash/. 

setan, tv. chip a lot of /pottery/. 

setanan, tv. cf. setan. 

setansetan, tv. chip one after another. 

setbenal, nlf. chip /in pot/. 

seteah, iv. chip. 

setelul, n4f. potsherd. 

setk'uh, iv. chip. 

setk'unbe, tv. chip. 

setluh, av. chipping suddenly. 

setp'uh, iv. cf. setk'uh. 

setp'unbe, tv. cf. setk'unbe. 

setulan, tv. keep chipping. 

set' T(2). 

set', tv. chip /pottery/, break or cut in two /fruit/. 

set', iv. break in two. 

set', nc. half /fruit, bread/, piece /pot, log, tile/, chunk /cushaw, watermelon 

squash/. 

set'-ni 1 ), n(aj & ncpd)5. harelipped. 

set'ahtik, aj. cut in half, broken in two. 

set'an, tv. chip /plu/, break or cut in two /fruits/. 

set'anan, tv. cf. set'an. 

set'anset'an, tv. chip one after another, break or cut one after another in 

two /fruits/. 

set'anset'anan, tv. cf. set'anset'an. 

set'ebal, n5. moment before finishing slicing fruit in half. 

set'ekil, n4f. many cut in half or broken in two. 

set'el, aj. chipped, harelipped. If a person makes fun of others it is 

believed that he will be punished by having his child born with a harelip. 

set'elik, aj. cf. set'ahtik. 

set'elset'el, n4f. each of many halves /fruit, bread, pot/. 

set'elul, n4f. potsherd, piece of fruit /avocado, orange, squash/. 

set'et, av. lying abandoned (broken pieces of pottery). 

set'lah yalel, vphr(av & dr). breaking off and falling (lower part of 

cracked pot, piece of tile). 

set'lahet, av. crumbly (tile). 

s'et'leh, n4f. halved /fruit/. 

set'obil, n4f. knife. 

set'set', nc. single half /fruit, bread, pot/ /I only/. 

set'set', aj. chipped, harelipped. 

set'son, av. splitting (headache). 

set'ulan, tv. chip off /bits of wood, pot, watermelon squash rind/. 

set'ulanan, tv. chip off /pots, watermelon squash rinds/. 

sev P or P(2). 

sev-9e, n(aj & ncpd)5. with one side flattened /rim of improperly formed 

bowl or basket/, twisted /mouth/. 

sev-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5. bow-legged. 

sevahtLk, aj. broken (fence), with one side flattened, twisted (mouths). 

sevantik, aj. broken in widely spaced sections (fence). 

sevel, aj. with one side flattened (rim of improperly formed bowl or 

basket), boiled until water has evaporated (nixtamal), twisted (mouth). 

sevelik, aj. cf. sevahtik. 

sevet 9e, vphr(aj & n4d). with mouth agape /scolding, shouting, yakking/, 

grimacing /crying/. 

sevet muyel cak, vphr(av & dr & n4d). climbing with legs widespread. 

sevi, iv. be out of shape (basket). 

sevk'uh, tv. break (fence, basket). 

sevlah, av. walking bowlegged (sing). 

sevlahet 9e, vphr(av & n4d). cf. sevson le (plu). 

sevleh, n5. standing or sitting with legs apart, lying ignored (merchandise 

that is not bought), wide-open (wound). 

sevluh, av. splitting suddenly in two. 

sevsev, aj. with one side flattened (rim of improperly formed bowl or 

basket), twisted (mouth). 

sevson ">e, vphr(av & n4d). opening and closing mouth /scolding, shouting, 

yakking/. 

sevson cak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling. 

sevtesevte '>e, vphr(av & n4d). walking about opening and closing mouth 

/scolding, shouting, yakking/. 

sevu N(Sp, cebo). 

sevu, nla. grease, tallow, vernix. 

ssevual kok. the fat of my foot /visible when badly cut/. 

sevu-''at vinik, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n)5. lazy man /infr/. 

sevu kantela, nphr(n type n)ld. tallow candle. 

si(l) Pt. 

si, pt. like this, this way /demonstrating/. Ritual speech, godfather accepting 

gift in return for clothes presented to godchild; like this, 

mu me k'u siyak'be mu me k'u sisk'elanbe mu si yo hhol mu si yo 

ko9on 9un.. He gives me nothing, he presents to me nothing, my 

lowly head is not like this, my lowly heart is not like this, i.e., He 

does not say this. 

si me si me, ptphr(pt & pt & pt & pt). like this and this /demonstrating/. 

si to, ptphr(pt & pt). in this direction /pointing/, in this way, /demonstrating/. 

si vi, vphr(pt & tv/contr of xavil/). look, it's like this, look, it's this way 

/demonstrating/. 

sisitik, pt. rather like this. 

si(2) 

si, say. cf. ci(2). 

si9 T. 

si 1 ?, iv. fear. 

si 1 ) •mi, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv). feel afraid. 

si 1 ) baik, rv. be afraid of each other. 

sifbe, tv. be afraid of. 

siiel, vnla. fear. 

si7el ba, nphr(vn5 & rpn/3s/). fear. 

si'Jet, av. walking fearfully. 

si9etik, av. cf. site! (plu). 

silobil, n4f. Ritual speech, expressing gratitude for, or deprecating formal 

meal; cause for dread. 

ssWobil sk'esobil ti kahvaltike. lit., the cause for dread, the cause for 

shame of Our Lord, i.e., food and drink presented to Our Lord via 

consumption by mortals. 

si'Jsi'?, iv. be slightly afraid, be uneasy. 

si9si9tik, iv. be slightly afraid, be uneasy. 

si9ulan, iv. be in constant fear. 

si9van, iv. Ritual speech, expressing gratitude for or deprecating formal 

meal; dread. 

ssi9van sk'esvan. He is afraid, he is ashamed /of gifts to Our Lord/. 

tak' si">el, vphr(tv/3s/ & vnle). be fearsome or frightening, inan. poss., 

be intimidating, cause misgivings. 

hsi9el, agn. coward. 

hsi'Jvaneh, agn. person who is afraid of another.

sibnel N. 

sibnclal, n3d. female's elder brother /former term of address used by 

bride to groom/. 

sibnelil, n3d. cf. sibnelai 

sih P(2). 

sih, tv. ram in /penis/, stab, stamp down /corn in bag/, gulp down /baby 

chick/ (dog), place in post hole /replacement post/. 

sih, nc. ramming /penis/, sticking in /digging stick/. 

sih ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). gulp down /baby chick/. 

sin-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. looking far off out of corner of eye, cross-eyed. 

sihahtik, aj. bulging (sheep's or horse's belly, chick's crop). 

sihahtik, aj. xihan, tamp down /corn in bags/. 

s'ihanan, tv. cf. sihan. 

situins/han, tv. ram in one thing after another in net or shoulder bag. 

sihans'ilianan. tv. cf. sihansihan. 

sihbe, tv. pierce /with needle, nail or knife/, 

issihbe sa ?ovol. He has planted already. 

siheah, iv. stare fixedly to one side. 

sihel, aj. looking far off out of corner of eye. 

sihet sat, vphr(av & n4d). looking far off out of corner of eye. 

sihi, iv. be cross-eyed. 

sihihet sat, vphr(av & n4d). glaring out of corner of eye. 

sihil, aj. looking out of corner of eye /amorously/, bulging (net, sheep's 

or horse's belly, chick's crop)., 

sihilik, aj. bulging (sheeps' or horses' bellies, chicks' crops). 

sihk'uh, iv. cf. siheah. 

sihleh, n4f. looking out of comer of eye. 

sYhluh, av. penetrating suddenly (thorn, nail). 

sihobil, n4f. stick used to tamp down corn in bag. 

sihp'uh, iv. cf. siheah. 

sihsih, nc. single ramming /I only/. 

sih sih, aj. with eye staring fixedly to one side, cross-eyed. 

sihson, av. ramming /intercourse/. 

sihson sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking and staring fixedly. 

sihulan, tv. tamp down, keep ramming in /penis/. 

sihulanan, tv. tamp down /plu/. 

silvan TOcel, vphr(iv & dr). jail person. 

sihvan ta k'elel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). look at person out of corner of 

eye /mockingly/. 

hsih-sat, agn(aj & ncpd)5. person who stumbles because he doesn't watch 

where he is going. 

sibil 

ShU, horrible, cf. sih(3). 

sik(l) N. 

sik, nld. hawk /general term/. 

himic' sik, nphr(n type n)5. 'sling hawk', sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter 

striatus, gray hawk Buleo nitidus. These hawks are considered edible. 

They are "hot" They are notorious chicken thieves. Formerly, 

when one was killed, it is reported that the man would go from 

door to door showing off his catch and requesting a reward. He 

would be given a hearty welcome, a peso, tortillas, or corn. A person 

who wants to steal should keep both the hawk's claws in his 

shoulder bag to ensure his success, 

sakil sik, nphr(aj & n)5. hawk /unidentified/. 

sararin siik, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. 'barred hawk 1 , cooper hawk Accipiter 

cooperi. It is considered edible. It is "hot". It is a notorious chicken 

thief, cf. himic' sik. 

vov sik, nphr(aj & n)la. 'rush hawk', hawk /unidentified/, 

yasal sik, nphr(aj & n)5. hawk /unidentified/. 

sik(2) prob P or P(2). 

sikahtik, aj. standing on end, windblown (wool). 

sikeah, iv. become mussed up or windblown (hair). 

sikel, aj. mussed up, standing on end or windblown (girl's hair). 

siket, av. moving in wind (girl's tangled hair, corn stubble). 

sikik, av. blowing away (corn stubble, wool). 

si kike l, av. cf. siket. 


321 

s'ikil, aj. mussed up or standing on end, windblown (girl's hair), awry 

(thatch roof), standing (person), 

siklahet, av. swaying in several places (thatch roof), 

sikluh, av. blowing away suddenly (corn stubble), 

sikp'uh, iv. cf. sikeah. 

siksik, aj. mussed up, standing on end or windblown (girl's hair), 

sikson, av. walking with messy hair (sick person), 

siktesikte, av. walking about with mussed up or windblown hair or with 

hair standing on end. 

sik(3) 

sik, Rose. cf. losa. 

sikitin N. 

sikitin, nle. lowland cicada. 

sik'(l) N. 

sik', n4d. wing, fin. 

sik', n4f. skin /corn kernel/, 

sik' mae*. nphr(n of n)5. skin /of corn kernels remaining at bottom of 

strainer when making corn gruel/, 

sik'satil, nphr(nlf of n3d). eyelash. It is believed that people once lacked 

eyelashes, and as a result were miraculthat your mother will die or that 

you will be beaten to death with a stick. 

sik'(2) P. 

sik', nib. prop /for house or heavily laden branch/, 

sik'-te'iob, n(aj & ncpd)lf. prop /for house or heavily laden branch/. 

sik'-toobil, n(aj & ncpd)lf. cf. sik'-tenob. 

sik'ahtik, aj. leaning upright (firewood). 

sik'ahtik lubel. stiff /legs/. 

sik'an ba, rv. stand up for person /giving orders, advice/, become extremely 

painful (chest pain, wind"), become stiff (legs), 

sik'an baik, rv. stand up for each other, help each other /in carrying heavy 

load requiring many people/, 

sik'anan baik, rv. stand up for each other, 

sik'aneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. steadfast, giving firm orders, 

sik'el, aj. stiff (legs). 

sik'el avakan. lit., Your legs are stiff, i.e.. Do not stand there, come 

in and receive your punishment, 

sik'et, av. walking a few paces erectly or strongly, 

sik'i, iv. stand upright or erect (ladder), be extremely painful (chest pain), 

s'ik'ik'et, av. feeling fierce pain (stomach, chest), 

sik'il, aj. standing erect (person, hair, penis), questioning (lawyer), be 

extremely painful (chest pain). 

nom sik'il yok. He is keeping his distance, 

sik'il lubel. stiff with exhaustion /legs/, 

sik'ilik, aj. cf. sik'ahtik. 

sik'lah, av. cf. sik'son (plu). 

sik'lahet, av. cf. sik'son (plu). 

sik'leh, nlf. standing. 

sik'son, av. walking erectly or strongly, stepping out, striding, 

sik'son hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking with hair standing on end. 

SLk'tesiVte, av. walking about erectly or strongly. 

sik'tesiVte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with hair standing on end. 

sik'u, tv. prop up. 

ta hsik'u h-set' hc'uttik. lit.. We'll prop up our stomachs a bit, i.e., 

We'll eat a little. 

sik'uan, tv. prop up in many places, 

sik'uanan, tv. cf. sik'uan. 

sik'uob, nlf. prop /to support house/, 

sik'uob cuk, nphr(n of n)5. each of six props for roof purlins of tile-roofed 

house. 

sik'uobil, nlf. cf. sik'uob. 

sik'uobil cuk, nphr(n of n)5. cf. sik'uob cuk. 

sU 

sil, horrible, cf. sih(3). 

sila N(Sp, silla). 

sila, nla. chair. 

sila ka 1 ), nphr(nlf of nld). saddle.


silete N(Sp, Gillette from E, Gillette). 

silete, nla. razor blade. 

silini A. 

silim, nle. food spattered on clothing. 

silim, aj. imprudently. 

ton silim t sk'opoh. He talks imprudently, 

silimtik, aj. spattered with food (child's clothes), 

simo') N. 

simo 1 ), nle. gama grass Tripsacum laxum, #2175(1,11), #2309(3,4,19). 

Temperate "plant" (RML)-It is believed to have been the ancestors' 

corn, but it was very fussy; always demanding to be weeded, and frequently 

complaining to Our Savior, until, in exasperation. He banished 

it to the wilds. 

simo9tik, n5. field of gama grass, 

eahal simo, nphr(aj & n). see below, 

k'os eahal simo, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). gama grass Tripsacum 

laxum, #1267(1,3,4,5). Temperate "plant" 

sin A. 

sin, aj. rancid, smelly (body odor), acid flavor given to food by metal pot. 

sinal, n4b. rancidness, body odor. 

Ritual speech, prayer; t skak' yo htuil t s"kak' yo hsinal t anicimal ba 

t anicimal sat, c'ul-vinahel c'ul-loria. I will leave my lowly stench, my 

lowly body odor before Thy beautiful visage, before Thy beautiful 

face, holy heaven, holy glory, 

sinal, aj. rancid. 

sinal "?ak\ nphr(natt & n). Oxypetalum cordijolium, #2596(1,3). Lowland 

"vine" 

sinal pos, nphr(aj & n). 'rancid medicine', black foot Melampodium montanum, 


sinal to, nphr(aj & n). 'rancid tree', giant senna Cassia emarginata, 

# 1286(1,3,4,5). Lowland "tree", nicaraguan senna Cassia nicaraguensis, 

#2620(1,3). Temperate "tree", wild senna Cassia biflora, #2678(21). 

Lowland "tree", sandbox tree Hura polyandra, #1974(1,3,4). Lowland 

"tree", yellowsilk shellseed Cochlospermum vilifolium, 

#1638(1,4). Lowland "tree" Gyrocarpus americanus, #2619(21). 


k'anal sinal te 1 ), nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). chiapan senna Cassia chiapensis, 

#2543(1,4). Temperate "tree". It is used for fence posts and 

firewood, senna Cassia skinneri, #2696(1,3). Lowland "tree" 

k'os sinal te 1 ?, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). chiapan senna Cassia chiapensis, 

#1896(1,3,4). Temperate "tree" 

muk'ta sinal te">, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Gyrocarpus americanus, 

#2619(1,3). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used for fence posts and 

firewood. 

sinet, av. lying rancid and forgotten, stinking with body odor, 

sininet, av. stinking with body odor, 

sinsintik, aj. slightly rancid, 

sinub, iv. become rancid, go sour (dough), 

sinubtas, tv. make rancid. 

sinubtas ba, rv. stink (person who spills fat on self and doesn't wash), 

sinubtasan, tv. make rancid /pots by criticizing them/, 

sinubtasanan, tv. cf. sinubtasan. 

hsinal-?at, agn(aj & ncpd). person of San Cristobal, lit., stinking penis, 

i.e., because, unlike traditional Indians, they eat fried food and cover 

selves with lotions. 

sinca N(Sp, cincho). 

sincail, n3a. woven sash /worn by men, women and children/. 

sinic N. 

sinic, nle. ant. var., sinic'. 

•Jik'al sinic, nphr(aj & n)5. lowland and highland ant. The lowland 

variety stings. The highland variety is inoffensive, 

eahal sinic, nphr(aj & n)5. lowland ant. 

tuil sinic, nphr(aj & n)5. 'stinking ant', lowland red ant, highland black 

ant. The lowland variety is inoffensive, the highland variety stings. 

If one of these ants gets in one's food and is swallowed inadvertently 

it is said to cause loss of virility and inability to have erec- 

tions. 

sinic' 

sinic', ant. cf. sinic. 

s'inulan N(Sp, senora). 

hsinulan, agn. ladina. 

bik'it hs'inulan, nphr(aj & agn)5. petty Spanish lady /major player of the 

fiesta of St. Sebastian who was the ensign-bearer of St. Dominic of the 

previous year/. 

muk'ta hs'inulan, nphr(aj & agn). grand Spanish lady /major player of 

the fiesta of St. Sebastian who was the ensign-bearer of St. Lawrence 

of the previous year/. 

sirka A(Sp, serico?). 

sirkatah, iv. fray. 

sirkatik, aj. frayed /ends/. 

sisib X. 

sisib ton, nphr(x type n)le. river pebble. 

sit' prob P or P(2). 

sit'ahtik, aj. swollen tight (belly of dead animals). 

sit'il, aj. swollen tight (belly of dead animal or of well-fed sheep), fully 

ripe (fruit). 

sit'ilik, aj. swollen tight (belly of well-fed sheep), fully ripe (fruit). 

sit'it' ec'el, vphr(av & dr). growing rigid (corpse). 

sit'lahet, av. having muscular spasms (legs of dying animal), thrashing 

(drowning person, epileptic). 

sit'leh, n4d. rigidity (dead sheep). 

si't'luh, av. twitching suddenly /in sleep/. 

sit'sit', aj. swollen tight (belly of well-fed horse). 

sit'son, av. having muscular spasms (legs of dying animal), thrashing 

(drowning person, epileptic). 

telel sit'il, ajphr(aj & aj). thrashing arms and legs (drunk). 

sk'un 

sk'un, bean, cushaw. cf. cenek', c'um. 

slumil 

slumil, bean. cf. cenek'. 

smal 

smal, late. cf. mal(l). 

snok 

snok, alder, cf. nok. 

soc' N. 

soc', n5. common potoo Nyctibius griseus. Potoos, as witches' messengers, 

are not considered edible. In the highlands their call is believed to 

announce certain death within a few weeks, but in the lowlands, 

where they are very common, their call rarely is thought to be dangerous. 

son P. 

soh, tv. spit, thread /needle, thorn apples/, insert, place in post hole 

/replacement post/. 

soh ba, tv. be spitted or impaled. 

soh hoi, vphr(tv // n). borrow money. 

issoh shol ta balamil. He asked for money from the earth lord. 

sohahtik, aj. roped (mules). 

sohan, tv. thread /thorn apples, beads, coins/, insert /plu/. 

s'ohanan, tv. cf. sohan. 

sohansohan, tv. thread one after another /thorn apples, beads, coins/, 

insert one after another. 

sohantik, aj. with many angles (fence, plot of land). 

sohbe, tv. spit, thread /needle/, insert, place in post hole /post/, stab, 

issohbe sa 9ovol. He has planted already. 

sohbe 9ak'il, nphr(tv & n4d). lasso. 

h-likel issohbe yak'il. lit.. He roped her quickly, i.e., He married her 

quickly. 

soheah muyel, vphr(iv & dr). forming a point (corner of plot being weeded 

or cleared). 

sohem vah, n(aj & n)ld. steamed corn tamale. 

sohet, av. wearing same old clothes /without changing/. 

sohi, iv. be spitted, impaled or threaded.

sohilan, tv. keep inserting /stick in hole, penis/. 

sohleh, n4f. spitted, roped, threaded, impaled. 

sohlih, av. impaling suddenly, 

sohob(l), nlf. spit. 

sohob(2), n5. people of former times who are believed to have been 

endowed with piercing vision /through dreams, or in everyday life/. 

sohob hc'ul-mcnik, nphr(n of agn/aj & ncpd/)5. moonbeam, 

sohob hc'ul-totik, nphr(n of agn/aj & ncpd/)5. sunbeam, 

sohob k'ak'al, nphr(n of n)5. sunbeam. 

sohob yan, nphr(n & aj)5. St. Elmo's fire /bestowing treasure or poslom/. 

sohobal, n4d. Ritual speech, prayer; lit., sunbeam, i.e., corn. 

ti yo 1 asohobale ti yo 1 anak'obale. Thy lordly sunbeam, Thy lordly 

shade. 

sohobal hc'ul-me'Hik, nphr(n or agn/aj & ncpd/)5. cf. sohob hc'ul-meitik. 

s'ohobal hc'ul-totik, nphr(n of agn/aj & ncpd/)5. cf. sohob hc'ul-totik. 

sohobal k'ak'al, nphr(n of n)5. cf. sohob k'ak'al. 

sohobal rios, nphr(n of n)5. corn, 

sohobil, nlf. cf. sohob(l). 

sohol, aj. impaled (foot on stick), inserted, roped (horse), threaded 

(thread, fiddle string), owning single shirt or tunic. 

sohol lubel. stiff with exhaustion (legs). 

sohol ti yak'il bu t ssanave. lit., When he walked the rope was around 

him /said of a person who was unexpectedly killed on the path/. 

soholik, aj. stiff. 

soholik lubel. stiff with exhaustion (legs). 

sohsoh, aj. forming point (edge of plot of land), 

sohson, av. inserting repeatedly. 

ssohson smoton. inserting her present repeatedly, i.e. inserting his 

penis. 

sohtesohte, av. walking about wearing same old clothes, 

hc'am sohob k'ak'al, agn(tv & nphrcpd/n of n/). meddler. 

sok(l) prob P or P(2). 

sokahtik, aj. cf. sokol /plu/. 

sokob, iv. be free /unoccupied/, be empty (house, market). 

mu ssokob. He is busy, 

sokobah, iv. be free. 

sokobah komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave empty /house/. 

sokobahebal, n5. moment before being unoccupied. 

sokobtas, tv. empty. 

sokobtas ba, rv. make one's self available, set aside free day. 

sokobtas-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. free time, availability, 

sokobtasan, tv. empty /plu/. 

sokobtasanan, tv. cf. sokobtasan. 

sokol, aj. empty, unoccupied, unmarried, unemployed. 

sokol k'ak'al. weekday. 

sokol kantela. candles without "flowers" /in curing ceremony/. 

sokolib, iv. become empty (tent caterpillar nest), 

sokolik, aj. cf. sokol /plu/. 

snk(2) A. 

sok(l), n5. pinta, person suffering from pinta. 

sok(2), aj. spotted /black or white/ (mango, snail, iguana, dog, pot). 

sok(2), aj. xok puy, cf. puy. 

sokel, aj. spotted /with dirt or pinta/. 

soket nil, vphr(av & n4f). lying corroded (knife, axe). 

sokib, iv. become afflicted with pinta, become corroded, 

sokik, aj. cf. sok(2) (plu). 

sokil, n4b. spottedness. 

soklah, av. cf. sokok (plu). 

soklahet, av. cf. sokson (plu). 

sokok, av. walking with spotted (nose). 

sokol, aj. spotted /with dirt or pinta/. 

soksoktik, aj. slightly spotted, 

sokson, av. walking with spotted (nose), 

s'oktesokte, av. walking about with spotted (nose). 

c'em sok, nphr(x type n). Tremella sp., # 120(5,6). Highland mushroom" 

var., e'en sok /Htek-lum/. 


323 

e'en sok(l), nphr(n type n)le. chigger. 

e'en sok(2), nphr(x type n). cf. c'em sok. 

sok(3) X. 

soka, tv. rope /cow, mule/. 

soka ba, rv. rope self. 

soka baik, rv. rope each other. 

sokaan, tv. rope /cows, mules/. 

sokaanan, tv. cf. sokaan. 

sokaob, nlf. rope. 

sokaobil, nlf. rope. 

sokavan, iv. rope /person/. 

sokom N. 

sokom, nla. plaster. 

sokori N. 

sokon, nib. side, flank. 

ta sokon ssat t sk'elvan. He is looking out of the corner of his eye. 

sokon sat. beef cheek. 

Ritual speech, prayer; ta hpat ta hsokon. at my back, at my side. 

s'okon-iein, tv(n & nepd). gulp down hurriedly. 

sokon herkail, nphr(nlf of n3d). edge of man's woolen tunic, cords and 

tassels of man's woolen tunic. 

sokon k'uiul, nphr(nlf of n3d). edge of man's cotton tunic, cords and 

tassels of man's cotton tunic. 

s'okon mok, nphr(n5 type nld). side fence. 

sokon na, nphr(n of n)ld. neighbor. 

sokon vinahel, nphr(n of vn)5. Norlh, South, side, 

isk'el ta sokon vinahel. He looked to the side. 

sokonil, n5. knife tied to one's sash /infr/. 

ta sokonsokon , nphr(prep & nphr/n of n/)5. on both sides of 

/road, house/. 

sok' P. 

s'ok'ahtik, aj. sitting on haunches. 

sok'an, tv. build /field house/, set /trap/, put in crouched position /child 

so it will defecate/. 

sok'an ba, rv. sit on haunches. 

sok'anan, tv. set /traps/. 

sok'ansok'anan, tv. set one after another /traps/. 

sok'anvan, iv. push person onto haunches. 

sok'anvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave person in the lurch. 

sok'eah, iv. sit on haunches unable to stand (drunk). 

sok'et, av. sitting on haunches /warming self before fire/. 

s'ok'etah, iv. sit on haunches. 

sok'etik, av. cf. sok'et (plu). 

sok'i, iv. be sitting on haunches (person, rabbit, dog, cat). 

sok'ih, iv. duck walk. 

sok'lah, av. hopping (frogs, toads). 

sok'lahet, av. hopping (toads, frogs, rabbits), bending knees (people dancing). 

sok'lahetik, av. bending knees /dancing/. 

sok'leh, nlf. crouch. 

sok'ok' yalel, vphr(av & dr). crouching on haunches /if burden is too 

heavy/. 

sok'ok'et, av. doubling over /with fierce stomach cramps/, rubbing rump 

on ground (dog). 

sok'ol, aj. sitting on one's haunches. 

stuk sok'ol ikom. lit.. He was left alone sitting on his haunches, i.e., 

He was abandoned by his wife. 

sok'olik, aj. sitting on one's haunches (plu). 

sok'p'ih, iv. crouch unable to stand up (person with burden). 

s'ok'son, av. sitting on haunches, bending knees without lifting feet /dancing 

improperly/, hopping (toad, frog, rabbit). 

s'ok'tesok'te, av. hopping about (toad, frog, rabbit), hopping and squatting 

here and there (marble players). 

solom N. 

solom, n. see below. 

solomtik, n5. expanse of solom.


•>it'is solom, nphr(n4f of n5). bloodleaf Iresine angustifolia, #2606(20). 

Temperate "tree" The leaves are cut and fed to sheep and mules. 

Eupatorium areolare, #2562(1,4), #2913(1,3). Temperate "tree". It 

is used for firewood. Montanoa sp., #2941(16). Highland "tree*. It 

is eaten by sheep. 

bik'it solom, nphr(aj & n). Archibaccharis serratifolia var. paniculala, 

#2405(20). Highland "tree" It is eaten by horses, sheep, and cattle. 

eahal solom, nphr(aj & n). Eupatorium cf. subpenninervium Sch. Bip. 

. #2954(1). Highland "tree' 

k'os solom, nphr(aj & n). Archibaccharis serratifolia var. paniculata, 


sakil solom, nphr(aj & n). crown beard Verbesina turbacensis, 

#2909(16). Lowland "plant* 

som P(2) or T(2). 

somahtilc, aj. cf. somol /plu/. 

sombe ve9el, vphr(tv & vn5). open mouth wide to eat. 

somlahet, av. cf. somson (plu). 

somlahetik, av. cf. somson (plu). 

somol, aj. gaping wide /sexual implication/, 

somolik, aj. cf. somol /plu/. 

somsom, aj. gaping wide /sexual implication/, 

somson, av. opening mouth wide to eat (cow, horse, sheep). 

son(l) N. 

son tut, nphr(n of n)5. lit., penis prop, i.e., fool, stupid person. 

son holil, nphr(n5 of n3d). pillow, clothes put under head to serve as 

pillow. 

son p'in, nphr(nlf of nld). small stone to steady pot on fire, 

son yoket, nphr(nlf of nld). small stone lo steady hearthstone. 

son-holin, tv(n & ncpd). put under head /pillow, clothes/. 

son-holin k'ob, vphr(tv/n & ncpd/ & n4d). clasp hands under one's head. 

soni, tv. put small stone under /hearthstone, pot, etc./. 

ssoni sc'ut. lit.. He is propping up his stomach, i.e., He is eating. 

sonkolil. n3d. cf. son holil. 

sonkolin, tv. cf. son-holin. 

sonsolil, n3d. cf. son holil. 

sonsolin, tv. cf. son-holin. 

son(2) 

son, sandal, horseshoe, pleiades, hyades. cf. san(2). 

sopa N(Sp, sopa). 

sopa, nld. tortilla soaked in vegetable or meat broth. It is eaten by young 

children, puppies, old toothless people, person with a bad toothache. 

sop' prob P or P(2). 

sop'-k'ob, n(aj & ncpd)5. with hand permanently cramped by arthritis, 

sop'ahtik, aj. cf. sop'ol /plu/. 

sop'el, aj. cramped (hand). 

mi sop'el ak'ob. Is your hand cramped? /said to person who does not 

take what is passed to him/, 

sop'et, av. with cramped (hand). 

sop'leh, n4f. cramped (hand), 

sop'ol, aj. cramped (hand), 

sop'olik, aj. cf. sop'ol /plu/. 

sop'sop', aj. cramped (hand). 

sos 

sos, bite. cf. sas. 

sosep, Joseph, cf. cep. 

sot P, T. 

sot, tv. roll /wire, vine/, make arch of /dogwood for frame of floral 

decoration, for frame of straw bull/. 

sot, iv. be rolled (wire, vine), 

sot, nc. coil /wire, rope, vine/. 

sot-iok, n(aj & ncpd). twisted-legged (horse, person), pigeon-toed, 

sot ba, rv. curl up (dog), coil (snake, rope), 

sot-cak, n(aj & npcd). lit., with twisted bottom (thin old person, basket 

with bottom falling out), 

sot-hol, n(aj & ncpd). with top twisted to side (gourd, cushaw). 

sot-k'ob, n(aj & ncpd)5. twisted-armed /unable to throw stones far or 

chop well/. 

sot-nuk', n(aj & ncpd)5. bent-necked (cushaw). 

sotahtik, aj. warped, curled up (stale tortillas), twisted to side (gourd, 

cushaw). 

sotan(l), tv. set down in roll /wire, vine/. 

sotan(2), tv. roll a lot of /wire, vine/, bend into arches. 

sotan(3), aj. winding (path), clumsy (person who trips), 

sotan ba, rv. warp, 

sotanan, tv. cf. sotan(2). 

sotansotan, tv. roll one after another /wire, vines/, 

sotarantik, aj. crooked (trail, stick, metal), 

sotbenal, nlf. rolled up /thread/, 

soteah, iv. warp. 

sotebal, n5. moment before finishing rolling /wire, vine/, 

sotel, nc. roll /wire, vine/ /I-3/. 

sotet, av. lying in roll (wire, vine), 

soti, iv. be in roll (wire, vine), be in arch, 

sotib, iv. become twisted or warped, 

sotilan, tv. roll /wire, vine/, make arch of. 

sotilan ba, rv. undulate or writhe (snake), 

sotk'ih, iv. warp, become twisted (improperly mended bone), go crooked 

(row). 

sotk'in, tv. bend into arch /floral arch, frame of straw bull/, 

sotlah, av. walking bowleggedly (scrawny horse or dog), weaving (drunk), 

rolling slowly /wire, etc./ (sing), 

sotlahet, av. weaving (drunks), 

sotlahetik, av. cf. sotlahet. 

sotleh, n4f. entire roll, 

sotlih, av. undulating suddenly (snake), 

soto-cak, n(aj & ncpd)la. 'coiled bottom ?', wild raspberry Rubus eriocarpus, 

#651(1,2,3,4). Highland plant" The fruit is eaten by people and 

birds. It is "cold" It is sold at market, 

sotob, nlf. forked stick on which wire is rolled, 

sotobil, nlf. cf. sotob. 

sotokil, n4f. many rolls, 

sotokil, aj. cf. sotolik. 

sotol, aj. in roll (thread, wire), twisted to one side (neck, hand, foot, hoof, 

top of gourd or cushaw), curled up (dog, stale tortilla), coiled 

(snake),warped, sagging (abandoned house), unfinished (thatch-roofed 

house with roof rods only), 

sotolik. aj. in rolls (thread, wire), 

sotolsotol, n4f. each of many rolls /wire, vine/, 

sotomah, iv. wriggle excitedly (dog) /infr/. 

sotp'ih, iv. cf. sotk'ih. 

sotp'in, tv. cf. sotk'in. 

sotson ?ok, vphr(av & n4d). walking bowleggedly (scrawny horse or dog), 

weaving (drunk), 

sotson nuk', vphr(av & n4d). walking slowly with twisted neck /carrying 

heavy burden/. 

sotsot, nc. single roll /wire, vine/ /I only/, 

sotsot, aj. warped, crooked (row, stick), undulating (path), twisted to one 

side (neck, hand, foot, hoof), pigeon-toed, 

sottesotte, av. walking about bowleggedly (scrawny horse, dog), weaving 

about (drunk), limping about. 

sot' P. 

sot'ahtik, aj. curled up (stale tortilla), 

sot'an ba, rv. curl up /to sleep/. 

sot'el, aj. curled up (penis, buttocks). 

sot'et, av. curled up (person sleeping), 

sot'etik, av. cf. sot'et (plu). 

sot'lah, av. stumbling (scrawny horse, dog or drunk) (sing), 

sot'lahet, av. cf. sol'son (plu). 

sot'lahetik, av. cf. sol'son (plu). 

sot'ol, aj. curled up (stale tortilla, old person), scrawny (dog), sitting 

huddled over (old person).

sot'olik, aj. cf. sol'ahtik. 

sot'ot', av. crawling /into bed/. 

sot'ot'et, av. curling up and twitching (person in epileptic fit). 

sot'son, av. stumbling (scrawny horse, dog or drunk). 

sot'tesot'te, av. walking about doubled over (old person), walking about 

(scrawny person or dog). 

sov P. 

sovahtik, aj. twisted, sagging to one side, lopsided (old baskets, fence, 

mouth when crying, loose pants), 

sovan ba, rv. slump to side (drunk trying to stand). 

yec nos tal ssovan sba. lit.. He just came to slump, i.e.. He died very 

young. 

soveah, iv. try to stand (baby), sag (basket, fence), 

sovean, tv. make sag. 

sovel, aj. twisted, sagging to one side, lopsided (mouth when crying, loose 

pants), 

sovet, av. sitting abandoned (old person), sagging to one side (old basket, 

fence, mouth when crying, loose pants), 

sovi, iv. be sagging (old basket). 

Polite speech; ssovi sa h-set' kunen na. lit.. Now my house is sagging 

a bit, i.e., I have built my house, 

sovk'ih, iv. sag (basket, fence, house), slump (drunk), 

sovk'in, tv. make sag /fence/, push over /squatting person/. 

sovk'in ba, rv. sag (mule unwilling to be loaded), 

sovk'inan, tv. make wobbly /chairs/. 

sovk'invan, iv. push person over /squatting person/. 

sovlah, av. staggering (sing), 

sovlahet, av. toddling, staggering, 

sovlahetik, av. cf. sovlahet (plu). 

sovleh, nlf. twisted, sagging to one side, 

sovol, aj. twisted, sagging to one side, lopsided (old basket, fence, mouth 

when crying, loose pants), 

sovolik, aj. cf. sovahtik. 

sovov, av. wobbling (old fence), 

sovovet, av. wobbling (old fence, basket), hobbling (dog hit by car), 

staggering /under burden/. 

sovson, av. staggering, tottering (heavily burdened person, old person). 

sovsov, aj. twisted, sagging to one side, lopsided (old basket, fence, mouth 

when crying, loose pants), 

sovtesovte, av. tottering about (old person), staggering about (heavily 

burdened person). 

soy P. 

soyahtik, aj. cf. soyol /plu/. 

soyan, tv. Polite speech; erect or build /house/. 

soyan ba, rv. sag to side, tag along (old man hoping for drink), 

soyeah, iv. sag (old basket, fence), 

soyean, tv. push down /old fence/. 

soyet, av. sagging (bottom of basket), sagging to side (fence, old house), 

soyetik, av. cf. soyet (plu). 

soyi, iv. be sagging, 

soyk'ih, iv. cf. soyeah. 

soyk'in, tv. cf. soyean. 

s"oylah, av. staggering (drunk) (sing), 

soylahet, av. cf. soyet, soyson (plu). 

soylahetik, av. cf. soyson (plu). 

soyol, aj. sagging (bottom of basket), sagging to side (fence, old house), 

soyolik, aj. cf. soyol /plu/. 

soyoy, av. sagging to side (fence, old house), 

soyoyet, av. swaying back and forth when touched (old basket). 

soyp'ih, iv. cf. soyeah. 

soyp'in, tv. cf. soyean. 

soyson, av. staggering /under burden/. 

soysoy, aj. sagging (bottom of basket), sagging to side (fence, old house), 

soytesoyte, av. tottering about (old person). 

spak'in 

spak'in, supernatural female figure, cf. pak'. 


spav 

spav, katydid, cf. pavav. 

spavav 

spavav, katydid, cf. pavav. 

spoke 

spoko9, mexican malanga. cf. pok'ok'. 

spokok 

spokok, frog, toad. cf. pokok. 

spok'ok' 

spok'ok', mexican malanga. cf. pok'ok'. 

stalah 

stalah, antlion. cf. talah. 

steo 

ster bean. cf. cenek'. 

stok 

stok, again, too. cf. nostok. 

st'er 

st'er, jesus Christ lizard, cf. t'er. 

325 

SUT 

su 1 ), be able, can. cf. yip. 

sue' N. 

sue', nle. resin /pine resin used to mend water jugs and to cure split 

heels/, incense, sap /wild fig, gumbolimbo/. 

s'uc'a, tv. light /torch/. 

suc'aan, tv. light /torches/. 

s'uc'aanan, tv. cf. suc'aan. 

suc'ah, iv. exude (resin). 

suc'ahtik, aj. cf. suc'ul. 

sue'lah, av. walking with perspiring (foreheads, heads). 

sue'lahet, av. exuding (pine kindling), perspiring (plu). 

suc'son, av. exuding (pine kindling), perspiring (forehead, head), turning 

into soot. 

suc'suc'tik, aj. covered with resin (torch stand) /formerly/. 

Male joking speech, referring to woman who has gone to the lowlands; 

suc'suc'tik slev. Her thighs are sticky. 

suc'tesiic'te, av. walking about with perspiring (forehead, head). 

suc'uc', av. exuding (resin of pine, etc.). 

suc'uc'et, av. exuding (pine resin). 

suc'ul, aj. wet with perspiration (forehead, head), sooty. 

suc'ulik, aj. resinous (pine). 

sub T. 

suh, tv. push /person, sheep, exhausted mule, leaning tree, car, wheelbarrow/. 

suh ocel ta cuke], vphr(tv & dr & prep & vn5). jail. 

suh ba, rv. push /in, out/. 

suh baik, rv. push each other (adults, children in cart). 

suh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. pushing each other. 

suhan, tv. push /plu/. 

suhanan, tv. cf. suhan. 

suhbe k'ak'al, vphr(tv & n4d). incriminate. 

suhel, nc. push. 

suhet, av. pushing. 

suhetah, iv. push. 

suhilanbe, tv. keep poking /stick in hole/. 

suhlahet, av. cf. suhel (plu). 

suhlahet ta k'ok', vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. suhson ta k'ok' (plu). 

suhlahet ta k'op, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. suhson ta k'op (plu). 

suhlahetik, av. cf. suhet (plu). 

suhlahetik ta k'ok', vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. suhson la k'ok' (plu). 

suhlahetik ta k'op, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. suhson ta k'op (plu). 

suhob, nlf. lever. 

suhobil, nlf. cf. suhob. 

suhson ta k'ok', vphr(av & prep & n5). informing against, denouncing 

frequently. 

ssuhson ta k'ok't stik'be smul sci^tl. Denouncing him frequently, he 

implicates his friend falsely.


suhson ta k'op, vphr(av & prep & n5). informing against frequently, 

ssuhson ta k'op t stik'be k'op sci9il. Informing against him frequently, 

he implicates his friend falsely, 

suhtesuhte, av. pushing about, 

suhvan, iv. push person, 

hsuhvaneh, agn. person who pushes another. 

suit N. 

suit, nle. worm /infesting fruit or corn/, maggot, var., suvit. 

suk'(l) X. 

suk', nc. bend (river). 

suk'ahtik, aj. uneven (edge of road or river), forming corner, 

suk'av, n5. corner /house, land plot/, ridge descending from mountain 

peak, sharp bend /river, road/, 

suk'omil, n3d. elbow, 

suk'omta, tv. elbow. 

suk'omtaan, tv. elbow /people to notify them secretly/, 

suk'suk', aj. bending sharply, forming corner, 

suk'ubta, tv. elbow /infr/. 

suk'ubtaan, tv. elbow /people to notify them secretly/. 

suk'ul, aj. bending sharply, forming corner, 

suk'ulik, aj. forming corner (cliffs). 

suk'umil, n3d. cf. suk'omil. 

suk'umin, tv. elbow, 

suk'umta, tv. elbow, 

suk'umtaan, tv. elbow /plu/. 

suk'umtavan, iv. elbow person. 

suk'(2) O. 

suk'son, av. hiccupping, 

suk'suk', onom. hiccup. 

sul P(2) or T(2). 

sul, tv. poke upwards /fruit on branch so it will fall/. 

sul, nla. roof pole of thatched roof, horizontal wattle. 

sul ta vah, vphr(tv & prep & n5). scoop up /food in tortilla/, 

sul ton, nphr(n type n)la. deep blister, 

sulahtik, aj. uneven (edge of road or river), of unequal length (roof poles, 

horizontal wattle), cf. sulul (plu). 

sulal na, nphr(natt & n). 'house wattle", clammy hopseed bush Dodonaea 

viscosa, #2127(7). Temperate "tree" rapanea Rapanea myrieoides, 


suleah, iv. be stripped of leaves (corn field by sheep). 

sulean ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). make diverge /row of work/, 

sulel, nc. quick meal. 

suli, tv. poke upwards /fruit on branch so it will fall/, 

sulian, tv. poke upwards /fruits on branch so they will fall/. 

sulianan, tv. cf. sulian. 

sulilan, tv. keep poking upwards /fruit on branch so it will fall/. 

suliob, nlf. stick used to poke fruit so it will fall, 

suliobil, nlf. cf. suliob. 

sullahet, av. cf. sulson (plu). 

sulob, nlf. thorn or needle used to extract snail from shell, 

sulobil, n 1 f. cf. sulob. 

sulson, av. poking upwards /fruit on branch so it will fall/. 

sulsul, aj. forming point (cleared patch), with ends of branches lopped off, 

with widow's peak, 

sulub, n5. horn /cow, sheep, goat/, antler. Only married women are 

entitled to wear their hair braided on the top of their head so that both 

ends stick up to form "horns" 

sulub cih, nphr(n of n). 'deer antler', fairy club Clavaria sp., 

#60(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" An unattested variety is edible. 

Xylaria sp., # 184A( 1,3,4,5,8). Highland "mushroom', 

sulub con, nphr(n type n)5. subterranean horned serpent /thought to 

have caused earthquakes when it emerged/. If the sun or moon die it 

is thought that animals with four horns will emerge to kill the people, 

sulub vakas, nphr(n of n). 'bull's horn', (Godmania aesculifolia), 

#841(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used for fence posts 

and firewood. 

sulub vakas iak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Prestonia mexicana, 

#270(1,2,3,5). Lowland "vine". 

sulul, aj. poking upward (corn plant stripped of leaves by sheep). 

sululik, aj. cf. sulul /plu/. 

sulultas, tv. apply starch /on woven cloth where weak/. 

sulultasan, tv. apply starch in many places /on woven cloth where weak/. 

sulvan, iv. gore person (cow). 

hsulvaneh, agn. ram or bull that gores person. 

sulem N. 

sulem, nle. buzzard /general term/. A buzzard landing near one's house 

portends death. If an unmarried woman becomes pregnant it is jokingly 

explained that conception was caused by a buzzard's shadow falling 

on her. Laziness is also ascribed to contact with a buzzard's shadow. 

sulem k'ok', nphr(n type n)5. Male joking speech; airplane. 

sulem vinik, nphr(n type n)5. buzzard-man. This is a mythical figure, 

believed to have traded his clothes and his identity with a buzzard. 

sulemal, n5. assumption of buzzard nature. 

ibat ta sulemal. He turned into a buzzard. 

rey sulem, nphr(n type n)le. 'king buzzard', king vulture Sarcoramphus 

papa. 

eahal hoi sulem, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. 'red-headed buzzard', 

turkey vulture Cathartes aura. The turkey vulture, seen only in the 

dry season, is believed to be a transformation of the armadillo, 

eahal nio s'ulem, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. 'red-beaked buzzard', 

turkey vulture Cathartes aura. cf. eahal hoi sulem. 

•>ik'al hoi s'ulem, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. 'black-headed buzzard', 

black vulture Coragyps atratus. Its feet or heart are boiled and the 

broth is drunk for swelling. The same ailment may be treated by 

smoking the patient with the smoke of a black vulture's bones, wax 

myrtle, butterfly bush, sage, and Eupatorium ligustrinum. It is "very 

hot" To avoid aggravating the illness, for one month after 

treatment the patient must not drink cold water, or be allowed to 

feel cold. 

•)ik'al sulem, nphr(aj & n)5. black vulture Coragyps atratus. cf. oik'at 

hoi sulem. 

sun N(Sp, Juan). 

sun, nld. John. 

sunka 1 N(Sp, Juana). 

sunka?, nld. Jane. 

sup N. 

sup, n4e. youngest child, runt /of litter/, inan. poss.; ssupil. 

supet N. 

supet k'ok', nphr(n of n)le. firebrand. 

sk'an ssupet k'ok'al. A firebrand is needed. 

supet te 1 ?, nphr(n type n)le. extinguished firebrand. 

supet toh, nphr(n type n)le. extinguished firebrand. 

supetal k'ok', nphr(natt & n)5. cf. supet k'ok'. 

supetal te^, nphr(natt & n)5. cf. supet ten. 

supetal toh, nphr(natt & n)5. cf. supet toh. 

sup' P. 

sup'ahtik, aj. with caps drooping (old mushrooms), bent in many places 

(blade). 

sup'an ba, rv. stand dumbly. 

sup'antik, aj. bent in many places (blade). 

sup'eah, iv. squash (hat, basket, can), bend (blade). 

sup'ean, tv. squash /hat, basket, can/, bend /blade/. 

sup'eanan, tv. bend in many places /blade, hat brim/. 

sup'et, av. walking with hat brim turned down /old hat/, stupid. 

sup'i, iv. be squashed flat (hat, basket, tin can). 

sup'k'ih, iv. cf. sup'eah. 

sup'k'in, tv. squash /hat, basket, can/, turn down /hat brim/, bend 

/blade/. 

sup'lah, av. walking with hat brims turned down. 

sup'lahetik, av. cf. sup'et (plu). 

sup'leh, nld. standing dumbly waiting. 

sup'son, av. walking with hat brim turned down, stupid.

S/T TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 327 

sup'sup', aj. with brim turned down (hat), with rim flattened (improperly 

made pot), squashed flat (hat, basket, can), splayed (end of crowbar). 

sup'tesup'te, av. walking about with hat brims turned down. 

sup'ul, aj. with brim turned down (hat), with flattened rim (pot), 

squashed flat (hat, basket, can), standing dumbly, screwed up (nose 

with anger), with cap drooping (old mushroom). 

sup'ulik, aj. cf. iup'ahtik. 

susub N. 

susuh, n5. whistle. 

susubah, iv. whistle a tune. 

susuhal, n3d. whistling. 

susubta, tv. whistle at. 

susubtaan, tv. whistle at /plu/. 

susubtavan, iv. whistle at person. 

hsusubahel, agn. whistler. 

hsusubtavaneh, agn. person who whistles at another. 

sut(l) P(2) or T(2). 

sut, tv. break into pieces /tortilla/. 

sut, nc. half /tortilla/, piece /fried egg or bread/. 

Polite speech; veân h-sutuk kot. Eat a half or so of my tortilla. 

sntahtik. aj. cf. sulul /plu/. 

sutan, tv. break into pieces /tortilla/. 

sutanan, tv. cf. sutan. 

sutansutan, tv. break one after another into pieces /tortillas/. 

sutansutanan. tv. cf. sitlansutan. 

sutbenal, n4f. place from which piece of tortilla has been torn. 

suteah, iv. break in half (tortilla that sticks to griddle). 

sutilan, tv. keep breaking into pieces /tortilla/. 

sutilanan, tv. keep breaking into pieces /tortilla/. 

sutlahet ta vah, vphrfav & prep & n5). cf. sutson ta vah (plu). 

sutleb, n4f. with piece torn off (tortilla). 

sutson ta vah, vphr(av & prep & n5). tearing tortilla into pieces (child). 

sutsut, nc. single half /tortilla/, single piece /fried egg, bread/ /I only/. 

sutubal, n3d. little finger. 

sutukil, n4f. many halves /tortilla/. 

sutul, aj. sitting (piece of tortilla). 

sutul vah, nphr(aj & n)ld. piece of tortilla. 

sutulik, aj. cf. sulul /plu/. 

siitulsutul, n4f. each of many halves /tortillas/, each of many pieces 

/bread, fried egg/. 

sut(2) N. 

sut, bean. cf. cenek'. 

sut(3) N. 

sut, n5. youngest of the three suns /in mythic times/. 

sutas N(Sp, Judas). 

sutas, nla. scarecrow, Judas effigy /hung on bell tower on Maundy 

Thursday, burnt at midnight on Holy Saturday/. 

sutas cihil le% cf. cihil to. 

suti N. 

suti, nla. river snail Pachychilus indiorum Morelet USNM 677631., cf. 

puy. 

sut' T. 

sut', tv. pinch /with fingers/. 

sut' ba, rv. pinch self, /with fingers/. 

sut' baik, rv. pinch each other /with fingers/. 

sut'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. pinching each other /with fingers/. 

sut'an, tv. pinch /plu/ /with fingers/. 

sut'anan, tv. cf. sut'an. 

sut'ansut'an, tv. pinch one after another /with fingers/. 

sut'ansut'anan, tv. cf. sut'ansut'an. 

sut'el, nc. pinch. 

sut'ilan, tv. keep pinching /with fingers/. 

sut'ilanan, tv. keep pinching /plu/ /with fingers/. 

sut'van, iv. pinch person /with fingers/. 

hsut'vaneh, agn. person who pinches another /with fingers/. 

suv P(2) or T(2). 

suvahtik, aj. sagging (baskets), bent in many places (blade). 

suvantik, aj. bent in many places (blade), sagging in many places (basket). 

suveah, iv. bend (hot blade). 

suvean, tv. dent /pail/, break /basket/. 

suvet it, vphr(av & n4d). grimacing /starting to cry/. 

suvetah, iv. grimace /starting to cry/. 

suvk'ih, iv. cf. suveah. 

suvk'in, tv. cf. suvean. 

suvlah, av. cf. suvuv (plu). 

suvlahet, av. cf. suvson (plu). 

suvlahet te, vphr(av & n4d). cf. suvet ne (plu). 

suvp'ih, iv. cf. suveah. 

suvp'in, tv. cf. suvean. 

suvson, av. falling apart, sagging when touched (old basket). 

suvsuv, aj. with one side flattened (rim of bowl, basket, pail). 

siivtesuvte oe, vphr(av & n4d). walking about grimacing. 

suvul, aj. sagging (basket), grimacing. 

suvulik, aj. cf. suvahtik. 

suvuv, av. collapsing (old basket), grimacing. 

suvuvet, av. falling apart, sagging when touched (old basket), grimacing 

/starting to cry/. 

suvit 

suvit, maggot, worm. cf. suit, 

svel N. 

svel, excl. exclamation of St. Sebastian players and ensign-bearers during 

fiestas. It purportedly means. It's fine., cf. laves. 

svet' 

svet', bean. cf. cenek'. 

t, among, as, at, before, by, from, in, to. cf. ta(1). 

t(2) 

t, will, shall, cf. ta(3). 

t(3) 

t, the, that, the fact that. cf. ti(l), 

ta(l) Pt. 

ta, prep, among, as, at, before, by, from, in, to. 

iyul ta vol. She returned from the well. 

hu-p'eh ta na. as big as a house. 

i?ay ta k'el-kai. He went to watch /his/ horses. 

mancuk mu sikusiotik ta bolom. If it were not for that, we would not 

survive /the attacks/ of the jaguars. 

vasakib ta mula. eight mule loads. 

bat ta pukuh. He was taken off by the devils. 

ta bik'it ta muk'. lit., for the small and the large, i.e., for everyone. 

ta takel ta nueel. lit., sent and chased /constable ordered to run 

errand/. 

lah ta yayihesel. He died from his wounds. 

tame ta ''uk'um. swept away by the river. 

ta bu no 90S k'alal. as much as possible, as much or as completely 

as you can imagine. 

t, prep(contr of ta). among, as, at, before, by, from, in, to. 

ta(2) T. 

ta, tv. reach, get, find, discover, happen, catch up to. 

ista lora. the time came to ... (or) He died. 

ista kavilto. It reached the town hall /dispute that could not be 

settled out of court/. 

t sasta k'ok'. The fire will reach you. 

ista svewl. He found his meal (or) It found its meal /i.e., predatory 

animal/. 

k'usi van sta ''o li ''oy t sic' milel hun vinik bae'i lek yoione. How 

could it happen that such a good man was killed? 

tael isk'an. He demanded matrilocal residence. 

staoh yav. It is unchanged (or) it is stalled.


stae ta na. She was found at home /by murderer or lover/. 

stae ta vinik. She was used by a man (or) She was raped. 

stae ta camel. He got sick. 

stae ta be. He was overtaken. 

nom sta. at wide intervals /in time or space/. 

htatik ?ol k'ak'al, totik. It is noon, sir /Formerly said customarily 

with appropriate bowing ritual when people were gathered together 

and noon bell struck. Now seldom said except among gathered office 

holders/. 

htatik ?orisyon, totik. It is dusk, sir. /cf. above/, 

ta baik, rv. meet each other. 

ta-bail ta vayel, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/5 & prep & vn5). accompanying 

each other at night /women, one of whose husbands is absent, child who 

accompanies single woman/, 

ta c'ut, vphr(tv // n). be full (person). 

ta ta ?utel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). scold, 

ta ta c'ic', vphr(tv & prep & n5). lit., find in the blood., i.e., discover by 

pulsing, 

ta ta na, vphr(tv & prep & n5). confront at one's house (drunk to shout 

insults at owner). 

ta ta na?el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). worship, 

taan, tv. reach, get or find /plu/. 

taanan, tv. cf. taan. 

taantaan, tv. get one after another. 

taantaan ta lute], vphr(tv & prep & vn5). scold one after another, 

taantaanan ta ?utel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. taantaan ta lutel. 

tael tael, nphr(vn5 & vn5). getting sick frequently, confronting frequently 

/drunk going to person's house to revile him/, 

taob, nlf. bucket, 

taobil, nlf. cf. taob. 

tatetate, av. walking about picking /large ears of corn/, walking about 

looking for best place to graze (sheep, horse). 

taulan ba, rv. undulate or writhe (snake). 

taulanan mul, vphr(tv & n4d). keep getting into trouble, 

taulanan ta 9utel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep scolding on many counts, 

tavan, iv. meet person. 

tavan 9a9i, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv). be bored with or tired of, be sick of, get on 

one's nerves. 

tavan saî ti camele. The sickness gets on his nerves. 

tavan sa'M 9abtel. He is bored with work. 

tavan sa?i labal sa9-k'op. He is sick of constant quarreling. 

tavan sa?i 9it'isanel li 7anee. The woman is tired of (his) jealousy. 

tavan ta vayel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). sleep together (woman or child who 

accompanies single woman at night). 

tavan vayel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn5). be unable to get to sleep, 

tavaneh, vn5. malrilocal residence, 

htavaneh ta na, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). murderer /who enters 

house/, 

htavaneh ta vayel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). child or woman who 

accompanies single woman at night, 

htavanel, agn. boy who goes to live matrilocally. 

mu tabah, ajphr(pt & aj). sold out, unattainable. 

mu tabah ie, vphr(pt & aj/pred/ & n4d). talk endlessly. 

ta(3) Pt. 

ta, pt. will, shall /form indicating incompletive aspect/. 

ta sibat. I will go. 

ta ka, vphr(pt & x). I thought I, he, etc. was not ... 

ta9 nos, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of ta & tonos/). still. 

tai nos sibat. I am still going, 

t, pt(contr of ta). shall, will. 

ta(4) 

ta, father, gentleman, sir. cf. tot(2). 

ta9(l) P. 

ta9a?et, av. straightening up back (person, horse with burden), gliding 

(snake). 

ta?ahtik, aj. sloping in several places. 

taial, aj. lying stretched out, immobile /face up, on side/. 

taâlik, aj. cf. taiahtik. 

ta'Jan komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave stretched out /log, corpse/. 

ta9anan, tv. set down many /logs, dead game/. 

taiet, av. straightening up back (person, mule with burden), sleeping, 

running along hillside (road), 

taêtik, av. cf. ta")et (plu). 

ta9i, iv. Ritual speech, patient when being confined to bed; immobile. 

t sipuc'i t sita?i. I lie, I lie immobile, 

tartahet, av. cf. tatton (plu). 

ta9lahetik, av. bedridden (plu). 

taolebal, n3d. Ritual speech, shaman referring to patient's bed; place 

where one lies face up. 

spuc'leb sta^leb ti yo hcamele ti yo hlahele. There where he lies, there 

where he lies face up, the lowly patient, the lowly invalid, 

taileh, nld. asleep, lying immobile, 

ta^tai, aj. sloping. 

ta?ton, av. immobile (patient), wriggling (grub, centipede, large caterpillar). 

ta9(2) I. 

taâh, iv. be ripe, be sufficiently cooked, be sufficiently baked (tortilla), 

taâhebal, n5. moment before being cooked or before being ripe, 

taâhes, tv. cook, ripen, 

taâhesan, tv. cook many. 

taiahesanbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). give black eyes to. 

ta'iahesbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). give black eye to. 

taâhesob, nlf. firewood, 

taâhesobil, nlf. cf. taiahesob. 

tai(3) X. 

taiet, av. fed up, exasperated. 

ta^lo, aj. That's enough /declining second serving of food/. 

ta'Ho wi, vphr(aj & tv). feel full, be fed up with, 

mu ta'rtuk ia.i'\, vphr(pt & aj & tv). be dissatisfied with. 

ta')(4) 

ta 1 ?, still, cf. ta(3). 

tab(l) N. 

tab, n5. horned guan Oreophasis derbianus. The horned guan is reported 

to have lived in Naben Cauk over fifty years ago before the forest was 

cut down. 

tab(2) N. 

tab-pat, n(x & ncpd)la. backstrap of backstrap loom, 

tab-patin, tv(x & ncpd). make into backstrap. 

tabolta, tv. have illegitimate child (woman), 

tabul, n4f. pack line, cinch that serves as tumpline. 

tabulta, tv. fasten and adjust on back /burden/. 

tabasko N(Sp, Tabasco), 

tabasko, n5. Tabasco. 

tae" P. 

tae"-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. swaybacked (horse, sheep), 

tae'ae', av. moving stretched out (snake), 

tae'ae'et, av. arching back (person) /with pain/. 

tae"ahtik, aj. cf. tae'al /plu/. 

taâl, aj. lying stretched out (dog, iguana, snake), large (cow), sagging 

(roof), swaybacked (horse, sheep), 

tae'alik, aj. cf. tae'ahtik. 

tae'an ba, rv. sag its back (mule rejecting buTden). 

tae"i, iv. lie stretched out (dog, iguana), be large (cow), 

tae'lah, av. walking with strong backs (mules), 

tae'luh, av. arching back suddenly (person with pain), sagging suddenly 

(balky mule), 

tae'tae', aj. lying stretched out (dog, iguana, snake), large (cow), sagging 

(roof), swaybacked (horse, sheep), 

tae'ton, av. lying moribund (person). 

tah(l) A. 

tah, aj. that, there. 

tah vinik tahe copol shol t ska9i tahe. I think that man is evil.

tah ta Hobele. there in San Cristobal, 

tan toe. over there /place not visible/. 

tah(2) prob I. 

tahimol, vn5. game, ball game. 

tahimol kelem, nphr(vn of n)5. cock fight. 

tahin, iv. play, frolic (child, dog, young animal), wrestle, fight, 

tahin k'esoli], vphr(iv & n3d). lit., His (etc.) substitute plays, i.e., The 

sacrificial chicken flops in its death agony. 

Ritual speech, shaman praying while sacrificial chicken flops in its 

death agony; t s"tahin ti yo sk'esole t stahin ti yo slok'ole, ti yo 1 

avalabe ti yo 1 anic'nabe. The lowly substitute of Thy humble 

child is playing, the lowly image of Thy humble child is playing. 

tahinebal, n3d. basketball court, hoop. 

tahinta, tv. ruin, torment (witch), take advantage of, wrestle, play with 

(dog). 

lek istahinta komel cobtik li ?ik' 7un a9a. The wind certainly laid 

waste to the corn field. 

lek t sistahinta li hkobele mu^nuk schilikon ta c'iel. The fucker is 

taking advantage of me; it isn't as if we grew up together. 

tahintaan, tv. play with /people/ (dog). 

htahimol. agn. player, child. 

htahintavaneh, agn. deceiver, 

tahcuc N. 

tahcuc, nla. scaly lentinus Lentinus iepideus, #2(1,3,5). Temperate and 

highland mushroom" It is toasted on the coals or boiled, seasoned 

with mexican tea. It is "cold". 

tahcucal k'aMe 1 ), nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). Lentinus sp., #150(3,4,5). 


taiv N. 

taiv, nle. frost, ice. 

•)ik'al taiv, nphr(aj & n)5. killing frost that is not visible. 

tak(l) T. 

tak, tv. send to person /greetings, letter/, summon. 

tak baik, rv. send each other off, separate (husband and wife when 

unhappy together), 

tak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. sending each other off, separation /husband 

and wife when unhappy together/. 

tak ta laid, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). send person to notify another, 

tak ta •Jik'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). summon /send constable to bring 

person to town hall/. 

tak ta k'anel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). summon /send constable to bring 

person to town hall/, 

takan, tv. send or summon /plu/. 

takanan, tv. cf. takan. 

takantakan, tv. send or summon one after another, 

takantakanan, tv. cf. takantakan. 

tak ha la I vinik, nphr(aj & n)ld. person assigned to communal labor, 

takel, nc. summoning, ordering to leave, 

taket, av. summoning, sending, 

taklahetik, av. cf. taket (plu). 

takton, av. summoning, ordering, sending, 

takulan, tv. keep sending or summoning, 

takulanan, tv. keep sending or summoning /plu/. 

takulanvan, iv. keep summoning person, 

takvan, iv. send person /on mission or errand/, 

takvan ta •nk'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). send constable to bring person 

/to town hall/. 

takvan ta k'anel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). send constable to bring person 

/to town hall/. 

takvan ta mantal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). summon person, 

htakbalal, agn. person sent on an errand, 

htakel, agn. constable. 

Use restricted to; htakel hnueel. lit., the sent one, the chased one, i.e., 

constable. 

htakulanvaneh, agn. person who sends another repeatedly, 

htakvaneh, agn. person who sends another. 


329 

tak'i, tv. send, order, summon. 

tak(2) A. 

taki , n(aj & ncpd)5. bony, fleshless - - /chicken, hen, rooster, 

dog, cat, sow, mule/, 

taki-balamil, n(aj & ncpd)5. dry land. 

taki-biean, aj(aj & Pcpd). stretched out (sleeping person, dry excrement), 

taki-trinan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). dried up (fruit), firmly fixed (post 

that cannot be budged). 

taki-camel, n(aj & vncpd)5. sickness that causes person to become fleshless, 

taki-c'ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). dried up (food whose juice has been evaporated 

by overcooking). 

taki-havan, aj(aj & Pcpd). dehydrated and immobile (drunk, sick child) 

taki-lah, iv(aj & ivcpd). become emaciated, 

taki-lukan, aj(aj & Pcpd). bony, emaciated (person, animal), 

taki-moc'an, aj(aj & P P/2/cpd)., stale and curled up (tortilla), dry and 

curled up (leaf, bean pod). 

taki-pecan, aj(aj & P P/2/cpd)., stale and curled up at the edges (tortilla). 

taki-p'ilan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). furry (mouth with thirst), bone 

dry (well). 

taki-seran, aj(aj & Ucpd). dry and worn (leather), 

taki-sot'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). dried up (fruit), 

taki-sit'an, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). rigid (corpse, dead animal), 

taki-sotan, aj(aj & P P/2/, T/2/cpd)., emaciated, bony (person, animal), 

taki-sot'an, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). emaciated, bony (person, animal), 

taki-to, n(aj & ncpd)5. dry wood. 

taki-tWil, n(aj & ncpd)5. thirst, 

taki-vah, n(aj & ncpd)5. stale tortilla. 

taki-vecan, aj(aj & Pcpd). curled up and dried out (mushroom), 

taki-votan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). leathery (burnt flesh), 

taki-yeman, aj(aj & P P/2/cpd)., dried out (large pile of human excrement), 

takih, iv. dry out (clothes, wood), dry (meat smoked over fire or dried in 

sun in lowlands), dry off (person), 

takih tii, vphr(iv & n4d). be thirsty, 

takihebal, n5. moment before drying out. 

takihes, tv. dry /clothes, wood, meat/, 

takihes ba, rv. dry (clothes on person), 

takihesan, tv. dry a lot of /clothes, wood/, 

takihesanan, tv. cf. takihesan. 

takihesob, nlf. mat for drying corn or beans, 

takihesobil, nlf. cf. takihesob. 

takin, n4e. scab, dryness of earth. 

mu h-p'ehuk stakinal. There is not a dry spot /on clothes soaked by 

rain/. 

takin, aj. dry. 

takintik, aj. rather dry. 

taktetakte cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with narrow hips (ugly 

woman). 

tako N(Sp, taco). 

tako, nla. henequen wad for shot. 

takopal N. 

takopal, nib. body /person, horse, sheep, cow, pig/, principal /money/, 

var., takupal. 

lek nat stakopal. lit., Its body is good and long i.e., It is good-sized 

(horse, cow, pig). 

lek hamal stakopal. lit., Its body is good and wide, i.e., It has a good 

growth of wool. 

takupal 

takupal, body, principal, cf. takopal. 

tak' T. 

tak', tv. answer, reply, 

tak', tv. be able, be possible. 

stak' t sibat. I can go. 

mu satak' iiinel. You aren't good company, 

tak' krasya, vphr(tv & n5). return thanks (ritual tutors to ensign-bearers,


stewards, elders when kissing rosaries of ritual tutors), 

tak'an, tv. answer or reply to /plu/. 

tak'antak'an, tv. give one answer after another, 

tak'av, iv. answer. 

tol t stak'av ave. You sass too much. 

tak'be ">e, vphr(tv & n4d). answer back (person) /call of bird/. 

tak'be rason, vphr(tv & n4d). follow person's advice. 

tak'ob krasya, nphr(nlf of n). cane liquor served when ritual tutor is 

greeted. 

tak'obil krasya, nphr(nlf of n5). cf. tak'ob krasya. 

tak'tik, tv/3s/. be rather easy. 

tak'ulan, tv. keep answering. 

tak'ulananbe, tv. keep replying many times. 

htak'avel, agn. lit., answerer, i.e., official counselor, cf. tolil meMl. 

tak'an 

tak'an, ripeness, cf. tok'on. 

tak'in N. 

tak'in, nla. money, metal, bell. 

hun tak'in. real /twelve and 1/2 cents/. 

cib tak'in. twenty cents. 

lahuneb tak'in. one peso and 20 cents. 

tak'in 9antivo, nphr(n of n)5. 'ancestor's money', brown-backed solitaire 

Myadestes obscurus. cf. ora mut, Oorisyon mut. 

tak'in cikinil, nphr(n4e of n3d). earring, 

tak'in nae"il, nphr(n4e of n3d). coin on necklace, 

tak'in p'in, nphr(n type n)ld. enamelware pot, cauldron, 

tak'inah, iv. make profit /from sales/. 

tal I. 

tal, iv. come, arrive /here/. 

t stal sa k'ak'al. The sun has risen. 

ta stal kastiko. /Divine/ punishment will fall, 

tal, dr. auxiliary verb expressing motion towards or back, 

talebal, n5. moment of arrival. 

talebal sa li vow. The rainy season is about to begin. 

talel, vnlb. soul/cWe//, custom. 

ta stalel ta slikel. lit., from the arrival, from the beginning, i.e., 

according to custom. 

talel, dr. auxiliary verb expressing motion towards or back, 

talel batel, nphr(vn & vn)5. reciprocal visiting. 

talel talel, nphr(vnlb & vnlb). arriving frequently /orders, visitors/, returning 

frequently /pain/. 

tales Cartel cu?, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). cause milk to flow, 

tales w?on, vphr(tv & n4d). Ritual speech, lit. return one's heart, i.e., 

reform, cf. tales c'ulel. 

tales c'ulel, vphr(tv & n4d). awaken /another person/, bring understanding 

(godfather, wedding godfather), come to, become responsible, 

act maturely. Ritual speech, prayer; return one's soul. 

talesbon i hc'ulele talesbon i koone kahval. Return my soul for 

me, return my heart for me, My Lord, i.e., Reform me. 

istales sc'ulel hyakubel. The drunk came to. 

lik stales sc'ulel •mn lik scan 9abtel. He began to act maturely; he 

began to learn how to work, 

talesan c'ulel, vphr(tv & n4d) awaken /plu/. 

talesob cu?ul e^lel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'milk inducing plant', 

Gnaphalium sp., #2579(21,22). Temperate plant", 

talesobil wlel cu 1 ), nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n4d/). rue tea drunk to cause 

woman's milk to flow. 

talesobil w>on, nphr(n4f of n5). religious office, 

talesobi] c'ulel, nphr(n4f of n5). religious office. 

taltal, iv. approach slightly, return slightly (soul), awaken a bit (soul), 

taltaltik, iv. approach slightly, return slightly (soul), awaken a bit (soul), 

taltetalte, av. coming one after another (bowls of corn gruel), 

talulan, iv. keep coming or returning. 

?ik'al talel, nphr(aj & n)ld. persistence of evil habits, 

yihil ?ik'al talel, nphr(aj & aj & n)ld. persistence of evil habits into old 

age. 

ta taltik, xphr(prep & x). right away. 

talah N. 

talah, nle. antlion. cf. âraro. var., stalah. 

tam T. 

tarn, tv. lift, pick up, take, begin, get /sickness/, deliver /midwife delivering 

newborn child/. 

istam sa be. He mended his ways. 

mu satam sokon b"e. Don't be irresponsible. 

lek tuk' stam be. He is responsible. 

istam tuk' be li ka"?e. The mule kept to the path. 

istam yok. He journeyed a great distance (or) He died. 

Polite speech; htamban yo hsir I am taking my lowly firewood first. 

istam sa ve">el. He began to eat /solids/ (baby, patient). 

istam ta •'ac" li k'ope. The dispute was renewed. 

sui satam ec'el stuk h-p'eh nos li be Ii9e. You can continue on this 

same path, it has no turnoffs. 

tam ba, rv. pick oneself up (drunk), get back on one's feet (patient), gain 

influence. 

istam sba hsa9-k'opetik. The troublemakers gained influence, 

tam baik, rv. escort each other. 

tam-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. escorting each other /elders escorting ensignbearers 

to the Chapel of Our Lord of Esqui'pulas/. 

tam be, vphr(tv // n). set out, take to the road, 

tama, tv. acquire, get. 

istama wra bi. He died, 

taman, tv. take or lift /plu/. 

taman, aj. too widely spaced (plants, teeth), sparse (corn, plants, hair, 

pubic hair, trees), 

tamanan, tv. cf. taman. 

tamantaman, tv. pick up one thing after another (wife taking her possessions 

home to her parents, robber), 

tamantamanan, tv. cf. tamantaman. 

tamantik, aj. too widely spaced, sparse. 

tambalal, n4d. midwife's child /person who was delivered by particular 

midwife/. 

tambalal , nphr(n type n)ld. object that has been picked up somewhere. 

tambalal 9unen. illegitimate child. 

tambe , vphr(tv & iv). begin 

tambe ''anil, vphr(tv & n5). begin running. 

tambe 7ik' ?ok, vphr(tv & nphr/n4e of n4d/). follow the scent of. 

tambe lok'el, vphr(tv & vn5). begin crying. 

tambe TOV, vphr(tv & n5). begin shouting. 

tambe hatbal, vphr(tv & n5). begin fleeing. 

tambe sanbal, vphr(tv & n5). begin journeying. 

tamebal, n5. moment before taking /chaplet to church/. 

tamel, nc. trip made to escort person /1-3/. 

tamet ec'el, vphr(av & dr). being depleted rapidly (money, corn). 

tamkan, aj. sparse (pubic hair, corn plants). 

tamkantik, aj. sparse. 

tamlah, av. walking in sudden staggering spurts (drunk) (sing). 

tamlahetik, av. cf. tamton (plu). 

tamluh, av. flouncing out (wife running home to parents). 

tamobil, n4f. gift accompanying request for shaman's presence. 

tamolah, iv. deliver (midwife), scratch (chicken). 

tamtetamte, av. being depleted, running out of time and again (money, 

corn). 

tamton, av. picking up many things, 

tamulan, tv. keep picking up, lifting or taking, 

tamulan baik, rv. keep escorting each other. 

tamulanobil, n4f. cane liquor for escorting religious officials repeatedly, 

tamvan, iv. escort person (elders escorting entering ensign-bearers to the 

Chapel of Lord Esqui'pulas). 

tamvan ta âk'ot, vphr(iv & prep & n4d). escort person to dance (ritual 

tutor escorting incoming and outgoing stewards when steward enters, or 

escorting steward when his coffer is honored, wedding godfather es-

corting wedding guests, ritual tutor and incense-tenders of the stewards 

of Our Lady of the Rosary escorting steward of Voi-bie). 

tamvan ta •mtel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). approach and revile. 

htam-hîlol, agn(tv & agncpd). person who escorts shaman to house of 

patient and escorts him home. 

htam s"utul vah, agn: vphr(tv & nphr/n of n/5). lit., person who takes a 

piece of tortilla, i.e., incapable person who eats another's food (ritual 

assistant, scribe). 

htamlahel ta camel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). convalescent. 

htamol, agn. midwife. 

htamvaneh, agn. person who escorts another (elders escorting ensignbearers 

to the Chapel of Lord Esqui'pulas). 

htamvaneh ta lak'ot, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). ritual tutor, etc., 

who escorts people to dance. 

htamvaneh ta •mtel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who constantly 

reviles others. 

mu tambah, ajphr(pt & aj). not picked up or loaned, never picked up or 

loaned, impossible to pick up or loan. 

mu tambanah, ajphr(pt & aj). cf. mu tambah. 

toh tamlahel, nphr(aj & vn)5. just take off (corpse) /to cemetery/, just get 

on one's feet (patient). 

tamaliT N(N, tamalli). 

tamahi, nla. tamale /pork tamales are presented by the stewards to the 

sacristans on Pentecost/. 

tamarin N(Sp, tamarindo). 

tamarin, nla. tamarind Tamarindus indica, #861(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"tree" It is grown by ladinos, in their yards. The pits are planted in 

the rainy season. The fruit is used by ladinos for cold beverages. It is 

soaked in sweetened water. It is "cold". As a remedy for dysentery 

the fruit is brewed. The tea is medium" 

tanipn N(Sp, tambo). 

tampo, nla. oil drum. 

tampnl N(Sp, tambor). 

tampol, nla. drum. The head of the drum is made of dog or deer skin, 

var., lampor, trampol. 

tampolero N(Sp, tamborero). 

htampolero, agn. drummer. 

tamper 

tamper, drum. cf. tampol. 

tan(l) N. 

tan, nla. lime, ashes, inan. poss.; pollen. 

Ritual speech, prayer; yo tanon yo pukukon. I am but lowly ashes, 

I am but lowly dust. 

tan-?akan, n(aj & ncpd)5. ashen-legged /person who does not wash legs, 

buzzard, boat-tailed grackle/. 

tan-iok, n(aj & ncpd)5. ashen-legged /person who does not wash legs, 

buzzard, boat-tailed grackle/. 

tan 9us, cf. "Jus. 

tan tfrfteX, nphr(aj & n). 'gray plant', nettle-leaved goose foot Chenopodium 

murale, #2391(3,4,20). Highland "plant" (20)-It is eaten, boiled, 

as greens. It is "cold". It is sold at market, sun rose Helianlhemum 

glomeralum, #1394(9), #2348(19). Highland "plant", verbene Verbena 

littoralis, #2249(19). Highland "plant" hocarpha oppositifolia, 

#2817(3,4,5). Lowland "plant" 

tan e'ul Titan, cf. e'ul "Jitah. 

tan ka?, nphr(n of n). 'horse's ash ?', tick clover Desmodium skinneri, 

#432(1,2). Temperate "tree". The trunk is used for firewood. The bark 

is applied to wounds. It is 'medium", tick clover Desmodium chiapense, 

#1554(1,3,11,12). Lowland, temperate, and highland "plant" 

#2120(1,7,11,14). Temperate "tree". #2308(3,4,19). Temperate 

"plant", tick clover Desmodium orbiculare, #1829(15,16), 

# 1929(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate "tree". (I6)-It is eaten by horses, tick 

clover Desmodium maxonii, #2956(1), Highland "tree", 

"rit'is tan ka?, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/). tick clover Desmodium maxonii, 

#2532(1,4). Temperate plant", It is eaten by sheep and horses, 

tick clover Desmodium amplifolium, #2910(16). Temperate "plant". 


331 

It is eaten by sheep. 

k'os tan ka 1 ?, nphr(aj & nphr/n of a/), tick clover Desmodium maxonii, 

#2532(21,22). Temperate plant" #2956(16). Temperate "tree" 

It is eaten by mules and sheep. 

muk'ta tan ka 1 ), nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). tick clover Desmodium ampli/olium, 

#2447(1). Highland "tree" #2525(1,4,21,22). Temperate 

"tree". #2910(1,3). Temperate "plant" 

tan ka? Tak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Nissolia Jruticosa, 


tan-mukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). covered with ashes (cat, woman's skirt), 

gray (smoky hill, bank), ashen /from sickness/, covered with dust, covered 

with pollen. 

tan pos, nphr(n type n)la. sun rose Helianlhemum glomeralum, 

#394(1,2,3,5), #1394(1,3), #2348(3,4). Highland "plant" As a remedy 

for diarrhea, a handful of sun roses is brewed together with st. 

John's wort. The tea is "hot". As a remedy for "white" dysentery the 

plant is brewed. The tea is medium". As a remedy for bloody dysentery, 

the plant is crushed in cold water. A small cup is drunk. It is 

"medium". For other medicinal uses, cf. eiepos. 

muk'ta tan pos, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Krameria revoluta, 


tan pos e^lel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). see below. 

muk'ta tan pos e'iilel, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). Lithospermum 

distichum, #1427(7). Highland "plant" 

tan puk, nphr(n & n)5. corn or beans scattered around the house /by 

chickens/. 

tan-salan, aj(aj & Acpd). ashen (face of child who has lost mother), dry 

and scaly (skin, bark). 

tan-saran, aj(aj & Ucpd). dry and scaly (skin, bark), ashen (face of child 

who has lost mother). 

tan sat, nphr(aj & n)5. Chamula carnival figure, cf. ma's. 

tanal, aj. ashen (face of sick person). 

tanal makom, cf. inakom. 

tanan tal, vphrfav & dr). approaching in scattered group. 

tananet, av. scattering (children, sparks), spilling (corn, lime, blood), 

falling lightly (drizzle). 

tanet k'oplal, vphr(av & n4f). spreading gossip. 

tanetah, iv, spill, scatter. 

tanetik ta 9anil, vphr(av & prep & vn5). scattering and running. 

tani, tv. plant /corn, beans/, scatter, distribute (religious official distributing 

food). 

Ritual speech, prayer; ta htani ta hpuki ti yo 1 asohobale ti yo 1 

anak'obale. I strew Thy lordly sunbeams, I scatter Thy holy shade, 

i.e., I exhaust my corn supply rapidly. 

tani ba, rv. scatter (sheep, people). 

tanian, tv. scatter a lot of /corn, beans/. 

tanianan, tv. cf. Ionian. 

tanih, iv. spill (corn, beans, potatoes, nixtamal, wool), overflow (water). 

tanihes, tv. spread /gossip/. 

tanil vo 1 ), nphr(aj & n)la. lime water /for nixtamal/. 

taniltik, aj. scattered. 

taniob, nlf. old mat or basket used to discard rubbish. 

taniobil, nlf. cf. taniob. 

tanlah tal, vphr(av & dr). approaching in scattered group. 

tanlahet, av. scattering (children playing). 

tanlahetik, av. cf. tanlahet. 

tanluh, av. spilling or scattering suddenly. 

tantan, aj. ashen (face of sick person). 

tantetante ta ânil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running about. 

tanton ei'el, vphr(av & dr). leaving and taking nothing (wife returning to 

parent's home). 

tanub, iv. become ashen, become an orphan. 

tanubtas, tv. make ashen (sickness, buzzard that has rock thrown at it). 

tanubtasvan, iv. make person ashen (sickness, buzzard that has rock 

thrown at it). 

htanubtasvaneh, agn. sickness that makes person ashen, buzzard thought


to make person turn ashen if he throws a rock at it. 

tan(2) 

tan, tooth, stone, cf. ton(l). 

tana N. 

tana, n5. today, now /future time within same day/. 

tana, excl. sure!, certainly! 

tanhero A(Sp, extranjero). 

tanhero, aj. foreign, imported, introduced, var., tranhero. 

tanhero 9asaluna, cf. 'asaluna. 

tanhero ?is-ak\ cf. 'ris-ak'. 

tanhero atom, cf. citoin. 

tanhero havas, cf. cenek'. 

tanhero kaslan, cf. kaslan. 

tanhero luk 1 , cf. luk'. 

tanhero maneana, cf. maneana. 

tanhero vakas, cf. vakas. 

tanke N(Sp, tanque). 

tanke, nle. swimming pool, water tank. 

tapaho N(Sp, tapaojo). 

tapaho, nla. horse blinders, horse whip. 

tararan N. 

tararan, nle. turkey vulture Cathartes aura. cf. eahal hoi sulem. 

taria N(Sp, tarea). 

taria, nld. unit of work. Male joking speech; twelve acts of intercourse 

a night /said to be demanded by some wives/. For hoeing: 2 x 20 arm 

spans if land is unbroken, 5 x 10 arm spans if land has been hoed 

previously. For weeding; 5 x 20 arm spans. For planting; a day's 

work /the amount of corn seeded varies according to desire of workers/. 

taro N(Sp, tarro). 

taro, n. common bamboo . See below. 

taroaltik, n5. large bamboo grove. 

tarotik, n5. bamboo grove. 

k'anal taro, nphr(aj & n). common bamboo Bambusa vulgaris, 

#324(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" 

tas(l) T(2). 

tas, tv. pick out of, take out of, remove from container /ear of corn, 

chayote, stopper/, take off /tortilla from griddle/, pull out /branches 

from fence/, remove solid from liquid. 

tas-îk'i, tv(tv & ncpd). sniff the air, breathe in (person who has fainted). 

tasal, aj. hanging out (tongue of rabid dog or dead rabbit). 

tasan, tv. spoon out /plu/, take off /tortillas/. 

tasanan, tv. cf. tasan. 

tasantasan, tv. spoon out one after another, take off one after another 

/tortillas from griddle/. 

tasantasanan, tv. cf. tasantasan. 

tasaset, av. flicking (snake's tongue). 

taset, av. untucked (woman's blouse), flicking (snake's tongue). 

taslali, av. panting (plu). 

taslahet, av. spooning out, pulling out /food/, panting (animals). 

taslahetik, av. panting, spooning out, pulling out /food/, panting (people). 

tasob, nlf. spoon used to lift food out of boiling water so that it can be 

picked up in the hand. 

tasobil, nlf. cf. tasob. 

tastas, aj. hanging out (tongue of rabid dog or dead rabbit). 

taston, av. panting and gasping (person V4: 4), spooning out, pulling out 

/food/ (child), panting with tongue hanging out (dog), heaving (mule). 

Male joking speech; drawing out /penis/. 

tasulan, tv. keep picking out of, taking out of or removing from container 

/ear of corn, etc./, keep taking off /tortillas from griddle/, 

keep pulling out /branches from fence/. 

tasulanan, tv. keep pulling out many /branches from fence/. 

tasulanbe, tv. keep drawing out /penis from vagina/. 

tas(2) N. 

tas cak ?ol, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4d of n4d/). diaper. 

tas cak 9unen, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4d of n5/). diaper. 

tas ka% nphr(nld of nld). saddle blanket. 

tasil, nla. cloth lain on top of straw mat to serve as mattress, cloth placed 

between burden and back to prevent chafing. 

tasa N(Sp, tasa). 

tasa, nla. metal cup, metal bowl for measuring corn /1.67 metric liters/. 

tasa boc, nphr(n type n)la. metal cup. 

tasalul N. >• 

tasalul, n4d. way of life, customs. 

tasus N(Sp, tasajo), 

tasus, nla. jerked beef. 

tat(l) 

tat, mud, thickness, cf. tot(l). 

tat(2) 

tat, gentleman, father, sir. cf. tot(2). 

taval Pt. 

taval, pt. later. 

taval to t sibat. I am going later. 

Female speech, mother telling child to wait; taval tana, later! 

Farewell speech, people of Von-bie and Cobtik ; taval to me. (See 

you) later! 

tavarnako N(Sp, tabernaculo). 

tavarnako, nle. tabernacle /box in which saint's image is carried on 

visits/. 

laves E. 

taves, excl. Exclamation of players at fiesta of St. Sebastian and of ensignbearers 

during fiestas. It purportedly means, It's fine - a corruption of 

esta bueno. 

tavlon N(Sp, tablon). 

tavlon, nla. plot of land 100 x 25 arm spans or 50 x 50 arm spans, or land 

on which 1 liter of seed corn can be planted. 

lay 

tay, height, cf. toy. 

tc N. 

te, n5. then, there, var., tey. 

te t sibat. I am going then. 

te ta Hobel. It is there in San Cristobal. 

te sa mu teuk ti ko9one. I was distraught (or) I was upset, 

te ta yoTOn. It is harbored in his heart /resentment/. 

tek, n(contr of te & -uk)5. alright, agreed. 

tete, n5. continuing. 

tetetik, n5. there is a lttle. 

teuk, n5. alright, agreed. 

tei(l) N. 

to, nlf. tree /woody plant that can be used for firewood/, billy, staff of 

office, walking stick, stick, wodden quarter measure /kwarca tei/. inan. 

poss.; steêl. 

te 1 ), nc. stick /4 only/. 

can-to mok. fence with four horizontal bars. 

tei-'Jak', n(aj & ncpd). 'woody vine' or 'stiff vine', jack bean Canavalia 

glabra, #2158(14). Temperate "vine". Hiraea reclinata, #817(1,2,3,5). 

Lowland "vine" Chodanthuspuberulus, #1584(1,3). Temperate 'vine". 

Heteropteris beecheyana, # 1642(14). Lowland and temperate "Vine". 

Petastelma patelliferum, #2631(15). Lowland "vine". Gouania 

pofygama, #2812(11,12). Lowland vine" Antigonon flavescens, 

#2645(15). Lowland "vine". Quassia amara, #1295(8). Lowland "vine". 

Adenocalymna calderonii), #2649(21). Lowland "vine". The 

fruit is edible. It is sold in Acala, Chiapa, and San Cristobal. It is 

"cold" 

eahal te7-'»ak', nphr(aj & n). Heteropteris beecheyana, #2623(1,3). 

Lowland "vine". 

sakil te?-?ak', nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). Combretum fruticosum, 

#197(1,2,3,4,5). Lowland "vine" Petastelma patelliferum, 

#2631(1,3). Lowland vine". 

te? ?alak\ nphr(nlf of n4d). chicken roost.

to bolom, nphr(n of n)5. jaguar tree of St. Sebastian fiesta. 

te9 bolom, cf. bolom. 

to kaslan, nphr(nlf of n5). chicken roost. 

te? la, cf. la. 

to limon, cf. Union. 

to nuk'ul, nphr(nlf of n3d). neckbone. 

tei-pat c'um, cf. cum. 

te9an komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave stretched out and immobile /murder 

victim/. 

toel, n4f. tree, stick. 

toel, nc. unit of dry measure; three units are equivalent to one and 1/2 

fanegas, five units are equivalent to two and 1/2 fanegas. /3,5 only/. 

nom toel yakan. He is keeping out of arm's reach (or) He is keeping 

his distance. 

toel , nphr(nlf of nld). tree /orange, lime, lemon, gourd, 

avocado, etc./. 

te?el 9akanil, nphr(nlf of n3d). leg bone. 

teiel lalampre, nphr(nlf of nld). fence post /of barbed wire fence/. 

toel 9elamonis, cf. 'elarnoiiis. 

te->el ">uli9, nphr(nlf of nld). forked stick /slingshot/. 

toel 9uli9, nphr(n of n)5. lowland rubber tree. 

tewl -)ut, nphr(n4f of n4f). sounding post /fiddle/. 

teiel cenek'ul vah, nphr(n 1 f of nphr/n type n/1 d). pieces of wood placed 

in pot to separate layers of tamales. 

teiel c'ohon tak'in, nphr(n of nphr/n type n/)5. telephone post. 

te7e] kantela, nphr(nlf of nld). stick to which new candles are bound to 

keep them from breaking when being transported. 

tool lima, cf. lima. 

teiel marimpa, cf., marimpa. 

teoel na, nphr(nlf of nld). rafter. 

teiel pisil vah, nphr(nlf of nphr/aj & n/ld). sticks placed in pot to 

separate layers of tamales. 

toel pisalal, nphr(nlf of n3d). palm woven into hat for reinforcement. 

toel pom, nphr(natt & n)le. wood incense. 

toel trampol, nphr(nlf of nld). drumstick. 

toel vob, nphr(nlf of nld). peg of stringed instrument. 

te^lal, nib. felled trees, cleared field /before or after burning/. 

teilal k'ahben, nphr(n of n)ld. field that has been cleared the previous 

year. 

teilaltik, n5. expanse of felled trees, cleared field /before or after burning/. 

toleh, nlf. lying stretched out and immobile (sleeping person). 

tenik, n5. forest, also used to refer to Pat tOsil, £ekh Tohiik. 

totikal cih, cf. cih. 

totikal citom, cf. citom. 

totikal con, nphr(n att & n)5. forest animal, hamlet dweller. 

teitikal c'oliv, cf. c'oliv. 

totikal kantela cenek', cf. cenek'. 

totikal mako, cf. make. 

totikal papaya, cf. papaya. 

totikal po9on, cf. powin. 

teitikil 9unen mu, cf. ?unen mu. 

totikil cih, cf. cih. 

totikil citom, cf. citom. 

te?tikil con, nphr(n att & n)5. cf. totikal con. 

te9tik.il mako9, cf. inakio. 

totikil petok, cf. petok. 

totikil potov, cf. potov. 

teitikil tuis", cf. tuis. 

htotikahel, agn. person coming from, going to, or in woods for the 

purpose of gathering patient's "flowers" 

ste9-pat, cf. cenek'. 

to(2) P. 

to ba, rv. become rigid (corpse, penis). 

te?-einan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). hard (banana that will not ripen, 

penis), stuck (axe), constipated, unable to urinate, immobile (foetus that 


333 

won't descend). 

te9-pat, n(aj &. ncpd)5. hard-skinned (cushaw, beans), 

to-sik'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). stiff (penis, canvas, mud-covered clothing), 

te^-vak'an, aj(aj & Xcpd). stiff (clothing with dried blood, hair with resin). 

tOahtik, aj. stiff (leather). 

toahtik 'Jakan, nphr(aj & n4d). keeping out of arm's reach /chicken/, 

toan ba, rv. become rigid (corpse). 

teêah, iv. become rigid (penis), 

tew, av. becoming erect (penis). 

te9Oet, av. erect (penis), 

teêl, aj. rigid, stiff (neck), unable to be bended (leg, arm), stretched out 

stiffly (drunk). 

toel imil, nphr(aj & n3d). erect penis, 

toet, av. strolling happily or healthily, being held erect, erect (penis). 

stc>et sne e"ir The dog is holding its tail erect. 

hun yoon steiet ta k'in li mole. The gentleman is strolling about 

happily at the fiesta, 

teietah, iv. walk vigorously, 

toetik, av. use restricted to; hun yoion steietik: They are walking about 

idly. 

teoi, iv. be rigid (leg, penis), 

toin, tv. own trees, own staff of office, 

teilah, av. walking erectly and strongly (people, mules), 

tolahet, av. use restricted to; hunyoton steiiahet: They are walking about 

idly. 

tellahetik, av. cf. leilahet. 

teiluh, av. becoming rigid suddenly (leg). 

teTOm, nle. warp. 

tenet, aj. rigid, stiff (arm, leg), tough (cabbage). 

te'>tete''te, & v - walking about vigorously. 

teuton, av. walking stiff-legged, walking vigorously, striding, stepping out. 

te'mb, iv. become rigid (penis), 

toubtas, tv. stiffen /penis/. 

te'Hibtasvan, iv. stiffen person's penis (peanuts when eaten). 

tec' P. 

tec'-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. matted-haired, 

tec'ahtik, aj. matted (wool, dog's or sheep's coat), 

tec'an, tv. set down in tangle /wool/. 

tec'an ba, rv. become matted (wool, woman's hair), 

tee'eah, iv. become matted (wool, woman's hair). 

tee'ec", aj. matted, snarled (hair), 

tec'ec'ub, iv. become matted (wool, woman's hair), 

tec'el, aj. matted (wool), 

tee'elik, aj. cf. tec'ahtik. 

tee'et, av. lying matted and abandoned (wool), 

tec'i, iv. be matted (wool, woman's hair), 

tee'leh, nlf. matted. 

tec'tei', aj. matted (wool, woman's hair), 

tec'ton, av. hard (wood that grips axe head), snarled, matted. 

te£'ub, iv. become matted (wool, woman's hair). 

tek(l) X. 

tek, nc. brood of chicks, 

tek-lumal, n(x & ncpd)4d. town, 

tekeket, av. walking (brood of chicks). 

teket, av. walking (brood of chicks), 

tektetekte, av. walking about (brood of chicks). 

hhtek-lum, agn(x & nepd). inhabitant'of Zinacantan Center, 

hhtek-lumahel, agn. person going to, at or coming from Zinacantan Center. 

htek-lum, n(x & ncpd)5. Zinacantan Center. 

tek(2) N. 

tekuh, iv. become infected (wound, broken bone), 

tekun, tv. infect /wound, broken bone/. 

mu hk'an t skuc' yuûn tol stekun hcamel. 1 don't want to drink, it 

will bring on my sickness. /Even though people appear well they


always consider themselves to be slightly sick/. 

tekun ba, rv. become infected (wound, broken bone), 

tekunvan, iv. cause person to become infected /wound, broken bone/. 

htekunvaneh, agn. person who steps on another's sore and causes it to 

become infected. 

tek(3) 

tek, alright, agreed, cf. te(l). 

tek' P(2). 

tek', tv. step on. Ritual speech, prayer; step. 

ta htek' ta hsan ti canib syalemal avokik ti canib syalemal ak'obik. I 

will step, I will walk to Thy four thresholds. Thy four altars. 

tek', nc. plant, tree, vine, etc.. 

h-tek' ta te? snatil. He is as tall as a tree, 

tek', nc. stamp, pace. 

tek' 9ok, vphr(tv // n). stamp (person, deer). 

tek' tak'in, vphr(tv & n5). announce date for collection of money (principals). 

tek' tohol kompisyon, vphr(tv & nphr/n of n/5). announce date for 

collection of money for confessions (elders and sacristans for Holy 

Week). 

tek' tohol limusna, vphr(tv & nphr/n of n/5). announce date for collection 

of money for each of three year renewal ceremonies (elders and 

special money collector). 

tek' tohol maystro, vphr(tv & nphr/n of agn/5). announce date for collection 

of money for school teachers (principals). 

tek' tohol misa sibak, vphr: tv & nphr(n of nphr/n of n/5). announce 

date for collection of money to pay priest and to pay for rockets (elders 

and scribes for fiesta of St. Sebastian, St. Lawrence, Our Lady of 

the Rosary, Fourth Friday of Lent). 

tek' tohol musika, vphr(tv & nphr/n of n/5). announce date for collection 

of money for band (fiesta committee member). 

tek'ah, iv. copulate (rooster), 

tek'ahtik, aj. standing (trees, plants, etc.). 

tek'an, tv. step on /plu/ (mule flattening corn field). 

tek'an, tv. set down, plant /plant/. 

yec istek'an scob. He just planted his corn field /without weeding 

it/. 

tek'an ba, rv. stand firm, defend or stand up for (lawyer). 

Ritual speech, prayer referring to the tutelary gods; mi svaân to 

sba mi stek'an to sea. Will They still stand erect, will They still stand 

firm? 

tek'an komel, vphr(tv & dr). Ritual speech, oath of office; leave standing 

firmly, cf. vaian komel. 

tek'anan, tv. step on /plu/. 

tek'antek'an, tv. step on one after another /cultivated plants/. 

tek'antek'anan, tv. cf. tek'antek'an. 

tek'antik, aj. widely spaced (plants, trees, vines or corn plants), 

tek'be eot, vphr(tv & n4d). stomp on person, 

tek'be na, vphr(tv & n4d). enter person's house. 

mu sa htek'be sna. I will not step foot in his house anymore. 

tek'ek', av. about to tread on (rooster on hen), 

tek'ek'et, av. spurting far (blood, diarrhea), heavy (downpour), 

tek'el, nc. pace, step, 

tek'el, aj. standing (plant, tree, vine, grass, etc.). 

tek'el ta yo")on (or) tek'el ta me 1 ) vinik (or) tek'el ta be c'ic'. guarded 

in on's heart forever /wrong done to person/. 

tek'el toh, nphr(aj

I only/. 

teltel, aj. long (face, house, young boy's tunic, cushaw), rectangular, 

teltetelte, av. walking about with long tunic or tail, striding about, 

telton, av. striding, stepping out, walking vigorously, twitching or thrashing 

/in death spasm or epileptic fit/. 

telulan ba, rv. thrash or kick wildly (child, drunk, prisoner, epileptic). 

htelom, agn. healthy person. 

teles N(Sp, Andres), 

teles, nld. Andrew, Reese. 

teles, nld. jesus christ lizard Bassiliscus vittatus. cf. st'er. It is edible, but 

eating it is thought to prevent one's corn field from growing. It is "hot" 

tem(l) N. 

tern, nla. bed, litter /for corpse/. 

sternal te"?al kaslan. chicken roost, 

tem, nib. platform for tamales /sticks put in pot/. 

tem(2) P, T(2). 

tem ba ?abtel, vphr(rv/3s/ & n4d). have work pile up. 

tem ba mulil, vphr(rv/3s/ & n4d). pile up (guilt, sins), 

temahtik, aj. piled up, accumulated (work), 

teman, tv. make large pile of /corn stubble, weeds/, put large burden on 

/mule/. 

teman ba holobil, vphr(rv/3s/ & n4d). accumulate weaving /to be done/, 

temanbe labtel, vphr(tv & n4d). load with work, 

temanobil, n4f. place for setting down large pile. 

temel, aj. in large pile (corn stubble, weeds), accumulated (work). 

Ritual speech, curing prayer; mu me k'u yepal temel tal mu me k'u 

yepal but'ul tal. They are not piled high, they are not heaped up 

/offerings/. 

temem ec'el, vphr(av & dr). piling out (people from house), 

temet, av. piled up and unable to be finished (work). 

temet ec'el, vphr(av & dr). piling out (people from house). 

tempic N. 

tempic, n. wild chili, cf. ">ic. 

tempis N(Sp, tempixtle from N, tentli pixtli). 

lempis, n. Dendropanax arboreus, #304(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" The 

trunk is used for fieldhouse mainposts, for fence posts, cattle corrals, 

and firewood, 

•rit'is tempis, nphr(n4f of n5). Trichilia sp., #3010(1,4,5). Lowland 

"tree" The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. 

tempran A(Sp, temprano). 

tempran ?ic, n. wild chili, cf. ic. 

ten T(2). 

ten, tv. throw, throw at, throw away, beat /metal/, pound /tobacco leaves 

into powder, wool being fulled, house or fence posts being fixed securely/, 

tamp /gunpowder in blasting iron/. 

•?a li preserentee isten komel ta h-moh scotleb. The magistrate renounced 

his post permanently. 

isten ta yo?on (or) isten ta spat shol. He forgot it completely. 

Polite speech; teno t ave h-e'uhuk. Drink a little! 

Ritual speech, prayer; mu me satenon mu me sac'ayon. Do not 

throw me away, do not discard me. 

ten, iv. be pounded or tamped, 

len, nla. corn bin. 

ten, nc. In reference to; trip, coitus, 

ten tisim ?uc, nphr(n4e of nphr/n of n/). 'opossum's corn bin', fairy-purse 

Cyathus sp., #187(1,4,7). Highland "mushroom" 

ten ?uc, nphr(n4d of n5). 'opossum's corn bin', Stachys coccinea, 


ten ba, rv. become matted (wool) or accumulated (work), throw self /on 

ground/, give up. 

isten sba ta yakubel. He turned to drink, 

ten baik, rv. throw each other, 

ten-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. throwing each other. 

ten hoi, nphr(nlf of nlf). roof crest. 

ten-hol pos, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'matted hair medicine', white 

lantana Lantana achyranthifolia, #1840(15,16). Temperate "plant". 


335 

(16)-As a remedy for diarrhea, a bunch is brewed. One cup of the tea 

is drunk. It is medium" 

tenahtik, aj. cf. tenel. 

tenan, tv. pound or throw /plu/. 

tenanan, tv. cf. tenan. 

tenantenan, tv. pound or throw one after another, 

tenantenanan, tv. cf. tenantenan. 

tenantik, aj. having infrequent sexual relations, 

tenav cakil, nphr(nlf of n3d). hipbone, 

tenbalal, aj. hand-forged. 

tenbil bek'et, nphr(aj & n)5. chopped or ground meat, 

teneah, iv. become tightly matted (wool). 

tenebal, n5. moment before finishing pounding /gunpowder, wool/, 

tenel, nc. throw /I-3/. 

tenel, aj. matted (wool), accumulated (work), 

tenel to, nphr(aj & n)la. board, 

tenel te?al na, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. pole plate, 

tenelik, aj. tightly matted (wool), 

tenet, av. tightly matted (wool), 

tenlahet, av. cf. tenton (plu). 

tenlahetik, av. cf. tenton (plu). 

tenleh, n4f. flat meadow, 

tenlehtik, n4f. broad and flat meadow. 

tenob(l), nld. rock, etc., that is thrown. 

tenob(2), nlf. mallet used for tamping gunpowder, one of three thatch 

poles of roof crest, sledgehammer, block on which tobacco is pounded, 

rock used to full wool, 

tenobah, iv. throw at, stone, 

tenobal, n5. thrown rock, etc. 

tenobil, nlf. cf. tenob(2). 

tenobta, tv. throw at /stone, stick/ /to attract attention of girl, to shoo 

mule/, 

tenobta baik, rv. throw at each other /stones or sticks to attract each 

other's attention/. 

tenobtaan, tv. throw /stones at mule to scare it off/, 

tenobtavan, iv. throw at person /stick or stone to attract girl's attention/, 

tenteh, n4f. flat meadow, 

tentehtik, n4f. broad and flat meadow, 

tenten, aj. thick (salya hobel, tenten hobel), matted (wool), 

tenton, av. throwing stones, 

tenu, tv. hide under /blanket, rock/, give person heavy burden, take 

lodging, bury, 

tenub, iv. become runty, 

tenulan, tv. tamp /gunpowder in blasting iron/, pound /tobacco leaves, 

wool being fulled/. 

tenuobil, n4f. rock or blanket, etc., under which thing is hidden, 

tenvan, iv. throw at person, 

hten-kamaro, agn(tv & ncpd). mortarman or cannoneer /person who 

tamps gunpowder in blasting iron and explodes it/, 

hten-mut, agn(tv & ncpd). person who hunts birds with stones or slingshot 

/boy/. 

hten-tak'in, agn(tv & ncpd). blacksmith, 

hten-vun, agn(tv & ncpd). constable or principal who delivers notice of 

appointment to office. 

htenvaneh, agn. person who throws object at another, 

stentehal eie, cf. eie. 

teneun N(N, tentzon). 

teneun, n5. supernatural evil goat, 

teneun, n. 'goat', Ruellia inundata, #2801(11), Lowland "plant". 

k'os teneun, nphr(aj & n). Loeselia glandulosa, #281(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"plant", 

teneun e"i?lel, nphr(n type n). Ruellia inundata, #2863(14). Lowland 

"plant", 

teneun pos, nphr(n type n). 'goat medicine', Ruellia inundata, 

#180(1,2,3,5), #2801(3,4,5). Lowland "plant". #2863(1,4). Temperate 

"plant" As a remedy for "wind", three stems are brewed or bruised


in cold water. The tea or water is drunk two or three times. It is 

"hot" 

tenesa N(Sp, tinaja). 

tenesa, nla. water storage jar. 

tenpic N. 

tenpic, n. wild chili, cf. 9ic. 

tes X. 

teseset, av. scattering (chicks). 

testeteste, av. circulating /in veins/ (injection), walking about (brood of 

chickens). 

tesorero N(Sp, tesorero). 

tesorero, agn. treasurer /of town, church committee, or ejido committee/. 

tesa N(Sp, teja). 

tesa, nla. tile. 

tesail na, nphr(natt & n)5. tile-roofed house. 

teseres N(Sp, tijeras). 

teseres, nla. scissors, shears, claw /crab/. 

tey 

tey, then, there, cf. te. 

ti(l) X. 

titih, iv. become untied, open (corn tassel), 

t s'titih sc'ut. His sash came undone. 

t stitih hu-huntik. A very few are in flower /twelfth developmental 

stage of corn, also called hlilihel sa, t siilih hu-huntik or htitihel sa/. 

titihebal, n5. moment before becoming untied, moment before opening 

(com tassels). 

titin, tv. untie. 

Ritual speech, shaman praying for release of patient who has been 

sold to the earth; titinbon tal ti yo yak'ile ti yo sc'ahnule. Untie for 

me his lowly cords, his lowly rope. 

titin ba, rv. free self, untie one's bonds. 

titinan, tv. untie /plu/. 

titinanan, tv. cf. titinan. 

ti'tinti'tin, tv. untie one after another. 

trtintitinan, tv. cf. titintitin. 

ti'tintitrhanan, tv. cf. titintitin. 

titinvan, iv. untie person. 

tituh, iv. become untied, open. 

titun, tv. untie. 

titun ba, rv. free self, untie one's bonds. 

titunvan, iv. untie person. 

htitihel, agn. corn in flower. 

htitihel sa. The com is in flower now /twelfth developmental stage 

of com, also called hlilihel sa, t siilih hu-huntik or / stitih hu-huntik/. 

ti(2) Pt. 

ti, pt. the, that, the fact that /object or action not presently seen, expresses 

spatial or temporal distance/. 

ha9 9o ti k'al labate. It was at the time when you went. 

ti mi t sabate t sibat -mk. If you go, I will go too. 

mu sasut tal ti mi mu sata avoel te yo9e. Don't return unless you 

are fed there. 

atuk vinikot ti t savale. You think only you are a man. 

ti9n, pt(contr of ti & yu7un). if, if it is because. 

t, pt(contr of ti). the, the fact that. 

ti?(l) T. 

ti 1 ), tv. eat /meat, fish, beans, chili, tomato, mushroom, snail, grub/, peck, 

bite, burn (sun). 

til ba, rv. eat, peck at /fleas, lice, ticks on body/. 

stiTOh sba ye. His jaws are closed (corpse). 

ti 1 ) nukul, vphr(tv & n5). get a whipping (child, dog). 

ti9an, tv. eat a lot. 

tilanan, tv. peck or bite /plu/. 

ti'9anti'9an, tv. bite one after another (bitch attacking her puppies), peck 

one after another (hen attacking her chicks). 

ti'7anti'ianan, tv. cf. tinan&ian. 

tpbalal eukum, cf. eukum. 

ti"?ben, n4f. sore /caused by sandal/. 

ttfben , nphr(n of n)5. bite or sting /dog, snake, flea, 

mosquito, wasp/. A snake bite is said to be cured by biting the snake 

three times, by cauterizing the wound or by drinking a tea of Cissampelos 

pareira. 

ti-Jben lukum, nphr(n of n)5. sore on bottom of toe /suffered by children/. 

ti'Jbenal, n4f. sore /caused by sandal/, 

tribol, nla. meat, 

tiwl, nc. bite, peck. 

diet 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). feeling sharp chest pain, furious, enraged, 

tiêt hoi, vphr(av & n4d). furious, enraged, 

trietah hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). have headache, 

tim tal hoi, vphr(av & dr & n4d). flaring up in anger, 

tiwet, av. feeling burning pain /in chest/. 

ti9lahet, av. feeling pains throughout body /sign of impending murder/, 

tplahet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). cf. timon hoi (plu). 

mlahetik, av. furious, hostile /when many creditors come to ask for 

money/ (plu). 

ti'iluh, av. feeling sudden pain /in chest, cut in leg/. 

ti'9luh hoi, vphr(av & n4d). flaring up with anger. 

tiTOl, n5. unhappiness leading to sickness /caused by mistreatment or 

loneliness/. 

tholah, iv. become dispirited, depressed, dejected or discouraged (person 

working alone, sheep, chicken or horse that is mistreated). 

iti9olah mu sk'an s?abteh. He was depressed; he didn't want to work, 

t sti9olah ti stuk 9iktabil ta 9olon 9osile. He is in low spirits over being 

left alone in the lowlands. 

t sti9olah li 9unen ti mi cam sciiile. A baby is disconsolate if its 

sibling dies. 

t sti9olah ti mi tol t sic' mahel. She is dejected when she gets a lot 

of beatings. 

t sti9olah ta holob. She is discouraged about the weaving. 

t sti9olah ta labal 9utel. She is depressed over the constant scoldings. 

ti9olta ba, rv. be dispirited, depressed, dejected or discouraged (child who 

is overworked, mule or sheep that is mistreated), 

yec t sti9olta sba ta yabtel yu9n c'ah. He is dispirited in his (religious) 

office because he is lazy. 

t sti9olta sba ti mi mu S9ec' ta h-mek yu9un camele. One gets depressed 

if the sickness never ends. 

isti9olta sba li labal k'opetik. He was discouraged over the constant 

quarrels. 

ti9oltaan baik, rv. become disconsolate (children who are overworked or 

mules or sheep that are mistreated). 

ti9oltaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. disconsolation. 

ti9oltik, aj. disconsolate and lonely. 

ti9ovah, iv. sell to the earth lord. 

ti9teti'9te hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about grumpily. 

ti9ton, av. eating (witch). 

sti9ton Ssep'son. eating, gnawing /witch/. 

ti9ton hoi, vphr(av & n4d). furious, enraged. 

ti?ulan, tv. keep pecking (chicken pecking its lice), keep biting (dog biting 

its fleas), keep annoying. 

ti9ulanan, tv. keep annoying many. 

ti9van, iv. bite, bark at, peck or sting person, burn person (sun), chafe 

(sandals), harm baby (pregnant mother), harm person (new house that 

has not received offering). 

ti9van 9o9on, vphr(iv & n4d). have sharp chest pains. 

ti9van ta c'ulel, vphr(iv & prep & n4d). molest person in his dreams. 

hti9-9anima, agn(tv & ncpd). necrophagous person /former times/. 

hti9-9unen, agn(tv & ncpd). pregnant woman whose foetus harms other 

babies/, 

hti^-coy, agn(tv & ncpd). 'fish-eater', belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon. cf. 

heak-coy. 

hti9-puy, agn(tv & ncpd). Venus, cf. mol k'anal.


hti9-sip, agn(tv & ncpd). 'tick-eater', groove-billed ani Crotophaga sulcirostris. 

cf. e"ok-nn mut /Naben Cauk/. 

hth-sip mut, agn(vphr/tv & n5/ type n)5. cf. htii-sip. 

hti'aval con, nphr(agn & n)5. coyote, cf. lok'il. 

htiwl, agn. lonely or unhappy person, mule or sheep. 

htiTOval con, nphr(agn & n)5. coyote, cf. tok'il. 

hti9vaneh, agn. person who sells another to earth lord, biting dog, crazy 

person who bites another. 

titi-?, n5. Baby talk; meat, fish. 

tb(2) N. 

ti") , nphr(n of n)5. edge /cliff, ravine, river, forest, market, town/, 

shore /ocean/. 

ta til c'enal ikom. lit., He stayed on the edge of the grave, i.e., He 

nearly died, 

ti? ?a?al, nphr(n4f of n4d). edge of well or spring, entrance to well /if 

fenced/. 

ti9 ?o9onil, nphr(nlf of n3d). chest, 

til ba vakas, nphr(nphr/n of n/ of n). 'cow's forehead', Daelyloctenium 

aegyplium, #1309(8). Lowland "plant" 

tif bail, nphr(n of n)3d. forehead, 

li? be, nphr(nlf of nld). gate, stile, 

ti? cak, nphr(nlf of nld). anus. 

ti?-cak, n(n & ncpd)5. stupid. 

ti9 koral, nphr(nlf of nld). entrance to corral. 

ti9 k'ok', nphr(nlf of nld). fireside. 

ti9 na, nphr(nlf of nld). door, doorway, entrance, front yard. 

ti9 vo?, nphr(n of n)5. edge of well or spring, entrance to well /if fenced/. 

ti9ih, iv. complete work /hoeing and felling of trees only/. Ritual speech, 

prayer; speak. 

ti?il, nlf. hem, outskirts, edge, border, 

toil, n3b. edge, rim, border, entrance. Ritual speech, prayer; lips. 

ha9 me yo ketikotik ha9 me yo hti9tikotik. so /say/ our mouths, so 

/say/ our lips. 

tiiilah, iv. complete work /hoeing and felling of trees only/. 

tr>iltas, tv. complete work to end of land /felling trees and hoeing only/. 

ti'iltasan, tv. complete work to end of land in many places /felling trees, 

hoeing/. 

ti'?i]ti9il , nphr(n of n)5. along edge of /road, tile roof, cliff, ravine/. 

ti9in, tv. Ritual speech, petitioner to parents of prospective bride; speak. 

t sahk'opon, t sahti9in. I talk to you, I speak to you. 

ti9in baik, rv. Ritual speech, magistrate to disputants; speak. 

k'opono abaik, ti9ino abaik. Talk to each other. Speak to each other. 

ti9ineh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. Ritual speech, members of fiance's and 

fiancee's families to each other when visiting on fiesta; conversation, 

k'oponeh-bail, ti9ineh-bail. discourse, conversation. 

ti9ti? , nphr(n of n)5. along edge of /river, forest, ravine, fence/, 

on outskirts of. 

ti9(3) N. 

ti?, n5. hairy woodpecker Dendrocopus villosus, woodcreeper /unidentified/. 

Hairy woodpeckers and woodcreepers are thought to be the 

messengers of witches, but if they are killed they can be roasted and 

eaten. They are "medium" 

tic' prob P or P(2). 

tic'ahtik, aj. cf. lic'il /plu/. 

tic'il, aj. on the brink (tree on cliff edge), 

tic'ilik, aj. cf. lic'il /plu/. 

tih P, P(2), T(2). 

tih, tv. play /musical instrument/, waken, beat /weft/, drive /mules, 

sheep/, flush by shouting /deer/, knock on /door/, cause to bleed 

/nose/, poke, ring /bell/. 

istih vinik. The /principal/ summoned the men. 

tih, iv. play /fiddle, etc./, ring /bell/. 

stih sa misa. The bells are ringing for mass. 

stih 9ol k'ak'al. The noon bell is ringing. 

tih, nc. ring, hour /archaic/, 

tih ba, rv. clank (bottles), ring (bell in earthquake). 

337 

tih baik, rv. poke each other /awake/, knock on each other's doors 

/religious officials so that they will assemble/, 

tih-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. poking each other /awake/, 

tih ta 9alel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). mention by name, 

tih tak'in, vphr(iv & n4e). ring bell to announce /mass, death, arrival of 

priest/, 

tih vob, vphr(iv & n4e). play music for /dead person at wake/, inan. poss. 

of vob; svabal. 

tihahtik, aj. right behind /spatially/. 

tihan, tv. stab, have follow behind, 

tihan, tv. waken /plu/, play /musical instruments/, 

tihan ta 9e, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). touch to lips /glass, gourd, etc./. 

tihanan, tv. poke /logs into fire/, 

tihanbe bala, vphr(tv & n5). shoot at close range, 

tihanbe hoi balamil, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). sell person to earth lord 

in many places, 

tihantihan, tv. waken one after another, poke one after another /logs into 

fire/. 

tihantihanan, tv. cf. tihantihan. 

tihbe 9anil, vphr(tv & n5). sprint, 

tihbe ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). walk or run away. 

tihbe hoi balamil, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). sell person to earth lord, 

tihbe yalel, vphr(tv & dr). fell /tree/, 

tihbil, aj. feeling weak or sick, awakened by poking, 

tiheah, iv. approach (fiesta, entrance into religious office), become too 

thick to clear (weeds), 

tihel, n4f. beating /weft/. 

tihel, nc. beating /weft/, ringing /bell/, driving out /mule/, poking 

/drunk/. 

tihet, av. walking right behind, tagging along, 

tihetah, iv. walk directly behind (assistant who receives cane liquor for 

religious official), 

tihetik, av. cf. tihet (plu). 

tihi, iv. follow behind, 

tihil, n5. permission /occurs usually in negative phrases/. 

muk' bu tihil sapas yec. You do not have permission to do that, 

tihil, aj. right behind, close to /spatially/, just before or right on the dot 

/temporally/, complete /neither too much nor too little/, 

tihil t sbat li tak'ine. The money is completely used up. 

tihil mae'al 9o. tightfitting. 

tihilik, aj. close to /spatially/, 

tihiltihil, aj. rather close to /spatially/. 

tihlah, av. walking to request favor (group of people, fiance's petitioners), 

tihlahet, av. walking to request favor (group of people, fiance's petitioners). 

tihlahetik, av. cf. tihlahet. 

tihlebal, n5. drastic depletion, right afterwards, barely sufficient amount, 

tihleta, tv. follow close behind. 

tihletavan, iv. follow close behind person (dog, devil, person), 

tihluh, av. hitting suddenly, 

tihob, nlf. switch. 

tihob tak'in, nphr(n of n)5. bell tower, 

tihob tampol, nphr(nlf of nld). drumstick, 

tihob t'ent'en, nphr(nlf of n5). drumstick for teponaxtli. 

tihobil, nlf. cf. tihob. 

tihobil tampol, nphr(nlf of nld). cf. tihob lampol. 

tihobil t'ent'en, nphr(nlf of n5). cf. tihob t'ent'en. 

tiholah, iv. flush /deer/, 

tiholta, tv. flush /deer/, being depleted rapidly or running out (money, 

corn), 

tihtetihte, av. going from one /house/ to another /to ask favor/, walking 

along right behind person, 

tihtih, aj. exhausted /funds, corn supply/. 

tihton, av. appearing time and again /to request favor/. 

tihulan, tv. keep playing /musical instrument/, waken /person/, keep 

knocking on /door/.


tihulan baik, rv. keep poking each other (husband and wife in bed). 

tihulan vayelil, vphr(tv & vn5). keep others awake. 

tihulanan vayelil, vphr(tv & n5). keep awake /plu/. 

tihulanbe hoi balamil, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). keep selling people to 

earth lord. 

tihvan, iv. poke or waken person. 

htih- , agn(tv & ncpd). player /fiddle, drum, etc./. 

htih-?ok, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /each of two boys who 

play turtle shell drums on Christmas Eve/. 

htih-tak'in, agn(tv & ncpd). bell ringer /each of two boys who ring church 

bell/. 

htihletavaneh, agn. person who follows close behind another. 

htihol, agn. beater /person who shouts at deer/. 

htihvaneh, agn. person who pokes another. 

mu tihbah hoi, vphr(pt & aj/pred/ & n4d). be evil or angry (person, 

wasp). 

tik(l) X. 

tikik, av. stumbling, staggering. 

tiklah, av. cf. tikik (sing or plu). 

tiklahet, av. stumbling, staggering, toddling (plu). 

tiklahetik, av. cf. tiklahet (plu). 

tiktetikte, av. stumbling, staggering or toddling about. 

tik(2) O. 

tikiket, av. calling baby chicks (hen). 

tiklahet, av. cf. tikton (plu). 

tiklahetik, av. cf. tikton (plu). 

nktetikte, av. walking about calling baby chicks (person). 

tiktik, n5. Baby talk; chick, hen. 

tiktikta, tv. call baby chicks. 

tiktiktik, onom. call used for baby chicks. 

tikton, av. calling baby chicks (person). 

tikulan, tv. keep calling baby chicks (person). 

tikre N(Sp, tigre). 

tikre, n5. jaguar, jaguarundi, ocelot, margay. cf. bolom. 

tik' P(2). 

tik\ tv. put in or stick in /object/, corral. 

mu satik' ta e'en asat. lit., Don't put your eyes in a hole, i.e., Don't 

overlook the obvious /man with loose wife/. 

Denunciatory speech, person accusing shaman before magistrate of 

witching him; tik'on t acak tik'on t avat. Stick me up your ass, stick 

me up your penis (or) vagina. 

Scolding speech, father or mother to child who has been scolded 

and does not dare to enter house; la? ?ocan tik' acak. Come in, 

stick your ass in. 

Scolding speech, referring to Chamula laborer who refuses to eat 

food offered to him and flees home, or to wife who abandons 

home; mu sk'an stik' scak. He doesn't want to stick it up his ass. 

tik' ba, rv. interfere, become involved in, get in the act. 

tik'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. pushing each other in /water, etc./. 

tik' k'ak'al, vphr(tv & n4d). inform on. 

tik' k'op, vphr(tv & n5). inform on. 

tik' rios ta won, vphr(tv & n5 & prep & n4d). worship. 

tik' tuk', vphr(tv & n4d). load a gun. 

tik'ahtik, aj. cf. tik'il /plu/. 

tik'an, tv. put or stick in /plu/. 

tik'an baik, rv. interfere with many people's affairs. 

lik'anan, tv. cf. tik'an. 

tik'anan baik, tv. cf. tik'an baik. 

tik'ananbe k'ak'al, vphr(tv & n4b). set fire to /plu/, inform on many 

people. 

tik'ananbe k'op, vphr(tv & n5). criticize /plu/. 

tik'ananbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). implicate /plu/. 

tik'ananbe ta sat, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). expose a person to his face on 

many counts. 

tik'anbe ia9lel, vphr(tv & n4f). irrigate /plu/. 

tik'anbe k'ak'al, vphr(tv & n4b). set fire to /plu/, inform on many people. 

tik'anbe k'op, vphr(tv & n5). criticize /plu/. 

tik'anbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). implicate /plu/. 

tik'anbe ta sat, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). expose a person to his face on 

many counts. 

tik'antik'an, tv. stick one after another in. 

tik'antik'anan, tv. cf. tik'antik'an. 

tik'antik'an k'op, vphr(tv &tn5). inform on one person after another. 

tik'antikanan k'op , vphr(tv & n5). cf. tik'antik'an k'op. 

tik'antik'anbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). implicate one person after another. 

tik'antik'ananbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. tik'antik'anbe mul. 

tik'antik'anbe ta sat, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). expose one person after 

another to his face. 

tik'antik'ananbe ta sat, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). cf. tik'antik'anbe ta sat. 

tik'be mallei, vphr(tv & n5). irrigate. 

tik'be bala, vphr(tv & n5). fire at. 

tik'be kanyon, vphr(tv & n5). shell. 

tik'be k'ak'al, vphr((tv & n4d). inform on. 

listik'be hk'ak'al. He informed on me. 

tik'be k'op, vphr(tv & n5). give meddlesome advice to, influence, sway, 

ba stik'be k'op preserente. He goes to influence the magistrate, 

tol stik'be k'op seeb ti mi nupunem sae. She keeps giving meddlesome 

advice to her daughter after she is married. 

tik'be mul, vphr(tv & n4d). inform against. 

tik'be rios ta loTOn, vphr(tv & n5 & prep & n4d). persuade another to 

reconsider. 

tik'be ta sat, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). accuse to one's face. 

tik'eah ocel, vphr(iv & dr). be moved in (boundary marker), be undermined. 

tik'ean ocel, vphr(tv & dr). move in /boundary marker/, undermine. 

tik'ebal, n5. moment before putting in /chaplet in bag/. 

tik'el, nc. sticking or putting inside. 

tik'et, av. carried inside /bag, etc./ while walking, involved, walking 

about inside. 

tik'etik, av. cf. tik'et (plu). 

tik'i, iv. be put inside /jail/. 

tik'il, aj. be inside. 

tik'ilik, aj. cf. tik'il /plu/. 

tik'lahetik ta k'op, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. tik'lon ta k'op (plu). 

tik'leh, n4d. inside /animal in yard/. 

tik'luh, av. slipping in suddenly (armadillo in burrow), falling in suddenly 

/well/. 

tik'ob, nlf. tortilla bag. 

tik'obil, nlf. cf. tik'ob. 

tik'p'uh ocel, vphr(iv & dr). be undermined. 

tik'p'un ocel, vphr(tv & dr). undermine. 

ttk'tetik'te, av. walking about with /object inside bag, etc./, entering one 

/cantina, house, yard/ after another. 

tik'ton ta k'op, vphr(av & prep & n5). involved in argument or legal 

dispute. 

tik'ulan, tv. keeping sticking in. 

istik'ulan yot. He put his toasted tortillas in /a bag/. 

tik'ulan ba, rv. keep interfering or involving self. 

tik'ulan k'op, vphr(tv & n5). keep informing on /maldoer/. 

tik'ulanan k'op, vphr(tv & n5). keep informing on many times. 

tik'ulanan ta k'ok', vphr(iv & prep & n5). keep falsely implicating another. 

tik'ulananbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). keep informing on many times. 

t'ik'ulananbe ta sat, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). keep exposing to one's face 

many times. 

tik'van, iv. put person in /jail/. 

tik'van ta k'ok', vphr(iv & prep & n5). implicate person falsely. 

htik'-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). person who implicates another. 

htik'ulanvaneh ta k'ok, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who keeps 

falsely implicating others. 

htik'vaneh ta k'ok, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who falsely 

implicates another.

tii(i) I. 

til, iv. catch fire, burn /with fever, but less than mulul ta k'ok'/. 

t stil mas smul. He is more deeply implicated. 

t stil sa me ssanav. He walked well dressed (or) with healthy appearance. 

tileb k'ok, nphrfnlf of nld). kindling. 

tiles, tv. light /fire/. 

tiles k'op, vphr(tv & n5). cause an argument to become heated. 

tilesbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). implicate. 

tilesob, nlf. kindling. 

tilesobil, nlf. cf. tilesob. 

tilil, av. glowing in motion. 

tillahet, av. glowing in several places. 

tilton, av. glowing. 

ta(2) x. 

tikah, iv. unravel (rope). 

tilean, tv. unravel /rope/. 

tilc'uh, iv. break (arm, leg), go awry (discussion, aim), fall. 

tilc'un, tv. break /arm, leg/, cause to go awry /discussion, aim/, make 

fall. 

tilc'un ba, rv. fall. 

tilebal, n3d. broken pot in which spindles are stored, 

tilet, av. coming unrolled (thread, woven palm), unravelling, 

tililet, av. coming unrolled (thread, woven palm), unravelling, 

tilk'uh, iv. come undone, unravel (rope), grow apart (broken bone). 

tUk'un, tv. undo, unravel /rope/, cause to grow apart /broken bone/, 

tillahet, av. coming unrolled (thread, woven palm), unravelling, 

tilluh, av. unravelling or unrolling suddenly, 

tilp'uh, iv. cf. tilk'uh. 

tilp'un, tv. cf. tilk'un. 

tilp'un ba, rv. unravel, 

tilp'unan, tv. unravel /ropes/, 

tilp'unanan, tv. cf. tilp'unan. 

tiltetilte. av. unravelling or unrolling here and there. 

til, Martin, cf. maltil. 

tilil N. 

tilil, nla. rapanea Rapanea juergensenii, #514(1,2,3). Highland "tree". 

The shoots are a basic ingredient of "flower water , for bathing patients, 

sacrificial chickens, and stewards' coffers. They are used to 

adorn a patient's ceremonial bed. A bundle of rapanea is required to 

mark the processional path on the Fourth Friday of Lent and during 

Holy Week. Two small bundles are required to decorate the schoolhouse 

pillars on Independence Day. They are provided by men appointed 

by the magistrate, who have failed to do their communal labor. 

The constables provide two small bundles to decorate the court 

house pillars on New Year's. The senior steward of Our Lady of the 

Rosary provides one bundle to decorate the side chapel of the Church 

of St. Lawrence on the fiesta of Our Lady of Guadalupe. On each 

occasion pine and wax myrtle tops are gathered also. 

tililtik, n5. expanse of rapanea. 

?it'is tilil, nphr(n4f of n5). mexican tea bush Ternstroemia tepezapote, 

#434(1,2,5). Temperate and highland "tree". It is used for firewood. 

#1891(1). Highland "tree" #2581(1). Temperate "tree". 

tim(D P, P(2). 

tim, nc. rope or wire stretched taut. 

tim ba, rv. balk (mule). 

tim-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. stiff-faced (girl). 

timahtik, aj. cf. timil /plu/. 

timan, tv. tie /loom to post/, tether, stretch /rope between two points/. 

timan ba, rv. balk (mule, pig, sheep, dog), become drawn (face). 

timanan, tv. tether /plu/. 

timanob, n I f. place where loom or mule is tied, post or tree to which loom 

or mule is tied, rope to tie loom or tether mule. 

timanobil, nlf. cf. timanob. 

tirnantunan, tv. tether one after another, fasten one after another at both 


339 

ends /rope, wire/. 

ti'manti'manan, tv. cf. timantiman. 

timanvan ta lil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). make person become indebted. 

timbe , vphr(tv & n5). part /with knife or machete/, whip, shoot 

/with bullet/. 

timeah, iv. become caught (cord for measuring property, halter) /in 

bushes/, become stiff (muscles). 

timel, aj. drawn (face). 

timet, av. straining (tethered mule or sheep trying to break loose), drawn 

(face of drunk), in place (tumpline), dragging on (legal case). 

timetah, iv. pull (mule). 

timetik, av. cf. timet (plu). 

timi, iv. be tied (loom to post), be tethered, be stretched (rope between 

two points). 

timil, aj. tied, tethered, stretched, drawn (face of drunk), in place (tumpline). 

timil ta 9iL in debt. 

timilik, aj. prominent (veins or muscles of old person). 

limilik ssat ta lubel. Their faces are drawn with exhaustion (sick 

people). 

ti'milti'mil, n4f. each of many tethered mules. 

timimet, av. pulling painfully (tumpline). 

timlah, av. striding (plu). 

timlahet, av. straining (tethered mule or sheep trying to break loose). 

timleh, nlf. tied, drawn (face). 

timluh, av. stretching taut suddenly (rope, skirt that is stepped on inadvertently). 

timp'uh, iv. become drawn (face with age). 

ti'mtetimte, av. striding about, tethering in one place after another. 

timtim, nc. single stretch of rope or wire fastened at both ends /I only/. 

timtim, aj. stretched taut (rope), wrinkled (face). 

timton, av. striding, balking, stiff (muscles), tied (loom). 

stimton sc'elop ta 9abtel. lit., His ribs are tied to work, i.e., He is 

working hard. 

limulaii, tv. pull taut. 

timulan ba, rv. keep balking, keep striding in vain /wasting one's time and 

effort walking from place to place/, beating /wefts/. 

tim(2) prob O. 

timimet, av. tonking (marimba). 

timton, av. tonking (marimba EKL 255: 2-14). 

timpre(l) N(Sp, timbre). 

timpre, nle. stamp /revenue stamp for deed, postage stamp/. 

timpre(2) N(Sp, timbre). 

timbre.n. prairie acacia Acacia anguslissima, #2139(11,12). Fortanning 

hides, the bark is ground and placed under the hides in a trough. The 

hides are covered with more bark and allowed to soak for eight days. 

tin(l) P, P(2). 

tin, tv. carry on back /thatch, corn stubble, twigs/. 

tin ba, rv. become long (wool, sheep's coat). 

tinahtik. aj. cf. Unit /plu/. 

tinan, tv. comb and make fly loose /hair/, set down /thatch, corn stubble, 

twigs/. 

tinan ba, rv. stop with load /of thatch, etc./. 

tinanan, tv. make fly loose much /hair/. 

tinanob, nlf. place where wool or thatch, etc. is placed. 

tinanobil, nlf. cf. tinanob. 

tihanti'nan, tv. carry one load after another /thatch, corn stubble, twigs/. 

tinantinanan, tv. cf. tinantinan. 

tineah, iv. become loose (hair). 

tinean, tv. loosen /hair/. 

tinet, av. falling lightly (mist, drizzle), carrying /thatch, etc./. 

tinetah, iv. carry /thatch, etc./. 

tinetik, av. carrying /thatch, etc./ 

tini, iv. be loose (hair). 

tinil, aj. loose (hair), hanging down over eyes (hair). 

tinilik, aj. cf. tinil.


tinin tal, vphr(av & dr). approaching rapidly (mist, light drizzle). 

tininet, av. carrying huge load /of thatch, etc./, falling lightly (mist, 

drizzle). 

tink'uh, iv. cf. lineah. 

tink'un, tv. cf. tinean. 

tinlah, av. cf. tinin (plu). 

tinlahet, av. moving back and forth (wool on sheep, long hair on dog or 

child). 

tinlahetik, av. walking with extremely tattered clothing, 

tinleh, nlf. carrying /thatch, etc./, standing (load of thatch, etc.), with 

loose /hair/. 

ti'nluh, av. flying loose suddenly (hair). 

tinp'ub, iv. cf. tineah. 

tinp'un, tv. cf. tinean. 

tintetrhte, av. walking about carrying /thatch, etc./, with loose /hair/ or 

extremely tattered clothing, 

tintin, aj. long, loose (hair). 

tintin melon, person with clothes in tatters. 

tinton, av. walking with extremely tattered clothing, shaking back and 

forth (long wool of sheep, goat, long hair of dog or child), 

tinulan, tv. shake back and forth /woman's hair drying/. 

tin, Augusta, Celeste, cf. oakus. tinik. 

tinik N(Sp, Celestina, Augustina). 

tinik, nld. Augusta, Celeste, var., tin. 

tino N(Sp, Celestino). 

tino, nld. Celestino /infr/. 

tirarol N(Sp, tirador). 

tirarol, nla. slingshot. 

(is X. 

tisk'uh, iv. fall down, roll (boulder, log). 

itisk'uh ec'el ti sil wne. Too bad, he has shoved off /enemy died/, 

tisk'un, tv. push down /person/, roll /boulder, log/, push /mule/, 

tisk'un baik, rv. push each other down, 

tisk'unan, tv. roll /rocks, logs/. 

tisk'uneh-bail, vn(rv & rpncpd)5. pushing each other down, 

tisk'unvan, iv. push person down, 

tisp'uh, iv. cf. tisk'uh. 

tisp'un, tv. cf. tisk'un. 

tisp'un baik, rv. cf. tisk'un baik. 

tisp'unan, tv. cf. tisk'unan. 

tisp'uneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. cf. tisk'uneh-bail. 

tisp'unvan, iv. cf. tisk'unvan. 

htisk'unvaneh, agn. person who pushes another down, 

htisp'unvaneh, agn. cf. htisk'unvaneh. 

ti«(l) X. 

titet k'anel, vphr(av & vn4d). requesting persistently. 

titetik k'anel, vphr(av & vn4d). cf. titet k'anel (plu). 

tit(2) 

tit, untie, open. cf. ti(l). 

titi9, meat, fish. cf. ti-?(l). 

titola N(Sp, ti'tulo). 

titola, n5. land title of entire municipality, var., titula. 

titula 

titula, title, cf. titola. 

tiv P. 

tivahtik, aj. cf. tivil /plu/. 

tivan, tv. set /trap/. 

tivan ba, rv. squat. 

tivanan, tv. set /traps/. 

tivananan, tv. cf. tivanan. 

tivanob, nlf. place where trap is set. 

tivanobil, nlf. cf. tivanob. 

tivanti'van, tv. set one after another /traps/. 

tivanti'vanan, tv. cf. tivantivan. 

tivet, av. squatting. 

te s'tivet yat ta ti? k'ok'. His penis is squatting there at the fireside 

/lazy person who hugs fireside/, 

tivetik, av. cf. tivet (plu). 

tivi, iv. squat. 

tivil, aj. squatting (person), crouching (cat, rabbit), standing (deadfall, 

house that has no daub), 

tivilik, aj. cf. tivil /plu/. 

tivlahet, av. hopping (rabbits, children), 

tivlahetik, av. hopping (children), 

tivleh, nlf. squatting. 

tivtetivte, av. hopping about, squatting here and there, 

tivtiv, aj. squatting /new wattle and daub house which still lacks daub/, 

tivton, av. hopping (buzzard, rabbit, child). 

to(l) 

to, sir. cf. tot(2). 

to(2) Pt. 

to, pt. until, still, then, just /expresses future time or emphasizes recentness 

of past event/. 

ha"? to 9ok'ob. not until tomorrow. 

ta to sibat. I am going then. 

mi t sabat to. Are you still going? 

volhe to liyul. I arrived just yesterday. 

bu to Ia9ay. Where did you go? /emphasizes distance/, 

to 90s, ptphr(pt & pt). used to be, was, were, has been, have been. 

c'abal to "?os te k'al liêc'. It had not been there (or) it was not there 

when I passed by. 

tob(l) Num. 

tob, nle. twenty /absolute form always occurs as h-tob/. 

ta stobal. at the price of twenty /cents or pesos/. 

tob(2) P. 

tobahtik, aj. lying on side (drunks, pots, water jugs, cows), conical (cow 

heart). 

toban, tv. throw /cow/, overload /under burden, with work/, 

toban ba, rv. balk (mule, pig, sheep, dog), 

tobanan, tv. overload /plu/ /with work/. 

tobantobanan, tv. overload one after another /with work/, 

tobanvan ta labtel, vphr(iv & prep & n5). overload person with work, 

tobel, aj. protruding (rear of sleeping person). 

tobet, av. bending over /under burden/, sticking rear end out /bracing 

self to resist being led away/. 

stobet ta sa'J-'tebtel. He is struggling to find work, 

tobetik, av. cf. tobet (plu). 

tobeah lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). protrude (boil, bowels of person who has 

suffered from bloody dysentery), become conical (crown of old hat), 

purse (mouth). 

tobi, iv. be lying on side (cow that is being slaughtered), 

tobk'ih lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). cf. tobeah lok'el. 

toblah, av. cf. tobob (plu). 

toblahet, av. bending over /under burden, pushing boulder/, hoeing 

(plu), pursed (lips of person whistling). 

toblahetik, av. bending over /under burden, pushing boulder, hoeing/, 

tobleh, nlf. lying on side (drunk, pot, water jug), 

toblih, av. protruding suddenly (bowels). 

tobob, av. bending over /under burden, pushing boulder/, 

tobobet, av. bending over or straining /while pulling or pushing something 

or carrying heavy burden/, pursed (lips). 

tobol, aj. lying on side (cow, drunk, pot, water jug), protruding (mushroom, 

skin growth). 

tobolik, aj. protruding (skin growths, mushrooms), 

tobtetobte, av. walking about bent over /under burden/, walking about 

with conical /crown of hat/, 

tobtob, aj. conical (head of clown, crown of hat, mountain peak, base of 

water jug). 

tobton, av. bending over /under burden, pushing rock, hoeing/, struggling 

/to lift burden/.

toe(l) P, P(2). 

toe, tv. lift up or out /burden, rock, adobe, full basket or demijohn, 

chair/, pull out /rock, tile, paper/, pull up, pry up /board/, peel off 

/bark/, muster, 

toe, iv. lift, stand up. 

t stoe kobal. I have a cough, 

toe ba, tv. stand up, lift self off seat, 

toe ec'el, vphr(iv & dr). leave, 

toe-hol mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 'crested bird", greater pewee 

Conlopus pertinax. cf. Vulispipil, p'okoyoi, p'okoyok. 

toe tal, vphr(iv & dr). come, 

toeahtik, aj. cf. toeol. 

toean, tv. lift up or out /rocks, etc./, peel off /scabs/. 

toean ba, rv. lift (roof in wind). 

toeanan, tv. lift up or out /rocks, etc./, peel off /scabs/. 

toeantoean, tv. lift up or out one after another /rocks, etc./, peel off one 

after another /scabs/. 

toeantoeanan, tv. cf. tbeantbean. 

toeet, av. walking with crested /head/. 

toeilan, tv. pick at, pick off, keep pulling, keep pulling up /boundary 

markers/. 

toeilan ec'el, vphr(iv & dr). keep leaving, 

toeilan tal, vphr(iv & dr). keep coming. 

toeilanan, tv. keep picking at or off /plu/, keep pulling up many /boundary 

markers/. 

toelahct. av. cf. toeet (plu). 

toeob, nlf. place where clay is dug, pole used to lift rocks, 

toeobil, nlf. cf. toeob. 

toeol, aj. crested (bird), flourishing (corn field), with feathers on head 

raised (hen laying egg), 

toeolik, aj. flourishing (sprouts). 

toetetoete, av. walking about or flying about with crested head. 

toetoe, aj. crested (bird, chicken), 

toevan, iv. lift person. 

toc(2) O. 

toe ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). smash /face with fist/. 

toean ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). smash /people with fist/, 

toeanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. toean ta mahel. 

toeantoean ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). smash one after another /in 

face with fist/, 

toeantoeanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). smash one after another 

/in face with fist/. 

toeih, onom. crashing or cracking sound /branch, rifle fire, bone/, 

toeilanvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep smashing person /in 

face with fist/. 

toelahet, av. cracking (branches, rifle fire), roaring (blasting iron), 

toelahetik, av. cf. loeton (plu). 

toelih, av. exploding suddenly (distant blasting iron), cracking suddenly 

(rifle, thunder), smashing suddenly (blow). 

stoelih sk'ak'al. It cracked suddenly (rifle fire). 

toeton, av. talking loudly (person praying, petitioners pleading with girl's 

parents). 

toevan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). smash person /in face with fist/. 

htoevaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who smashes 

another /in face with fist/. 

toh(l) A. 

toh, aj. very, completely, so. 

toh lek. very good, 

toh k'asel. badly broken, 

tohtoh, aj. completely /occurs always with verbal nouns/. 

tohtoh k'asel. completely broken. 

toh(2) N. 

toh, nla. pine, torch, inan. poss.; stahal referring only to torch. (RML)- 

Because the plurality of Tzotzil names for the same species of pine 

cannot be sorted out intelligently on the basis of present knowledge, 

the ethnographic information for all but k'uk' toh has been consol- 


idated here. The trunk is used for house mainposts, wall poles of wooden 

houses, common rafters (sixteen for a large house, eight to ten for a 

small house), A-frame bars (six), roof rods (four or eight), lintels, 

doors, shelves, planks (for attics, corn bins, and beds), benches, 

chairs, tables, chests, coffers, coffins, lamp stands, metate platforms, 

gates, crosses, almud measures, adobe molds, spoons, fence posts, and 

firewood. The bark is used for making charcoal, burning lime, firing 

tile and brick. The trunk and roots are used for torches. The tips are 

a basic ingredient of "flower water', used to bathe patients, sacrificial 

chickens, and coffers. They are "medium" Twenty-four tips are required 

for a major or minor curing ceremony; three to shield the candles 

at each of the three churches, at each of the four mountain 

shrines, and before the house cross. Three tips are needed for the 

wand used by the shaman to beat the earth when recalling a lost soul. 

Pine tops are used to decorate all the crosses visited during a curing 

ceremony, on Holy Cross Day, and during the annual renewal ceremonies. 

The house cross is decorated with three pine tops at each major 

fiesta. The grave cross is so decorated at the funeral and on All 

Souls' Day. Two pine tops are used to flank the entrance to the ceremonial 

bed. For each flower change, the senior steward in charge 

decorates his house cross with three tops. The junior steward provides 

four tops to decorate the house altar and thirty-six tops to decorate 

the crosses. One pine tree is provided by the senior stewards and another 

by the junior stewards to flank the cross on the night of Maundy 

Thursday. Eighteen poles are provided by the stewards of Our 

Lady of the Rosary on the Seventh Posada to form the frame of the 

creche. Pine needles are needed to decorate the graves on All Souls' 

Day, to strew on the floors of the churches and the religious officials' 

houses. One net of pine needles is provided by the senior steward in 

charge of the flower change, for his house. Each of the stewards in 

charge provides one bagful for the church, while the others provide 

two small baskets of pine needles. One bag is provided by both stewards 

of the Holy Cross for Maundy Thursday. All stewards except the 

senior steward of Our Lady of the Rosary provide one bag for the 

fiesta of Our Lady of Guadalupe. For further uses of pine, cf. (Hit. 

tohtikaltik, n5. pine forest, 

tohtik, n5. pine grove. 

•>ahan toh, nphr(n type n)le. 'corn ear pine', yellow pine Pinus oocarpa, 

#B14273(5). Highland "tree" For use, see toh. 

•7ahan tohtik, nphr(n type n)5. pine grove. 

pimil pat 'Jahan toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n type n/). montezuma 

pine Pinus montezumae. # 2975( I). Temperate " tree" For use, 

see toh. 

•Hk'al kalian toh, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). montezuma pine Pinus 

montezumae, #562(1,3), #2911(1,3,16). Temperate and highland 

"tree" For use, see toh. 

sakil •tahan toh, nphrfaj & nphr/n type n/). yellow pine Pinus michoacana, 

#587(1,3), #2912(1,3,16). Highland "tree" For use, see toh. 

vinik ''ahan toh, nphr(n type nphr/n type n/). 'male corn ear pine", 

yellow pine Pinus oaxacana, #B9546(5,5a). Highland "tree" For 

use, see toh. 

baeM toh, nphr(aj & n). yellow pine Pinus oaxacana, #B9506(5,5a). 

Highland "tree" #417(1,2). Temperate and highland "tree" For 

use, see toh. yellow pine Pinus pseudostrobus, #3%3(\,1). montezuma 

pine Pinus montezumae, #B 14272(5). Highland "tree" 

hayal pat toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'thin-barked pine', yellow 

pine Pinuspseudostrobus, #383(1,3). Highland "tree". For use, see 

toh. montezuma pine Pinus montezumae, #B14272(5). Highland 

"tree" 

hic'il 'Janal toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'thin foliage pine', yellow 

pine Pinus oaxacana, #B9546(5,5a). Highland "tree" For use, see 

toh. yellow pine Pinus pseudostrobus, #383(1,3). Highland "tree". 

yellow pine Pinus oocarpa, #976(1,3), #2917(1,3,16). Highland 

"tree". 

k'uk' toh, nphr(n type n). 'feather pine', juniper Juniperus gamboana, 

#1496(12). Highland "tree". (5)-An unattested variety is used to


flank the creche. The wood is used for musical instruments and 

doors, and by ladinos for shingles. (23)-For the Seventh Posada, the 

stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary provide two Christmas trees, 

one tree is provided by the other senior stewards, and one by the 

other junior stewards. 

k'uk' tohtik. nphr(n type n). grove of juniper trees, 

pimil pat toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'thick-barked pine', yellow 

pine Pinus oaxacana, #417(1,2). Temperate and highland "tree". 

#B95O6(5,5a). Highland "tree" For use, see toh. montezuma pine 

Pinus montezumae, #2975(16). Temperate "tree" 

yihil 9anal toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'thick foliage pine', yellow 

pine Pinus oaxacana, #417(1,2). Temperate and highland "tree" 

For use, see toh. yellow pine Pinus oocarpa, # 1200(1,4). Temperate 

and highland "tree" 

toh(3) T. 

toh, tv. pay. 

toh, iv. pay off. 

muk' stoh ti hvokole. It didn't pay off (or) It wasn't worth my effort, 

toh ?oion, vphr(tv // n). make sure of. 

toh ba, rv. pay for itself, 

toh baik, rv. pay each other, 

toh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. paying each other, 

tohan, tv. pay /plu/. 

tohanan, tv. cf. tohan. 

tohantohan, tv. pay one after another, 

tohantohanan, tv. cf. tohantohan. 

tohbalal ka9, nphr(aj & n5). rented mule, mule whose trips are paid for. 

tohbe kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5). bring divine punishment upon, 

tohbe rios, vphr(tv & n5). bring divine punishment upon, 

tohebal, n5. moment before paying, 

tohel, nc. payment. 

tohel 9ak'el, nphr(vn & vn)5. communal tax. 

tohilanan, tv. keep paying for /mules/ /trips/. 

tohob, nlf. punishment in Hell, 

tohobil, nlf. cf. tohob. 

tohol, n4f. wage, pay, price. 

iyaii stohol ti yoTOne. He heard the final word. 

toholah, iv. pay communal tax. 

toholin, n4f. money for specific purpose, 

tohomal, aj. hired (laborer), 

tohtetohte, av. paying one after another, 

tohton, av. paying repeatedly, 

tohvan, iv. pay person, 

htohbalal, agn. hired laborer, 

htohel, agn. person who pays communal taxes /always occurs as htohel 

hiak'el/. 

htohobtasvaneh, agn. person who settles case. 

htoholahel, agn. person who pays communal tax or contributes to communal 

labor /male who has finished schooling or who is roughly ten 

years old/. 

htohvaneh, agn. person who pays another (person who distributes pay 

to road workers). 

c'ul-htohvaneh. Jesus Christ /payer of our sins/. 

toh(4) A. 

tohob, iv. be capable, able or successful. 

mu stohob ta "nlolal. He is not a capable shaman. 

itohob ya9uk li hk'ak'al-wton lune si li kriscano ti mi to buc'u cam 

yinune. "The resentful were certainly successful" say people when 

someone of their's /in their family/ dies. 

mu stohob ta totil me9ilal. He is not a capable ritual tutor. 

tohobah, iv. be capable, able or successful. 

lek stohobah ta smeleanel k'op li "Jalkaltee. The judge is good at 

settling disputes. 

mu stohobah ta hhak'ol. He is not good as a petitioner. 

stohobah ta se'akel bak. He is good at mending bones. 

mu stohobah ta sk'anel vo9. He is not successful in praying for rain. 

mu to stohobah ta oabtel bik'it to. He is not yet able to work; he is 

still too little. 

s'tohobah la ta h-mek ta tilolal leie. They say he is very successful 

in curing. 

tohobtas, tv. straighten out or settle /argument/, 

tohobtas baik, rv. settle dispute. Denunciatory speech; cf. melean ba. 

tohobtas k'op, vphr(tv & n5). settle dispute (civil official), advise or 

counsel (bride's ritual tutor), 

tohobtas rason, vphr(tv & n5). settle dispute (civil official), advise or 

counsel (bride's ritual tutor), 

tohobtasobil, n4f. Ritual speech, referring to court /place where disputes 

are settled/. 

tohobtasvan, iv. settle argument for person, 

tohol, n4b. proper way, with. 

Ritual speech, outgoing official to assistants, ritual tutor, musicians; 

ilah ti smelole ilah ti stohole. The proper way is ended, the proper 

way is ended. 

•>oy 9onos hk'ak'al-9o9on ta htoholtik. The envious are always with 

us (or) We are always beset by the envious. 

TO lek 9ora ta stohole. He has good luck, 

tohol 9ane, nphr(aj & n)5. unmarried girl, 

tohol krem, nphr(aj & n)5. bachelor, 

tohol vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. tohol krem. 

ta tohol, vphr(tv // n). recover, get well, 

ta tohol, nphr(prep & n4d). around, with /me, etc./. 

tol hk'ak'al-wonetik ta htoholtik. We are surrounded by envious 

people. 

toh(5) A or N. 

toh-co9 to, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). hairy leaved clethra Clethra lanata, 

# 1856(16). Highland "tree" The trunk is used for common rafters 

and for corral rails. 

tok(l) P, P(2). 

tok, nle. cloud. 

tok, nc. heap /corn, stones, etc./. 

tok ba tal •'oion, vphr(rv & dr & n4d). lose one's appetite, 

tok-hol mut, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. 'crested bird', gray silky-flycatcher Ptilogonys 

cinereus. 

tokahtik, aj. in heaps (corn, earth, stones, fruit), 

tokan, tv. heap /corn, earth, stones, fruit/, 

tokanan, tv. make heaps /excrement/. 

tokanob, nlf, place where objects are piled, 

tokanobil, nlf. cf. tokanob. 

tokantokan, tv. make one pile after another, 

tokeah, iv. protrude (gopher hill), 

tokean, tv. form gopher hill. 

toket, av. heaping (bowlful), walking with crested (head), 

toki, iv. be in heap (corn, earth, stones, fruit), 

toklih, av. puffing up suddenly (smoke), 

tokok, av. in cloud (steam, smoke), 

tokoket, av. rising in clouds (smoke breath, steam), 

tokokil, n4f. many heaps, 

tokol, nld. wood left by runaway fire, 

tokol, aj. in heap (corn, wood, earth, stones, fruit), runaway (fire), with 

feathers of head raised (hen laying), 

tokolah, iv. run wild (fire), 

tokolahes, tv. set afire /forest/, 

tokolik, aj. cf. tokahtik. 

tokol ta, tv. set afire /forest/. 

tokoltas, tv. set afire /forest/, 

tokoltokol, n4f. each of many heaps, 

toktetokte, av. puffing up here and there (smoke), 

toktok, aj. crested (head of chicken), 

tokton, av. puffing up, rising (smoke, breath, steam). 

tok(2) O. 

toklah, av. cf. tokton (plu). 

toklahet, av. cackling (chickens EKL 252: 1-15, V2: 20), cf. tokton (plu).

toktokrek, onom. cackle of laying hen. 

toktokxekin, tv. cackle (laying hen), 

toktokreko, onom. cackle of laying hen. 

toktokxekoin, tv. cackle. 

toktoktok, onom. cackle /frightened chicken/. 

tokton, av. cackling (chicken with fright). 

toktonah, iv. cackle (chicken with fright). 

toka N(Sp, toga). 

toka, nla. white shawl /worn by bride, candle-bearer, simp hpelom, 

hiotanek-eeb, and by all married women when buried/. 

tok' P, P(2). 

tok', tv. pull /ear, hair, balky mule or drunk/, pull out by the roots 

/radish, field mustard, young corn plants/, pump out, suck out /water/, 

itok'e yu9un yahnil. lit., He was drained by his wife /by a sexually 

overdemanding wife/. 

tok', iv. become unset (broken bone). 

tok' baik, rv. pull each other. 

tok'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. pulling each other. 

tok'ahtik, aj. cf. tok'ol /plu/. 

tok'an ba, rv. balk (mule, pig, sheep, dog). 

tok'antok'an, tv. pull out one after another /young corn plants/ (cowbird). 

tok'eah ?o?on, vphr(iv & n4d). have chest heave /from constant vomiting/. 

tok'ean W>on, vphr(tv & n4d). heave chest /from constant vomiting/. 

tok'el, nc. pulling ear /I-3/. 

tok'et, av. rising (steam, smoke), pulling /drunk or balky mule/. 

tok'ilanbe, tv. pull by the /hair, ear/. 

tok'lahet, av. feeling severe ache /in limbs or neck/. 

tok'lahetik, av. pulling /person, mule/. 

tok'lih, iv. ache (throat from constant vomiting). 

tok'lih, av. aching suddenly /from throwing arm out of joint/, feeling 

sudden sharp pain /pus-filled sore/. 

tok'lih TOTOn, vphr(iv & n4d). have chest heave /from constant vomiting/. 

tok'lin, tv. rebreak /broken bone/. 

tok'lin 9o?on, vphr(tv & n4d). heave chest /from constant vomiting/. 

tok'ob, nlf. well pump. 

tok'obil, nlf. cf. tok'ob. 

tok'ok*, av. puffing up (smoke, steam). 

tok'ok'et, av. billowing (smoke, steam), gushing (water). 

tok'ol, aj. balky (mule). 

tok'olik, aj. aching. 

tok'tetok'te, av. puffing up here and there (smoke, steam). 

tok'ton, av. feeling severe ache /in limbs, neck or tooth/, rising (steam, 

smoke), spurting (diarrhea, blood), producing quantities /of pus/. 

tok'van, iv. drain person's strength. 

htok'vaneh, agn. car or tractor that drags person. 

tok'ol N. 

tok'ol, cf. lop'ol. 

tok'on A. 

tok'on, aj. ripe, cooked. Male joking speech; ripe (girl). 

tok'onib, iv. ripen, become cooked. 

tok'onik, aj. ripe, with dark spots on face /attributed to woman's having 

had sexual intercourse/. 

tok'onil, n4f. ripeness. 

tok'ontik, aj. slightly ripe, slightly cooked. 

tak'anul, n4f. ripeness /infr/. 

tok'oy N. 

tok'oy, nla. willow, see below. Baccharis glutinosa, #2475(21,22). Highland 

"tree". (RML)-Probably a misidentification. 

tok'oyaltik, n5. long row of willows. 

tok'oytik, n5. row of willows, 

kaslan tok'oy, cf. kaslan. 

kilahtik tok'oy, nphr(aj & n). 'long willow', willow Salix chilensis, Highland 

"tree". It grows in yards and in fencerows. It is planted in the 

rainy season. The seedlings are transplanted. The shoots are gath- 


343 

ered and fed to sheep. The leaves are used by girls as stoppers for their 

water jugs. 

k'os" tok'oy, nphr(aj & n). Salix laxifotia, #889(1,2,3,5). Lowland 

"plant". 

sakil tok'oy, nphr(aj & n). willow Salix bonplandiana, #354(1,2,4). 

Highland "tree". It is planted in fencerows, in the rainy season. The 

trunk is bumed and wetted to make charcoal. This, in turn, is 

ground up and mixed with saltpeter and sulphur to make the gunpowder 

used by the mortarmen, for the change of office of stewards, 

ensign-bearers, captains, and Holy Cross ceremonies. Four 

loads are needed, willow Salix chilensis, #2921(1,3). Highland 

"tree". 

tol(l) prob P or P(2). 

tolahtik, aj. long (fringe of child's tunic). 

tolet, av. walking with long /tail, fringe of child's tunic/. 

tollahet, av. cf. tolton (plu). 

tolleh, n4f. length /fringe of child's tunic/. 

tollih, av. running suddenly with long /tail/. 

tolol, av. flying in wind (paper), running with long /tail/ (roadrunner). 

tolol, aj. long (tail, child's tunic). 

tololet, av. walking with long (tail), fluttering (flags, ribbons, kite). 

toltetolte, av. walking about with loose tunic (man from Tenejapa), walking 

about with long (tail). 

toltol, aj. long (tail, child's tunic). 

tolton, av. walking with long (tail or fringe of child's tunic). 

tol(2) 

tol, very, so, so much, so many, so often, too many. cf. toy. 

toltora N(Sp, tortola). 

toltora, n5. inca dove Scardafella inca, ground dove Columbigallina passerina/Pat 

lOsil/. cf. pulivok, sollaro mut. 

torn P, P(2). 

torn, tv. hold in hand /staff, hoe, tortilla, spoon/. 

torn, nc. large hank /yarn/, handful /thatch//two hands/, cf. yom. 

torn ba, rv. bud. 

tom-hol, n(aj & ncpd). conical (flower), conical-headed (Chamula wearing 

hat). 

tomahtik, aj. protruding (hank of thread, sprouts, etc.), gushing or bubbling. 

tomal, nlf. heart (palm, maguey), bud (thistle, banana). 

toman(l), tv. set down /hank of yarn/. 

toman(2), tv. carry /hoes, etc./. 

toman ba, rv. bud. 

tomanan, tv. cf. toman(2). 

tomantik, aj. hanks bought at long intervals. 

tomantoman, tv. carry one after another /hoes, etc./. 

tomantomanan, tv. cf. ibmantbman. 

tomeah, iv. protrude (flower bud). 

tomel, aj. protruding (child's head) /hatless/. 

tomet, av. walking and holding /staff, machete, tortilla/. 

tomet w?on, vphr(av & n4d). broken-hearted. 

tomet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). stupid. 

tomi, iv. protrude (flower bud). 

tomih, onom. crack /sound of cornstalk breaking/. 

tomk'ih, iv. break (cornstalk in wind, leg, arm). 

tomk'in, tv. break badly /cornstalk, leg, arm/. 

tomk'in ba, rv. break badly (bone). 

tomk'inan, tv. break badly /cornstalks/. 

tomk'inanan, tv. cf. tomk'inan. 

tomlah, av. bubbling up in many places (spring). 

tomlahet, av. crashing, cracking /sound/ (cornstalks in wind). 

tnmlahelik, av. holding (plu). 

tomleh, nlf. whole /hank/, hatlessness. 

tomlih, av. cracking or breaking suddenly (bone, cornstalk), 

stomlih yo'Jon. He was suddenly broken-hearted. 

tomokil, n4f. many hanks. 

tomol, n4f. hank.

344 


tomol, aj. protruding (sprout, saguaro cactus, maguey inflorescence, 

mushroom), dripping (mucous). 

tomolik, aj. tomahtik. 

tdmoltomol, n4f. each of many hanks, 

tomom, av. bubbling up (spring, water). 

tomom tal w?on, vphr(av & dr & n4d). approaching heavy-hearted, 

tomomet, av. bubbling up (water, blood), billowing (smoke), 

tomomet Wton, vphr(av & n4d). broken-hearted, 

tomp'ih, iv. cf. tomk'ih. 

tomtetomte, av. walking about holding /staff, rifle, tortillas/. 

tomtetomte won, vphr(av & n4d). walking about broken-heartedly. 

tomtetomte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about idly or hatless (child), 

tomtom, nc. single hank /yam/ /I only/, 

tomtom, aj. conical (maguey influorescence). 

tomton, av. puffing up, rising (smoke, incense), dribbling down (mucous), 

bubbling up, (water), spurting (blood), 

tomton hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking idly or hatless (child). 

tomas N(Sp, Tomas). 

tomas, nld. Thomas /common only in Cobtik/. 

tomio N(Sp, tomiUo). 

tomio, nla. thyme Thymus vulgarisl. Highland plant" It is grown by 

ladinos and by some Zinacantecs, in their yards. The seeds are sown in 

the rainy season. The shoots are sold at market in San Cristobal and 

are used by ladinos to season chicken, turkey, and pork. They are 

"cold' 

ton(l) P, P(2). 

ton, nla. rock, stone, egg. 

ton , nphr(n of n)5. egg /bird, snake, lizard, turtle/. 

ton 9alak', nphr(n4f of n4d). chicken egg. 

ton ?at, nphr(nlf of nld). testicle. 

ton ">isim, cf. 'lisim. 

ton "me', nphr(n of n)la. nit. 

ton "mc'al, nphr(nlf of nla). nit. 

ton ba, rv. harden (banana, mamey, sapote), become empty (gaze of dead 

person). 

yec te ston sba yown. He is just resigned /heavy-hearted/, 

ton bek', cf. bek\ 

ton bis, cf. bis. 

ton e'unun cenek', cf. cenek'. 

ton c'ak, nphr(n of n)la. flea egg. 

ton c'akil, nphr(nlf of nla). flea egg. 

ton kaslan, nphr(n of n)5. chicken egg. Eggs are "cold" when eaten raw, 

but "hot" when hard-boiled or fried, 

ton mako?, nphr(n of n)la. cockroach egg. 

ton mako9al, nphr(nlf of nla). cockroach egg. 

ton pepen, nphr(n of n)la. butterfly egg. 

ton pom, cf. pom. 

ton-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. staring fixedly. 

ton satil, nphr(nlf of n3d). cheekbone, 

ton-tob, nphr(n & xcpd)ld. land snail. These highland snails are boiled 

in their shells. The meat is pulled out, rinsed, and boiled a second time. 

A thin, weak person may eat thirteen snails that have been seasoned 

with salt, pepper, mexican tea, and plenty of chili to restore strength. 

They are "hot" It is believed that a person who kills a land snail 

aimlessly will grow thin and die. The land snail's shell is thought to 

be the earth lord's powder horn. 

tonahtik, aj. with fixed stares, hard (fruit that will not ripen), 

tonan, tv. cause to become empty /gaze of dead person/, 

tonan ba, rv. harden (bananas or mamey sapotes). 

tonav k'obol, nphr(nlf of n3d). bone of palm /carpal/, 

tonav satil, nphr(nlf of n3d). cheekbone, 

toneah, iv. become empty (gaze of dying person), 

tonet w»n, vphr(av & n4d). heavy-hearted, 

tonet sat, vphr(av & n4d). staring blankly /not responding to question or 

having had daughter elope without one's knowledge/, staring angrily, 

toni, iv. be staring. 

tonin, iv. lay /egg/. 

toninah, iv. lay egg. 

toninaheb, nlf. place where hen lays. 

toninahebal, n5. moment when hen is about to lay. 

toninta, tv. lay egg on. 

Joking speech, retort to person who asks to eat many eggs; bu 5a 

htatik ton kaslan mi satoninta tal. Where shall we get eggs now, will 

you lay an egg? 

tonk'ih, iv. cf. toneah. 

tonlahet, av. hardening (beans that do not become soft when boiled). 

tonlahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. tonet sat (plu). 

tonlih won, vphr(av & n4d). taking sudden offense. 

tonol, aj. with empty gaze (dead person), with fixed stare. 

tonolik, aj. cf. tonahtik. 

tonon tal Won, vphr(av & dr & n4d). with a lump in one's throat. 

tononet sat, vphr(av & n4d). gazing emptily (dying person). 

tonp'ih, iv. cf. toneah. 

tontik, n5. rocky place. 

tontikil c'aben, cf. c'aben. 

tontikil c'o, cf. c'o. 

tonton, n5. Baby talk; egg. var., toton, toton, tutun. 

tonton, aj. with empty gaze (dead person), staring fixedly. 

tonton tal sat, vphr(av & dr & n4d). staring from distance. 

htoninom, agn. layer /hen/. 

tanal, n4f. rock, stone, egg. 

tanal, aj. stone. 

tanal leal, nphr(nlf of n3d). tooth. 

toto 1 ), n5. Baby talk; egg. 

toton, n5. Baby talk; egg. 

tutu?, n5. Baby talk; egg. 

ton(2) O. 

tontonton, onom. knock, knock, knock. 

tonik 

tonik, Antonia. cf. antmiimi. 

tonton 

tonton, egg. cf. ton(l). 

top'ol N. 

top'ol, n. Perymenium nelsonii, #1545(11,12), #1945(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate 

"tree". (l)-The heartwood is used for spindles. The trunk is used 

for firewood. (Il,16,17))-The trunk is also used for house mainposts, 

and fence posts. (ll)-It is used for corral posts as well, var., tok'ol 

/Voi-bie/. 

top'olaltik, n5. large grove of top'ol trees. 

top'oltik, n5. grove of top'ol trees, 

bik'it top'ol, nphr(aj & n). Zexmenia frutescens, #2148(14). Temperate 

"tree". 

k'anal top'ol, nphr(aj & n). Perymenium strigillosum, #2644(1,3). Lowland 

"tree", 

k'os top'ol, nphr(aj & n). Zexmenia frutescens, #2613(20). Lowland 

"tree". 

muk'ta top'ol, nphr(aj & n). Perymenium nelsonii, #2442(20). Highland 

"tree". The trunk is used for house mainposts, and fence posts. 

Perymenium strigillosum, #2644(15,20,21,22). Lowland "tree". 

(20,21)-The trunk is used for house mainposts, and fence posts. 

top'ol tei, nphr(n type n). Perymenium nelsonii, #2545(21,22). Temperate 

"tree". It is used for firewood. 

k'os top'ol to, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Zexmenia frutescens, 

#2613(15,21,22). Lowland "tree". (15)-It is used for fence posts. 

tok'ol, cf. top'ol. 

torero N(Sp, torero). 

torero, agn. person who challenges straw bull, person at Chiapilla, San 

Lucas, or Acala who fights bull during fiesta. 

tonal N(Sp, torear). 

pas tonal, vphr(tv & vn5). act out bullfight (straw bull of Christmas 

season, dude). 

torito N(Sp, torito).

torito, nla. straw bull /of first evening of fiesta of Our Lord of 

Esqui'pulas, St. Sebastian, Fourth Friday of Lent, St. Lawrence, Our 

Lady of the Rosary/. 

toro N(Sp, toro). 

toro, nla. bull. 

toroc N. 

toroc, nle. highland red ant. cf. cak-toroc. This ant is reputed to have 

a fierce sting. 

tos prob P or P(2). 

tos, nc. large group /sheep, chicks, horses, cows/, litter, variety, sort, kind 

of /crime, merchandise, plant or tree/, thing, act, deed. 

h-tos yec. in the same way. 

h-tos TO. different, 

mi hawk h-tos. Not a single thing! 

k'u h-tosukal. What kind is it? 

h-tos ti bae*i copol ta h-meke. It is a terrible thing! 

tosantik, aj. few kinds. 

tosleh, n4f. whole flock. 

tosoltosol, n4f. each different. 

stosoltosol ti koontike. lit., Our hearts are all different, i.e., We all 

differ in our way of thinking. 

tostos, nc. single kind /I only/. 

tos X. 

tosk'in, tv. guzzle. 

tosk'inan, tv. guzzle a lot. 

tosp'in, tv. cf. tosk'in. 

tosp'inan, tv. cf. tosk'inan. 

tot(l) A. 

tot, aj. thick (corn gruel, posol, mud). 

tottottik, aj. slightly thick (liquid). 

tatal, n4f. mud, thickness /liquid/. 

tatal voi, nphr(aj & n)ld. swill /water that has drained off metate and 

is fed to pigs/. 

tatub, iv. become muddy (river), become well-cooked (beans), become 

thick (corn gruel). 

tatubtas, tv. muddy. 

tatubtasan, tv. muddy a lot. 

tatubtasanan, tv. cf. tatubtasan. 

tatubtasobi], n4f. thickener /corn added to corn gruel/. 

tot(2) N. 

tot, n5. term of address to father, stepfather, grandfather, uncle, great 

uncle, older brother, older male cousin, father-in-law, older brother-inlaw, 

fiance's petitioners, older male relatives, and non-relatives of 

one's wife's parents who attend the house entering ceremony and/or 

the wedding, older male relatives and non-relatives of the wedding, 

godparents who attend the wedding, godfathers of baptism, confirmation, 

and marriage, ritual tutor who instructs couple during man's 

term of office as steward, steward-royal, publican, ensign-bearer, tithing 

man. term of address used by incense tender to younger male assistants 

during round of drinking. 

tot , nphr(n type n)5. term of address to older man, term of 

reference to older man when speaking with his kin; father 

/personal name/. 

tot , nphr(n type n)5. male /mammal, bird/. 

tot îsim, nphrfnlf of nld). large ear of corn surrounded by small ears, 

each with a husk. 

tot eeb, nphr(n of n)5. girl's father /term used to refer to the father of the 

bride or to the father of an unmarried girl who is summoned to court/. 

tot hTik'al, nphr(n type agn)5. sir spook /Carnival character/. 

tote, n5. sir /term of reference and address to Huistec man/. 

totil, n3d. father. 

lotil moil, nphr(n3d & n3d). tutelary god, ritual tutor or advisor /for each 

steward, steward-royal, publican, ensign-bearer, prefect, for the tithing 

man of Vof-bie, for the bride and for the groom/. It is believed that 

the tutelary gods were once people who have been given to the Zinacantecs 

by Our Saviour to watch over them. The tutelary gods are 


said to have borrowed their houses in the mountains from the earth 

lords. They are likened to the civil authorities of the town. 

totin, tv. Ritual speech, prayer; father, care for as a father. 

laiuk to me htotin Ia9uk to me hmeiin ti hmotone ti kaboltayele. 

May I still father, may I still mother, my gift (child), my travail. 

tottik, n5. sir /term of reference and address to older man/. 

tottikin, tv. address as "sir" 

ta, n5. sir /archaic term of address between old men of same age/. 

tata, n5. sir /term of address for men of Cenal Voi, Mitontik and all 

Tzeltal towns/. 

tata9, n5. Baby talk; dada /term of address for father/. 

htata'Uik, n4d. gentleman /respectful term of reference/. 

to, n5. sir /term of address to man of San Felipe/. 

toton 

toton, egg. cf. ton(l). 

tovalya N(Sp, toalla). 

tovalya, nla. cloth /used to wrap candles, gourds containing coffee or 

corn gruel, sacrificial chicken, and money given to groom by wedding 

godfather/. 

toy I, T(2). 

toy, tv. lift, raise, boost. Ritual speech, song; celebrate, cf. muk'ultas. 

toy, iv. lift (northeaster), become wealthy or powerful, rise (sun). 

t stoy t shelav. lit., He is rising, he is getting ahead, i.e., He is 

becoming wealthy. 

itoy sa k'ak'al. lit., The sun has risen (high) already, i.e., It is late in 

the morning. 

toy 9abtel, vphr(tv // n). act (players, constables on fiesta of St. Sebastian). 

toy 7e, vphr(tv & n4d). speak strongly or forcefully. 

toy ba, rv. be disobedient, rebellious, stingy, uncooperative, pushy or 

haughty, act up, raise self to standing position /with aid of walking 

stick/. Ritual speech; stingy, cf. han ba. 

toy baik, rv. become haughty or disobedient, etc., toward each other. 

toy balamil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). have sky clear. 

toy hoi, vphr(tv // n). retaliate. 

toy kasa, vphr(tv // n). venerate coffer (steward). 

toy k'in, vphr(tv & n5). act (player, stuffed squirrels, etc., who represent 

officials who flee from fiesta). 

toy na, vphr(tv & n4d). hold ceremony for new house. 

toy nuk', vphr(iv/3s/ & n4f). carry well /music/. 

toy sat, vphr(tv & n4d). develop clearer vision (baby), be able to lift head 

(sick baby), look up. 

toyan, tv. life or raise /plu/. 

toyan labtel, vphr(tv // n). act a lot (player). 

toyan ie, vphr(tv & n4d). speak strongly or forcefully about many things. 

toyan baik, rv. become haughty or disobedient, etc., towards many. 

toyan k'in, vphr(tv & n5). act a lot (player). 

toyan sat, vphr(tv & n4d). develop clearer vision (sick people). 

toyanan, tv. cf. toyan. 

toyanan 'Jabtel, vphr(tv // n). cf. toyan lablel. 

toyanan k'in, vphr(tv & n5). cf. toyan k'in. 

toyantoyan, tv. lift or raise one after another. 

toyantoyanan, tv. cf. toyantoyan. 

toybe ">ok, vphr(tv & n4d). lift /woman's/ legs for sexual intercourse. 

toyebal, n5. moment before rising (price), lifting (northeaster) or becoming 

late in the day. 

toyel, vnlf. celebration /of steward's coffer or new house ceremony/. 

toyel wi, vphr(n4f & tv). obstinately continue to do wrong, be disobedient. 

toyel toyel, vphr(vn5 & vn5). rising frequently (debt). 

toyes, tv. raise /price/, postpone /deadline, religious post/, make /northeaster/ 

lift /by eating watermelon squash or chicken, by drinking cane 

liquor, by dying/. 

toyesanbe, tv. raise /prices/. 

toyesob, n5. Joking speech; liquor drunk to make norther lift. 

toyesobil, nlf. cf. toyesob.


toyet, av. lifting (northeaster). 

toyetah, iv. lift (northeaster). 

toyilan, rv. try to lift, keep lifting. 

toyilan, iv. keep lifting (northeaster), keep rising (price). 

toyilan ba, rv. keep being disobedient, or haughty, etc. 

toyilan cak, vphr(tv & n4d). hop on one foot (child). 

toyilanbe 9ok, vphr(tv & n4d). keep lifting /woman's/ legs for sexual 

intercourse. 

toylah, av. bobbing up and down (duck's tail) (sing). 

toylahet, av. jolting, bobbing (sandpiper's tail, heads of people peering). 

toylahetik, av. lifting together /tree/. 

toyleh, n4f. height. 

toylehkil, n4f. cf. toyleh /plu/. 

toylih, av. lifting suddenly. 

toyob, nlf. money, clothes, cane liquor or chicha for celebration /offered 

by players/, money, cane liquor, corn or chickens for veneration of 

steward's coffer, base on which firewood is set to prevent rotting. 

toyobil, nlf. cf. toyob. 

toyol, aj. very, high (building, price), deep, often, late (fiesta with movable 

date). 

toyol yoon. He is brave. 

toyol 9osil. high ground (or) tall forest. 

toyol tal habil. lit., The year came late, i.e., Carnival came late in the 

year. 

toyol p'ih. He is very clever. 

toyol t shatav. He flees often. 

toyol k'ak'al. late /in the moming when the sun is high/. 

toyoltik, aj. rather high, deep or expensive. 

toyoy, av. lifting self to sitting position, bobbing up (tree trunk). 

toyoyet, av. bobbing up and down (scales). 

toytetoyte, av. lifting here and there (northeaster). 

toytetoyte likel, vphr(av & dr). pulling selves to their feet one after another 

(drunks). 

toyton, av. bobbing (sandpiper's tail, lizard's head, head of person peering)toytoy, 

iv. rise slightly (price). 

toyvan, iv. help person lift burden. 

htoy-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd). haughty, pushy, rebellious or disobedient 

person. 

htoy-k'in, agn(tv & ncpd). each of the fourteen players or entertainers of 

the fiesta of St. Sebastian. 

htoyvaneh, agn. firewood that prevents griddle from resting properly on 

hearthstones. Ritual speech, parent referring to youngest child who 

remains at home and will be in charge of parents' funerals; lifter, 

htoyvaneh hk'ecvaneh. lifter, carrier. 

bik'it htoy-k'in, nphr(aj & agn/tv & ncpd/). each of the eight lesser 

players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian /spook, jaguar, eon-tei, katbenal/. 

muk'ta htoy-k'in, nphr(aj & agn/tv & ncpd/). each of the six major 

players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian /grand ladino, petty ladino, grand 

ladina, petty ladina, sak-hol/. 

tayleh, n4f. height /of very tall object or mountain/. 

tol, aj. very, so, so much, so many, so often, too much, too many, 

tol sik. It's so cold! 

trago N(Sp, trago). 

trago, nla. cane liquor, cf. pos. var., trago, trako, travo. 

trako 

trako, cane liquor, cf. trago. 

tram pa N(Sp, trampa). 

trampa, nla. trap /rat trap/. 

trampol 

trampol, drum. cf. lainpol. 

tnuhero 

tranhero, foreign, imported, introduced, cf. tanhero. 

tranka N(Sp, tranca). 

tranka, nla. swinging gate. 

transito N(Sp, transito). 

transito, n5. traffic policeman. 

traste N(Sp, traste). 

traste, nla. dish, frying pan. 

traste, n4e. fret /guitar/, bridge /fiddle, guitar/. 

trate N(Sp, trato). 

trate, nla. agreement, pact, deal. 

travo 

travo, cane liquor, cf. trago. 

trenta Num(Sp, treinta). 

trenta, nle. thirty. 

trenta, nld. .30-30 rifle, thirty cents or pesos. 

trentatik, n5. by or in thirties, every thirty. 

trigo 

trigo, wheat, cf. triko. 

triko N(Sp, trigo). 

triko, nla. wheat Triticum aestivum, #686(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant". It 

is grown by Chamulas. The seeds are sown at any time of the year. The 

crop is sold and the seeds are ground into flour for bread, var., trigo 

/Htek-lum/. 

trikoaltik, n5. large wheat field, 

trikotik, n5. wheat field. 

trim(l) O. 

trim, onom. ping (bullet VI: 20) /richocheting/. 

trim(2) prob P or P(2). 

trimahtik, aj. with long stitches, 

trimilik, aj. with visible /veins/. 

trimim, av. stretching taut (wire, rope), 

trimimet, av. taut, 

trimlahet, av. cracking (whip). 

trimluh, av. snapping or parting suddenly (rope, wire), 

trim trim, aj. taut. 

trimon N. 

trimon, n4f. Male joking speech, use restricted to: mu hnaibe strimonal: 

I don't know the least thing about it. 

trinirat N(Sp, trinidad). 

trinirat, n5. ensign-bearer of the Holy Trinity. 

tu(l) A. 

tu, aj. stinking (bad food, corpse, flatulence, mud, excrement, tripe, fish, 

leather, bad breath), 

tu-eis con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)le. 'stinky fart bug', darkling beetle 

Eleodes sp., walking stick insect Autolyca sp.. cf. ka 1 ) diavlo, ken pukuh. 

A walking stick insect is boiled with the pit of a son sapote. One 

bowlful of the broth is drunk two or three times. It is "medium" 

Cold water should not be drunk until the sickness has passed, 

tuet, av. stinking. 

tuib, iv. become foul smelling (food), 

tuibtas, tv. cause to stink /food/, 

tuil, n4b. stench /corpse/, bad breath /drunk/. Ritual speech, prayer; 

stench, cf. sinal. 

tuil, aj. stinking. 

tuil ?isim hobel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'fetid root grass', Cyperus 

flavus, #1035(1,3,5). Highland "plant" 

tuil con, nphr(aj & n)le. 'stinky bug', bedbug, stinkbug. 

nusetel tuil con, nphr(vn & nphr/aj & n/)5. 'crawling stink bug', bedbug. 

They are killed with boiling water, 

tuil sinic, cf. sinic. 

tuil sinic', cf. sinic. 

tuil to, nphr(aj & n)le. 'stinky tree', guatemalan jessamine Cestrumguatemalense, 

#2219(19). Highland "tree", guatemalan jessamine Cestrum 

gualemalense var. gracile, #126(1,2,4,5). Highland "tree", orange jessamine 

Cestrum aurantiacum, #1223A(1,3,4,5). Temperate "tree", 

shrub nightshade Solarium brachystachys, # 1844(1). Highland "tree". 

bitterwood Trichilia glabra, #238(1,2,3,4,5). Lowland "tree". Eupatorium 

daleoides, #260(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree". Tournefortia sp., 

#365(1,2). Highland "tree".

9it'is tuil te?, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/). Bacchahs serraefolia, 

#2936(16). Highland "tree". As a remedy for diarrhea, a small 

bunch is brewed and one cup of the tea is drunk twice daily for 

two or three days. It is "hot" 

k'os tuil te 1 ?, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). gualemalan jessamine Cestrum 

guatemalense, #2219(1,3,4). Highland "tree", orange jessamine Cestrum 

aurantiacum, #2522(1,4). Temperate "tree", 

sakil tuil to, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). shrub nightshade Solanum 

brachystachys, #2923(1,3). Highland "tree" 

tuis, nla. leek A Ilium porrum, Highland plant". It is "cold". 

tuisaltik, n5. large field of leeks, 

tuistik, n5. field of leeks. 

te9tikil tuis, nphr(natt & n)ld. wild onion Allium kumhii, # 1388(3). 

Highland "plant" The entire plant is eaten raw or roasted. It is 

"cold". It is sold at market. 

te?tikil tuistik, nphr(natt & n)5. expanse of wild onions, 

tuis ka 1 ), nphr(n of n). 'horse onion', wild onion Allium kunthii, # 1388(9). 

Highland 'plant" 

tututik, aj. stinking slightly, 

htuil-cak me9el, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Scolding speech; stinking-assed 

woman, 

htuil-cak sinulan, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Scolding speech, 

exclaimed when ladinas waste or abuse corn; stinking-assed ladina. 

tu(2) prob O. 

tuet, av. tooting (cow horn), trumpeting (cornet EKL 255: 1-11). 

tulahet, av. cf. tuel (plu). 

tulahetik, av. cf. luton (plu). 

tuton, av. spitting explosively (person EKL 255: 1-7), spitting frequently 

(drunk), tooting frequently (cow horn). 

tu(3) N. 

tu, n4d. duty. 

ha 1 ? stu li c'amaletik ta sc'unbeik smantal stotike. It is the children's 

duty to obey their fathers. 

tn?(l) prob P or P(2). 

timhtik, aj. cf. tuiul /plu/. 

tu?tu?, aj. pear-shaped. 

tu"Ku? p'in, nphr(aj & n)la. pear-shaped pot /for corn gruel, tamales or 

nixtamal/. 

tuiuêt hoi, vphr(av & n4d). bobbing with pear-shaped head (bob-white), 

tuiul, aj. pear-shaped (pot, avocado). 

tu-?ulik, aj. cf. tutahtik. 

tu?(2) X. 

tuvun, tv. be for, have to have. 

k'u atu9un. What do you need it for? (or) What's it to you? 

tuwnan, tv. be for (plu). 

tuiunanan, tv. cf. tutunan. 

tub(l) N. 

tub cil, nphr(n of n). 'cricket spittle', soap root agave Agave brachystachys, 

#1557(11,12), #1824(1,4). Temperate and highland "plant", 

tub (Siltik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of tub cil. 

eahal tub cil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). see below, 

k'os cahal tub cil, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Calochortus 

ghiesbreghtii, #1913(1,3,4). Temperate "plant". 

k'anal tub cil, nphrfaj & nphr/n of n/). ladies' tresses Spiranthes aurantiaca, 

#1380(3). Temperate "plant" Anthericum vestilum, 

#1051(1,3,5). Highland "plant". Echeandia macrocarpa, 


k'os k'anal tub cil, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Anthericum 

vestitum, #1359(1,3). Highland "plant". Echeandia macrocarpa, 

#2069(3,4), #2406(3,4). Highland "plant". 

k'os tub cil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). ladies' tresses Spiranthes cinnabarina, 

#1943(17). Temperate "plant" Nolhoscordum bivalve, 

#897(1,2,3,5). Highland "plant". Calochortus ghiesbreghtii, 

#1364(1,3). Highland plant". #1913(17). Temperate "plant". Anthericum 

eleutherandrum, # 1555(1,3,11,12). Temperate and highland 

"plant". Echeandia macrophylla var. longifolia, #1825(1,4). Temper- 


ate "plant" 

muk'ta tub cil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). soap root agave Agave brachystachys, 

#1557(1,3). Temperate and highland "plant" 

#1937(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate "plant" 

tubah, iv. spit, 

tuban, iv. spit, 

tubil, n3d. spit. 

tubta, tv. spit on. A man transporting a load of green bananas or mamey 

sapotes will spit on them so that they will ripen properly, 

stubta ec'el li vo'e. lit., The rain spitted past, i.e.. Only a few drops 

of rain fell. 

Ritual speech, midwife addressing tutelary gods; mu me 

satubtabekon, mu me sasetabekon ti •mnen nicime ti 'Junen lavalina. 

Please, for my sake, do not spit on the little flower, please, for my 

sake, do not vomit on the little pink, 

tubtaan, tv. spit on /plu/. 

tubtaanan, tv. cf. tubtaan. 

tubtaob s'avon k'osetik, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/). 'children's soap spitter', 

dandelion Taraxacum officinale, #1411(3). Highland "plant" 

Children bruise the stem and flowers in water, producing a foam 

which they blow at each other, 

tubtatiibta, tv. spit on one after another. 

stubtatubta sa sk'ob t smahvan. He spits on one hand and then 

the other /ready to/ hit the people, 

tubtavan, iv. spit on person, 

htubtavaneh, agn. person who spits on another, mexican beaded lizard 

that spits on people. 

tub(2) P. 

tub-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5. narrow-based (pot that will not stand), 

tubahtik, aj. pear-shaped (avocado, breasts of ladinas who wear falsies). 

tuban, tv. constrict /neck of pot while molding it/. 

tubet cak, vphr(av & n4b). unable to stand securely (pot), bending over 

(robber). 

tubtub, aj. thick-necked (bottle, water gourd), narrow-based (pottery), 

tububet cak, vphr(av & n4b). rocking back and forth, 

tubul, aj. thick-necked (bottle, water gourd), narrow-based (pottery), 

prominent (boil), 

tubulik, aj. cf. tubahtik. 

tue P. 

tue(l), nle. poisonous highland and lowland caterpillar. 

tue(2), n5. homosexual. 

tue-ne, n(aj & ncpd)le. 'stubby tail', poisonous caterpillar, cf. tuefl). 

lueahtik, aj. cf. tuelue /plu/. 

tuean, tv. grow stunted (cushaw, chayote, peach). 

mean ba, rv. grow stunted (cushaw, chayote, peach), 

tueet, av. stubby (young boy's penis), 

tueibtas, tv. make too short /shirt, tunic/. 

tuein, aj. homosexual, cowardly, 

tuelah, av. cf. tueue (plu). 

tuelahet, av. cf. tueet (plu). 

tuetetuete, av. walking about with stubby /tail/. 

tueton, av. walking with stubby /tail/. 

tuetue, aj. bobbed, stubby (rabbit's, dog's or mule's tail, woman's hair), 

tucul, aj. bobbed, stubby (rabbit's, dog's or mule's tail, boy's penis), 

young (fruit). 

tueulik, aj. young (fruit; peaches, chayotes, avocados, cushaws). 

rue 1 P, T. 

tue", iv. avalanche, 

tue* ba, rv. avalanche, 

tue'ahtik, aj. cf. tue'ul /plu/. 

tue"an ba, rv. prostrate self (person weeping in church or at wake, drunk 

refusing to be led home). 

tue'an komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave stretched out /murder victim/. 

tue"anob, n5. mat and each of two logs on which coffin is set outside 

house and at graveyard, 

tue'anobil, nlf. cf. tue'anob.


tue*eah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). slide (avalanche). 

tue'ean yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cause landslide. 

tue'et, av. slithering or swimming straight ahead (large snake). 

tue'etah, iv. slither straight ahead (large snake). 

tue"i, iv. lie (corpse during wake). 

tue"ilan, iv. keep having rock slides. 

tue'lah, av. inching (large caterpillars). 

tue'lahet, av. slithering, or swimming straight ahead (large snakes), inching 

(hornworms, large caterpillars). 

tue'lahetel con, nphr(vn5 type n5). caterpillar or grub /general term/. 

tue'leb, n5. mat and each of two logs on which coffin is set outside house 

and at graveyard, place where corpse is set down on trip to graveyard. 

tue'lebal, n3b. cf. tue'leb. 

tue'leh, n4f. lying (corpse), stretched out (snake, hornworm, etc.). 

tue'lih yalel, vphr(av & dr). sliding down suddenly (avalanche). 

tiie'tetue'te yalel, vphr(av & dr). sliding down here and there (earth in 

avalanche). 

tue'ton, av. inching (large caterpillar), slipping away (patient), being carried 

/coffin on shoulders/. 

tue'ue' yalel, vphr(av & dr). sliding down (earth in avalanche). 

tue*ue'et, av. slithering or swimming slowly straight ahead (rattlesnake). 

tue'ul, aj. lying (corpse during wake, dog lying on stomach), stretched out 

(large snake, wood grub, hornworm). 

tue'ulik, aj. cf. tue'ul /plu/. 

tuc P, P(2). 

tuc-ni?, n(aj & ncpd)5. with well-proportioned nose. 

tuc ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). hit and cause to swing back and 

forth /fruit/, hit /crying child being carried/. 

tucahtik, aj. cf. tucul. 

tucan, tv. produce /single fruit/ (young tree), produce small ears (corn). 

tucan ba, rv. follow immediately behind. 

tucet, av. following immediately behind (child behind mother, person 

awaiting gift at ceremony). 

tucetah, iv. follow immediately behind. 

tucetik, av. cf. tucet (plu). 

tuci, iv. be directly behind. 

tuclah. av. walking with bobbed tails (dogs). 

tuclih, av. dangling suddenly, following suddenly (girl who follows lover 

to his home), rebounding suddenly (blow). 

tuctetiicte, av. walking about immediately behind person. 

tucton, av. walking and wagging short /tail/, walking with small burden. 

tuctuc, aj. too short (tumpline), short (child's nose). 

tucuc, av. running directly behind. 

tucul, aj. clinging (tick), young (fruit; peach, squash, chayote, avocado), 

well-proportioned (nose), turned up (nose with anger). 

tuculik, aj. cf. tucul /plu/. 

tuc' I, T(2). 

tuc', tv. cut /wood, paper, clothing, meat, rope/, break /rope/, divide into 

strips /land/, cross /river, road, gully, field/, cut across /road, field/, 

deflower, buy /new clothing/, pick /flower, beans, greens/, cause severe 

ache in /leg, arm/ (snakebite, arthritis, cold, exhaustion). 

tuc', iv. break (rope, leather thong, weaving, thread, ribbon), be cut 

(vein), avalanche. 

tuc', nc. piece /meat, cloth, leather, paper/, length /ribbon, rope/, strip 

/land/. 

tuc' ba, rv. avalanche. 

tuc'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. Male joking speech; lit., defloration, i.e., 

wedding. 

tuc' ta 9o9on, vphr(iv & prep & n4d). dismiss or banish from one's 

thoughts, relinquish, 

mu slue' ta yo?on ti sba^yi lekome. He can't forget his first fiancee. 

tuc' ta be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). interrupt conversation or 

discussion, meddle, interfere, cut short /discussion, dispute/. 

istuc' ta be k'op ha9 sa muk' smeleah 90. He cut short the discussion 

so it was never settled. 

tuc' ta cu?, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). wean self, be weaned. 

tuc'ahtik, aj. cut (stumps, ropes, person). 

tuc'an, tv. cut, break or cross /plu/. 

tuc'an ta be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). interrupt many times. 

tuc'anan, tv. cut, break or cross /plu/. 

tuc'anan ta be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). interrupt many times. 

tuc'antuc'an, tv. cut, break or cross one after another. 

tuc'antuc'an ta be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). interrupt one time 


tuc'antuc'anan, tv. cf. tuc'antuc'an. 

tuc'benal, n4a. cut /tree/, tear /made by rats or mice/. 

tuc'eah, iv. avalanche. 

tuc'ean, tv. cause landslide. 

tuc'ebal, n5. moment before breaking (rope, leather thong). 

tuc'el, aj. cut, broken, torn. 

tuc'em won, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). crave, hanker after. 

tuc'es, tv. bulldoze, cause landslide. 

tuc'ilan, tv. keep cutting or crossing. 

tuc'ilan, iv. keep breaking, avalanche repeatedly, cut in pieces. 

tuc'ilanan, tv. keep cutting or crossing /plu/. 

tuc'k'ih, iv. cf. tuc'eah. 

tuc'lah, av. parting (ropes), sliding down (rocks). 

tue'lahet, av. breaking in many places (rope). 

tue'lahet lahval, vphr(av & n4d). cf. tue'ton nahval (plu). 

tue'lahetik, av. cf. tue'ton (plu). 

tue'leh, n4f. cut, break, whole piece. 

tuc'ob, nlf. axe, saw, billhook, knife, scissors, machete. 

tuc'obil, nlf. cf. tuc'ob. 

tuc'p'ih, iv. cf. tuc'eah. 

tuc'tetiic'te, av. sliding down here and there (rocks). 

tue'ton, av. cutting /trees/. 

tue'ton 9ahval, vphr(av & n4d). requesting obstinately. 

tue'ton ta c'amunel, vphr(av & prep & vn4f). persistently requesting in 

vain. 

tuc'tuc', nc. single piece /I only/. 

tuc'tuc'il, n4f. Male joking speech; clitoris. 

tuc'uc", av. parting (rope), sliding down (rocks). 

tuc'uc'et, av. aching severely (back, chest, foot with cold). 

tue'ul, aj. cut (stump, rope). 

tuc'ulil, n4f. scrap, piece. 

tuc'ultik, aj. in shreds (clothing). 

tuc'ultiic'ul, n4f. each of many plots of land. 

tue'van ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). cut across person's path. 

htuc'-9ora, agn(tv & nepd). lit., hour-cutter, i.e., witch, weasel, fox or 

whippoorwill that crosses one's path or calls out. Joking speech; fearfully 

ugly thing. 

htuc'-kantela, agn(tv & nepd). lit., candle-cutter, i.e., witch. A candlecutter 

is always a shaman. The victim's soul is taken by the earth 

lord. 

htuc'vaneh ta be, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). animal that cuts across 

person's path. 

mu tuc'bah, ajphr(pt & aj). refuse to give up (spurned suitor, girl or 

child who answers back). 

tuc'ic' N. 

tuc'ic', nla. yellow-backed oriole Icterus c/ir/sater, bar-winged oriole Icterus 

maculi-alatus. It is eaten. It is "cold" 

tuento N(Sp, duende). 

tuento, n5. ghost of unbaptised baby. It is supposed to take the form of 

a sombreron at night and frighten people. 

ruk(l) N. 

tuk, n4d. alone. 

9a li stukike. as for them. 

ta htuk. on my own. 

ha 1 ) stuk toh mas lek. It is the very best. 

bae*i ha? trago stuk. It is pure (or) straight cane liquor. 

tuktuk, n4d. all alone. 

tuk(2) I.

tuk, iv. open (bud, com for posol), be crumbly (dry earth), be spread 

(gossip, news), 

tuk, nc. bartered object. 

tuk ba, rv. open (bud, corn of posol), crumble (dry earth). 

tukeah, iv. open (bud), 

tukean, tv. make crumbly /earth with foot/, 

tukebal, n5. moment before opening /bud/, 

tukes, tv. split open /corn for posol or toasted tortillas/ /by second 

boiling/, 

tukes k'op, vphr(tv & n5). spread gossip. 

itukesbat sk'op buc'u seob yole. A /woman/ who has an illegitimate 

child is gossiped about. 

tukesan, tv. split open a lot of /corn for posol/. 

tukesan k'op, vpbx(tv & n5). spread a lot of gossip, 

tukesanan k'op, vphr(tv & n5). cf. tukesan k'op. 

tukesbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). gossip about, 

tukesob, nlf. pot for boiling corn for posol or toasted tortillas. 

tukesobil, nlf. cf. tukesob. 

tuket k'oplal, vphr(av & n4f). spreading gossip. 

tuketik, av. spreading gossip (plu). 

tuki, tv. dismantle, tear down /house, corral, steward's altar/, pull out 

/weaving/, 

tukieh-be ka9, nphr(n/vn & ncpd/ of n)5. dismantling of horse's race 

course /fifth day of Fiesta of St. Sebastian, January 23/. 

tukih, iv. be dismantled (house, corral, steward's altar), be pulled out 

(weaving). 

tukilan. rv. root (pig), 

tukilanan, tv. root in many places (pig), 

tukiobil, n4f. machete for cutting ropes or house lashings, 

tuklah, av. criticizing (plu). 

tuklahetik, av. cf. tukton (plu). 

tukleh, n4f. boiling or splitting of corn for posol. 

tuklih, av. crumbling suddenly underfoot (earth), 

tukolah, iv. barter, scratch leaves or ground (bird), root (pig). 

tukp'ih, iv. fall apart (flower). 

tukp'in, tv. tear apart /flower/. 

tuktetiikte, av. walking about muttering angrily to self, giving way underfoot 

here and there. 

tukton, av. criticizing /not to person's face/, muttering to self. 

tukuket, av. crumbly underfoot (dry earth). 

tukukil, n4f. many bartered objects, 

tukul, n5. barter. 

tukulah, iv. barter, scratch leaves or ground (bird), root (dog). 

tukulta, tv. barter, root (pig). 

tukultabil. illegitimate (child), 

tukultaan, tv. root in many places (pig), barter a lot. 

tukultaanan, tv. cf. tukultaan. 

hik(3) X. 

tuk, nc. twenty warp threads, 

tuka, tv. measure into twenty warp threads, 

tukaan, tv. measure many into twenty warp threads. 

tuktuk N. 

tuktuk, nle. red-shafted flicker Colaptes cafer, strong-billed woodcreeper 

Xiphocolaptes promeropirhyncus. Flickers are eaten. They are "cold". 

They are known to scratch up newly planted seed corn. 

Male joking speech; hun ta na tuktuk. lit., as big as a 

woodcreeper's burrow, i.e., very large vagina. 

hikiim N. 

tukum, nla. sorghum molasses candy, popcorn, ground watermelon 

squash seeds, fawn, inan poss; spots /fawn, jaguar/. 

tukum hTik'al, nphr(n of agn)5. 'spook's tukum', sorghum Sorghum vulgare, 

#797(1,2), #2741(1,4). Lowland "plant". It is grown by ladinos. 

The seeds are planted in June with the aid of a digging stick, two to a 

hole. The grain is eaten, toasted on the griddle. It is 'cold". It is sold 

at market. It is sold by ladinas in a candy confection, 

tukumtik, aj. spotted (face). 


tuk' A. 

tuk'(l), nla. rifle, shotgun. 

tuk'(2), aj. straight, clear (speech), honest, upright, conscientious. 

tuk' nos t sftabteh. He is working conscientiously. 

tuk'an. Quit it! (or) Leave it /me, etc./ alone! 

tuk'-be, n(aj & ncpd)5. straight road or path, 

tuk'a, tv. shoot at. 

tuk'aan, tv. shoot at /plu/. 

tuk'aanan, tv. cf. tuk'aan. 

tuk'avah, iv. shoot, 

tuk'avan, iv. shoot person, 

tuk'avil, n5. hunting, 

tuk'ib, iv. become honest, upright, or sensible, be settled (dispute). 

mu stuk'ib yu")un k'op. He can not settle disputes. 

mu stuk'ib sk'op. His argument is not getting (any more) sensible. 

ha? to tuk'ib h-set' shol si li line ti mi tol to ios smahvan smalale 9i 

mu sa bu t smahvan ta e'akal •June. "At last he has become a little 

bit more sensible" says a woman if her husband, who has beaten 

up people, now no longer hits them. 

tuk'ibtas, tv. set straight or make consistent (argument), correct, 

straighten, align. 

istuk'ibtas e"aketik. He aligned the boundary markers. 

istuk'ibtas shol. lit., He straightened his head, i.e., He became honest, 

tuk'ibtas ba lek, vphr(rv & aj). Male joking speech; lit., straighten self 

out, i.e., be unresisting or cooperative (mistress). 

tuk'ibtas k'op, vphr(tv & nld). settle dispute, 

tuk'ibtasan, tv. correct or straighten in many places, 

tuk'ibtasanbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). settle many disputes, 

tuk'ibtaseh-k'op, vn(tv & ncpd)5. settlement /of dispute/, 

tuk'ibtasvan, iv. counsel or advise person, set person straight, 

tuk'il, n4b. direction, in front of. 

buy stuk'il. in what direction? 

tuk'il, n4e. honesty. 

stuk'ilal rios t sik'opoh. I speak with the honesty of God. 

tuk'il k'op, nphr(aj & n5). proper conversation, in good form, honest 

talk. 

tuk'tuk', tv(impv). Quit it!, Leave it (me, etc.) alone! 

tuk'tuk'tik, aj. rather straight (tree, road), 

tuk'ulan, tv. notice, pay attention to, take care of. 

tuk'ulan ba, rv. take care of oneself, be responsible, behave. 

muk' stuk'ulan sba ta yabtel. He wasn't responsible in office. 

lek stuk'ulan sba mu sna? mas yakub. He behaves well; he doesn't 

get drunk often. 

mu stuk'ulan sba c'abal k'usi wy yu?un ta sna yu'mn toh c'ah. He 

is not responsible; he has nothing in his house because he is so lazy, 

tuk'ulan baik, rv. look after each other, 

tuk'ulanan, tv. take care of /plu/. 

tuk'ulanan baik, rv. look after each other (many people), 

tuk'ulaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. looking after each other, 

tuk'ulanvan, iv. look after or care for person. 

lek stuk'ulanvan li ''alibale. The daughter-in-law is well cared for. 

lek stuk'ulanvan ta k'elvaneh yu7un hpas-iabtel. They look after and 

attend the official well /his assistants/, 

htuk'avaneh, agn. murderer, 

htuk'avil, agn. hunter, marksman, 

htuk'ibtasvaneh, agn. person who gives good counsel. 

htuk'ulanvaneh, agn. person who looks after another. 

tul(l) T(2). 

tul, tv. pick /fruit, nut/, scald /chicken/, 

tul, iv. fall out in great quantities (hair, feathers). 

tul, nla. stirring stick. Male joking speech; penis, 

tul ba, rv. be scalded. 

tul-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with moth-eaten hair (woman). 

tulahlik. aj. lacy (badly-eaten leaves), 

tulal, nlf. stirring stick.


tulan, tv. pick /fruits, etc./, scald /chickens/. 

tulanan, tv. pick /fruits, etc./, scald /chickens/. 

tulantulan, tv. pick one after another. 

tulantulanan, tv. cf. tulantulan. 

tulbenal, n4e. surplus picked fruit. 

tuleah, iv. lose hair, moult. 

tulean, tv. cause hair to drop out. 

tulel, nc. picking /fruit, nuts/. 

tulilan, tv. keep picking /fruits, nuts/. 

tulilanan, tv. keep picking many /fruits, nuts/. 

tullahetik, av. picking /fruit, nuts/. 

tulob, nlf. forked pole for knocking down fruit. 

tulobil, nlf. cf. tulob. 

tultetulte, av. walking about without any burden, walking and bobbing 

(chicken's head), 

tulton, av. walking without any burden, picking, walking with moth-eaten 

hair (woman), 

tultul, aj. short-haired (woman), moth-eaten (woman's hair, mule's or 

chicken's tail), thin (boy). 

tulul, aj. lacy (badly-eaten leaves), moulting, soaked, 

tululik, aj. curling (eyelashes). 

tulvan, iv. scald person. 

tul(2) prob O. 

tulubah, iv. snort (horse), 

tulumta, tv. call chickens. 

tulan N. 

tulan, nla. oak Quercus segoviensis, #1916(17). Temperate "tree". The 

trunk is used for house mainposts, fence posts, and firewood. 


tulantik, n5. grove of oaks. 

•nk'al tulan, nphr(aj & n). oak Quercus rugosa, #2344(3,4). Highland 

"tree" The trunk is used for fence posts (the bark is stripped off and 

the end pointed), and for firewood. The branches are used for 

brush fences. 

eahal tulan, nphr(aj & n). oak Quercus rugosa, #639(1,2). Highland 

"tree" The trunk is used for house mainposts, fence posts, and 

firewood. The branches are used for brush fences. Three tips are 

used for the shaman's wand when recalling a lost soul. (5)-The bark 

of an unattested variety is brewed as a remedy for loose teeth, 

swelling, and malaria. It is "hot", 

eahal tulantik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of oaks. 

hayal pat tulan, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 'thin bark oak', oak 

Quercus rugosa, #2345(19). Highland "tree" It is used for house 

mainposts. 

k'an-tulan, n(aj & ncpd). oak Quercus rugosa, #604(1). Highland 

"tree" The trunk is used for house mainposts, fence posts, and firewood. 

k'eves tulan, nphr(n type n). oak Quercus peduncularis, #634(1,2). 

Temperate and highland "tree" The trunk is used for house mainposts, 

for fence posts, and for firewood, oak Quercus segoviensis, 

#1916(1,3,4,16). Temperate "tree". (16)-Same use as above. 

#2263(3,4). Highland "tree". oak Quercus polymorpha, 

#2419(1,20). Highland "tree" (20)-Same use as above, 

k'eves tulantik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of oaks, 

sakil tulan, nphr(aj & n). oak Quercus rugosa, #B 14276(5), 

#B14277(5), #2344(19), #2345(3,4). Highland "tree" The trunk is 

used for house mainposts, fence posts, corral posts, telephone poles, 

vertical poles of wattle, steambath framework, corn bin planks, 

bridge planks, stiles, gates, bedposts, hooks, pot stands, axe handles, 

and firewood. The branches are used for brush fences. The 

tips, together with pine tips and geraniums, are used by shamans 

for beating out "wind" The acorns are eaten by deer, goats, squirrels, 

and band-tailed pigeons. #445(1,2,3). Temperate and highland 

"tree" 

tulan vinik, nphr(n type n)5. strong man. 

tulis N. 

tulis, nle. dragonfly, damselfly. 

tuluk' N(M-Z, tuluk'). 

tuluk', nla. turkey, pine cone. Turkeys are eaten occasionally. Their 

flesh is 'cold'. 

tuluk' ba, vphr(n/pred/ & rpn). pretty /girl/. 

tuluk'al toh, nphr(natt & n)la. pine cone. 

tum(l) T(2). 

turn, tv. cleave, pluck /harp/. 

tum-nuk', n(aj & ncpd)5. long-necked. 

turn ta tuc'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). snap /rope/. 

turn ta tuc'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). snap (rope). 

tumahtik, aj. prominent (seam). 

tumel, aj. prominently visible (neck of person staring at another). 

tumet, av. prominent (neck muscles of person with heavy burden, neck 

of man without neckerchief or of woman without necklace). 

tumilan, tv. pluck at /harp/ (child). 

tumlah, av. walking while playing /harps/. 

tumlahetik, av. plucking /harp/ (children). 

tumlih, av. snapping suddenly (wire, neck of man), parting suddenly 

(rope). 

tumtetumte, av. walking about with prominent /neck muscles/, walking 

along without neckerchief (man) or without necklace (woman). 

tumton, av. sounding (harp). 

tumtum, aj. long (necked). 

tumul, aj. uncovered (neck of man without neckerchief or woman without 

ribbons). 

tumulik, aj. prominent /muscles, veins/. 

tumumet, av. prominent (neck muscles of person with heavy burden), 

held erect (neck of jesus Christ lizard or bobwhite when running). 

tum(2) N. 

turn, n5. blue-crowned motmot Momotus momota, russet-crowned motmot 

Momotus mexicanus/Naben Cauk, lApas/. cf. kul, ru. 

tumpa N(Sp, tumba). 

tumpa, nle. table /set up in church on All Souls' Day and when requiem 

mass is given/. The evangelical cross and candles for those who died 

kinless are placed on this table. 

tun T. 

tun, tv. use. 

Denunciatory speech, husband to lazy wife; lek sa atun lek sa alahes 

ti h-set'e ti hutebe. Happily you used, happily you ate the pinch, the 

trifle. 

tun, iv. be useful, serve, 

mu stun. It's no good, 

k'u stun io leie. What is that for? 

Ritual speech, outgoing religious official; litun libain ta yolon yok ta 

yolon sk'ob li kahvaltike. I served, I perceived beneath the feet, 

beneath the hands of Our Lord. 

tun ?u9un, vphr(iv & n4d). need. 

tunan, tv. use many /Cobtik/. 

tiinantunan, tv. use one after another /Cobtik/. 

tunel, vn4b. service, duty, use, necessity. 

tunem, aj. used, secondhand. 

tunilan, iv. keep being used (ritual paraphernalia). 

tiintetunte, av. being used time and again. 

htunel, agn. useful or important object or person, medicinal herb. Male 

joking speech; penis. Ritual speech; dignitary, "flowers" of curing ceremony. 

Ritual speech, outgoing religious official to successor upon receiving 

oath of office; mi lekil htunelot mi lekil hbainelot ta lahceb "m 

ta lahceb k'ak'al. Will you be a good dignitary, will you be a good 

witness for twelve months, for twelve days? 

tunelan N(Sp, tonala). 

tunelan, n5. Tonala. 

tunko A(Sp, tunco). 

tunko, aj. one-armed, one-legged. 

tunsakrek

tunsakrek, woodpecker, cf. tunsarek. 

tunsarek N. 

tunsarek, n5. golden-fronted woodpecker Centurus aurifrons, acorn 

woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus. cf. bah to mut. var., tunsakrek 

/Pat lOsil/. 

tup' I, T. 

tup', tv. put out /light, fire/, turn off /flashlight/, cut /fever/, erase, strike 

out. 

tup', iv. go out (light, fire), wilt (flower), be cut (fever). 

tup' 9ik\ vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). die. 

tup'-iik', vn(iv & ncpd). epilepsy. 

tup'an, tv. put out /fires/. 

tup'anan, tv. cf. tup'an. 

tup'antup'an, tv. turn out one after another /lights/, put out one after 

another /fires/, erase one after another /names/. 

tup'antiip'anan, tv, cf. tup'antup'an. 

tup'eah ?ik\ vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). stop breathing. 

tup'eb, n5. Ritual speech; person praying at grave of relative; death. 

laheb tup'eb. the end, the extinction. 

tup'ebal, n5. moment when fire is about to go out, or when flowers wither. 

Ritual speech, song sung by musicians on All Souls' Day in houses, 

on trails, at cemetery; lahebal tup'ebal. the end, the extinction. 

tup'el, nc. erasing, putting out /fire/. 

tup'es, tv. turn off /flashlight/, cut /fever/. 

tup'et, av. dark /dawn, dusk/. 

stup'et ssat 9osil. It is dark. 

tup'etik, av. cf. tup'et. 

tup'ilan, tv. keep turning on and off /flashlight, etc./. 

tup'ilan, iv. keep going out (candle). 

tup'lih, av. going out suddenly (light). 

tup'ob, nlf. water or branches used to put out fire. 

tup'ob mahbenal, nphr(nlf of n5). prayers or herbs used to cure person 

of mahbenal. 

tup'obil, nlf. cf. tup'ob. 

tup'obil mahbenal, nphr(nlf of n5). cf. tup'ob mahbenal. 

tup'up'et, av. dark /dawn, dusk/. 

tup'van, iv. cure person of mahbenal. 

htup'-'Jik', agn(tv & ncpd). epileptic. 

htup'vaneh, agn. shaman who cures person of mahbenal. 

tur O. 

tur, onom. snort /horse/ /r is trilled/. 

turet, av. blasting /cow horn/, tooting /flatulence/. 

turetah, iv. blast /cow horn/. 

turetik, av. blasting /cow horns/. 

tururet, av. blasting /cow horn/, tooting /flatulence/. 

turanko 

turanku, peach, cf. turasnu. 

turasnu N(Sp, durazno). 

turasnu, nla. peach, var., turisnu. 

turasnualtik, n5. large peach orchard. 

turasnutik, n5. peach orchard. 

bae"i turasnu, nphr(aj & n). peach Prunus persica, #922(1,3). Highland 

"tree". It is grown by many Zinacantecs, in their yards. The pits are 

planted in the rainy season, one to a hole. The harvest is in August. 

The fruit is sold at market. (3)-It is "medium". (l)-It is "cold". As 

a remedy for worms, a handful of leaves and a few chips of bark 

are brewed with a handful of brown sugar. A cup is drunk before 

breakfast for one or two days. It is "hot", 

duranko, cf. luranko. 

karirat, nld. peach Prunus persica, #925(1,3). Highland "tree". It is 

grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The pits are planted by 

women and girls in the beginning of the rainy season, one to a 

hole. The harvest is in October. The fruit is eaten raw. It is "cold". 

It is sold at market in San Cristobal and Tuxtla. The trunk is used 

for fence posts and firewood. The branches are used for brush 

fences, var., karida /Htek-lum/. 


351 

k'anal karirat, nphr(aj & n). peach Prunus persica, #367(1,2,3). Highland 

"tree". It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. It is 

planted as above. The harvest is in August. The fruit is eaten raw. 

It is "cold". It is sold at market in San Cristobal and Tuxtla. 

karirat turasnu, nphr(n type n). peach Prunus persica, #348(1,2). 

Highland "tree", same as karirat. 

kaslan turasnu, nphr(aj & n)la. apricot Prunus armeniaca, #387(1,4). 

Highland "tree" It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. 

The pit is planted at the beginning of the rainy season, one to a 

hole. The tree fruits three or four years after planting. The harvest 

is in May. Apricots are eaten raw. They are "cold" They are sold 

at market in San Cristobal and Tuxtla. 

luranko, nla. peach Prunus persica, #372(1,2,4), #921(1,3). Highland 

"tree" It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The pits 

are planted by men and women in the rainy season, one to a hole. 

The harvest is in August. This red-meated peach is peeled and eaten 

raw. It is "medium" or "hot" The trunk is used for fence posts, 

bean poles, and firewood. The branches are used for brush fences. 

var., duranko /Htek-lum/, turanku /Htek-lum/. 

lurankotik, n5. peach orchard. 

luranko turasnu, nphr(n type n). peach Prunus persica, #372(1,2,4). 

Highland "tree". Same as luranko. It is grown by many Zinacanlecs, 

in their yards. The pit is planted in the rainy season, one to a hole. 

The fruit is harvested in August. It is sold at market. Peaches are 

"medium" The trunk is used for firewood. 

k'os merokotom, nphr(aj & n). peach Prunus persica, #346(1,2,3,4). 

It is not grown by many Zinacantecs, but the fruits bring a better 

price than other peaches. It is planted as above, or seedlings are 

transplanted in the rainy season by men, women, and children. 

The fruit is eaten raw. It is "cold" Peaches are sold by a few Zinacantecs 

at market in Tuxtla, Arriaga, and Tonala. The trunk is 

used for fence posts, bean poles, and firewood. As a remedy for 

colic or to cure a baby of hitting its motheT, six shoots are crushed 

in cold water. A small cupful is drunk, after which the baby spits 

up its anger. It is "hot" 

priskui, nla. peach, see below. 

k'anal prisku'?, nphr(aj & n). peach Prunus persica, #345(1,2), 

#895(1,2,3,5). Highland "tree". It is grown by most Zinacantecs in 

their yards. It is planted by men or women, in the rainy season. 

One seed is planted to a hole. The fruit is harvested in August. It 

is eaten by people and pigs. Peaches are sold by Zinacantec women 

at market in Chamula, by Zinacantec men and women in San 

Cristobal, and by Zinacantec men in Tuxtla. The trunk is used 

for fence posts and firewood. The branches are used for brush 

fences. A year old or year and a half old infant that cries excessively 

or hits its mother frequently is forced to drink a cup of cold 

water in which two or three shoots have been crushed. The water 

is "cold". The child vomits his anger. 

sakil pnskut, nphr(aj & n). peach Prunus persica, #347(1,2,3), 

#923(1,3). Highland "tree". It is grown by all Zinacantecs, in their 

yards. Seeds are planted, one to a hole, by men and women, in the 

rainy season. Seedlings are transplanted. The fruit is eaten raw or 

boiled, alone or with refined sugar. It is "cold". It is sold in San 

Cristobal by women, and in Tuxtla by men. The trunk is used for 

fence posts and firewood, 

sakil turasnu, nphr(aj & n). see below. 

bae"i sakil turasnu, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). peach Prunus persica, 

#349(1,2,4). Highland "tree". It is grown by all Zinacantecs, in 

their yards. It is planted in the rainy season, one pit to a hole, by 

men and women. The fruit is harvested in August. It is eaten 

raw. It is "medium*. Peaches are sold at market in San Cristobal 

by Zinacantec men and women, and in Tuxtla by Zinacantec 

men. The trunk is used for fence posts, and firewood. For colic 

remedy, see k'os merokotom. Two small cups are drunk in the 

morning. It is "medium" 

turanku, peach, cf. luranko.

352 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 T/T 

tutus, n5. Baby talk; peach. 

turismu N(Sp, turismo). 

tunsmu, n5. car, taxi. 

turisnu 

turisnu, peach, cf. tiirasnu. 

turum N. 

turum, nld. throat, trachea, gullet. 

turumpo N(Sp, trompo). 

turumpo, nla. top /toy/. 

tunite N. 

turute, nld. trachea /cow/, var. turutu. 

turutu 

turutu, trachea, cf. tunite. 

tus P, P(2). 

tus, tv. comb, massage away /chest pain, evil eye/, brush. 

tus, iv. be massaged. 

tus ba, rv. be physically mature (adolescent), comb one's hair, massage 

self. 

tus-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. combing of hair, 

tusa, tv. settle dispute, arrange in neat pile /flowers/. 

lek stusa tal be c'ic'. He sets aright the veins (shaman, tutelary god), 

tusah, iv. be settled (dispute). 

tusahtik, aj. cf. lusul /plu/. 

tusan, tv. set in neat pile /firewood, candles, flowers/, stretch out together 

/legs/, comb /people's hair/. 

tusan komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave stretched out in pile /murder victims, 

corn field flattened by wind/. 

tusanan, tv. set a lot of /firewood/ /on fire/. 

tusantiisan, tv. comb hair one after another, 

tiisantusanan, tv. cf. tusanlusan. 

tusaobil rason, nphr(n4f of n5). liquor given to settle dispute, 

tusel, vn5. massage /rubbing of baby with candles, elderberry branches 

or eggs/. 

tusel, nc. combing /cloth on loom/ /1-3/. 

tuset, av. walking in groups or flocks (people, animals), 

tusetik, av. cf. tuset (plu). 

tusi, iv. stretch out (legs). 

t stusi vayuk sir The fireside is piled for the night /leaned against 

hearthstone to dry overnight/, 

tusilan, tv. comb, massage, brush, 

tusilan ba, rv. keep combing self, 

tuslahet, av. combing (plu). 

tusleh, nib. stretched out (many people or logs). 

tusob, nlf. comb /for person or mule/. 

tusobil, nlf. cf. tusob. 

tiistetuste, av. walking about in group or flock, 

tuston, av. walking in one group after the other, dying in large numbers, 

combing, massaging away /chest pain/, pulsing continuously /blood in 

vein of healthy person/. 

tusul, aj. lying with legs stretched out together, lying in neat pile (candles, 

firewood), lying together (many sick or sleeping people), thick 

(nap). 

tusulik, aj. cf. tusul /plu/. 

tusus, av. walking in succession or crowd, 

tususet, av. covered /with fleas/, flowing slowly (river), walking about 

slowly (many people, animals), walking in single file (leaf-cutter ants), 

tusvan, iv. massage person. 

htusvaneh, agn. shaman or midwife who massages person. 

tusino N(Sp, tocino). 

tusino, nla. 'bacon', corncob borer. This grub is found in the cobs of 

highland corn and is considered edible. It is "medium" 

rusnok" 

tusnok', cotton, cf. Misiuik'. 

tiisimk" N. 

tus'nuk', nla. cotton Gossypium hirsutum, #1108(1,3,4,5). Lowland 

"plant* It is grown by ladinos in the rainy season, in their yards. The 

cotton bolls are pulled off and flailed. The cotton is spun into thread, 

but Zinacantecs buy the thread. Cotton is used by stewards to wipe 

off the saints when they are washed, and by the holy elders to wipe 

off Christ when he is washed. Cotton is also used to swab the arm 

with alcohol before giving an injection, var., tusnok' /tApas, Hteklum, 

Vot-bic/. 

tus'nuk' e'hlel, nphr(n type n). Gnaphalium sp., #2224(19). Highland 

"plant" The leaves are bound to wounds to speed healing. They are 

"hot". 

tusnuk', n4e. nap /clothing/, 

tusnuk'tik, n5. cotton field. 

tusnuk' to, nphr(n type n)5. 'cotton tree', whip tree Luehea Candida, 

#253(1,3,5), #1110(1,3,5), #2660(1,3,15,21). Lowland "tree". The 

trunk is used for the mainposts and roof rods of fieldhouses, for the 

sides of the corn threshing platform, for fenceposts and rails, for hoe 

and billhook handles, digging sticks, and slingshots. It is used by ladinos 

for plow handles, cotton flails, and cattle corrals, 

muk'ta tusnuk' to, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). whip tree Luehea Candida, 

#2660(20). Lowland "tree" It is used for fence posts, hoe 

handles, and digging sticks. 

sakil tusnuk' te9, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). whip tree Luehea Candida, 


tusta N(Sp, Tuxtla from N, tochtli). 

tusta, n5. Tuxtla Gutierrez, 

tusta kinya, cf. kinya. 

htusta, agn. inhabitant of Tuxtla Gutierrez. 

htustahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from Tuxtla Gutierrez. 

tus'uni N. 

tusum, nla. ear of corn with few kernels, 

tusum makom, cf. makoni. 

tut N. 

tut, nla. Equisetum laevigatum, #2046(17,18). Highland plant" To 

relieve constipation, a small bunch is brewed. One cup is drunk. It is 

"cold" (5)-An unattested variety is used by children for whistles, 

k'os tut, nphr(aj & n). Fuirena simplex, #2020(16,17). Lowland 

"plant*. 

tut 9ama, nphr(n type n4f) 1 e. 'flute tut', walking stick insect. The walking 

stick insect reputedly can tell the time on a cloudy day. If it is picked 

up and asked "Where is the sun, walking stick?" it will hold its forelegs 

together and point to the position of the sun. 

tut nicim, nphr(n type n). 'tut flower', Rondeletia sp., #1244(7). Temperate 

"plant" 

tUtU9 

tutui, egg. cf. ton(l). 

tuturu N(Ch,?). 

tuturu, n. Thaliclrum guatemalense, #2448(20). Highland "plant". 

tutus 

tutus, peach, cf. turasnu. 

ruvo N(Sp, tubo). 

tuvo, nla. pipe, tube, percussion cap. 

tyempo N(Sp, tiempo). 

tyempo, nlc. time, season. 

makem styempo. Its season has passed. 

tyenta N(Sp, tienda). 

tyenta, nla. store, var., yenta. 

T 

t'abO) I, P. P(2). 

t'ab, tv. wet or grease and comb /hair/ (woman), wet and smooth 

/ground on which flailed corn is to fall/, complete broad swatch 

/hoeing, weeding, clearing/, 

t'ab, iv. die. 

t'ab ba, rv. become a neat dresser, grow new coat (cat, mule, chicken), 

t'ab-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. wetting or greasing and combing hair, 

t'ababet, av. leveling out (trail, road), 

t'abahtik, aj. cf. t'abal /plu/.

t'abal, aj. shiny (hair), leveled (forest), hoed or weeded in broad 

swatch, 

t'abalik, aj. cf. t'abal /phi/. 

t'aban, tv. complete broad swatch /hoeing, weeding, clearing/, wet and 

comb /hair/. 

t'aban baik, rv. wetting or greasing and combing each other. 

t'abant'aban baik, rv. wet or grease and comb one another's hair one after 

another. 

t'abeah, iv. fell all trees, hoe entire field. 

t'abean, tv. complete broad swatch /hoeing, felling, weeding/. 

t'abel, nc. moment /I/, polishing /2,3/. 

t'abelan. Hurry up. 

t'abes ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). sell to earth lord. 

t'abet, av. with shiny hair, forming broad swatch /land being cleared, 

hoed, or weeded/, level (road). 

t'abet be, vphr(av & n4d). worn smooth (trail of armadillo). 

t'abi, iv. complete broad swatch /clearing, hoeing, weeding/. 

t'ablahet, av. cf. t'abt'on (plu). 

t'ablahetik, av. with shiny hair, dying (plu). 

t'ableh, n4f. broad swatch of level forest, hoed or weeded field, wetted 

or greased and combed /hair/. 

t'abob, nlf. hair grease, comb. 

t'abobil, nlf. cf. t'abob. 

t'abolah, iv. smooth /wall of mud and wattle house/. 

t'abt'ab, aj. slowly. 

t'abt'ab t sik'un-battik. We are walking slowly. 

t'abt'on, av. dying, shiny and smooth (hair), fat and glossy (horse), greasing 

or wetting and combing. 

t'abulan, tv. smooth /wall of mud and wattle house/, keep wetting or 

greasing and combing /hair/. 

t'abulan ba, rv. keep wetting or greasing and combing one's hair. 

t'abvan, iv. wet or grease and comb person's hair. 

ht'abvaneh, agn. person who wets or greases and combs another's hair. 

t'ab(2) Pt. 

t'ab, pt. first, ahead, while. 

t'ah 1(2), P. 

fan, iv. split, crack (mud, wood, skin). 

t'ah sat, vphr(iv & n4d). be split (toasted tortilla). 

t'aha-sat, nphr(aj & ncpd)la. small toasted tortilla. 

t'ahahtik, aj. cf. t'ahal /plu/. 

t'ahal, aj. split, cracked, worn smooth (mountain path clearly visible in 

the distance), denuded, bald, exposed to the sun (hatless person). 

t'ahalik, aj. cf. t'ahal /plu/. 

t'ahan, tv. expose /to sun/. 

t'ahan ba, rv. expose self. 

t'ah el, vnld. crack /in skin/. 

t'ahemal, nib. crack /in skin/. 

t'ahes, tv. split, crack /mud, wood, skin/, make /small toasted tortilla/. 

t'ahesanbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). make /small toasted tortillas/. 

t'ahesananbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. t'ahesanbe sat. 

t'ahesob, nlf. large griddle for preparing toasted tortillas. 

t'ahesobil, nlf. cf. t'ahesob. 

t'ahesvan, iv. make person's skin split (wind, dye, lime), chafe person 

(wool skirt). 

t'ahet ti? ba, vphr(av & nphr/n of n/4d). walking with receding hairline. 

t'ahi, iv. be exposed /to sun/. 

t'ahlahet, av. cf. t'aht'on (plu). 

t'ahlahetik, av. cf. t'aht'on (plu). 

t'ahluh, av. resounding suddenly (axe hitting hard wood, rock hitting 

rock). 

t'ahtet'ahte, av. splitting or cracking in various places. 

t'ahtet'ahte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about hatless. 

t'ah t'ah, aj. denuded or eroded (land), with receding /hairline/, hatless. 

t'aht'on, av. resounding of axe hitting hard wood, praying loudly (shaman). 

t'ahuh, onom. crash /sound of falling rock/. 


ht'ahesvaneh, agn. wool skirt that chafes thighs, lime that burns person's 

skin. 

t'al X. 

t'al-9e, n(aj & ncpd)5. loquacious, 

t'allahet te, vphr(av & n4d). cf. t'alt'on ie (plu). 

t'altet'alte ta lanil, vphr(av & pt & n5). dashing from place to place 

(child). 

t'alt'on ie, vphr(av & n4d). talking wildly and incoherently. 

fan P, P(2). 

t'an-£'ut meTOn, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. threadbare orphan, 

t'an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /in face, back or side/, beat 

/drum/ (person), strike /stomach with hoof/ (peccary), 

t'anahtik, aj. naked, shirtless. 

t'anal, aj. shirtless, naked, denuded, eroded. 

t'anal svo spas ta melon. He who eats with his shirt off will become 

a pauper. 

t'analik, aj. naked, shirtless, 

t'anan, tv. undress, 

t'anan, av. naked, shirtless. 

t'anan ba, rv. become naked, undress, take shirt off. 

t'anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /plu/ /in face, back or side/, 

t'ananan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. t'anan ta mahel. 

t'ananeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. nakedness, shirtlessness. 

t'anant'anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug one after another /in 

face, back or side/. 

t'anant'ananan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike one after another 

/in face, back or side with fist/. 

t'ananvan, iv. undress person, 

t'anbe, tv. hit with slingshot pellet, 

t'aneah, iv. be penniless, 

t'anean, tv. make penniless (sickness), 

t'aneanvan, iv. make person penniless (sickness), 

t'anet, av. naked, shirtless, 

t'anetah, iv. be naked, 

t'anetik, av. cf. t'anet (plu). 

t'ani, iv. be naked or shirtless, be denuded, undress, 

t'anlah, av. pounding /running feet of children/, 

t'anlahet, av. cf. t'anet (plu)., cf. t'ant'on. 

t'anlahetik, av. cf. t'anet (plu). 

t'anleh, nld. nakedness, shirtlessness. 

t'anluh, av. striking suddenly, 

t'anp'uh, iv. go broke. 

t'antet'ante, av. pounding along (running feet of child), 

t'ant'an, aj. naked, shirtless, denuded, eroded, receding /hairline/. 

t'ant'an melon, poverty-stricken individual, 

t'ant'on, av. striking hard, walking naked or shirtless, pounding /running 

feet of child, drumbeats/, 

t'anuh, onom. crash /sound of fist/. 

t'anulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). beat /drum/ (drummer), 

/chest/ (monkey), keep slugging /in face, back or side/. 

t'anvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). slug person, 

ht'aneanvaneh, agn. sickness that makes person penniless, 

ht'anvaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who slugs 

another /in face, back or side/. 

far prob O. 

t'arar, av. whirring (hummingbird), 

t'araret, av. whirring (hummingbird, corn mill), 

t'arbe, tv. make whir. 

st'arbe nos nahel. She was just spinning, 

t'aret, av. whirring (hummingbird), 

t'arlahet, av. cf. t'aret (plu). 

t'arluh, av. whirring suddenly (hummingbird), 

t'artet'arte, av. whirring here and there (hummingbird), 

t'art'on, av. whirring (hummingbird, corn mill). 

t'aras A. 

t'aras, aj. hairless, lacking pubic hair, featherless.


t'aras c'um-te 1 ), cf. c'um-te9. 

t'as P. 

t'as-c'ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. with bulging stomach (child). 

t'asahtik, aj. cf. t'asal /plu/. 

t'asal, aj. bulging or exposed (stomach). 

t'asalik, aj. cf. t'asal /plu/. 

t'asan ba, rv. expose self to view. 

t'asan c'ut, tv. distend /stomach/ (child), expose self to view. 

fasas tal c'ut, vphr(av & dr & n4d). arriving with bulging stomach (child). 

t'aset, av. with bulging /stomach/ (child). 

t'asi c'ut, vphr(iv & n4d). have distended stomach (child), expose self to 

view. 

t'aslah tal c'ut, vphr(av & dr & n4d). cf. t'asas tal c'ut (plu). 

t'aslahet c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). cf. t'ast'on c'ut (plu). 

t'asleh, nlf. standing with bulging stomach, 

t'astet'aste c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with bulging stomach 

(pregnant woman), 

t'ast'as, aj. with bulging stomach. 

t'ast'on c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking with exposed stomach (child). 

t'as P, P(2). 

t'as-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with featherless neck /chicken/. 

t'as-nuk', n(aj & ncpd)5. with featherless neck /chicken/, 

t'as ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap, 

t'asahtik, aj. cf. t'asal /plu/. 

t'asakil, n4f. many blobs /chicken excrement/. 

t'asal, aj. splattered (mud, excrement), with exposed (buttocks, belly, bald 

head), toothless, bald, featherless, scraped, chafed, 

t'asalik, aj. cf. t'asal /plu/. 

t'asalt'asal, n4f. each of many blobs (mud, excrement), 

t'asan, tv. throw /mud/, slap /tortillas onto griddle/, shave /head/. 

t'asan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap or smack /plu/. 

t'asanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. t'asan ta mahel. 

t'asanob, nlf. broken pot or tile, board, etc., on which mud is put and 

then slapped against wattle and daub wall during construction, 

t'asanobil, nlf. cf. t'asanob. 

t'asant'asan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap or smack one person 


t'asant'asanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. t'asant'asan ta mahel. 

t'asas yalel, vphr(av & dr). splatting down (mud), 

t'asaset, av. whirring (corn mill EKL 258: 2-9), bubbling (boiling food or 

water). 

t'aseah, iv. be felled (forest), be chafed /by burden or sandals/, 

t'asean, tv. fell forest, chafe (burden, sandals). 

t'asel, nc. throw of daub /1-3/, slap, 

t'aset, av. with exposed /buttocks, belly, bald head/, 

t'asetah, iv. undress, 

t'asetik, av. naked, shirtless, 

t'asi, iv. be naked, be shaved (head). 

t'aslah yalel, vphr(av & dr). splatting down (mud, bird droppings). 

t'aslahet, av. popping /cheek EKL 258: 1-4/. 

t'aslahetik, av. patting /tortillas/, 

t'asleh, nlf. exposed, splattered. 

t'asluh, av. splatting or splattering suddenly, slapping or smacking suddenly. 

t'asp'uh, iv. cf. t'aseah. 

t'asp'un, tv. cf. t'asean. 

t'astet'aste, av. walking about hatless or without tunic (child), 

t'ast'as, aj. denuded or eroded (land), bald, toothless, featherless. 

t'ast'on, av. pounding (feet), flapping loudly (rooster's wings), bubbling 

(food, water), patting /tortilla/, 

t'asuh, onom. slap /sound/, 

t'asulan k'ob, vphr(tv // n). clap one's hands. 

t'asulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slapping or smacking, 

t'as'ulanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slapping or smacking, 

t'asvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). slap or smack person, 

ht'asvaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who slaps or 

smacks another. 

t'ay P. 

t'ayahtik, aj. cf. t'ayal /plu/. 

t'ayal, aj. soaked, 

t'ayalik, aj. cf. t'ayal /plu/. 

t'ayan, tv. soak /clothes/ (rain, river), 

t'ayan ba, rv. soak self, 

t'ayanan, tv. soak /clothes/ (rain, river), 

t'ayayet, av. sopping wet. 

t'ayeah, iv. become soaked (woman carrying cracked water jug), 

t'ayet, av. walking with soaked clothing, 

t'ayetah, iv. get soaked, 

t'ayetik, av. cf. t'ayet (plu). 

t'ayi, iv. be soaking wet (clothes), 

t'aylah, av. walking with soaked clothing (plu). 

t'aylahet, av. cf. t'ayet (plu). 

t'aylahetik, av. cf. t'ayet (plu). 

t'ayleh, nlf. soaked /clothing of baby or child/, 

t'aytet'ayte, av. walking about with soaked clothing, 

t'ayt'on, av. walking with soaked clothing. 

fee O. 

t'ec ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). flail /small net of corn/ (woman 

at home) /with stick/. 

t'ecbe, tv. whack /child/ /with small stick/. 

t'eclahet, av. cf. t'ect'on (plu). 

t'eclahetik, av. cf. t'ect'on (plu). 

t'ect'on, av. flailing /corn with a stick rather than with a flail/, 

t'ecuh, onom. thwack /sound/, 

t'eculan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep flailing /small net of corn/ 

/with stick/. 

t'eh O. 

t'eh, tv. strike end off /snail shell/. 

t'eh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap /with stick or stirring rod/, 

t'ehan, tv. strike ends off /snail shells/, 

t'ehanan, tv. cf. t'ehan. 

t'ehant'ehan, tv. strike off one end after another /snail shells/, 

t'ehant'ehanan, tv. cf. t'ehant'ehan. 

t'ehlahet, av. cf. t'eht'on (plu). 

t'ehlahetik, av. cf. t'ehton (plu). 

t'ehob, nlf. knife or machete used to strike off end of snail shell, 

t'ehobil, nlf. cf. t'ehob. 

t'eht'on, av. slapping /with stick or stirring rod/, striking end off /snail 

shell/. 

t'ehuh, onom. slap /sound of stick striking/. 

t'ehulan, tv. keep striking ends off /snail shells/. 

t'ehulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slapping /with stick or 

stirring rod/, 

t'ehulanvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep slapping person /with 

stick or stirring rod/, 

t'ehvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). slap person /with stick or 

stirring rod/, 

ht'ehvaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who slaps 

another /with stick or stirring rod/. 

t'ek(l) P(2). 

t'ek ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). pat on the tummy /puppy/, 

t'ekahtik, aj. bulging (stomachs of animals, breasts of birds, breasts of 

adolescent girls). 

t'ekel, aj. bulging (stomach of person or animal), 

t'ekelik, aj. bulging (breasts of adolescent girl), 

t'eket, av. bulging (stomach of person or animal). 

t'eki, iv. bulge (stomach of person or animal), 

t'eklah, av. bulging (stomachs of animals). 

t'eklahet, av. bulging (stomachs of animals, breasts of adolescent girl), 

t'ekleh, n4f. bulging /stomach/, 

t'eklehkil, n4f. cf. t'ekleh /plu/. 

t'ekluh, av. patting suddenly on the tummy.

T TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 355 

t'ektet'ekte, av. walking about with bulging stomach (person, animal). 

t'ekuh, onom. pat /sound/. 

t'ekulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep patting on the belly. 

t'ek(2) O. 

t'ekeket, av. clucking (rooster to hen when courting). 

t'eklahet, av. cf. t'ekton (plu). 

t'ekton, av. clucking repeatedly (hen to baby chicks, rooster to hen when 

courting). 

t'ekt'ekta, tv. call chicks (hen). 

t'ekt'ekt'ek, onom. clucking (hen to baby chicks, rooster to hen when 

courting). 

fel P(2) or T(2). 

t'el ba, rv. rise (welt). 

t'elahtik, aj. cf. t'elel /plu/. 

t'elav., n4f. rib /cushaw/. 

t'eleah, iv. rise (welt). 

t'elel, aj. raised (scar, welt). 

t'elelet, av. shivering /with cold/, trembling /with fear/. 

t'elelik, aj. cf. t'elel /plu/. 

t'elet, av. walking with raised /scar, welt/. 

t'eletah, iv. walk with raised scar or welt. 

fellah, av. shivering /with cold/, trembling /with fear/ (plu). 

t'ellahet, av. cf. 1'ell'on (plu). 

t'ellahetik, av. cf. t'elt'on (plu). 

t'elleh, n4f. welt, scar. 

t'elp'uh, iv. rise (welt). 

t'eltet'elte, av. walking about shivering /with cold/ or trembling /with 

fear/. 

t'elt'on, av. shivering /with cold/, trembling /with fear/. 

t'en P(2) or T(2). 

t'en, nla. runt /sheep, horse, pig/. 

t'en-c'ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. short (child that does not grow). 

t'en ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap or strike in the belly /sheep/. 

t'enahtik, aj. runty (corn plants). 

t'enahtik c'ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. t'enel c'ut /plu/. 

t'enant'enan, tv. produce one short ear after another (corn plant). 

fenant'enanan, tv. cf. t'enant'enan. 

t'enbe, tv. beat /drum/ /inir/. 

lek st'enbe pos. He tosses down a lot of cane liquor. 

t'enel c'ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). short (child that does not grow). 

t'enelik, aj. cf. t'enahtik. 

t'enelik c'ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. t'enel c'ut (plu). 

t'enen, av. running (child, short person). 

t'enenet, av. beating /sound of beats when testing drum/. 

t'enet c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). short. 

t'enetah, iv. be standing (child). 

t'enlah, av. cf. t'enen (plu). 

t'enlahet, av. cf. t'ent'on (plu). 

t'enleh, nlf. standing /chubby child/. 

t'enluh, av. beating drum suddenly. 

t'enobil, n4f. drum stick. 

t'enp'uh, iv. fail to grow (child who has lost mother). 

t'entet'ente c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about (short person). 

t'ent'en, nld. teponaxtle. 

t'ent'en, aj. short (person, sheep, dog, horse). 

t'ent'en vob, nphr(aj & n)la. teponaxtle. 

t'ent'on, av. beating /sound of drum beats/. 

t'enuh, onom. thump. 

t'enulan, tv. keep beating with evenly spaced beats /drum/flan sat). 

fer X. 

t'ereret, av. shivering /with cold/, trembling /with fear/, vibrating /machine/. 

t'erlah, av. shivering /with cold/, trembling /with fear/. 

I'erlahet, av. shivering /with cold/, trembling /with fear/ (plu). 

t'erlahetik, av. cf. t'erlahet. 

t'eiteferte, av. walking about shivering /with cold/ or trembling /with 

fear/. 

t'ert'on, av. shivering /with cold/, trembling /with fear/, vibrating (machine). 

st'er, nla. jesus christ lizard Bassilicus vittatus. an. poss.; -t'er. It is edible, 

"hot", but eating it is thought to prevent one's corn field from growing. 

t'es prob O. 

t'es ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). whack with stick /child, dog, pig/, 

flail /corn/ (woman with stick). 

t'esan ta mahel, vphrftv & prep & vn5). whack with stick /pigs/. 

t'esluh, av. whacking suddenly /with stick/. 

t'ib prob P or P(2). 

t'ibahtik, aj. standing (small amount of liquid) /in several containers, 

bottles or jugs/. 

t'ibet, av. standing (small amount of liquid). 

t'ibil, aj. standing (small amount of liquid). 

t'ibilik, aj. cf. t'ibil /plu/. 

t'iblahet, av. sloshing back and forth (small amount of liquid) /in several 

containers/. 

t'lbtet'ibte, av. walking about with small amount of liquid sloshing back 

and forth in bottle. 

t'ibt'on, av. sloshing back and forth (liquid). 

t'ibt'onah, iv. slosh back and forth. 

t'ih(l) prob O. 

t'ih, tv. break top off /egg/ (person) /to suck egg/. 

ist'ih sa sna li vivic'e. lit.. The chick has broken its house now, i.e., 

It has pecked a hole in its egg. 

t'ih ba, rv. clink (bottle, bowls), knock together (eggs). 

t'ihan, tv. make clink /bottles/, break /eggs/ (chicks). 

t'ihan ba, rv. clink (bottles), knock together (eggs). 

t'ihanan, tv. cf. t'ihan. 

t'ihanan ba, rv. clink (bottles), knock together (eggs). 

t'ihbe, tv. strike /pot, bottle/ /with rock or bottle/. 

t'ihlah, av. clinking (bottles). 

t'ihlahet, av. cf. t'iht'on. , 

t'ihluh, av. hitting suddenly /forehead/, knocking suddenly (objects together). 

t'ihtet'ihte, av. walking about with clinking /bottles/. 

t'iht'on, av. clinking (bottles). 

t'ihulan, tv. keep breaking /eggs/. 

t'ih(2) P. 

t'ihahtik, aj. cf. t'ihil /plu/. 

t'ihan ba, rv. sit down in the sun. 

t'ihil, aj. sitting in the sun (hatless person), large and ripe (watermelon 

squash, cushaw, summer squash). 

t'ihleh, nlf. sitting in the sun, largeness and ripeness (cushaw, etc.). 

t'ihlehikil, n4f. largeness and ripeness (cushaws, etc.). 

t'iht'ih, aj. short (clothing). 

t'ik O. 

t'ikiket, av. clucking (hen to baby chicks, or rooster to hen when courting)t'iklahet, 

av. cf. t'ikt'on (plu). 

t'iktet'ilcte, av. walking about calling hen (rooster when discovering food). 

t'ikt'ikta, tv. call chicks (hen, person). 

t'ikt'ikt'ik, onom. clucking (hen to baby chicks, rooster to hen when 

courting). 

t'ikt'on, av. clucking (hen to baby chicks, or rooster to hen when courting)t'U 

1(2). 

t'il, iv. fray (ribbon, edge of clothing), split or crack (wood). 

t'ileah, iv. fray. 

t'ilet, av. fraying. 

t'iletah, iv. fray. 

t'ilil, av. splitting apart (wood, bean pods). 

t'ililet, av. fraying badly. 

t'ilk'uh, iv. cf. t'ileah. 

t'illahet, av. splitting open (bean pods).


t'illuh, av. splitting apart suddenly (wood). 

t'ilp'uh, iv. cf. t'ileah. 

t'lltet'ilte, av. splitting apart in several places. 

t'ilt'on 9ok, vphr(av & n4f). overly springy or flexible (hoe handle), walking 

with spindly legs. 

t'ilu, tv. shoot /marble/, flick away /with finger/. 

t'ilu baik, rv. flick fingers at each other. 

t'iluan, tv. shoot /marbles/. 

t'iluanan, tv. cf. t'iluan. 

t'iluvan, iv. flick fingers at person. 

fln(l) 1(2). 

t'in, iv. bloat, swell (stomach with gas or water). 

t'in-pati, tv(aj & ncpd). carry on one's back /without tumpline/, carry 

piggyback. 

t'in-patin, tv(aj & ncpd). turn one's back. 

t'in-patinvan, iv(aj & ncpd). turn one's back toward person. 

t'in-pativan, iv(aj & ncpd). carry person piggyback, turn one's back on 

person. 

t'inahtik, aj. with hillocks, bowed under heavy burden. 

t'inav, n4f. high ground, rise. 

t'inav 9osil, nphr(n of n)5. high ground, rise. 

fines ba, tv. bloat self /by drinking too much water/. 

t'inet, av. walking with swollen stomach (pregnant woman, horse), walking 

bowed under large burden. 

stinet nos ec'el sk'a? cih. She just walked away bowed under her old 

blanket /wife who flees to parents' home/. 

t'metah, iv. walk bowed under heavy burden. 

t'inil, aj. bloated (stomach of sick person, animal or corpse), bowed under 

heavy burden, hunched over. 

t'ininet, av. walking bowed under heavy burden. 

t'inilik, aj. distended (stomachs of well-fed horses, sheep), bloated (stomachs 

of dead dogs). 

t'inlah, av. walking bowed under heavy burden (plu). 

t'inleh, nlf. standing bowed under heavy burden, high ground. 

fintet'ihte, av. walking about bowed under heavy burden. 

t'int'in, aj. with rise (ground). 

t'int'intik, aj. with slight rise (ground). 

t'inulan, iv. keep bloating or having bloated stomach. 

ht'in-patinvaneh, agn(aj & vncpd). person who turns back toward another. 

t'in(2) O. 

t'inan, tv. clobber /plu/. 

t'inanan, tv. cf. t'inan. 

t'uiant'inan, tv. clobber one after another. 

t'inbe, tv. clobber /with stick or stone/. 

t'ininanbe, tv. clobber several times /with stick or stone/. 

t'inlahet, av. clobbering (blows), roaring (blasting irons, bullets) /sound/. 

t'inluh, av. roaring suddenly (blasting iron, bullet), thudding suddenly 

(rock, blow). 

t'int'on, av. clobbering /sound/. 

t'inuh, onom. thud. 

t'inulanbe, tv. keep clobbering. 

t'ir X. 

t'irlahet, av. cf. t'irt'on (plu). 

t'irluh, av. rebounding suddenly (thin tree) /sound/. 

t'irt'on, av. flicking (spindle). 

t'irt'on TOk, vphr(av & n4b). overly springy or flexible (hoe handle, digging 

stick), walking with spindly legs. 

t'iru, tv. shoot /marble/, flick away /with finger/. 

t'iru baik, rv. flick fingers at each other. 

t'iruan, tv. shoot /marbles/. 

t'iruanan, tv. cf. t'iruan. 

t'iruvan, iv. flick finger at person. 

t'is P. 

t'isahtik, aj. cf. t'isil (plu). 

t'isan, tv. distend /stomach/ (child, mule that does not want burden 

cinched tightly). 

t'isan ba, rv. stand distending stomach (mule, child), 

t'iseah, iv. become distended (stomach with gas), 

t'iset, av. walking with prominent /stomach/ (pregnant mare or woman). 

The latter use is restricted to hostile woman's commentary, 

t'isil, aj. with distended stomach (dead animal), 

t'isilik, aj. cf. t'isil /plu/. 

t'isis, av. distending (balloon), 

t'iskin, tv. puff (gobbler), 

t'islah, av. cf. t'isis (plu). 

t'islahet, av. cf. t'iset (plu). 

t'isleh, nlf. distended /stomach of corpse/, 

t'islu, tv. wind tightly /thread on spindle/, 

t'isluan, tv. wind tightly a lot of /thread/. 

t'isluanan, tv. cf. t'isluan. 

t'isluob, nlf. spindle, 

t'isluobil, nlf. cf. t'isluob. 

t'is 1(2). 

t'is, iv. be obstructed (path), be unable to enter /house of prospective 

bride/, cause to rebound, rebound (ball, wave). 

ik'ot ta t'isel. lit., He reached an obstruction, i.e., He went to a distant 

place and stayed there. 

t st'is ta be li k'ope. The investigation is obstructed (or) prolonged, 

t'isahtik, aj. cf. t'isil. 

t'iseah, iv. be stopped (rolling or falling object), 

t'isebal ta be, nphr(n & prep & n)5. impasse /in dispute/, 

t'isel, nc. denial of entry /to petitioners/ /I-2/. 

t'ises, tv. obstruct, 

t'ises ta be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). obstruct or prolong an 

investigation, 

t'isesob, n 1 f. tree, etc. that obstructs path of falling stone, stone put under 

car wheel to prevent it from rolling, 

t'isesobil, nlf. cf. t'isesob. 

t'isesvan, iv. prevent person from continuing on path, 

t'isil, aj. stopped, obstructed, 

t'isilik, aj. cf. t'isil (plu). 

t'islahet, av. rebounding (wave), leaping (water over rock), 

t'ist'on, av. pounding (heart from fear or from running), slapping (flood 

water against riverbank). 

t'isulan, iv. keep being obstructed. 

ht'isesvaneh, agn. person who prevents another from continuing on path. 

t'o? X. 

t'oiet, av. upset (sick child that cries every few minutes), nagging (child), 

t'olah, av. cf. t'ott'on (plu). 

t'olahet, av. cf. t'oiet (plu). 

t'o"Hahetik, av. cf. t'oiet (plu). 

t'oioêt, av. upset (sick child). 

t'o'Het'o'He, av. walking about upset (sick child), 

t'oit'on, av. walking or being carried when upset (child). 

fob prob P or P(2). 

t'obahtik, aj. red-cheeked, cf. t'obol (plu). 

t'oblahet it, vphr(av & n4d). cf. t'obt'on 9e (plu). 

t'obol, aj. protruding (mushroom), 

t'obolik, aj. cf. t'obahtik. 

t'obt'on te, vphr(av & n4d). suckling (lamb, calf, puppy). 

t'O£(l) P. 

t'oe, nc. blob /mud, fruit, clothes/, patch. 

t'oeahtik, aj. cf. t'oeol /plu/. 

t'oeanbe, tv. patch on the outside. 

t'oeet, av. patched on the outside. 

t'oei, iv. form a blob. 

t'oeleh, n4f. patched on the outside. 

t'oeokil, n4f. many blobs or patches. 

t'oeol, aj. patched on the outside, spattered (mud, excrement). 

t'oeolik, aj. cf. t'oeol /plu/. 

t'oeoltoe'ol, n4f. each of many patches.


t'oct'oe, aj. patched on the outside, spattered (mud, excrement). 

foe(2) O. 

t'oc ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike sharply. 

t'oean ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike sharply /plu/. 

t'oeanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. t'oean ta mahel. 

t'oeant'oean ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike sharply one after 

another. 

t'oeant'oeanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. t'oeant'oean ta mahel. 

t'oeih, onom. roar /blasting iron/, thud /blow/. 

t'oeilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep striking sharply. 

t'oeilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep striking sharply /plu/. 

t'oelahct, av. striking sharply /sound/. 

t'oelih, av. suddenly striking sharply. 

f oet'on, av. striking sharply /sound/. 

t'oevan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). strike person sharply. 

ht'oevaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who strikes 

another sharply. 

foc(l) prob P or P(2). 

t'oc-9e, n(aj & ncpd). puffed-lipped. 

t'ocahtik, aj. standing on branch (plu). 

t'ocel, aj. with puffed lips /angry/. 

t'ocet, av. standing on branch. 

t'oclah, av. scrambling up /tree, hill/ (children). 

t'ocleh, nld. puffed up, standing on branch. 

t'ococ, av. mounting /woman/. 

t'ocol, aj. standing on branch, puffed (lips). 

yec t'ocol ye. lit., His lips are puffed, i.e., He is angry. 

t'ocolik, aj. cf. t'ocahtik. 

t'oet'oe, aj. puffed (lips). 

t'oct'on, av. with puffed (lips) /derogatory/. 

t'oc(2) O. 

t'oc ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). pat. 

t'oeih, onom. pat /sound/. 

t'oelih, av. patting person suddenly. 

t'oevan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). pat person. 

t'oh T(2). 

t'oh, tv. pour liquid back and forth to cool it. 

t'oh, iv. be poured back and forth to cool. 

t'oh, iv. t'ohahtik aj., cf. t'ohol /plu/. 

t'ohan, tv. pour back and forth /bowls of corn gruel/. 

t'ohan sat, vphr(tv & n4d). watch expectantly. 

t'ohanan, tv. cf. t'ohan. 

t'ohant'ohan, tv. pour back and forth one after another /bowls of corn 

gruel/. 

t'ohant'ohanan, tv. cf. t'ohant'ohan. 

t'ohel, nc. pouring back and forth to cool /I-1/. 

t'ohet, av. pouring out (blood, saliva). 

t'ohet sat, vphr(av & n4d). spying (robber). 

t'ohilan, tv. keep pouring liquid back and forth. 

t'ohilanan, tv. keep pouring a lot of liquid back and forth. 

t'ohlah, av. walking with blood pouring out (sing). 

t'ohlahet, av. cf. t'ohet. 

t'ohlahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). wide-eyed (children whose parent goes to 

market and brings back nothing for them). 

t'ohobil, nlf. cf. t'ohob. 

t'ohoh, av. pouring down (water), dribbling (resin). 

t'ohohet, av. streaming (blood, mucous), pouring down (rain). 

t'ohol, aj. watching expectantly (thief, dog or child watching people eating)t'oholik, 

aj. cf. t'ohol /plu/. 

t'ohtet'ohte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about lost in thought. 

t'oht'on, av, pouring out (blood, saliva), pouring down (rain). 

t'ok(l) P. 

t'ok-hol mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. gray silky-flycatcher Ptilogonys 

cinereus. 

t'okahtik, aj. with hillocks, clinging /to tree top/, squatting /on crest of 

hill/, sitting with puffed out breast feathers (bird). 

t'okanbe 9ol, vphr(tv & n4d). cause man to have growth in stomach as 

if pregnant (witch), impregnate /woman/. 

t'okan ba, rv. cling /to tree top/ (person), puff out (breast of bird), squat 

/on crest of hill/. 

t'oket, av. clinging /to tree top/, squatting /on crest of hill/, sitting with 

puffed out breast feathers (bird), with bulging stomach (pregnant woman). 

t'oketik, av. cf. t'oket (plu). 

t'oki, iv. be clinging /to tree top/ (person), be puffed out (breast of bird), 

t'oklih, av. striking breast suddenly (slingshot pellet hitting bird), 

t'okoket, av. walking with huge stomach (pregnant woman), 

t'okol, aj. clinging /to tree top/, squatting /on crest of hill/, sitting with 

puffed out breast feathers (bird), with egg on head /from blow/, 

t'okolik, aj. cf. t'okol /plu/. 

t'okt'ok, aj. with hillocks, swollen and about to burst, 

t'ok't'oktik, aj. slightly bumpy (ground). 

t'ok(2) O. 

t'oklah, av. clucking slowly (plu). 

t'oklahet, av. cf. t'okt'on (plu). 

t'oklahetik, av. cf. t'okt'on (plu). 

t'okoket, av. clucking (rooster to hen when courting, hen to baby chicks), 

t'oktet'okte, av. walking about calling hen (rooster when discovering 

food). 

t'okt'okta, tv. call chicks (hen), 

t'okt'okt'ok, onom. clucking (hen to baby chicks, rooster to hen when 

courting), 

t'okt'on, av. clucking repeatedly (hen to baby chicks, rooster to hen when 

courting), nagging (child). 

t'ol T. 

t'ol, tv. slice off horizontally /meat, fatback/, chop out /section from pine 

tree/, flake off, peel off /bark, scab/, 

t'ol, iv. flake off. 

t'ol, nc. slice. 

t'olan, tv. peel off or slice horizontally /plu/. 

t'olanan, tv. cf. t'olan. 

t'olant'olan, tv. peel off one after another /bandages/, slice horizontally 

one after another /pieces of meat/. 

t'olant'olanan, tv. cf. t'olant'olan. 

t'olilan, tv. keep slicing horizontally /meat/, flaking or peeling off. 

t'olilanan, tv. keep flaking or peeling much off. 

t'olleh, n4f. whole slice, 

t'olob, nlf. knife, 

t'olobil, nlf. cf. t'olob. 

t'ololet, av. sticking (tortilla to griddle), 

t'oltet'olte, av. flaking off here and there (bark). 

mu t'olbah, ajphr(pt & aj). not be cut off. 

mu k'u t'olbah ?o h-set'uk. Not even a little bit was given /meat/. 

t'om(l) prob P or P(2). 

t'om-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. hatless, stupid, 

t'om-hol 9us, cf. ")us. 

t'om-hol pesu, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ & n)5. General Morelos peso. 

t'om-ni9, n(aj & ncpd)5. bulbous-nosed (person, ram), 

t'omahtik, aj. cf. t'omol /plu/. 

t'omet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). stupid. 

t'omlah tal hoi, vphr(av & dr & n4d). approaching hatless (plu). 

t'omlahet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). cf. t'omt'on hoi (plu). 

t'omol, aj. hatless, stupid, thick and conical (maguey inflorescence, saguaro 

cactus, penis), 

t'omolik, aj. cf. t'omol (plu). 

t'omom ocel, vphr(av & dr). entering pointedly (penis, thorn), 

t'omomet, av. feeling fierce pain /from thorns that have entered foot/, 

t'omtet'omte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about hatless or stupidly, 

t'omt'om, aj. chubby (child), bulbous (nose). 

t'omt'om hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with knobbed or protuberant end 

(stick).


t'omt'oo, av. walking hatless. 

t'om(2) 1(2). 

t'om, iv. explode (rocket, blasting iron), fire (gun), burst (pot, demijohn), 

fracture (skull), crack (rock in fire). 

t'om eoi, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). get diarrhea, be disemboweled (squashed 

insect). 

t'omel, aj. cut (part of body). 

t'omes, tv. explode /rocket, blasting iron/, fire /gun/, deflower, 

t'omesob, nlf. cigarette butt used to light blasting iron or rocket, board 

on which blasting irons are set. 

t'omesobil, nlf. cf. t'omesob. 

t'omih, onom. bang /log thrown to ground/. 

t'omlih, av. exploding suddenly (rocket, blasting iron), firing suddenly 

(gun). 

for O. 

for, onom. chug /fart/ /r is trilled/, 

t'oret, av. chugging (fart). 

t'orih, onom. chugging /fart/, put-putting /car V 3: 9/. 

t'orlahet, av. cf. t'oret (plu). 

t'oror, av. chugging (motor). 

t'ororet, av. chugging (car EKL 255: 1-10, motor, farts), 

t'ort'on, av. chugging (motor, car EKL 255: 1-10, farts), put-putting (car 

V 3: 9). 

t'os prob P or P(2). 

t'osahtik, aj. cf. t'osol (plu). 

t'oset, av. sitting with pleasingly plump /legs/ (woman), 

t'oslahet, av. cf. t'oset (plu), t'ost'on (plu). 

t'osol, aj. pleasingly plump (woman's legs). 

t'osolik, aj. cf. t'osol /plu/. 

t'ostet'oste, av. walking about with pleasingly plump /legs/ (woman), 

t'ost'on, av. walking with pleasingly plump /legs/ (woman), 

t'ost'os, aj. pleasingly plump (woman's legs). 

t'oskin prob A or N. 

t'oskin, cf. cenek'. , 

t'os T(2). 

t'os, tv. split /wood/. 

t'os, nc. wound, 

t'osahtik, aj. cf. t'osol /plu/. 

fosan, tv. split /plu/. 

t'osanan, tv. cf. t'osan. 

t'osant'osan, tv. split one after another, 

t'osant'osanan, tv. cf. t'osant'osan. 

t'osebal, n5. moment before finishing splitting /wood/. 

t'osilan, tv. keep splitting /wood/, 

t'osilanan, tv. keep splitting a lot of /wood/. 

t'osleh, n4f. split. 

Male joking speech; k'el avi st'osleh ye. Look at the size of her mouth 

/vagina/. 

t'osob, nlf. machete, billhook, axe. 

t'osobil, nlf. cf. t'osob. 

t'osol, aj. split (vagina, cracks in feet). 

t'osolik, aj. cf. t'osol /plu/. 

t'osomah, iv. split /wood/, 

t'ost'os, aj. split (vagina). 

t'ot' N. 

t'ot', nla. Daldinia concentrica, #138(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". It 

is toasted on the coals or the griddle. It is "cold". (RML)-In male joking 

situations a man will frequently bow to another and instead of addressing 

him as tot, or sir", address him as t'ot'. 

sakil t'ot', nphrfaj & n). Ustulina sp., #167(4,5). Highland "mushroom". 

t'ub T(2). 

t'ub, tv. drop in liquid, submerge, soak /cloth in dye, barrel or leather in 

water/. 

t'ub, iv. fall /into water/, become submerged, 

t'ub ba, rv. play /in water/. 

t'ub-con, n(aj & ncpd)la. lowland water snake, cf. lik'-nab. 

t'ubahtik, aj. cf. t'ubul /plu/. 

t'uban, tv. drop in liquid /plu/. 

t'ubanan, tv. cf. t'uban. 

t'libant'uban, tv. drop one after another in liquid. 

t'ubant'iibanan, tv. cf. t'ubant'uban. 

t'ubel, nc. soaking /thread in dye/ /I-3/. 

t'ubet, av. lying submerged. 

t'ubih, onom. splash. 

t'ubilan, tv. keep putting /in water/. 

t'ubilan ba, rv. keep playing /in water/. 

t'ubilanan, tv. keep putting a lot /in water/. 

t'ubilanan baik, rv. keep playing /in water/ (children). 

t'ublah, av. sinking, submerging /in water or mud/, splashing (sing or 

plu). 

t'ublahet, av. cf. t'ubt'on (plu). 

t'ublahetik, av. playing in water (children), 

t'liblih, av. splashing suddenly (person, rock), 

t'ubt'on, av. playing in water (child), splashing through water (person, 

horse). 

t'ubub, av. sinking, submerging /in water/, 

t'ubul, aj. sunk, submerged /in water or mud/, soaking, 

t'ubulik, aj. cf. t'ubul /plu/. 

t'lKHl) P(2). 

t'uc, tv. carry on back /small burden/ (child), /child/ (woman), 

t'uc, nc. small burden. 

t'ucahtik, aj. with small burden, runty (ears of corn), 

t'ucan, tv. produce small ears (corn), carry small burden on back (person, 

mule), set on fire small /pot/. 

t'ucan ba, rv. follow closely, 

t'ucanan, tv. produce small ears (corn), 

t'ucet, av. following closely, walking and carrying small burden on one's 

back. 

t'ucetah, iv. follow closely (child), 

t'ucilan, tv. keep carrying on back, 

t'ucilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging many /on 

back/. 

t'uclah, av. following closely (children), 

t'uclahet, av. cf. t'uct'on (plu). 

t'uctet'ucte, av. walking about following closely, walking about carrying 

small burden on one's back. 

t'uct'on, av. carrying small burden on one's back, 

t'uct'uc, nc. single small burden carried on one's back /I only/, 

t'uct'uc, aj. too short (tumpline). 

t'ucul, aj. too short (tumpline, net, rope), carrying small burden on one's 

back. 

t'uculik, aj. cf. t'ucahtik. 

t'lithilt'ucul, n4f. each of many small burdens carried on one's back. 

t'uc(2) T. 

t'uc ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike sharply. Male joking speech; 

fornicate, 

t'ucant'ucan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike one after another 

sharply. 

t'ucilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep striking sharply, 

t'uflahetik ta mahel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. t'uct'on ta mahel (plu). 

t'liclih, av. suddenly striking sharply (child), 

t'uct'on ta mahel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). striking sharply (child). 

t'u£van ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). strike person sharply. 

t'uh T. 

t'uh, tv. choose, select, pick over, 

t'uh ba, rv. be selected out (corn that grows or fails to grow because of 

poor land), 

t'uh baik, rv. designate each other /as guilty/, choose each other /people 

of same height to carry coffin/. 

ist'uh sbaik ti hay-vo 1 ) su? ymunik tahimol ta pelotae. They chose the 

ones who were good at playing ball.


t'uh ta t'uhel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). select the best, 

t'uh vinik, vphr(tv & n5). choose husband. 

t'uh vinik, vphr(tv & n4d). choose worker. 

t'uhan, tv. choose, select or pick over /plu/. 

t'uhanan, tv. cf. t'uhan. 

t'uhant'uhan, tv. choose, select or pick over one after another. 

t'uhant'uhanan, tv. cf. t'uhant'uhan. 

t'uhbenal, n4f. merchandise, etc., which has been chosen and set aside. 

t'uhebal, n5. moment before finishing selecting. 

t'uhel, nc. selection /corncobs from flailed corn, names from list/ /1-3/. 

t'uhilan, tv; keep choosing, selecting or picking over. 

t'uhilanan, tv. keep choosing, selecting or picking over many. 

t'uhlahet, av. cf. t'uht'on (plu). 

t'uhlahetik, av. cf. t'uht'on (plu). 

t'uhob, nlf. basket in which grainless cobs are kept after being flailed. 

t'uhobil, nlf. cf. t'uhob. 

t'uholah, iv. select discerningly. 

t'uhomah, iv. select discerningly. 

t'uhomal, n4d. object of one's choice /bride/. 

t'uhomal eeb. beautiful girl. 

t'uhtet'uhte, av. walking about picking out things. 

t'uht'on, av. choosing or selecting /with difficulty/. 

t'uhvan, iv. select person. 

ht'uh-vinik, agn(tv & ncpd). girl who chooses fiance discerningly /flees 

from irresponsible fiance/. 

ht'uhbalal, agn. person chosen repeatedly to do job. 

ht'uhvaneh, agn. person who selects another. 

t'uk P(2). 

t'uk ba, rv. become prominent (goiter, boil, swellhead). 

t'ukahtik, aj. prominent (goiter, boil, breasts of adolescent girl). 

t'ukan ba, rv. be prominent (goiter, boil). 

t'ukanbe, tv. make prominent /goiter, boil/ (witch). 

t'ukanbe 9ol, vphr(tv & n4d). impregnate /woman/. 

t'ukeah, iv. become prominent. 

t'uket, av. walking with prominent /goiter, boil/, walking with bulging 

/stomach/ (pregnant woman). 

t'uki, iv. be prominent (goiter, boil). 

t'ukleh, n4f. prominent growth. 

t'uktefiikte, av. walking about with prominent /goiter, boil/. 

t'ukt'uk, aj. prominent (goiter, boil, swellhead). 

t'ukul, aj. prominent (goiter, boil, swellhead). 

t'ukulik, aj. cf. t'ukahtik. 

t'ul P. 

t'ul, nle. rabbit, eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus. Rabbits are 

hunted frequently. They are roasted and eaten. They are cold*. Their 

skins are used for pouches to carry bullets and wads. Rabbits are renowned 

in folktales for their cleverness. 

t'ul, nc. small potful /beans/. 

t'ulan, tv. cook in small pot. 

t'ulanob, nlf. small pot. 

t'ulanobil, nlf. cf. t'ulanob. 

t'ulantik, aj. small potfuls cooked at long intervals. 

t'ulant'ulan, tv. cook in one small pot after another. 

t'ulavil, n3d. biceps, thigh muscles. 

t'ulel, nc. small potful /beans/. 

t'ulet, av. cooking in small pot. 

t'uli, iv. be cooking in small pot. 

t'ulleh, n4f. cooking in small pot. 

t'ult'on, av. cooking (small pot). 

t'ult'ul, nc. single small potful /I only/. 

t'ulukil, n4f. many small potfuls. 

t'ulult'ulul, n4f. each of many small potfuls. 

Cum O. 

t'um ta ti9el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). crunch /green chili, roasted caterpillar/, 

bite /person/. 

t'umih, onom. crunch /flea bitten between teeth/. 

t'umilan ta tiiel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep crunching. 

t'umlahet, av. cf. t'uml'on (plu). 

t'umlih, av. biting suddenly. 

t'umt'on, av. crunching /corn stubble stalks, watermelon squash/ (mule, 

cow), chewing /fleas/ (mule). 

t'umvan ta ti?el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). bite person or offspring. 

t'us T(2). 

t'us, tv. squash /fruit, flea, louse/, smash /egg/, pound. 

mu sat'usbe ya'Jal. Don't damage his fontanel. 

t'us, iv. break (egg), be put out (eye), be crushed (testes), squash (fruit), 

burst (bile duct). The bursting of the bile duct is thought to bring a 

corpse to the surface of the water. 

t'us-TOk, n(aj & ncpd)5. heavy-footed. 

t'us ba, rv. squash {fruit). 

t'us ba ta mahel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). strike self /with stick or hands/, 

t'us baik ta mahel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). strike each other /with stick 

or hands/, 

t'us ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). flail /horse, cow or sheep manure, 

corn/, strike /back with fist/. 

t'us ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). squash underfoot /fruit, caterpillar/, 

t'usahtik, aj. cf. t'usul /plu/. 

t'usan, tv. squash, smash, pound /plu/. 

t'usan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /plu/ /on back/, flail much 

/corn, manure/. 

t'usanan, tv. cf. t'usan. 

t'usanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /plu/ /on back/, flail 

much /corn, manure/, 

t'usant'usan, tv. squash one after another, 

t'usant'usan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug one after another /on 

back/. 

fusant'iisanan, tv. cf. t'usant'usan. 

t'usant'usanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. t'usant'usan ta mahel. 

fusel, nc. squashing /tomato/ /I-3/. 

t'usel, aj. squashed (fruit). 

t'uset ôoon, vphr(nc & av & n4d). walking with painful heart, 

t'usih, onom. thud /sound of falling person or fruit/, 

t'usilan, tv. keep squashing /fruit, etc./, smashing /eggs/ or pounding, 

t'usilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep flailing /mule, cow or 

sheep manure/, keep slugging /back/. 

t'usilan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep squashing underfoot, 

t'usilanan, tv. keep squashing many, 

t'uslah, av. clopping (sing or plu). 

t'uslahet, av. plopping (rocks or fruits landing), squashing, crunching, 

clopping. 

t'uslih, av. plopping suddenly (fruit) or crashing (rock, drunk), 

t'usobil ta mahel, nphr(n4f & prep & vn5). branch used to kill snake, 

t'ustet'uste ta •Janil, vphr(av & prep & n5). dashing about with pounding 

feet. 

t'ust'on, av. slugging, pounding (heart, footsteps, horses, drumbeat), flailing 

/mule, cow or sheep manure to prepare it for fertilizer/, 

t'usul, aj. chubby (child, baby animal), curvacious (girl), 

t'usulik, aj. cf. t'usul /plu/. 

t'usus, av. feeling pain in throat or heart, feeling hunger pangs, 

t'ususet, av. feeling pain (throat or heart). 

t'usvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). slug person /on back/, 

t'usvan ta tek'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). stamp on person. 

t'us P or P(2). 

t'usahtik, aj. wet (clothes, ground, people), 

t'useah, iv. get wet /from rain/. 

t'usean, tv. wet (water spilled on person, child wetting mother). 

t'uSi, iv. get wet (clothes, ground, person), 

t'usleh, n4f. wet. 

t'ustet'uste, av. walking about with wet clothes, 

t'usub, iv. become moist, get wet (clothes, ground), 

t'usubtas, tv. moisten /mud for house/, wet (child wetting person, rain), 

t'usubtas ba, rv. get self wet.

360 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 TVV 

t'usubtasan, tv. moisten a lot /mud for house/. 

t'usubtasanan, tv. cf. t'usubtasan. 

t'usubtasob, nlf. water or water gourd used to wet mud in house construction. 

t'usubtasobil, nlf. cf. t'usubtasob. 

t'usubtasvan, iv. wet person (leaking bottle or jug, rain). 

t'usul, aj. wet. 

t'usul sk'ab. He wet himself /urine/. 

t'usulik, aj. cf. t'usahtik. 

t'usulil, n4d. wetness. 

ht'usubtasvaneh, agn. person who wets another, rain that passes by quickly 

serving only to wet people. 

t'ut'(l) N. 

t'ut', nle. see below. 

t'ut' ?ak\ nphr(n type n). cat brier Smilax jalapensis, #90(1,2,3,4,5), 

#513(1,2), # 1898(1,3,4). Highland "vine" Three shoots occasionally 

are crushed and used by women when washing their hair, to cool 

their heads. They are cold". #2164(1). Temperate "vine" cat brier 

Smilax mollis, #1135(1,4,5). Lowland and temperate "vine" 

k'anal t'ut' 9ak\ nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). see below, 

k'os k'anal t'ut' 9ak', nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). cat brier 

Smilax mollis, #1561(1,3). Lowland, temperate, and highland "vine". 

sakil t'ut' ?ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Dioscorea escuknta, 

#216(1,2,3,5). Lowland "vine" 

t'ut'ak 9ak\ nphr(n type n). cat brier Smilax jalapensis, #1898(16,17). 

Highland "vine". (16)-The leaves are eaten by sheep. (17)-It is used for 

lashing fence posts and roof poles. 

t'ut'(2) N. 

t'ut', nla. mole /on body/. 

t'ut'(3) A. 

t'ut', aj. stingy. 

t'ut'et, av. being stingy. 

t'ut'etik, av. cf. t'ut'et (plu). 

t'ut'ak N. 

t'ut'ak, cat brier, cf. t'ut'. 

t'uy P. 

t'uyahtik, aj. cf. t'uyul /plu/. 

t'uyan, tv. hang /net filled with objects/. 

t'uyan ba, rv. hang (e'uh ton from tree, wasp nest, growth on sheep 

suffering swellhead). 

t'uyanan, tv. hang /plu/. 

t'uyanob, nlf. bag or net to be hung up, tree on which bag or net is hung. 

t'uyanobil, nlf. cf. t'uyanob. 

t'uyant'uyanan, tv. hang one after another. 

t'uyanvan, iv. hang person. 

t'uyeah, iv. hang (goiter). 

t'uyean, tv. blister. 

t'uyet, av. swaying (bag of dried tortillas, goiter, wasp nest, jousting 

target). 

t'uyi, iv. be hanging (net filled with objects). 

t'uyk'ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). hang down lower (wasp nest, squash). 

t'uyk'in ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). hang down lower (wasp nest, squash). 

t'uylahet, av. swaying (bags of dried tortillas, large swellings). 

t'uyleh, n4f. hanging. 

t'uylih, av. swaying suddenly (pinata, wasp nest). 

t'uyp'ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. t'uyk'ih yalel. 

t'uytet'iiyte, av. walking about with swaying /goiter/. 

t'uyt'on, av. swaying (goiter, hammock, wasp nest). 

t'uy t'uy, aj. hanging (goiters, burden secured by overly long tumpline). 

t'uyul, aj. hanging (net filled with objects, wasp nest). 

t'uyulik, aj. badly swollen. 

t'uyuy, av. swaying (pinata). 

t'uyuyet, av. swaying (large wasp nest, large bag of dried tortillas, swellhead). 

ht'uyanvaneh, agn. person who hangs another. 

va9 P. 

va^-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-faced. 

va9a9, av. appearing and moving erectly (tornado, devil). 

va?a9et, av. moving (whirlwind, smoke, fire). 

vaiahtik, aj. piled up (clouds), defending (lawyers), standing. 

vaiahtik cak'ak', cf. cak'ak'. 

va9ahtik nes, cf. lies. 

va?al, nc4f. person. 

va?al, aj. standing aimlessly, standing (people, pot), standing up (hair, 

beard), upright, steep, ready, prepared, defending (lawyer). 

va9al 9ane. woman unable to have periods. 

va9al k'op. coitus in standing position. 

va9alva9al, aj. standing. 

va9alva9al ibat. He died suddenly. 

va9alik, aj. standing upright (hair) /sign that child's soul is lost to the 

earth/. 

va?an, tv. erect, build /house/, appoint /witness/, stand up /log/. 

va9an ba, rv. defend, stand still, take an active part, install self (shaman). 

A shaman should be continent for either six or nine days before he is 

launched on his profession. 

t sva9an sba ta k'elvaneh, t slabanvan. He is standing still watching 

people, criticizing them. 

sva9anoh sba ta sa9-k'op. He has taken an active part in stirring up 

trouble. 

sva9an sba ta stohol li hun Ice. He is defending that guy there. 

Ritual speech, addressing tutelary gods; c"ul-va9an aba, c'ul-tek'an 

aba. Stand erect in holiness, stand firm in holiness. 

va9an baik, rv. defend each other, maintain same opinion. 

va9an komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave standing /person/, leave leaning /partially 

cut tree/. 

Ritual speech, ritual tutor addressing incoming ensign-bearers during 

banner change, advising them of their installment by their predecessors; 

isva9an komel istek'an komel ca9-vo9 slok'ol ca")-vo9 sk'esol. 

They stood erect, they stood firm two of their images, two of their 

substitutes. 

va9anan, tv. appoint /witnesses/, stand up /logs/. 

va9ananan, tv. cf. vavanan. 

va9anbe 9ahval camel, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of vn5/). accuse falsely of 

witchcraft. 

va9aneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. installment /shaman/. 

va9anob, nlf. place against which firewood is leaned, prop for fruit-laden 

branch. 

va9anobil, nlf. cf. vatanob. 

va9anva9anan, tv. stand up one after another /logs to dry/. 

va9anvan, iv. install /shaman/, appoint person as witness. 

va9eah, iv. be standing (house), become ambulatory (patient). 

t svaêah sk'esol. It is being replaced /wool tunic, robe, or ceremonial 

robe/. 

Ritual speech, ritual tutor, referring to each of the stewards-royal, 

prefects, publicans, when they enter office; t sva9eah sa slumal t 

sva9eah sa yac'elal. lit.. His earth has stood now, his mud has 

stood now, i.e., He has been installed. 

va9ean ba, rv. stand up. 

va9ean komel, vphr(tv & dr). Ritual speech; leave standing, cf. vaian 

komel. 

va9eanbe k'esol, vphrftv & n4f). weave replacement for /wool tunic, robe, 

ceremonial robe/. 

va9et, av. walking aimlessly. 

Polite speech, deprecatory reply of pregnant woman to "How are 

you?"; te to siva9et hayibuk k'ak'al. I'm walking around for a few 

days. 

yec sva9et t syihub. She just is walking around growing old /spinster/. 

vaoetah, iv. walk aimlessly. 

va9etik, av. cf. valet (plu).

vaii, iv. stand up, stand (pole), arch (rainbow), assume another's duties, 

rear (mule), be erected (house), rest on one's feet, become erect (penis), 

stand still. 

t sva9i sk'osos. lit., His toasted tortillas are standing up, i.e., He 

has a stitch in his side. 

t sva?i sme 1 ) svinik. He feels pain rising in his chest. 

t sva?i k'ak'al. The sun is shining /in the rainy season/. 

t sva?i nic k'in. The dog days are here. 

Ritual speech, shaman referring to candle offering; t sba va9luk t sba 

tek'luk. They are going to stand upright, they are going to stand 

firmly. 

va?lah, av. walking (people). 

yec sva?lah tal. They came without burdens, 

vailahet, av. cf. valet (plu). 

va-rtahetik, av. cf. va-)el (plu). 

vailebal, n3d. object that person stands on, place where one stands to get 

a good view. 

t sic' svarteb. He is staring. 

ta sva?leb ibat. He died suddenly. 

Ritual speech, shaman referring to Calvary; c'ul-va^lebal 

c'ul-tek'lebal. holy standing place, holy stepping place. 

va?lebin, tv. stand with forepaws on person (dog), stand on object to 

improve one's view. 

vailebinan, tv. stand with forepaws on people (dog), 

va'ilcbinanan, tv. cf. vailebinan. 

va">lebinvan, iv. jump up on person (dog), 

vafleh, nld. standing position. 

ista sva"?leh. He is full-grown, 

va^leh, nc. a man's height from horizon /1-2/ /position of sun; k'ak'al 

or hc'ul-totik, and moon; hc'ul-meWik/. 

vaiteva'Ke, av. walking about aimlessly, 

vawai, aj. deep or tall (pot, water jug, basket), long (face, cushaw), steep 

(roof), 

vawon, av. walking. 

svaTvon skotol k'ak'al. coming to look every day (constables), 

hvaianvaneh, agn. shaman who installs another, 

hva^lebinvaneh, agn. dog that customarily jumps up on person. 

w>, nc. person, 

voion, pn. I, me. 

voiosuk, pn. you /plu/. 

wot, pn. you /sing/. 

vootik, pn. we or us /inclusive/, 

vowtikotik, pn. we or us /exclusive/. 

iai\ 

va-ri, You hear! You know! cf. 7a?i. 

Tab 

vab, stringed instrument, drum, play. cf. vob. 

?ac P. 

vae-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. messy-haired, 

vae ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike /treating person as if he were 

corn stubble/, 

vaeae, av. running while carrying /com stubble, twigs, etc./, running with 

windblown or mussed up hair (man, woman), 

vaeacet, av. walking while carrying large burden /stubble, twigs, etc./, 

puffed up (feathers), 

vaeahtik, aj. listless (sick people, chickens), windblown (hair of man or 

woman), sitting neglected (wool). 

vacal, aj. windblown, wild (hair of man or woman), listless /sick person 

or chicken/, puffy (face with sickness or hangover). 

vaealik, aj. cf. vaeal /plu/. 

varan, tv. set down /wool, corn stubble, twigs/. 

vaean ba, rv. recuperate /sit with mussy hair/, 

vaeanan, tv. cf. vaean. 

vaeanob, nlf. basket for wool, 

vaeanobil, nlf. cf. vaeanob. 

vaeanvaean, tv. set down one pile after another /wool/. 


vaeanvaeanan, tv. set down one pile after another /wool/. 

vaeel, aj. mussed up or windblown (hair of man or woman). 

vaeet, av. with mussed up or windblown hair (man, woman), listless, sick 

(person or chicken), sitting (wool), stupid, reticent, walking with puffy 

/face from sickness or hangover/. 

vaeetik, av. stupid, reticent, listless (person), 

vaei, iv. sit with mussed up or windblown hair (man, woman), 

vaek'uh, iv. become mussed up (hair in wind), be disarrayed (thatch in 

wind). 

vaek'un, tv. mess up /wool, hair/, 

vaelah, av. cf. vaeae (plu). 

vaelahet, av. with mussed up or windblown hair, sick (people, chickens), 

puffed up (feathers). 

vadeh, nlf. disarray /hair/, neglected pile /wool/, 

vaeluh, av. flying up suddenly (corn stubble, wool or thatch in wind), 

feeling sudden chill, 

vaetevaete, av. walking about with mussed up or windblown hair or 

carrying corn stubble or twigs, 

vaeulan, tv. ruffle up /hair/. 

vaeulan lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). take out in handfuls /wool/. 

vaevon, av. walking feebly or with messy hair. 

vac* prob P or P(2). 

vae'ae', av. carrying long tree, 

vae'al, aj. tall (person), 

vae'et, av. walking tall (person), 

vae'lah, av. cf. vae'ae' (plu). 

vae'tevae'te, av. walking about tall (person). 

vae'vae 5 , aj. narrow (bottle, basket), tall (person), 

vae'von, av. walking tall (person). 

vac prob P or P(2). 

vac(l), nld. twin. If twins of the same sex are bora, it is thought that 

both will live, but if a boy and a girl are born the weaker of the two is 

expected to die. If a person reprimands a twin it is thought the twin's 

soul /c'ulel/ will, like a clothes moth /vac con/, eat his clothes. 

vac(2), nle. two fruits grown together. If a person eats them it is thought 

that he will have twins. 

vac(3), nle. clothes moth /cocoons are paired/, 

vac con, nphr(n type n)le. cf. vac(3). 

vacal, aj. standing (antlers), 

vacet, av. moving (deer with antlers), 

vaevon, av. moving (deer with antlers). 

vac' prob P or P(2). 

va£\ nla. twig, switch /for mule, sheep or disobedient child/. 

vac'-'Jakan, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-legged (person, pullet), 

vac' to e'Wlel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type-n). 'twig tree plant', spot flower 

Spilanthes ocymifolia, #2899(14). Lowland plant" 

va


vahan, tv. sow a lot. 

vahanvahan, tv. sow one after another. 

vahanvahanan, tv. cf. vahanvahan. 

vahel, nc. sowing /1-3/. 

vahet, av. drizzling, scolding or criticizing severely. 

vahetik, av. scolding or criticizing severely (plu). 

vahluh, av. scolding suddenly, peppering suddenly (bullets), splashing 

suddenly (water). 

vahob, nlf. old pot or box used as seed bed, raised plot of ground used 

as seed bed, palm frond used to spread steam in steambath. 

vahobil, nlf. cf. vahob. 

vahulan, tv. keep sowing. 

vahulan, iv. keep sowing. 

vah(2) O. 

vahlah, av. cf. vahvon (plu). 

vahlahet, av. cf. vahvon (plu). 

vahluh, av. barking suddenly. 

vahtevahte, av. walking about barking. 

vahulan, tv. keep barking. 

vahvah, onom. bowwow. 

vahvahu9, onom. baying. 

vahvau9, onom. baying. 

vahvon, av. barking (dog V 2: 19) /more high-pitched than voh(2) and 

vom(2)/, barking furiously (dog EKL 252: 1-12), yapping (dog V 2: 19). 

vah(3) N. 

vah, n5. tortilla. If a tortilla sticks to the griddle it is thought that we will 

bear the blame for another's crime, /cf. Florentine Codex, book 5, 

appendix; chap. 6/. 

papa?, n5. Baby talk; tortilla. 

vah(4) P. 

vahal, aj. spotted (measles, pimples), pocked (smallpox, chicken pox). 

vahal ta yi. studded with young ears. Thirteenth developmental 

stage of corn, also called hyianel sa, t syian hu-huntik. 

vahan ba, rv. erupt (measles, pox, etc.). 

vahba, nla. pimple. 

vaheah, iv. erupt (measles, pox, etc.). 

Vatican ba, rv. erupt (measles, etc.) /provoked by medicine to prevent 

sickness from affecting heart/. 

vahi, iv. erupt (measles, pox, etc.). 

vahleh, n4f. eruption. 

vahobal, nld. pus, oil of pores. 

vak(l) Num. 

vak , num(n & nccpd). six. 

vak-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. sixteen. 

vak-nab, nphr(num&ncpd)le. rainbow. Term learned from Chamulas. 

vakeh, nle. six days from now. 

vakhe, n5. six days ago. 

vakib, nle. six. 

vaktevakte, av. walking about with six toes. 

vakvak , n(num & nccpd)5. by or in sixes, every six. 

vak(2) N. 

vakak, av. calling (laughing falcon). 

vakaket, av. calling when rising into air (laughing falcon). 

vaklah, av. cf. vakak (plu). 

vaklahet, av. cf. vakvon. 

vakos, nle. laughing falcon Herpetotheres cachinnans. If a person can 

persist in answering the call of a laughing falcon without tiring, it is 

thought that he will become a bonesetter, but if he tries and fails, he 

will get goiter, or become mute. Some say that the person who imitates 

a laughing falcon will catch on fire. 

vakvon, av. calling (laughing falcon). 

vakas N(Sp, vaca). 

vakas, nla. cow, bull, straw bull that dances with dudes, bull-shaped 

candlesticks. 

vakas na, nphr(n type n)ld. hip-roofed house. This is the type of house 

that it is believed is used in the afterworld. 

vakas te9, nphr(n type n)la. tripod for cooking in field. 

tanhcro vakas, nphr(aj & n)la. brahman. 

tranhero vakas, nphr(aj & n)la. cf. tanhero vakas. 

vakero N(Sp, vaquero). 

vakero, agn. each of the angels and sacristans who chase straw bull, 

cowboy. 

vak'(l) X. 

vak'ak'et, av. with red stripes too close together (cloth or tunic), too stiff 

(thread that is boiled in too thick starch), stiff (clothing with blood or 

food stains), 

vak'et bat, vphr(av & iv/3s/). with red stripes too close together /cloth 

of tunic/. 

vak'etik bat, vphr(av & iv/3s/). with red stripes a little too close together 

/cloth of tunic/. 

vak'(2) prob O. 

vak'ak'et, av. swaying back and forth (corn or reeds in wind), 

vak'luh, av. clattering suddenly (wood being piled up), 

vak'von, av. clacking (metal-studded sandals). 

val P, P(2). 

val ba, rv. break (fingernails), bend (blade of hoe or axe, etc.). 

val-ni 1 ), n(aj & ncpd)5. with repousse nose (pig, person), 

val-sik* con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/5 type n)le. 'bent-winged bug', gnat. It 

is a lowland nocturnal insect that enters one's hair, nose and ears to bite, 

vala-pat, n(x & ncpd)ld. behind, in reverse, backwards, var., valo-pat. 

yak'oh sk'ob ta svala-pat. His hands were behind his back, 

skucoh sk'ob ta svala-pat. His hands were clasped behind his back, 

vala-pat 9ak'ot, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n)5. backward dance /danced by 

lesser players/. 

vala-pat k'op, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n)5. inverted or ironical talk, 

vala-patin komel, vphr(tv/x & ncpd/ & dr). slight, reject in favor of 

another, switch one's allegiance. 

isvala-patin komel kahvaltik. He rejected Our Lord /by praying at 

unsanctioned caves instead of at crosses/. 

isvala-patin komel stot sme9. He rejected his parents /by listening 

only to his wife's counsel/. 

vala-patinvan komel, vphr(iv/aj or n & ncpd/ & dr). slight or turn one's 

back on person, pass over person in favor of another. 

ivala-patinvan komel ibat ta h-hot 9o. He turned his back on them 

and joined another group. 

vala-pohov, n(x & ncpd). sour grass Oxalis tatifolia, #617(1,2,3). Highland 

"plant". The tubers are eaten by bobwhites. sour grass Oxalissp., 

#1546(11,12). Highland plant". Heterocentron subtriplinervium, 


vala-pohovtik, n(x & ncpd)5. expanse of vala-pohov. 

9o9lol vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). 'medium sized vala-pohov', 

sour grass Oxalis latifolia, #898(1,2,3,5). Highland plant", 

bik'it vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). sour grass Oxalis albicans, 

#2375(20). Highland "plant". The tubers are eaten by bobwhites. 

eoeiu vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). sour grass Oxalis lalifo- 

Ha, #1245(1,3,4,5). Temperate plant", 

k'os vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). sour grass Oxalis corniculata, 


muk'ta vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). sour grass Oxalis sp., 

#952(1,3), #1546(1,3). Highland plant". Begonia biserrata, Temperate 

"plant". Begonia fischeri var. (ovarensis, #2434(20). Highland 

"plant". Heterocentron subtriplinervium, #1547(11,12). Temperate 

"plant", 

vala-pohov e^lel, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). see below. 

muk'tik vala-pohov e"i9lel, nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). Peperomiapellucida, 

#2605(15). Temperate "plant", 

valahtik, aj. cf. valalik. 

valal, aj. curled up (hat brim, pig's nose, nose of angry person), 

valalet, av. billowing (skirt or laundry in wind, banner), 

valalik, aj. curled up (leaves of seared corn plants, beautiful eyelashes), 

valan, tv. turn up /hat brim/, 

valeah, iv. get hangnails, break fingernails, splay (butt of stick), billow

(skirt) /in water or wind/, bend (blade of hoe), 

valean, tv. cause to break /fingernail/, cause to splay /butt of stick/, 

make billow /skirt/, bend /blade of hoe/, 

valean ni"?, vphr(tv & n4d). raise muzzle into air (ram, stallion). If a ram 

raises its muzzle, it signifies that it wants offspring, 

valet, av. billowing (skirt in wind), walking with turned up (hat brim). 

valet ni?, vphr(av & n4d). with curled up nose /pig, person in anger/. 

vali, iv. have hangnails, be bent (corners of paper, hoe blade). 

valk'uh, iv. lift (skirt in wind), be returned (sickness), be pushed end over 

end /fallen tree/. Ritual speech, shaman when returning from shrines 

to patient's home; return. Ritual speech, prayer; turn. Ritual speech, 

shaman referring to his patient; toss. 

t svalk'uh ?o yo hlumal, t svalk'uh 10 yo kac'elal. My lowly earth 

returns, my lowly mud returns. 

ma?uk to me svalk'uh ?o ti lume, ma?uk to me svalk'uh TO ti ?ac'ele. 

May the earth not yet be turned, may the mud not yet be turned /at 

person's grave/. 

?oy t avalk'uhel ?oy t asutp'ihel. You are turning, you are tossing, 

valk'uh cak, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). fall head over heels, somersault, 

valk'uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). fall head first. 

valk'un, tv. turn inside out, turn over, pull up /skirt/, stroke /hair of 

head/, return /illness/ (witch). 

ta hvalk'un cibuk kot ta 9ora. I will make two tortillas or so right 

away /when hurrying/. 

valk'un, aj. inside out. 

ta valk'un t sak'be. lit.. He gives it to them inside out, i.e., person 

serving as mediator reports equally to both parties in a dispute. 

valk'un ba, rv. return (sickness), somersault, 

valk'un baik, rv. roll each other over (fighters), return sickness mutually 

(witches), 

valk'un cak, vphr(tv & n4d). fall head over heels, somersault, lift up skirt 

or tunic /when defecating/, 

valk'un cak, nphr(aj & n5). doublecross. 

valk'un cak k'op, nphr(nphr/aj & n5/ type n)5. inverted or ironical talk, 

valk'un cak ta h-hot, vphr(tv // n & prep & n/num & nccpd/). doublecross. 

valk'unan, tv. return /sickness/ to people, 

valk'unel, vn5. curing ceremony in house to return sickness, 

valk'unvan, iv. return sickness to person, 

vallahet, av. billowing (laundry or skirts in wind), 

valluh, av. carried suddenly by the wind (roof peak), 

valo-pat, cf. vala-pal. 

valo-pat ?ak'ot, cf. vala-pat lak'ot. 

valo-patin komel, cf. vala-patin komel. 

valo-patinvan komel, cf. vala-patinvan komel. 

valval, aj. curled up (pig's nose, hat brim, beautiful eyelashes). 

valvon, av. walking with upturned hat brim. 

hvala-pat-?ok, agn(n/x & ncpd/ & ncpd). long-haired supernatural figure 

whose two faces and two sets of feet point in opposite directions, cf. 

hnatikil hoi. 

hvala-patinvaneh, agn/x & ncpd/. person who intentionally bypasses 

someone in favor of another. 

hvalk'unvaneh, agn. shaman who returns sickness to witch, 

hvalo-patinvaneh, cf. hvala-patinvaneh. 

valalupa N(Sp, Guadalupe). 

hvalo-patinvaneh, valalupa, n5. steward of Our Lady of Guadalupe. 

vale? N. 

vale?, nla. sugarcane. 

vale?altik, n5. large cane field. 

vale?tik, n5. cane field. 

canal vale?, nphr(aj & n). sugarcane Saccharum officinarum, 

#313(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" It is grown by ladinos and by a very 

few Zinacantecs. The stem is planted in November through January. 

It takes two years to mature. It is eaten raw or roasted. It is 

"hot" 

sakil vale?, nphr(aj & n). sugarcane Saccharum officinarum, 


363 

#2988(3). Lowland "plant" It is grown by many people in San 

Lucas and Ixtapa. The tip is planted in June. The harvest is in February. 

It is used for making brown sugar and chicha. It is eaten 

raw. It is "hot". It is sold at market. The leaves are used for horse 

fodder. 

vamuc N(Sp, guamuchil from N, cuauhmochitl). 

vamuc te?, nphr(n type n). pringle's acacia Acaciapringlei, # 190(1,2,3,5). 

Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts, metate platforms, 

planks, chairs, tables, chests, beds, benches, gunstocks, slingshots, 

crosses, gates, doors, and corn bins. 

vamuctik, n5. grove of pringle's acacia. 

van(l) P. 

van, nc. In reference to: large log, boulder. 

van-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. lit., big-headed, i.e., dumb. 

vanahtik, aj. sitting or standing dumbly (person, cow), sitting (boulder, 

log). 

vanal, aj. sitting or standing dumbly (person, cow), sitting (boulder, log, 

large house). 

vanalik, aj. sitting or standing dumbly (person, cow). 

vanalvanal, n4f. each of many /boulders, large logs/. 

vanan, tv. set down /boulder, log/. 

vanan, av. rolling (boulder, log, car). 

vanan ba, rv. sit or stand dumbly. 

vanan tal, vphr(av & dr). appearing heavily laden (truck). 

vananvanan, tv. set down one after another /boulders, large logs/. 

vananvananan, tv. cf. vananvanan. 

vananan, tv. set down /boulders, logs/. 

vananob, nlf. place where log is set down. 

vananobil, nlf. cf. vananob. 

vanet, av. walking dumbly (person), sitting (boulder, log), dwarfed by 

huge burden. 

vanetik, av. sitting dumbly (plu). 

vani, iv. sit (boulder, log). 

vank'uh, iv. roll (boulder, log), swell greatly. 

vank'un, tv. roll /boulder, log/. 

vank'unan, tv. roll many /boulders, logs/. 

vank'unanan, tv. cf. vank'unan. 

vanlah, av. rolling (boulder, log) /sing or plu/. 

vanlahet, av. cf. vanvon (plu). 

vanleh(l), n4f. hugeness /boulder, log/. 

vanleh(2), nlf. sitting dumbly. 

vanlehikil, n4f. cf. vanleh(l) /plu/. 

vantevante hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about dumbly. 

vanvan, nc. single /boulder, large log/ /I only/. 

vanvan, aj. disproportionately large (head, end of log). 

vanvon, av. walking beefily (cow). 

vanvon hoi, vphr(av & dr). walking hatless or dumbly. 

van(2) Pt. 

van, pt. perhaps, maybe /particle always occurring in interrogative 

phrase/. 

mi t Stal van. Will he come? 

vara N(Sp, vara). 

vara, nla. measuring stick, span from fingertips to center of chest, measure 

/80 cm./, stick used to level corn /in kwarca tei, kwarto nalmul/, 

staff of office /of elders, outgoing stewards-royal and publicans, Carnival 

constables/, jousting lance /used during the fiesta of St. Sebastian/. 

vara eekil, nphr(n type n)3d. poor quality blue skirt /woven in San 

Cristobal and worn by many Huistec women/. 

vara cenek', cf. cenek'. 

vara-sat, n(n type ncpd)5. thin-faced /derogatory/. 

varail , nphr(natt & n)5. stick for leveling corn in /kwarca let, 

kwarto lalmul/. 

varac N(Sp, huarache). 

varac, n 1 e. 'sandal', wasp Brachygaslra sp.. cf. kitara con, kitaron. 

varatil, n3a. sandal.


varca N(Sp, guardia). 

varca, n5. guard/ soldier who does guard duty in front of city hall in San 

Cristobal and Tuxtla/. 

Ritual speech, shaman referring to tutelary gods; c'ul-varca c'ul-yih, 

c'ul-varca c'ul-k'on. holy guard, holy ripe /one/, holy guard, holy 

yellow /one/. 

varkus X. 

varkustik, aj. scaly (heel, bark of ceiba or hog plum). 

vaskes 

vaskes, common bobwhite. cf. vaskis. 

vaskis N(Sp, Vasquez?). 

vaskis mut, nphr(n type n)5. common bobwhite Colinus virginianus. cf. 

cintuln. var., vaskes mut /Pat lOsil/. 

vaskes mut, cf. vaskis mut. 

vas(l) P. 

vas-9ok, n(aj & ncpd)5. barefoot. 

vasahtik, aj. large (houses, horses, cows). 

vasal, aj. quiet, large (house, truck, horse, cow), calm, gentle, tame, goodnatured. 

vasalik, aj. cf. vasal /plu/. 

vasan, tv. quiet, silence, keep still, erect /large house/. Ritual speech, 

prayer; calm. 

vasanbon i ko9one vasanbon i hhole htot kahval. Calm my heart, 

calm my head, My Father, My Lord. 

vasan ba, rv. calm down (scolding person), become obedient (child, horse, 

sheep), acquiesce, have self-control (loose woman, violent man), 

mu svasan sba smala shak'el. She wasn't able to wait for a petition, 

mu svasan sba li hun 9anee ta to snop yo9on vinik ti k'al icam li 

smalale. The woman had no self-control; she desired a man right 

after her husband died. 

mu svasan sba ta k'oponel k'al shak'bat seebe. He did not acquiesce 

to their words when his daughter was petitioned. 

vasanan, tv. silence /plu/. 

vasananan, tv. cf. vasanan. 

vasanvan, iv. quiet or calm person down. 

vasanvasan, tv. silence one after another. 

vasanvasanan, tv. cf. vasanvasan. 

vasaset, av. stirring frequently (foetus), causing tickling sensation (insect). 

vaseah, iv. become tame. 

vasean, tv. tame /by punishment/, erect large /house/. 

vaset, av. patient, gentle, quiet, tractable, good-hearted, obedient (person), 

being carried large (burden), stirring (fetus). 

vasetik, av. cf. vaset (plu). 

vasi, iv. become quiet, become calm (anxiety, pain), gentle or tame, stand 

(large house). 

vasin, n4e. Ritual speech, prayer; cover. 

lak'bon ta yo I akevual ta yo 1 avasinal. Place me in Thy lordly 

shadow, under Thy lordly cover. 

vask'uh, iv. be large (horse, cow). 

vaslah, av. walking beefily (cows), walking barefoot. 

vaslahet, av. cf. vaset (plu). 

vasleh, n4f. largeness /house, horse, cow/. 

vastevaste 9ok, vphr(av & n4d). walking about barefoot. 

vasvon, av. walking large or tall (person). 

vasvon 9ok, vphr(av & n4d). walking barefoot. 

hvasanvaneh, agn. person who quiets or calms another. 

yas(2) A or N. 

vas 9ak\ nphr(x type n). mexican hackberry bush Trema micrantha, 


vas to, nphr(x type n). mexican hackberry bush Trema micrantha, 


k'os vas te9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). mexican hackberry bush Trema 

micrantha, #2624(21). Lowland "tree" 

sakiJ vas te9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). mexican hackberry bush 

Trema micrantha, #2135(7,14). Temperate "tree". 

vasak Num. 

vasak- -, num(num & nccpd). eight. 

vasak-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. eighteen. 

vasak-men, n(num & xcpd)5. creator god.The vasak-men are believed to 

be the supports that uphold the earth at its four corners. They are 

described variously as pillars and serpents. At the creation, it is said 

that the earth was too soft to walk on, so the vasak-men stamped it 

hard. They assisted in the construction of the Church of St. Sebastian, 

giving orders to the trees and the rocks which walked to the building 

site and lay down wherever they were directed. 

vasakib, nle. eight. 

vat P, P(2). 

vat, tv. shake /awake/. 

vat, nc. In reference to: boulder, large log. 

vat-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. lit., big-headed, i.e., dumb. 

vatahtik, aj. huge (boulders, logs). 

vatal, aj. sitting or standing dumbly (person, cow, stump, boulder). 

vatalik, aj. cf. vatal /plu/. 

vatalvatal, n4f. each of many boulders or large logs. 

vatan, tv. set down /boulder, log/. 

vatan, n5. stupid person. 

vatan ba, rv. sit or stand dumbly (person, cow). 

vatanan, tv. set down /boulders, logs/, shake /plu/ /awake/. 

vatanvatan, tv. set down one after another /boulders, large logs/, shake 

one after another /awake/. 

vatanvatanan, tv. cf. vatanvatan. 

vatanob, nlf. place where log is set down. 

vatanobil, nlf. cf. vatanob. 

vatat, av. rolling (boulder, log, car). 

vatet, av. walking dumbly, walking with huge unidentified burden, sitting 

(boulder, log). 

vatet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking dumbly. 

vatetik, av. cf. vatet (plu). 

vati, iv. be standing (heavily loaded truck or person), sit (boulder, log). 

vatison, nla. hornless ram. 

vatk'uh, iv. roll (boulder, log). 

ivatk'uh ec'el ti sil 9une. Too bad, he rolled away /enemy died/. 

vatk'un, tv. roll /boulder, log/, shove /person/. 

vatk'unan, tv. roll /boulders, logs/, push roughly /people/. 

vatk'unanan, tv. cf. vatk'unan. 

vatk'unvan, iv. shove person. 

vatlah, av. staggering (drunk), rolling (boulder, log) (sing or plu). 

vatlahet, av. staggering (drunk, sick person). 

vatlahetik, av. cf. vatlahet (plu). 

vatleh, n4f. hugeness. 

vatlehikil, n4f. cf. vatleh /plu/. 

vatluh, av. starting suddenly (person, horse). 

vattevatte, av. walking about dumbly, walking about with large unidentified 

burden. 

vatulan, tv. shake /sleeping person/. 

vatulanvan, iv. shake person /sleeping/. 

vatvat, nc. single /boulder, large log/ /I only/. 

vatvat, aj. huge and round (log). 

vatvon, av. walking beefily (cow). 

vatvon hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking hatless or dumbly (person). 

hvatk'unvaneh, agn. person who shoves another. 

vatemala 

vatemala, guatemala. cf. vatimala. 

vatimala N(Sp, Guatemala). 

vatimala, n5. Guatemala, var., vatemala. 

vav prob O. 

vavet ta 9ok'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). keening. 

vavetah, iv. keen. 

vavlahet, av. baying (dogs), howling (coyotes), keening (plu). 

vavlahetik, av. cf. vavet (plu). 

vavtevavte, av. walking about keening. 

vawon ta 9ok'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). keening.

vay 1(2). 

vay, iv. sleep, go to bed, spend the night, promise a good crop (virgin land 

on which com and beans have been planted). 

ive 1 ) vayuk. He ate before going to bed. 

t svay kantela. The candles are hung up for the night. 

vayal, aj. asleep. 

Ritual speech, prayer of person who has lost relative; ti vayal ta yolon 

lume, ti vayal ta yolon ?ac"ele. asleep under the earth, asleep under 

the mud. 

vayay, av. feeling drowsy. 

vaycil, n3a. dream. 

vaycin, tv. dream. 

vaycin, iv. dream. 

vaycinvan, iv. dream about person. 

vayebal, n3d. sleeping place, bed. 

vayebin, tv. knock flat /corn/ (wind), sleep on /mat, mattress/. 

vayebinan, tv. knock flat a lot of /corn/ (wind), sleep on many /mattresses/. 

vayem vah, nphr(aj & n)5. tortilla made the previous night. 

vayet sat, vphr(av & n4d). sleepy-eyed. 

vayicil, n3a. dream. It is believed that when a person dreams, his 

soul /c'ulel/ perches on the end of his nose and from this vantage point 

surveys the world. 

vayihel, nld. animal transformation of witch, animal companion spirit 

of witch /black dog, cow, goat, cat, horse/. 

vayihin, tv. send animal transformation or animal companion spirit 

(witch). A witch is said to be able to transform himself into an animal 

after rolling over three times at the foot of a cross. 

vayik con, nphr(x type n)2a. 'sleepy bug', darkling beetle Zopherus sp.. 

If a baby does not sleep, this drowsy beetle is put in its blanket. 

vayubtah, iv. keep overnight. 

vayubtas, tv. put to sleep or to bed. 

vayubtasan, tv. put to sleep or to bed /plu/. 

vayubtasanan, tv. cf. vayubtasan. 

vayubtasobil, n4f. mat, soporific /darkling beetle put with baby to induce 

sleep/. 

vayubtasvan, iv. put person to sleep or to bed. 

vayulan, iv. keep staying away overnight /at work/, keep falling asleep 

(sick child). 

vayunkero, n5. second class bus that leaves Tuxtla at 4 a.m. and arrives 

at San Cristobal at 7 a.m., or that leaves San Cristobal at 2 p.m. and 

arrives at Tuxtla at 4 p.m. 

hvay be, agn(vphr/iv & n/)5. person who sleeps at side of trail. 

hvaycinel, agn. person who is dreamt of frequently. 

hvaycinvaneh, agn. person who dreams about another. 

hvayel, agn. sleeping person. 

hvayii, agn. sleepy person, sleepyhead, person who sleeps all the time. 

hvayubtasvaneh, agn. person who puts another to sleep or to bed. 

voy, nc. night spent away from home /1-3/. 

voyantik, aj. nights spent away from home at long intervals. 

yayu A(Sp, bayo). 

vayn, n4e. grayness /horse/, var., vayui. 

vayu, aj. gray (horse), var., vayui. 

vayu 1 ? cenek', cf. cenek'. 

vayutik, aj. hazy (smoke), var., vayuitik. 

vayu9, gray. cf. vayu. 

w>(l) T. 

ve?, tv. eat /meal with tortilla, tortilla, bread/. 

Polite speech beginning meal; hvoban vah. I am eating first, 

ve?, iv. eat /meal with tortilla, tortilla, bread/, be hungry. 

t sve? kahvaltik. lit., Our Lord is eating, i.e., There is a halo around 

the sun /believed to forecast rain/, 

vcan, tv. eat a lot of /tortillas, bread, meals/, 

voananan, tv. cf. veian. 

ve?anve?an, tv. eat one after another /tortillas, bread, meals/. 


ve'Janve'Janan, tv. cf. venanveian. 

vefbalal tan, nphr(aj & n)ld. lime used for covering griddle, 

voebal, n3d. restaurant, meal time /noon/, an. poss.; food or corn given 

to maintain child when parents are divorced, pot used for food for 

meals, birthmark /believed to bring good luck/. Ritual speech, prayer, 

lit., eating place, i.e., fireside. 

c"ul-ve->ebal c'ul-iuc'ebal. holy eating place, holy drinking place. 

vOel, nld. meal. 

veie\ , nphr(n of n)5. food for — — (birds, sheep). 

veêl 'Mnatab, nphr(n of n). wild grape Vitis liliifolia, #1702(1,4). Lowland 

vine" The fruit, flowers, and sap are eaten by iguanas. Cissus 

sp., #308(1,2,3,5). Lowland "vine* 

eahal ve"?el ninatab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). tree bine Cissus cacuminis, 

#2018(1,3,4). Lowland "vine" water withe Cissus sicyoides, 

#2852(3,4,5). Lowland "vine" 

k'os ve"?el 9inatab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Vitis bourgaeana, 


veld cih, nphr(n of n). 'sheep food' or 'deer food', pot herb fame flower 

Talinum triangulare, #1679(14). Monnina xalapense, #2248(19). Highland 

"tree". Fernaldiapandurata, #2669(21). Lowland "vine", 

kokoion veêl cih, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). jubas bush Iresine celosia, 


veêl cintuli 1 ), nphr(n of n). 'bobwhite food', prickly spider flower Cleome 

aculeata, #785(1,2). Lowland plant", goldstar grass Hypoxis decumbens, 


voel citom, nphr(n of n). 'pig food', banana, cf. can-eelav lonbol. 

vete\ cue, nphr(n of n). 'squirrel food', cordia Cordia ferruginea, 


ve">el c'o, nphr(n of n). 'mouse food", shrubby four o'clock Mirabilis 

jalapa, #2828(12). Lowland "plant" Cassia tristicula, #1540(11,12). 

Highland "plant" Ocimum micranlhum, #1633(14). Lowland 

plant", 

vefel ka">, nphr(n of n). 'horse food', Desmodium strobilaceum, #1368(7). 


veêl kai hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'horse food grass', Cyperus 

melanostachyus, #1418(7). Highland "plant" 

veiel kulahto, nphr(n of n). 'mourning dove food', cordia Cordia ferruginea, 

#1683(1,4,11,12,14), #2656(1,3). Lowland "tree . (14)-The fruit 

is eaten by mourning doves. (l)-The trunk is used for firewood, cordia 

Cordia foliosa, #1971(1,3,4,16,17). Lowland "tree" buckthorn 

Rhamnus discolor, # 2152(7). Temperate " tree". devil pepper Rauvolfia 

tetraphylla, #2819(3,4,5). Lowland "tree". Aloysia chiapensis, 

#843(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" The fruit is eaten by white-winged 

doves and red-billed pigeons. The trunk is used by corn farmers for 

firewood. 

veiel k'ovis, nphr(n of n). 'townee food', Priva aspera, #2141(7). Temperate 

"plant" 

veid mut, nphr(n of n). 'bird food', goldstar grass Hypoxis decumbens, 

#1357(7). Highland "plant" mexican tiger lily Tigridia pavonia, 

#1396(9). Highland "plant", devil pepper Rauvolfia tetraphylla, 

#2819(7). Lowland "tree", cordia Cordia fotiosa, #2131(14). Temperate 

"tree". Cayaponia attenuata, #2808(7). Lowland "vine", 

veiel sak-£'ut mut, nphr: n4d of nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n). 'blue mockingbird 

food', leaf flower Phyllanthus mcvaughii, #2100(7). Temperate 

"tree". 

veiel t'ul, nphr(n of n). 'rabbit food', slender beard grass Potypogon 

semiverticillata, #647(3,4). Highland "plant", sweet clover Melilotus 

alba, #1407(3,7). Highland "plant" 

veiel vakas, nphr(n of n). 'cattle food', sweet clover Melilotus alba, 

#1710(3). Highland plant", bearded rye-grass Lolium multiflorum, 

#592(1,4). Highland "plant" It is grown by ladinos. The seeds are 

sown in the rainy season. It is used for cattle fodder. Guazuma ulmifolia, 

#2847(7). Lowland "tree' It is eaten by horses. The trunk 

is used for firewood. 

ve?el vokoto, nphr(n of n). 'chachalaca food', wild grape Vitis tiliijolia, 

#1702(14). Lowland "vine".


ve?lahet, av. cf. veivon (plu). 

ve9lahetik, av. cf. veivon (plu). 

volil, nle. meal. 

sk'an sve?lilal. The food is needed /for the tortillas that have been 

set on the table/. 

veôb •>ot, nphr(nlf of n4d). whatever is eaten with tortilla, 

voob van, nphr(n of n)5. whatever is eaten with tortilla, 

voobil, n4f. bread served with coffee /for sacristans, musicians, shaman, 

scribes, wedding godparents/. 

ve9obil 9ot, nphr(nlf of n4d). whatever is eaten with tortilla. 

ve9ulan, tv. keep eating one's own food /rather than being provided food 

by employer/. 

veiulan, iv. nibble (child, rabbit). 

ve?ulanan, tv. keep nibbling many. 

ve?von, av. nibbling every few minutes. 

hve9el, agn. person eating. 

wife referring to husband; yul sa kahve?el. My eater has returned. 

Ritual speech, prayer; ma9uk to stoy ma9uk to shelav ti hun hve9ele 

ti hun h?uc'-vo9e. May he not rise up, may he not pass by, the eater, 

the drinker of water /envious person/. 

ve9(2) P. 

ve?-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. messy-haired (woman). 

ve"?ahtik, aj. cf. vefiel /plu/. 

ve9an ba, rv. be damaged (thatch roof in wind). 

ve9an hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). have wild hair (woman). 

ve9eah, iv. become messy (woman's hair, thatch, stubble, wool), 

voean, tv. muss, mess up /woman's hair, thatch, stubble, wool/, 

voean ba, rv. become messy (woman's hair, thatch, stubble, wool). 

ve9el, aj. messy (woman's hair, thatch, stubble, wool). 

ve9elik, aj. cf. veiel /plu/. 

veieltas, tv. make even /weaving/ /by adding short thread that stops 

half-way across/. 

voeltasan, tv. make even in many places /weaving/. 

ve?et, av. wild (woman's hair). 

vc?i, iv. be wild (woman's hair). 

ve9k'uh, iv. cf. veieah. 

ve9k'un, tv. cf. veiean. 

vok'un ba, rv. cf. veiean ba. 

veilah, av. with wild hair (women). 

ve9lahet, av. cf. veivon (plu). 

ve9leh, nlf. mussiness /woman's hair/. 

ve9lehikil, n4f. cf. veileh /plu/. 

ve9luh, av. becoming mussed up suddenly (woman's hair). 

ve9p'uh, iv. cf. veneah. 

ve9p'un, tv. cf. vetean. 

ve9teve")te hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with wild hair (woman). 

ve9ve9, aj. wild (woman's haii). 

ve9von, av. swarming (flies, gnats, bees, fleas, blowflies), walking with 

wild (hair) /woman/. 

rec" P, P(2), T(2). 

vee*, tv. put away, store, push /squeaky door/, make sag /fence/ (horse), 

vee", iv. be pushed open (door), 

vee', nc. push /squeaky door/, 

vee" ba, rv. step aside, get lost (animal), 

vee" baik, rv. step aside for each other, 

vee'ahtik, aj. cf. vee'el /plu/. 

vee"an, tv. make sag in many places /fence/ (horse), put away /plu/. 

vee"an baik, rv. step aside for each other, 

vee'anan, tv. put away /plu/. 

vee'anvee'anan, tv. put away one after another, 

vee'eah, iv. sag (fence). 

vee"ean, tv. make sag /fence/, 

vee'eanan, tv. push down in many places /fence/. 

vee'anvee'an, tv. put away one after another, 

vee'ee', av. being pushed open (door), 

vee'el, aj. sagging (fence), stored. 

vee'elik, aj. cf. vee'el /plu/. 

vee"et, av. being pushed open (door). 

vee"i, iv. be pushed open (door). 

vee'k'uh, iv. cf. vee'eah. 

vee'k'un, tv. cf. vee'ean. 

vee'k'unan, tv. cf. vee'eanan. 

veeMahetik, av. cf. vee"von (plu). 

vee'leh, n4f. sagging /fence/. 

vec'luh, av. being pushed open suddenly (door), shaking suddenly (house 

in earthquake). 

vee"ob, nlf. place where clothes, money or other valuables are stored, 

vee'obil, nlf. cf. vee'ob. 

vee'p'uh, iv. cf. vee'eah. 

vee'p'un, tv. make sag /fence/, make detour, 

vee'p'unan, tv. cf. vee'eanan. 

vee'ulan, tv. keep pushing /door, fence/, 

vee'ulan, iv. keep being pushed open (door), 

vee'ulanan, tv. keep pushing in many places /fence/. 

vee"van, iv. keep one's distance from person (criminal). 

vee"von, av. pushing open /door/. 

vec P. 

vecahtik, aj. standing unsteadily (children, sick people), 

vecan, tv. set up /scarecrow/, Polite speech; erect /house/. 

vecan ba, rv. stand unsteadily (sick person, child). 

yec nos svecan sba. lit., He just stood unsteadily, i.e., He died in 

childhood. 

vecanan, tv. set up /scarecrows/, 

vecananan, tv. cf. vecanan. 

vecanvecan, tv. set up one after another /scarecrows/. 

vecanvecanan, tv. cf. vecanvecan. 

vecanob, nla. stake jised to hold up scarecrow, 

vecanobil, nlf. cf. vecanob. 

vecanvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave person behind, 

veceah, iv. be loose (tooth), 

vecec, av. falling (night), 

vecel, aj. standing (scarecrow, person), standing unsteadily (fence, child, 

house, tree), 

vecelik, aj. cf. vecahtik. 

vecet, av. standing unsteadily or recovering (child, sick person). 

Polite speech, deprecatory reply to "How are you?"; te to sivecet 

hayibuk k'ak'al. I will be standing unsteadily for a few days, 

vecetah, iv. stand unsteadily (child, sick person), 

vecetik, av. cf. vecel (plu). 

veci, iv. stand unsteadily (child, sick person, house), 

veck'uh, iv. stand unsteadily (drunk, fence, wall), 

veck'un, tv. make lean or push down /unsteady fence, wall/, 

veck'unan, tv. make lean or push down in many places /fence, wall/, 

veclah, av. walking slowly (plu). 

veclahet, av. wiggling (teeth, fence posts), recovering (sick children or 

chickens). 

vecleh, nlf. standing (child, sick person), 

vecluh, av. wobbling suddenly (post, tree), 

vecp'uh, iv. cf. veck'uh. 

vecp'un, tv. cf. veck'un. 

vecp'unan, tv. cf. veck'unan. 

vectevecte, av. walking about unsteadily (child, sick person, old person), 

vecuh, iv. walk unsteadily (child), 

vecvec, aj. about to fall. 

vecvon, av. standing or walking unsteadily (child), wavering (fence), wiggling 

(tooth). 

hvecanvaneh, agn. person who leaves another behind. 

veh(l) P, P(2). 

veh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike hanging pair of /fruit/, play 

with /testicles, penis/, 

vehahtik, , aj. dangling (testicles, breasts). 

vehan, tv. sit with /dangling testicles/ (child).

vehan ba, rv. sit with /dangling testicles/ (child). 

veheah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). have hernia. 

vehean ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). have hernia. 

vehel, aj. dangling (testicles, penis). 

vchelik, aj. cf. vehahtik. 

vehet, av. dangling (penis, testicles, breasts). 

vehetah, iv. dangle (testicles, penis). 

vein, iv. hang (testicles, breasts). 

vehk'uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. veheah yalel. 

vehk'un ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). cf. vehean ba yalel. 

vehlahet, av. hanging (breasts, testicles). 

vehleh, nlf. with dangling /testicles/. 

vehp'uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. veheah yalel. 

vehp'un ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). cf. vehean ba yalel. 

vehtevehte, av. walking about with udders dangling. 

vehulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep striking hanging /pair of 

fruit/, keep playing with /testicles/. 

vehveh, aj. dangling (bull testicles). 

vehvon, av. swaying (breasts, testicles, net). 

veh(2) O. 

vehehet, av. yapping (puppy). 

vehlahet, av. cf. vehvon (plu). 

vehtevehte, av. yapping about (puppy). 

vehveh, onom. yap. 

vehvon, av. yapping (puppy). 

vek(l) 0. 

vek, onom. yelp /hen turkey/. 

veklah, av. yelping (turkeys). 

veklahet, av. squawking (chickens), yelping (turkeys V 2: 22), croaking 

(bull frogs), quacking (ducks V 4: 1). 

veklahetik, av. cf. veklahet. 

vekluh, av. giving sudden yelp (hen turkey). 

vektevekte, av. yelping here and there (hen turkey). 

vekvon, av. yelping (hen turkey), squawking (chicken being seized), calling 

(laughing falcon), croaking (bull frog), quacking (duck). 

vek(2) prob P or P(2). 

vekek, aj. trotting with protruding tummy (puppy). 

vekeket, av. running with protruding tummy (puppy). 

vekel, aj. protruding (puppy's tummy). 

veket, av. protruding (puppy's tummy). 

vektevekte, av. trotting about with protruding tummy (puppy). 

vekvek, aj. protruding (puppy's tummy). 

rel(l) P, P(2), T(2). 

vel, tv. cut /weeds underbrush/, fan, lop off /branches/. A person who 

fans the fire with his hat is considered liable to suffer headaches. 

vel, iv. be cut (weeds, underbrush). 

ivelbat sa. He is feeble now (old man), (or) It is feeble now (old 

mule). 

vel, nc. fanning, clearing /underbrush/. 

vel ec'el 9ol, vphr(tv & dr & n4d). sweep up soul of baby when leaving 

foreign place. 

vel ba, rv. be given a fright. 

vel ba ta mahel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). flail at each other. 

vel-bail ta mahel, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & vn5). flailing at each 

other. 

vel-ni"?, n(aj & ncpd)5. with upturned nose or upper lip. 

vel ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). flail at. 

vel tal c'ulel, vphr(tv & dr & n4d). recall soul of patient. 

velahtik, aj. cf. velel(2) (plu). 

velan, tv. cut /weeds/, lop off /branches/. 

velan, aj. stupid, useless (person, mule). 

velan ba, rv. stand idly. 

velan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). flail at /plu/. 

velanan, tv. cf. velan. 

velanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. velan ta mahel. 

velanbe pisol, vphr(tv & n4d). put hat on /scarecrow/. 


velanil, n4d. stupidity. 

velanvelan, tv. cut one after another /twigs/. 

velanvelan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). flail at one after another. 

velanvelanan, tv. cf. velanvelan. 

velanvelanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. velanvelan ta mahel. 

veleah, iv. bend (blade of hoe), have hangnail. 

velean, tv. bend /blade of hoe/. 

velel(l), av. running aimlessly. 

velel(2), aj. standing aimlessly, turned up (nose with anger). 

velelet, av. spinning (falling leaves, propeller, windmill) /in wind/, moving 

lips rapidly up and down when calling chickens. 

velelin, tv. flick lip with fingers to produce vibrating sound, cause toy to 

make similar sound. 

velet, av. wandering aimlessly. 

Polite speech, deprecatory reply to "How are you?"; te to sivelet 

hayibuk k'ak'al. I'll be wandering around for a few days. 

svelet no me yilel tun. It seems he is not accomplishing anything. 

veletah, iv. wander aimlessly. 

veletik, av. cf. velet (plu). 

veli, iv. stand on crest of hill. 

velk'uh, iv. cf. veleah. 

velk'un, tv. cf. velean. 

vellah, av. walking aimlessly (plu). 

vellahet, av. cf. velvon (plu). 

vellahetik, av. cf. velvon (plu). 

velleh, nlf. standing aimlessly. 

velob, nlf. fan. 

velobil, nlf. cf. velob. 

veltevelte, av. walking about aimlessly. 

velu, tv. motion to with circular motion of hand. 

velu baik, rv. motion to each other with hand (boy and girl). 

veluan, tv. motion to /plu/ with circular motion of hand. 

veluan baik, rv. motion to each other with circular motion of hand (many 

people). 

veluanan, tv. cf. veluan. 

velueh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. motioning to each other. 

velulan, tv. keep cutting /weeds, underbrush/, fanning or lopping off 

/branches/. 

mu savelulanon. lit., Don't fan me /feverish mother to child who 

pulls the covers down/. 

velulan, iv. be cleared repeatedly (path). 

veluvan, iv. motion to person with hand. 

velvan, iv. enfeeble person (old age, exhaustion), call forth /soul/ (shaman 

in case of soul-loss). 

velvel, aj. floppy, with protruding lower lip, with upturned brim (hat). 

velvon, av. trudging feebly or exhausted, trailing far behind, flapping 

(banner, ribbon), fanning /chaff, fire/, motioning with hand. 

hveluvaneh, agn. person who motions to another with hand. 

vel(2) 

vel, Emmanuel, cf. manvcl. 

velta 

velta, turn, curve, quick trip. cf. bwella. 

veltura N(Sp, verdolaga). 

veltura 9itah, nphr(n type n). see below. 

yasal veltura litah, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Bacopa sp., # 1695(7). 

Lowland "plant". 

ven P, P(2). 

ven ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). pat sharply on the tummy. 

venahtik, aj. cf. venel /plu/. 

venan, tv. thrust out /tummy/ (child). 

venan ba, rv. stand thrusting out tummy (child, puppy). 

venan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). pat sharply on the stomach /plu/. 

venanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. venan ta mahel. 

venanvenan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). pat sharply on the belly one 


venanvenanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. venanvenan ta mahel.


veneah, iv. protrude (tummy) /child or puppy that has overeaten/. 

venel, aj. standing with protruding tummy (child, puppy). 

venelik, aj. cf. venel /plu/. 

venen, av. running with protruding tummy (child, puppy). 

venenet, av. running with protruding tummy (child, puppy). 

venet, av. walking with protruding tummy (child, puppy). 

venetah, iv. stand with protruding tummy (child, puppy). 

venetik, av. with protruding tummies (children). 

veni, iv. stand with protruding tummy (child, puppy). 

venk'uh, iv. cf. veneah. 

venlah, av. cf. venen (plu). 

veulahet, av. cf. venet (plu). 

venlahetik, av. cf. venet (plu). 

venleh, nlf. standing with protruding tummy (child, puppy). 

venluh, av. patting tummy suddenly. 

ventevente, av. walking about with protruding tummy (child, puppy). 

venulanbe c'ut, vphr(tv & n4d). keep patting on the tummy. 

venven, aj. with protruding tummy. 

venvon, av. running with protruding tummy (child, puppy). 

veno 

veno, good! fine! cf. ben(2). 

ventana N(Sp, ventana). 

ventana, nla. window. 

ventes N(Sp, cuentas). 

ventes, nla. rosary /worn by ritual tutor, by bride at her wedding, by 

incense tender on St. Rose's Day/, thorn apple necklace /worn by 

dudes/, balls of fat on sheep's neck. 

ventes cih, nphr(n of n). 'deer rosary' or 'sheep rosary', Fuschia microphylla 

ssp. quercetorum, #1376(7). Temperate "tree" 

ventes mamal, nphr(n of n). 'dude's rosary', Casearia nitida, #1680(7). 

Lowland "tree" 

ventes mol, nphr(n of n). 'elder's rosary', bitter bush Picramnia tetramera, 

#409(1,3), #1400(3) #1939(1,3,4,16,17). Highland "tree". Children 

string the berries on thread to make necklaces. They play marbles 

with the berries, wild sage Sahia polystachya, #2519(1,4,21,22). Temperate 

"tree" 

ventes moltik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of ventes mol. 

muk'ta ventes mol, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Bunchosia lanceolata, 

#456(1,2,5). Highland "tree" 

ver prob O. 

vereret, av. spinning (falling leaf), rustling (leaves or corn stubble in 

wind), trilling /blowing into lady slipper flower/. 

verek O. 

verek, onom. call of hen trying to crow. It is believed to bring sickness, 

verekeke, onom. squawk of frightened hen. 

verte N(Sp, verde). 

verte, nla. wool thread for sash. 

ves P(2) or T(2). 

ves, tv. sweep up /in current/, banish anger, fear or exhaustion /with a 

drink/, rake up, scrape up, comb out /lice/, purge, 

ves-c'ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. with protruding belly /when sash is tied too low/. 

ves-vo 1 ?, n(aj & ncpd)5. current carrying refuse or logs, 

vesahtik, aj. swept up /in current/, visible (child's penis), protruding 

(bellies). 

vesan, tv. sweep up, rake up or scrape up /plu/, comb out /lice/. 

vesan c'ut, vphr(tv & n4d). stand with protruding belly, 

vesanan, tv. cf. vesan. 

vesanvesan, tv. sweep up, rake up or scrape up one after another, 

vesanvesanan, tv. cf. vesanvesan. 

veseah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). slip down (pants, skirt), hang down (folded 

top of pants or skirt), 

vesel, nc. skimming off /dirt in water/, 

vesean yalel, vphr(tv & dr). push down /pants, skirt/, 

vesel, aj. scraped (skin), protruding (belly, penis), swept up /in current/, 

veselik, aj. swept up /in current/ /plu/. 

veses, av. sweeping along (current with logs, etc.). 

veset c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). with folded top of skirt or pants slipped down. 

vesetah, iv. stand with protruding belly. 

vesk'uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. veseah yalel. 

vesk'un ba, rv. have skirt slip down (baby), deceive self. 

vesk'un baik, rv. trick or fool each other. 

vesk'un yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. vesean yalel. 

vesk'unan baik, rv. trick or fool each other. 

vesk'uneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual tricking. 

vesk'unel, vnld. trickery, deceit. 

vesk'unvan, iv. trick or deceive person. 

veslah, av. sweeping along (current with logs, etc.), walking slowly (women). 

veslahet, av. cf. vesvon (plu). 

veslahetik, av. cf. vesvon (plu). 

vesleh, nlf. slipped down /skirt, pants/. 

vesteveste c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with folded top of pants 

or skirt slipped down. 

vesulan, tv. keep combing out /lice/, keep raking up. 

vesulan k'ob, vphr/tv // n/. masturbate. 

vesvan, iv. sweep person away /in current/. 

vesves, aj. protruding (belly) /when sash is fastened too low/. 

vesvon, av. grinding second time slowly and ineffectively /corn/, trailing 

far behind (woman, child), combing out /lice/. 

hvesk'unvaneh, agn. deceiver. 

ves(l) 1(2). 

ves, iv. split open (corn, lime). 

vesahtik, aj. cf. vesel /plu/. 

vesel, aj. split open (corn, lime). 

veselik, aj. cf. vesel (plu). 

veses, tv. cause corn to split open /second boiling of corn for posol/. 

vesteveste ec'el, vphr(av & dr). splitting open here and there (lime when 

burnt). 

ves(2) E. 

veslahet, av. cf. vesvon (plu). 

veslahetik, av. cf. vesvon (plu). 

vesves, excl. call of spooks and ensign-bearers at fiesta of St. Sebastian, 

call of constables when entering and leaving office. 

vesvon, av. calling vesves. 

ves(3) N. 

vesal, n3a. short pants /worn from around age eight onwards by boys and 

men/. 

vesal kamisail, nphr(n3a & n3c). white shirt and pants /worn by ensignbearer, 

holy elder, cantor, angel, groom, and sak-hol/. A past ensignbearer 

is buried wearing these pants. 

vesin, tv. put pants on /scarecrow/. 

natil vesal, nphr(aj & n)3a. long pants. 

vet N. 

vet, n5. gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus. Foxes are eaten, seasoned 

with coriander. Their flesh is "cold". A fox skin is stuffed and used on 

the fiesta of St. Sebastian to represent the president of Mexico. Their 

bark is believed to announce disputes, sickness, broken bones, or 

murder on the road. Foxes are said to be the companion animal spirits 

of stupid people, especially Chamulas. 

vet' N. 

vet', cf. cenek'. 

vevec N. 

vevec, nla. goiter. 

vi 

vi, see! cf. 9IK2). 

vi? P, P(2). 

vi?, tv. try to open one's eyes. 

vi? ba, rv. open slightly (eyes). 

vi?-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. slant-eyed. 

vi?ahtik, aj. scarcely open (eyes) /with sleep/. 

vi?an, tv. try to open eyes. 

vi?anan, tv. try to open eyes (people).

viiet, av. with slant eyes, scarcely opening eyes /newborn baby, sleepy 

or drunken person/, 

viwet, av. trying to open /eyes/. 

vwil, aj. scarcely open (eyes with sleep). 

viTilik, aj. slanted (eyes of baby) /mark of beauty/, scarcely open (eyes 

with sleep or drunkenness). 

viflah, av. walking with scarcely opened eyes /from sleepiness/ (plu). 

wlahet, av. cf. vilet (plu). 

vr?lahetik, av. cf. vilet (plu). 

vi9leh, nlf. with eyes scarcely open /from sleepiness/. 

vi'9tevi i >te sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with eyes scarcely open 

/from sleepiness/. 

viiulan. tv. keep trying to open one's eyes. 

viTvi"?, aj. slanted (eyes), 

viivon, av. scarcely opening eyes /newborn baby, sleepy or drunken 

person/. 

yi'JD prob N. 

vwnah, iv. be hungry. 

vi9nahes, tv. keep hungry /by depriving of food/. 

vi'mahesan, tv. keep hungry /plu/ /by depriving of food/. 

viTnahesanan, tv. cf. viinahesan. 

viTnahesvan, iv. keep person hungry /by depriving of food/. 

vi?nal, nla. hunger. 

viTnaltik, n5. famine. 

hvimahesvaneh, agn. person who keeps another hungry, 

vie N. 

vie, nle. hill, mountain, 

vieil, aj. seriously, critically, terribly. 

bae*i vieil ?ip. critically ill. 

bae"i vieil 9abol sba. He is terribly poor, 

vieil , nphr(n of n)5. mountains or hills of /San Felipe, 

lApas, etc./. 

vietik, n5. steep slopes, 

vietikal c'it, cf. c*it. 

vieviealtik, n5. great expanse of mountains. 

vievietik, n5. expanse of mountains. 

vie' 1(2). 

vie", nc. sprinkling of water with aspergillum or geranium. 

vie*el, nc. flicking of water with hand. 

vie"es, tv. flick water on. 

vie"esan, tv. flick a lot of water on. 

vif'esanan, tv. cf. vie'esan. 

vie'esob, nlf. vessel for holy water, aspergillum, geranium, 

vie'esobil, nlf. cf. vie'esob. 

vie'esvan, iv. flick water on person. 

vie'et, av. drizzling. 

vieMe", av. drizzling, 

vie'ie'et, av. drizzling, 

vie"!! vo9, nphr(aj & n)5. drizzle, 

viâhet, av. cf. vie'von. 

vieluh, av. drizzling suddenly /entering house/, 

vie'tevie'te, av. drizzling off and on. 

vie"ulta, tv. sprinkle water on. 

vie'ultaan, tv. sprinkle a lot of water on. 

vie'ultaanan, tv. cf. vie'ultaan. 

vie"ultaob, nlf. vessel for holy water, aspergillum, geranium, 

vie'ultaobil, nlf. cf. vie'ultaob. 

vie"ultas, tv. sprinkle water on. 

vie'ultasan, tv. sprinkle a lot of water on. 

vie"ultasanan, tv. cf. vie'ultasan. 

vie'ultasob, nlf. vessel for holy water, aspergillum, geranium. 

vie"ultasobil, nlf. cf. vie'ultasob. 

vie"ultasvan, iv. sprinkle water on person (priest). 

vie*ultavan, iv. sprinkle water on person, 

vie'von, av. misting, 

hvie'esvaneh ta vo, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who flicks 


369 

water on another. 

hvie"ultasvaneh ta vo9, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who sprinkles 

water on another, 

hvie'ultavaneh ta vo9, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who sprinkles 

water on another, 

vic(l) prob O. 

vicic, av. running and cheeping (hungry chick), 

vicicet, av. cheeping (hungry chick), 

vicicetah, iv. cheep (hungry chick), 

viclah, av. cf. vicic (plu). 

viclahet, av. cf. vicvon (plu). 

vicluh, av. giving sudden cheep (chick seized by hawk), 

victevicte, av. walking about cheeping (hungry chick), 

vicvon, av. cheeping (hungry chick), 

vivic, nla. baby chick. 

vic(2) P. 

vicahtik, aj. sparse (hair, corn plants, trees). Male joking speech; sparse 

(pubic hair), 

vican, tv. defoliate, 

vican ba, rv. grow (single hair). 

vicantik, aj. sparse and widely separated (hair, com plants- trees), 

viceah, iv. have but one branch left (tree), defoliate /leaving a few leaves 

at end of branch/. 

vi£ean, tv. leave with one branch /tree/, defoliate /leaving a few leaves 

at end of branch/, 

vieil, aj. solitary (hair, corn plant, tree), defoliated /with only a few leaves 

at end of branch/, 

vicilik, aj. cf. vicahtik. 

vick'uh, iv. cf. viceah. 

vicleh, n4f. solitariness (tree), 

vicvic, aj. solitary (tree). 

vih T. 

vih, tv. flick off /water/, sow. 

vih, iv. be flicked off (water). 

vih, nc. flicking off /water/. 

vihahtik, aj. cf. vihil /plu/. 

vihan, tv. flick off a lot of /water/, sow a lot. 

vihanan, tv. cf. vihan. 

vihanvihan, tv. flick off one time after another /water/, sow one after 

another. 

vihanvihanan, tv. cf. vihanvihan. 

viheah, iv. hang down (mucous, spit). 

vihebal, n5. moment before finishing sowing, 

vihel, nc. flicking off /water/. 

vihes, tv. sprinkle water on. 

vihesan, tv. sprinkle a lot of /water/ on. 

vihesanan, tv. cf. vihesan. 

vihesob, nlf. aspergillum, vessel for holy water, geranium, watering can. 

vihesobil, nlf. cf. vihesob. 

vihesvan, iv. sprinkle water on person, 

vihet, av. hanging down (mucous, spit), drizzling, 

vihih, av. dripping (mucous, spit), drizzling, 

vihihet, av. hanging down (mucous, spit) /cow, person/, drizzling, 

vihil, aj. hanging down (mucous, spit). 

vihil vo9, nphr(aj & n)5. drizzle. 

vihk'uh, iv. cf. viheah. 

vihlah, av. walking and giggling (plu). 

vihlahet, av. cf. vihvon (plu). 

vihlahetik, av. cf. vihvon (plu). 

vihluh, av. sprinkling suddenly (rain). 

vihob e'uiltasbil vo 1 ?, nphr(nld of nphr/aj & n/5). aspergillum vessel for 

holy water. 

vihobil e'uiltasbil vo9, nphr(n Id of nphr/aj & n/5). cf. vihob e'uiltasbil vo">. 

vihulan, tv. keep flicking off /water/. 

vihulta, tv. sprinkle water on /with hand/, 

vihultaan, tv. sprinkle a lot of /water/ on.


vihultaanan, tv. sprinkle a lot of /water/ on. 

vihultas, tv. sprinkle water on /with hand/. 

vihultasan, tv. sprinkle a lot of /water/ on. 

vihultasanan, tv. cf. vihultasan. 

vihultasob, nlf. aspergillum, vessel for holy water, geranium, watering 

can. 

vihultasobil, nlf. cf. vihultasob. 

vihultasvan, iv. sprinkle water on person. 

vihultavan, iv. sprinkle water on person, 

vihvon, av. tittering, giggling (girl EKL 258: 2-14), misting, 

hvihesvaneh ta vd, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who flicks or 

sprinkles water on another, 

hvihultasvaneh ta vo?, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who flicks 

or sprinkles water on another, 

hvihultavaneh ta vo 1 ?, agn(nphr/vn5 p prep & n5/). person who flicks or 

sprinkles water on another. 

rik O. 

vik, onom. squeal /pig/, 

viket av., squealing (pig) screaming (child that has been punished V2: 7, 

drunk, woman EKL 258: 2-17). 

viketik, av. screaming (drunks) /with fear/, 

vikik, av. screaming and running (frightened child), 

vikiket, av. squealing (pig, V2: 18), screaming (child who does not want 

hair washed, young drunk). 

viklah. av. screaming and walking (drunks, children), 

viklahet, av. screaming (children playing), squealing (pigs), shouting, applauding, 

clamoring (people EKL 255: 1-11). 

viklahetik, av. screaming (children playing). 

vikluh, av. giving sudden squeal (pig), giving sudden scream (frightened 

child), 

viitevtkte, av. screaming here and there (drunk), squealing here and there 

(pig)vik' 

I, T(2). 

vik', tv. open /eyes/. 

vik', iv. open (eyes of puppy after 15 days), remain wide awake, 

vik'ahtik, aj. cf. vik'il /plu/. 

vik'an, tv. open /eyes/ and stare, 

vik'anan, tv. open /eyes/ and stare (people), 

vik'anvik'an, tv. open one time after another /eyes/. 

vik'anvik'anan, tv. cf. viik'anvik'an. 

vik'eah, iv. open (eyes), 

vik'es, tv. open /eyes/. 

vik'es ba, rv. open /eyes/, wake up. 

vik'esan, tv. open /eyes/ (people), 

vik'et, av. with wide open /eyes/. 

vik'ik', av. opening quickly (eyes), 

vik'ik'et, av. blinking, 

vik'il, aj. open (eye). 

vik'il ssat vik'il yo9on. lit., His eyes are open. His heart is open, i.e., 

He goes to bed late and rises early /shaman who also is a witch/. 

vik'il-sati, tv(aj & tvcpd). lie awake restlessly. 

svik'il-sati ti sob t sbat. He is lying awake restlessly because he is 

leaving early, 

vik'ilik, aj. cf. vik'il. 

vik'lahet, av. cf. vik'von. 

vik'leh, n4f. wakened, 

vik'luh, av. opening suddenly (eyes). 

vik'ob, nlf. time when person must wake. 

vik'obil, nlf. time when person must wake. Ritual speech, house dedication; 

place where one's eyes open. 

skusobil yo7on svik'obil ssat svik'obil sba. His heart's repose, his 

eyes' awakening, his eyes' uncovering, i.e., home, 

vik'tevil'te sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about blinking, 

vik'ulan, tv. keep opening /eyes/. 

vik'ulan, iv. keep opening (eyes). 

vik'von, av. wide open (eyes), wide awake. 

vil I. 

vil, iv. fly, die. 

vileb, n4d. wing /spook/. 

vilebal, n5. time when caterpillars turn into butterflies. 

vilel, nc. flying (young bird). 

vilem k'ok', nphr(aj & n)5. airplane. 

viles, tv. blow and send flying. 

vilesan, tv. blow and send flying /plu/. 

vilesanan, tv. cf. vilesan. 

vilesvan, iv. nearly send person flying (strong wind). 

vilet, av. gliding, flying (plane), soaring. 

vilet ta 9anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). galloping, rushing (ritual assistant). 

viletel con, nphr(vn type n)5. flying animal /general term/. 

viletik ta 9anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). rushing. 

vilil, av. flying rapidly. 

vililet, av. waving, flapping, fluttering /in wind/. 

villah, av. rushing (plu). 

villahet, av. cf. vilvon (plu). 

vilol, nld. clay whistle /made in San Cristobal and blown by children on 

fiesta of St. Lawrence/. 

vilomah, iv. frisk (child, baby animal), rush, hurtle (cow, bull). 

viltevilte, av. flying about /in wind/. 

viltevilte ta 9anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). rushing about. 

vilulan, tv. make flutter /neckerchief in wind/. 

vilulan, iv. flap (laundry in wind), flutter (fledgling). 

vilvon, av. frisking (baby animal), flapping (banner, ribbon), bouncing up 

and down (child). 

vin X. 

vinah, iv. appear, be exposed, be seen, be heard, be distinguished, become 

known. 

t svinah ta ssat. It shows on his face, 

mu svinah lek. It can't be heard well. 

Ritual speech, scribes on Easter; t svinah t sWosilah c'ul-muk'ta k'in 

paskwa. It is recognized, the news is spread of the great holy feast, 

Easter. 

Ritual speech, shaman addressing tutelary gods; tal vinahuk tal 

TOsilahuk ti smule ti skok>9e ti yo 1 avalabe ti yo 1 anic'nabe. The crimes 

of Thy lowly child /born/ of woman, the evils of Thy lowly child 

/born/ of man have come to be exposed, have come to be published. 

vinahel, vn5. sky, heaven. 

Ritual speech, prayer, referring to female saint; c'ul-vinahelal ?ane, 

c'ul-vinahelal sinyora. divine heavenly woman, divine heavenly lady. 

vinahes, tv. expose, bring to light, publicize. 

isvinahes skotol ti k'u sielan svoik suc'ik vo? ta snaike. lit., She 

exposed everything about the way they eat and drink water in their 

home, i.e., She washed their dirty linen in public /in court/. 

vinahesan, tv. spread a lot of news, bring a lot to light. 

vinahesanan, tv. cf. vinahesan. 

vinahesbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). spread the word, investigate. 

isvinahesbe sk'oplal mi 9u k'usi c'ayem yu9une. He spread the word 

when he had lost something. 

vinahesobil, n4f. talking saint, divinatory basket. 

vinahesvan, iv. reveal person's presence, give person away (informer, dog, 

ceremonial sandals, flashlight, torch). 

ta svinahesvan e'in k'al sk'ot hvula?ale. Dogs reveal the presence of 

people who arrive to visit. 

hvinahesvaneh, agn. object or person that reveals another's presence or 

gives person away. 

yasal vinahel, nphr(aj & n). 'blue sky', an unattested variety of mushroom. 

rinik N. 

vinik, nld. man, absolute form; term of address to husband. 

hun ta vinik kantela. one candle-bearer's amount /curing party, etc., 

with one candle-bearer/. 

ta hmocbe smisik' li 9unene yo? mu shelav ?o svinik ta s£'ut. I will

knot the baby's umbilical cord so that cold won't pass through to its 

stomach. 

Denunciatory speech; mufyuk hvinik mu9yuk kahmul. I have no 

man, I have no lover, 

vinik nab, cf. 'ah. 

vinik 9ahan toh, cf. toh. 

vinik puh, cf. pub. 

vinikal, nld. manhood, an. poss.; husband, 

vinkil, n4e. man who accompanies Our Lady of the Assumption to Ixtapa. 

vinkil-loi, tv(x & tvcpd). gulp down greens without tortilla. 

vinkil-ti 1 ?, tv(x & tvcpd). gulp down meat without tortilla, 

vinkilah, iv. be born. 

vinkiltas, tv. deliver baby (midwife), 

vinkiltasobil, n4f. small manger for Christ Child built in Church of St. 

Sebastian. 

vinkiltasvan, iv. deliver baby (midwife), 

ta vinik, nphr(prep & n4d). a great deal /money/, 

vinkil 

vinkil, man, be born, gulp. cf. vinik. 

vir prob O. 

viret, av. making flapping sound (straw mat in wind), flapping (butterfly), 

trilling (whistle), whirring (mourning dove), 

virir, av. spinning (leaves in wind), fluttering (fledgling), 

viriret, av. making flapping sound (straw mat or ribbons in wind), trilling 

(whistle). 

virlah, av. cf. virir. 

virlahet, av. cf. viret (plu). 

virtevijte, av. fluttering about (bird). 

rirat N(Sp, natividad). 

virat, nld. Nativity /girl's name/ /inlr/. 

vis prob O. 

viset, av. hissing (green wood in fire), 

visiset, av. hissing (green wood in fire), 

vislahet, av. cf. viset. 

visvon, av. hissing (green wood in fier). 

vistan N. 

vistan, nS. Huistan. 

visteko, n5. Huistec. 

ris(l) N. 

visil, n3d. elder sister, term of address to black rat. 

hvistik mu sak'usbon hmuk'ta vis. Our elder sister, do not gnaw my 

things, my great elder sister. 

visobtakil, n5. female assistant of the tutelary gods. 

visobtakil, nla. 'elder sisters', peperomia Peperomia galioides, 

#1524(11,12), #1847(1,16). Highland plant". (ll)-To relieve headaches 

and overheating or to calm fever, the plant is crushed in cold 

water in a pottery dish. The patient's head is washed with the water 

once or twice a day. It is "cold". (16)-To calm fever, a small bunch is 

brewed. A half-cup of the tea is drunk twice a day before meals, for 

one day. It is "cold". (5)-To cure fever sores, a leaf is chewed. It is 

"cold". #1935(1,3,4,16,17). Temperate 'plant". (17)-To relieve 

headaches, a small bunch is crushed and mixed with water. The 

patient's head is washed with the water. It is "cold", peperomia Peperomia 

quadrifolia, #2214(19). Highland "plant". To relieve the heat 

of mahbenal, a small bunch is crushed in water. The patient washes 

his head, once. It is cold". For further medicinal uses, cf. k'os iahatoes. 

Bacopa sp., #1695(14). Lowland "plant". (RML)-This is 

probably a misidentification. 

visobtakiltik, n5. expanse of peperomia. 

bae*i visobtakil, nphr(aj & n). peperomia Peperomia galioides, 

# 131(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant". It is a basic ingredient of "flower 

water", used to bathe patients, sacrificial chickens, and coffers. A 

large handful is needed. It is cold". It is used for adorning a 

patient's ceremonial bed. 

eahal visobtakil, nphr(aj & n). see below. 


k'os eahal visobtakil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). peperomia Peperomia 

galioides, #1524(1,3). Highland "plant". 

muk'ta visobtakil, nphr(aj & n). Peperomia liebmanii, #557(1,3). Temperate 

"plant", peperomia Peperomia humilis, #1289(1,3,4,5). Temperate 

"plant". 

setahtik visbbtakil, nphr(aj & n). peperomia Peperomia deppeana, 

#1222(1,3,4,5). Highland plant" 

vi3(2) prob O. 

vislah, av. walking and whispering (plu). 

vislahet, av. whispering (plu). 

vislahetik, av. cf. vislahet. 

visteviste, av. walking about talking or muttering to self. 

visvis k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. whisper. 

visvis-k'opoh, iv(aj & tvcpd). whisper, mutter to self. 

visvis-k'opon, tv(aj & tvcpd). whisper. 

visVis-k'oponan, tv(aj & tvcpd). whisper a lot. 

visvis-k'oponvan, iv(aj & tvcpd). whisper to person. 

visvis-k'opta, tv(aj & tvcpd). whisper about. 

visvis-k'opta baik, rv(aj & tvcpd). whisper to each other. 

visvis-k'optaan, tv(aj & tvcpd). whisper about a lot. 

visvis-k'optaan baik, rv(aj & tvcpd). whisper about a lot to each other. 

visvis-k'optaeh-bail, vn(tv/aj & tvcpd/ & rpncpd)5. whispering session. 

visvis-koptavan, iv(aj & tvcpd). whisper about something to person. 

visvon, av. mumbling or muttering to self. 

visvon won, vphr(av & n4d). thinking to oneself. 

visvon ta 9o?on, vphr(av & prep & n4d). praying under one's breath. 

vivista, tv. call to cat. 

vsvst, onom. call to cat. 

vit P, P(2). 

vit, tv. hold dangling in fingers. 

vit, nc. small handful /greens/ /I-2/, hanging fruit. 

vit ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike dangling object. 

vitahtik, aj. hanging (few fruits), hanging (testicles), with few /teeth/. 

vitan, tv. hang up. 

vitan ba, rv. dangle (penis). 

vitan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). hit a lot of dangling /fruits/. 

vitanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). hit a lot of dangling /fruits/. 

vitanob, nlf. branch or hook for hanging net. 

vitanobil, nlf. cf. vitanob. 

vitantik, aj. hanging far apart (fruits). 

vi'tanvitan yalel ta mahel, vphr(tv & dr & prep & vn5). knock one down 

after another /fruit with stick/. 

vi'tanvi'tanan yalel ta mahel, vphr(tv & dr & prep & vn5). knock one down 

after another /fruit with stick/. 

viteah, iv. dangle (penis). 

vitet, av. floating (tiny amount of cabbage sloshing in pot), gap-toothed. 

vitet ta 9anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running. 

vitetik ta 9anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. vitet ta lanil (plu). 

viti, iv. dangle. 

vitikil, n4f. many stems of cooked greens. 

vitil, aj. hanging (single fruit, scrotum), with but a single /tooth/. 

•)a I ak'a?-vese tah sa vitil ta ni 1 ? te?. lit., Your old pants are dangling 

from the tree top, i.e., You fell for it. 

vitil t'uyul, ajphr(aj & aj). carrying a great number of possessions dangling 

from one's back. 

vitit, av. running. 

vititet, av. running very fast. 

vitk'uh, iv. cf. viteah. 

vitlah, av. running without burden (plu). 

vitlahet, av. swaying (fruit), drizzling. 

vitlahetik, av. running (plu). 

vitleh, nlf. dangling /penis, net/. 

vi'ttevi'tte, av. running about. 

vitulan, tv. shake up and down /squirrel in fiesta of St. Sebastian/. 

vitvit, nc. single fruit hanging, single small handful /greens/ /I only/. 

vitvon, av. swaying (bell, net in wind, testicles, wasp nest).


Scolding speech; yec svitvon tal sbek' yat. lit., He came with just 

his balls swaying, i.e., He returned empty-handed. 

vitvon tal ta ?anil, vphr(av & dr & prep & n5). running and approaching 

empty-handed. 

Tit' I. 

vit'es, tv. flick with fingers /water/. 

vit'esan, tv. flick with fingers a lot of /water/. 

vit'esvan ta vo9, vphr(iv & prep & n5). flick water at person. 

hvit'esvaneh ta vo?, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who flicks water 

at another. 

vivic 

vivic, baby chick, cf. vic(l). 

vivis 

vivis, call to cat. cf. vis(2). 

vivo A(Sp, vivo). 

vivo, aj. smart, clever. 

vivotik, aj. rather clever. 

vivotik sa9i sba le?e. He thinks he's pretty clever. 

vivora 

vivora, snake, cf. bivora. 

vo(l) t. 

vo, tv. roast, toast on the coals, dry before fire /clothing/, warm body. 

vo, iv. be roasted or toasted. 

vo ba, rv. warm self, dry off before fire. 

voan, tv. roast or toast /plu/, dry before fire /clothing/ (people). 

voanan, tv. cf. voan. 

voanvoan, tv. roast or toast one after another, dry /clothing/ before fire, 

one after another. 

voanvoanan, tv. cf. voanvoan. 

voilan, tv. keep roasting, toasting on the coals, drying before fire /clothing/, 

or warming body. 

voilan ba, rv. keep warming self or drying off before fire. 

volahetik, av. cf. vovon (plu). 

voob, nlf. hot coals for roasting or toasting. 

voobil, nlf. cf. voob. 

vovan, iv. roast person, dry person's clothing before fire. 

vovon, av. roasting, drying before fire /clothing/. 

vo(2) N. 

vo, nle. fly. 

c'is-vo, n(aj & ncpd)5. 'bristly fly', deer fly. 

yasal vo, nphr(aj & n)5. bluebottle, greenbottle, blowfly. 

vo(3) prob O. 

voet, av. snarling (dog), scolding (person). 

voetik, av. cf. voet (plu). 

votevote, av. walking about snarling (drunk). 

vo?(l) N. 

vo?, n5. water, liquid, rain, well. It is thought that if a person scolds the 

rain it will not come when wanted. A person who is finicky about 

drinking only the cleanest water will be condemned to drink pus in 

the afterlife, but if he is not too particular in this life he will be rewarded 

with pure water in the afterlife. 

vo? 9uc'el, nphr(n type vn)5. ceremonial coffee and bread. 

vo? 9uc'il, nphr(n type n)5. ceremonial coffee and bread. 

vo?et, av. moving (black rain clouds, hail clouds). 

vo?o?et, av. moving (black rain clouds, hail clouds). 

vo?tik, n5. rainy season. 

vo?tikal cobtik, nphr(n type n)5. rainy season corn field. 

?ac' vo9, nphr(aj & n)5. moment during change of office when incoming 

steward's cupbearers replace those of the outgoing steward and then 

proceed to serve a round of drinks. 

9a?al, n4d. water, well. Polite and Ritual speech, cane liquor. 

9a?lel, n4f. moisture, juice. 

ya?lel ssat. his tears. 

ya?lel te?. sap, raindrops falling from leaves. 

ya?lel yat. wasp poison. 

ya?lel ye. his saliva or its poison /snake/. 

ha?al eo9, nphr(aj & n)5. diarrhea /baby/. 

ha?av, iv. draw water. 

ha9beh, vn5. trip for water. 

t sibat ta ha?beh. I am going to get water. 

ha?ub, iv. become wet (corn that is soaked overnight). 

ha?ubtas, tv. moisten /daub/. 

hha?bil, agn. water carrier. 

vuvu?, n5. Baby talk; water (or) I want to drink. 

vo?(2) P. 

vo9-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. hatless (boy), dumb, hornless. 

vo9ahtik, aj. cf. voiol /plu/. 

vo?an, nla. large growth /on body/. 

vo?an ba, rv. have large growth /votan, cakal/. 

vo9anbe camel, vphr(tv & vn5). cause growth on person (witch). 

vo9eah, iv. erupt {cakal, goiter). 

vo?el, aj. hatless, stupid (boy). 

Scolding speech, mother to child; vo9el ahol sme? he9i? muk' bu 

sabat. Dumb mother of my dog, you won't go anywhere! 

vo?et, av. hatless (boy), dumb, hornless. 

vo?i, iv. be hatless (boy). 

vo9lah, av. cf. voivon (plu). 

vo?lahet, av. cf. vote! (plu). 

vo?leh, nlf. hatlessness, with large lumps. 

vo?o?, av. walking hornless. 

vo?ol, aj. hatless (boy), stupid, lumpy (cakal, goiter, vovari). 

vo?olik, aj. lumpy (cakal). 

v6?tevo?te hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about hatless (boy). 

VO9VO9, aj. hatless (boy), hornless. 

vo?von, av. walking hatless (boy). 

vo?(3) Num. 

vo?- , n(num & nccpd)5. five. 

vo?-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. fifteen. 

vo9-vinik, n(num & numcpd)le. hundred. 

vo99o? ca9-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). in or by twentyfives, 

every twenty-five. 

vo??o?-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5. in or by hundreds, every hundred 

/archaic/. 

vo9he, nle. five days ago. 

vo9ob, nle. five. 

vo9vo?- , n(num & nccpd)5. by or in fives, every five. 

9o?ob, n4e. five. 

vo?(4) 

vo9, person, cf. va9. 

vo?(5) 

vo?, I, you, we. cf. va9. 

vo?(6) O. 

vo?o?et, av. roaring. 

vo9nc N. 

vo9ne, nle. long ago, former times, once. 

vo9ne, aj. former. 

vo?ne k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. myth, tale of long ago. 

vo?netik, aj. rather long ago. 

VO9OS N. 

vo?os, nla. anatto tree Bixa orellana, #2691(1,3,15,20,21,22). Lowland 

"tree". (3)-It is grown by ladinos. The seeds are broadcast at the 

beginning of the rainy season. The plant must not be handled when 

young. The fruit is spread out on a straw mat in the sun to dry. It is 

sold at market. It is used by ladinos to season turkey. Indigestion is 

caused by drinking cold water after eating it. It is "cold". (l)-It is 

planted in July. The fruit is harvested in August of the following year. 

(15)-It is planted by ladinos in June and harvested in January. One 

seed is planted to a hole. It colors food red. It is cold". (20)-It colors 

food yellow. It is J cold". (21)-It is used to flavor turkey and vokol tic. 

It is "cold". (5)-It is put in warm water and drunk to cause measles to 

erupt. It is "medium". It is used as a red dye for sashes. It is used to 

color eahal vokol tic that is served at the veneration of the coffers of

the Holy Sacrament, St. Dominic, and Our Lady of the Rosary. It is used 

to color a patient's chicken. 

vo9osaltik, n5. large grove of anatto trees. 

vo9ostik, n5. grove of anatto trees. 

vows te9, nphr(n type n). Kohkria elegans, #1254(7). Highland "tree" 

vo'tus N. 

votus, nla. marigold, see below, common zinnia Zinnia elegans, 

# 1646(14). Lowland "plant". It is grown by ladinos. The flowers are 

sold to those who take them to church as offerings. 

vo9tusaltik, n5. large expanse of marigolds. 

vcuuslik, n5. expanse of marigolds. 

9aneil vo^tus, nphr(natt & n). 'female marigold', see below, 

eahal 9aneil vo9tus, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). aztec marigold . 

(23)-A small bunch of the flowers of this unattested variety is provided 

by each steward for decorations on the fiesta of St. Sebastian. 

One small basket, half marigolds and half geraniums is provided 

by each steward for the fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary, 

k'anal 9aneil vo9tus, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). aztec marigold Tageles 

erecta, #2711(1,4). Highland "plant" It is planted in the corn 

field between the rows of corn, in the beginning of the rainy season. 

The flowers are sold at market. They are used by the stewards, 

stewards-royal and elders for the flower change for All 

Souls' Day. They are used to decorate the graves. (23)-One small 

basket, half marigolds, and half geraniums, is provided by each 

steward on All Souls' Day. (5)-To relieve a cough, the leaves are 

brewed with orange rind. The tea is "hot". (RML)-The flower is a 

double form. 

eahal vo9tus, nphr(aj & n). aztec marigold Tageles erecta, #2412(1), 

#2718(1,4). Highland "plant". It is planted in the corn field between 

the rows of corn, in the beginning of the rainy season. The stewards 

put the flowers in altar vases in the church and in their homes on 

All Souls' Day, and during the fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary. 

The flowers also are used to adorn the censers that are lowered into 

the salt well at Voi-bie during the latter fiesta, 

eeb vo9tus, nphr(n type n). 'girl voitus", aztec marigold Tageles erecta, 

#2411(1). Highland "plant". Same use as k'anal taneil voitus. 

eebal vo9tus, nphr(natt & n). 'girl marigold', same as eeb vowus. 

kaslan vo9tus, nphr(aj & n). see below. 

eahal kaslan vo9tus, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). aztec marigold Tageles 

erecta, #2716(1,4). Highland "plant". It is grown by the people of 

Van-bie. The flowers are used to adorn the altar on the fiesta of Our 

Lady of the Rosary. 

kelcm vo9tus, nphr(n type n)ld. 'boy marigold', wild marigold Tageles 

elongata, #2272(19). Temperate and highland "plant" On All 

Souls' Day three bunches of marigolds are tied to the house cross 

and one bunch to the grave cross. (RML)-The flower is a single 

form. 

eahal kelem vo9tus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). aztec marigold Tagetes 

erecta, #2412(20). Highland plant" The flowers are put in 

altar vases on AH Souls' Day. 

k'anal kelem vo9tus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). aztec marigold Tagetes 

erecta, #2413(20). Highland "plant" The flowers are used on 

All Souls' Day for offerings to the dead, wild marigold Tagetes 

elongata, #2272(3,4). Temperate and highland plant". #2514(4). 

Highland "plant". On All Souls' Day three bunches of the flowers 

are tied to the house cross and one bunch to the grave cross. 

k'os kelem vo9tus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild marigold Tagetes 

elongata, #2398(3,4). Highland "plant". 

krem vo9tus, nphr(n type n). boy marigold', aztec marigold Tagetes 

erecta, #585(1), #2413(1). Highland "plant". It grows in corn 

fields. It is seldom used for offerings. 

k'os vo9tus, nphr(aj & n). wild marigold Tagetes elongata, 

#2172(11). Temperate "plant". #2398(20). Highland 'plant'. 

vo9tus 9ulo7, nphr(n of n). ' Chamula's marigold', wild marigold Tagetes 

elongata, #2172(14). Temperate "plant". 

vo9tus e*i9lel, nphr(n type n). orange lantana Lantana glandulosissima, 


#747(1,2,4,5). Highland "plant" Schkuhria anthemoidea, #65(2,4,5). 


votus c'o, nphr(n of n). 'mouse's marigold', wild marigold Tagetes 

elongata, #2585(21,22). Temperate plant" 

vob N. 

vob, nld. stringed instrument, drum. 

vabah, iv. play /stringed instrument/. 

t sbat ta vabahel. He goes to play /stringed instrument/. 

vabal, n4f. stringed instrument, drum. 

muk' lek svabal. They are not playing well. 

t stih to svabal. The music is still playing /at wake/. 

vaban 9e, vphr(tv & n4d). give war whoop /as did U. S. Indians, with 

interruptions formed by touching hands to lips/ (cantor and judge ordinary 

during Carnival). 

hvabahom, agn. musician /stringed instrument/. 

voc P, P(2). 

voe, tv. pick up carelessly in ball /clothes/. 

voe, nc. pile /wool, pine needles, leaves, stubble/, cluster /daddy longlegs/. 

voe, aj. runty. 

voe-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5. with patched seat of pants. 

voe-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. messy-haired. 

voe-hol pos, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). wild verbene Elytraria imbricata, 

#2015(16,17). Lowland "plant*. To relieve aching legs, a small bunch 

is brewed. The warm water is used to bathe the legs. 

voe-saho9, cf. saho''. 

voe ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). knock around. 

voebil ta mahel sciûk seaeal. carelessly said (or) done. 

voeahtik, aj. seated, huddled up /in blanket/, puffy (face with sickness 

or hangover), in piles (clothes, wool, etc.). 

voean, tv. set down /wool, pine needles, leaves, stubble, clothes/. 

voean, aj. dumb. 

voean ba, rv. sit (person wrapped in blanket, frog). 

voeanan, tv. set down a lot of /wool, pine needles, leaves, stubble, 

clothes/. 

voeananan, tv. cf. voeanan. 

voeanil, n4f. gristle /beef/. 

voeanvoean, tv. set in one pile after another /blankets/. 

voeanvoeanan, tv. cf. voeanvoean. 

voebe ec'el ta ?ok, vphr(tv & dr & prep & n4d). walk rapidly. 

voeeah, iv. swell (face with cold). 

voeeah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). drop in pile (clothes). 

voeet, av. walking /wrapped in blanket/, sitting (wool), walking with 

puffy face /from sickness or hangover/, swarming (bees), walking stupidly 

or phlegmatically, feeling tipsy. 

voeetah, iv. sit huddled. 

voeetik, av. walking /wrapped in blanket/. 

voei, iv. sit (person wrapped in blanket). 

voeib, iv. become runty, become stupid /from ill-treatment/. 

voeil, n4f. runt. 

voeilan, tv. keep picking up carelessly in ball /clothes/. 

voeilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep knocking around. 

voeilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep knocking around 

/plu/. 

voeilanvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep knocking person 

around. 

voekan, aj. nappy (improperly made cotton tunic). 

voek'ih lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). take out in piles /wool/. 

voek'ih komel, vphr(iv & dr). be left in pile (wool). 

voelahet, av. buzzing with many people talking (market), walking with 

puffy faces, swarming (market, buzzards in trees). 

voelahetik, av. cf. voelahet (plu). 

voeleh, nlf. sitting huddled /in blanket/, sitting in pile. 

voelih, av. landing suddenly in pile (clothes, person), swarming suddenly 

(bees, people, dogs). 

voeoeet, av. swarming (bees, gnats, fruit flies), fizzing, foaming.


voeol, aj. seated, huddled up, in pile (clothes, wool, etc.), awry (thatch), 

messy (hair), situated (nest on branch). 

h-set' voeol. with few pubic hairs (or) puffy /face with sickness or 

hangover/. 

voeolik, aj. seated and huddled up, puffy (face with sickness or hangover), 

voeolvoeol, n4f. each of many piles /weeds/. 

voetevoete, av. walking about huddled over /in cold/, 

voevan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). knock person around, 

voevoe, nc. single pile /pine needles/ /I only/, 

voevoe, aj. in round clumps (wool, grass, underbrush). 

voevoe k'op. bedlam, 

voevoeil, n4e. gristle /beef/. 

voevon, av. swarming (buzzards on ground, bees, gnats, flies), growling 

ferociously (V2: 19), talking (many people). 

svoevon svoal ye. The flies are swarming around his mouth /drunk/. 

voc' T. 

voe", tv. knead /mud, com dough, beans/. 

voe", iv. be kneaded (mud, corn dough). 

voe\ nc. kneading /mud, com dough/, 

voe'an, tv. knead a lot of /mud, com dough, beans/, 

voe'anan, tv. cf. voe'an. 

voe'anvoe'an, tv. knead one after another /mud, com dough, beans/. 

voe'anvoe'anan, tv. cf. voe'anvoe'an. 

voe'el, nc. kneading /mud, com dough/, 

voe'ilan, tv. keep kneading /mud, corn dough/, 

voe'ilan, iv. keep being kneaded (mud, com dough), 

voe'ilanan, tv. keep kneading a lot of /mud, etc./. 

voe"lahet, av. cf. voe"von (plu). 

voe'ob, nlf. hoe. 

voe'obil, nlf. cf. voe'ob. 

voe'voe', nc. single amount of kneaded mud /I only/. 

voe*von, av. kneading slowly and ineffectually. 

voc(l) I, P, P(2). 

voc, iv. blister, 

voc, nc. blister. 

voc ba, rv. begin to head (cabbage), 

voc-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5. wearing baggy pants. 

vocahtik, aj. cf. voeol (plu). 

vocan, tv. stand while wearing baggy pants, begin to head (cabbage), 

vocan ba, rv. begin to head (cabbage), 

vocanan, tv. begin to head (cabbages), 

voceah, iv. begin to head (cabbage). 

vocel, aj. baggy (pants), blistered, 

vocemal, nld. buster, 

vocet, av. walking with baggy pants. 

voci, iv. puff up /with wind or air/, begin to head (cabbage), 

voclah, av. walking with baggy pants (plu). 

voclahet, av. cf. voevon (plu). 

vocleh, nlf. bagginess, heading /cabbage/, 

voclih, av. puffing up suddenly /with air/. 

voeol, aj. baggy (pants), beginning to head (cabbage), 

vocolik, aj. beginning to head (cabbage). 

voctevocte cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with baggy pants, 

voevoe, aj. baggy (seat and legs of pants), 

voevon, av. walking with baggy seat and legs of pants. 

voc(2) prob O. 

vocet, av. talking quietly (people in house). 

vococet, av. talking quietly (people in house). 

voc' T(2). 

voc', tv. smash /basket, gourd, fence, bottle, clod of earth/, crush /gravel, 

bone, peach pit/, grind first time /com/, break /fence/. 

voc', iv. be smashed (bottle, gourd, bone, etc.), be ground for first time 

(corn), be broken (fence), tear in many places (mat left in sun), 

voc', aj. coarse (corn dough), 

voc' baik, rv. fight (dogs), 

voc' baik ta witel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). lambast each other. 

vo£'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. lambasting. 

voc' lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). chase out /with rocks/. 

voc' vivic, nphr(nlf of nld). chick feed. 

voci'ahtik, aj. broken (basket, fence). 

voe'an, tv. smash or crush a lot of, grind for the first time a lot of /corn/. 

voe'anan, tv. cf. voe'an. 

voe'anvoe'an, tv. smash or crush one after another, grind one time after 

another /corn/. 

voc'anvoS'anan, tv. cf. voe'anvoe'an. 

voc'eah, iv. break (basket, fence). 

voc'ean, tv. crush /basket/, smash /fence/. 

voc'eanvan, iv. give person a backache (burden). 

voc"ebal, n5. moment before finishing first grinding. 

voe'el, nc. portions of com receiving first grinding /I-3/. 

voe'el, aj. splintered, crushed (basket), smashed (fence). 

voc'et, av. walking with clinking /money/, walking on crackling /leaves/. 

voe'ilan, tv. keep smashing /basket, etc./, crushing /gravel, etc./, breaking 

/fence/ or grinding first time /corn/. 

voe'ilan baik, rv. keep fighting (dogs). 

voe'ilanan, tv. keep breaking in many places /fence/, keep crushing 

/plu/. 

voc'k'ih, iv. cf. voc'eah. 

voc'k'in, tv. cf. voc'ean. 

voc'lah, av. crackling (leaves). 

voc'lahet, av. walking on crackling /leaves/. 

voc'lahetik, av. cf. voc'lahet. 

voc'leh, n4f. first grinding /corn/. 

voc'lih, av. crashing suddenly (tree VI: 11 and 15, fence, drunk), crackling 

suddenly (leaves), smashing suddenly (glass VI: 10). 

voe'ob, nlf. metate. 

voe'obil, nlf. cf. voe'ob. 

voc'oc', av. crackling (stubble underfoot). 

voc'oc'et, av. crackling (leaves), crashing (collapsing building VI: 8 and 

9, tree VI: II). 

voc'ol bak, nphr(aj & n)le. splinter or piece of bone. 

vo£'ol p'in, nphr(aj & n)le. potsherd. 

voc'ol te 1 ), nphr(aj & n)la. splinter, chip, broken branch. 

toh voc'ol te? ik'ot. lit., It landed in splinters /badly broken bone/. 

voc'ol ton, nphr(aj & n)la. gravel. 

voc'olil, n4f. splinter, chip, broken glass, potsherd. 

voc'omah, iv. grind com first time. 

voc'tevoc'te, av. making crackling sounds here and there /walking in 

forest/. 

voc'van, iv. fight (dog), make person ache (log that is carried). 

voc'van ta •mtel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). lambast. 

voc'von, av. crackling (leaves), crunching (frost or sand underfoot). 

hvoc'om, agn. woman grinding com first time. 

hvoc'vaneh, agn. vicious dog. 

hvoc'vaneh ta outel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who lambasts 

another. 

voh(l) P. 

voh, nc. cluster /cherries/, raceme /bananas/. 

vohahttk, aj. cf. vohol /plu/. 

vohan, tv. produce many fruits, hang up or set down /bananas/. 

vohan ba, rv. be in pair (testes). 

vohanan, tv. hang up or set down /bananas/. 

vohananan, tv. cf. vohanan. 

vohanob, nlf. place where bananas are put. 

vohanobil, nlf. cf. vohanob. 

vohantik, aj. widely spaced (racemes of bananas). 

vohanvohan, tv. hang up or set down /racemes of bananas/, produce 

fruits (banana palm). 

vohanvohanan, tv. cf. vohanvohan. 

voheah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). drop in cluster (fruit). 

vohel, aj. in pair (testes). 

vohet, av. in pair (testes) /naked/.

vohi, iv. be in pair (testes), be in raceme (bananas). 

vohk'ih lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). appear in pair (testes of drunk whose fly has 

opened). 

vohleh, nlf. pair /testes/, raceme /bananas on tree or on ground/. 

vohlehikil, n4f. cf. vohleh /plu/. 

vohlih, av. moving suddenly in cluster (fruit). 

vohokil, n4f. many racemes /in piles/. 

vohol, aj. in cluster (fruits), in pair (testes). 

voholik, aj. cf. vohol /plu/. 

voholvohol, n4f. each of many racemes /bananas on trees/. 

vohtevohte, av. walking about with testes in pair /naked/. 

»oh(2) O. 

vohlah, av. walking and barking (plu). 

vohlahet, av. cf. vohvon (plu). 

vohlih, av. barking suddenly. 

vohtevohte, av. barking about. 

vohvoh, onom. bowwow. 

vohvon, av. barking. 

vohton N. 

vohton, nla. ear of dried corn. 

vohton Tec', cf. Tec". 

vok(l) X. 

vok, n4f. foam. 

vok VO7, nphr(n of n). 'water foam', watercress Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, 


vokan, iv. boil, froth (mouth), become sudsy. 

vokeah, iv. swell (body from stings, weevil-eaten beans or corn). 

vokok muyel tal, vphr(av & dr & dr). boiling over. 

vokol, aj. difficult, nearly bursting (bruise). 

vokol Tic, nphrfaj & n)la. corn chowder flavored with onion, tomato and 

chili. 

vokol Tic Tis-ak\ nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/x & ncpd/)5. corn chowder 

flavored with onion, chili, tomato and potato. 

vokol Tic citom, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. corn chowder flavored with 

onion, tomato, chili and pork /served at each of three year renewal 

ceremonies and at will/. 

vokol Tic coy, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. corn chowder flavored with 

onion, chili and fish, tomato or potato /eaten during Lent/. 

vokol ic kamaron, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. corn chowder flavored 

with shrimp. 

vokol Tic koTsan, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. corn chowder flavored with 

onion, chili, tomato and chayote root. 

vokol Tic ta kokoTon, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ & prep & n)5. corn chowder 

flavored with onion, mexican tea and chili. 

vokol ?ic ton kaslan, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ & nphr/n of n/)5. corn chowder 

flavored with onion, chili, tomato and eggs /served at each of three year 

renewal ceremonies and at will/. 

vokolet, av. begging earnestly. 

vokolil, n3a. suffering, hardship, effort, cf. lik'tifU. 

Polite speech; mu savak' avokol. Don't take the trouble! 

vokoltas, tv. boil. 

vokoltasobil, n4f. pot for boiling. 

vokoltik, aj. rather difficult. 

voktevokte Te, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with spittle on mouth 

(drunk). 

eahal vokol lit, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. corn chowder containing chili, 

achiote, cloves, sauce for chicken and eggs. It is served by ensignbearers 

and elders to civil authorities and selves on fiesta of St. Sebastian 

/2 days/, on Carnival Tuesday, and on St. John's Day. 

kol Tal, vphr(aj/contr of vokol/ & tv). thank. 

Polite speech; kol aval hutuk. Thank you very much. 

vok(2) prob O. 

vokoket niT, vphr(av & n4d). snoring. 

vokoto N. 

vokoto, n5. plain chachalaca Ortalis vetula. It is hunted and eaten, 

seasoned with mexican tea. It is 'medium" or "hot". The calling of 


chachalacas is believed to forecast the beginning of the rainy season. 

vok'(l) 1(2), T(2). 

vok', tv. break /chair, egg, pot, bottle, gourd, peso bill, coin/, fracture 

/skull/, open /squash/, crush /rock/. Male joking speech; break /ass/ 

/falling person/, 

vok', iv. break (wood, egg, head, pot, bottle, peso bill, coin), fracture 

(skull), hatch (birds, cockroach), emerge (young weeds, flower plants, 

coriander, field mustard, cabbages). 

yec nos ivok' Wayan ti smule. His guilt just hatched and was born 

/by false accusation/, 

vok', n4f. stripe /clothing/. 

vok' Tosil, vphr(tv & n5). hoe. 

vok'-Tosiltik, vn(tv & ncpd)5. hoeing season. 

vok' Tunen, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). The baby is born /traditionally said on 

Christmas Eve/. 

vok' cak vinahel, vphr(iv & nphr/n4f of vn5/). dawn, 

vok' na, vphr(tv & n5). enter house to steal (dog), 

vok'-na, vn(tv & ncpd)5. lit., housebreaking, i.e., first visit of groom and 

petitioners to bride's home, 

vok' nuk', vphr(iv & n4d). have voice crack (person with cough, person 

singing, adolescent boy who has mistress), 

vok' ta na, vphr(tv & prep & n5). break into house /to steal posessions 

or woman/. 

vok' tak'in, vphr(tv & nld). break or change peso bill or coin, 

vok' tak'in, nphr(nlf of nld). change /small bills or coins received in 

exchange for large bill or coin/, 

vok'ahtik, aj. hoed, 

vok'an, tv. break /plu/. 

vok'an ta na, vphr(tv & prep & n5). break into many houses, 

vok'an tak'in, vphr(tv & n4d). change a lot of coins for bills, 

vok'anan, tv. cf. vok'an. 

vok'anan tak'in, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. vok'an tak'in. 

vok'anvok'an, tv. break one after another, 

vok'anvok'anan, tv. cf. vok'anvok'an. 

vok'balal, aj. newly hoed, suitable for hoeing, 

vok'eb, n4d. Ritual speech, prayer for forgiveness (or) Denunciatory 

speech; lit., place of emergence, i.e., mother. 

hvok'eb kayaneb. lit., the place of my emergence, my birthplace, i.e., 

my mother. 

vok'ebal, n4d. cf. vok'eb. 

vok'ebal cak vinahel, nphr(n5 of nphr/n4f of n5/). moment before dawning. 

vok'el, nc. breaking ground, 

vok'emal, n4f. chipped section of pot. 

vok'es, tv. hatch, cause to emerge /cabbage, plant, etc./. 

vok'et bakel cak, vphr(av & nphr/n4f of nld/). suffering pain in rump 

/from bloody dysentery/, 

vok'ilan, tv. keep breaking or hoeing, 

vok'ilan, iv. keep being hoed, keep hatching, 

vok'ilanan, tv. keep breaking /plu/. 

vok'lahet, av. breaking, hoeing (plu), feeling sharp pains, 

vok'leh, n4f. hoed, broken, change /peso bill, coin/, 

vok'lih, av. feeling sudden sharp pain (cavity) /from contact with cold or 

hot food/. 

vok'ob, nlf. hoe, sledgehammer, dynamite, machete, rock, 

vok'obil, nlf. cf. vok'ob. 

vok'ok', av. having sinus pains, 

vok'ok'et bakel cak, vphr(av &. nphr/n4f of n 1 d/). suffering pain in rump 

/from bloody dysentery/. 

vok'ok'et hoi, vphr(av & n4d). suffering splitting headache, 

vok'ok'et, vphr(av & n4d). suffering sinus pains, 

vok'ok'et sat, vphr(av & n4d). suffering burning or stinging eyes /from 

sinus, smoke, dirt in eyes, looking at sun/, 

vok'ol limete, nphr(aj & n)le. broken glass. 

vok'ol p'in, nphr(aj & n)le. potsherds, 

vok'ol teT, nphr(aj & n)le. splinters.


vok'olik, aj. broken. 

vok'olil, n4f. broken piece /glass, sherds/. 

vok'omah, iv. break another's /pot/. 

vok'tevok'te k'usul, vphr(av & n4f). feeling sharp pains in various 

places /woman in labor, person with bloody dysentery/. 

vok'van ta na, vphr(iv & prep & n5). break into person's house. 

hvok'-wsil, agn(tv & ncpd). hoer. 

hvok'-mail, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /steward's assistant 

who cuts open watermelon squashes and cushaws during the Posadas/. 

hvok'-na, agn(tv & ncpd). person or dog who breaks into house. 

hvok'-tak'in, agn(tv & ncpd). person who changes bills or coins. 

hvok'-ton, agn(tv & ncpd). road worker who crushes or dynamites 

rocks. 

hvok'vaneh ta na, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). housebreaker. 

vok'(2) X. 

vok', nc. large group /people/, large herd /cows/, large flock /horses, 

sheep/, large brood /chicks/. 

vok'okil, n4f. many large groups. 

vok'olvok'ol, n4f. each of many large groups, etc. 

vol P, P(2). 

vol, tv. wrap loosely /head in scarf while holding onto ends/, wrap up 

/clothes, tortillas/, carry in bundle. 

vol, iv. be wrapped up /in blanket/. 

vol, n4f. bandage, wrapper /leaves used to wrap tamales, corn husk, air 

pine leaves, banana leaves or banana trunk used to wrap posol, oak 

leaves used to wrap charcoal when it is carried to be sold/. 

vol, nc. In reference to; pile /carded wool; ten cards/, cloud, meeting. 

vol ?ak'al, nphr(nlf of nld). charcoal wrapper /leaves used by charcoal 

sellers/. 

vol lot, nphr(n4f of n4d). ta male wrapper. 

vol ba, rv. wrap self /in blanket/, grow (foetus), harden (growth). 

vol baik, rv. move around (people assembling at table for meal). 

vol-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. wrapping self /in blanket/. 

vol-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. hornless (ram, cow), hatless, small-headed (boy). 

vol vah, nphr(n of n)5. tamale wrapper /hand flower leaves/. 

volahtik, aj. wrapped up (person in blanket, head in scarf, tamale), cumulus 

(clouds), spherical (rocks, corn kernels, beans). 

volahtik luc'ul vol, cf. >uc*ul vol. 

volan, tv. set down wrapped up. 

volan, tv. wrap /plu/. 

volan ba, rv. pile up (clouds), form lump (sickness in body), cluster (bees). 

volanan, tv. cf. volan. 

volanvdlan, tv. wrap one after another /tamales/. 

volanvolanan, tv. cf. volanvdlan. 

volebal, n5. moment before finishing wrapping of flowers, tamales, or salt 

trough of Von-bie. 

volet, av. moving (balloon, foetus), moving indistinctly (person at night), 

lek svolet ssat balamil (or) lek svolet ssat 9osil (or) svolet me7el. 

barely able to see /in darkness/. 

volet ta 9anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). rushing in distance (dog, person). 

voletik ta ?anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. volet ta lanil (plu). 

volhe, nle. yesterday. 

voli, iv. be wrapped up /in blanket/. 

voli, tv. crowd together /to finish job rapidly/, cluster or swarm on (bees, 

shoppers). 

volilan, tv. keep wrapping in a ball. 

volim, nla. ceremonial bed of patient. 

volimtik, n5. corral of animal companion spirits inside Muk'ta Vie. 

volivan, iv. swarm on person (angry bees or wasps). 

vollah, av. moving indistinctly (people in dark). 

volleh, n4f. roundness (rock). 

vollehikil, n4f. cf. volleh /plu/. 

vollih, av. rushing & growling suddenly in pack (dogs), swarming suddenly 

(bees). 

volob, nlf. cloth to wrap tortillas, Mexican coyote brush branches to 

wrap flowers, edible canna leaves to wrap meat and to wrap chicken 

meat presented to shaman, 

volobil, nlf. cf. volob. 

volokil, n4f. each of many clouds /smoke of blasting iron/, 

volol, av. rushing (dog), shooting (star), 

volol, aj. wrapped up (person in blanket, head in scarf), cumulus (clouds), 

hidden /in clouds/, 

vololet, av. growling rapidly & attacking (dog V2: 19), moving around 

(foetus), rolling or moving (car), 

vololik, aj. cf. volahtik. 

volov, nle. paca Agoutipaca. The paca is considered edible. It is "cold". 

They are destructive to young com plants. Pacas are not companion 

animal spirits. 

voltevolte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about hatless. 

voltevolte muyel, vphr(av & dr). billowing (smoke), 

volvan, iv. wrap person /in blanket/, carry away person (whirlwind), 

volvol, aj. hornless (ram, cow), hatless, small-headed (boy), spherical, 

volvol lie, cf. rtc. 

volvol ton, nphr(aj & n)5. pebble, 

volvon, av. walking hatless. 

hvolvaneh, agn. person who wraps another /in blanket/. 

vola N(Sp, bola). 

vola, nla. ringworm. 

vom(l) P, P(2). 

vom, tv. perforate /wood, clothes, rocks, leather sieve, coin for chaplet/, 

drill, dig hole, cut hole in. 

vom, iv. be perforated, have hole dug, cut or drilled into, 

vom, nc. hole, perforation. 

vom ba, rv. be stuck /with stick or knife/, prick self. 

vom baik ta , vphr(rv & prep & n5). pierce each other with 

/knife, bullet, etc./. 

vom-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual shooting or knifing, 

vom ta bala, vphr(tv & prep & n5). shoot, 

vomahtik, aj. with holes (clothing), perforated (ground with burrows from 

which June bugs have emerged), 

voman, tv. dig holes in. 

voman ba, rv. stand on all fours allowing one's anus to be seen, 

vomanan, tv. cf. voman. 

vomantik, aj. with widely spaced holes, 

vomanvoman, tv. make one hole after another in /leather corn sieve/ 

/mouse or moth in clothing/, 

vomanvomanan, tv. cf. vomanvoman. 

vombenal, n4f. perforation, hole, 

vomeah, iv. become filled with holes (clothes), 

vomebal, n5. moment before finishing drilling or digging hole, 

vomel, nc. perforating, 

vomet, av. wholly visible (anus), 

vomilan, tv. keep drilling or digging holes, 

vomleh, n4f. size /hole/. 

vomob, nlf. wire used to perforate sandal, crowbar, drill, 

vomobil, nlf. cf. vomob. 

vomoctik, aj. riddled with holes, 

vomol, aj. with opening or hole. 

k'ak'al vomol sbe seor His ass is clearly visible, 

vomolik, aj. cf. vomahtik. 

vomolvomol, n4f. each of many holes. 

v6mtevomte, av. walking about with torn clothing, 

vomvan ta bala, vphr(iv & prep & n5). shoot person, 

vomvom, aj. with opening or hole. 

vomvon cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with torn seat of pants. 

vom(2) O. 

vomlahet, av. cf. vomvon (plu). 

vomlih, av. barking suddenly, 

vomtevomte, av. walking here and there barking, 

vomvom, onom. bowwow. 

vomvon, av. barking (dog V2: 19) /throatier than vahvon /, barking 

furiously (dog EKL 252: 1-12).

vompa N(Sp, bomba). 

vompa, nla. pump. 

vompa, nld. Carnival joke. 

von prob O. 

vonon, av. buzzing (bumblebee, bee). 

vonon, nle. bumblebee, carpenter bee. 

9ik'al vonon, nphr(aj & n)5. carpenter bee Xylocopa sp.. 

hialnom vonon, nphr(agn type n)5. 'woman who has given birth vonon', 

bumblebee Bombus sp.. 

k'anal vonon, nphr(aj & n)5. bumblebee Bombus formosus Smith, 

vononet, av. buzzing (bumblebee, bee), popping in ears /when going to 

lower altitude/. 

Torsa N(Sp, bolsa). 

vorsa, nla. bag, bandolier, 

vorsa pok', nphr(n type n)la. white flour bag /used by men to carry 

market goods/, cf. sakil pok'. 

vos(l) I, P. 

vos, iv. become soggy (tortilla, toasted tortilla, paper), become soft and 

moist (dirt on body or clothes), 

vosahtik, aj. soggy (tortillas, toasted tortillas), 

vosan ba, rv. become soggy (tortilla, toasted tortilla, paper), become soft 

and moist (earth, dirt on body or clothes), 

voseah, iv. become soggy (tortilla, toasted tortilla, paper), become soft 

and moist (earth, dirt on body), 

voses, tv. make soggy /tortilla, toasted tortilla, paper/, make soft and 

moist /earth, dirt on body/, 

vosesobil, n4f. water used to moisten earth, 

vosilan, iv. keep becoming moist (fresh daub), 

vosk'ih, iv. cf. voseah. 

vosol, aj. well cooked (beans, corn for posol), soggy (tortillas, toasted 

tortillas). 

vosolik, aj. well cooked (beans), soggy (tortillas, toasted tortillas), 

vosos, av. rubbing off (dirt). 

TOS(2) prob O. 

voset, av. huffing with anger, 

vosetik, av. cf. voset (plu). 

voslah, av. panting strenuously (mules), 

voslahet, av. panting strenuously (mules or people climbing hill, people 

during intercourse). 

voslahetik, av. cf. voslahet (plu), huffing with anger, 

vososet, av. fizzing, huffing with anger, foaming, 

vostevoste, av. walking about huffing with anger. 

vosvon, av. huffing with anger, panting (mule, person). 

vosal N(Sp, bozal). 

vosal, nla. muzzle /an. poss. restricted to third person/. 

»ot 1(2). 

vot, iv. get diaper rash, be chafed /by new clothes/, 

votahtik, aj. cf. volol /plu/. 

votet, av. very dry (leather, stale tortilla), 

votilan, iv. keep suffering from diaper rash, 

votol, aj. bristly (pine cone, negro head soncoya), blistered, 

votolik, aj. cf. votol /plu/. 

votoltik, aj. with diaper rash, blistered, 

votvot, aj. with small watery growth (burn blister), bristly. 

YOV X. 

vov, nld. madness. 

ta vov ta mah sa ibat. He left in a mad rush. 

svov sa tal. He came in a mad rush, 

vov sik, cf. sik. 

vovet, av. feeling dizzy. 

vovi, iv. go mad (person, rabid dog), be madly in love, 

vovi Icwil, nphr(aj & n)5. crazy talk, irresponsible talk, joke. 

vovib, iv. go mad. 

vovil, n4b. madness. 

svovil hc'uleltik. lit., our soul's madness, i.e., senseless dream, 

vovil , tv(aj & tvcpd). hurriedly & carelessly. 


isvovil-lae. He piled them up hurriedly and carelessly, 

vovov, av. feeling very dizzy, 

vovovet, av. feeling dizzy. 

hvoviel, agn. mad dog, crazy person. 

voy(l) N. 

voy, nla. pit of mamey sapote, fried and ground and mixed withpamal 

voy, nld. hoof /an. poss. restricted to third person/. 

voy cih, nphr(n of n). 'deer hoof or 'sheep hoof, see below. 

voy cihtik, nphr(n of n)5. grove of bauhinias. 

•>ik'al voy cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). white flowered bauhinia Bauhinia 

albiflora, #186(1,2,4,5). Lowland "tree" 

bik'it voy cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). white flowered bauhinia Bauhinia 

albiflora, #2629(20). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used for 

firewood, nicaraguan senna Cassia nicaraguensis, #2680(20). Lowland 

"tree" The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. Bauhinia 

paulelia, #2680(20). Lowland "tree" 

sakil voy cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). common bauhinia Bauhinia 

divaricata, #2854(3,4,5). Lowland "tree" The trunk is used for hoe 

and pick handles. 

voy cih te^, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). white flowered bauhinia Bauhinia 

albiflora, # 2629( 15). Lowland " tree". (5)-The trunk of an unattested 

variety is used for roof poles of fieldhouses. common bauhinia Bauhinia 

divaricata, #2854(7,11,12). Lowland "tree" (7,12)-The trunk 

is used for firewood, 

voy cih te'Hik, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). grove of bauhinias. 

eahal voy cih to, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Bauhinia 

ungulata, #244(1,2,3,5), #2877(1,4,14). Lowland "tree" The trunk 

is used for fence posts, hoe handles, and digging sticks, 

c'is voy cih te?, nphr: n type nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Pithecellobiumsp., 

#3009(11). Lowland "tree". The trunk is used for fence posts 

and firewood, 

k'os voy cih te 1 ?, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Calliandra 

penduliflora, #833(1,2,3,5). Lowland "tree" 

sakil voy cih te9, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). white flowered 

bauhinia Bauhinia albiflora, #2629(1,3,22). Lowland "tree" The 

trunk is used for fenceposts, hoe and pick handles, and firewood. 

voy c'is te?, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'thorn hoof tree ?', see below. 

c'is voy c'is to, nphr: n type nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 'prickly thorn 

hoof tree', Bauhinia pauletia, #2680(21). Lowland "tree" 

k'os voy c'is to, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). white flowered 

bauhinia Bauhinia albiflora, #2629(21). Lowland "tree" 

voy mula, nphr(n of n). 'mule's hoof, wild valerian Valeriana densiflora 

var. densiflora, #1052(1,3,5). Highland plant" Women who do not 

wish to bear children or who desire an abortion gather three tubers 

with about two inches of stalk attached. These are brewed. One cup 

of the tea is drunk before breakfast and supper for three days. It is 

"hot". The tea shrivels up the uterus. The cure is said to be effective 

for twelve years. During the dry season all signs of the plant disappear. 

Accordingly, during this time, women who have taken the cure 

are said to grow very thin, wild valerian Valeriana densiflora, 

#1489(1,3,11,12), #1759(15,16). Highland "plant". (ll)-Twelve 

stalks are brewed together with the root to produce an abortive. 

One cup of the tea is drunk before meals for three days. It is "hot" 

(16)-To induce an abortion, three plants are brewed. One cup of 

the warm tea is drunk. It is "hot". #2087(17). Temperate "plant" 

To induce an abortion, the tuber is ground and mixed with water. 

It is drunk once. It is cold" Valeriana sorbifolia, #2401(1). Temperate 

"plant", 

•tik'al voy mula, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild valerian Valeriana 

densiflora var. densiflora, #1261(1,3,4,5). Highland "plant", 

•rit'is voy mula, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/). Valeriana urticaefolia, 

#2587(15,21,22). Temperate and highland plant". To induce an 

abortion, three roots are gathered by men, and are brewed. The 

warm tea is drunk before breakfast or supper. It is "hot", 

muk'ta voy mula, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Valeriana urticaefolia,


#2587(1,4). Temperate and highland "plant". Valeriana sorbifolia, 


sakil voy mula, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild valerian Valeriana densiflora, 

#1759(4,5). Highland "plant". #2087(3,4). Temperate "plant". 

Eupatorium muelleri, #2548(1,4). Temperate "plant". As an abortive, 

the husband gathers the root, which is ground and mixed with 

cold water, brown sugar and cinnamon. The potion is "hot". 

voy(2) 

voy, night spent away from home. cf. vay. 

vsvst 

vsvst, call to cat. cf. vis(2). 

TU7(1) P. 

vu7ahtik, aj. cf. vw>ul /plu/. 

vu?an, tv. cause hard growth /on body/, 

vxmn ba, rv. erupt (cakal, votan). 

vu7anan ba, rv. erupt (many growths on body). 

vu?eah lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). erupt (cakal or votan on body). 

vu7ean ba lok'el, vphr(rv & dr). erupt (cakal, voian). 

vu7et, av. prominent (goiter). 

vu7i, iv. erupt (hard cakal, votan). 

vu7lah, av. cf. vulva") (plu). 

vu7u7et, av. carrying huge burden. 

vu7ul, aj. with hard growth (goiter, boil, votan). 

vu7ulik, aj. cf. vutahtik. 

vatvut, aj. prominent (goiter, boil, etc.). 

vu7(2) prob O. 

vu7et ta Tok'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). wailing (child), 

vu'etik ta 7ok'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. vutet ta tok'el (plu). 

vu7lahet ta 7ok'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. vutvon ta tok'el (plu). 

vu7lahetik ta lok'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. vutvon ta tok'el (plu). 

vu7tevu7te ta 7ok'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). wailing about (child). 

vu?von ta 7ok'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). wailing (child). 

b P. 

vub-caki, tv(aj & tvcpd). turn one's back to /in bed/. 

vub-sus, n(aj&ncpd)le. eumenid wasp. The grubs of this lowland wasp 

occasionally are roasted and eaten, 

vubahtik, aj. lying down on side (fat pigs, drunks), 

vuban, tv. lay on its side /cow for slaughtering, sheep for shearing/. 

vuban ba, rv. lie down on side (fat pig, drunk), 

vubaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. lying down on side (drunk), 

vubanobil, n4f. ropes used to immobilize cow for slaughtering, 

vubanvan, iv. make person bedridden (sickness). 

vubeah lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). bulge outwards (fresh daub), erupt (boil, 

votan). 

vubean, tv. throw on its side /cow, sheep, pig/. 

vubean ba, rv. throw self on side to the ground (person, pig, cow, etc.). 

vubeanvan, iv. make person bedridden (sickness). 

vubet, av. lying on side (drunk), walking bowed low (under large burden), 

waddling 0 ar g e P'g)vubetik, 

av. cf. vubet (plu). 

vubi, iv. be lying down on side (fat pig, drunk), 

vubk'ih, iv. fall over (pot), fall down (drunk, house). 

vubk'in, tv. knock over, roll /log/. 

vubk'in ba, rv. cf. vubean ba. 

vubk'inan, tv. knock many over, 

vubk'invan, iv. push squatting person to ground. 

vublah, av. cf. vubub (plu). 

vublahet, av. cf. vubvon (plu). 

vubleh, nib. lying on side on ground /drunk, pig, etc./. 

vublehikil, n4f. lying on side (pigs). 

vublih, av. throwing self down suddenly (fat pig), 

vubtevubte, av. walking about (pig), lying in one place after another (pig), 

walking about with protruding /rear/. 

vubub, av. rolling (log, boulder), slumping over (drunk), 

vububet, av. carrying huge burden, walking (huge pig), 

vubul, aj. lying on side (fat pig, drunk). 

vubul-cakih, iv(aj & ivcpd). go backwards or in reverse. 

vubulik, aj. lying on side (fat pigs), fat (pig). 

vubvon, av. struggling unable to arise (fat pig), waddling (fat pig), working 

bent over. 

vubvon cak, vphr(av & n4d). swaying hips (woman), walking with protruding 

rear. 

vubvub, aj. fat (pig), protruding (rear). 

vue P. 

vueahtik, aj. sitting in pile (excrement). 

vuean ba, rv. sit in heap (child). 

vuean komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave in pile /excrement/, leave behind 

/child/. 

vueanan komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave in piles /excrement/. 

vueet, av. sitting on ground (woman, child). 

vueetik, av. cf. vueet (plu). 

vuei, iv. sit in heap (excrement). 

vueilan, tv. bounce up and down on (or) make spring up and down /tree, 

car seat/, keep squeezing /rubber ball/. 

vuelah, av. walking (children). 

vuelahet, av. cf. vuevon (plu). 

vuelahetik, av. cf. vuevon (plu). 

vueleh, nlf. sitting on ground (woman, child). 

vuelih, av. sinking suddenly (car seat), hissing suddenly (flatus, cushion). 

vueteviiete, av. sitting down on ground in one place after another. 

vueue, av. running (child). 

vueueet, av. bouncing up and down (branch, car seat, marsh weeds underfoot). 

vueul, aj. sitting in pile (excrement), sitting on ground (woman, child), 

small (hill). 

vueulik, aj. sitting on ground (women, children). 

vuevon, av. dancing (woman, child), bouncing or springing (seat, marsh 

weeds underfoot). 

vuevue, aj. with bun on top of head (woman after washing hair), short 

(woman, rock), sitting in pile (excrement). 

vue' P, P(2). 

vue*, tv. squeeze /basket to test its flexibility/, squash /basket/. 

mu sa svue 1 . It does not bend anymore /back of old person, hurt leg/. 

vue" ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). bend down /small tree/. 

vue" baik, rv. push each other down with hands on shoulders. 

vue'-bail, vn(tv &. rpncpd)5. pushing each other down with hands on 

shoulders. 

vue 1 yalel, vphr(tv & dr). push down with hands on shoulders /person, 

dog/. 

vue" yalel, vphr(iv & dr). bend down (person with heavy burden). 

vue'ahtik, aj. bowed down (heavily laden trees). 

vue"an, tv. double over /branch, grass/, bend down. Ritual speech, referring 

to bride's ritual tutor; bend one's knees, 

iscotan isvue'an. He seated her, he bent her knees, i.e., He settled her 

in groom's home. 

vue"an ba, rv. Ritual speech; bend one's knees. 

vue'an ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). duck down by bending knees (mule 

unwilling to be loaded). 

vuc"eah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). stagger (mule or person given heavy burden). 

vue"ean yalel, vphr(tv & dr). make sink down /dog or sheep that is sat 

upon/. 

vue'eanvan yalel, vphr(iv & dr). make person stagger /under heavy burden/. 

vue'el, nc. bending down. 

vue"et yalel, vphr(av & dr). bending down (tree), staggering (under burden). 

vue*!, iv. Ritual speech, bride's ritual tutor referring to bride; bend one's 

knees. 

t scoti t svue'i. lit., She will sit, she will bend her knees, i.e., Bride 

should remain in home of groom and not be dragged from place to 

place. 

vue'ilan, tv. keep squeezing /basket to test its flexibility/, stamp up

and down on flexible object /fence/, pump, stretch back and forth 

/rubber/. 

vue'k'ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. vue'eah yalel. 

vue"k'in yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. vue'ean yalel. 

vuc"k'invan yalel, vphx(iv & dr). cf. vue"eanvan yalel. 

vue*lah yalel, vphr(av & dr). cf. vue"ue yalel (plu). 

vue'lebal, n3d. Ritual speech; place where one kneels. 

scotleb svueMeb htotik hmotik. lit., the seat, the place where the 

knees are bent of our father, our mother, i.e., before the magistrate, 

ba htatik c'ul-cotlebal, ba htatik c'ul-vue'lebal ba hmelean hbatik 

ba htohobtas hbatik. lit., Let us go to the holy seat, let us go to 

the holy place where the knees are bent, let us settle our differences, 

let us settle our dispute, i.e., Let us take our dispute to court. 

vue"lemal 9ane, nphr(aj & n)5. woman who always stays at home. 

vue'lih, av. staggering suddenly /under load/. 

vue'ob, nlf. rope or rock used to bend down coffee branches so they will 

grow within reach of pickers. 

vue"obil, nlf. cf. vue'ob. 

vue'omal, n5d. Ritual speech, shaman referring to patient; bending place, 

•toy akehomal ?oy avue"omal. lit., You have a kneeling place, you 

have a bending place, i.e., You have knees, kneel down and pray. 

vue'ue' yalel, vphr(av & dr). staggering /under burden/. 

vue'ue'et, av. staggering /under burden/. 

vue'ul, aj. bowed down (small heavily laden tree), with neck pushed down 

into shoulders /by heavy burden/. Ritual speech, groom's petitioners 

questioning bride's family; with bended knees, 

buy cotol buy vue'ul ti totike ti me?tike buc'u totikal buc'u motikal. 

lit., Where will they be seated, where will they bend their knees, 

the father, the mother? Who is the father, who the mother? i.e., 

Where will the bride and groom live, and in whose care will they 

be? 

vue'ulik, aj. Ritual speech; with bended knees, cf. vue'ul (plu). 

vueVan, iv. bend person low (heavy burden). 

vue'vue', aj. with basket pressed against back /when carried/. 

VOC P. 

vuc, iv. blister /distinguished from cuy by rapidity of blistering/, fill with 

air (tortilla, balloon). 

vuc, nc. blister. 

vuc-7ik'ih, iv(iv & ncpd). have air pockets in skin (sick chicken, slaughtered 

cow), be inflated. 

vucahtik, aj. sitting (pots, bottles, gourds), baggy (patch, long pants). 

vucan, tv. set down /pot, bottle, gourd, basket/. 

vucan ba, rv. blister. 

vucanan, tv. set down /pots, etc./. 

vucananan, tv. cf. vucanan. 

vucanob, nlf. place where water jug is always set. 

vucanobiL nlf. cf. vucanob. 

vucantik, aj. with widely spaced blisters. 

vilcanvucan, tv. set down one after another /pots, etc./. 

viicanvucanan, tv. cf. vucanvucan. 

vuceah, iv. blister. 

vucean, tv. cause blister. 

vucean ba, rv. blister. 

vuceanan ba, rv. blister in many places. 

vucel, vnla. blister. 

vuces, tv. inflate, puff up. 

vuces ba, rv. blister, puff self up (frog, lizard). 

vucesan, tv. inflate /plu/. 

vucesanan, tv. cf. vucesan. 

vuceseh-baiL vn(tv & rpncpd). blistering. 

vucesob, nlf. air pump. 

vucesobiL nlf. cf. vucesob. 

vucesvan, iv. blister person. 

vucet, av. sitting (pot, bottle, gourd), inflated, baggy (long pants, patch). 

vucetah, iv. walk carrying bottle /visiting/. 

vuci, iv. sit (pot, bottle, gourd). 


vucilan, tv. keep tipping /pot, jug, bottle/, keep inflating /throat/ (lizard, 

frog). 

vuck'ih ec'el, vphr(iv & dr). be carried off /in wind/. 

vuclah, av. carrying bottles /visiting/ (plu). 

vucleh, n4f. sitting /pot, jug, bottle/, blistered. 

vuclehikil, n4f. cf. vucleh /plu/. 

viiclih, av. inflating or puffing up suddenly (tortilla). 

vuc'tevucte, av. walking about carrying bottles /visiting/. 

vucuc, av. moving fast when inflated (balloon). 

vu£uc:et, av. moving fast (balloon). 

vucukil, n4f. badly blistered. 

vucul, aj. sitting (pot, bottle, gourd), puffed up (tortilla). 

vuculik, aj. cf. vuvul /plu/. 

viiculvucul, n4f. each of many blisters. 

vucvon, av. moving in and out (belly or throat of lizard or frog). 

vucvuc, aj. inflated (balloon), baggy (long pants, patch), fat (belly of jug). 

hvucleh, agn. bottle set at host's feet on formal visit. 

hvucesvaneh, agn. person who causes blisters on another, handle that 

causes blisters. 

vuc'ta, tv. cool by blowing /boiling water, hot liquid/, blow off /dust/, 

inflate /balloon/, blow on /"flowers", person/ (shaman, bonesetter). 

svuc'ta sk'ak'al. He is huffing with anger. One should not blow on 

the foam of boiling snails lest one's teeth fall out. 

vuc'ta ba, rv. blow on self. 

vuc'taan, tv. blow off a lot of /dust/, inflate /balloons/. 

vuc'taanan, tv. cf. vuc'taan. 

vuc'taluh, iv. blow off /dust/. 

vuc'tavan, iv. blow on person /sickness/ (witch, goat). A mother may 

blow three times on her dying child to bring back its soul. 

hvuc'tavaneh, agn. witch who blows /sickness/ on another. 

YUC' 

vuc', blow on or off, inflate, cf. vuc. 

vuh P. 

vuh-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. stooped (person), with hump (person, brahman). 

vuh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike and cause to bend over. 

vuhahtik, aj. cf. vuhul /plu/. 

vuhan, tv. bend /back/. 

vuhan ba, rv. bend one's back. 

vuhan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike and cause to bend over 

/plu/. 

vuhanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike and cause to bend over 

/plu/. 

vuhanvan, iv. make person's back buckle. 

viihanvuhan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike one after another 

causing to bend over. 

vuhanviihanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. vuhanvuhan ta mahel. 

vuheah, iv. become bent (back), become more humped (hump of brahman). 

vuheah lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). bulge outward (fresh daub). 

vuhean ba, rv. bend over. 

vuheanbe, tv. buckle /back/ (witch). 

vuheanvan, iv. cause person's back to buckle. 

vuhel, aj. bent over (person). 

vuhet, av. bent over beneath burden /watching/. 

vuhetah, iv. walk stooped. 

vuhetik, av. cf. vuhet (plu). 

vuhi, iv. be bent (back). 

vuhilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep striking and causing to 

bend over. 

vuhk'ih, iv. cf. vuheah. 

vuhk'ih lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). cf. vuheah lok'el. 

vuhk'inbe, tv. cf. vuheanbe. 

vuhk'invan, iv. cf. vuheanvan. 

vuhlah, av. cf. vuhuh (plu). 

vuhlahet, av. cf. vuhvon (plu). 

vuhlahetik, av. cf. vuhvon (plu).


vuhleh, nlf. bent over. 

vuhlehikil, n4f. humped /brahmans/. 

vuhp'ih, iv. become bent (back). 

vuhp'ih lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). cf. vuheah lok'el 

vuhp'inbe, tv. cf. vuheanbe. 

vuhp'invan, iv. cf. vuheaman. 

vuhtevuhte, av. walking about stooped /from old age/. 

vuhuh, av. running stooped /from old age/. 

vuhuhet, av. walking bent over /from burden/. 

vuhul, aj. bent over. 

vuhulik, aj. cf. vuhul /phi/. 

vuhvon, av. stooped /from old age/, bent over /working/. 

vuhvuh, aj. bent over (person, tree). 

hvuhanvaneh, agn. sickness that causes person's back to buckle. 

hvuheanvaneh, agn. sickness that causes person's back to buckle. 

hvuhk'invaneh, agn. cf. hvuheanvaneh. 

hvuhp'invaneh, agn. cf. hvuheanvaneh. 

vuk(l) I, P. 

vuk, iv. puff up (tortilla, balloon). 

vuk, nc. growth. 

vuk ba, tv. puff up (blister). 

vukahtik, aj. chubby (tummies of children or puppies), puffy (blister, 

face), puffed up (tortilla, face from blow). 

vukan, tv. thrust out tummy (child). 

vukan ba, rv. swell (portion of stomach with wind), puff up (tortilla). 

vukeah lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). puff up. 

vukean ba lok'el, vphr(rv & dr). puff up. 

vukean lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). puff out (throat of lizard or frog), bulge 

(stomach of snake). 

vukeanvan, iv. make person fill with "wind" /constipation/. 

vukel, aj. bulging (stomach of child). 

vukes, tv. puff out (throat of lizard, etc.), make bulge /stomach of snake/. 

vukes ba, rv. puff self up (frog, lizard). 

vukesob, nlf. air pump. 

vukesobil, nlf. cf. vukesob. 

vuket, av. chubby (tummy of child or puppy), puffing (tortilla), moving 

inflated (balloon), puffy (face from blow). 

vuki lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). erupt. 

vukilan, tv. keep puffing up (throat of lizard or frog). 

vuldc'ih lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). cf. vukeah lok'el. 

vukk'in ba lok'e), vphr(rv & dr). cf. vukean ba lok'el. 

vukk'in lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. vukean lok'el. 

vukk'invan, iv. cf. vukeanvan. 

vuklah, av. staggering and picking self up (drunk, newborn puppy, poisoned 

dog) (sing.). 

vuklahet, av. chubby (tummies of children or puppies), moving throats 

or bellies in and out (lizards, frogs), moving inflated (balloons), staggering 

and picking self up (drunk). 

vuklahetik, av. staggering and picking self up (drunks). 

vukleh, nlf. puffed out (stomach, tortilla). 

vuklehik, n4f. cf. vukleh /plu/. 

viiklih, av. inflating or puffing up suddenly (tortilla). 

vukp'ih lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). cf. vukeah lok'el. 

vukp'in ba lok'el, vphr(rv & dr). cf. vukean ba lok'el. 

vukp'in lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. vukean lok'el. 

vukp'invan, iv. cf. vukeanvan. 

vriktevukte c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with bulging or chubby 

stomach. 

vukuk, av. moving fast while inflated (balloon), walking slowly with 

bulging stomach (pregnant woman). 

vukuket, av. bulging tremendously (stomach of short and pregnant woman), 

running with chubby tummy (puppy). 

vukukil, n4f. with many puffy growths. 

vukul, aj. chubby (tummy of child or puppy), puffy (blister), puffed up 

(tortilla), inflated (balloon). 

vukul cevel, ajphr(aj & aj). staggering, flailing about (drunk). 

vukulik, aj. cf. vukahtik. 

vukulvukul, n4f. each of many puffy growths. 

vukvon, av. moving in and out (belly or throat of lizard or frog). 

vukvuk, aj. chubby (tummy of child or puppy), puffy (blister), inflated 

(balloon), fat (belly or jug). 

hvukeanvaneh, agn. sickness that causes puffiness. 

hvukk'invaneh, agn. cf. hvukeanvaneh. 

hvukp'invaneh, agn. cf. hvukeanvaneh. 

vuk(2) Num. 

vuk , n(num & nccpd)le. seven. 

vuk-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. seventeen. 

vukeh, nle. seven days from today. 

vukhe, nle. seven days ago. 

vuku-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. big dipper /Ursa Major/. 

vukub, nle. seven, inan. poss.; svukubal (or)yukubal. 

vukuk , n(num & nccpd)5. by or in sevens, every seven. 

vukvuk- , n(num & nccpd)5. by or in sevens, every seven. 

vukulu' N. 

vukulu-?, nle. rabbit bot fly larva. This is a maggot that infests rabbits 

and rats. 

vuk' T. 

vuk', tv. kick down /corn stubble, fence/. 

vuk', iv. be uprooted (tree), be flattened (corn field in wind), collapse 

(house). 

vuk' ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). clear path, 

vuk' ba ec'el, vphr(rv & dr). knock each other down (cornstalks, trees in 

wind). 

vuk'an baik, rv. knock each other down (cornstalks, trees in wind), 

vuk'anvuk'an, tv. knock down one after another, 

vuk'anvuk'anan, tv. cf. vuk'anvuk'an. 

vuk'benal, n4f. path where weeds or stubble have been flattened, 

vuk'eah, iv. be flattened (house, fence, corn field), collapsing (house), 

sagging to side (house), falling down, 

vuk'ebal, n5. moment before collapsing /drunk, house/, 

vuk'es, tv. flatten /house, fence, corn field/, be laid low /by sickness/, 

vuk'es ba, rv. throw self down (drunk), 

vuk'esan, tv. flatten /houses, etc./. 

vuk'esanan, tv. cf. vuk'esan. 

vuk'esvan, iv. lay person low (sickness), 

vuk'et, av. flattened (corn field in wind), 

vuk'ilan, tv. keep knocking down /corn stubble, weeds/. 

vuk'ilanan, tv. keep knocking down a lot of /corn stubble, weeds/, 

vuk'lah, av. staggering (drunk) (sing or plu). 

vuk'lahet, av. staggering (drunk), walking feebly (sick person), 

vuk'lahetah, iv. stagger (drunk), 

vuk'lahetik, av. cf. vuk'lahet (plu). 

vuk'leh, nib. laid low, flattened. 

vuk'lih, av. shaking suddenly /in earthquake or wind/, 

vuk'p'ih, iv. be uprooted (tree), 

viik'tevuk'te, av. flattened here and there (corn field in wind), felled one 

after another (trees), 

vuk'uk', av. falling (tree), 

vuk'uk'et, av. windswept (reeds, corn field), 

vuk'von, av. knocking down /stubble, weeds/. 

hvuk'esvaneh, agn. sickness that lays person low. 

vul X. 

vulawh, iv. visit, 

vulaân, tv. visit. 

vula">an baik, rv. visit each other (religious officials). 

vula"?anan, tv. visit /plu/. 

vulaânan baik, rv. visit each other (religious officials). 

vula9aneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. visiting each other /religious officials/. 

vula9anvan, iv. visit person, 

vulilan, tv. keep begging favor, 

vullah, av. running and talking /overheard/ (plu). 

vullahet, av. dinning (people V2: 6). cf. vulvon (plu).

V/Y TZOTZIL-ENGLISH 381 

vullahetik, av. cf. vulvon (plu). 

vulvon, av. talking /overheard/, muttering to self /words can be distinguished 

occasionally/, 

vulvonah, iv. mutter to self (drunk). 

vulvul k'op, nphr(uj & n)5. talking /overheard/, palaver. 

hvula'Jal, agn. visitor, person visiting shrine. 

hvula9anvaneh, agn. visitor. 

hvulvonahel, agn. person who mutters to self, crazy person. 

run N. 

vun, nla. paper, document, letter, book, announcement of appointment 

to religious post /stewards-royal, judge ordinary, elders, ensign-bearers, 

constables, principals, captains, cantors, and publicans/. 

vunto N(Sp, unto). 

vunto, nla. chicken fat /used for burns/. 

vus P, P(2). 

vus ni9, vphr(tv & n4d). sniff (dog). 

vusahtik, aj. cf. vusul /plu/. 

vusan, tv. distend /belly/ (mule avoiding tight cinching). 

vusan ba, rv. protrude /belly of pregnant woman/. 

vusanvusan, tv. protrude one after another /tummies of children/. 

vuseah, iv. become huge (stomach of child or pregnant woman). It is 

thought that a child's stomach will become huge unless it is bound in 

infancy. 

vusel, aj. bulging (stomach). 

vuset, av. with bulging stomach (pregnant woman), with loosely fastened 

sash. 

vusi, iv. be protruding (belly). 

vusk'ih, iv. cf. vuseah. 

vuslah ni?, vphr(av & n4d). walking and breathing heavily (horses). 

vuslahet ni?, vphr(av & n4d). breathing through nose /sleeping/ (plu), 

breathing heavily while climbing (horses). 

vusleh, nlf. bulging /stomach/. 

vuslih cak, vphr(av & n4d). suddenly breaking wind quietly. 

vuslih ni?, vphr(av & n4d). sniffing suddenly (dog). 

vusp'ih, iv. cf. vuseah. 

vusteviiste, av. walking about with loosely fastened sash. 

vusul, aj. bulging (stomach of pregnant woman). 

vusulik, aj. bulging (stomachs). 

vususet, av. hissing (air escaping from tire). 

vususet c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking with enormous stomach (pregnant 

woman). 

vusvon, av. walking with bulging stomach. 

vusvon nil, vphr(av & n4d). breathing heavily through nose (horse climbing, 

sleeping person). 

vusvus, aj. bulging (stomach with loosely fastened sash). 

m' T. 

vus, tv. sharpen /knife, axe, machete, etc./. 

vus, iv. be sharpened (knife, axe, machete, etc.). 

vus' te% nphr(n type n). Davilla aspera var. matudae, #318(1,2,3,5), 


vus ton, nphr(n type n)la. whetstone /sandstone/. 

vusan, tv. sharpen /plu/. 

vusanan, tv. cf. vusan. 

vusanvusan, tv. sharpen one after another. 

vusanvusanan, tv. cf. vusanvusan. 

vusbenal, n4f. metal dust from sharpened tool. 

vuseah, iv. become bare (land in dry season). 

vusean, tv. denude /land/ (mule, sheep). 

vusebal, n5. moment before dry season begins. 

vusel, nc. sharpening. 

vuset, av. breaking wind. 

vufilan, tv. keep sharpening /knife, axe, machete, etc./. 

vuslahet, av. cf. vusvon (plu). 

vuslahetik, av. cf. vusvon (plu). 

vuslih, av. suddenly breaking wind quietly. 

vusob, nlf. whetstone, file. 

vusbbil, nlf. cf. vusob. 

vususet, av. hissing (gas escaping from stomach of slaughtered animal). 

vusvon, av. sharpening /knife, axe, machete, etc./. 

vusvus, aj. denuded (land in dry season only). 

vuvu 1 ) 

vuvu9, water, cf. vo9(l). 

vuy I, P. 

vuy, tv. swing. 

vuy ba, rv. be loose (tooth). 

vuyan, tv. loosen /barbed wire/ (cattle). 

vuyan, aj. feeble (old person). 

vuyan ba, rv. sway perilously (drunk). 

naka tal svuyan sba. lit., It just came to sway /child that dies in 

infancy/, 

vuyanvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave person behind swaying in seat 

/drunk/. 

vuyanviiyan, tv. loosen one after another /fence posts/, 

vuyanvuyanan, tv. cf. vuyanviiyan. 

vuyeah, iv. sway (fence, house), 

vuyean, tv. sway /fence, house/, 

vuyes, tv. sway, wiggle, shake /post/. 

vuyet, av. swaying and about to topple (tree or drunk), 

vuyetik, av. swaying and about to topple (drunks), 

vuyi, iv. sway in seat (drunk), 

vuyilan, tv. swing, sway, shake, 

vuyilanan, tv. swing, sway or shake /plu/. 

vuyk'ih, iv. cf. vuyeah. 

vuyk'in, tv. cf. vuyean. 

vuyk'invan, iv. push person so that he reels /drunk/. 

vuylah, av. swaying repeatedly (drunk) (sing or plu). 

vuylahet, av. cf. vuyvon (plu). 

vuylahetik, av. squirming, cf. vuyvon (plu). 

vuyleh, nlf. sitting and swaying (drunk), 

vuylehikil, n4f. toppling (fence). 

vuylih, av. swaying suddenly (drunk, house in earthquake), 

vuytevuyte, av. walking about feebly (old person), 

vuyul, aj. standing precariously (abandoned house), feeble (old person), 

vuyulik, aj. loose (teeth), 

vuyuy, av. swaying (drunk), 

vuyuyet, av. swaying (tree about to fall, fence), 

vuyvon, av. swaying (drunk, baby, tree in wind, ladder), wiggling (tooth). 

wey N(Sp, buey). 

wey, nla. ox. 

w 

ya(l) A. 

ya, aj. hot (chili, onion, garlic, radish, black sapote, earwig eaten inadvertently 

when eating infested tortillas). 

yail, aj. hot (food). 

yail e'wlel, nphr(aj & n). 'hot plant', dotted smartweed Polygonumpunctatum, 


yaub, iv. become hot (overcooked mustard greens). 

yaub tal, vphr(iv & dr). feel burning sensation in mouth. 

yaubtas, tv. make spicy. 

yayatik, aj. slightly hot. 

ya(2) Pt. 

ya, pt. why doesn't. 

ya to mu bat. Why doesn't he go? 

ya(3) N. 

ya, n5. Male term of address to woman of Chenalho, Mitontic, and 

Tzeltal towns. 

yain, tv. Ritual or denunciatory speech; support. 

smak'lan syain. She supports him, she feeds him /orphan/. 

yainvan, iv. Ritual or scolding speech; support person.


yay, n5. Male term of address to younger woman. 

yaya, aj. Ritual speech, petitioners addressing mother of bride and wedding 

godmother; ancient. 

yaya me 1 ? hkasayil. ancient mother, my sainted lady. 

Ritual speech, religious officials bowing to ritual tutor; ?a yaya tot 

•>ahvetik. oh ancient father elders. 

yayin, tv. Ritual speech, woman referring to son who leaves parental 

home and establishes his own household, or referring to adopted child 

who flees; support. 

lah hmak'lan lah hyayin hayib k'ak'al hayib TOra. I have finished 

supporting him, I have finished supporting him for however many 

days, however many hours. 

Ritual speech, son to parents when leaving and setting up own 

household; kol aval amak'lanon ayayinon. Thank you for providing 

for me, for supporting me. 

yayinvan, iv. Ritual speech; support person, cf. yayin. 

hyayinvaneh, agn. Denunciatory speech, parents referring to youngest 

daughter who elopes, or to youngest son who does not marry and 

therefore brings no woman to help his mother, 

hai sa hmak'lanvaneh ha9 sa hyayinvaneh ti yecuke. She should 

have been the provider, the supporter. 

yak(l) P, P(2). 

yak, tv. trap. 

yak, nc. turn of cord /around chicken's or pig's legs/, snarl /weaving, 

string/. 

yak ba, rv. become wrapped around. 

yak ba •Jok, vphr(rv & n4d). stumble over one's feet. 

yakaket, av. tangling (thread in weaving). 

yakal, aj. tangled. 

yakan, tv. become entangled /in vines/. 

yakan, tv. trap /plu/. 

yakan, aj. tangled. 

yakan ba, rv. become tangled (weaving). 

yakanahtik, aj. tangled. 

yakanan, tv. trap /plu/. 

yakan tit, aj. tangled. 

yakanyakan, tv. set one trap after another. 

yakanyakanan, tv. cf. yakanyakan. 

yakbe, tv. grab by the legs, trip up. 

yakbenal, n4f. tangle /in weaving/. 

yakrah, iv. become entangled /in vines/. 

yakean, tv. become entangled /in vines/. 

yaki, iv. stumble over one's feet. 

yakil vo"), nphr(aj & n)la. chicha. 

yaklah, av. staggering /crossing feet in front of each other while running/ 

(sing or plu). 

yaklahet cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. yakyon iak. 

yakleh, n4f. tangled /weaving/. 

yakluh, av. leaning over backwards suddenly. 

yakobil, nld. trap /to capture doves alive/, corral /for rounding up 

cattle/. 

yakol, n la. trap /to capture doves alive/, corral /for rounding up cattle/. 

yakp'uh, iv. stumble over one's feet. 

yakp'un, tv. stumble over one's feet. 

yakteyakte cak, vphr(av & n4d). staggering about /crossing legs in front 

of each other/. 

yakub, iv. get drunk. 

yakubel, vnlf. drunkenness. 

yakubtas, tv. make drunk. 

yakubtasan, tv. make many drunk. 

yakubtasanan, tv. make drunk /plu/. 

yakubtasvan, iv. make person drunk. 

yakvan, iv. make person drunk. 

yakyon cak, vphr(av & n4d). staggering /crossing legs in front of each 

other/. 

hyakol, agn. trapper. 

hyakubel, agn. drunk. 

hyakubtasvaneh, agn. person who makes another drunk. 

hyakvaneh, agn. lit., one who grabs another by the legs, i.e., witch. 

yak(2) X. 

yak, aj. continue or keep . 

yak t smbteh mas. I am going to continue working, 

yak ta lahel. continue decreasing. 

yakel, aj. continue or keep . 

yaket, av. in the process of. 

•>ak'o yaketuk li h-set' hutebe. Let the pinch, the snack begin /shaman 

requesting patient's family to serve meal/. 

yak' T. 

yak'be, tv. thrust in intercourse. 

yak'el, nc. sexual thrusting. 

yak'lahet, av. cf. yak'yon (plu). 

yak'lahet cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. yak'yon cak. 

yak'lahetik, av. cf. yak'yon (plu). 

yak'luh, av. arching back suddenly (person who expects foot to land on 

higher ground than it does, person in pain). 

yak'u, tv. rock buttocks /in sexual intercourse/. 

yak'ulan ba, rv. rock buttocks /in sexual intercourse/. 

yak'yon, av. heaving (stomach and chest of dying person). 

yak'yon cak, vphr(av & n4d). rocking buttocks (man, dog, ram, stallion) 

/in sexual intercourse/. 

yal(l) Pt. 

yal, pt. just, purposely, on purpose, seeing as, as long as, since, var.,yalal, 

yalel. 

yalal isc'am. He accepted it on purpose. 

yal(2) 1(2). 

yal, iv. descend, climb down, come down (price), fall (frost, rain), 

yalem iyak'. He sold it for a low price, 

iyal ta camel. He was laid low by sickness. 

Ritual speech, ritual tutor or shaman at formal meal before washing 

hands or eating; yalanik me. lit., Descend please, i.e., Dip in please! 

yal •>ol, vphr(iv & n4d). have miscarriage. 

yal kantela, vphr(iv & nld). present candles. Outgoing stewards give 

candles to elders who send them via constables to incoming stewards. 

yal sat, vphr(iv & n4f). begin to fruit. 

yal ta k'ok', vphr(iv & prep & n5). overboil, be found out, get into 

trouble. 

yal ta vinahel rios, vphr(iv/3s/ & pt & n5 & n5). Pentecost, Whitsunday. 

yal yasal, vphr(iv & n4f). become humid (earth). 

yalal, av. falling (star). 

yalal maeal, ajphr(aj & aj). beautiful (girl's eyes), peeping forth (young 

squashes, gourds, chayotes or corn ears). 

yaleb ">avyon, nphr(n4f of n5). airfield. 

yaleb "?okol, nphr(n of n)5. threshold. 

yaleb vo 1 ?, nphr(n of n)5. rain that leaks through roof, water that drips 

from roof of cave, waterfall. 

yalebal, n3a. curing trip to mountain shrines, descent. 

yalebaltik, n5. descent. 

yalel, dr. down /auxiliary verb expressing motion downwards/. 

yalel toyol, ajphr(aj & aj). cheap and expensive, low and high-priced. 

yalel yalel, nphr(vn5 & vn5). having frequent miscarriages. 

yaleltik, vn5. descent. 

yalem, aj. cheap, descended (hernia, blood into head of chicken being 

slaughtered), early (fiesta) /with movable date, as Carnival/, 

yalem tal habil. lit., The year came early, i.e., Carnival came early 

in the year. 

yalem bek'et(l), nphr(aj & n)5. fallen flesh. This is a demonic transformation 

of an evil person. It is thought that it leaves its flesh at the foot 

of a cross during the night while its skeleton flies about, rattling, 

squeaking, and dripping blood. Contact with its blood is reported to 

be fatal. 

yalem bek'et(2), nphr(aj & n). Castilleja integrifolia, # 1256(7). Temper-

ate and highland plant", 

yalem bek'et e"i9lel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). Castilleja integrifolia, 


yalemal won, nphr(n4f of n4d). compliance, agreeableness. 

mu9yuk syalemal yo9on h-e'uhuk ton pukuh. He is not the least bit 

agreeable; he is thoroughly bad. 

yalemal 9ok, nphr(n4f of n4d). Ritual speech, members of curing party 

when setting out for shrines; lit., threshhold, i.e., shrine. 

ba htek'betik ba hsanbetik canib syalemal yok canib syalemal sk'ob 

ti c'ul-totile ti c'ul-me'nle. Let us journey, let us walk to the four 

threshholds. the four altars of the holy fathers, the holy mothers, 

yalemal hoi, nphr(n4f of n4d). compliance, agreeableness. 

muk' syalemal shol muk' syalemal yo9on. He is arrogant, he is intransigent. 

Ritual speech, petitioners to bride's family; •Joyuk syalemal ahol 

9oyuk syalemal avoion. May you be agreeable, may you be compliant, 

yalemal k'ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). lit., place where the hands descend, 

i.e., shrine, cf. yalemal iok. 

yalemtik, aj. rather cheap, 

yales, tv. lower /price/, cut off /meat/, take down. 

isyales yikae. He unloaded it. 

yales 9ol, vphr(tv & n4d). have abortion, 

yales ba, rv. climb down, 

yalesan, tv. lower or take down /plu/. 

yalesan 9ol, vphr(tv & n4d). have abortions, 

yalesanan, tv. cf. yalesan. 

yalesob, nlf. abortive. 

yalesob bek'et, nphr(n of n)5. cane liquor served when cow is butchered, 

yalesobil, nlf. cf. yalesob. 

yalesobil bek'et, nphr(n4f of nld). butcher knife, 

yalesvan, iv. let off people (car), 

yalteyalte, av. unloading here and there, dropping here and there. 

t syalteyalte ta camel. They are being laid low by sickness one after 

another. 

yalu, tv. shorten one's life span, incapacitate or cure by magic, cf. mee'ta. 

yalulan, iv. keep descending, climbing down or coming down, keep falling 

(frost, rain), 

yaluobil, n4f. object used magically to incapacitate or cure /tobacco, 

garlic, piece of old skirt, urine, white sapote pit/. 

yaluvan, iv. incapacitate person by magic, shorten person's life span 

(person, snakes or tree alligator lizards that have been wounded but not 

killed). When planting prickly pears, pears, avocados, apples, apricots, 

quinces, white sapotes, cypress, pine or oak trees, thirteen kernels 

of white corn should be planted next to the roots as an offering 

to the earth lest the planter die. 

yalyal, iv. lower slightly (price), 

yalyales, tv. lower slightly. 

yalyon 9ol, vphr(av & n4d). having repeated miscarriages, 

hyalebahel, agn. curing party that visits mountain shrines. 

hyalel, agn. person descending or climbing down, 

hyaluvaneh, agn. person, fruit tree, snake or lizard that befuddles person. 

yam I, T(2). 

yam, tv. put out /runaway fire/. 

yam, iv. become tame or good-hearted, grow thin, die down (fire), lower 

(river, foam of boiling broth), subside (fever, heat, pain, sickness), 

yam 9o9on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). become tame, tractable or good-hearted 

(person). 

mu syam yo9on li ka9e. The mule won't become tame. 

mu syam yo9on ta cukel. Jailing doesn't subdue him. 

yam ba, rv. lessen (rain), quiet down (drunk, crowd). 

yam-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual weakening /shamans/, 

yamal, aj. lukewarm, early dawn, 

yamaltas, tv. warm /water, coffee/, 

yamaltik, aj. slightly warm, rather early dawn, 

yambe, tv. ease /pain/, cut /fever, sickness/, 

yamcah, iv. become warm (water, tortilla), become tame or obedient. 


yamean, tv. debilitate /by witchcraft/, settle /argument/, 

yameanvan, iv. weaken person (witch, goat), 

yamel, nc. cutting /fever, sickness/, 

yames, tv. ease /pain/, settle /argument/, reduce /fire/. 

yamesobil, n4f. medicine that eases pain, 

yamet, av. dawning, weak (cane liquor). 

yamet won, vphr(av & n4d). patient, tractable, good-hearted, gentle, 

yametik, av. tractable, good-hearted (plu). 

yamk'uh, iv. become warm (water, tortilla), 

yamobil, n4f. medicine that cuts fever or pain. 

yamta, tv. reheat /water, tortilla, griddle/, warm person /with cane liquor/. 

yamtaan, tv. reheat /tortillas/, warm /people/ /with cane liquor/, 

yamtaanan, tv. cf. yamtaan. 

yamtah, iv. reheat (water, tortilla), 

yamtaobil, n4f. cane liquor. 

yamteyamte, av. going out here and there (brush fire), 

yamteyamte c'ic'el, vphr(av & n4d). having one's pulse weaken, 

yamvan, iv. weaken person (witch, goat). 

t syamvan ta hc'uleltik. He weakens us in our dreams, 

hyameanvaneh, agn. witch who debilitates person, 

hyamvaneh, agn. nagual that debilitates person /goat/. 

yama 

yama, meadow rue. cf. n ama. 

yan A. 

yan, aj. more, on the other hand, elsewhere, besides, it isn't that, but, 

another, the other. 

yan 9o. It is different (or) It is another one. 

yantik. the others. 

ta yan k'ak'al. another day (or) in the future, someday, 

yan 9al, vphr(aj & tv/3s/). say ugly or crazy things, speak wildly or 

incoherently, call in ugly fashion (bird). 

yan sal hc'ulel. I had a nightmare. 

yan sal k'otel ta kaviltoe mu smeloluk t salbe ha9 icuk to. He arrived 

in court saying crazy things; he didn't tell them the truth, so he was 

jailed. 

yan la sal ta la sk'an eeb. They say he says ugly things; that he 

wants a girl. 

yan 9elan, vphr(aj & iv/3s/). be awful or disgusting, 

yan 9elan Wi, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & tv). be disgusted by, feel nauseated, 

feel ill at ease, be uncomfortable. 

yan S9elan ta lahesel iyaii. He thought it tasted bad. 

yan s"9elan t sa9i yikae. His burden is uncomfortable. 

yan s9elan t sa9i t iftoc ta kavilto ti mi eakbil ta smule. He feels ill 

at ease entering court when he has been seized for his crimes, 

yan 9elan won, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & n4d). feel sick, be nauseated. 

yan S9elan yo9on cak senuk. He was nauseated; he wanted to vomit. 

yan S9elan yo9on ti t sk'oponbat ta yan li slekome. He felt sick over 

his fiancee being spoken to by another, 

yan ba wi, vphr(aj & rpn/3s/ & tv). feel badly, hurt, or nauseated. 

yan sba t sa9i yo9on ti mi t stal senel yu9un ta karoe. He feels 

nauseated when he gets car sickness. 

yan sba t sa9i ti muk' ta S9ik'e ed'ele. He feels badly that he isn't being 

taken. 

yan sba t sa9i li kriscano ti mi yii' Io9loele. People feel badly when 

they are tricked. 

yan ba 9o9on, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn/3s/ & n4d). feel nauseated, be worried, 

anxious or upset. 

yan sba ycon yu9un ihatav seeb sci9uk hun krem. He is upset 

because his daughter eloped with a boy. 

yan pas, vphr(aj & tv). sin, do crazy things (madman). 

yan spas ta spikbe yahnil sbankil. He sins; he touches his older 

brother's wife i.e., He has sexual relations with her. 

yan pas 9o9on, vphr(aj & tv/3s/ & n4d). feel sick, 

yan sil 9ik'al lelan, vphr(aj & aj & aj & iv/3s/). cf. yan sihil lik'al lelan. 

yan sihil 9ik'al •Jelan, vphr(aj & aj & aj & iv/3s/). be horribly dirty or


horribly black, 

yanih, iv. go bad (meat). 

yanihem sa. It is pestulant /corpse/, 

yanihes, tv. cause to go bad /meat/. 

yantik, aj. more, other, evil. 

yantik t slekub. He is mending his ways. 

yantik t stal. He is coming closer. 

yantik t sbat. He is going further, 

hyan-lum, agn(aj & ncpd). Tzeltal person. 

yanal 

yanal, leaf. cf. 'anal. 

yance E(Sp, dianche). 

yance, excl. the devil! /exclamation of disappointment that is considered 

improperly vehement/. 

yanta N(Sp, llanta). 

yanta, nla. tire. 

yarns N. 

yarus, n5. yellow-bellied elaenia Elaenia flavogaster /Pat tOsil/. 

yas 

yas, blue, green, gray. cf. yos. 

yasnan X. 

yasnan, x. Female speech; nearly. 

yasnan sa ti mu came. He nearly died. 

yasus 

yasus, garlic, cf. ?asus. 

yat 

yat, penis, sting, etc. cf. ?at(l). 

yave N(Sp, Have), 

yave, nla. key. 

yavil 

yavil, since, on purpose, purposely, cf. ?il(2). 

yavlo 

yavlo, devil, cf. diablo. 

yay(I) X. 

yayih, iv. be wounded or cut, be broken open (fruit), 

yayihemal, nib. cut, wound, 

yayihes, tv. cut, wound, squash /fruit/, 

yayihesvan, iv. chafe person's foot or back. 

hyayihel, agn. person who is wounded or cut. 

hyayihesvaneh, agn. burden that chafes person's back. 

y»y(2) 

yay, younger woman, support person, cf. ya(3). 

yaya 

yaya, ancient, cf. ya(3). 

ye-Kl) T(2). 

ye?, tv. show, display or offer (merchant walking about with his or her 

wares), menace /with stick or fists/, 

ye?, iv. be proclaimed (wedding banns), 

ye? ba, rv. offer self (woman, worker). 

ye?ahtik, aj. widespread (legs). 

ye?an, tv. show or display /plu/. 

ye?anan, tv. cf. yetan. 

ye?e?, av. flailing about (arms, stick). 

ye?el, aj. menacing. 

ye?el nos ti sk'obe. He just resorts to hitting /people/. 

ye?elik, aj. leaning to side prominently (large ears of corn on stalk), 

menacing (plu). 

ye?et, av. showing, offering, menacing. 

ye?etah, iv. show, offer. 

ye?etik, av. cf. yetet (plu). 

ye?lah, av. cf. yetei (plu). 

ye?lahet ?ok, vphr(av & n4d). swaying legs wide apart. 

ye?lahet k'ob, vphr(av & n4d). thrashing arms about (drunk). 

ye?luh, av. menacing suddenly /with stick or fists/. 

ye?ob, nlf. net used for carrying merchandise to be displayed, straw mat 

in which salt is wrapped. 

ye?obil, nlf. cl.yOob. 

ye?p'uh, iv. lean far to side (head of baby improperly tied on back). 

ye?teye?te ta naetik, vphr(av & prep & n5). offering from house to house 

/merchandise/. 

ye?ulan, tv. keep showing, displaying or offering wares, keep menacing 

/with stick or fists/. 

isye?ulanbe yok. She showed her legs. 

ye?ulan ba, rv. keep offering self (woman). 

ye9van, iv. proclaim wedding banns (priest). 

ye?ye?, aj. leaning far to side (head of baby improperly tied on back, ear 

of corn). 

ye?yon, av. moving arms about while being carried (baby), moving head 

from side to side (snake). 

ye?(2) 

ye?, hah! cf. he?, 

yec A. 

yec, aj. like that, in that way, just, nothing. 

ha? yec k'ak'al cak tahe. on the same day of the week. 

ha? yec k'ak'al cak li?e. at this same time of day. 

yece cak lavi ?une. at this same time of day. 

bae*i yec nos ta h-mek. It is absolutely worthless. 

k'u t sapas. yec. What are you doing? Nothing. 

yec ta hlo?lo ?un. I was just tricking him. 

ta yec nos. aimlessly (or) for no good reason (or) purposelessly. 

ta yec no ?os iyak'. He gave it free of charge. 

yec ti mi vo?on lilahe. If it is me who dies. 

yec ce?e. That's right. 

ha? yec. That's right. 

ma?uk yec. It's not like that. 

ta yec mu yecuk. improperly, carelessly. 

?a li k'ose yec sal. The child is right. 

mu yecuk sal ya?el. He doesn't seem to be telling the truth. 

yec nos te li?ec". Just by chance I passed by there. 

ba stik' sba ta k'op ta yec ta mu yecuk. He goes and interferes rashly 

in the dispute, 

yec ?al, vphr(aj & tv). tell the truth. 

mi yec aval. Is that right? 

mi yec saval. Are you telling the truth? 

yec no ka, ajphr(aj & pt & x). now I see that... 

yec no ka lislo?lo tal ?un. Now I see that he tricked me into coming, 

yec nop, vphr(aj & tv). lie. 

yec nos ka, ajhr(aj & pt & x). cf. yec no ka. 

yec pas, vphr(aj & tv). do thing in this way, lie. 

yectik, aj. rather like that, 

yecuk, aj. should, should have, would, would have. 

lilah ?os ti yecuke. I would have died. 

?ic'o! yecuk. Take it! All right, 

yecyectik, aj. rather like that. 

yec'o Pt. 

yec'o, pt. therefore, for that reason, that's why. 

yec'o ?al, vphr(pt & tv/3s/). that's why. 

yec'o ka, ptphr(pt & x). that's why. 

yek N(Sp, Diego), 

yek, nld. James /Cobtik, Voi-bie/. 

yem I, P, P(2). 

yem, nc. heap (corn, rocks, excrement), 

yem ba, rv. pile up (corn, work), 

yemahtik, aj. in large piles (excrement, corn, rocks), 

yeman, tv. cause to accumulate /work/, 

yeman ba, rv. pile up (work), 

yemanyeman, tv. make one heap after another, 

yemanyemanan, tv. cf. yemanyeman. 

yembenal, n4f. place where earth has slid down, 

yemeah, iv. slide down (earth, corn), 

yemean, tv. make slide down /earth, corn/, 

yemekil, n4f. in many huge heaps.

yemel, vn5. avalanche. 

yemel, aj. with avalanche, in huge pile (wood, corn, earth, excrement, 

rocks), accumulated (work). 

yemelik, aj. cf. yemahtik. 

yemelyemel, n4f. each of many heaps. 

yemem, av. sliding down (earth, corn). 

yemes, tv. make slide down. 

yemesan, tv. make slide down in many places. 

yemesob, nlf. pick or shovel for causing earth to slide. 

yemesobil, nlf. cf. yemesob. 

yemet, av. sliding down (earth, piled corn). 

yemi, iv. be in large pile (corn, firewood, rocks). 

yemk'uh, iv. cf. yemeah. 

yemk'un, tv. make slide down /earth, corn/. 

yemk'unan, tv. make slide down in many places /earth, corn/. 

yemlahet, av. sliding down here and there (earth, piled corn). 

yemleh, nlf. piled high, huge size /pile/. 

yemlehikil, n4f. cf. yemleh /plu/. 

yemluh, av. sliding down suddenly (earth, corn). 

yemteyemte, av. sliding here and there (avalanche). 

yemyem, aj. in large pile (excrement). 

yemyon, av. piled on ground (rotting fruit). 

yenta 

yenta, store, cf. tyenta. 

yenno N(Sp, Guillermo). 

yermo, nld. William /infr/. 

yernes 

yernes, Friday, cf. byernes. 

yerva N(Sp, hierba). 

yerva, nle. tarantula. It is said to bite mules, but not people. 

yevas N(Sp, yegua). 

yevas, nla. mare. 

yi N. 

yi, nla. young corn ear /lacking kernels/. 

yi, aj. young (corn ear). 

yian, iv. produce young corn ear. 

t syian hu-huntik. A very few have young ears now /thirteenth 

developmental stage of corn, also called hyianel sa and vahal la yi/. 

yitik, n5. many young corn ears. 

yitik, aj. rather young (corn ear). 

hyianel, agn. corn plant with young corn ear. 

hyianel sa. The corn has young ears now /thirteenth developmental 

stage of corn also called t syian hu-hunlik and vahal la yi/. 

yi' P, P(2). 

yii, nla. sand. 

yil ba, rv. slide down (corn cobs, rocks, earth). 

yiiahtik, aj. cf. y'nil /plu/. 

yi'al ?uk'um, nphr(natt & n)5. river sand. 

yi'altik, n5. large expanse of sandy soil. 

yran, tv. spread out /corn/. 

yiwnan, tv. spread out a lot of /corn/. 

yranob, nlf. mat on which corn, etc., is spread. 

yiianobil, nlf. cf. y'nanob. 

yftanyfran, tv. spread out one after another. 

yi'ianyi'ianan, tv. cf. yftanyitan. 

yi?et, av. crumbling (earth), moving (gravel underfoot). 

yiwet, av. very crumbly or soft underfoot (sand, gravel). 

yiiil, aj. spread out (corn). 

yiilahet, av. cf. yiiet. 

yirteh, nlf. spread out. 

yi'iluh, av. being washed away suddenly (sand). 

yiip'uh, iv. crumble away, slide down. 

yiip'un, tv. cause to crumble away or slide down. 

yi'Jp'un ba, rv. crumble away, slide down. 

yMeyine, av. sliding here and there (sand or gravel underfoot). 

yi9tik, n5. expanse of sandy soil. 


yi^yon, av. being washed away (sand), moving (sand or gravel underfoot). 

yic'ak 

yic'ak, claw. cf. >ic'ak. 

yih A. 

yih, aj. thick (thread, leg, rope, nail, post, tree), wide (woven palm strip, 

leather strap), full (moon), ripe (corn too old to eat on cob, chayote, 

beans, fruit), old (person). Ritual speech, shaman referring to four 

mountain shrines; ancient. 

yih ssat li vo 1 ) li'e. The water here is hard. 

canib c'ul-yih canib c'ul-k'on. the four holy ancient ones, the four 

holy ripe ones /mountian shrines/, 

yihet, av. growing old /without marrying/, 

yihetik, av. cf. yihet (plu). 

yihil, n4f. fullness (moon), old age. 

syihil 9ak'ubal. midnight. 

syihil k'ak'al. noon /infr/. 

yihil •'anal toh, cf. toh. 

yihil bakal, cf. 'isiin. 

yihteyihte, av. walking about growing old /without marrying or taking 

religious post/. 

yihub, iv. become old (person), become ripe, mend (bone), become full 

(moon), become wide (woven palm strip), become large (tree trunk). 

yec t syihub ta balamil. He is just growing old on the earth /without 

taking religious post/. 

yihubtas, tv. widen /palm strip/, be born in full moon, ripen, 

yihubtasvan, iv. age person. To have sexual relations with an old person 

is thought to cause sickness and ageing. 

yihyih, aj. rather thick, wide, old or ripe, 

yihyihtik, aj. rather thick, wide, old or ripe, 

hyihubtasvaneh, agn. person who ages another. 

yik'al Pt. 

yik'al, pt. it may be. 

yik'al sibat •Jok'ob. It may be that I will go tomorrow. 

yil 

yil, never mind, forget it, what's the use? cf. ^(2) 

yiyii 

yiyil, never mind, forget it, what's the use? cf. 9il(2). 

yo(l) x. 

yo, aj. miserable, wretched, humble, lowly, lordly. This term is used 

primarily in ritual speech to express humbleness of human's condition 

or elevation of deities'. 

yo htuktuk. Poor me, I am all alone. 

yo 9os-vo'?otik6tik 9un. just the three of us. 

Ritual speech, prayer; h-sil yo htoh h-sil yo hkantela. A splinter of 

my humble pine, a shaving of my humble candle. 

Ritual speech, prayer; yo 1 anicim ba yo 1 anicim sat. Thy beauteous 

lordly eyes, Thy beauteous lordly face. 

yo(2) T. 

yo, tv. shoo /chickens by waving arms/, 

yoan, tv. shoo /chickens by waving arms/. 

yoanan, tv. cf. yoan. 

yoanyoan, tv. shoo one after another /chickens/, 

yoanyoanan, tv. cf. yoanyoan. 

yoet, av. waving back and forth (wheat), thin (weaving). 

syoet nos. It is floating /small quantity of cabbage in pot/, 

yoilan, tv. keep shooing, 

yolahet, av. cf. yoyon (plu). 

yolahetik, av. cf. yoyon (plu). 

yoob, nlf. switch to shoo chickens, 

yoobil, nlf. cf. yoob. 

yoyon, av. shooing /chickens/. 

yo(l) Pt. 

yo9, pt. the place where, the time when, so that, 

yo? to, ptphr(pt & pt). until, whenever. 

mi yo7 to t stal yak'. So now he comes to give it! 

yoi to k'u ca?al, ptphr(pt & pt & pt & pt). when the time comes, on the


day that. 

yo9(2) P, P(2). 

yo9ahtik, aj. cf. yoiol /plu/. 

yo9an hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). poke head over. 

yo9et, av. swaying. 

yo9ilan, tv. nod, shake. 

yo9ilanvan, iv. cause person to shake (heavy log being carried), shake 

person (car). 

yo9lahet, av. cf. yoiyon (plu). 

yo9ol hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). poking head over. 

yowlik hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. yofol hoi /plu/. 

yo9yon, av. nodding (head). 

hyoiilanvaneh, agn. person who shakes another. 

yo9s 

yo9s, god! cf. rios. 

yo9ste 

yo9ste, god! cf. rios. 

yo9s 

yo9s, god! cf. rios. 

yob P, P(2). 

yob, tv. close up /bag, ball of laundry/, gather in /skirt of seated woman/, 

fold /wings of diving hawk/. 

yob 9ok, vphr(tv & n4d). press legs together. 

yob ba, rv. press legs together, gather in /skirt of seated woman/, lay back 

(ears of horse or dog). 

yob-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5. narrow-hipped. 

yobahtik, aj. narrow (mouth of cave or pot), curled up (leaves), with knees 

pressed together. 

yoban, tv. bring together /knees/, lay back /ear of mule or dog/, fold 

/wings of diving hawk/. 

yoban ba, rv. bring knees together, gather in skirt. 

yobean, tv. lay back /ear of horse or dog/. 

yobet, av. sitting and swiveling back and forth with knees together (ladina). 

yobi, iv. draw skirt in. 

yobilan, tv. keep laying back ears (mule, dog). 

yoblahet cak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. yobyon cak (plu). 

yobleh, n4f. narrowness /lips, mouth of pot or basket/. 

yobobet, av. cringing (dog, child). 

yobobil, n4. string to tie mouth of bag. 

yobol, aj. pressed together (knees), narrow (mouth or base of pot), curled 

up (leaf). 

yobolik, aj. cf. yobahtik. 

yobteyobte cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about in narrow-hipped fashion 

(thin person or dog). 

yobyob, aj. narrow (mouth or base of cave or pot). 

yobyob scak. He is narrow-hipped /mark of ugliness/. 

yobyon cak, vphrfav & n4d). walking in narrow-hipped fashion (man 

with tight pants, dog that has been hit by car and wags rear end awkwardly, 

thin dog). 

yoc P, P(2). 

yoc, tv. loosen /strings of musical instrument, fence post, knot/. 

yoc, iv. become weak, stop fermenting, become loose (tooth, knot, fence 

post, sandal), empty (market), lessen (pain, frost, rain), taper off, slacken. 

iyoc sa ta ?abtel. He did less work now /because of sickness/. 

iyoc sa ta hobelahel. He made fewer trips to San Cristobal. 

yoc ba, rv. become loose (strings of musical instrument, sash when person 

loses weight, tooth), lean forward, slacken (loom). 

yoc c'ut, vphr(tv & n4d). loosen sash. 

yoc kriscano, vphr(tv & n5). debilitate person /by witchcraft/. 

yoca, tv. loosen /strings of musical instrument/. 

yoca c'ut, vphr(tv & n4d). eat sparingly. 

yocahtik, aj. loose. 

yocan, tv. loosen. 

yocan ba, rv. become loose (strings of musical instrument, sash, teeth). 

yofanan, tv. loosen /strings of musical instrument, pack ropes/. 

yoCanyoc'an, tv. loosen one after another /burden, strings of musical 

instrument/. , 

yocanyocanan, tv. cf. ybcanybcan. 

yoieah, iv. become loose (tooth, string of musical instrument), empty 

(market). 

yocean, tv. loosen /tooth, string of musical instrument/, slacken /rope/. 

yocean ba, rv. become loose (tooth, fence post), 

yocean baik, rv. slacken trading activities, 

yoceanvan, iv. weaken person (witch, sickness), 

yocebal, n5. moment before stopping fermentation, 

yocel, nc. loosening, 

yoces, tv. loosen /strings of musical instrument, sash, tooth/, ease /pain/, 

slacken /rope/, weaken /cane liquor/, 

yoces ba, rv. slacken one's trading activities, 

yoces hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). slacken tumpline /ease pressure on head by 

holding on to tumpline/. 

yocesan, tv. loosen /fence posts/, 

yocet, av. with small quantity of food in pot /to speed cooking process/, 

with few people /market, church, bus/, fastened loosely (burden), lacking 

sexual vigor (man), 

yocilan, tv. keep loosening /strings of musical instrument, fence posts, 

sash/, wiggle /loose tooth/, keep slackening /rope/, 

yoclahet, av. cf. yocyon (plu). 

yocleh, n4f. loose (strings of musical instrument), 

yoclehikil, n4f. loose /wires of fence/, 

yocol, aj. loose (sash, cinch, tooth, string of musical instrument, hoe 

head), weak /person, liquor/, 

yocolik, aj. cf. yocahtik. 

yocp'ih, iv. become loose (tooth, string of musical instrument), 

yocp'in, tv. cf. yocean. 

yocteyocte, av. loosening one string of musical instrument after the other, 

removing "wind" from body /with medicine/ (person, mule), feeling 

weak in one's veins. 

yocvan, iv. weaken person (witch, woman, work, sickness), 

yocyon, av. wobbling (tooth, fence post), loose (sandal), 

hyoceanvaneh, agn. sickness that debilitates person, 

hyocvaneh, agn. nagual that debilitates person /goat/. 

yocob 

yocob, sinkhole, cf. 9oc. 

yohov X. 

yohoval, aj. weak and incapable of physical exertion (person), 

yohoval, n4d. weak and incapable of physical exertions /restricted to 

third person/. 

yokel Pt. 

yokel, pt. in the process of, during. 

yokel 

yoket, hearthstone, cf. •>ok(l). 

yol N(N, yolotl). 

yol, n4f. anther /flower/, heart /tree/, embryo /corn kernel/, hilum 

/bean/, basal scar area /nut, pit/, core /pineapple/, central section 

/blouse/. 

yolin, iv. recover from /sickness, childbirth/, 

yolin ba, rv. become strong. 

yolel Pt. 

yolel, pt. in the process of, while, in the midst of. 

yolel t S9abteh. while he was working, 

yolel 9abtel. in the midst of work. 

yolob N. 

yolob, nla. bow and arrow /of kaibenal or sak-hol/, bodkin /thin wire 

inserted at end of weaving/. 

Ritual speech, shaman referring to lightning; c'ul-yolobetik 

c'ul-eueubetik. holy bows and arrows, holy bodkins. 

yolon 

yolon, cf. 9us. 

yolum N.

yolum, n. senna Cassia uniflora, #2622(15). Lowland plant" 

yom P. 

yom, tv. hold in both hands /bunch of flowers, weeds, pine tips, corn 

stubble, thatch/. 

yom, nc. bunch, bouquet. 

yomahtik, aj. in small piles (flowers, etc., mexican coyote brush on path). 

yoman, tv. set down in pile /flowers, etc./. 

yomanan, tv. set down /flowers, etc./. 

yomanob, nlf. straw mat on which flowers, etc., are piled. 

yomanobil, n I f. cf. yomanob. 

yomanyoman, tv. set down in one pile after another /greens, flowers, lead 

tree pods/. 

yomanyomanan, tv. cf. yomanyoman. 

yomeah, iv. wilt. 

yomean, tv. set down /flowers, etc./. 

yomel, nc. bunching, making into bouquets. 

yomet, av. carried or lying in piles (flowers, etc.). 

yomi, iv. be in small pile (flowers, etc.). 

yomilan, tv. keep holding /flowers, etc./. 

yomlah, av. carrying /small bunch of greens/ (plu). 

yomlahet, av. cf. yomyon (plu). 

yomleh, nlf. in small pile, bunch held in both hands /flowers, etc./. 

yomlehikil, n4f. in many small bunches. 

yomob, nlf. canvas, rope, etc., used to carry greens, flowers, etc. 

yomobil, nlf. cf. yomob. 

yomokil, n4f. in many small bunches. 

yomol, aj. in small pile, in small bunch (greens flowers, etc., mexican 

coyote brush on path), drawn (face). 

yomolyomol, n4f. each of many small bunches. 

yomteyomte, av. walking about carrying in bunches /greens, flowers, 

etc./. 

yomyom, aj. in small pile. 

yomyon, av. carrying /large quantity of greens/. 

yos 

yos, god! cf. rios. 

yosko 

yosko, kiosk, cf. kiosko. 

yoste 

yoste, god cf. rios. 

yos(l) A. 

yos, aj. blue, green, gray, humid (earth), fresh (fish, meat), green (wood), 

yos ti 9ora. lucky. 

yoso 1 ), aj(contr of yos & vo">). thin (posol). 

yoso9in, iv(contr of yos & von), take liquid medicine /diet restricted to 

medicine/. 

yosyostik, aj. rather blue, green or gray. 

yas-?enan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). green (glowing eyes of cat or fox at night). 

yas-?ib to, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 'green armadillo tree ?', tonduz 

senna Cassia tonduzii, #1834(1,4), #2140(1), #2281(3,4), #2436(1), 

#2586(1,4). Temperate "tree". The trunk is used for benches, beds, 

corn bins, steambaths, house mainposts, gates, gunstocks, slingshots, 

crosses, fence posts, and firewood. The flowers are used by ladinos to 

decorate graves and churches, senna Cassia skinneri, #1600(1,3). 

Temperate "tree". Croton sp., #478(1,2). Highland "tree". 

yas'-iie'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). blue (tinsel flower). 

yas-9ic, cf. 7ic. 

yas-">ic con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 'green chili bug', halictine bee. 

This lowland bee is credited with a very painful sting. If a man kills 

one he may carry it along with him when he goes to talk to his mistresses 

so that they will respond as he wishes. 

yas-roe'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue (cape of ensign-bearer or kanbenal when 

worn). 

yas-9oc'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). blue (steller's jay). 

yas-oon, cf. ion. 

yas-?op'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). bluish black (face). 

yas-Wt'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (measle scars, yasat kusum). 


387 

yas-'mc'ul, n(aj & ncpd)5. common bluebird Sialia sialis. cf. kere nucul. 

yas-'iulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). blue (sky), clear (water), lavender (flowers), 

yas-ûlan me) tak'in, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n of n/)5. saint elmo's 

fire. 

yas-'Juman, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue or green (bud), blue (vo')an). 

yas-bahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (white sapote fruit on tree, watermelon 

or watermelon squash either on plant or on ground), 

yas-balan, aj(aj & Pcpd). stained blue (legs of woman with newly dyed 

skirt), green (corn field). 

yas-biean, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (excrement of fox or cat), 

yas-bikan, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (overly thin corn gruel being poured), 

yas-bilan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). gray (excrement of sick child), 

yas-boean, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (e'ul lilah), gray (wool), 

yas-bot'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (face of person with measles). 

yas"-bue'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (pile of washed potatoes), 

yas-bulan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). blue (blind eye), 

yas-busan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (pile of lead tree pods, Crolalaria sp.). 

yas-eavan, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (opossum, police dog), 

yas-eiean, aj(aj & Ncpd). green (nearly ripe tie). 

yas-eilan, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (face of dying chicken), 

yas'-eonan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (moss), 

yas-eopan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (lead tree fruit or unripe chili in small 

piles). 

yas-euoan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (many cherimoya fruit on tree), 

yas-eukan, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (wrinkled ripe iinin). 

yas-eunan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). green (low weeds, sun rose), 

yas-e'anan, aj(aj & Pcpd). clear or green (puddle), 

yas-e'apan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue (tip of flag pole), 

yas-e'ikan, aj(aj & Tcpd). clear (water, espiritu). 

yas-e*ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (cat's eyes), blue (eyes of ladino staring 

at person). 

yas-e'otan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue (bride's headdress), 

yas-e'uban, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (tip of fence post). 

yas-e"uyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (unripe mangoes, avocados or wild figs 

on tree). 

yas-cahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (well-weeded corn field), 

yas-caman, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (dusk), 

yas-cecan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). gray (scrotum with cold), 

yas-cel, n(aj & ncpd). wild basil Salureja brownii, #1750(15,16). Highland 

"plant". Calopheria chiapensis, #1951(1,3,4,16,17), #2136(1), 

#2561(21,22). Temperate "tree" ()6,17)-To relieve headaches, a 

handful is boiled and the water used to bathe the head twice a day. 

It is "hot" (21,22)-As a remedy for sleepiness, four leaves are 

crushed in the hand and mixed with cold water. A drop is placed in 

the nostrils. It is "hot" 

yas-celtik, n(aj & ncpd)5. expanse of yas-cel. 

bik'it yas-cel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). wild basil Salureja brownii, 

#2367(20). Highland plant". To relieve headaches, a handful is 

heated and smeared on the head two or three times a day for two 

days. It is "hot". 

bik'tal yas-cel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). wild basil Salureja brownii, 


k'oS yas-cel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). wild basil Salureja brownii, 

#1452(3), #2367(3,4), #2490(4), #1750(3). Highland "plant" 

(5)-To cure mahbenal, the leaves are crushed in water, and the 

water drunk. It is "hot". Eupatorium sp., #1915(1,3,4). Temperate 

"tree". 

muk'ta yas"-6el, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). Calopheria chiapensis, 

#2561(1,4). Temperate "tree' (l)-To cure sleepiness, the leaves are 

ground and placed in the nose at bedtime for three nights. They are 

"medium". 

yas-celul, n(aj & ncpd). Catopheria chiapensis, #2136(11,14). Temperate 

'tree*. 

yas-cenan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). gray (cavity), 

yas'-cepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black and blue (eye). 

yas-cesan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (leaves of field mustard, cabbage, pota-


toes, corn). 

yas-cevan, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (face of sick person). 

yas-civan, aj(aj & Pcpd). grayish (legs). 

yas-coan, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (face of severely ill person). 

yas-cohon, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (face). 

yas-colan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., gray (row of puff-balls). 

yas-con, tv(aj & tvcpd). sell in advance /crop, daughter who is engaged 

at very young age, girl who has lover/. 

yas-conan, tv(aj & tvcpd). sell a lot in advance /crop, etc./. 

yas-conanan, tv(aj & tvcpd). cf. yas-conan. 

yas-conilan, tv(aj & tvcpd). keep selling in advance /crop/. 

yas-cunan, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (skin dirtied by bark or rocks, etc.). 

yas-cupan, aj(aj & Ucpd). blue (bruise). 

yas-cuyan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). gray (cin). 

yas-c'alan, aj(aj & Tcpd). green (trunk of cotton tree). 

yas-c'aran, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (cliff). 

yas-c'eban, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (face of puppy). 

yas-c'etan, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (sheep), green (expanse of cabbage, pile 

of Eupatorium liguslrinum, fresh thatched roof of large brahea palm). 

yas-c'ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue (bruised ribs). 

yas-hap'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (grass stain on clothing, piles of chayotes 

or watermelon squashes). 

yas-haran, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (cliff), blue or green (house in distance). 

yas-hasan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (water). 

yas-havan, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (with exhaustion or sickness). 

yas-heman, aj(aj & Ucpd). blue (bruise, scar). 

yas-hep'an, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). gray (face with sickness or exhaustion). 

yas-het'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). blue (bruise), green (pile of unripe mangoes, 

insufficiently cooked cabbage). 

yas-hi9an, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (expanse of sand). 

yas-hoean, aj(aj & Tcpd). green (sprouts). 

yas-hocan, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray complexioned (sick person, woman after 

childbirth). 

yas-homan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black and blue (eye). 

yas-hu9an, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (meadow, corn field, forest, grass stain). 

yas-huc'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). purple (nose). 

yas-human, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). green (sprouts). 

yas-kalan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). blue (eye with anger or drunkenness). 

yas-kepan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). green (bunch of unripe bananas). 

yas-kilan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., green (strip of land, ribbon). 

yas-kolan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (eye of cat or fox). 

yas-kotan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue, green (rainbow). 

yas-kulan, aj(aj & Xcpd). blue (eye). 

yas-k'atan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue (blue stained legs of woman with new skirt, 

eyes with anger). 

yas-k'ian, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). blue, green (expanse of canvas, river). 

yas-k'o9an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black and blue (bruise), green (grass stain). 

yas-k'oean, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (sprouting weeds, field mustard or carnation 

seeds sown on ground). 

yas-k'olan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). gray (cheeks). 

yas-k'ucan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). green (sprout). 

yas-k'utan, aj(aj & Tcpd). intense green (fields, corn field, grass stain). 

yas-lahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (opposum, porcupine). 

yas-lecan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., blue (bruised lips, clear sky). 

yas-lep'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (grass stain, spot of paint). 

yas-lican, aj(aj & Pcpd).' green (flag). 

yas-likan, aj(aj & P, T or T/2/cpd)., gray (tired or sick face). 

yas-lisan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue or green (hanging ribbon). 

yas-lohan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). grayish (net). 

yas-lopan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black and blue (bruise). 

yas-losan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue or green (folded object). 

yas-lucan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). gray (pus). 

yas-macan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). grayish (nearly closed eyes). 

yas-mek'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). glazed blue (eye of dead person, sheep or 

horse). 

yas-mocan, aj(aj & P P/2/cpd)., green Leptophis sp.. 

yas'-nelan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue (eye of angry person). 

yas-nesan, aj(aj & Acpd). light brown (hair). 

yas'-nikan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). blue (expanse of dogwood fruit, fruit and 

flowers of Solanum somniculenlum). 

yas'-pakan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., green (folded plastic raincoat), 

yas'-peean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., green (cabbage), 

yas'-pecan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., blue (yasal vinahel). 

yas-peman, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). green (partially-filled bottle of 

navasena, lespiritu or posil balamil, small puddle of water with algae), 

yas-petan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). gray (cin). 

yas'-pie'an, aj(aj & P/2/, T/2/cpd)., blue (brand new long pants), 

yas-pitan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). intense green (unripe fruit), green (eye 

of cat, coyote, horse or deer at night). 

yas-pocan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., bluish (face of sick chicken), 

yas-pohan, aj(aj & Ucpd). grey (shawl), 

yas-pok'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black and blue (eye), 

yas'-polan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). green or blue (stripe), 

yas-puk'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). clear (water), 

yas-p'atan, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (many coffee berries on tree). 

yas"-p'ehan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., green or blue (house, car), 

yas-p'evan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue (crack of sky, patch of unclouded sky), 

yas-p'ilan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). bluish (iris) /mark of beauty/, 

yas-p'oman, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (old mule), 

yas-p'osan, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (tree trunk), blue (bruise on leg), 

yas-p'uyan, aj(aj & Tcpd). green (many fruits on wild chili plant), 

yas-sanan, aj(aj & Ucpd). clearing (water), 

yas-setan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). green (unripe pineapple), 

yas-set'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (sliced white sapote, insufficiently dyed 

wool of sash), 

yas-s'okan, aj(aj & Ncpd). green or gray (skin of iguana, blue-bellied 

lizard). 

yas-sotan, aj(aj & P, Tcpd)., green Leptophis sp. (with raised head), 

yas-sup'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue (yasal vinahel). 

yas-tanan, aj(aj & Acpd). bluish (hazy mountain). 

yas-te9, n(aj & ncpd). 'green tree', kidney wood Eysenhardtia adenostylis, 

#1553(1,3,11,12), #2138(1,11), #2307(3,4). Temperate "tree" The 

trunk is used for house mainposts, door jambs, doors, corn bins, 

steambaths, beds, benches, chairs, hooks, lamp stands, bobbins, fiddle 

bows, axe, billhook and hoe handles, digging sticks, fence posts, and 

firewood. To prevent the spread of sickness among chickens, (l)-the 

bark or (3)-the wood is soaked in their drinking water. Diphysa floribunda, 

#435(1,2). Temperate "tree" The trunk is used for house 

posts, axe, billhook, and hoe handles, and for digging sticks. 

9it'is yas-te"), nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/5). Gliricidia ehrenbergii, 

#753(1,2). Temperate "tree". The trunk is used for firewood. The 

leaves are eaten by sheep, 

yas-toan, aj(aj & Ucpd). blue (corpse of strangled person, person who 

has suffocated). 

yas-telan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). green (fallen maguey inflorescence), 

yas-timan, aj(aj & Pcpd). grey (face of severely ill person), 

yas-tinan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., green or gray (Spanish moss), 

yas-toh, tv(aj & tvcpd). buy before the harvest /corn/, buy before refining 

/sugar/. 

yas-tok'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (canvas-topped truck), 

yas-tolan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). gray (fox's or cat's tail), 

yas-toman, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., green (flower stalk of maguey that has 

not yet flowered). 

yas-tue'an, aj(aj & P, Tcpd)., green (stretched out Leptophis sp.). 

yas'-tukan, aj(aj & Icpd). blue (many wild lilac flowers). 

yas"-t'aban, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., green (field). 

yas-t'as"an, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (cleared piece of forest), 

yas-t'ayan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green or blue (expanse of water), 

yas-t'elan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). blue (mark of whip lash), 

yas-t'ihan, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (ripe avocado, watermelon squash, fruit 

of Olmediella betschleriana), blue (long trousers).

yas-t'ik'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). blue or green (expanse of water). 

yas-t'oean, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (leaf applied to wound). 

yas-t'ohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). greenish (corn gruel flavored with marsh 

marigold 

yas'-t'uban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). blue (lake), clear (water). 

yas-vaân, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (trunk of cotton tree). 

yas-vaean, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (wool of sheep or donkey). 

yas-vak'an, aj(aj & Xcpd). blue (skirt), green (stripes of sash). 

yas-valan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., blue (yasal vinahel). 

yas-vayan, aj(aj & Ucpd). pale blue (door). 

yas-veian, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (nits). 

yas-vilan, aj(aj & Icpd). pale blue gray (neckerchief, ribbon). 

yas-voean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., gray (pile of wool), green (unidentified 

object on trail). 

yas-voc'an, aj(aj & P P/2/cpd)., green (unripe chilis on plant). 

yas-vohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (many unripe fruits, avocados on tree). 

yas-volan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., green (yas-ion). 

yas-vosan, aj(aj & 1/2/, Pcpd)., blue (bruised corpse of drowned person). 

yas-vucan, aj(aj & I, Pcpd)., bluish (blood blister). 

yas-yeman, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., green (pile of lemons or avocados). 

yas-yiian, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., gray (rock piles, sand). 

yas-yoman, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (handful of Crotalaria sp. or chayote 

flowers). 

yasa-vo"P, nphr(aj & ncpd)ld. eye. 

yasal, n4f. corrosion, mold. 

yasal, aj. blue, green, gray, humid (earth), fresh (fish, meat), green (wood), 

yasal "Jora. good luck. 

yasal 9inatab, cf. 'inatah. 

yasal ea?nel, cf. tan. 

yasal cih, cf. cih. 

yasal cil, cf. cil. 

yasal mocebal, nphr(aj & n)3a. gray woolen shawl. 

yasal nic e'iilel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). dayflower Commelina alpestris, 

#1460(11,12). Highland "plant", dayflower Commelina diffusa, 

#1789(16). Highland "plant", self heal Prunella vulgaris, #2030(17). 

Highland "plant", milkwort Polygala costaricensis, #2106(11,14). 

Temperate "plant", nettle sage Salvia mica, #476(1,2). Highland 

"plant", bush mint Hyplis verticillata, #1696(14). Lowland "plant" 

Hyptis suaveolens, #2647(15). Lowland "plant". Ageratum corymbosum, 

#1783(4). Highland "plant". #2433(1). Temperate "plant" 

#2636(22). Lowland "plant" Ageratum houstonianum, 

#319(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant". Ageralum paleaceum, #1421(1). 

Highland "plant". Eupatorium pycnocephalum, #39(1,2). Highland 

"plant". Eupatorium orbesioides, #442(1,2,3). Temperate "plant". 

#537(1,3). Temperate and highland "plant". Eupatorium imitans, 

#891(1,2,3,5). Lowland "plant". Lisianthus cuspidatus, # 1563(11,12). 

Temperate "plant" Dalea leporina, #2318(19). Highland "plant". 

Bonplandia geminiflora, #2864(14). Temperate "plant" 

yasal pepen, cf. pepen. 

yasal pok\ cf. pok'. 

yasal pom e'unun, cf. pom e'unun. 

yasal puy, cf. puy. 

yasal p'in, nphr(aj & n)la. blue enamelware. 

yasal saben, cf. saben. 

yasal senen, cf. senen. 

yasal sik, cf. sik(l). 

yas'al te'Mikal cih, cf. le?rikal cih. 

yasal vinahel, cf. vinahel. 

yasal vo, cf. vo. 

yasaltik, n5. humid or green stretch of land, meadow. 

yasaub, iv. become watery (corn gruel). 

yasaubtas, tv. make watery /corn gruel/. Thought to be caused by 

sampling before ready. 

yasbil 9ak\ nphr(aj & n)5. lit., vine that has been made green /said by 

dudes when personifying bonesetters/. 


yasbil to, nphr(aj & n)5. lit., tree that has been made green, i.e., bone that 

is restored to youth so that it resembles a young tree /said by dudes 

when personifying bonesetters/. 

yasbil ton, nphr(aj & n)5. lit., stone that has been made green, i.e., 

bone that is restored to youth so that it resembles a "young" stone, 

cf. yasbil ten. 

yaskul, n5. person with blind eye, blind eye /that has become bluish/. 

yasub, iv. become humid, mildewed or corroded. 

yasubtas, tv. make humid, cause to mildew or corrode, stain green or blue. 

yasubtasvan, iv. stain person green (weeds), stain person blue (new skirt). 

yasuneb, aj. black and blue (eye). 

yasyas-9ulan nicim, nphr(n/aj & Ucpd/ type n). bougainvillea Bougainvillea 

glabra, #670(1,2,3,4). Highland "tree" It is grown by ladinos 

and a very few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The slip or seedling is 

planted in the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases. 

yos(2) N. 

yos, nla. crab /archaic/, cf. kankreh. 

yos(3) 

yos, god! cf. rios. 

yoyal 

yoyal, pillar, post. cf. ioy[2). 

yu 1 ) I. 

yui, iv(3s). be able, be possible, ought, must, be held (funeral), be waged 

(war). 

Irreg.; su9 sa. That's enough. 

su9 t sic' eieel li vinike. The man ought to (or) must be punished. 

yu9 'Ju'mn, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be able, be good at, win, be wealthy, be 

able to cure. 

yuT k'in, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). hold private fiesta, have a fight. 

yu 1 ? k'op, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). have argument, have curing ceremony, 

yu"? yu'Hik, vphr(iv/3s/ & iv/3s/ & n4d). be well-to-do, be capable of 

witching. 

yuielal, n4d. authority /constable, political official/, 

yunik, iv. be incapable, irreg.; suitik. 

hyuêl, agn. government official /outside Zinacantan, extended to include 

government/. 

yub I, P, P(2). 

yub, tv. close up /bag, ball of laundry/, bring together /knees/, gather 

in /skirt of seated woman/, lay back /ear of mule or dog/, fold /wings 

of diving hawk/. 

yub, iv. be closed (bag, ball of laundry), 

yub ba, rv. gather in /skirt of seated woman/, converge (rows), bring 

knees together, 

yubahtik, aj. laid back (ears of dog or mule), pressed together (knees), 

narrow (mouths or bases of pots), 

yuban(l), tv. lay back /ear of mule or dog/, fold /wings of diving 

hawk/, bring together /knees/. 

yuban(2), tv. close /bags/. 

yuban ba, rv. bring together /knees/, gather in /skirt/, 

yubanan, tv. cf. yuban(2). 

yiibanyuban, tv. close one after another /bags/. 

yubeah, iv. close (flower), 

yubean, tv. lay back /ear/ (mule). 

yubet, av. pressing together (knees), closing (ears), 

yubi, iv. draw skirt in. 

yubilan, tv. keep opening and closing /knees/, keep laying back /ears/ 

(mule), stretching and folding /wings/, wave back and forth /skirt/ 

(dancing ladina). 

yublahet, av. laying back (ears of mule), 

yublahet £ak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. yubyon cak (plu). 

yubleh, n4f. narrowness (lips, mouth of pot or basket), 

yubobil, n4f. string to tie mouth of bag. 

yubteyiibte £ak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about in narrow-hipped fashion 

(thin person or dog). 

yubul, aj. pressed together (knees), narrow (mouth or base of pot), 

yubulik, aj. cf. yubahtik.


yubyon cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking in narrow-hipped fashion (man 

with tight pants, dog hit by car, thin dog), 

yubyub, aj. narrow (mouth or base of pot, gully). 

yuk(l) prob O. 

yiikteyukte, av. flying about chirping (yellow-eyed junco). 

yukyon, av. chirping (yellow-eyed junco). 

yukyuk mut, nphr(aj & n5). 'chirping bird', yellow-eyed junco Junco 

phaeonotus. cf. eieil ">ul. 

yuk(2) 

yuk, seventh, cf. vuk. 

yuk' P, P(2). 

yuk', tv. clean by shaking water in /bottle/. 

yuk' ba, rv. settle (corn in bag or bin), be impounded (river), 

yuk' ba ec'el, vphr(rv & dr). run off (rainwater). 

yuk'ahtik, aj. in puddles, 

yuk'an ba, rv. settle (corn), 

yuk'eah, iv. settle (corn), sweep along (river). 

yuk'ean ba, rv. form large puddles or areas of impounded river, 

yuk'et, av. thronging (cows, people), forming puddles (blood, water), 

sweeping along (river), 

yuk'etik, av. thronging (people), 

yuk'i, tv. clean by shaking water in /bottle/, 

yuk'ian, tv. clean by shaking water in /bottles/, 

yuk'ianan, tv. cf. yuk 'ian. 

yuk'ilan, tv. slosh around, shake down /corn in bag/, cause to settle by 

shaking. 

yuk'lahet, av. slapping (wave), careening (car). 

yuk'leh, n4f. mob, throng, 

yuk'lih, av. flooding over suddenly, 

yuk'ob, nlf. water for cleaning bottle, 

yuk'obil, nlf. cf. yuk'ob. 

yiik'teyuk'te, av. thronging about (people), swirling along (river), 

yuk'uk', av. thronging (people), sweeping along (water), 

yuk'uk'et, av. sweeping along (water), running (blood), 

yuk'ul, aj. in throng (people), in large puddle, 

yuk'ulilc, aj. cf. yuk'ul /plu/. 

yuk'yon, av. sloshing (liquid in bottle, jug, demijohn or stomach). 

yul I. 

yul, iv. arrive here, return here, irreg., sul. 

yul c'ulel, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). wake up, come to, become conscious, 

become a rational person /mature/. 

yul ta hoi, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). remember, miss, notice, 

yul ta lok'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). appear here, 

yulebal, n5. moment of arrival. 

yulel, dr. back /auxiliary verb expressing returning action/, 

yules ?anima, vphr(tv // n). Ritual speech, boy's petitioners and parents 

when asking bride's parents to set wedding date; lit., return one's soul, 

i.e., be responsible, comport oneself well. cf. yules c'ulel. 

yules c'ulel, vphr(tv // n). wake up, become responsible. Ritual speech, 

boy's petitioners and parents when asking bride's parents to set date of 

marriage; remember one's soul. 

isyules sc'ulel ha? li sob bu t sbate. He woke up because he was 

supposed to leave early. 

mi syules sc'ulelik mi syules yanimaik k'u caâl svoik k'u caâl suc'ik 

vor lit.. Will they recall their souls, will they remember their souls, 

the way they should eat, the way they should drink water, i.e., Will 

they comport themselves well as man and wife? 

yules ta hoi, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). occur to self, think up, realize, 

recall, guess. 

yulesan ta hoi, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). realize or recall many things, 

think up many things. 

yulesanan ta hoi, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). cf. yulesan ta hoi. 

yulesobil c'ulel, nphr(n4f of n4d/lp/). religious official /model of proper 

behavior/. 

yulilan, iv. keep arriving /to visit/, 

yulilan c'ulel, vphr(iv & n4d). keep awakening. 

yiillih c'ulel, vphr(av & n4d). waking up suddenly, 

yulteyulte, av. returning here one after another, 

yulul tal c'ulel, vphr(av & dr & n4d). waking up. 

yulyul c'ulel, vphr(iv & n4d). have waked up slightly, have become rather 

mature-thinking (child) /restricted to past tense/. 

yulyules c'ulel, vphr(tv & n4d). become somewhat perceptive or understanding, 

yulyultik c'ulel, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). have waked up slightly, have become 

rather mature-thinking (child), /restricted to past tense/, 

hyulahel, agn. person who arrives just after another. 

yusub 

yusub, cf. •Jusub. 

yut 

yut, in, inside, cf., •mt(2). 

yuy N. 

yuy, nla. see below, 

yuytik, n5. expanse of yuy. 

eahal yuy, nphr(aj & n). fly agaric Amanita muscaria, # 142(3,4,5), 

#158(3,4,5). Highland mushroom". 

k'anal yuy, nphr(aj & n). caesar's amanita Amanita caesarea, 

#112(3,4,5), #143(3,4,5). Highland "mushroom". It is sliced and 

boiled, seasoned with mexican tea and chili. It is "cold". Amanita 

sp., #64(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" Same use as above. 

k'os k'anal yuy, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Pholiata sp., #91(1,3,4,5). 


sakil yuy, nphr(aj & n). grisette Amanita vaginata, #17(1,3). Lowland, 

temperate, and highland "mushroom". It is gathered by women, and 

toasted on the coals. It is "cold". 

yasal yuy, nphr(aj & n). Amanita sp., #148(1,4,5). Highland "mushroom". 

yuy cauk, nphr(n of n). 'thunderbolt's yuy', see below, 

yuy cauktik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of yuy cauk. 

lik'-loan yuy cauk. nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n of n/). Russula sp., 

#8(1,3), #105(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom", 

eahal yuy £auk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). orange-brown lactarius Lactarius 

volemus, #11(1,3). Lowland, temperate, and highland "mushroom", 

fly agaric Amanita muscaria, #157(3,4,5). Lowland, temperate, 

and highland mushroom". Russula sp., #108(3,4,5). Lowland, 

temperate, and highland "mushroom". 

k'anal yuy cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Amanita sp., #5(1,3,5), 

#39(1,3). Lowland, temperate, and highland "mushroom". Russula 

flava, #111(3,4,5). Lowland, temperate, and highland "mushroom". 

Agrocybe sp., #10(1,3). Highland "mushroom". 

sakil yuy cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Russula sp., #8(1,3), 

#105(1,3,4,5). Highland "mushroom" 

yuyal cikin-ib, nphr(natt & n/n of ncpd/). Russula sp., #21(1,3). Highland 

"mushroom" It grows at the foot of live oaks, 

yuyal k'a?-te9, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). 'rotten tree yuy', see below, 

eahal yuyal k'a^-te 1 ), nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). Suillus sp., 

#176(4,5). Highland mushroom".

English-Tzotzil 

PictogTaph of Lorenzo 

(Codex Aubin).

abandon 

abandonment 

abate 

abdomen 

able 

abort 

abortion 

about 

above 

absent 

absorb 

absorbent 

absorbing 

abundance 

abundant 

abutment 

acacia 

accept 

accident 

accompany 

accomplice 

accordion 

accounting 

accuminate 

accumulate 

English-Tzotzil 

•?ilcta, tv; kecelta, tv; komean, tv; komes, tv. 

abandon one's efforts: komean ba, rv; komes 

ba, rv. 

abandon plan: c'ayesbe k'oplal, vphrftv & n4f). 

(fiancee): kecan ba, rv. 

9iktaeh-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. 

/of engagement/: kecaneh-bail, vn(tv & 

rpncpd)ld. 

cop, iv; copah, iv. 

(rain): tec', iv. 

k'unil, n4d; k'unil c'util, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

be able: tak', tv; tohob, iv; tohobah, iv; yw>, 

iv(3s); yu9 9u?un, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

be able to do: caile, tv; kuc imun, vphr(tv/3s/ 

& n4b). 

be able to handle: canbe, tv. 

pitk'un, tv. 

have abortion: yales 9ol, vphr(tv & n4d). 

kwenta, nib. 

about to: poôt, n5. 

9ak'ol, nib. 

be absent (sickness): hak ba, rv. 

absorb moisture (ground): 9uc\ iv. 

/eggs, white salt or elderberry branches used to 

"sweep" patient, and thereby absorb sickness/: 

mesob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. 

9uc\ av. 

/of fruit on tree/: linleh, nlf. 

(fruit on tree): nikil, aj. 

/bridge/: simyento, nle. 

c'is te 1 ), nphr(n type n)le; kevrahaca, n; 

kevrahaca to, nphr(n type n); muk'ta 

kevrahaca, nphr(aj & n); sakil c'is tei, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

bull's horn acacia: cohcoh, nle. 

prairie acacia: eahal sasib, nphr(aj & n); 

k'aiesob nukul, nphr(n of n); k'os sakil sasib, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k'os sasib, nphr(aj 

& n); muk'ta sasib, nphr(aj & n); sakil 

sasib, nphr(aj & n); sasib, n5; timbre, n. 

pringle's acacia: vamuc te9, nphr(n type n). 

sweet acacia: sakil c'is(2), nphr(aj & n). 

c'am, tv. 

have accident: pas palta, vphr(tv & n5). 

ci9in, tv; ci?inluh, iv. 

/in office/: nupin, tv. 

murder accomplice: hpoy, nld. 

•Jorkana 9ulo9, nphr(n4d of n5). 

give an accounting: 9ak' kwenta, vphr(tv & n5). 

lavustik, aj. 

accumulate weaving /to be done/: teman ba 

holobil, vphr(rv/3s/ & n4d). 

begin to accumulate wealth: likebin, tv. 

cause to accumulate /work/: yeman, tv. 

(interest): holin, iv. 

393 

accumulated 

accused 

accustom 

accustomed 

ache 

aches 

aching 

acid 

acidity 

acorn 

acquiesce 

acquire 

acrid 

act 

active 

adequate 

adhere 

/sins, work/: 9epahes, tv; 9epubtas, tv. 

become accumulated (work): ten ba, rv. 

(work): eelel, aj; temel, aj; tenel, aj; yemel, aj. 

make a formal accusation /before the magistrate/: 

k'an parte, vphr(tv & n5). 

make false accusation of paternity to enable girl 

to marry: nap'an, tv. 

accuse falsely: pak'an, tv. 

accuse falsely of witchcraft: vaoanbe oahval 

camel, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of vn5/). 

accuse person falsely: pak'ta, tv. 

accuse to one's face: tik'be ta sat, vphr(tv & 

prep & n4d). 

be falsely accused: kuc k'op, vphr(tv & n5). 

nopes, tv. 

be accustomed to: na9, tv; nop wi, vphr(iv // 

tv). 

be happily accustomed to: oak' won, vphr(tv 

// n). 

become accustomed to: nop, iv. 

become accustomed to person or person's 

home: nop 9u">un, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

make accustomed: nopes, tv. 

9avan, iv. 

cause severe ache in /leg, arm/ (snakebite, arthritis, 

cold, exhaustion): tuc', tv. 

(throat from constant vomiting): tok'lih, iv. 

with aches and pains throughout body: lilihem, 

aj. 

boe", e'ob, c'ok, pie, tok', av; tok'olik, aj. 

acid flavor given to food by metal pot: sin, aj. 

(oak bark, satin bark, apple, nance, mamey sapote): 

sapap, aj. 

k'ak'-nuk', n(aj & ncpd)5; k'ak'-nuk'ul, n(aj & 

ncpdjld. 

cocob, nld. 

nihan ba, rv; vasan ba, rv. 

tama, tv. 

acquire with great effort: eaeal-k'opta, tv(aj & 

tvcpd). 

hik'ik', aj. 

(cane liquor, burnt feathers, hair or corn gruel): 

k'ohoh, aj. 

sanav, iv. 

act as if: ca^le, tv; ca^le ba, rv; pas ba, rv. 

act like: ta.ii ba, rv. 

act up: toy ba, rv. 

(player, stuffed squirrels, etc., who represent officials 

who flee from fiesta): toy k'in, vphrftv 

&n5). 

(players, constables on fiesta of St. Sebastian): 

toy 'abtel, vphr(tv // n). 

take an active part: va9an ba, rv. 

bal, aj. 

adhere to: nap' ba, rv.' 

cause to adhere /skin of cheek and jaws to skin


adhering 

adjoin 

adjust 

admit 

adobe 

adolescent 

adopt 

adopted 

adoption 

adult 

adulterer 

adulteress 

adultery 

advancing 

advantage 

adversary 

advice 

advise 

affair 

affidavit 

afire 

afraid 

afterbirth 

afternoon 

afterwards 

afterworld 

again 

against 

agape 

of neck/ (tuberculosis): nitp'un, tv. 

with skin of cheek and jaws adhering to skin of 

neck: nitnit, aj. 

(land parcels): e'akin baik, rv. 

fasten and adjust on back /burden/: tabulta, tv. 

hamal lal, vphr(aj & tv). 

admit one's involvement: 9al ba, rv. 

samit, nla. 

ces, aj. 

/fourteen to fifteen years/: hilhil, aj. 

mOonin, tv; p'is ta c'amal, vphr(tv & prep & 

n4d); p'is ta kremil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

/daughter/: eebin, tv. 

person who adopts clothes of other people 

/Chamula becoming Zinacantec, Zinacantec 

becoming ladino/: k'ocol, n5. 

be adopted: nic'onin, tv. 

me9onil, n5. 

become an adult: pas ta kriscano, vphr(tv & 

prep & n5). 

hmulavil, agn. 

hmulavil ?ane, nphr(agn type n)5. 

commit adultery: mulav, iv. 

kec, av. 

take advantage of: tahinta, tv. 

take advantage of /lenience/: lekil W>i, 

vphr(n4f & tv). 

take unfair advantage of: 9ilbe 9o9on, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

9ahvalil, n3b. 

eieel, vn5; mantal, nib. 

follow person's advice: tak'be rason, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

give meddlesome advice to: tik'be k'op, vphr(tv 

& n5). 

listen to or heed advice: wi rason, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

person who gives good advice: rason vinik, 

nphr(n type n)5. 

•>ak' k'op, vphr(tv // n); 9ak' mantal, vphr(tv & 

n5); 9ak' rason, vphr(tv & n5); ?al rason, 

vphr(tv & nld); eie, tv; pas rason, vphr(tv 

& n5); p'ihubtas, tv. 

advise person: tuk'ibtasvan, iv. 

(bride's ritual tutor): tohobtas k'op, vphr(tv & 

n5); tohobtas rason, vphr(tv & n5). 

k'op, nld. 

•>akta, nld; 9aktail, nld. 

set afire /forest/: tokolahes, tv; tokolta, tv; tokoltas, 

tv. 

be afraid /to ask favor/: mak 9o9on, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

be afraid of: si9be, tv. 

feel afraid: si 1 ? 9a9i, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv). 

me") 9ol, nphr(n4d of n4d); me? 9unen, 

nphr(nld of n5).* 

smal, n5. 

late in the afternoon: mal sa, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

pt); mal sa k'ak'al, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt & n5); 

malet k'ak'al, vphr(av & n5). 

right afterwards: tihlebal, n5. 

k'otebal, n5; lahebal, n3b. 

nostok, pt. 

ci9uk, n4b. 

kac, kav, leh, lie', av; lecel(l), aj. 

be agape (mouth when lost in thought): kaci, iv. 

(mouth when lost in thought): kacel, aj. 

agaric 

agave 

age 

agreeableness 

agreed 

agreement 

ahead 

aid 

aimlessly 

air pine 

airfield 

airplane 

ajar 

albino 

alcalde 

(mouth): kaval, aj; kevel, aj; lehel, aj. 

with mouth agape: level ie, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

n4d). 

with mouth agape /scolding, shQting, yakking/: 

sevet 9e, vphr(aj & n4d). 

ceceval san-antres, nphr(natt & n/aj & 

ncpd/)5; k'os bililus, nphr(aj & n). 

fly agaric: eahal yuy, nphr(aj & n); eahal yuy 

cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

wood agaric: sak-balon, n(aj & nepd). 

guatemalan agave: ci met, nphr(n type n). 

soap root agave: muk'ta tub cil, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); tub cil, nphr(n of n). 

c'iel, n4d; molib, iv. 

feign greater age: molibtas ba, rv. 

(man, woman, animal): malub, iv. 

/person/ (sickness): malubtas, tv. 

(woman): moelub, iv. 

yalemal 'Won, nphr(n4f of n4d); yalemal hoi, 

nphr(n4f of n4d). 

tek, pt(contr of le & -uk); teuk, pt. 

trate, nla. 

be in agreement: ko9ol hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

n4d). 

be in agreement with: kom ta lek, vphr(iv & 

prep & aj). 

come to an agreement: eob k'op, vphr(tv & 

n4d/3p/); kooltasbe hoi, vphr(tv // n). 

ba9yi, aj; t'ab, pt. 

get ahead: bailah, iv; helav, iv. 

place ahead /in walking order/: ba'yihes, tv; 

ba9yubtas, tv. 

mutual aid: koltaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

ritual aid: c'amunel, vn5; c'omil, n5. 

9ic"be tuk'il, vphr(tv & n4f); punto, nle. 

aim at /with gun/: 9ak'be punto, vphr(tv & n5). 

hoc, va9, vel, av. 

stand aimlessly: hoci. iv. 

standing aimlessly: hocol, aj; va9al, aj; velel(2), 

walk aimlessly: vaietah, iv. 

wandering aimlessly: k'am, av. 

•)ik', nla. 

in the air: pak', av. 

9ec', nla. 

yaleb 9avyon, nphr(n4f of n5). 

•Javyon, nla; sulem k'ok', nphr(n type n)5; 

vilem k'ok', nphr(aj & n)5. 

be ajar: p'evi, iv. 

(person, horse, dog): meko, aj. 

alcalde juez: 9alkalte, agn. 

alcalde shuves /terminal post of religious hierarchy/: 

9alkalte-suves, agn(n type nepd). 

grand alcalde: mol •'alkalte, nphr(aj & n)5. 

grand alcalde /most prestigious official of the 

fourth level df religious hierarchy/: muk'ta 

9alkalte, nphr(aj & agn). 

junior alcalde viejo /second most prestigious 

official of fourth level of religious hierarchy/: 

bik'it •Jalkalte, nphr(aj & agn). 

petty alcalde: bik'it mol, nphr(aj & n)5. 

petty alcalde /second most prestigious official 

of fourth level of religious hierarchy/: bik'it 

•Jalkalte, nphr(aj & agn). 

senior alcalde viejo /most prestigious official of 

the fourth level of religious hierarchy/: muk'ta 

9alkalte, nphr(aj & agn).

alder 

alderman 

alferez 

alighting 

align 

alike 

alive 

All 

all 

allegiance 

alley 

almost 

alms 

almud 

alone 

already 

alright 

also 

altar 

altercation 

alternate 

although 

alvaradoa 

always 

amanita 

amaranth 

amaryllis 

amazon vine 

amble 

ambling 

ambulatory 

ambush 

amends 

American 

amiss 

ammi 

among 

amputated 

amused 

eahal nok, nphr(aj & n); nok, nle; sakil nok, 

nphr(aj & n). 

/each of six officials of the civil hierarchy/: 

rehirol, agn. 

first alderman: primero rehirol, agn(nphr/aj & 

n/). 

/official of the second or third level of the religious 

hierarchy/: oalperes, agn. 

ew •Jamuc, nphr(n of n)le. 

flying and alighting here and there (insect): 

noctenocte, av. 

tuk'ibtas, tv. 

be alike: kcolah, iv. 

kusul, aj. 

All Saints' Day: santo, n5.* 

All Souls' Day: santo, n5.* 

kotol, n4b; labal, aj. 

that is all /implies a great quantity of one kind 

of thing, or frequency of one type of action/: 

naka ha 1 ), ptphr(pt & pt). 

that's all: ha 1 ? nos, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of no & 

nos/); ha9 nos yec, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of no 

& -)os/& pt). 

switch one's allegiance: vala-patin komel, 

vphr(tv/x & ncpd/ & dr). 

k'al naetik, nphrfn type n)5. 

hutuk, n5; pcot, n5. 

limusna, nla. 

alms box: ">av limosna, nphr(n4f of nla). 

/15 or 20 liters/: •Jalmul, nla. 

tuk, n4d. 

all alone: tuktuk, n4d. 

s'a, pt. 

tek, pt(contr of le & -uk); teuk, pt. 

•mk, pt. 

•Jaltal, nle. 

have an altercation: sok k'op, vphrliv & nld). 

hel baik. rv. 

•>anke, pt; lipuk, pt. 

mexican alvaradoa: hac'ub tc, nphrfn type n); 

kamaron te 1 ), nphr(n type n). 

/usu. followed by tonos/: sempre, pt. 

caesar's amanita: k'anal yuy, nphr(aj & n). 

eahal e*ul 9itah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 

spiny amaranth: eahal c'is'e'ul oitah, nphr: aj & 

nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); sakil c'is' e'ul ">itah, 

nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 

white amaryllis: sakil "Jasasena, nphr(aj & n). 

cab-'Jak', n(aj & ncpd). 

amble around /in market, in yard, on paths/: 

pasetah, iv. 

hoc, av. 

become ambulatory (patient): vaêah, iv. 

place of ambush: nak'ob-bail, vn(n & 

rpncpd)ld. 

help another make amends: lahesbe mul, 

vphr(tv & n4d). 

brinko, n5. 

go amiss: sok ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). 

lenkahe, n5. 

t, prep(conlr of la); ta, prep. 

mok, av. 

with amputated limb: mokol, aj. 

be amused by: ee")eh "Wi, vphr(vn & tv); k'el 

•?elav, vphr(tv & n5). 

be amused by /another's discomfort/: •'elavah, 


amusement 

anatto 

ancestor 

and 

Andrea 

Andrew 

anemic 

angel 

anger 

angry 

animal 

ankle 

announcement 

annoy 

anoint 

another 

eoeh, vn5. 

anatto tree: vo?os, nla. 

ancestor god: totil meîl, nphr(n3d & n3d). 

/person of former times/: ântivo, n5. 

î, pt; cHuk, n4b. 

•JAntet, nld. 

Teles, nld. 

bak, aj. 

TOnhel, agn. 

each of the angels and sacristans who chase 

straw bull: vakero, agn. 

kapan, tv; k'ak'al, n4d; k'ak'al wonil, nphr(nlf 

of n3d). 

arouse anger: ->ak' k'ak'al lo'on, vphr(tv/3s/ & 

nphr/n4f of n4d/). 

banish anger: ves, tv. 

flaring up with anger: tiMuh hoi, vphrfav & 

n4d). 

give vent to anger (drunk): lameah, iv. 

give vent to one's anger: lok'es k'ak'al Won, 

vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). 

looking down nose in anger: mas, av. 

quick to anger: bik'it W)on, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

n4d). 

mac, av; kapem, aj. 

angry person: hk'ak'al-won, agnfaj & ncpd). 

be angry: ioy k'ak'al won, vphr(n/pred/ & 

nphr/nlf of n4d/); copol hoi ''aii, vphrfaj/ 

pred/ & n4d & tv). 

become angry: kap, iv; kap hoi, vphr(iv & 

n4d). 

man who always appears angry: mas-nii 

vinik, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 

woman who always appears angry: mas-ni'' 

oane, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 

groove-billed ani: e'ok-niT mut, nphr(aj/aj & 

ncpd/ & n)5; hiak'-cin, agn(tv & ncpd); hti 1 )sip, 

agn(tv & ncpd). 

•Janimal, n5. 

animal companion spirit of witch /black dog, 

cow, goat, cat. horse/: vayihel, nld. 

animal transformation of witch: vayihel, nld. 

circus animal: hiak'-'elav con, nphr(agn/tv & 

ncpd/ type n5). 

companion animal spirit: canulil, n3d.* 

domestic animal: con rios, nphr(n4f of n5). 

/general term/: canulil, n3d; con, nle. 

wild animal: canul tctik, nphr(n of n)5. 

young female animal: eebal, nla. 

nuk' lokol, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

ankle bone: sat ''okol, nphr(n4f of n3d). 

part of ankle /cut of beef/: simaron bek'et, 

nphr(aj & n)5. 

lal, tv. 

announce names /newly elected officials/: 

lok'es biil, vphr(tv & n5). 

announce one's death (owl, whippoorwill, etc.): 

pay camel, vphr(tv & vn5). 

announcement of appointment to religious post 

/stewards-royal, judge ordinary, elders, ensign-bearers, 

constables, principals, captains, 

cantors, and publicans/: vun, nla. 

k'us'ubtasbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). 

nib, tv. 

anoint body for swelling Ipumell: posin, tv. 

/with medicine/: bon. tv. 

90, pt; TOtro, aj; yan, aj.


ant 

anteater 

anthem 

anther 

Anthony 

anthurium 

antler 

antlion 

Antonia 

anus 

anxiety 

anyone 

anything 

anywhere 

apart 

ape's-earring 

apiece 

apologize 

apostle 

appear 

appearance 

another time: nostok, pt. 

tak\ tv; tak'av, iv. 

answer back: pak, tv; pak 9ahval, vphr(tv // n). 

answer back (person) /call of bird/: tak'be 9e, 


sinic, nle. 

army ant: ba te9 con, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type 

n)lf. 

highland red ant: cak-toroc, n(aj & ncpd)le.*; 

toroc, nle. 

highland wood ant: k'oroves, nle. 

leaf-cutter ant: k'is, nle; me9 k'is, nphr(n of 

n)5.* 

obligate acacia ant: canul cohcoh, nphr(n of 

n)5.» 

velvet ant: bolom con(l), nphr(n type n)5.* 

wood ant: k'ork'on, nle.* 

eWun-cab, n(tv & ncpd)5.* 

national anthem: kaslan son, nphr(aj & n)5. 

/flower/: yol, n4f. 

9Antun, nld. 

k'os pamal habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); 

pamal habnal, nphr(natt & n)la. 

sulub, n5. 

9araro, n5; talah, nle. 

9Antunina, nld. 

be 9ik', nphr(n of n)5; be eo9, nphr(nlf of nld); 

ti9 cak, nphr(nlf of nld). 

with anus showing: c'oh, av. 

k'op won, nphr(n4f of n4d). 

copol Won, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). 

be anxious: 9at 9o9on, vphr(tv // n); 9at hoi, 

vphr(tv // n); k'opoh W9on, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n4d); k'opohes 9o9on, vphr(tv & n4d); yan 

ba 909on, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn/3s/ & n4d). 

feeling anxious: soket 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). 

buc'u, pt. 

there is anything: 9u k'u, nphr(n5 & pt). 

buk nos, ptphr(pt/contr of bu & -uk/ & pt). 

lekoh, n4b. 

come apart (weaving): bo, iv; boboh, iv. 

tamarind ape's-earring: cenek' te9, nphr(n type 

n). 

one apiece /bowl, handful, etc./: huhuhu-hun, 

nphr(n/num & nccpd/ & 

num/num & numcpd/). 

lahes mul, vphr(tv // n); lahesbe 9o9on, 


apologize for: lahesbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). 

/term for stewards on Maundy Thursday/: 

9apostol, n5. 

9ayan, iv; vinah, iv. 

appear above horizon (sun, moon, Venus): nac' 

tal, vphr(iv & dr); nac'eah tal, vphr(iv & dr). 

appear here: yul ta lok'el, vphr(iv & prep & 

vn5). 

appear over crest of hill (person): nac' tal, 

vphr(iv & dr); nac'eah tal, vphr(iv & dr). 

it appears: 9ilel, vn4f. 

make the moon appear (fetus born precisely one 

lunar month late): nac'es tal hc'ul-me9tik, 

vphr(tv & dr & agn/aj & ncpd/). 

(moon, sun): mesuh lok'el, vphr(iv & dr); 

mesuh tal, vphr(iv & dr). 

care about one's appearance: k'el ba, rv. 

make formal appearance as shaman: nup 

k'obol, vphr(tv & n5). 

appearing 

appease 

appeased 

appendix 

appetite 

appetizer 

applauding 

apple 

appoint 

apprehensive 

approach 

approaching 

apricot 

April 

apron 

arch 

arched 

archeologist 

arching 

arduous 

are 

aren't 

argue 

argument 

aright 

arise 

arm 

appearing time and again /to request favor/: 

tihton, av. 

lahesbe 9o9on, vphrftv & n4d). 

be appeased: lah 9o9on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

ni9 yihil bikil, nphr(nlf of nphr/aj & n/5). 

lose one's appetite: tok ba tal io9on, vphr(rv & 

dr & n4d). 

without appetite /feeling filled with gas/: 

sukuket 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d); sukul 

9o9on, nphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

bateb trago, nphr(n4f of n5); bokaro, nla. 

k'ek', av; nececet, av; viklahet, av. 

bae"i maneana, nphr(aj & n)5; eahal tanhero 

maneana, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); kamosa 

maneana, nphr(aj type n); kaslan maneana, 

nphr(aj & n)ld; perote maneana, nphr(n 

type n)); sakil tanhero maneana, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/). 

adam's apple: maneana(l), nla. 

nop, tv. 

appoint person as witness: va9anvan, iv. 

/witness/: va9an, tv. 

be apprehensive: 9al 9o9on, vphr(tv // n). 

approach slowly: k'un-nopleta, tv(aj & tvcpd). 

approach stealthily: nopleta, tv; noplita, tv. 

(fiesta, entrance into religious office): uheah, iv. 

/in space or time/: nopoh, iv. 

be approaching: nopolib, iv. 

kaslan turasnu, nphr(aj & n)la. 

9avril, n5. 

mak, nld; mak nukul, nphr(n type n)lb; makol, 

n4f. 

9alku'», nle. 

arch back (cat, opossum): kotan pat, vphr(tv & 

n4d); kuhan pat, vphr(tv & n4d). 

arch of foot: pacomal 9okol, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

flower arch /arch of tinsel flowers used to decorate 

altars, also to decorate mountain 

shrines on the fiesta of the holy cross/: 

9alku9 nicim, nphr(n of n)5. 

make arch of /dogwood for frame of floral decoration, 

for frame of straw bull/: sot, tv. 

make into arch /floral arch, frame of straw 

bull/: Ia9an. tv. 

make into arch /floral decoration, frame of 

straw bull/: Ia9p'un, tv. 

(rainbow): koti, iv; va9i, iv. 

(snake): Ia9 ba, rv. 

kotkot, aj. 

hk'el-vie, agn(tv & ncpd). 

arching back: tac 1 , av. 

arching back suddenly (person who expects foot 

to land on higher ground than it does, person 

in pain): yak'luh, av. 

be arduous (work): kikeah, iv. 

there are: 9oy, n5. 

there aren't: maûk, pt. 

/legal case/: k'opoh, iv. 

k'op, nld. 

cause an argument to become heated: tiles k'op, 

vphr(tv & n5). 

have argument: yu9 k'op, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). 

have argument collapse: sok k'op, vphr(iv & 

nld). 

set aright: lekubtas, tv. 

lik, iv. 

at arm's length: nom te9el 9akan, vphr: ajphr(aj

armadillo 

armful 

armor 

armpit 

aroma 

around 

arrange 

arriving 

arrow 

arrowroot 

ascent 

ash 

ashamed 

ashen 

ashen-legged 

ashes 

aside 

ask 

asking 

asleep 

asparagus fern 

aspergal 

asperges 

assassin 

assemble 

& aj/pred/) & n4d. 

/person, cross/: k'obol, n3b. 

armadillo shell /archaic/: cil, n4d. 

nine-banded armadillo: lib, nld; e*omol con, 

nphr(n type n)5.*; kapon, nla; kapon con, 

nphr(n type n)le. 

carrying armfuls: k'ec, av. 

/armadillo/: patil, n3c. 

loe'opil, n3d. 

muil, n4b. 

hoyleh, n4f: ta tohol, nphr(prep & n4d). 

entirely around: hoyleh, n4f. 

melean ba, rv. 

arrange in neat pile /flowers/: tusa, tv. 

arrive here: yul, iv. 

arrive there: k'ot, iv. 

/here/: tal, iv. 

arriving frequently /orders, visitors/: talel talel, 

nphr(vnlb & vnlb). 

p'ilom to, nphr(n type n)ld. 

bow and arrow /of katbenal or sak-hol/: yolob, 

nla. 

c'uc', nld; k'os c'uc", nphr(aj & n); sakil c"uc', 

nphr(aj & n). 

komo, pt; k'u to, ptphr(pt & pt); t, prep(contr 

of la); ta, prep, 

as far as: k'al, pt. 

as long as: yal, pt. 

as many: k'u Tepal, nphr(pt & n4f). 

as much: k'u lepal, nphr(pt & n4f). 

seeing as: yal, pt. 

muyebaltik, n5. 

prickly ash: 7ic'ak mis, nphr(n4d of n5). 

be ashamed: k'esav, iv. 

denunciatory speech; be ashamed: -Japonah, iv. 

become ashen: tanub, iv. 

(face of child who has lost mother): tan-salan, 

aj(aj & Acpd); tan-saran, aj(aj & Ucpd). 

(face of sick person): tana], aj. 

/from sickness/: tan-mukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). 

make ashen (sickness, buzzard that has rock 

thrown at it): tanubtas, tv. 

/person who does not wash legs, buzzard, boattailed 

grackle/: tan-")akan, n(aj & ncpd)5; 

tan-")ok, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

tan, nla. 

ashes that fly into air when water spills on fire: 

pul-tan, n(aj & ncpd)le. 

covered with ashes (cat, woman's skirt): tanmukan, 

aj(aj & T/2/cpd). 

move aside: k'eh ba, rv. 

set aside: k'eh, tv. 

hak\ tv. 

ask about: hak', tv; hak' k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). 

ask about from place to place: hak'an, tv. 

ask for: k'an, tv. 

ask searching questions: hoe'hoe'-hak', tv(aj & 

tvcpd). 

hak', av. 

vayal, aj. 

fall asleep: we vayel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn4d). 

kilkil nicim, nphr(aj & n). 

•?ak'ob responso, nphr(n of n)5. 

e'uiltasel, vn5. 

hmak-be, agn(tv & ncpd); hp'as-holol, agn(tv & 

ncpd). 

eob ba, rv. 


assembled 

assembly 

assistant 

associates 

assuage 

aster 

astonished 

at 

athlete 

atone 

atonement 

attach 

attack 

attempt 

attention 

attorney 

August 

Augusta 

Augustus 

aunt 

authority 

authorization 

authorize 

autopsy 

availability 

available 

avalanche 

(mob for lynching): payal, aj. 

assembly of saints in church following procession: 

nupolahel, vn5. 

/of entire community/: nik-bail, vn(tv & 

rpncpd)5. 

ritual assistant /of religious officials or of family 

of sick person prior to shaman's arrival/, 

an. poss.; -ahe'om. : he'omil, agn. 

grupo, nld. 

assuage man's sexual appetite (woman): lamean 

vinik, vphr(tv & n5). 

assuage sexual appetite: lamean ba, rv. 

/sexual appetite, desire for alcoholic beverage/: 

paheah Won, vphr(iv & n4d). 

assume incorrectly /past participle only/: 9al, 

tv 

/occurs always with subjunctive suffix, third 

person may be saiuk or yaiuk/: w?, tv. 

posil sal-e'i 1 ), nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/). 

be astonished: c'ayeaih, iv. 

ta, prep. 

at last!: forasi, excl. 

at least: sikera, pt. 

athlete's foot: ci 1 ) ''okol, nphr(x of n)5. 

lahes mul, vphr(tv // n). 

laheseh-mulil, vn(tv & ncpd)5. 

eoybe lak'il, vphrftv & n4f). 

attack person in house: makvan ta na, vphr(iv 

& prep & n5). 

attack person on road: makvan ta be, vphr(iv & 

prep & n5). 

attack with /rock, stick, machete, gun, 

knife, slingshot, etc./: iak' , vphr(tv & 

n5). 

preva, n5. 

pay attention: wibe melol, vphr(tv & n4f); 

7ak' ta kwenta, vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

pay attention to: 9ak' ta muk', vphr(tv & prep 

& aj); lie" won, vphr(tv & n4d); lie' ta kwenta, 

vphrftv & prep & n5); îc" ta muk', 

vphr(tv & prep & aj); tuk'ulan, tv. 

pay close attention to: lekil-wi, tv(aj & 

tvcpd). 

pay no attention to: mu ta woniluk, nphr(pt & 

prep & n5). 

district attorney's office: ministerio, nla. 

tagosto, n5. 

lAkus, nld; Tinik, nld. 

lAkustin, nld. 

/maternal, paternal, wife of maternal or paternal 

uncle/: hun me9il, nphr(num & n)3d; 

muk'ta meiil, nphr(aj & n)3d. 

civil authority: 9ahval kavilto, nphr(n4f of n5). 

civil authority /archaic/: hustisya, agn. 

/constable, political official/: yuêlal, n4d. 

exceed one's authority: pas hamparoal, vphr(tv 

& n5). 

native authority: hmeleaneh-k'op, agn(tv & 

ncpd); hmeleanvaneh, agn. 

Morten, nla. 

•>ak' Morten, vphr(tv & n5). 

perform autopsy: havvan, iv. 

sokobtas-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

make one's self available: sokobtas ba, rv. 

hem, iv; hemel, n5; sol yalel, vphr(iv & dr); tue', 

iv; tue' ba, rv; tuc', iv; tuc' ba, rv; tue'eah, iv; 

yemel, vn5.

398 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 A/B 

avalanching 

avocado 

avoid 

awake 

awaken 

awakened 

aware 

away 

awful 

awry 

axe 

Aztec 

baaing 

baby 

baby-sitter 

baccharis 

bachelor 

back 

backache 

backstrap 

backwards 

backyard 

bad 

badger 

badly 

bag 

with avalanche: yemel, aj. 

kec, av. 

''on, nla; ''oven te 1 ), nphr(n type n); bae"i ''on, 

nphr(aj & n); eie te9(2), nphr(n type n); c'ail 

9on, nphrfaj & n); muk'ta 9on, nphr(aj & n); 

yas-wn, n(aj & ncpd)la. 

•>et'es, tv. 

avoid the subject: c'ay k'op, vphr(tv & n5); mak 

k'op, vphr(tv & n5). 

hulan, aj; hulem, aj. 

awake at dawn: sakub, iv. 

lie awake restlessly: vik'il-sati, tv(aj & tvcpd). 

remain wide awake: vik\ iv. 

wide awake: vik'von, av. 

/another person/: tales c'ulel, vphr(tv & n4d). 

/in morning/: 9a9i 9osil, vphr(tv & n5). 

awakened by poking: tihbil, aj. 

be aware of: 9ic" ta kwenta, vphr(tv & prep & 

nS). 

lead away: ?ik' ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

awful person: pendeho, n5. 

be awful: yan 9elan, vphr(aj & iv/3s/). 

cause to go awry /discussion, aim/: tilc'un, tv. 

go awry (discussion, aim): tilc'uh, iv. 

going awry (dispute, argument): soket k'op, 

vphr(av & n5). 

(thatch roof): sikil, aj. 

(thatch): voeol, aj. 

•Jek'el, nla. 

hmehiko, agn. 

B 

be, me?, av. 

nene 1 ), nld. 

have baby: kol ta 9alahel, vphr(iv & prep & 

vn5). plu.;9unetik, 9unenetik : 9unen(l), nla. 

hkuc-?unen, agn(tv & nepd). 

cutleaf broom baccharis: c'ail pos, nphr(aj & 

n)5; posil ea9nel, nphr(n of vn). 

tohol krem, nphr(aj & n)5. 

/auxiliary verb expressing returning action/: 

yulel, dr. 

back of chair: kiklebal sila, nphr(nlf of nld). 

/fence/: cakil. n3e. 

/house, chair, person, hand, arm, leg, fiddle, 

guitar/: patil, n3c. 

lie on back (dog): levi, iv. 

on one's back: haval, aj. 

give person a backache (burden): voc'eanvan, 

iv. 

backstrap of backstrap loom: tab-pat, n(x & 

ncpd)la. 

vala-pat, n(x & ncpd)ld. 

go backwards: butul-cakih, iv(aj & ivcpd); 

vubul-cakih, iv(aj & ivcpd). 

cak na, nphr(nlf of nld). 

copol, aj. 

be bad: copol hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). 

cause to go bad /meat/: yanihes, tv. 

go bad (meat): yanih, iv. 

badger person /repeatedly coming to borrow 

money or corn, or to ask favors/: k'usvan, iv. 

feel badly: yan ba ?a9i, vphr(aj & rpn/3s/ & 

tv). 

vorsa, nla. 

bag for carrying candles or tortillas, inan. poss., 

scuiilpak'al: cu9il pok', nphrfnatt & n)la. 

bag-shaped 

baggy 

bake 

baker 

balance 

bald 

balk 

balking 

balky 

ball 

balloon 

ballooning 

balsam scale 

bamboo 

banana 

band 

bag for tortillas: sut', n4f. 

bag in which chaplet is stored or carried: pak'al 

9ual, nphr(nlf of nld). 

burlap bag: kostal, nla. 

/for tortillas, bread, salt, candles or chaplet/: 

pok', nla. 

/in which salt, sugar, or bread is put when purchased/ 

or /in which money is cached/: pak'al 

, nphr(nlf of nld). 

large burlap bag for storing corn or beans: brin, 

nla. 

leather shoulder bag: moral, nla. 

small burlap bag formerly used for salt: brin, 

nla. 

tortilla bag: pak'al 9ot, nphr(n4f of n4d); pak'al 

vah, nphr(n of n)5. 

white flour bag /used by men to carry market 

goods/: sakil pok', nphr(aj & n)5; vorsa pok', 

nphr(n type n)la. 

(tent of tent caterpillars): pic'il, aj. 

cop, puh, voc, av; puhan, aj. 

baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants): 

copcop, aj; cupcup, aj; cupul, aj. 

(clothes): puhkan, aj; puhpuh, aj. 

(long pants, patch): vucet, av; vuevue, aj. 

(pants): pok'ol, aj; vocol, aj. 

stand while wearing baggy pants: vocan, tv. 

with long baggy pants: pok', av. 

melean, tv. 

hmeleaneh-pan, agn(tv & nepd). 

/burden/: pas ta pareho, vphr(tv & prep & aj). 

boc, kan, av; bahbah, aj; boc-hol, n(aj & 

ncpd)5; bocol, aj; kanal, aj; lek'el, aj; lek'et, 

av; t'ahal, aj; t'asal, aj. 

bald in many places: rinkastik, aj. 

become bald: kank'uh, iv; piseah, iv. 

make bald: kananbe, tv. 

(mule): ke9an ba, rv; tim ba, rv. 

(mule, pig, sheep, dog): timan ba, rv; toban ba, 

rv; tok'an ba, rv. 

hip, av; timton, av. 

(mule): tok'ol, aj. 

pelota, nld. 

ball game: tahimol, vn5. 

be in ball (cotton, wool, string, thread): pisi, iv. 

crumpled in ball (paper, paper money): pic'il, 

ajin 

ball (cotton, wool, string, thread): pisil, aj. 

in ball (wool): pic'il, aj. 

lie in ball (clothes, paper): pic'i, iv. 

lying in ball: pic', av. 

set down in ball /wool, thread, cotton, string/: 

pisan, tv. 

/thread, string/: pisbenal, nlf. 

puheah, iv; puhetah, iv. 

puh, av; puhan, aj. 

ballooning in water: mas, av. 

(clothes): puhkan, aj. 

k'os eahal hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

bis, nla; ton bis, nphr(n type n). 

common bamboo: 9otot, n5; k'anal taro, 

nphr(aj & n); taro, n. 

giant bamboo: ne kotom, nphr(n of n). 

can-eelav lo?bol, nphr(n/num & nepd/ type n); 

maneana kinya, nphr(n type n)5; sera kinya, 

nphr(n type n). 

banta, n5.

B ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 399 

:>andage 

bandolier 

bandstand 

banging 

bangs 

banish 

bank(l) 

bank(2) 

bankrupt 

banner 

banter 

baptise 

baptism 

baptismal 

baptized 

bar 

barbados nut 

barber 

bare 

bare-assed 

bare-headed 

bare-necked 

bared 

barefoot 

bareheaded 

baring 

bark 

marking 

larracks 

jarred 

/ 

band music: musika, nla. 

escort band from San Lucas, etc.: kuc tal musika, 

vphr(tv & dr & n5). 

group in charge of band at fiestas: hiinta, nle. 

president or treasurer of group in charge of 

band at fiesta: hhunta, agn. 

pak', n4f; sut', n4f; vol, n4f. 

bandage slowly /carefully/: sut'ilan, tv. 

/wound/: sut', tv. 

vorsa, nla. 

kiosko, n5. 

tin, lorn, pob, av. 

be in bangs (hair): kepi, iv. 

in bangs: mokmok, aj. 

with bangs: kec, kep, av; kepel, aj. 

with bangs (child): kecel, aj. 

/anger, fear, or exhaustion with a drink/: mes, 

tv. 

kecav losil, nphr(n of n)5. 

sand bank: bahio, n5. 

banko, n5. 

make person go bankrupt: tek'van, iv. 

each of two banners of cantors: penton, n5. 

steward's or ensign-bearer's banner: bantera, 

nla. 

9istol-k'opoh, iv(n & ivcpd); "Mstol-lcilah, iv(n 

& ivcpd). 

clever banter: trukan k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. 

/impersonal ritualistic joking/: •nstol k'op, 

nphr(n type n)5; 9istol Io9il, nphr(n type n)5. 

•>ak" •)ic'-vo9, vphr(tv & vn/tv & ncpd/5). 

petomal, nld. 

baptismal font: pila, n5. 

be baptized: 7ic' vo 1 ), vphr(tv & n5). 

kantina, nld. 

pinyon, n. 

hlok'-holol, agn(tv & ncpd). 

co?, pit, av. 

bare midriff: bah, av. 

bare teeth (dying animal): k'us ba 9e, vphr(rv & 

n4d). 

become bare (land in dry season): huseah, iv; 

vuseah, iv. 

(rump): pitil, aj. 

(rumped): pitel, aj. 

(tree top): civciv, aj. 

bot'ol, aj. 

kan, av. 

cay, av; eayal, aj. 

civil, aj. 

(teeth of dead animal): c'ilil, aj. 

with teeth bared (dead dog): c'ivil •'e, vphr(aj/ 

pred/ & n4d); c'ivil ni9, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

n4d). 

civ, tun, mol, vas, av; civciv, aj; civel, aj; 

cun-ook, n(aj & ncpd)5; cunul 9ok, vphr(aj/ 

pred/ & n4d); mol-ôk, n(aj & ncpd)5; 

vas-iok, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

(turkey): col-hoi, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

civ, av. 

pine bark: p'alp'as, nle. 

/tree/: patil, n3c. 

kam, vah, voh, vom, av. 

portin, nld. 

barred with stripes at right angles to top or 

head: e'aram, aj. 

entirely barred (chicken, hawk, quail, tinamou, 

barred-legged 

barrel 

barren 

barrow 

bars 

barter 

basalt 

bash 

basil 

basket 

bastard 

baste 

bat 

bath 

bathe 

bather 

bathroom 

battery 

bauhinia 

bay 

baying 

bayonet 

bead 

beak 

hairy woodpecker): sararin, aj. 

(horse): p'asas-iok, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

/for chicha or cane liquor/: baril, nla. 

(woman): macura, aj. 

kapon citom, nphr(n type n)la. 

p'asasil, n4f. 

hel, tv; tukolah, iv; tukul, n5; tukulah, iv; tukulta, 

tv. 

/used to make grinding stones and handstones/: 

ca9 ton, n(n type n)le. 

k'o"! ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

bash repeatedly /with fist/: poe'o^'anbe mahel, 


/with fist/: potf" ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

•Jarvahaka, nld. 

american basil: k'os ârvahaka, nphr(aj & n). 

wild basil: bik'it yas-cel, nphr(aj & n/aj & 

ncpd/); bik'tal yas-cel, nphr(aj & n/aj & 

ncpd/); k'os habnal, nphr(aj & n); k'os 

yas-cel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); posil 

cuvah, nphr(n of n)5; posil k'ok', nphr(n 

of n); yas-cel, n(aj & ncpd). 

macal, n4f; moc, nld. 

basket set over incense for censing clothes: 

macal pom, nphr(nlf of n4d). 

basket used for divining: baei' to moc, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)ld. 

basket with handle: 9alku9 moc, nphr(n type 

n)ld. 

person who carries basket /for a living/: 

hkuc-moc, agn(tv & ncpd). 

/figuratively applied to both men and women/: 

kavron, agn. 

lut', tv. 

/cloth/: e'uk ta e'isel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

bat at /moth/: poc ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & 

vn5). 

/general term/: soe*, nle. 

vampire bat: ?anhel, agn; pepen c'o, nphr(n 

type n)5; pepen hti9-cih, nphr(n type agn/tv 

& ncpd/)5. 

take dust bath (birds): mukolah, iv. 

take mud bath (pig): mukolah, iv. 

take steam bath: pusiltas, tv. 

taking dust bath (chicken): mukmon, av. 

/child, patient, corpse, horse/: 9atiltas, tv. 

/not ceremonially/: hâtimol, agn. 

eaTiebal, n3d. 

polite speech; go to the bathroom: bat ta pasyal, 

vphr(iv & n5). 

flashlight battery: bateria, nla; bek' k'ok', 

nphr(nlf of nla). 

common bauhinia: sakil voy cih, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); voy cih let, nphr(nphr/n of n/ 

type n). 

white flowered bauhinia: •uk'al voy cih, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); bik'it voy cih, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k'os voy c'is tet, 

nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); sakil 

voy cih tei, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ 

type n); voy cih te?, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type 

n). 

(dog, V2;19): me'ianah-iok', vphr(iv & ivcpd). 

(dogs): vavlahet, av. 

lansa, nla. 

satil, n3c. 

/turtle, bird/: ni 1 ), nib.


beam 

bean 

bean 

bear 

can-eelav te9, nphr(n/num & npcd/type n)la. 

satil, n3c. 

beans scattered around the house /by chickens/: 

tan puk, nphr(n & n)5. 

string bean: 9unen cenek', nphr(aj & n)la. 

young bean: 9unen cenek', nphr(aj & n)la. 

young bean pod: pak'ayom, nla. 

bik'it sut, nphr(aj & n); eahal 'Jibes, nphr(aj & 

n); k'anal ?ibes, nphr(aj & n); k'os sut, 

nphr(aj & n); sak-vayan cenek', nphr(aj/aj 

& Ucpd/ & n); sakil 9ibes, nphr(aj & n); 

sut, nla; sut cenek', nphr(n type n); vayu9 

cenek', nphr(aj & n). 

broad bean: eahal havas, nphr(aj & n); havas, 

nla; sakil havas, nphr(aj & n); tanhero havas, 


jack bean: 9ok' e'i9 9ak', nphr(nphr/n4d of 

n5/ type n); barsin 9ak', nphr(aj & n); botil 

9ak', nphr(n type n); eahal 9ak', nphr(aj & n); 

cenek' 9ak', nphr(n type n); macita ">ak\ 

nphr(n type n); pek' me9el, nphr(n of n); te- 

9-9ak', n(aj & ncpd). 

kidney bean: eahal cenek', nphr(aj & n); eahal 

S9ak'il cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

eahal sk'un, nphr(aj & n); eahal slumil 

cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); eahal 

ste9-pat, nphr(n & ncpd); e'ibal cenek', 

nphr(aj & n); e'ibaron cenek', nphr(aj & n); 

cana cenek', nphr(x type n); k'anal cenek', 

nphr(aj & n); k'os sakil cenek', nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta 9ak'il cenek', nphr(aj 

& nphr/n type n/); muk'ta 9ik'al cenek', 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta 9ik'al 

slumil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta 

sakil cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

muk'ta slumil cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/); pinto 9aros cenek', nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); sak-vayan cenek', nphr(aj/ 

aj & Ucpd/ & n); sak-vayan sakil cenek', 

nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); sk'un 

cenek', nphr(n type n); slumil cenek', 


rice bean: 9aros cenek', nphr(n type n); eahal 

9aros cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

scarlet runner bean: 9ik'al botil, nphr(aj & n); 

?ik'al lae botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); botil 

cenek', nphr(n type n); eahal botil, nphr(aj 

& n); eahal e'ibal botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj 

& n/); eahal pinto lae botil, nphr: aj & 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta 9ik'al botil, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil botil, 

nphr(aj & n). 

sieva bean: 9ik'al patas cenek', nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); 9ik'al pataset, nphr(aj & n); 

eahal svet', nphr(aj & n); e'ibal patas 

cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); patas 

cenek', nphr(n type n)la; pataset, n; sakil 

k'ahbenal cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/natt & 

n/); sakil patas cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/); sakil svet', nphr(aj & n); svet' 

cenek', nphr(n type n)5. 

wild jack bean: macita 9ak', nphr(n type n). 

wild yam bean: cenek' 9ak\ nphr(n type n); 

hikamo 9ak', nphr(n type n); macita 9ak\ 

nphr(n type n); yasal macita 9ak', nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/). 

9osov, n5. 

beard 

bearded 

bearer 

beastliness 

beat 

beater 

beating 

beauteous 

beautiful 

because 

become 

bed 

bedbug 

bedridden 

bee 

beef 

beefily 

9isimil, n3b. 

eon-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

h9ikaenom, agn. 

e"i9al, n4d. 

9ak' mahel, vphr(tv & vn5); mah, tv. 

beat person: sukbe komel. vphr(tv & dr). 

(drum): 9ok', iv. 

/drum/ (person): fan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep 

& vn5). 

/eggs/: hub, tv. 

/laundry/ /on rocks/: pomilan, tv. 

/metal/: ten, tv. 

/weft/: tih, tv. 

/with rock or stick/: lombe, tv. 

/person who shouts at deer/: htihol, agn. 

pom, t'en, av; mah-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

/weft/: k'avk'on, av; tihel, n4f. 

ritual speech, song, prayer; beauteous: nicimal. 

leklek 9unen ba, vphr(ai/pred/ & nphr/ai & 

rpn/4b); leklek ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn). 

beautiful and big (woman): lebel, aj. 

become beautiful /girl/: c'ul ba, rv; c'uleah, iv. 

(girl's eyes): yalal maeal, ajphr(aj & aj). 

with beautiful face: masal sat, vphr(aj /pred/ & 

n4d). 

9u9unil, n3b; k'u ti, ptphr(pt & pt); porke, pt. 

because (I, etc.) am not...: mu9n, pt(contr of mu 

& yutun). 

because of it: 9o, pt. 

if it is because: mi9n, pt(contr of mi & yunun). 

pas, tv. 

become —: 9oc ta , vphr(iv & prep 

& n5); 9oc ta- -, vphr(iv & prep & vn/tv 

& ncpd/5). 

tern, nla; vayebal, n3d. 

/cat, dog/: eoiop, nld. 

ceremonial bed of patient: volim, nla. 

go to bed: popin vayuk, vphr(tv & iv); vay, iv. 

nusetel tuil con, nphrfvn & nphr/aj & n/)5.*; 

tuil con, nphr(aj & n)le. 

pak'al, aj. 

be bedridden: puc'eah, iv. 

be bedridden (sick person): mocp'ih, iv. 

become bedridden: huc'eah, iv. 

become bedridden /patient/: hue', iv. 

cause to be bedridden: pue'ean, tv. 

make person bedridden (sickness): vubanvan, 

iv. 

(plu): ta9lahetik, av. 

carpenter bee: •nk'al vonon, nphr(aj & n)5; vonon, 

nle. 

halictine bee: yas-7ic con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type n)5.* 

halictine sweat bee: Io?lo9, nld.* 

honey bee: canul pom, nphr(n of n)5; kacimpa 

pom, nphr(n type n)le.*; mermeho, nld; 

misik' pom, nphr(n type n)le.*; ton pom, 

nphr(n type n)le.* 

temperate and lowland stingless bee whose 

honey is gathered: kacimpa pom, nphr(n 

type n)le. 

/"cold" when fresh, "hot" when dried/: bek'et, 

nld. 

jerked beef: tasus, nla. 

vas, av. 

walking beefily (cow): vanvon, av; vatvon, av.


beehive 

beeping 

beer 

beeswax 

beet 

beetle 

befall 

before 

befuddle 

befuddled 

beggar 

beggarticks 

begging 

begin 

beginning 

begrimed 

behalf 

behave 

behind 

/only of cliff or cave-dwelling bees/: na pom, 

nphr(n of n)5. 

pip, av. 

servesa, nla. 

sera 9aha-pom, nphr(n4e of n/n type ncpd/5). 

metabel, nld. 

bean beetle: canul lanal cenek', nphr(n of 

nphr/n4f of n5/). 

betsy beetle: canul k'a'Me'J, nphr(n of n/aj & 

ncpd/)5.* 

click beetle: k'ack'ac con, nphr(aj & n)5. 

darkling beetle: tu-eis con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type n)Ie; vayik ion, nphr(x type n)2a.* 

dung beetle: kumumal eon, nphr(natt & n)5. 

edible scarab beetle: kumum san-hwan, 

nphr(n4e of n/aj & ncpd/)5.* 

horned dung beetle: kucul eon, nphrfaj & n)5. 

long-horn beetle: canul yasal to, nphrfn of 

nphr/aj & n/)5.' 

water scavenger beetle: c'ulul pat con, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. 

whirligig beetle: c'ulul pat con, nphr(nphr/aj & 

n/ type n)5. 

nuptan, tv. 

9olon, nib; baiyi, aj: t, prep(contr of ta); ta, 

prep. 

just before /temporally/: tihil, aj. 

bolibtas, tv; c'aybe ''Con, vphr(tv & n4d). 

be befuddled: c'ay, av; c'ay-wonih, iv; 

c'ay-holih, iv(iv & ncpd); c'ayeaih, iv. 

be befuddled /by drink/: c'ay hoi, vphr(iv & 

n4d). 

/by drink/: c'ayem, aj. 

hk'an-limusna, agn(tv & ncpd). 

golden beggarticks: bik'it saho, nphr(aj & n); 

eoein matas, nphr(aj & n); matas, nle; matasil 

be e'iilel, nphr(nphr/natt & n/ type n). 

perennial beggarticks: *>it*is matas, nphr(n4f of 

n5); k'anal matas, nphr(aj & n); matas, nle; 

matasil te9tik, nphr(natt & n); sahoal te- 

Ttik, nphr(natt & n). 

railway beggarticks: k'ak'al mae'ul, nphr(aj & 

n) or nphr(n type n); k'ak'al mac'ul, nphrfaj 

& n) or nphr(n type n); k'os matas, nphr(aj 

& n); k'os sakil matas, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/); matas, nle; matas e'i^lel, nphr(n type 

n); sakil matas, nphrfaj & n). 

begging earnestly: vokolet, av. 

lik, tv; likes, tv; tarn, tv; tambe , 

vphr(tv & iv). 

begin crying: tambe 9ok'el, vphrftv & vn5). 

begin fleeing: tambe hatbal, vphr(tv & n5). 

begin journeying: tambe sanbal, vphr(tv & n5). 

begin office: eak "?abtel, vphr(tv & vn5). 

begin running: tambe 'Janil, vphrftv & n5). 

begin shouting: tambe iov, vphr(tv & n5). 

begin work: eak ">abtel, vphr(tv & vn4d). 

•Jocel, n4f; likebal, n3b. 

/rainy season/: TOcebal, nlf. 

be begrimed by: latin, tv. 

on behalf of: koh, n4b. 

tuk'ulan ba, rv. 

behave unwisely: pas bolil, vphr(tv & n5). 

ta pat, nphr(prep & n3b); vala-pat, n(x & 

ncpd)Id. 

be directly behind: tuci, iv. 

immediately behind: nap'al, aj. 

believe 

believer 

bell 

bellow 

bellowing 

belly 

belt 

bench 

bend 

/implies movement behind, as behind house or 

fence/: patpat, aj. 

remain behind: heean ba komel, vphr(rv & dr). 

right behind: e'akal pat, nphr(aj & n)5; tihil, aj. 

walking right behind: tih, av. 

c'un, tv. 

believe mistakenly: 9ak', tv. 

believe mistakenly /occurs always with subjective 

suffix, third person may be satuk or yaiuk/: 

ni, tv. 

be a believer /Catholic/: na^ kahvaltik, vphr(tv 

& n5); nai rios, vphr(tv & n5). 

kampana, nla; tak'in, nla. 

bell ringer /each of two boys who ring church 

bell/: htih-tak'in, agn(tv & ncpd). 

bell tower: kampanario, n5. 

''ametah, iv. 

•>am, av. 

eukut, nla. 

belly button: misik'il, n3d. 

cuk c'util, nphr(nlb of n3a). 

/of civil authorities and elders/: leskanya, nla. 

Ill 1 ), tv. 

/back/: vuhan, tv. 

(beam or wire under weight): laop'uh, iv. 

bend down: vue'an, tv. 

bend down (branch) /laden with fruit/: niieah 

yalel, vphr(iv & dr). 

bend down (heavily laden branches): kepeah, 

iv. 

bend down (person with heavy burden): vue* 


bend down (tree, slender branch): ni^p'uh, iv. 

bend down /branch/: nihean, tv. 

bend down /coffee branch, trees in live fence/: 

laian, tv. 

bend down /hat brim/: lusean, tv. 

bend down /small tree/: vue* ba yalel, vphr(rv 

& dr). 

bend down in clusters: lisean yalel, vphr(tv & 

dr). 

bend down slowly (branch): niî yalel, vphr(iv 

& dr). 

bend into arch /floral arch, frame of straw 

bull/: sotk'in, tv. 

bend over: kuhi, iv; vuhean ba, rv. 

bend over (person): p'usetah, iv. 

bend over (slender tree): nhan ba, rv. 

bend to side (neck or head under burden): netetah, 

iv. 

(blade of hoe or axe, etc.): val ba, rv. 

(blade of hoe): sup'eah, iv; valeah, iv; veleah, iv. 

/blade of hoe/: sup'ean, tv; sup'k'in, tv; valean, 

tv; velean, tv. 

(broken wrist): ka 1 ) ba, rv. 

/frame of straw bull/: kotp'in. tv. 

/hat brim to test if properly stiff/: muc'ilan, tv. 

/hat brim/: moc'ilan, tv. 

(hoe blade): pusk'ih, iv; s'uveah, iv. 

/metal, floral arch, wooden frame of straw 

bull/: lukean, tv. 

/metal, wood used to make frame of straw 

bull/: luwan. tv. 

/metal, wood/: la 1 ), tv. 

/nail, clitoris/: pusk'in, tv. 

/stalk/: pus, tv. 

steer around bends /car/: k'utp'in, tv.


bended 

bending 

beneath 

bent 

bent-backed 

bent-necked 

berry 

berula 

besides 

bet 

be tony 

betrayer 

betrothal 

better 

bevel 

bewail 

bewildered 

bewitch 

bicarbonate 

biceps 

big 

big-eared 

/tree/: k'utp'in, tv. 

(tree, back, leg): Iu9eah, iv. 

unable to be bended (leg, arm): te9el, aj. 

bending back and forth: Ia9, av. 

bending down: la?, ni9, av. 

bending down (tree): vue'et yalel, vphr(av & 

dr). 

bending head to side: net, av. 

bending knees: sok', av. 

bending over: kiih, hi 1 ?, tob, av. 

bending over (robber): tubet cak, vphr(av & 

n4b). 

bending over thinking: e'ihil, aj. 

bending sharply: suk'ul, aj. 

9olon, nib. 

(back, tree): kotkot, aj. 

be bent (back): vuhi, iv. 

be bent (corners of paper, hoe blade): vali, iv. 

become bent (back): vuheah, iv; vuhp'ih, iv. 

become bent /with age/: kuhp'ih, iv. 

become bent /with age, sickness/: kotp'ih, iv. 

bent backwards (blade of hoe): ha9ha?, aj. 

bent down (slender tree, branch): ni9i], aj. 

bent outwards (hoe blade) /preventing proper 

hoeing/: havhav, aj. 

bent over: nun, vuh, av; kuhul, aj; vuhul, aj. 

bent over (horse's or dog's ear): puc'puc", aj. 

bent over (sleeping person): ni9il, aj. 

bent over (slender tree in wind, heavily laden 

branch): Iu9ul, aj. 

bent under burden: but, av. 

bent upwards (hat brim): leclec, aj. 

ear bent forward: puc', av. 

grow bent (flattened corn that grows upwards): 

kehk'uh, iv. 

(leg): k'uhul, aj. 

(neck of gourd, neck of sick chicken): netel, aj. 

working bent over: vubvon, av. 

p'us-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

(cushaw): sot-nuk', n(aj & ncpd)5. 

satil, n3c. 

stalky berula: 9alavena nic nab, nphr(n type 

nphr/n of n/); koko9on nic nab, nphr(n type 

nphr/n of n/); kulantu e'iilel, nphr(n type 

n). 

ci9uk k'usuk, nphr(n4f & pt); k'usuk, pt(contr 

of k'usi & -uk); yan, aj. 

9apostal, n5; pas 9apostal, vphr(tv & n5). 

eoeil habnal, nphr(aj & n). 

t)9ic'-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). 

/archaic/: 9ispusal, n5. 

mehor, aj. 

feeling better: laet 9a9i, vphr(av & tv); lahet 

9a9i, vphr(av & tv). 

mayean, tv; mayk'un, tv. 

9ok'ita, tv. 

c'ay, av. , 

labta, tv. 

bicarbonate of soda: karvonato, nla. 

pwersa, nic; t'ulavi], n3d. 

muk', aj; muk'ta, aj. 

big hat: sompreron, n5. 

(ears of brahman or dog, leaves of arrow root or 

healthy corn plant): pocolik, aj. 

(stomach): banel, aj. 

(dog, cow): poc-cikin, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

bile 

bill 

billfold 

billhook 

billow 

billowing 

billy 

bin 

bind 

binding 

binoculars 

bird 

birth 

birthmark 

bishop 

bite 

biting 

bitter 

bitter bush 

bittercress 

bittersweet 

bittersweet bush 

bitterwood 

blabbing 

black 

black foot 

9ic(l), nla. 

/money/: biyete, nle. 

9av tak'in, nphr(n4f of nla). 

luk, nla. 

make billow /skirt/: valean, tv. 

(skirt) /in water or wind/: valeah, iv. 

k'i, val, av. 

(smoke): tomomet, av; voltevolte muyel, 

vphr(av & dr). 

(smoke, steam): tok'ok'et, av. 

e'al-hol te9, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5; te9, 

nlf. 

/carried by constables, publicans and stewardsroyal/: 

e'aram te9, nphr(aj & n)le. 

corn bin: ten, nla. 

bind securely /broken wrist/: mif, tv. 

/leg/: pec', tv. 

/person/: c'al, tv. 

/wound/: sut'ilan, tv. 

ein, kup, av; kupul, aj. 

larkavista, nla. 

mut, nla. 

bird cage: kakas tei, nphr(n type n)la. 

9alahel, vn5. 

give birth: kol, iv; kol ta 9alahel, vphr(iv & prep 

& vn3). 

give birth (animals): 9alah, iv. 

give birth to: 9ayantas, tv. 

(people, animals): 9ayanel, vnle. 

/believed to bring good luck/: ve9ebal, n3d. 

9ovispo, n5. 

eak, tv; ti9, tv. 

bite /dog, snake, flea, mosquito, wasp/: 

ti^ben , nphr(n of n)5.* 

bite a piece out of /fruit, cake of sugar/ (person), 

/piece of wall/ (sheep), /salty earth/ 

(horse), /potato/ (hoe): hec", tv. 

bite one's lip (angry person wishing to harm 

enemy): mae' 9e, vphr(tv // n). 

bite person (dog): Io9van ta ti9el, vphr(iv & prep 

& vn5). 

/dog, snake, spider/: 9av 9e, nphr(n4f of n4d). 

/person/: t'um ta ti9el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

kac", av. 

biting suddenly: t'umlih, av. 

c'a, aj; c'ail, aj. 

become bitter (food): c'aub, iv. 

become more bitter (quarrel): bat ta mas, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj ). 

make bitter /food/: c'aubtas, tv. 

muk'ta pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

ventes mol, nphr(n of n). 

bero nic nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). 

bittersweet bush: 9it'is kanela te9, nphr(n4f of 

nphr/n type n/); bik'it kanela te9, nphr(aj & 


9it'is brasil, nphr(n4f of n); eahal te9, nphr(aj 

& n); kanela te9, nphr(n type n); pinto te9, 

nphr(aj & n); potosoara, n. 

tuil te9, nphr(aj & n)Ie. 

•»i9, av. 

9ik', aj. 

black and blue (eye): yasuneb, aj. 

give black eye to: taâhesbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). 

k'anal nic e"i9lel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); 

k'anal saho9al te9tik, nphr(aj & nphr/natt &

B ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 

blackberry 

blackbird 

blackfly 

blackman 

blacksmith 

bladder 

blade 

blame 

blanket 

blanketed 

blanketing 

blaring 

blast 

blasting 

blazing 

bleach 

bleat 

bleating 

bleed 

blemish 

bless 

n/); k'isin pos e'i'Mel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type 

n); k'os sahcal te^tik, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & 

n/); posil ea^nel, nphr(n of vn); sahcal te- 

•>tik, nphr(natt & n); sinal pos, nphr(aj & n); 

vac' to pos, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). 

bae*i makom, nphr(aj & n); kaslan makom, 

nphr(aj & n); makom, nla; makom vet, 

nphr(n of n); pahal makom, nphr(aj & n); 

tanal makom, nphr(aj & n); tusum makom, 


shrub blackberry: nuk' cih, nphr(n of n)ld. 

wild blackberry: eahal makom, nphr(aj & n); 

c'ail makom, nphr(aj & n); kaslan makom, 

nphr(aj & n). 

red-winged blackbird: kaslan bak mut, 

nphr(aj & nphr/ aj & n/)5.* 

lowland and temperate blackfly: c'ikil, nle.* 

supernatural blackman: hîk'al, agn . 

hten-tak'in, agn(tv & ncpd). 

•)av k'abil, nphr(n4f of n3d). 

/knife, axe, hoe/: leal, n3b. 

razor blade: silete, nla. 

mulil, n3a. 

blame self unjustly: pak'an ba ta mulil, vphr(rv 

& prep & n5). 

take the blame: kuc k'op, vphr(tv & n5). 

take the blame for: pak'an ba ta mulil, vphr(rv 

& prep & n5). 

take the blame for another's faults (shaman for 

patient when defending him, person at courthouse): 

kucbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). 

pack blanket /one placed on either side of 

mule's backbone/: lomio, nld. 

saddle blanket: tas ka 1 ), nphr(nld of nld). 

(squash, vine, clouds): k'i ba, rv. 

store-bought blanket: camaroil, n3a. 

store-bought cotton blanket: kaslan camaroil, 


wedding blanket: "?os-hisomal cih, nphr(n/num 

& ncpd/type n)5. 

woven blanket: cih, nla; k'uûlal cih, nphr(natt 

& n)ld. 

be blanketed /in clouds or mist/: but', iv. 

/in mist/: but'ul, aj. 

(low-growing plant, cloud): k'iil, aj. 

(cow horns): nececet, av. 

/cow horn/: turetah, iv. 

poh, pom, tur, av. 

blasting iron: kamaro, nla. 

lok, av. 

sakub, iv. 

/hat/: sakubtas, tv. 

(lamb): miietah, iv. 

be% met, mi?, av, 

cause to bleed /nose/: tih, tv. 

blemished: lep', av. 

/dark markings on skin/: ">empac, nla. 

white blemishes /on face/: sal-e'i 1 ', n(aj & 

ncpd) 1 e. 

bless meal /shaman, ritual tutor/: 9ak' bentisyon, 


/priest/: lak' bentisyon, vphr(tv & n5). 

(ritual tutor) /blessing is also exchanged between 

stewards, ensign-bearers, elders, ritual 

tutors and civil authorities after flag ceremony 

during change of office of ensign- 

blessing 

blind 

blinders 

blindly 

blink 

blinking 

blister 

blistered 

bloat 

bloated 

blob 

blond 

blood 

bloodleaf 

bloodletting 

bloodwood tree 

blouse 

blow(l) 

blow(2) 

blowfly 

blowing 

blubbery 

blue 

bearers/: 9ak' krasia, vphr(tv & n5). 

bentisyon, nld.* 

kuk, aj. 

blind eye /that has become bluish/: yasku 

go blind :ma'mb,iv;mak sat, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

person with blind eye: yaskul, n5. 

horse blinders: mak sat, nphr(nlf of nld); 

ho, nla. 

ma 1 ), av. 

mue'ilan, tv. 

with nervous blink: mue'-sat, n(aj & ncp< 

mue, vik". av. 

"myeah, iv; cuy ba, rv; cuyeah 9a9lel, vphr 

n4f); £uyi, iv; luceah, iv; puh, iv; t'uyea: 

voi, iv; vocemal, nld; vucan ba, 

vuceah, iv; vucean ba, rv; vucel, vnl 

vuces ba, rv. 

cause blister: vucean, tv. 

deep blister: sul ton, nphr(n type n)la. 

/distinguished from cuy by rapidity of bl 

ing/: vuc, iv. 

votol, aj. 

(burn): cuyul wlel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d 

(person, diseased cow bladder): cupahtik, 

pumes, tv; t'in, iv. 

bloat self /by drinking too much water/: 1 

ba, tv. 

bloat self /with water/: puhes ba, rv. 

/from drinking too much water/: puh, iv 

/with water/: puhes, tv. 

(stomach of sick person, animal or cor 

t'inil, aj. 

form a blob: t'oei, iv. 

in a large blob (manure, human excrement, 

patty): lemel, aj. 

place down in a large blob /mud, thick 

improperly made tortilla/: leman, tv. 

sit in a large blob (tortilla): lemi, iv. 

(hair): nes, aj. 

c'ic", nld; c'ic'elil, n3d; sankre, n5. 

stem flow of blood with fingers: mic', tv. 

•nt'is solom, nphr(n4f of n5); k'ask'as 

nphr(aj & n). 

shrubby bloodleaf: k'ask'as te 1 ), nphr(aj & 

bah-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

sakil brasil, nphr(aj & n). 

k'uT 'Jane, nphr(n4f of n5); k'uiil, n3a. 

center strip of woman's blouse: moil, n5 

elaborate woven blouse /worn by young 

customarily presented to goddaughter/: 

k'u'ml, nphr(n type n)3d. 

blow off /dust/: vuc'ta, tv; vuc'taluh, iv. 

blow on /fire/: hub, tv. 

blow sickness on: habta, tv. 

blow /flute, cowhorn, bottle, trumpet, gi 

leaves during wedding/: lok'esin, tv. 

/nose/: pie", tv. 

/fist/: poraso, n5. 

yasal vo, nphr(aj & n)5. 

blowing about: k'ep, av. 

blowing away suddenly (corn stubble): si 

av. 

blowing on /fire/: hubhon, av. 

les, av. 

yasal, aj; yos, aj. 

become blue gray (sick baby's excrem


blueberry 

bluebird 

bluebottle 

bluets 

bluish 

blunder 

blunt-tipped 

blunted 

blush 

blushing 

boa 

board 

boast 

bob-white 

bobbed 

bobbed-tailed 

bobbin 

bobbing 

bobtailed 

bobwhite 

bocconia 

bodkin 

body 

boil(l) 

boil(2) 

boiled 

boiling 

boll 

bolster 

bomarea 

9uculib, iv. 

black and blue (eye): yasuneb, aj. 

blue gray (chicken, sick baby's excrement): 

?ucul, aj. 

blue gray (sheep): rosio, aj. 

wild blueberry: k'os 9aha-te9es, nphr(aj & n). 

common bluebird: kere-9ucul, nphr(x & 

ncpd)5. 


creeping bluets: mail e'i9lel, nphr(n type n). 

(eye of dying person): cenel, aj. 

pas copolal, vphr(tv & n5). 

(machete, billhook): mok-ni9, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

(tip of billhook): musul, aj. 

eahub, iv. 

(face): pocol, aj. 

boa constrictor: bolera, n5.* 

mak'lan, tv; tenel te 1 ?, nphr(aj & n)la. 

boast falsely: p'is ba, rv. 

common bob-white: cintuli 1 ), nle.' 

tueul, aj. 

(dog's tail): k'ucul, aj. 

walking with bobbed tails (dogs): tuclah, av. 

(dog, mule, donkey): mot'ol, aj. 

(horse, donkey, dog): k'ok-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

/loom/: halam to, nphr(n type n)la. 

lub, pec, toy, av. 

bobbing head: cay, av. 

bobbing with pear-shaped head (bob-white): 

tu9u9et hoi, vphr(av & n4d). 

walking and bobbing (chicken's head): 

tultetulte, av. 

with head bobbing sideways (baby, drunk, sick 

person on horseback): ne'mon hoi, vphr(av & 

n4d). 

mok, mot', av; mok-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5; mokol, 

aj. 

common bobwhite: vaskis mut, nphr(n type 

n)5. 

tree bocconia: bonob kamosa te">, nphr(nphr/n 

of n/ type n); eis cauk, nphr(n of n)5; posil 

haval 9okol, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/). 

/thin wire inserted at end of weaving/: eueub, 

nla; yolob, nla. 

/drum, fiddle, guitar, harp/: c'util, n3b. 

/person, horse, sheep, cow, pig/: takopal, nib. 

/section of cross below arms/: 9okol, n3b. 

bulomah, iv; lakan, tv; laki, iv; vokan, iv; vokoltas, 

tv. 

/"flowers", wool thread, palm frond, squash, 

corn on the cob/: pan, tv. 

boil away: 9ul, iv. 

(person in sun): pan, iv. 

/wool thread only/: panolah, iv. 

cakal, nld. 

lakal, aj. 

be boiled: pan, iv. 

boiled until water has evaporated (nixtamal): 

sevel, aj. 

bal, av; lakal, aj; laket, av. 

boiling over: vokok muyel tal, vphr(av & dr & 

dr). 

cotton boll: sasul, n4e. 

(food, curing ceremony): 9ikan, tv. 

9at e"i9 9ak', nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n; lo- 

9bol cih, nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5); ni9 efit, nphr(n 

bonds 

bone 

bonesetter 

bonging 

bonus 

bony 

book 

booming 

boost 

booth 

bootleg 

bootlegger 

boots 

borage 

border 

bored 

borer 

born 

borrow 

borrowed 

borrowing 

boss 

botch 

bother 

bothering 

bottle 

bottle-filler 

of n); pos'il sal-e'i'? 9ak\ nphr: nphr(n of n/aj 

& ncpd/) type n. 

break one's bonds /prisoner/: cit'u ba, rv. 

bak, nld; bakelil, n3a. 

he'ak-bak, agn(tv & ncpd). 

pom, av. 

bonus given when food is bought: ciiilil, n3d. 

bak, aj; taki , n(aj & ncpd)5; taki-lukan, 

aj(aj & Pcpd). 

(person, animal): taki-sot'an, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). 

livro, nla; vun, nla. 

eil, lom, av. 

(large bell): lonlon, av. 

toy, tv. 

boost one's courage /with cane liquor/: 

eaeubtas ba, rv. 

9avil, n3c. 

market booth: pwesto, nld. 

lok'es pos, vphr(tv & n5); pas trago, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

hpas-trago, agn(tv & ncpd). 

high rubber boots: botin, nld. 

boraha, nld. 

tM, nlf. 

border at base of cotton tunic: p'as 9ok k'u9ul, 

nphr(nlf & nphr/n4f of n3d/). 

Guatemalan border: raya, nle. 

be bored with: tavan 9a9i, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv). 

corncob borer: canul bakal, nphr(n of n)5; tusino, 

nla. 

sugarcane borer: canul vale9, nphr(n of n)5. 

be born: vinkilah, iv. 

be born (animals, Christ): 9ayan, iv. 

be born in full moon: yihubtas, tv. 

9oc ta c'om, vphr(iv & prep & n5); c'amun, tv. 

borrow from someone to repay debt to another: 

heltasan, tv. 

borrow money: lok'es ta c'om, vphr(tv & prep 

& n5); soh hoi, vphr(tv // n). 

borrow money on behalf of undisclosed party: 

pak'ta ba, rv. 

borrow money with interest: lok'es ta holinom, 

vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

/corn, chickens, etc., to be replaced later/: k'es, 

tv. 

borrowed object: k'esil, n3d. 

borrowing repeatedly: k'esk'on, av. 

hefe, n5; patron, nld. 

/foreman in roadwork/: kavo, agn. 

9istalan, tv; pas copolal, vphr(tv & n5). 

9ilbahin, tv. 

bother people: sa9an hoi, vphr(tv & n5). 

sa9, av; sa9son, av. 

brown beer bottle: eahal meria, nphr(aj & n)ld. 

liter bottle: litro, nla. 

pint bottle: meria, nla. 

quart bottle /proper size for accompanying formal 

visit/: limete, nla. 

woman who pours cane liquor from jugs into 

bottles for elders, ensign-bearers /St. Lawrence, 

St. Dominic, St. Anthony, the Trinity/, 

stewards-royal, publicans, stewards 

when entering or leaving office or when 

venerating their coffers; for groom at petition, 

formal entrance into bride's home, 

and wedding: hc'ol-vo9, agn(tv & ncpd).


bottom 

bougainvillea 

bought 

bounce 

bouncing 

bound 

boundary 

bow(l) 

bow(2) 

bowed 

/bottle, pot, violin, guitar, well, river, burden/: 

cakil, n3e. 

/clothing/: TOkol, n3b. 

eahal kilkil nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

yasyas-?ulan nicim, nphr(n/aj & Ucpd/ 

type n). 

not be bought (merchandise): keveah, iv. 

p'it, iv; p'ites, tv. 

/baby/: lucilan, tv. 

bounce up and down on /tree, car seat/: 

pueilan, tv; vueilan, tv. 

cuk, cec, ceh, ces, coh, hip, la r \ lep, loh, pec, 

pue, vue, av. 

bouncing up and down (child): vilvon, av. 

bouncing up and down (large child on mother's 

back, coffin): lufilon, av. 

(falling object): kununet, av. 

hurrying with bouncing object: cuh, av. 

/net with too long a tumpline/: cohcoh, aj. 

pec', av. 

bound together (legs, two sticks): pec'bentik, aj. 

(prisoner): pec'el, aj. 

tightly bound: mit\ av. 

boundary line: e'ak, nla. 

boundary marker: e'ak, nla; c'akil TOsil, 

nphr(nlf of nld); mohon, nla; senya 9osil, 

nphr(n4f of nld). 

niheah, iv; nihk'uh, iv. 

bow and nod (drunk): e'uyp'ih, iv. 

bow down (branch): he9eah, iv. 

bow down (heavily laden branch): ka 1 ), iv. 

bow down /fruit-laden branch/: e"uyp'in, tv. 

bow formally: nup k'obol, vphr(tv & n5). 

bow formally to: nupbe k'ob, vphr(tv & n4d). 

bow head: cimi, iv; nihan ba, rv. 

bow head in hands (drunk): ciman ba, rv. 

bow low /in prayer/: pati, iv. 

bow one's head: nihean ba, rv. 

bow to each other (banners or saints before procession): 

nupilan baik, rv. 

bow to ground (heavily laden branch): ka^p'uh, 

iv. 

bow to ground /branch/: ka^p'un, tv. 

bow to ground /in prayer/: patan ba, rv. 

(branches laden with fruit): e'uyp'ih, iv. 

cause to bow one's head /in shame or drowsiness/: 

nihean, tv. 

(head in greeting to older person, head of mule 

that has been broken in): nihi, iv. 

/head of person in greeting or prayer/: nihan, 

tv. 

bow and arrow /of ka")benal or sak-hol/: yolob, 

nla. 

/fiddle/: kiebe, tv; k'obol, n3b. 

ka?, p'us, av. 

be bowed (person): p'usi, iv. 

bowed down (heavily laden branch, heavy-laden 

corn stalk): heiel, aj. 

bowed down (small heavily laden tree): vue"ul, 

aj. 

bowed head: cim, nih, av. 

bowed over: pat, av. 

bowed over (branches laden with fruit): e'uyul, 

a jbowed 

over (slender tree): laâl, aj. 

bowed under: t'in, av. 

bowing 

bowl 

bowlegged 

box 

boy 

boy-crazy 

boyhood 

brag 

braggart 

bragging 

brahman 

braid 

braided 

brains 

branch 

branchless 

brand 

brandied 

branding-iron 

brandishing 

brave 

braying 

breach 

bread 

bowed under heavy burden: t mil, aj. 

(head of drunk): e'uyul, aj. 

(person): p'usul, aj. 

sit bowed over: pati, iv. 

sitting bowed over: natal, aj. 

walk bowed under heavy burden: t'inetah, iv. 

walking bowed low (under large burden): vubet, 

av. 

with head bowed: cimil, aj; nihil, aj. 

(Sim, kic, kup, av. 

pulatu, nla. 

bowl in which chilis are stored: salten, nla. 

bowl in which spindle is turned: nahebal, n3d. 

enamel bowl: boc, nla. 

in bowls: lecel(l), aj. 

large handleless bowl used for squash and corn 

gruel: poket, nla. 

metal bowl for measuring corn /1.67 metric liters/: 

tasa, nla. 

het, sot, av. 

walking bowlegged (sing): sevlah, av. 

box for carrying fruit: kahon, nla. 

cardboard box: karton, nla. 

male speech; boy!: kere, excl. 

/priest's helper/: mucaco, nld. 

term of address and reference: krem, nld. 

loko, aj. 

kremal, nld. 

brag falsely /about one's industry, wealth, or 

amorous following/: kuy ba, rv. 

/about what one, in fact, does not have/: 

hbik'-?isim, agn(tv & ncpd); hbik'lahan, 

agn. 

bik', av. 

pok'-cikin vakas, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/type n)la; 

tanhero vakas, nphr(aj & n)la. 

bal, iv; pec', nlf; pec'benal, nlf. 

/hair/: pec', tv. 

/rope/: bal, tv; balc'un, tv; balomah, iv. 

pec', av. 

be braided (headdress of bride): pec'i, iv. 

(hair): pec'el, aj. 

heavily braided: linil, aj. 

tightly braided: mor, av. 

cinamil, n3d. 

horkata, nla. 

/for fence/: yanal to, nphr(n of n)la. 

/tree/: k'obol, n3b. 

hul, av. 

(standing tree): hulul, aj. 

•?ek'lal ka 1 ), nphr(n4f of n5); senya, nla. 

brandied /peach, nanche, apple, 

quince/ /soaked in cane liquor/: e'ahbil 

, nphr(aj & n)5. 

•>ek'lal kai, nphr(n4f of n5). 

bic, av. 

eoe Won, nphr(aj & n4d). 

become brave: eaeub w»on, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n4d). 

hik'hon, av. 

kayahon, nla. 

kaslan lot, nphr(aj & n)la; kaslan vah, nphr(aj 

& n)la; pan, nla. 

type of bread sold in San Cristobal: simita, nld. 

wedding bread /bird-shaped/: mutal vah, 

nphr(natt & n)la.

406 

break 


(arm, leg): tilc'uh, iv. 

/arm, leg/: tilc'un, tv. 

/basket/: suvean, tv. 

(basket, fence): voc'eah, iv. 

/bone, hoe, billhook, knife, machete blade, 

pickaxe, candle, basket, corn stalk, handle, 

machine part, stick, banana/: k'as, tv. 

(bone, stick, corn stalk, hoe, billhook, knife, 

machete blade, pickaxe, candle, basket): 

k'as, iv. 

break another's /pot/: vok'omah, iv. 

break badly (bone): tomk'in ba, rv. 

break badly /corn stalk, leg, arm/: tomk'in, 

tv. 

break down: sok ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). 

break down (car) /infr/: copolib, iv. 

break down /door/: poh ta mahel, vphr(tv & 

prep & vn5). 

break down /fence/: le'Jp'un, tv. 

break fingernails: valeah, iv. 

break in /jug by filling it with lime water or pot 

by boiling corn starch/: eah, tv. 

break in half (tortilla that sticks to griddle): 

suteah, iv. 

break in two: set', iv. 

break in two /fruit/: set', tv. 

break into /another's house/: ham ta na, 


break into house /to steal posessions or woman/: 

vok' ta na, vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

break into house in owner's absence: pik na, 


break into little pieces: bik'tahes, tv. 

break into pieces /tortilla/: sut, tv. 

break into sections /citrus fruit/: sil, tv. 

break off: k'ok, tv. 

break one's bone: k'as ba, rv. 

break open: lev, tv. 

break out (measles): laheah, iv; lahean ba, rv; 

lahi, iv. 

break out (measles, pox, pimples): laman ba, rv; 

lami, iv. 

break peso bill or coin: vok' tak'in, vphr(tv & 

nld). 

break through /fence/: p'evean, tv. 

break top off /egg/ (person) /to suck egg/: t'ih, 

tv. 

break wind: eisin, iv. 

break wind on: eista, tv. 

cause to break /basket/: sekp'un, tv. 

cause to break /fingernail/: valean, tv. 

/chair, egg, pot, bottle, gourd, peso bill, coin/: 

vok', tv. 

(corn stalk in wind, leg, arm): tomk'ih, iv. 

(egg): t'us, iv. 

/egg/: c'ih, tv. 

/fence/: hat, tv; voc', tv. 

(fence, basket): sevk'uh, tv. 

(fingernails): val ba, rv. 

have war break out: 9oc pletu, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n5). 

/machine/: sok, tv. 

/rope/: tuc", tv. 

(rope, leather thong, weaving, thread, ribbon): 

tuc', iv. 

(sandals, threads of weaving): sok, iv. 

breaking 

breast 

breath 

breathe 

breathing 

breeches 

breed 

breeder 

breezy 

brick 

bride 

bridge 

bright 

brilliantine 

brim 

brimful 

brimming 

brindled 

bring 

/trail/: pol, tv. 

(wood, egg, head, pot, bottle, peso bill, coin): 

vok', iv. 

vok'lahet, av. 

breaking in many places (rope): tuc'lahet, av. 

breaking off: k'ok, av. 

breaking off and falling (lower part of cracked 

pot, piece of tile): set'lah yalel, vphr(av & dr). 

breaking suddenly (bone, corn stalk): tomlih, 

av. 

/old rope/: hap'lahet, av. 

suddenly breaking wind quietly: viislih cak, 

vphr(av & n4d). 

cu'ril, n3a. 

/bird/: c'util, n3b. 

breast of chicken: moc, n4f. 

•>ik\ nla. 

bad breath /drunk/: tuil, n4b. 

be out of breath: sukeah won, vphr(iv & n4d). 

get out of breath: mak ba loTOn, vphrfrv & 

n4d). 

/when visible/: sobal, nib. 

•>ic" "rik", vphr(tv & n5). 

breathe in (person who has fainted): tas-9ik'i, 

tv(tv & ncpd). 

mus, av. 

breathing heavily: vus, av. 

breathing noisily through nose (person when 

sleeping or with cold V4; 14): sukson nn, vphr 

& n4d). 

breathing through nose: has, hus, av. 

stop breathing: tup'eah 'rik', vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n4d). 

leather breeches /worn by sir spook, spooks at 

fiesta of St. Sebastian, dudes/: nukul vesal, 

nphr(nlf type n3a). 

e'un, tv. 

prolific breeder /female animal/: hp'olesvaneh, 

agn. 

hab, has, av. 

lagrio, nla. 

brick and mortar construction: simyento, nle. 

hnupunel, agn; lekomil, n3d. 

pay bride price in lump sum: manvan ta tak'in, 

vphr(iv & prep & n5). 

seek a bride: lekomah, iv. 

ba k'o, nphr(n of n)la. 

/archaic/: k'o, nle. 

/fiddle, guitar/: traste, n4e. 

hanging bridge: hamaka ba k'o, nphr(n type 

nphr/n of n/)5. 

k'ak'al, aj; sak, aj. 

(color): kusul, aj. 

posil holol, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

brim of hat: 9anal pisalal, nphr(n4f of n3d). 

touching the brim: has, av. 

/corn, beans, cane liquor/: hasbil vara, nphr(aj 

& n)5. 

(liquid): hasal, aj. 

/with corn, beans/: hasal, aj. 

kal, kan, av. 

(dog): barsin, aj. 

lie" tal, vphr(tv & dr). 

bring down /bird in tree top/: licbe yalel, 

vphr(tv & dr). 

bring knees together: yoban ba, rv; yub ba, rv. 

B


brink 

briskly 

bristle 

bristling 

bristly 

brittle 

broad 

broad-brimmed 

broadcast 

broaden 

broadside 

brocket 

broke 

broken 

broken-hearted 

bronchitis 

bronco 

brood 

broody 

broom 

broom jute 

broom rape 

broth 

brother 

bring to light: vinahes, tv. 

bring together /knees/: yoban, tv; yub, tv ; yuban(l), 

tv; yuban ba, rv. 

bring up properly: lak' mantal, vphr(tv & n5); 

•>ak' rason, vphr(tv & n5). 

/people, animal/: wk' tal, vphr(tv & dr). 

on the brink of (tree on cliff edge): licil, aj; tic'il, 

push over brink /tree/: licp'un yalel, vphr(tv & 

dr). 

stop at the brink of: licp'uh, iv. 

walking briskly: eun, av. 

bristle on chest of turkey gobbler: eisan tuluk', 

nphr(n4d of n5). 

(hair): c'isp'uh, iv. 

/hair/ (dog): c'isp'un, tv. 

make hair stand on end or bristle /with fear or 

anger/: c'isan, tv. 

lah, av. 

(hair, beard) /naturally or with fear/: c'isiil, aj. 

(heads of people in crowd): lahal, aj. 

c'isc'is, aj.* 

(pine cone, negro head soncoya): votol, aj. 

k'os, av. 

broad and shallow (basket): pecec, aj. 

excessively broad-brimmed (hat, basket): 

pecpec, aj. 

(news): pukih, iv. 

/tortilla/: lie', tv. 

k'atk'at, aj. 

red brocket: hul-bak, n(aj & ncpd)5.* 

go broke: t'anp'uh, iv. 

go completely broke: kaveah cak, vphr(iv & 

n4d). 

tuc'el, aj; vok'olik, aj. 

(basket): seksek, aj. 

be broken (fence): lev, iv. 

be broken in (mule): nopvan, iv. 

be broken off (engagement): sok ba, rv. 

be broken open (fruit): yayih, iv. 

(branch, hoe, digging stick): k'asal, aj. 

broken in two: Set'ahtik, aj. 

(com plants): kaibentik, aj. 

(fence): hatal, aj. 

torn, av. 

suffer bronchitis: mak nuk', vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n4d). 

hlovaneh, agn. 

large brood /chicks/: vok', nc. 

c'ek, aj. 

become broody (hen): e'ekub, iv. 

mesehob, nld. 

griddle broom: mes semet, nphr(n of n)5. 

hid'il lanal pak* cak, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type 

nphr/n of n/); k'anal pak' cak, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); k'anal sat mes, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); k'os sat mes, nphrfaj & 

nphr/n of n/); pak' cak, nphr(n of n); pak' 

(Sak e*i?lel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); sat 

mes, nphr(n of n). 

mexican broom rape: 9ik'al whan tut, nphr: 

aj & nphr(n4d of n5). 

kalto, nla. 

female's elder brother /former term of address 

used by bride to groom/: sibnelal, n3d. 

female's younger brother: mukil, n3d. 

brother-in-law 

brown 

bruise 

brush 

brush cherry 

brushfinch 

brushing 

bubble 

bubbling 

bucida 

buck 

bucket 

bucking 

buckle 

buckthorn 

bud 

bug 

build 

builder 

building 

bulbous 

bulge 

male's elder brother /reference and address/: 

bankilal, n3d. 

male's younger brother /reference and address/: 

lie'inal, n3d. 

/archaic term of address between those married 

to two brothers or sisters/: liennaleil, nld. 

/wife's brother, male's sister's husband/: bolil, 

n3d. 

eahal, aj; eoh, aj; cak-, aj; k'on, aj. 

bruise made by blow of the fist: lav k'obol, 


tus, tv. 

brush hands through /hair/: has, tv. 

brush into a pile with hand /corn kernels/: bek', 

tv. 

brush off with hand /water/: bek', tv. 

lit'is pasamum, nphr(n4f of n5); (Tit te9, nphr(n 

type n); muk'ta pasamum, nphr(aj & n); 

pasamum, n; vietikal c'it, nphr(natt & n). 

yellow-throated brushfinch: k'anal i'ul mut, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5; k'anal kovis, 

nphr(aj & n)5.' 

brushing by: kus, av. 

brushing off: bek', av. 

bubble up (boiling water): bulan, iv. 

bubble up here and there (springs): nik ba, rv. 

bubbles on side of boiling pot: cik'il, n3d. 

bal, bur, les, los, torn, t'as, av. 

bubbling and burning for lack of liquid /food/: 

k'oek'on, av. 

bubbling up: bic, pic, av; tomton, av. 

kacu toro, nphr(n of n); muk'ta kacu toro to, 

nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 

(mule trying to throw off burden): levulan £ak, 


(mule): loulan ba, rv; levulan ba, rv. 

(toothed): pehahtik, aj. 

balte, nla; kuveta, nla. 

i'ii, Ic, lev, mut', av. 

/back/ (witch): vuheanbe, tv. 

hamal lanal te 1 ), nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); 

muk'ta bak to, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

veiel kulahte 1 ?, nphr(n of n). 

torn ba, rv; toman ba, rv. 

be in bud: ?umi, iv. 

flower bud: boton, nla. 

in bud: 9umul, aj. 

(thistle, banana): tomal, nlf. 

con, nle. 

meleah, iv; melean, tv. 

/field house/: pot, tv; potan, tv; sok'an, tv. 

/house/: p'ehan, tv; va-?an, tv. 

polite speech; build /house/: soy an, tv. 

/small house/: eunan. tv; kotan, tv. 

hpas-na, agn(tv & nped). 

na, nla. 

p'O, av. 

(nose): p'o">ol, aj; t'omt'om, aj. 

bulge downward (slack fly of pants, skirt): 

bosk'ih, iv. 

bulge outwards (fresh daub): vubeah lok'el, 

vphr(iv & dr); vuheah lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). 

make bulge /stomach of snake/: vukes, tv. 

make person bulge /with food or drink, with 

beating or scolding/: lenbe, tv. 

(stomach of person or animal): t'eki, iv.


bulging 

buU 

bulldoze 

bulldozer 

bullfight 

bullroarer 

bull rush 

bumblebee 

bumping 

bumpy 

bun 

bunch 

bundle 

bundle flower 

bundled 

bungle 

burbling 

burden 

burdened 

burial 

buried 

burn 

(stomach of snake): vukean lok'el, vphr(tv & 

dr). 

(tummy): beneah, iv. 

bul, av; bosol, aj. 

bulging belly: len, t'as, t'ek, vuk, vus, av. 

bulging downward: bos, av. 

bulging downward (slack fly, skirt): bosbos, aj. 

(net, sheep's or horse's belly, chick's crop): sihil, 

aj. 

(stomach of person or animal): t'ekel, aj. 

(stomach of pregnant woman): vusul, aj. 

(stomach): t'asal, aj. 

walking with bulging /stomach/ (pregnant 

woman): t'uket, av. 

with bulging belly: lenlen c'ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

nib), 

with bulging middle (pot): lemlem c'ut, vphr(aj/ 

pred/ & nib). 

with bulging stomach: t'ast'as, aj. 

with bulging stomach (pregnant woman): 

t'oket, av. 

toro, nla; vakas, nla. 

straw bull /of first evening of fiesta of Our Lord 

of Esquipulas, St. Sebastian, Fourth Friday 

of Lent, St. Lawrence, Our Lady of the Rosary/: 

torito, nla. 

straw bull that dances with dudes: vakas, nla. 

tuc'es, tv. 

moto, nle. 

act out bullfight (straw bull of Christmas season, 

dude): pas torial, vphr(tv & vn5). 

himhini, nld. 

California bullrush: laneil puh, nphr(natt & 

n); puh 9oy balamil, nphr(n type nphr/n4e of 

n5/); vinik puh, nphr(n type n). 

rnalnom vonon, nphr(agn type n)5; k'anal vonon, 

nphr(aj & n)5; vonon, nle. 

bah, poc, poh, av. 

butbut, aj. 

(face of person suffering acne): cinkul, aj. 

(skin growth): buhahtik, aj. 

slightly bumpy (ground): t'ok't'oktik, aj. 

with bun on top of head (woman after washing 

hair): vuevue, aj. 

/woman's hair done up in a bun after washing 

so it will not dry before it is combed/: bue, 

nle. 

begin to form bunch (bananas): kepeah, iv. 

carrying bunch: yom, av. 

in bunch: kepel, aj. 

in bundle: e'alal, aj. 

lolnob c'o, nphr(n4d of n5). 

suf, av. 

(people in blankets): sut'ulik, aj. 

/when first learning/: ''istalan, tv. 

bur, av. 

9ikaeil, n3b. 

carrying huge burden: vuiu?et, av. 

give person heavy burden: tenu, tv. 

large burden: vat, av. 

without burden: mac, lul, av. 

walking heavily burdened (person): eelet, av. 

muk-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; muklomal, n5. 

som, av; mukul, aj; somol, aj. 

/in weeds/: e"ahal, aj. 

cik', tv; k'ak', iv; k'ak'el, nld; k'ak'emal, nlf; 

burned 

burner 

burning 

burp 

burping 

burr 

burrow 

bursera 

burst 

bursting 

bury 

burying 

bus 

bush nettle 

bush tit 

bushy-tailed 

business 

busy 

but 

butcher 

butt 

k'ak'es, tv; k'ak'et(2), nld. 

cause to burn (sun): -?ak' k'ak'al, vphr(tv/3s/ & 

n4e). 

(meal): k'ohohib, iv. 

(sun): tft, tv. 

/with fever, but less than mulul ta k'ok'/: til, iv. 

be burned: cik', iv. 

lime burner /Chamula, Pastel, vElan Voi/.: 

hcik'-tan, agn(tv & ncpd). 

Icm, lok, lup, av. 

bubbling and burning for lack of liquid /food/: 

k'oek'on, av. 

burning pain: hup, av. 

burning with fever: mulul ta k'ok',. vphr(aj/ 

pred/ & prep & n5). 

(candle): kusul, aj. 

(ears from criticism of person far away): k'ak'ubel, 

aj. 

feel burning sensation in mouth: yaub tal, 

vphr(iv & dr). 

/fever/: oanal, aj. 

(strong cane liquor): nop'lih, av. 

suffering burning eyes /from sinus, smoke, dirt 

in eyes, looking at sun/: vok'ok'et sat, 


keêtah, iv; keb, n4d; kebah, iv; keban, iv. 

burp at: kebta, tv. 

ke 1 ?, av. 

satil, n3c. 

e'en, nla. 

bumblebee burrow: na vonon, nphr(n of n)5. 

gopher burrow: na ba, nphr(n of n)5. 

June bug burrow: na k'onom, nphr(n of n)5. 

hairy bursera: bae"i pom, nphr(aj & n). 

large leaved bursera: 7ac'el pom, nphr(n type 

n); baî pom, nphr(aj & n); pom rios, nphr(n 

of n). 

small leaved bursera: âc'el pom, nphr(n type 

n). 

(bile duct): t'us, iv.* 

burst open (corn tassel): lilih, iv. 

(pot, demijohn): t'om, iv. 

nearly bursting (bruise): vokol, aj. 

with bursting /stomach/: hupul, aj. 

but'i, tv; muk, tv; tenu, tv. 

bury self /in blanket/: somi, iv. 

bury self /in weeds or blankets/: soman ba, rv. 

bury self in blankets (child in daytime): muketah, 

iv. 

/mamey sapotes or mangoes in pine needles 

and set in sun to ripen/: somi, tv; somta, tv. 

/person/: muklomah, iv. 

/under leaves/: soman, tv. 

muk, av. 

burying self suddenly /in weeds/: somlih, av. 

9aktavus, nld; karo, nla; k'ok', nld. 

con la, nphr(n type n); muk'ta la, nphr(aj & n). 

cr'irin mut, nphr(n type n)5. 

e'etel cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

going about minding one's business: eunet, av. 

eakal, aj. 

pero, pt; yan, aj. 

hhis-bek'et, agn(tv & ncpd); hhisolahel, agn. 

cuman, n4e; pat hoi, nphr(nlf of nlf). 

/rifle/: cakil, n3e; hold, n3b. 

(sheep, cow): k'oh ba, rv.

B/C ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 409 

butter wort posil 7eal, nphr(n of n). 

buttercup k'ohom(l), n; posil cuvah, nphr(n of n)5; posil 

sep', nphr(n of n). 

butterfly pepen, nle. 

cabbage butterfly: pepen hiak'-pohol, nphr(n 

type n/tv & ncpd/)5. 

butterfly bush ?ik'al eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); 

eele-pat, n(x & ncpd)le; can-eelav, n(num & 

ncpd); can-eelav eele-pat, nphr(n/num & 

ncpd/ type n/x & ncpd/); hâk'-eeluel, 

agn(tv & ncpd); k'os eele-pat, nphr(aj & 

n/x & ncpd/). 

american butterfly bush: "Jit'iS eele-pat, 

nphr(n4f of n/x & ncpd/); k'os eele-pat, 

nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); sakil eele-pat, 

nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). 

shrubby butterfly bush: bik'it eele-pat, nphr(aj 

& n/x & ncpd/); eele-pat, n(x & ncpd)le; 

can-eelav, n(num & ncpd); can-eelav 

eele-pat, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n/x & 

ncpd/); k'os eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & 

ncpd/). 

skutch's butterfly bush: •nk'al eele-pat, nphr(aj 

& n/x & ncpd/); baeM eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x 

& ncpd/); eele-pat, n(x & ncpd)le; sakil 

eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). 

buttocks cakil, n3e; likav cakil, nphr(nlf of n3d); pec 

cakil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

button bah, tv; boton, nla. 

buy man, tv. 

buy on credit: haein, tv. 

buy release from jail: man ba ta tak'in, 

vphr(rv & prep & n5). 

buy second-hand: lok'-man, tv(tv & tvcpd). 

buy together: kcol-man, tv(aj & tvpcd); komon-man, 

tv(aj & tvcpd). 

/new clothing/: tuc', tv. 

buzz (fiesta, market): nik, iv. 

buzzard h9ik'al-k'u?, agn(aj & ncpd). 

/general term/: sulem, nle." 

buzzard-man sulem vinik, nphr(n type n)5.* 

buzzing tin, ein, han, hie 1 , nee, von, av. 

buzzing with many people talking (market): 

voelahet, av. 

(cicadas): nikiket, av. 

by t, prep( contr of ta); ta, prep. 

by it: ?o, pt. 

cabbage w>on vakas 9itah, nphr: nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5) 

type n; bae*i •>itah, nphr(aj & n)ld; muruc" 

•Jitah, nphr(aj & n). 

cackle toktokrekoin, tv. 

(chicken with fright): toktonah, iv. 

(hen looking for place to lay): heTOmah, iv. 

(laying hen): toktokrekin, tv. 

cackling he?, tok, av. 

cactus climbing orchid cactus: cikin ton, nphr(n of 

n)la; c'is cikin ton, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

sakil cikin ton, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

cage bird cage: kakas to, nphr(n type n)la. 

calabash calabash tree: maluk, nle. 

calabash tree boc, nla; pisis boc te9, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type 

n); eima?, n. 

calculate ?ic' kwenta, vphr(tv & n5); na9, tv; nop ta 9a- 

caldron 

calea 

call 

calliandra 

calling 

callous 

calm 

camera 

camp 

camphor 

cancelled 

candle 

9yel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

/for distilling cane liquor/: perol, nla. 

nettle-leaved calea: c'ail pos, nphr(aj & n)5. 

9ik% tv. 

(bird): ôk', iv. 

call baby chicks: tiktikta, tv. 

call chickens: tulumta, tv. 

call chicks (hen): t'ekt'ekta, tv; t'okt'okta, tv. 

call chicks (hen, person): t'ikt'ikta, tv. 

call in ugly fashion (bird): yan fal, vphr(aj & 

tv/3s/). 

call pigs: kocilan, tv; kucilan, tv; kudkucta, tv. 

call to: âpta, tv. 

call to cat: vivista, tv. 

call turkeys: copcopta, tv; copilan, tv. 

/puppy, pig/', picita, tv. 

/sheep/: cuhilan, tv. 

/turkeys/: pipita, tv. 

large flowered calliandra: eahal nic sasib te 1 ), 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n type n/); 

sasib, n5. 

large-flowered calliandra: c'ic' ni9, nphr(n of 

n); c'ic' nil te9, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 

lies, vak, av. 

calling baby chicks: tik, av. 

calling pigs: kuckon, av. 

calling puppy or pig: pic, av. 

calling sheep: ba"), cuh, av. 

calling turkeys: pi, av. 

9av 9abtel, nphr(n4f of nld).' 

vasal, aj. 

calm a dispute: lames k'op, vphr(tv & n5). 

calm down; c'abi, iv; c'ani, iv; lamean ba, rv. 

calm down (scolding person): vasan ba, rv. 

lok'taob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)le. 

9ak'ob k'ok', nphr(n4f of n5). 

roadworkers' camp: na hpol-be, nphr(n4f of 

agn/tv & ncpd/). 

/bought in pharmacy/: bek'tal kampor, nphr(n 

type n)ld. 

can for measuring corn and beans: kaltera, nla. 

gallon can: lata, nla. 

three to five liter can: bote, nla. 

20 liter can /used for water or lard/: kalon, nla. 

be cancelled /trip/: pah, iv. 

kantela, nla.* 

candle bearer /old woman assigned to each of 

the elders to hold their candles in church during 

Lenten Fridays and Holy Week/: hhapkantela, 


candle carrier /during curing ceremony, for 

cantor on Carnival Monday and Carnival 

Tuesday/: hkuc-kantela, agn(tv & ncpd). 

candle for person's funeral or for saint: kantelail, 

n4d. 

candles for corn fields: kantelail cobtik, 

nphr(natt & n)5. 

candles for the dead: kantelail 9anima, 


present candles: yal kantela, vphr(iv & nld).' 

tallow candle: sevu kantela, nphr(n type n)ld. 

venerate candles /curing ceremony, house dedication, 

fiesta of the Holy Cross/: nup kantela, 


veneration of candles: nup-kantela, vn(tv & 

ncpd)5.


candlestick 

candy 

cane 

canine 

canna 

cannon 

cannoneer 

canoe 

canopy 

cantering 

cantina 

cantor 

cap 

capabilities 

capable 

cape 

capitan 

capon 

captain 

capture 

car 

card 

cardboard 

carded 

cardinal flower 

wax candle: sera, nla. 

•?av kantela, nphr(n4f of nla). 

bull-shaped candlestick: vakas, nla. 

candlestick maker: hpatol, agn; hpotob, agn. 

lurse, nla. 

cane liquor: âvariente, nla; e'uhulal, n4f; pos", 

nla; trago, nla. 

cane liquor flavored with nance fruit or hog 

plums : mistela, nla. 

cane liquor that has been received as gift and is 

poured into bottle to be drunk later: c'amem 

vo9, nphr(aj & n)la. 

large glass of cane liquor /served at steward's 

entrance into his office and at veneration of 

his coffer/: presko, nla. 

with cane: pah, av. 

/tooth/: e'ue'upil, n3d. 

edible canna: c'uc", nld; k'os eahal c'uc', 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k'os c'uc', nphr(aj 

& n). 

kanyon, nla. 

/person who tamps gunpowder in blasting 

iron and explodes it/: hten-kamaro, agn(tv 

& ncpd). 

horn, nld. 

red canopy that covers Christ on Good Friday: 

eahal pok', nphr(aj & n)5. 

k'ol, av. 

nail trago, nphr(natt & n5). 

/official of the first level of the religious hierarchy/: 

pasyon, agn. 

/covering for corn, market stalls, trucks/: lona, 

nla. 

na holol, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

bottle cap: mak limete, nphr(nlf of nld). 

/flat-capped mushroom/: ''anal, n4f. 

/mushroom with conical cap/: holol, n3b. 

know one's capabilities: wi ba, rv. 

be capable: tohob, iv; tohobah, iv. 

capable man: rinil vinik, nphr(aj/pred/ & n5). 

blue cape worn by ensign-bearers when entering 

and leaving office, worn by grand and 

petty alcaldes on Good Friday: kapoteil, 

n3a. 

rain cape: 9asibal, n3a; kapail, n3a. 

/official in first level of religious hierarchy/: 

kapitan, agn. 

kapon kelem, nphr(n type n)la. 

/official in first level of religious hierarchy/: 

kapitan, agn. 

eak, tv. 

k'ok', nld; turismu, n5. 

/for wool/: kalas, nla. 

/wool/: has, tv; hasomah, iv. 

karton, nla. 

water resistant cardboard /for roofing/: lamina, 

nla. 

hasbenal, aj. 

bik'it primon, nphr(aj & n); kampana c'o e'iilel, 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); k'os primon, 

nphr(aj & n); primon, nle. 

W>onin, tv; wonta, tv. 

care about: 9ic' ta k'us, vphr(tv & prep & aj). 

care for: lie" ta k'us, vphr(tv & prep & aj). 

care for sick person: cabi, tv. 

not care: muk' ta Won, nphr(pt/contr of mu & 

cared 

careening 

careful 

carefully 

carelessly 

caress 

caressing 

carnation 

Carnival 

carnival 

carpenter 

carried 

carrot 

carry 

yiO & -uk/ & prep & n4d). 

take care of: k'usubin, tv; tuk'ulan, tv. 

take care of oneself: tuk'ulan ba, rv. 

well cared for: caban, aj. 

(car): yuk'lahet, av. 

lek, aj. 

lek, aj. 

do carefully: lekil , tv(aj & tvepd). 

kilil mahal, ajphr(aj & aj). 

hurriedly and carelessly: vovil , 

tv(aj & tvepd). 

treat carelessly: 9istol Wi, vphr(n5 & tv). 

pet, tv. 

/illicit/: pik-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

•Jik'îk'-loân klavel, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); 

klavelina, n; korona klavel, nphr(n type n); 

pino klavel, nphr(aj & n). 

Carnival Sunday: rominko k'ak'al, nphr(n 

type n)5. 

carnival joke: vompa, nld. 

Chamula Carnival figure: tan sat, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

kalpintero, agn. 

bek\ ces, tik", av 

be carried in procession (saint): pasyah, iv; 

pasyan, tv. 

be carried off /in wind/: vuck'ih ec'el, vphr(iv 

& dr). 

being carried /coffin on shoulders/: tuc'ton, av. 

being carried with legs dangling: cos, av. 

sanoria, nla. 

•>ic", tv. 

be able to carry /heavy object/: lik Wun, 

vphr(iv & n4d). 

carry again /heavy burden/ /person rests and 

then carries it again, or burden is taken part 

way and left, then carried the rest of the 

way/: cat-kuc, tv(num & tvepd). 

carry against body /beans, chaplets/: cup, tv. 

carry armfuls /weeds, stubble/: hop, tv. 

carry burden a short distance: 'Jeanluh, iv. 

carry burden a short distance /either on one's 

back or by mule/: 'Jean, tv. 

carry burden a short distance /infr/: leah, iv. 

carry burden by mule: êovah, iv. 

carry by arms and legs /prisoner/: sac', tv. 

carry by holding between thumb and forefinger 

/basket, bowl, gourd/: sek, tv. 

carry by the arms and legs: k'atal-e'al, tv(aj & 

tvepd). 

carry censer from house to house (stewards-royal 

on Thursday morning at fiesta of Our Lady 

of the Rosary in Voi-bie).: c'lp lav 9ak'al, 

vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). 

carry crosswise /long object/: k'atal-e'al, tv(aj 

& tvepd). 

carry crosswise in arms /baby, weeds/: k'ec, 

tv. 

carry each other (children): kucan baik, rv. 

carry in apron: cup, tv. 

carry in one's arms /child, puppy, cat/: pet, 

tv. 

carry in pile /wool, pine needles, thatch, 

twigs, stubble, cabbage/: e'etan, tv. 

carry object with handle or by edge /table, 

chair, empty demijohn, basket/ /in hand, or

carrying 

carve 

carving 

case (1) 

case (2) 

Caspacio 

casserole 

cassock 

castor bean 

castrate 

castrated 

castrator 

cat 

cat brier 

catch 

caterpillar 

arm/: lik, tv. 

carry off on shoulder /long tree, corpse/: poy 

ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

carry on back, /male dogs/ (bitch in heat): 

kucomah, iv. 

carry on back /small burden/ (child): t'uc, tv. 

carry on back /thatch, corn stubble, twigs/: tin, 

tv. 

carry on one's back /without tumpline/: t'inpati, 

tv(aj & ncpd). 

carry out in earnest: eaeal-k'opta, tv(aj & 

tvcpd). 

carry piggyback /large child/: lep ta kucel, 

vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

carry saint or coffin on shoulders /in procession/: 

k'eclomah, iv. 

carry slowly in apron, etc.: cupilan, tv. 

carry small burden on back (person, mule): 

t'ucan, tv. 

carry together /sharing load equally/: 

komon-9ic', tv(aj & tvcpd). 

carry well /music/: toy nuk', vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n4f). 

/on back/: kuc, tv. 

/pole on shoulder/: tel, tv. 

/short sticks interspersed with long sticks/: lae", 

tv. 

/thatch, etc./: tinetah, iv. 

unable to carry load: ploho, aj. 

cec, c'ip, kuc, pec, pet, tin, av. 

carrying armfuls: k'ec, av. 

carrying branches: c'et, av. 

carrying by handle or by rim: liket, av. 

carrying in arms: pet, av. 

carrying small burden: Cue, av. 

/stone/: "»an, tv. 

lucul, n4e. 

state one's case: cap tal, vphr(tv & dr); capbe 

melol, vphr(tv & n4f). 

stating one's case: cap, av. 

/beer/: karton, nla. 

Kas, nld. 

earthenware casserole: salten, nla. 

•nk'al k'u9 pale, nphr(/aj & n/4d of n5). 

9it'is c'upak' te9, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); 

eahal c'upak' to, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

c'upak' ten, nphr(n type n); muk'ta c'upak' 

te9, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil c'upak' 

te9, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

lok' 9at, vphr(tv & n5).' 

castrated animal: kapon, nla. 

hlok'-?at, agn(tv & ncpd). 

con, nle; katu9, nla.*; manu 1 ?, n5; masu9, nla; 

mosit, nld; salu9, nla. 

/ Vot-bie/: maul, nla. 

•Nk'al e'usub, nphr(aj & n); k'os k'anal t'ut' 9ak', 

nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); t'ut' 

9ak\ nphr(n type n); t'ut'ak 9ak', nphrfn type 

n). 

/animals, cold/: eak, tv. 

catch together /horses/: ko9ol-eak, tv(aj & 

tvped); komon-eak, tv(aj & tvcpd). 

catch up: ta, tv. 

catch up with /person/: net', tv. 

/falling water, ball/: c'am, tv. 

(general term): eukum, tv. 


caterwauling 

cathedral 

Catherine 

cattail 

caught 

cauldron 

cause 

caved 

cavendishia 

caving 

cavity 

cawing 

cease 

cedar 

ceiba 

celebrate 

celebration 

celery 

Celeste 

Celestino 

cement 

cemetery 

cense 

censer 

cent 

center 

central 

century 

century plant 

ceremonial 

ceremony 

lowland caterpillar: sae\ nle. 

poisonous caterpillar: tue-ne, n(aj & ncpd)le. 

poisonous caterpillar /one highland, one lowland/: 

c'isal toh, nphr(natt & n)5.* 

poisonous highland and lowland caterpillar: 

tue(l), nle. 

tent caterpillar: bae'i eukum, nphr(aj & n)5.* 

k'ark'on, av. 

/in San Cristobal/: katigral, n5. 

/name of one of the dames/: katal, nld. 

9aneil puh, nphr(natt & n). 

kakkon, av. 

be caught between (foot): sep\ iv. 

become caught (cord for measuring property, 

halter) /in bushes/: timeah, iv. 

/in underbrush or vines/: kakal, aj. 

tak'in p'in, nphr(n type n)ld. 

9ak', tv. 

cause gossip: 9ak' k'op, vphrftv & n5). 

e'en, nla.*; nail e'en, nphr(natt & n5). 

/ Cobtik/: k'ulebal, n3d. 

cave in (earth): poeVih, iv. 

cave in /earth/: poe"k'in, tv. 

caved in (land): poe'ol, aj. 

konkon, n. 

caving in: poc*, av. 

k'usben con, nphr(x type n)5. 

filled with cavities: conol, aj. 

hohhon, av. 

(rain, pain): pah, iv. 

Spanish cedar: eahal c"ut-te9, nphr(aj & n/aj & 

ncpd/); c'ut-tei, n(aj & ncpd); sakil c'ut-te9, 

nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). 

pochote ceiba: •'inop, nle; mohan, n5; nantai, 

n. 

muk'ultas, tv. 

celebrate requiem mass: lok' misa, vphr(iv & 

nle). 

/fiesta, requiem mass/: lok'es, tv. 

/of steward's coffer or new house ceremony/: 

toyel, vnlf. 

wild celery: kulantu c'o, nphr(n of n). 

Tinik, nld. 

/infr/: Tino, nld. 

meskla, nla; semento, n5. 

mukenal, n5. 

pamta, tv; pamtaluh, iv. 

9av lak'al. nphr(n4f of nla). 

censer bearer: hlik 9av 9ak'al, agn: vphr(tv & 

nphr/n4f of n5/cpd). 

censer maker: hpatol, agn; hpotob, agn. 

sentavo, nla. 

five cents: sinko, nla. 

/no longer current/: kovre, nld. 

9oilol, nle. 

/of young corn or cabbage/: 9unenal, nlf. 

central section /blouse/: yol, n4f. 

siglo, n5. 

muk'ta met, nphr(aj & n); muk'tik met, nphr(aj 

& n). 

ceremonial bed of patient: volim, nla. 

ceremony for corn fields: kantelail Cobtik, 


ceremony for the completion of a new house: 

c'ul-kantela, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

ceremony held by house owner when the walls


certain 

certainly 

chachalaca 

chafe 

chafed 

are completed and the ridgepole is in place: 

hoi cuk, nphr(n of n)5. 

ceremony requesting rain: k'anob vo9, nphr(n 

of n)5. 

ceremony to prevent epidemics, 10 blind witch, 

or to appease earth lord: makob camel, 

nphr(n of vn)5. 

ceremony to prevent wind from destroying 

corn field: makob 9ik', nphr(n of n)5. 

ceremony to ward off envious /term may be 

applied to any private ceremony/: makobil 

sat 9ue kolo9, nphr: n4f of nphr(n4f of 

nphr/n type n/5). 

curing ceremony: ?ilel, vn5; k'op, nld. 

curing ceremony in house to return sickness: 

valk'unel, vn5. 

curing ceremony involving visit to mountain 

shrines: hok'aneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

have curing ceremony for oneself: ?al ba vokol, 

vphr(rv & n5). 

have curing ceremony in which patient begs forgiveness: 

k'an pertonal, vphr(tv & n5). 

hold agricultural ceremony /primarily in the 

lowland cornfields at the planting, and often 

at the first weeding and the harvest/: 9o£ 

limusna cob, vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n4e of 

n2d/). 

hold ceremony for new house: toy na, vphr(tv 

& n4d). 

hold curing ceremony: 9oc Samel, vphr(iv/3s/ 

& vn5); 9oc kantela, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); 9oc 

kantela, vphr(iv & n4d); 9oc limusna, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); yu9 k'op, vphr(iv/3s/ 

&n5). 

hold curing ceremony /for family member/: 

9al vokol, vphr(tv & n5). 

hold each of three year renewal ceremonies: 9oc 

camel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn5); 9oc kantela, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). 

hold minor curing ceremony (shaman): k'opla, 

tv. 

hold year renewal ceremony: 9oc kantela, 


major curing ceremony: muk'ta 9ilel, nphr(aj & 

vn)5.*; muk'ta nicim, nphr(aj & n)5.* 

minor curing ceremony: 9o9lol nicim, nphr(n of 

n)5.* 

minor curing ceremony /held in house and 

without flowers and candles/: k'oplael, vn5. 

type of curing ceremony: pertonal, n5. 

year renewal ceremony /the first of three ceremonies/: 

9ac' habil, nphr(aj & n)5. 

lahes 9o9on, vphr(tv // n); melel, aj. 

it is not certain: mu patob 9o9oniluk, nphr(pt & 

nphr/n of n/5). 

a9a, excl; tana, excl. 

plain chachalaca: vokoto, n5.* 

co9p'in, tv. 

(burden, sandals): t'asean, tv. 

chafe person (wool skirt): t'ahesvan, iv. 

chafe person's foot or back: yayihesvan, iv. 

/foot/ (sandal): bi, tv. 

t'asal, aj. 

be chafed /by burden or sandals/: t'aseah, iv. 

chaff 

chain 

chair 

chalice 

chamberpot 

chameleon 

Chamula 

chandelier 

change 

changed 

changing 

chant 

chanterelle 

chaplet 

charcoal 

charge 

charity 

chase 

chasuble 

chattering 

be chafed /by new clothes/: vot, iv. 

corn chaff: solepal 9isim, nphr(x & n)5; solil, 

n4e. 

karina, nla. 

sila, nla. 

9av bino, nphr(n4f of nld); 9uc'ob bino, 

nphr(nle of nld). 

c'amob eo9, nphr(nlf of nld); c'amob k'abil, 

nphr(nlf of n3d). 

false chameleon: 9uer'ue' ni9, nphr(aj & n)le.' 

Chamu9tik, n5; h9ik'al-k'u9, agn(aj & ncpd). 

Chamula Center: camu9, n5. 

/inhabitant of Chamula/: 9ulo9, nld. 

9aranya, nle. 

hel, n4b; k'es. nib. 

change of clean clothing: k'esob-bail, n(n & 

rpncpd)ld. 

change of office: k'esel, vn5. 

change one's clothes: helta ba, tv; k'esta ba, rv. 

change one's story inadvertently: sok it, 


change peso bill or coin: vok' tak'in, vphr(tv & 

nld). 

change to: helubtas, tv. 

/clothing/: capleh, n4f; k'esil, n3d; k'esta, tv. 

/houses/: helta, tv. 

in small change (money): c'uc'ul, aj. 

make change: bik'tahes, tv. 

/money/: sut, n4b. 

/money, clothes/: hel, tv. 

report change of plans /referring to trip to work 

or to gather firewood, etc./: sutes k'op, 


be changed: k'es", iv. 

be changed (altar decorations): k'esinah, iv. 

hel, av. 

chant response /on All Souls' Day to call forth 

souls/ (sacristan): lok'es c'ulelal, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

chant responsory for the dead at funeral or on 

All Souls' Day: 9ak' responso, vphr(tv & n5). 

false chanterelle: k'anal c'is mana 9ok, nphr: 

aj & nphr(n type nphr/x type n4f/). 

/necklace with coin pendants and a pendant 

cross in the center, placed on the saints' images/: 

9ual, nld. 

•)ak'al, nld; 9ak'lel, n4f; k'ak'et 9ak'al, nphr(aj 

& n)5. 

charcoal cruncher: hk'us-9ak'al, agn(tv & 

ncpd).' 

charcoal maker /Chamula, Pastei.iElan Voi/.: 

hcik'-9ak'al, agn(tv & ncpd). 

charcoal wrapper /leaves used by charcoal sellers/: 

vol 9ak'al, nphr(nlf of nld). 

make charcoal: cik' 9ak'al, vphr(tv & n5). 

9ak', tv. 

(bull or cow on rampage): 9ak'otah, iv. 

ritual speech of older women; charity: karira, 

n5. 

nue, tv. 

chase out: nue lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

chase out /with rocks/: voc' lok'el, vphr(tv & 

dr). 

kapail, n3a. 

p'av, av; e'ehc'on, av.

chatting 

chayote 

cheap 

cheaper 

cheated 

cheekbone 

cheep 

cheeping 

cheese 

Chenalho 

cherimoya 

cherry 

chest(l) 

chest(2) 

chew 

chewed 

chewing 

chewings 

Chiapa 

chicha 

chick 

chicken 

chickenpox 

chigger 

child 

chattering teeth (gopher, person) /with cold/: 

hec'ec'et te, v phr(av & n4d). 

9i?, av. 

c'um-te9, n(n & ncpd) la; t'aras c'um-te?, 

nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/); yasal eop-c'um-te?, 

nphr: aj & n(aj & ncpd/n & ncpd/); yasal 

c'um-te9, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). 

chayote root: ko9san, nla.* 

yalem, aj. 

cheap and expensive: yalel toyol, ajphr(aj & 

aj). 

/more for less money/: 9ue'ue', aj. 

become cheaper: •me'ue'ib, iv. 

be cheated: lok' ves, vphr(tv & n4d). 

ton satil, nphr(n If of n3d); tonav satil, nphr(nlf 

of n3d). 

c'avc'onah, iv; c'ivc'onah, iv. 

(hungry chick): vicicetah, iv. 

c'av, 6'i\, vie, av. 

kesu, nla. 

C'enal Voi, vphr(natt & n)5. 

k'eves, nla. 

black cherry: bae*i cis-te9, nphr(aj & n/x & 

ncpd/); eahal cis-te9, nphr(aj & n/x & 

ncpd/); cis-te9, n(x & ncpd)la; Io9balal 

cis-te9, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); sakil lo- 

9balal cis-te9, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & 

ncpd/). 

ground cherry: cicol, nla. 

ti9 9o9onil, nphr(n2f of n3d). 

kasa, nla. 

/candy/: kae"ulan, tv. 

chew the cud (cow): lek' 9e, vphr(tv & n4d). 

/chewing gum, maguey, sugarcane/: mae*, tv. 

/meat, vegetables, tortillas, chewing gum/: sas, 

tv. 

/wood/ (blunt axe): sesulan, tv; sesulta, tv. 

sesbentik, aj; sesintik, aj. 

chewing toothlessly: mus, av. 

/chicken food/ (child): saslahet, av. 

/fleas/ (mule): t'umt'on, av. 

mae'benal, n3b. 

Chiapa de Corzo: Soktom, n5. 

pahal vo9, nphr(aj & n)ld; yakil vo9, nphr(aj & 

n)la. 

baby chick: vivic, nla. 

9alak', n4a; kaslan. n5.* 

chicken meat: kaslan, n5.* 

white chicken: palom, nld. 

kuyel hc'ul-me9tik, nphr(vn4f of agn/aj & 

ncpd/)5. 

e'en sok(l), nphr(n type n)ie. 

lowland & temperate chigger: e'en sok, nphr(n 

type n)le.* 

?olol, n5.*; htahimol, agn. 

child of man /archaic/: nic'onil, n3a. 

child of woman: nid'nab, nld. 

eldest or first child: ba 9unen, nphr(n5 of n5). 

eldest or first child /of man/: ba c'amal, 

nphr(nlf of nld). 

eldest or first child /of woman/: ba 9ol, 


female or Ritual speech; female's child: 9alab, 

nld. 

female's child: 9olil, n3d. 


childhood 

childless 

chili 

chill 

chilled 

chills 

chiming 

chin 

china berry 

chip 

chipped 

chipping 

last child: pec, n4e; pecec, n5; pie, n4e. 

male's child /if a woman's children are grown 

up then she may use this term referring to 

them/: c'amalil, n3d. 

midwife's child /person who was delivered by 

particular midwife/: tambalal, n4d. 

nursing child: hcu9nom, agn. 

ritual speech: 9aboltasel, vn4d. 

/under nine years old/: k'os, nld. 

youngest child: sup, n4e. 

c'ilahel, n4d. 

moc, av. 

walking about childless: moc'temoc'te, av. 

woman who is childless: ciciva, agn. 

9ic 9ulo9, nphr(n4d of n5); 9ic kulahtik, 

nphr(n4d of n5); bak 9ic, nphr(aj & n)la; 

bik'it bak 9ic, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k'os 

bak 9ic, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k'os sakil 

9ic, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); mok-ni9 9ic, 

nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); muk'ta bak 9i£, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sak-morte, n(aj & 

ncpd); sakil 9ic, nphr(aj & n)ld; volvol 9ic, 

nphr(aj & n); yasal sakil 9ic, nphr(aj & 


bush chili: k'anal 9ic, nphr(aj & n); sakil 

came-9at 9ak', nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & 

nepd/type n). 

chili sauce: p'uyum, nla. 

wild chili: 9ic mut, nphr(n4d of n5); eo9 mut 

9ic, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)la; k'os eoi 

mut 9ic, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/ type n); 

tempic, n; tempic 9ic, nphr(n type n); tempran 

9ic, nphr(aj & n). 

eav, av; k'un-sik, nphr(aj & ncpd)le; sikubtas, 

tv; sikubtaseh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

feeling chill: e'ah, poc, av. 

feeling sudden chill: vaeluh, av. 

inan. poss.; chill /caused by fear or by unsuspected 

imminence of beating or murder/: sikil, 

n4c. 

sik. av. 

become chilled: sikubtas ba, rv. 

(sick person): eaval, aj. 

chills and fever: sik k'ak', nphr(n4e & n4e); sik 

k'ok', nphr(n type n)5. 

chills and fever /transmitted by witches of Totolapa 

or Simojovel/: kuybalal camel, 

nphr(aj & vn)5. 

can, av. 

kolomil, n3d; kovovil, n3d. 

paraiso te9, nphr(n type n). 

hepel te9, nphr(aj & n)5; hepelul, n4f; set, iv; 

seteah, iv; setk'uh, iv; setk'unbe, tv; voc'ol 

te9, nphr(aj & n)la; vod'olil, n4f. 

chip off: c'oti, tv. 

chip off /pine or incense from living tree/: lok, 

tv. 

/in pot/: setbenal, nlf. 

/pottery/: set, tv; set', tv. 

wood chip: kamul, n4f; kamul te9, nphr(n of 

n)la. 

/wood, stone/: c'uc'ulil, n4f. 

selahtik, aj; set'el, aj. 

chipped section of pot: vok'emal, n4f. 

with chipped rim /pot/: sel-9e, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

chipping at: d'otet, av.


chips 

chirp 

chirping 

chitlings 

chocolate 

choice 

choir 

choke 

chomping 

choose 

choosing 

chop 

chopping 

chowder 

Christ 

chipping suddenly: setluh, av. 

in chips (wood, stone): c'uc'ul, aj. 

c'ivc'onah, iv. 

cil, cir, av. 

eahal vertil, nphr(aj & n)3d. 

/archaic/: pamal kokov, nphr(natt & n)la. 

chocolate drink: cukuliat, nla. 

object of one's choice /bride/: t'uhomal, n4d. 

choir stall: koro, nle. 

hik'av, iv; mit', tv. 

pac', p'av, p'uv, av. 

t'uh, tv. 

choose husband: t'uh vinik, vphr(tv & n5). 

choose worker: t'uh vinik, vphr(tv & n4d). 

/with difficulty/: t'uht'on, av. 

boh, tv. 

chop into pieces: c'uc'ulta, tv. 

chop off /branch/: hep, tv. 

chop out /section from pine tree/: t'ol, tv. 

/with dull axe that does not bite/: nul, tv. 

bah, k'oh, av. 

chopping at /weeds with dull hoe/: nulnon, av. 

chopping at ineffectually: hephon, av. 

corn chowder containing chili, achiote, cloves, 

sauce for chicken and eggs: eahal vokol 9ic, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5.* 

corn chowder flavored with onion, chili and 

fish, tomato or potato /eaten during Lent/: 

vokol •>ic coy, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. 

corn chowder flavored with onion, chili, tomato 

and chayote root: vokol *ric kosan, 



and eggs /served at each of three year renewal 

ceremonies and at will/: vokol lie 

ton kaslan, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ & nphr/n of 

n/)5. 


and potato: vokol 9ic 7is-ak', nphr(nphr/ 

aj & n/ type n/x & ncpd/)5. 

corn chowder flavored with onion, mexican 

tea and chili: vokol lie ta kokoion, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ & prep & n)5. 

corn chowder flavored with onion, tomato 

and chili: vokol ?ic, nphr(aj & n)la. 

corn chowder flavored with onion, tomato, chili 

and pork /served at each of three year renewal 

ceremonies and at will/: vokol 9ic citom, 


corn chowder flavored with shrimp: vokol ic 

kamaron, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. 

Christ /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, 

and two images in side chapel/: 

hc'ul-totik Kristo, agn: nphr(n/aj & nepd/ 

type n)5. 

Christ at the Column /in side chapel of the 

Church of St. Lawrence/: hc'ul-totik ta 

Pila, agn: nphr(n/aj & nepd/ & prep & n)5. 

Christ Child: ninyo, n5. 

Christ Child /two images in nave of the 

Church of St. Lawrence/: hc'ul-totik Ninyo, 

agn: nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)5. 

Christ in the Holy Sepulchre /in nave of the 

Church of St. Lawrence/: hc'ul-totik 

Hmanvaneh, agn: nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type 

agn)5. 

Christmas 

chronic 

chrysanthemum 

chubbily 

chubby 

chugalug 

chugging 

chunk 

church 

churchyard 

ciborium 

cicada 

cigar 

cigar flower 

cigarette 

cinch 

cinnamon 

circle 

Christ in the Holy Sepulchre /in the Church of 

St. Sebastian/: hc'ul-totik Sepetura, agn: 

nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)5. 

ritual speech; Christ: hmanvaneh, agn.* 

paskwa, n5. 

Christmas Day: ba-k'el paskwa, nphr(n4f of 

vn/tv & nepd/). 

Christmas Eve: layan ninyo, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n5); paskwa, n5. 

Christmas figurine /clay animal, angel or shepherd 

used by children and for creche/: pastol, 

nld. 

Christmas season /period from December 

twentieth to twenty-sixth/: paskwatik, n5. 

become chronic (sickness): me'Mn, iv. 

make chronic: mointas, tv. 

crown daisy chrysanthemum: krisantema, n. 

fever few chrysanthemum: hharal-mcnik, agn(aj 

& ncpd)la; nicim hc'ul-mctik, nphr(n4d 

of agn/aj & nepd/); nicim hharal-me'Uik, 

nphr(n of agn/aj & nepd/). 

florists' chrysanthemum: krisantema nicim, 


sitting chubbily (child): •Jiisul, aj. 

9en, 9us, hen, p'as, vuk, av. 

(child): t'omt'om, aj. 

(child, baby animal): t'usul, aj. 

(child, puppy, pot): henel c'ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

n4d). 

(child's leg): p'osol, aj. 

(legs or arms of child): kue'ulik, aj. 

(person, pot): lenlen c'ut. vphr(aj /pred/ & 

nib). 

(tummy of child or puppy): vukul, aj. 

k'ubbe, tv; nuhk'in, tv. 

for, av. 

large chunk of cooked watermelon squash rind: 

sekom, nld. 

large chunks of cooked watermelon squash 

rind: sekomal mail, nphr(natt & n)5. 

•Jeklisya, n5. 

church warden: hk'el-ieklisa, agn(tv & nepd). 

c'ub, n5. 

9av htotik sakramentu, nphr(n4f of nphr/agn 

type n5/). 

lowland cicada: sikitin, nle. 

puro, nla. 

•rit'is nofleb vonon, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/); 

hipleb vonon, nphr(n of n); luileb vonon, 

nphr(n of n); nocleb e"unun e'ftlel, 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); nocleb vonon, 

nphr(n of n); nocleb vonon e*i9lel, 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 

sik'alal, nle; sik'ol, n4d. 

cigarette butt: cuman sik'alal, nphr(n of n)5. 

cinch that serves as tumpline: tabul, n4f. 

kanela, nla. 

hoyol, aj; sentro, nle. 

circle around ( hpetom at wedding dance): setomah, 

iv. 

circle of light produced by electric light: sentro, 

nle. 

dancing in circle: set, av. 

go in circles around /wedding godfather/: hoyobah, 

iv. 

moving in circle: hoy, set, av.

circuit 

circular 

circulating 

citron 

city 

civil 

clacking 

claim 

clambering 

clamoring 

clanging 

clank 

clanking 

clap 

clashing 

clasp 

clattering 

claw 

clay 

clean 

clear 

cleared 

clearing 

clearly 

ritual speech, prayer; circuit: sutlemal, n4f. 

(maguey): setel, aj. 

/in veins/ (injection): testeteste, av. 

sila, nla. 

hamal lum, vphr(aj/pred/ & n)5. 

civil authority: ?ahval kavilto, nphr(n4f of n5). 

civil authority /archaic/: hustisya, agn. 

civil government /archaic/: hustisyaetik, agn. 

civil official /general term/: hpas-k'op, agn(tv 

& ncpd). 

have civil marriage: sivilah, iv. 

(marriage): sivil, aj. 

c eh, av. 

(metal-studded sandals): vak'von, av. 

claim /falsely/ to have had sexual relations 

with: nap'an ba, rv; nocan ba, rv. 

initiate a claim: likesbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). 

hok', av. 

clamoring suddenly: nikluh, av. 

(people EKL 255; 1-11): nececet, av; viklahet, 

av. 

kan, av. 

(bottles): tih ba, rv. 

bah, c'eh, fih, hoc', av. 

pak'ulan k'ob, vphr(tv // n). 

clap one's hands: t'asulan k'ob, vphr(tv // n). 

(cymbals): eiheon, av. 

clasp hands under one's head: son-holin k'ob, 

vphr(tv/n & ncpd/ & n4d). 

can, car, hie', k'ol, av. 

clattering suddenly (wood being piled up): 

vak'luh, av. 

îc'akil, n3d. 

/crab/: teseres, nla. 

(insect): loe 1 , n4d. 

cab-lum, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. 

sak, aj. 

clean by shaking water in /bottle/: yuk', tv; 

yuk'i, tv. 

clean with knife: hos, tv. 

clean with second joint of forefinger /inside of 

gourd or bowl/: e'it, tv. 

/ditch/: pol, tv. 

keep one's clothing clean (woman): cuk' ba, rv. 

/well/: hoe", tv. 

hamal, aj. 

become clear (sky) /balamil/: ean, iv. 

clear another of guilt: c'ayesbe mul, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

clear path: vuk' ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

clear road of highwaymen: ham be, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

clear sky: hamal 9osil, vphr(aj/pred/ & n)5. 

clear sky /day or night/: eanal ?osil, nphr(aj & 

n5); eanal balamil, nphr(aj & n5). 

clear throat: ham nuk', vphr(tv // n). 

clear wide swath /land/: levbe, tv. 

have sky clear: toy balamil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). 

it is clear that: pas kwenta, vphr(tv/impr/ & 

05). 

make clear: p'ehean, tv. 

(speech): tuk'(2), aj. 

be cleared (road): pol ec'el, vphr(iv & dr). 

be cleared repeatedly (path): velulan, iv. 

clearing road: pol, av. 

•Jase-kwenta, pt(tv & ncpd); k'ak'al, aj. 


cleat 

cleave 

cleft 

clerk 

clethra 

clever 

client 

cliff 

climb 

climbing 

cling 

clinging 

clinic 

clink 

clinking 

clip 

clitocybe 

clitoris 

clobber 

clobbering 

clock 

clogged 

clopping 

close(l) 

wooden cleat used to tighten pack ropes: karavato 

kat, nphr(nld of nld). 

turn, tv. 

k'al i'en, nphr(n type n)5. 

town clerk /ladino/: sekretario, agn. 

hairy leaved clethra: toh-co? te 1 ?, nphr(n/x & 

ncpd/ type n). 

hairy-leaved clethra: bak lamuc to, 

nphr(nphr/n of n/) type n; muk'ta k'osos' te9, 


p'ih, aj; p'ihil, aj; vivo, aj. 

become clever: p'ihub, iv. 

marcante, nld. 

e'en, nla. 

/Cobtik/: k'ulebal, n3d. 

muy, iv. 

/cliff/: hok'k'ih muyel, vphr(iv & dr). 

climb down: yal, iv; yales ba, rv. 

climb over /log/: kahlebin, tv. 

climb with aid of climbing loop /formerly people 

climbed a greased pole on the fiesta of St. 

Lawrence/: •>ak' manya, vphr(tv & 4d). 

loc', hie, noc', av. 

climbing on: kah, av. 

(bean vine): nitan ba, rv. 

cling to: hipi, iv; hok'an ba, rv; hok'i, iv. 

cling to /tree/: loc'an ba, rv. 

/to tree top/ (person): t'okan ba, rv. 

/to tree trunk/: noc'an ba, rv. 

eak, coy, hip, hok', loc', av. 

be clinging /to tree top/ (person): t'oki, iv. 

(sand in eye of waking person): lisil, aj. 

(tick): eakal, aj; hok'ol, aj; tucul, aj. 

/to tree top/: t'oket, av; t'okol, aj. 

/to tree trunk or cliff/: noc'ol, aj. 

(vines, infant who clings to mother's blouse and 

refuses to be set down, bean plants): nitil, aj. 

na hpostavaneh, nphr(n4f of agn); na loktor, 

nphr(n4f of agn). 

(bottle, bowls): t'ih ba, rv. 

(bottles): t'ihan ba, rv. 

(bottles, bowls): c'ih ba, rv. 

e'in, c'ih, t'ih, av. 

walking with clinking /money/: voc'et, av. 

clip hair /child/: salanbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). 

club-footed clitocybe: lik'al -?at ka.% nphr(aj & 

nphr/n4d of n5/). 

•Jok', nld; nil, nib; ni 1 ? ôk', nphr(nlf of n4d). 

/with stick or stone/: t'inbe, tv. 

t'in, av. 

reloho, nla. 

clogged with weeds (corn field): somol ta e'iilel, 

vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5); sukul ta e'illel, 

vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). 

clogged with weeds (corn plants): sukahtik ta 

efolel, vphr(aj /pred/ & prep & n5). 

k'oh, loin, pue% pub, t'us, av. 

mak, iv; mak, tv. 

close half-way (eyes) /from hunger or sickness/: 

mak'eah, iv. 

close house /by tying stake to outside of door/: 

cuk te?, vphr(tv & n5). 

close loosely: nup', tv. 

close up (notch in tree trunk closed by weight 

of toppling tree): lot' ba, rv. 

close up /bag, ball of laundry/: yob, tv; yub, tv.


close(2) 

closed 

closely 

closing 

clot 

cloth 

clothe 

clothes 

clothing 

clotted 

cloud 

clouding 

cloudy 

clouting 

clove 

clover 

(door): nup' ba, rv. 

(eyes): mue" ba, rv. 

/eyes/: mue', tv. 

(flower): yubeah, iv. 

close to /spatially/: tihil, aj. 

babul, aj; makal, aj. 

be closed (bag, ball of laundry): yub, iv. 

closed eyelids: ma?, iniie", av. 

drawn closed (door, lid, seam): nup'ul, aj. 

drawn closed (mouth of bag): mut'ul, aj. 

(eyes): mue'ul, aj. 

with lids nearly closed /with sleep, from swelling/: 

maâl, aj. 

too closely spaced: pak', av. 

too closely spaced (corn plants): pak'al, aj; sukul, 

aj. 

(ears): yubet, av. 

let ba, rv. 

blue cloth with white cross hung behind cross 

on Good Friday: yasal pok', nphr(aj & n)5. 

cloth for carrying child: cihal ?ol, nphr(natt & 

n4d); cihal îinen, nphr(natt & n5). 

cloth lain on top of straw mat to serve as mattress: 

tasil, nla. 

cloth on loom: holobil, n3a.* 

cloth placed between burden and back to prevent 

chafing: tasil, nla. 

cloth placed on newbom baby's chest to prevent 

it from being wetted by saliva: som 10- 

•Jon, nphr(n4f of n4d). 

cloth used to wrap candles: mantres, nla. 

end of cloth: eueav, n4f. 

large cotton cloth /used by women to carry 

child or laundry/: pok' cih, nphr(n type n)ld. 

long strip of cloth used to tie saint to litter: 

pec' ?antas, nphr(n of n)le. 

table cloth: mantres, nla. 

/used to wrap candles, gourds containing coffee 

or corn gruel, sacrificial chicken, and money 

given to groom by wedding godfather/: tovalya, 

nla. 

white head cloth /worn by angels, holy elders, 

ensign-bearers and sir spook/: sakil pok', 

nphr(aj & n)la. 

k'uûltas, tv. 

k'uiil, n3a. 

pok', nla. 

article of clothing: k'uiin, n4d. 

new clothing: e'akiel, vnlb. 

section of clothing that has been turned upside 

down and resewn: sutbenal, nlf. 

set of clothing: k'u? pok', nphr(n & n)4d; k'uûl 

pak'al, nphr(n & n). 

(blood): letel, aj. 

tok, nle. 

cloud over: mak 9osil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5); maketah, 

iv. 

in clouds: bus, av. 

with cloud line on mountain top: kecel, aj. 

clouding over and clearing repeatedly: maklahet 

9osil, vphr(av & n5). 

maket ?osil, vphr(av & n5). 

pak', av. 

klavo, nla. 

hop clover: c'aben vet, nphr(n of n). 

sweet clover: 9alpaho, nld; c'aben 

cluck 

clucking 

clues 

clump 

clumsiness 

clumsy 

clusia 

cluster 

clutch 

cluttered 

coarse 

coat 

coati 

cobweb 

coca cola 

cock 

cock-a-doodle-doo 

cocked 

nphr(n type n); k'anal c'aben e'rilel, nphr(aj 

& nphr/n type n/); veêl t'ul, nphr(n of n); 

veêl vakas, nphr(n of n). 

tick clover: 7it'is tan ka9, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of 

n/); k'os tan ka9, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

muk'ta tan ka 1 ?, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

tan ka 1 ), nphr(n of n). 

white clover: muk'ta pieak', nphr(aj & n); 

pieak', nle. 

wild clover: k'os pieak', nphr(aj & n); pieak', 

nle; pieak' citom, nphr(n of n). 

/to mule/: suh, tv. 

kek, t'ek, t'ik, t'ok, av. 

(rooster affectionately to hen V2;20): kokoket, 

av. 

(rooster to hen when courting): koroket, av. 

seek clues to: bae*iltasbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & 

n4f); eaeahesbe k'oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); 

eaeubtasbe k'oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); 

eanesbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). 

form clumps (people in crowd): k'uyan ba, rv. 

in a clump (grass): eopol, aj. 

in round clumps (wool, grass, underbrush): 

voevoe, aj. 

with irregularly-sized clumps (corn): kayet, av. 

pocanil, n4d. 

poclan, aj. 

(person who stumbles): pecan, aj. 

(person who trips): sotan(3), aj. 

copey clusia: memela ten, nphr(n type n); pik'in 

lei, nphr(n type n). 

(bees): pic' ba, rv; volan ba, rv. 

(bees, shoppers): voli, tv. 

bend down in clusters: lisean yalel, vphr(tv & 

dr). 

cluster together (animals): potetah, iv. 

cluster together (people to make decision or to 

eat, sheep, mules): potan baik, rv. 

drop in cluster (fruit): voheah yalel, vphr(iv & 

dr). 

hang down in clusters: liseah yalel, vphr(iv & 

dr). 

hanging in cluster (bees): e*uyul, aj. 

in a cluster: cohol, aj. 

in a tight cluster (animals, people): eopol, aj. 

in cluster (fruits): vohol, aj. 

in cluster (maggots): k'oeol, aj. 

in clusters: bus, av. 

in thick cluster (fruit, flowers, tents of tent caterpillars): 

pic'i, iv. 

in thick clusters (fruit, flowers): pic'il, aj. 

hop, tv. 

caial, aj; hinil caial, ajphr(aj & aj); hinil vuk'ul, 

ajphr(aj & aj). 

(corn dough): voc', aj. 

grow a new coat (cat, mule, chicken): t'ab ba, 

rv. 

kotom, nle.* 

na »m, nphr(n of n)5. 

koka, nla. 

cock fight: tahimol kelem, nphr(vn of n)5. 

kokorin, onom; kokoroho?, onom. 

c'eb, av. 

(ears): e"etel, aj. 

with head cocked (puppy, girl watching boy): 

c'ebel, aj.

cocking 

cockroach 

cockscomb 

coconut 

coffee 

coffer 

coffin 

coffinmaker 

coif 

coil 

coiled 

coiling 

coin 

cold 

coldness 

colicky 

collapse 

collapsing 

collar 

collarbone 

collection 

collector 

(ears): e'eie], aj. 

make, nla. 

calub, n4d. 

/drink and bean/: kokov, nla. 

powdered cocoa: pamal kokov, nphr(natt & 

n)la. 

koko, n5 

kahve, nla;*te9el kahve, nphr(n of n). 

ceremonial coffee and bread: vo9 9uc'el, nphr(n 

type vn)5; vo9 9uc'il, nphr(n type n)5. 

coffee grounds: eo9 kahve, nphr(nlf of nld). 

laced coffee: kapon kahve, nphr(n type n)5. 

presentation of coffee /by ensign-bearers on the 

first day of fiesta/: nompra, nld. 

unsweetened coffee: c'ail kahve, nphr(aj & n)5. 

wild coffee: •nt'is sakil kanela te9, nphr: n4f of 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); posil pat kai, 

nphr(n of nphr/n of n/); sakil kanela to, 


kasa, nla. 

kahon, nla. 

hpas-kahon, agn(tv & nepd). 

k'ambenal, n4f. 

coil neatly /rope/: capa, tv. 

/hair, grass or corn stubble that is coiled by 

horse's or cow's tongue to facilitate chewing/: 

k'am, tv. 

/rope/: cap, tv. 

(snake): cap ba, rv; lae ba, rv; laean ba, rv; 

loe ba, rv; loean ba, rv. 

(snake, rope): sot ba, rv. 

/woven palm strip/: pis, tv. 

(snake): capal, aj; laeal, aj; loeol, aj; lukul, aj; 

mocol, aj; mucul, aj; muc'ul, aj; sotol, aj. 

cap, k'am, av. 

coin on necklace: tak'in nae'il, nphr(n4e of 

n3d). 

/money/: lules, tv. 

sik, aj.*; sikil, aj. 

"cold wind": sik, aj. 

"cold" /food, medicine, illness/: sik, aj. 

become cold: sikub, iv. 

cold and dry: sik-takin, aj(aj & ajcpd). 

cold and dry (nixtamal): c'ivil, aj. 

cold and wet (clothing): sik-t'ayan, aj(aj & 

Pcpd). 

common cold: simal 9obal, nphr(n type n)5. 

(empty house): sik-kotan, aj(aj & Pcpd). 

sikil, n4c. 

nop', av. 

patk'uh, iv; patk'un ba, rv. 

(fence, door, wall): levk'uh, iv. 

/fence, door, wall/: levk'un, tv. 

(house): vuk', iv. 

(house): vuk'eah, iv. 

(old basket): suvuv, av. 

ribbon used for collar of man's wool tunic: sinta, 

nla. 

/shirt/: nuk'il, n3b. 

white collar /dog, laughing falcon/: 9u pok', 

nphr(nle of n5). 

?ual bakel, nphr(n type n)ld. 

collection of money for fiesta /St. Sebastian, 

Holy Week, St. Lawrence/: kovral, n5. 

money collector /for fiestas/: heob-tak'in, 


colony 

color 

comadre 

comb 

combing 

comfortable 

commission 

communion 

compadre 

companion 

company 

compare 

compassionate 

compensation 

complain 

complaint 

complete 

completely 

compliance 

compress 

agn(tv & nepd). 

kolonya, n5. 

bon, nle; bonol, nle. 

term of address and reference: kumaleil, n3d. 

hac'ubil, n3a; tus, tv. 

comb out /lice/: ves, tv. 

/people's hair/: tusan, tv. 

wet or grease and comb /hair/ (woman): t'ab, 

tv. 

•us, av. 

combing out /lice/: vesvon, av. 

greasing or wetting and combing: t'abt'on, av. 

9ik' ba, rv; tal, iv; toe tal, vphr(iv & dr). 

come down (price): yal, iv. 

come from: 9ayan, iv. 

come in: 9OC, iv. 

come near: nopohes ba, rv. 

come on! /restricted to attempt to convince 

someone/: lompre, excl. 

come out: lok', iv. 

come to: tales c'ulel, vphr(tv & n4d); yul c'ulel, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

come true (dream, omen): k'ot, iv. 

feeling more comfortable: laet 9a9i, vphr(av & 

tv); lahet 9a'i, vphr(av & tv). 

k'uban, tv. 

take communion: 9ic' nos, vphrftv & n5). 

c'ul-ci9ilil, n(aj & ncpd)3d. 

male speech, informal term of address; compadre: 

kumpa, n5. 

/male term of address emphasizing intimacy or 

strength of relationship/: kumpagre, n5. 

term of address and reference; compadre: kumpareil, 

n3d. 

ci9ilil, n3d; hci9invaneh, agn. 


cow, goat, cat, horse/: vayihel, nld. 

/religious officer who shares post/: nupul, n4b. 

/religious officer who shares same post/: nupil, 

n3b. 

keep company: ci9in, tv. 

ko9oltas, tv. 

be compassionate: k'usubah 9o9on, vphr(iv/3s/ 

& n4d); k'usubah ta 9o")on, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

prep & n4d); na9 ta 9o9on, vphr(tv & prep 

& n4d). 

make principal compensation for /injury/: 

k'esta, tv. 

complain before civil authorities: lak' kwenta, 

vphrftv & n5); 9ak' parte, vphr(tv & n5). 

complain constantly to authorities: pas k'in, 


complain to: k'anbe parte, vphr(tv & n5). 

lodge a complaint: k'an parte, vphr(tv & n5). 

e'ak, tv; c"akbe, tv; e"akubtas, tv. 

(change, debt): e'akal, aj. 

complete broad swatch /hoeing, weeding, clearing/: 

t'ab, tv; t'abean, tv; t'abi, iv. 

complete work /hoeing and felling of trees 

only/: ti9ih, iv. 

/neither too much nor too little/: tih.il, aj. 

/week of official duty, term of office/: neles, tv. 

9entero, aj; labal, aj; toh, aj. 

yalemal won, nphr(n4f of n4d); yalemal hoi, 


lot' ba, rv.


conceal 

concealed 

concealing 

concede 

conceive 

conceived 

concern 

concerned 

concerning 

conciliate 

condition 

confess 

confession 

confetti 

confined 

confirmation 

confounded 

confront 

confronting 

confused 

congeal 

congealing 

congestion 

conical 

conscientious 

conscientiously 

apply compress: lam, tv. 

(bottle): paca, aj. 

(scales): pacpac, aj. 

conceal another's guilt: makbe mul, vphr(tv & 

n4d); muk mulil, vphr(tv & n5); pae"be mul, 


conceal person's guilt: pae" mulil, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

conceal under clothes: lue', tv. 

/face with shawl/ (girl): lue", tv. 

/guilt of other person/: pac 1 , tv. 

suk, av. 

concealed in weeds: sukul ta e'i'Jleltik, vphr(aj/ 


/in weeds/: somol, aj. 

moving concealed: som, av. 

partially concealed: mak, mak', av. 

lue 5 , av. 

patbe 9o9on, vphr(tv & n4d). 

/child/ (man, woman): e'anesbe, tv. 

be conceived: e'an, iv. 

kwenta, nib. 

show concern for: Tie' ta muk', vphr(tv & prep 

& aj); 9o9onin, tv; wonta, tv. 

be concerned about: 9ak' ta w>on, vphr(tv & 

prep & n4d). 

•»u7unil, n3b. 

conciliate with token gift: makbe ie, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

on condition that: ha 1 ? nos kwenta, nphr(pt & 

pt/contr of no & nos/ & n5); kwentan, pt. 

?al mul, vphr(tv // n); c'ayes mul, vphr(tv // n); 

ham 9e, vphr(tv // n). 

ham-bail, n(tv & rpncpd)5; kompison, nld. 

make confession: pas kompisyon, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

c'uc'ulil, n4f. 

be confined /at home, unable to leave/: cotan 

ba, rv. 

kompirmasyon, nld. 

be confounded: c'ayeaih, iv. 

confront at one's house (drunk to shout insults 

at owner): ta ta na, vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

confronting frequently /drunk going to 

person's house to revile him/: tael tael, 

nphr(vn5 & vn5). 

c'ay, av. 

be confused: c'ayeaih, iv. 

be about to congeal (chicken broth): nitetah, iv. 

(broth): nititub, iv. 

make congeal /broth/: nititubtas, tv. 

(broth): nititet, av. 

suffer throat congestion: mak nuk', vphr(iv/3s/ 

& n4d). 

become conical (crown of old hat): tobeah lok'el, 


(head of clown, crown of hat, mountain peak, 

base of water jug): tobtob, aj. 

(maguey influorescence): tomtom, aj. 

thick and conical (maguey inflorescence, saguaro 

cactus, penis): t'omol, aj. 

walking about with conical /crown of hat/: 

tobtetobte, av. 

tuk'(2), aj. 

act conscientiously: 9ic' ba ta kwenta, vphr(rv & 

prep & n5); 9ic' ba ta muk', vphr(rv & prep 

conscientiousness 

conscious 

consider 

consistent 

constable 

constant 

constantly 

constellation 

constipate 

constipated 

constipation 

constrict 

constricted 

constricting 

construct 

content 

contented 

contentment 

contents 

continue 

continuing 

contract 

contracting 

contrary 

contribute 

control 

convalescent 

convent 

converge 

conversation 

converse 

& aj), 

•Hc'-bail ta kwenta, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & 

prep & n5); 9ic'-bail ta muk', nphr(vn/tv & 

rpncpd/ & prep & aj). 

become conscious: yul c'ulel, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n4d). 

•>at, tv. 

consider person as : p'isvan ta , 


consider together (plu): nopolah, iv. 

make consistent (argument): tuk'ibtas, tv. 

htakel, agn. 

eighth and lowest ranking constable: k'osil 

mayol, agn(nphr/n4f of n5/). 

/lowest official in religious hierarchy/: lalvasil, 

agn. 

/lowest ranking official of lowest grade of religious 

hierarchy who acts as errand boy and 

policeman for civil authorities/: mayol, agn. 

k'es nos, ptphr(x & pt); la •to, aj; labal, aj. 

keep constantly: labal ba, rv(aj 

& rvepd. 

/88 and 90 of Taurus/: macal, n4f. 

makes, tv. 

tei-einan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). 

become constipated: mak, iv. 

makel, vn5. 

/neck of pot while molding it/: tuban, tv. 

milil, aj. 

be constricted (cushaw, water gourd): mit'eah, 

iv. 

(neck of water gourd): mit'il, aj. 

with constricted heart /pain/: mic'mon won, 


set', av. 

construct house: pas na, vphr(tv & n5). 

kontento, aj. 

be content with: kom ta lek, vphr(iv & prep & 

aj). 

hun 9o'?on, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d). 

basbol, nle. 

bel, n4f. 

continue : yak, aj; yakel, aj. 

tete, pt. 

mak, tv. 

complete contract: e'aki, iv. 

contract and relax anus: bot'ih, iv. 

stretching and contracting (rubber): eu'nnet, 

av. 

on the contrary: moioh, pt. 

/money, corn, chicken/: lok'es, tv. 

canbe, tv. 

lose control of self (drunk): bal, iv. 

regain control over oneself (drunk): eaeubtas 

ba, rv. 

htamlahel ta camel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & 

vn5/). 

konbento, n5. 

convent in Htek-lum: na pale, nphr(n4f of n5). 

(rows): yub ba, rv. 

lofil, nld; masil, nld. 

humorous conversation: ee9eh Io9il, nphr(vn 

type n)5. 

proper conversation: tuk'il k'op, nphr(aj & n5). 

loilah, iv; masilah, iv.

cooing 

cook 

cooked 

cookie 

cooking 

cool 

copperleaf 

copulate 

copulation 

copy 

coral bean 

coral blow 

coral vine 

cordia 

cords 

core 

coriander 

coriaria 

corn 

huh, av. 

hkusinero, agn; ta9ahes, tv. 

/by boiling/: lakan, tv; laki, iv. 

cook in small pot: t'ulan, tv. 

tok'on, aj. 

be sufficiently cooked: ta9ah, iv. 

become cooked: tok'onib, iv. 

/by boiling/: lakal, aj. 

well cooked (beans, corn for posol): vosol, aj. 

kayeta, nla. 

ful, av. 

be cooking in small pot: t'uli, iv. 

/by boiling/: laket, av. 

sitting on fire cooking /by boiling/: lakal, aj. 

sik, av; sikub, iv; sikubtas, tv. 

cool by blowing /boiling water, hot liquid/: 

vuc'ta, tv.* 

shrub copperleaf: eahal te9, nphr(aj & n). 

(rooster): tek'ah, iv. 

seize each other for copulation (cats): hot 1 baik, 

rv. 

lok'ta, tv. 

chiapan coral bean: S9ukun, nle. 

goldman's coral bean: S9ukun, nle. 

leafy coral blow: eahal k'ask'as e'frlel. nphr(aj 

& nphr/aj & n/); k'ask'as eM9lel, nphr(aj & 

n). 

9it'is barsin 9ak\ nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/); 

eahal 9ic 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

kanava 9ak', nphr(n type n); yasal barsin 

9ak\ nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

hic'il 9anal to, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); 

k'ask'as e'i9lel, nphr(aj & n); sak-paran te9, 

nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); ve9el cue, nphr(n 

of n); ve9el kulahte9, nphr(n of n); ve9el 

mut, nphr(n of n). 

onion cordia: eahal be sinic to, nphr: aj & 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); sakil be sinic te9, 

nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); te9el 

marimpa, nphr(n of n). 

cords and tassels of man's cotton tunic: sokon 

k'u9ul, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

cords and tassels of man's woolen tunic: sokon 

herkail, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

/chili/: 9at, nib. 

/pineapple/: yol, n4f. 

kulantu, nla. 

thymeleaf coriaria: Io9bol vet, nphr(n of n). 

sohobal rios, nphr(n of n)5. 

corn bin: ten, nla. 

corn boiled in water /pig foodC: hus, nla. 

corn dust /worm-eaten/: hanna, nla. 

corn field: 9isimaltik, n5. 

corn field /unplanted/: 9av cob, nphr(n4f of 

nld). 

corn gruel: 9ul, nla. 

corn harvest season: lok'-9isim, vn(tv & ncpd)5; 

lok'-9is~imtik, vn(tv & ncpd)5. 

corn husk: hohoc", nle. 

corn in flower: hlilihel. agn; htitihel, agn. 

corn plant with young corn ear: hyianel, agn. 

corn scattered around the house /by chickens/: 

tan puk, nphr(n & n)5. 

corn silk: euk' 9isim, nphr(n of n)le. 

corn smut: cu9 9isim, nphr(n of n)5. 

corn stubble: k'ahben, nla.* 

corn tassel: e'utuh, nle. 


corn that has been ground once and boiled in 

water without lime /used for starching 

thread/: hus, nla. 

corn with two ears inside one husk: 9altal, 

nle; me9 9isim, nphr(nlf of nld). 

ear of corn: c'isil 9isim, nphr(aj & n)5. 

ear of corn lacking kernels on one row: co9, 

nla; hhuc'nom, agn. 

ear of corn with corn smut /slightly sour/: pahayom, 

nla.* 

ear of corn with few kernels: tusum, nla. 

ear of dried corn: vohton, nla. 

half-grown corn /when ear is half-grown/: me 1 ? 

yi, nphr(n of n)le. 

indian corn: 9isim, nla; ba9yi e'unubil, nphr(aj 

& n); ba9yi k'on, nphr(aj & n); bik'it 

k'ob-e'i9, nphr(aj & n/n & nepd/); bik'it 

k'on 9isim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); bik'it 

masanil 9isim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); 

bik'it pinto 9isim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

bik'it sakil 9isim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

eahal 9isim, nphr(aj & n); e'akal k'on, 

11 phi(aj & n); cimpo 9isim, nphr(x type n); 

cimpo k'on, nphr(x type n); cis-to 9isim, 

nphr(n/x & nepd/ type n); cis-to k'anal 

9isim, nphr: n(x & nepd) type nphrfaj & n); 

c'ic'el hc'ul-totik 9isim, nphr: nphr(n4d of 

agn/aj & nepd/) type n/ hic'il bakal, nphr(aj 

& n); k'anal 9isim, nphr(aj & n); k'anal cimpo 

9isim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); k'ob-e'i 1 *, 

n(n & nepd); k'ob-e'i") 9isim, nphr(n/n & 

nepd/ type n); k'os eahal 9isim, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/). k'os cimpo 9isim, nphr(aj & 

nphr/x type n/); k'os sakil cimpo 9isim, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); masanil 9isim, 

nphr(natt & n); muk'ta 9ik'al 9isim, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta 9ivriro 9isim, nphr(aj 

& nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta k'anal 9isim, nphr(aj 

& nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta k'on, nphr(aj & n); 

muk'ta masanil 9isim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & 

n/ type n); muk'ta sakil 9isim, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); napalu, x; napalu 9isim, 

nphr(x type n); paca, nld; pimil sat, nphr(aj 

& n); pinto 9isim, nphr(aj & n); pinto cimpo 

9isim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); povlano 

9isim, nphr(aj & n); rokame 9isim, nphr(x 

type n); sak-vayan k'anal 9isim, nphr(aj/aj & 

Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); sakil 9isim, nphr(aj 

& n); sakil cimpo 9isim, nphr(aj & nphr/x 

type n/); sakil k'ob-e'i9, nphr(aj & n/n & 

nepd/); sakil pinto cimpo 9isim, nphr: aj & 

nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); sakil ton 9isim, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakramentual 

9isim, nphr(natt & n); ton 9isim, nphr(n type 

n). 

irrigated corn field: cavit, nld. 

large ear of corn surrounded by small ears, each 

with a husk: tot 9isim, nphr(nlf of nld). 

left-over corn that has been ground twice: 

noybenal, n4f. 

lowland corn /thin kernel; black, white/: paca, 

nld. 

mature ear of corn /fresh, not dried/: 9ahan, 

nld.* 

planted corn field: cobtik, n5. 

planted corn field, inan poss.; scubal.: cob, nla. 

produce young corn ear: yian, iv.


corn-worker 

corncob 

corral 

correct 

corridor 

corrode 

corroded 

corrosion 

corrupt 

cosmos 

cost 

cotton 

cotton tree 

cottontail 

couchant 

cough 

coughing 

counsel 

counselor 

count 

counting 

courbanl 

court 

rainy season corn field: vctikal cobtik, nphr(n 

type n)5. 

ritual speech, prayer; lit., sunbeam, i.e., corn: 

sohobal, n4d. 

seed corn /hung from rafters/: soy, nld. 

work in corn field: cabah, iv; caban, tv. 

work in corn field /clear, plant, weed, harvest/: 

pas cob, vphr(tv & n4d). 

young corn ear /lacking kernels/: yi, nla. 

hcabahel, agn; hcabahom, agn. 

baklel, n4f.* 

corncob borer: tusino, nla. 

/ground, burnt, and powder used for gunpowder/: 

bakal, nld. 

corner of house: cikin na, nphr(n of n)5. 

forming corner: suk'ahtik, aj; suk'ul, aj. 

/house, axe blade/: cikinil. n3b. 

/house, land plot/: suk'av, n5. 

koral, nla; tik', tv. 

corral of animal companion spirits inside Muk'ta 

Vie.: volimtik, n5. 

/for rounding up cattle/: yakol, nla. 


korirol, nla. 

kusib, iv; kusin, iv. 

cause to corrode: kusibtas, tv; yasubtas, tv. 

become corroded: sokib, iv; yasub, iv. 

lying corroded (knife, axe): soket nh, vphr(av & 

n4f). 

yas'al, n4f. 

•>ak' manya, vphr(tv & n5). 

eahal kampray, nphr(aj & n); kampray, n; sakvayan 

kampray, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). 

•>ic" tak'in, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). 

cost a great deal: kil tak'in, vphr(tv & n5). 

tusnuk', nla. 

cotton boll: sasul, n4e. 

mail tei, nphr(n type n). 

eastern cottontail: t'ul, nle.* 

(moon) /crescent or gibbous moon with horns 

perpendicular to the horizon, reportedly indicating 

a dry season/: pacal, aj. 

9obah, iv; 9obal, nla; 9oban, iv; 9ohobah, iv. 

cough up /phlegm/: lobta, tv. 

have a cough: wi ba ta 9ob, vphr(rv & prep & 

n5). 

whooping cough: hik'ik'ul 9obal, nphr(aj & n)5. 

•?oh, av. 

9ak' mantal, vphr(tv & n5); 9ak" rason, vphr(tv 

& n5); 9al rason, vphr(tv & nld); p'lhubtas, 

tv. 

(bride's ritual tutor): tohobtas k'op, vphr(tv & 

n5); tohobtas rason, vphr(tv & n5). 

counsel person: tuk'ibtasvan, iv. 

listen to or heed counsel: wi rason, vphr(tv 

&n5). 

lml-rason, agn(tv & ncpd); heievaneh, agn. 

pas kwenta, vphp(tv & n5). 

count up: 9at, tv; 9atolah, iv. 

/objects, persons, animals, units of time/: nit, 

tv. 

9atol, nle. 

c'ilim te9, nphr(n type n)ld. 

kavilto, nla. 

person who takes many disputes to court: mei 

kavilto, nphr(n of n)5. 

take to court: eaeahesbe k'oplal, nphr(tv & 

covered 

covering 

cow 

coward 

cowardly 

cowbird 

cowboy 

cowhorn 

cowlick 

coyol 

coyote 

coyote brush 

crab 

crack 

n4f); eaeubtasbe k'oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); 

eanesbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f); likes k'op, 


lermanoil, n3d. 

female cousin older than ego: hun me9il, 

nphr(num & n)3d; muk'ta me9il, nphr(aj & 

n)3d. 

first cousin: 9ue" 9alalil, nphr(nld & n3d). 

male cousin older than ego: hun totil, nphr(num 

& n)3d; muk'ta totil, nphr(aj & n)3d. 

male's cousin younger than ego /archaic/: hun 

c'amalil, nphr(num & n)3d; hun nic'onil, 

nphr(num & n)3d. 

woman's cousin younger than ego /archaic/: 

hun 9olil, nphr(num & n)3d. 

mak, tv; pak'altas, tv. 

cover completely (thatch or tile on newly built 

roof, daub on freshly plastered wall): nup', iv. 

cover head (woman with shawl folded and 

placed on top of head, shaman with neckerchief 

draped loosely over head when praying, 

steward covering head similarly when 

counting chaplet coins): lam hoi, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

cover oneself: lam, tv. 

cover self /with blanket/: poe ba, rv. 

cover up /corpse, feces, coals/: but'i, tv. 

/head, newborn baby, patient so that he cannot 

be seen/: pis, tv. 

(measles): lamanbe, tv. 

provide cover /from rain/: 9as, iv. 

take cover from rain: 9asinah, iv; lasinta, tv. 

/tiles with cement/: bon, tv. 

lamal, aj; makal. aj; pisil, aj. 

be covered (tortillas to preserve warmth): pisi, 

iv. 

become covered with spots (victim of pinta): 

lilih, iv. 

covered with (flowers, fruit, rocks): pirn, aj. 

with face covered (girl): lue'ul, aj. 

/with fleas/: tususet, av. 

keep covering /head with shawl/: mukilan, tv. 

baka, nle; mo baka, nphr(nlf type nld); 

vakas, nla. 

brahman cow: mehikoal vakas, nphr(aj & n)5. 

/used only by dudes when taunting straw bull/: 

kanaro, n5. 

hsi9el, agn. 

tuein, aj. 

bronzed cowbird: kaslan bak mut, nphr(aj & 

nphr/ aj & n/)5.* 

vakero, agn. 

/used by sir spook at Carnival to hold cane 

liquor, used by muleteers bringing corn to 

announce their arrival from lowlands, used 

to hold sa'rt or gunpowder/: kacu, nla. 

sutubal, n4f.* 

nap, nld. 

9ok'il, n5.*; htiôval con, nphr(agn & n)5. 

mexican coyote brush: bae"i mes tet, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); mes te9, nphr(n type n)la; 

sakil mes let, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

kankreh, nla.* 

/archaic/: yos', nla. 

eik', iv. 

crack open: li 1 ), iv. 

crack open (daub): kaceah, iv.

cracked 

cracker 

cracking 

crackling 

cradle 

cramp 

cramped 

crane 

crashing 

crate 

crave 

craving 

crack open (house, i.e., mud wall): lop'uh, iv. 

crack open (mud, wall): kac, iv. 

crack where top edge of box meets lid: nup'benal, 

n4f. 

(foot): hav, iv. 

/griddle/: eik'ilul, n4f. 

have voice crack (person with cough, person 

singing, adolescent boy who has mistress): 

vok' nuk', vphr(iv & n4d). 

/in skin/: t'ahel, vnld: fahemal, nib. 

make crack open (sun): kacean, tv. 

(mud, wood, skin): t'ah, iv. 

/mud, wood, skin/: t'ahes, tv. 

(rock in fire): t'om, iv. 

(wall, mud): kac ba, rv. 

/wall, roof/: hapalul, n4f. 

(wall, wood): kacalul, n4f. 

/with fist/: k'av ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & 

vn5). 

kackac, aj; t'ahal, aj. 

cracked open (earth, daub, heel): 1M1, aj. 

(earth, hands): oeseltik, aj. 

(pot, jug, wall): eik'il, aj. 

/voice/: c'erem, aj. 

with cracked voice /person with cough or adolescent 

boy who has mistress/: serem nuk', 

nphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

kayeta, nla. 

dn, fit. kac, k'am, k'av, k'oc, lin, lorn, poh, 

pom, p'ot, toe, torn, av. 

cracking in various places: t'ahtet'ahte, av. 

cracking repeatedly (underbrush, young bean 

pods): k'aslahet, av. 

cracking sound: lek', av. 

(whip): trimlahet, av. 

cak', e'en, poh, voc\ av. 

(fire): p'otlahet, av. 

cradle cap: cenek', nla. 

eeluel, nld. 

cramp in fingers: loe'om cih, nphr(x type n)la. 

feeling cramp: kot, av. 

feeling cramps /in limbs/: eelelet, av. 

feeling stomach cramps: hisiset k'usul c'ut, 

vphrfav & nphr/n4f of n4d/). 

become cramped (fingers): loe* ba, rv. 

become permanently cramped (hand): mock'ih, 

iv. 

(hand .with arthritis): moc'ol, aj. 

(hand): sop'ol, aj. 

(inside of house): c'ikil, aj. 

with cramped (hand): sop'et, av. 

crane fly: he'un-matas, agn(vphr/tv & nepd/.*; 

me senen, nphr(n of n)5. 

cab, hoc', k'oh, lin, lorn, poh, num. voc', av; tomlahet, 

av. 

crashing about (drunk): pohol cak'al, ajphr(aj & 

(rock, drunk): t'lislih, av. 

crate carried on back for transporting merchandise 

/used by men of Larrai'nzar, Oxchuc and 

Tenejapa/: kolol tei, nphr(x type n)la. 

tue'em won, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

crave food /after illness/: wi sie'il, vphr(tv // 

n). 

rnai". av. 

cause craving for food: ">ak' sie'il, vphr(tv/3s/ & 

n5). 


crawl 

crawling 

crazy 

creaking 

cream bush 

crease 

creased 

create 

creation 

creator 

creche 

credit 

creditor 

creeping 

crest 

crested 

cricket 

criminal 

cringing 

critical 

critically 

criticism 

criticize 

criticizing 

croaking 

crocodile 

crooked 

inspire craving for /cane liquor/: k'ank'an ba, 

rv. 

crawl under /table/: eubih ocel, vphr(iv & dr). 

/into bed/: sot'ot', av. 

be crazy: copol hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). 

crazy person: hvoviel, agn. 

crazy talk: vovi Io9il, nphr(aj & n)5. 

do crazy things (madman): yan pas, vphrfaj & 

tv). 

">ep\ k'oc, av. 

i:ahal pomos, nphr(aj & n); k'os pomos, nphr(aj 

& n); sakil pomos, nphr(aj & n). 

pus" ba, rv; pus"benal, nlf. 

pusahtik, aj. 

(brow): e'alal, aj. 

k'atahes, tv; lok'ta, tv. 

pasel, vn4g. 

creator god: hpas-balamil, agn(tv & nepd); 

vasak-men, n(num & xcpd)5.* 

creator god / vasak-men/. lit., heaven-maker: 

hpas-vinahel, agn(tv & nepd). 

lece-pat, n(aj & ncpd)ld. 

buy on credit: haein, tv. 

object bought on credit: pial. nld. 

hpiarol, agn. 

creeping over: moc'oc", av. 

k'uk'umal hoi, nphr(n4f of n4d). 

toe. av. 

(bird): toeol, aj. 

(bird, chicken): toetoe, aj. 

(head of chicken): toktok, aj. 

walking with crested (head): toket, av. 

cil, n5. 

highland and lowland cricket that makes sudden 

sharp hissing sound at night: pavav, n5. 

lowland cricket: p'onkc, nle. 

maltisyon, nld; mulil, n3a. 

commit carnal crime: pas kolc, vphr(tv & 

n4d); pas mul, vphr(tv & n4d). 

commit crime: sao mul, vphr(tv & n4d); ta mul, 


hsa'i-mulil. agn(tv & nepd). 

be criminal: copol hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). 

(child, dog): muc'uc'et, av. 

(dog, child): moc'oc'et, av; yobobel, av. 

become critical (quarrel, sickness, situation, 

crime): muk'ib, iv. 

become critical (sickness): bat ta mas, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj ). 

become critical (situation): bae'ih, iv; eaeah, iv. 

vieil, aj. 

•>utel, nla. 

•>ak'be lutel, vphr(tv & vn5); out, tv; labah, iv; 

laban, tv; na^le, tv. 

lut, tuk, vah, av. 

mek', vek, av. 

(giant tropical toad): henhon, av. 

lagarto, nla.* 

luk. av. 

become crooked (end of row): nceah, iv. 

(board): pevel, aj. 

(end of row, top of stump): nCel hoi, vphr(aj/ 

pred/ & nib), 

go crooked (end of row during planting): 

meceah, iv; ne") ba hoi, vphr(rv & nib), 

go crooked (planting, hoeing): luk ba, rv. 

go crooked (planting, hoeing, clearing): lukeah,


crooked-nosed 

crookedly 

crop(1) 

crop(2) 

Cross 

cross(l) 

cross(2) 

cross(3) 

cross-(eyed) 

cross-eyed 

cross-legged 

crossbeam 

crossroads 

crosswise 

crotch 

crouch 

go crooked (row of planting, weaving): sok, iv. 

go crooked (row): sotk'ih, iv. 

go crooked (weaving, hoeing): se9ub, iv. 

let end of row go crooked: ne9eanbe hoi, 

vphr(tv & n4f). 

make end of row go crooked /planting/: netean 

ba hoi, vphr(rv & n4f). 

/plu/: pevahtik, aj. 

(stick): mecel, aj. 

(sticks): mekahtik, aj. 

(trail, stick, metal): sotarantik, aj. 

(tree): lukul, aj. 

(warp): hecem, aj. 

(weaving): so, aj. 

kurva-ni9, n(n & npcd)5. 

grown crookedly (corn that has been broken 

and resumes growth): ka9-ni9, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

stand or project crookedly (corn that has been 

beaten down by wind, br6ken leg or arm): 

mecan ba, rv. 

9av voc\ nphr(n4f of n4d); buc, nld. 

promise a good crop (virgin land on which corn 

and beans have been planted): vay, iv. 

Gospel Cross /silver cross formerly in nave of 

the Church of St. Lawrence and brought out 

at fiestas of St. Lawrence, All Souls' Day/: 

hc'ul-totik 9Avanhelio, agn: nphr(n/aj & 

ncpd/ type n)5. 

krus, nla.* 

cross on church top: krusal hoi 9eklis'a, 

nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/)5. 

cross placed on pile of ears of corn in lowlands, 

or in corn bin: krusal 9isim, nphrfnatt & n)5. 

cross self: p'is sat, vphr(tv & n4d). 

entrance cross: krusal ti9 na, nphr(natt & 


gospel cross /silver cross brought out at fiestas 

of St. Lawrence, All Souls' Day/: krus 9avahel, 


graveyard cross: krusal 9anima, nphr(natt & 

n)5. 

make sign of cross on: 9ak'be krus, vphr(tv & 

n5); p'isbe krus, vphr(tv & n5). 

roof cross: krusal hoi na, nphr(natt & nphr/n of 

n/)5. 

well cross: krusal vo9, nphr(natt & n)5. 

cross one's legs or tuck one's legs under oneself 

(woman): heei, iv. 

/legs/: mey, tv. 

/river, road, gully, field/: tuc", tv. 

kapem, aj. 

c'itil, aj. 

c'it-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5; nelel, aj: nelet sat, 


be cross-eyed: sihi, iv. 

cross-eyed person: nelis", n5. 

pec, av; heeel, aj. 

sit cross-legged (woman): pecan ba, rv; peeetah, 

iv; peei, iv. 

sitting cross-legged (woman): peeel, aj. 

e'am te9, n(x & ncpd)la; morio, nla. 

krusal be, nphr(natt & n)5. 

lying crosswise (salt trough for animals): poyol, 

aj. 

k'al 909, nphr(n4f of n4d); k'alavil, n3d. 

(cat before jumping, hen before being trodden 

crouched 

crouching 

crowbar 

crowd 

crowded 

crowding 

crowing 

crown 

crumble 

crumbling 

crumbly 

crumbs 

crumple 

crunch 

crunching 

by rooster): luban ba, rv. 

(cat before leaping): euban ba, rv. 

crouch down: euban ba, rv. 

crouch unable to stand up (person with burden): 

sok'p'ih, iv. 

make crouch /child to defecate/: euban, tv. 

(rabbit): lut'i, iv. 

(woman, rabbit): lubi, iv. 

(cat): lot'ol, aj. 

(cat, rabbit, person): lubul, aj. 

crouched low /walking or running/: 

kiihulkuhul, aj; patalpatal, aj. 

crouched with head bowed (person, cat, rabbit): 

lut'ul, aj. 

put in crouched position /child so it will defecate/: 

sok'an, tv. 

cub, lub, av. 

(cat, rabbit): tivil, aj. 

(cat, rabbit, person): eubul, aj. 

crouching on haunches /if burden is too 

heavy/: sok'ok' yalel, vphrfav & dr). 

/known only by road workers/: bareno, nld. 

eob ba, rv. 

crowd together (people): cop ba, rv. 

crowd together /to finish job rapidly/: voli, tv. 

in a crowd: eobol, aj. 

(people): ein ba, rv. 

einil, aj; pirn, aj. 

(market): k'uyul, aj. 

ein, lam, av; lae-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; 

pie'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

e'ic', av. 

korona, nla. 

/hat/: cakil, n3e. 

nam-te9 mol, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); sakil 

nam-te9 mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

of n); sakil solom, nphr(aj & n); yasal namte9 

mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). 

yellow crown beard: hic'il 9anal sun, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k'anal poean te9, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); muk'ta k'an-9ic, 

nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); muk'ta sak-paran 

te9, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/ & n); 

nam-te9 mol, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). 

c'uc'ulibtas, tv; c'uc'ulta, tv; c'uc'ultas, tv; 

p'up'uh, iv. 

cause to crumble away: yi9p'un, tv. 

crumble and fall: 9esk'uh, iv. 

crumble away: yi9p'uh, iv; yi9p'un ba, rv. 

(dry earth): tuk ba, rv. 

/earth, salt/: lilin, tv; p'up'un, tv. 

tuk, av; p'up'up'et, av. 

(earth): yi9et, av. 

be crumbly (dry earth): tuk, iv. 

become crumbly (soil): puk ba, rv. 

make crumbly /earth with foot/: tukean, tv. 

(salt, earth): lininet, av. 

(tile): set'lahet, av. 

very crumbly (sand, gravel): yi9i9et, av. 

/salt remaining after block of salt is sawed/: 

lilihemal, n4f. 

muc'ilan, tv. 

/paper/: moc'ilan, tv. 

k'us, tv. 

/green chili, roasted caterpillar/: t'um ta ti9el, 


hap', hup', av.

crupper 

crush 

crushed 

cry 

crybaby 

crying 

crystal 

crystallize 

cuckold 

cuckoo 

cucumber 

cuddle 

cuddled 

cuff 

cultivated 

cumulus 

cunning 

cunt 

cup 

cupbearer 

curdle 

curdling 

curing 

/corn stubble stalks, watermelon squash/ 

(mule, cow): t'umt'on, av. 

(frost or sand underfoot): voc'von, av. 

kurup, nld. 

net', tv; pee'k'un, tv. 

/basket/: voc'ean, tv. 

crush in one's hands /medicinal herbs/: hu9, tv. 

crush person: huc'van, iv. 

crush person (burden): pee'eanvan, iv. 

crush person (falling house or cliff): net'uvan, 

iv. 

crush underfoot: noy ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep 

& vn5). 

/gravel, bone, peach pit/: voc', tv. 

/person struck by car/: noy, tv. 

/rock/: vok', tv. 

(basket): pee'el, aj; voc'el, aj. 

be crushed (foot): sep', iv. 

be crushed (testes): t'us, iv. 

be crushed /by burden/: pee'k'un ba, rv. 

">ok\ iv. 

hiok'el, agn; hwk'itavaneh, agn; liv-9e, n(aj & 

ncpd)5. 

k'ek', liv, mek', av. 

gasping and crying (baby V2;9): nek'ek'et, av. 

(newborn baby): eururet, av. 

stop crying: c'ani, iv. 

bas, nle. 

/salt/: •mles, tv. 

(salt, sugar): iul, iv. 

kah cakil, nphr(n of n)5. 

mangrove cuckoo: tora mut, nphr(n type n)5; 

ma^-sat mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 

squirrel cuckoo: e'eha'?, ale.' 

yellow-billed cuckoo: wra mut, nphr(n type 

n)5; ma^-sat mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type 

n)5. 

bur cucumber: eop-c'um-te? c'o, nphr: aj & 

nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n). 

cuddle up /under blanket/: lue" ba, rv. 

(plu): lue'etik, av. 

pakbenal, n4f. 

cultivated : e'unbalal , nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

(clouds): volol, aj. 

p'ih, aj. 

(animal, thief): manyoso, aj. 

male speech; cunt: mis, nld. 

cup in hands: hop, tv. 

cup in one hand: k'et, tv. 

metal cup: tasa.nla; tasaboc, nphr(n type n)la. 

hp'is-vo?, agn(tv & ncpd). 

(corn gruel): nititub, iv.* 

/corn gruel/: nititubtas, tv. 

(corn gruel, squash, beans): nititet, av. 

be able to cure: yu9 )«?un, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

cure by magic: mee'ta, tv.* 

/leather/: k'aês, tv. 

steam cure: pus ton, nphr(n type n)le.* 

undo patient's cure (person who comes to house 

of patient and scolds someone): sokvan, iv. 

curing ceremony: 9ilel, vn5; k'op, nld. 

curing ceremony in house to return sickness: 

valk'unel, vn5. 

curing ceremony involving visit to mountain 

shrines: hok'aneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

curing party that visits mountain shrines: hyale- 


curl 

curled 

bahel, agn. 

curing trip to mountain shrines: yalebal, n3a. 

have curing ceremony for oneself: âl ba vokol, 

vphr(rv & n5). 



hold curing ceremony: ">oc camel. vphr(iv/3s/ 

& vn5); •Joe kantela. vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); ioc 

kantela, vphr(iv & n4d): ''oc limusna, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d): yu"> k'op, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n5). 

hold curing ceremony /for family member/: 

•>al vokol, vphr(tv & n5). 

hold minor curing ceremony (shaman): k'opla, 

tv. 

major curing ceremony: muk'ta *>ilel, nphr(aj & 

vn)5.*; muk'ta nicim, nphr(aj & n)5.* 

minor curing ceremony: Wlol nicim, nphr(n of 

n)5.* 

minor curing ceremony /held in house and 

without flowers and candles/: k'oplael, vn5. 

type of curing ceremony: pertonal, n5. 

curl around (cat or dog at feet): moci, iv. 

curl up: mucan ba, rv; muci, iv. 

curl up (arm or leg from sickness|: muc'k'ih, 

iv. 

curl up (bean pods, leaves, stale tortillas): 

moc' ba, rv. 

curl up (dog): sot ba, rv. 

curl up (leaves of diseased bean plants, peach 

tree or cabbage, burnt hair): moroib, iv; 

muruc'ib, iv. 

curl up (leaves): muc' ba, rv. 

curl up (person in cold): mocan ba, rv; 

moceah. iv. 

curl up (person sleeping in cold, caterpillar): 

muc ba, rv. 

curl up (person): muc ba, rv. 

curl up (sleeping child, cat or dog): lukan ba, 

rv; luki, iv. 

curl up (sleeping child, cat or dog, snake): luk 

ba, rv. 

curl up (stale tortilla): moc'eah, iv. 

curl up /person in cold/: moc'an ba, rv; 

moc'eah, iv. 

curl up /to sleep/: luketah. iv; sot'an ba, rv. 

curl up tightly /with cold/: muc' ba, rv. 

be curled up: muei, iv. 

curled over (ear): moc'ol, aj. 

curled up: luk, muc, muc'. av; mocahtik, aj. 

curled up (dog, stale tortilla): sotol, aj. 

curled up (hat brim, pig's nose, nose of angry 

person): valal, aj. 

curled up (leaf): yobol, aj. 

curled up (leaves of diseased peach tree): moro, 

aj. 

curled up (person, stale tortilla, leaf, leaf of 

seared corn plant): mucul, aj. 

curled up (sleeping child, cat, or dog): lukul. aj. 

curled up (sleeping person, bean pods, stale tortillas, 

leaves): moc'ol, aj. 

curled up (stale tortilla, old person): sot'ol, aj. 

curled up and dried out (mushroom): 

taki-vecan, aj(aj & Pcpd). 

curled up tightly (person sleeping in cold): 

muc'ul, aj. 

with fingers permanently curled: setel, aj.

424 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 C/D 

curliness 

curling 

curly 

current 

curse 

curvacious 

curve 

curved 

cushaw 

custom 

customer 

cut 

with wide flakes curled up at the edge (dried 

mud): pecahtik, aj. 

(chicken feathers): moro, n4e. 

curling up: mue, av. 

curling up and twitching (person in epileptic 

fit): sot'ot'et, av. 

(dry leaves): moc'oc'et, av. 

(eyelashes): tululik, aj. 

(chicken feathers) /permanent condition/: 

moro, aj. 

make curly /hair/: muruc'ibtas, tv. 

current carrying refuse or logs: ves-vo 1 ), n(aj & 

ncpd)5. 

/river/: TOkol, n3b. 

with strong currents: k'ec, av. 

God: iak' ta maltisyon, vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

(girl): t'usul, aj. 

bwelta, nla. 

/highway/: kurva, n5. 

(path): lukean, tv. 

(bill): kotkot, aj. 

•?ak' c'um, nphr(n4e of n5); korneta c'um, 

nphr(n type n); sk'un-pat c'um, nphr(n/n & 

ncpd/ type n); sk'un c'um, nphr(n type n); 

to-pat c'um, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 

e'unbal, n4a; tale], vnlb; tasalul, n4d. 

hmanolahel, agn. 

boh, tv; kecbenal, n4f; tuc'el, aj; yayihemal, 

nib. 

/bananas/: kepolah, iv. 

be cut: yayih, iv. 

be cut (fever): tup', iv. 

be cut into short lengths: p'asluh, iv. 

be cut into small pieces: sep', iv. 

cut across /road, field/: tuc", tv. 

cut across one's path: p'as be, vphr(tv & n5). 

cut down: boh, tv. 

cut down /drinking of cane liquor/: copbe, tv. 

cut down /tree/ /with machete/: e"et, tv. 

cut down /undergrowth/: soki, tv. 

cut down undergrowth /with billhook before 

felling large trees/: soka, tv. 

cut fingernails: lok' nil ?ic"ak, vphr(tv & 


cut in chunks /squash/: his, tv. 

cut in lengths /tree, snake, paper/: sep', tv. 

cut in many pieces: sep'bentik, aj. 

cut in strips /meat/: his. tv; hisolah, iv. 

cut in two /fruit/: set', tv. 

cut in two /watermelon squash, cushaw or summer 

squash/: sep", tv. 

cut into bunches: kepean, tv. 

cut into little pieces: bik'tahes, tv. 

cut into short lengths /tree, snake, sugarcane, 

chicken bones/: p'as, tv. 

cut into short sections: p'asal, aj. 

cut off: lok', tv; sep', tv. 

cut off /meat/: boh yalel, vphrftv & dr); yales, 

tv. 

cut off level with ground /pineapple, maguey, 

cabbage/: set, tv. 

cut open: bohol, aj. 

cut out /pine or incense from living tree/: lok, 

tv. 

cut ridges in: e'aramta, tv; e'arkunta, tv. 

cut self /with grass/: kup, tv. 

cut short /discussion, dispute/: tuc' ta be k'op, 

cute 

cuteness 

cutting 

cutworm 

cypress 

dabbling 

daddy 

dahlia 

daisy 

damaged 

dame 

damn 

damp 

damselfly 

dance 

vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). 

cut thatch: lok' hobel, vphr(tv & nib), 

cut undergrowth /with brush hook before felling 

large trees/: sokolah, iv. 

cut unevenly: e'aramta, tv; e'arkunta, tv. 

cut up /chicken/: melean, tv. 

/fever/: tup', tv. 

/fever, sickness/: yambe, tv. 

/flower/: k'ok, tv. 

make a small cut in edge of /clothes, ear of mule 

suffering from "wind"/: sel, tv. 

/opening for neck of shirt/: sep', tv; set, tv. 

/road/: kecbenal losil, nphr(aj & n)5. 

(stump, rope): tuc'ul, aj. 

/tree/: havbenal, n4f; sep'benal, n4f; tuc'benal, 

n4a. 

/weeds, underbrush/: vel, tv. 

/with machete/: k'ambe, tv. 

/wood, paper, clothing, meat, rope/: tuc', tv. 

leklek 9unen ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/aj & 

rpn/4b). 

smallness and cuteness /baby's hand/: masil, 

n4f. 

cutting into small pieces: sep', av. 

/trees/: tuc'ton, av. 

/weeds with billhook/: sok, n5. 

/dark brown nocturnal caterpillar that eats 

beans and flowers/: k'ok' con, nphr(n type 

n)ld. 

•jok'il te 1 ), nphr(n type n)le; nukul pat, nphr(n 

type n); sipres, n. 

montezuma bald cypress: k'isis, n5. 

D 

pac", av. 

daddy longlegs: eisan pale, nphr(n of n)le; 

cavcav con, nphr(aj & n)5. 

eahal c'oliv, nphrfaj & n); dalya, n; k'os c'oliv, 

nphr(aj & n); moraro dalya, nphr(aj & n); 

sakil pino dalya, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

imperial dahlia: bae'i c'oliv, nphr(aj & n); 

c'oliv, nla. 

red dahlia: 9ama cauk, nphr(n4f of n5); eahal 

c'oliv, nphr(aj & n); c'oliv cih, nphr(n of n); 

k'anal c'oliv, nphr(aj & n); k'os eahal c'oliv, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k'os k'anal c'oliv, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta lama 

cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/); sakil 

pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); teitikal 

c'oliv, nphr(natt & n). 

ox eye daisy: k'os' markarita, nphr(aj & n); markariton, 

nla; muk'ta markarita, nphr(aj & n); 

pino markarita, nphr(aj & n). 

be damaged (thatch roof in wind): veian ba, 

rv. 

/each of two characters representing the dude's 

wife and played by the junior stewards/ 

/Tzeltal term of address/: meocun, n5. 

God: iak' ta maltisyon, vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

cek'el, aj. 

become damp /inside of house/: 9ac", iv. 

tulis, nle. 

9ak'ot, n5; 9ak'otah, iv. 

backward dance /danced by lesser players/: 

vala-pat 9ak'ot, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n)5. 

dance on one foot (captain): koskonah, iv. 

dance with chaplets (steward, steward-royal):

D ENGLISHTZOTZIL 425 

dancer 

dancing 

dandelion 

dandruff 

dangerous 

dangle 

dangling 

dark 

darkness 

darting 

dash 

dashing 

date 

c'ip 9ual, vphr(tv & n5); c'ip kahvaltik, 


dance with proper form: eunbe 9ak'ot, vphr(tv 

& n5). 

/doll/: lak'otahes, tv; ?ak'ottas, tv. 

(woman): p'ehetah, iv. 

hiak'ot, agn. 

ran, tek', av. 

(woman): p'ehet ta 9ak'ot, vphr(av & prep & 

vn5). 

(woman, child): vuevon, av. 

pue"taob savon k'osetik, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ 

of n); tubtaob savon k'osetik, nphr(n4f of 

nphr/n of n/). 

sakil 9apon, nphr(aj & n)le; sal-9apon, n(aj & 

ncpd)le. 

pukuh, aj; pukuhal, aj. 

(earth): kusul, aj. 

when or where earth lord is dangerous: hamal 

sat balamil, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/n4f of 

n5/). 

mahan, tv; viti, iv. 

dangle in pairs (testicles): lohan, tv; lohi, iv. 

/legs/: cesan, tv; cosan, tv. 

(penis): vitan ba, rv; viteah, iv. 

(testicles, penis): vehetah, iv. 

ces, lik, loh, mah, pit, veb, av. 

being carried with legs dangling: cos, av. 

carrying a great number of possessions dangling 

from one's back: vitil t'uyul, ajphr(aj & aj). 

dangling in pairs (testicles): lohol, aj. 

dangling suddenly: tiiclih, av. 

hold dangling in fingers: vit, tv. 

(legs): cesel(l), aj; cosol, aj. 

(penis): mahal, aj. 

(testicles, penis): vehel, aj. 

tup', av; 9ak'ubaltik, n5. 

be growing dark: cam, av. 

grow dark (sky, woman's face temporarily after 

childbirth): 9ik'ub, iv. 

grow dark /in evening/: 9oc lak'ubal, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). 

9ik'-9osil, n(aj & ncpd)5; 9ik'al 9osil, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

his, av. 

(insect, rat, fish): niislih, av. 

dash away: licbe 9anil, vphr(tv & n5). 

lie, av. 

dashing from place to place (child): t'altet'alte 

ta 9anil, vphr(av & pt & n5). 

dashing suddenly: pis, av. 

announce date for collection of money (principals): 

tek' tak'in, vphr(tv & n5). 

announce date for collection of money for band 

(fiesta committee member): tek' tohol musika, 

vphr(tv & nphr/n of n/5). 

announce date for collection of money for 

confessions (elders and sacristans for Holy 

Week): tek' tohol kompisyon, vphr(tv & 

nphr/n of n/5). 


each of three year renewal ceremonies (elders 

and special money collector): tek' tohol 

limusna, vphr(tv & nphr/n of n /5). 


school teachers (principals): tek' tohol 

maystro, vphr(tv & nphr/n of agn/5). 

daub 

daughter 

daughter-in-law 

dawn 

dawn flower 

dawning 

day 

dayflower 

daylight 

days 

daytime 

dead 

deadline 

deaf 

deal 

death 

debilitate 

debt 

announce date for collection of money to pay 

priest and to pay for rockets (elders and 

scribes for fiesta of St. Sebastian, St. Lawrence, 

Our Lady of the Rosary, Fourth Friday 

of Lent): tek' tohol misa sibak, vphr: tv 

& nphr(n of nphr/n of n/5). 

pak'bal, n4f. 

/mud and pine needles/: pak\ n4f. 

eebil, n5. 

/reference and address/: eeb, nld. 

/term of reference/: 9alibal, n3d. 

sak-9osil, n(aj & ncpd)5; sakub, iv; sakubel 90sil, 

nphr(vn of n5); vok' cak vinahel, vphrpv 

& nphr/n4f of vn5/). 

early dawn: yamal, aj. 

nicim 9uc, nphr(n of n); pec'ahtik hobel, 

nphr(aj & n); pec'e-9ok hobel, nphr(n/aj & 

nepd/ type n); sansan hobel, nphr(n type 

n). 

yamet, av. 

Wsil, nla; k'ak'al, nla. 

day after tomorrow: ca9eh, nle. 

day off: hap, n4f; hap k'ak'al, nphr(n4f of n5). 

every day: sil k'ak'al, nphr(x & n5); silomal 

k'ak'al, nphr(x & n5). 

every other day: cabhetik, n5; cabhecabhe, n4f. 

on the day that: yo to k'u ca9al, ptphr(pt & pt 

& pt & pt). 

the day before yesterday: cabhe, nle. 

the whole day: malel, vn4f. 

9ik'al e'emeni9, nphr(aj & n); 9uc'ul vo9 e*i"Jlel, 

nphr(nphr/x type n/) type n; bik'itik 

e'emeni9, nphr(aj & n); buluk' sat î9lel, 

nphr(n/x & n/ type n); eahal e'emeni9> 

nphr(aj & n); e'emeni'), n5; k'os e'emeni9, 

nphr(aj & n); k'os yasal e"emeni9, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); sakil e'emeni9, nphr(aj & n); 

yasal nic e*i9lel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

9osil, nla. 

four days ago: conhe, nle. 

four days from today: coneh, n5. 

k'ak'altik, n5. 

camem, aj. 

dead /horse, dog, etc./: came- , 

n(aj & ncpd)5. 

dead person: 9anima, nld. 

e'akiebal, n3a. 

period of time before deadline: plaso, nle. 

kok, aj; pak'-cikin, n(aj & ncpd)5; sorto, aj. 

become deaf: kokib, iv. 

deaf and stuttering: pak'-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

grow deaf: mak cikin, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

make deaf: kokibtas, tv. 

trate, nla. 

make a deal: k'opon baik, rv; pas trate, vphr(tv 

& n5). 

camel, vnla; k'ak'al 9ora, nphr(aj & n)5; lahel, 

vnla. 

feel sense of well-being, but with death imminent: 

labta ba, rv. 

/by witchcraft/: yamean, tv. 

debilitate person (witch, sickness): copvan, iv. 

debilitate person /by witchcraft/: yoc kriscano, 


9ilil, n3d; kwenta, nib. 

become deep in debt: con ba, rv. 

complete debt: e"aki, iv.

426 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 D 

debut 

decapitate 

decapitated 

deceit 

deceive 

deceiver 

December 

decide 

declaration 

declare 

decoration 

decorative 

decrease 

decree 

dedicate 

deep 

deer 

defeat 

defecate 

defecating 

defecation 

defecator 

defend 

defending 

defense 

deficiency 

deflower 

defoliate 

defoliated 

deforest 

fail or refuse to pay one's debts: c'ayes ?il, 

vphr(tv // n). 

leave person in debt: balvan ta oil, vphr(iv & 

prep & n5). 

run into debt: pas Til, vphr(tv & n4d); sa9 73, 


make debut as: lok' ta . vphr(iv & prep 

& n5). 

k'okbe nuk', vphr(tv & n4d); mokean, tv. 

mokol, aj. 

vesk'unel, vnld. 

co 1 ?, tv; lolo, tv. 

deceive self: co9 ba, rv; vesk'un ba, rv. 

hîlbahinvaneh, agn; hlclovaneh, agn; htahintavaneh, 

agn; hvesk'unvaneh, agn. 

disyempre, n5. 

9al, tv; nop ?a?i, vphr(tv // tv); nop ta hoi, 

vphr(tv & prep & n4d). 

decide among oneselves: nop ba, rv. 

decide in common: eob k'op, vphr(tv & 

n4d/3p/); komon-nop, tv(aj & tvcpd). 

make a declaration: 9albe melol, vphr(tv & 

n4f); k'opoh, iv. 

9al, tv. 

e"akiel, vnlb. 

with big fluffy decoration /on Chamula 

woman's huipil/: pueultik, aj. 

(embroidery, carving, floral decorations, beautiful 

cloud formations): nicimtik, aj. 

/in size or number/: bik'tah, iv. 

lok'es mantal, vphr(tv & n5). 

dedicate new house: 9oc kantela na, vphr(iv/3s/ 

& nphr/n4e of n5/); 9oc limusna na, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n4e of nld/). 

dedicate oneself to: 9ak' 9o9on, vphr(tv // n). 

natil, aj; toyol, aj. 

(bowl): c'enc'en, aj. 

(cave, hole, bullet, well, river): nat, aj. 

narrow and deep (pot, water jug): pahpah, aj. 

(pot, water jug, basket): vaival, aj. 

cih, nla. 

white-tailed deer: eahal totikal cih, nphr(aj & 

nphr/natt & n/)5; totikal cih, nphr(natt & 

n)la.*; yasal te9tikal cih, nphr(aj & nphr/ 

natt & n/)5. 

relate circumstances of one's defeat: lo"?ilta 

ba, rv. 

eaian, iv; c'ay ba, rv. 

defecate on: ea9ta, tv. 

pol, pul, pur, av. 

ea'Jnel, vn5; c'ay-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

polite speech; area of yard used for defecation: 

pasyahebal, n3d. 

heainom, agn; hc'ay-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd). 

poh, tv; va9an ba, rv. 

(lawyer): tek'an ba, rv. 

(lawyer): va9al, aj. 

(lawyers): va9ahtik, aj. 

mutual defense: poh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

palta, n5. 

hat, tv; tuc\ tv; t'omes, tv. 

vican, tv. 

/leaving a few leaves at end of branch/: viceah, 

iv; vicean, tv. 

/with only a few leaves at end of branch/: vicil, 

a j- 

/mountain/: salan, tv. 

deforested 

deformed 

degane 

dehydrated 

dejected 

delay 

delayed 

delaying 

delicious 

deliver 

demijohn 

demon 

demonstrate 

den 

Dennis 

denouncing 

dent 

dented 

denude 

denuded 

deny 

Department 

depleted 

depletion 

deposit 

depraver 

depressed 

(mountain): salal, aj. 

(leg): kehkeh, aj. 

•>ik'al kanela te9, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

eahal kanela to, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

kanela te9, nphr(n type n); muk'ta kanela 


dehydrated and immobile (drunk, sick child): 

taki-havan, aj(aj & Pcpd). 

be dejected (child who is overworked, mule or 

sheep that is mistreated): ti9olta ba, rv. 

become dejected (person working alone, sheep, 

chicken or horse that is mistreated): tirolah, 

iv. 

halihes, tv. 

/person/: hok'ean, tv; pahean, tv. 

be delayed (order, letter): mak ta be, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n5). 

pah, av. 

niu, av; mu, aj; muil, aj. 

?ak' 9entrokal, vphr(tv & n5); bee, tv. 

deliver baby (midwife): tarn, tv; tamolah, iv; 

vinkiltas, tv. 

karapon, n5. 

five liter demijohn: k'os limeton, nphr(aj & 

n)la. 

medium-sized demijohn /10 liters/: wlol limeton, 

nphr(aj & n)ld. 

pukuh, nle. 

9ak' ta k'elel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); 9ak'be 9il, 

vphr(tv & tv); 9ak'be k'el, vphr(tv & tv). 

e'en, nla. 

Nisyo, nld. 

denouncing frequently: suhson ta k'ok', vphr(av 

& prep & n5). 

poe'k'in, tv. 

(egg, fruit, metal): pue'k'ih, iv. 

/pail/: suvean, tv. 

be dented (egg, metal, fruit): poe'k'ih, iv. 

(egg, can): poe'ol, aj. 

husean. tv. 

/land/ (mule, sheep): vusean, tv. 

cincin, aj; kankan, aj; t'ahal, aj; t'anal, aj. 

be denuded: t'ani, iv. 

(land in dry season only): vusvus, aj. 

(land): bahbah, aj; t'ast'as, aj. 

halan, tv. 

Department of Indian Affairs /Departmento de 

Asuntos Indi'genas/: partamento, n5. 

being depleted: tam, av. 

being depleted one after another (bags of corn, 

beans): kaytekayte, av. 

(palm for decoration OT for hats, trees for house 

construction): sa^bentik, aj. 

drastic depletion: tihlebal, n5. 

9ak' komel, vphr(tv & dr); komes, tv. 

deposit in: ea'Haluh, iv. 

/maggots/: ea^ta, tv; k'oan komel, vphr(tv & 

dr); k'oean, tv. 

/person who influences others to quarrel or 

leads them to drink/: hiak'-manya, agn(tv & 

nepd). 

c'enc'en, aj. 

be depressed: tnolta ba, rv. 

become depressed: cibah won, vphr(iv & 

n4d); sok won, vphr(iv & n4d); tioolah, iv. 

become depressed (roof, wall): poeVih, iv. 

feeling depressed: cibet 9o9on, vphr(av &

D ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 427 

depression 

depth 

deputy 

descend 

descended 

descent 

designate 

desire 

despair 

destructive 

deteriorate 

deterioration 

detour 

develop 

developing 

devil 

devilish 

devoted 

dew 

dewclaw 

dewlap 

dewy 

diagnose 

diaper 

diarrhea 

dichondra 

die 

diesel 

difference 

different 

n4d). 

(land): lomlom, aj; pulpul, aj. 

cause depression in /roof, wall/: poe'k'in, tv. 

depression in land: lomleh, nlf. 

with depressions (ground, floor): poe'ahtik, aj. 

natil, n4b. 

/hamlet/: 9ahensya, agn. 

pek'i, iv; yal, iv. 

descend very low (bird, plane): pek'elub, iv. 

descend very low (wounded bird, plane): 

pek'eah, iv. 

(hernia, blood into head of chicken being 

slaughtered): yalem, aj. 

yalebal, n3a; yaleltik, vn5. 

designate each other /as guilty/: t'uh baik, rv. 

liluk 9o9on, vphr(tv // n); cak, pt; k'an, tv; nop 

9O9on, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4d); nopilan, tv. 

c'ay ba, rv. 

be destructive (horse that breaks fence, dog that 

eats eggs, drunk who breaks his possessions): 

sa9 9il, vphr(tv & n4d). 

have situation deteriorate: sok k'op, vphr(iv & 

nld). 

(house): camel, vnla. 

hoyobil, nlf. 

make detour: vee'p'un, tv. 

(egg): nik ba, rv. 

be developing (eggs): nikan ba, rv. 

pukuh, nle. 

the devil!: diablo, excl. 

pukuh, aj. 

be devoted to: 9ak' won, vphr(tv // n). 

9ov 9osil, nphr(n4f of n5). 

/on plants/: e'uhulal, n4f. 

9espulal 9ok, nphr(nlf of n4d). 

/lizard, chicken/: lokom, nld. 

e'uhul, aj. 

diagnose by reading the pulse: wi ta c'ic", 


tas cak iol, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4d of n4d/); tas 

cak 9unen, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4d of n5/). 

bikil eawel, nphr(aj & vn)5; ea9nel. vn5. 

/baby/: ha9al eo9, nphrfaj & n)5. 

constant diarrhea: bikbik ea9nel, nphr(aj & 

vn)5. 

get diarrhea: t'om eo9, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

nausea and diarrhea: senel c'utul, nphr(vn & 

n)5. 

watery diarrhea: pie'pie' ea9nel, nphr(aj & vn)5. 

wild dichondra: cikin c'o, nphr(n of n)5; cikin 

c'o pos, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); merio 

pos, nphr(n type n); posil k'ok', nphr(n of 

n); sakil cikin c'o pos", nphr: aj & 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); sakil posil k'ok', 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

balc'uh, iv; bat c'ulel, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); 

lah, iv; lok' c'ulel, vphr(iv & n4d); lok' 

c'ulelal, vphr(iv & n5); nel, iv; tam lok, 

vphr(tv & n4d); tel ba, rv; tup' 9ik', 

vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); t'ab, iv; vil, iv. 

die down (fire): yam, iv. 

(person, animal, tree, plant, etc.): cam, iv. 

diesel truck: liser, nla. 

it makes no difference: muk' k'oplal, vphr(pt/ 

contr of mu & yW> & -uk/ & n4f). 

90, pt; cop 90, nphr(nc & pt); helel. aj; parte, aj. 

each different: parteparte, aj; tosoltosol, n4f. 

difficult 

dig 

digest 

digging 

diligent 

diminish 

din 

dinging 

dinning 

dip 

each one different(ly): hel tos, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

n5). 

slightly different (speech or dialect): k'ehel, aj. 

vokol, aj. 

dig hole: c'oh, tv. 

dig up: hok", tv. 

dig up /rock, plant/: pie, tv. 

dig up /tree, plant/: pee lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

dig up /trees, plants/: peeeean, tv. 

hue', tv. 

digging stick: bareta, nla. 

digging up: pie, av. 

be diligent: 9ownin, tv; 9o9onta, tv; basbolan, 

tv. 

bik'tah, iv. 

nik, iv. 

ran. av. 

nee, nik, av. 

mules, tv. 

dip fingers into (woman in vagina): c'op ba, rv. 

dip fingers into /food, vagina/: c'op, tv. 

/hair, water jug, water gourd, or stick in water, 

cloth in dye, fingers or stirring rod in food/: 

e"ah, tv; mul, tv. 

with dip (roof, road): Ia9al, aj. 

dipper big dipper: vuku-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

dipping dipping fingers: c'op, av. 

dipping to one side and then the next (loom): 

season, av. 

direct direct assembling of banners (first sacristan) 

/inside church door prior to procession/: nupolah, 

iv. 

direction 9ic'ob, n4e; tuk'il, n4b. 

in this direction /pointing/: si to, ptphr(pt & 

pt). 

in what direction?: bu hotukal, nphr(pt & n). 

in whatever direction: bu hotukal, nphr(pt & n). 

directly kahkah, pt. 

dirt 9ik'ubal, nib. 

dirt covering one's clothes: 'ik'al, n4d. 

dirtied be dirtied: latin, tv. 

dirty 9ik", aj; k'o9ol, aj. 

become dirty: 9ik'ub, iv. 

disappear sak-c'ay, iv(aj & ivcpd). 

disappear below horizon (sun): payc'uh, iv. 

disappear down trail: payc'uh, iv. 

disappear in the distance: c'ayeah, iv. 

(moon): c'ay hc'ul-me'Hik, vphr(iv & agn/aj & 

ncpd/5). 

disappearing c'ay, av. 

disarrayed be disarrayed (thatch in wind): vaek'uh, iv. 

disc-shaped (peso, cheese): sepel, aj. 

discharge with discharge: eC, av. 

disciplinarian /man/: heie-mol, agn(tv & nepd). 

/woman/: heie-moel, agn(tv & nepd). 

discipline eie, tv. 

disconsolate become disconsolate: cibah 9o9on, vphr(iv & 

n4d); sok 9o9on, vphr(iv & n4d). 

feeling disconsolate: cibet won, vphr(av & 

n4d). 

disconsolation ti9oltaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

discontented cib 9o9on, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d). 

discouraged be discouraged (child who is overworked, mule 

or sheep that is mistreated): ti9olta ba, rv. 

become discouraged (person working alone, 

sheep, chicken or horse that is mistreated): 

ti9olah, iv.


discover ta, tv. 

discover by pulsing: ta ta c'ic", vphr(tv & prep 

& n5). 

discrimination lose one's powers of discrimination: c'ay-satih, 

iv(iv & ncpd). 

discuss k>9ilta, tv. 

discussion loiil, nld. 

disease contagious disease: c'amuhel, nphr(vn type 

vn)5. 

contagious disease /chills and fever/ brought 

from afar-: c'ambalal camel, nphr(aj & vn)5. 

/person feels cold in body, aches, has stomachache/: 

sikil kolo9al 9ik', nphr(nphr/aj & 

natt/ & n)5; sikil kolo9al camel, nphr(nphr/ 

aj & natt/ & vn)5. 

poultry disease: sak-eo, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

skin disease /grano/: cin, nle. 

skin disease of infants, caused by embarassment 

of mother: c'ilim 9apon, nphr(n type n)la. 

type of itchy skin disease: hak'ob ?ik\ nphr(aj 

& n)5. 

venereal disease: k'a9el, vn5. 

disemboweled be disemboweled (squashed insect): t'om eo9, 


disgrace 9ak' ta k'eslal, vphr(tv & prep & n5); 9ak' ta 

namal. vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

relate circumstances of one's disgrace: kyrilta 

ba, rv. 

disguise disguise self as - —: pas ba ta - 


disgust 9ibal 9o9on, nphr(n4e of n4d). 

be filled with disgust: libah 9o9on, vphr(iv & 

n4d). 

disgusted be disgusted by: sok Won, vphr(iv & n4d); yan 

9elan i&ii, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & tv). 

be disgusted with: ko9ol 9o ?a9i, vphr(aj & pt & 

tv). 

disgusting mu, aj. 

be disgusting: yan 9elan, vphr(aj & iv/3s/). 

female speech; How disgusting!: porkirfya, 

excl. 

disgustingness female speech; disgustingness: 9ila9al, n4d. 

dish traste, nla. 

dish up /meal/: hoe', tv. 

disinfectant /human excrement rubbed on wound to prevent 

infection if thorn cannot be extracted/: 

pasaro, n5. 

dislike copol ">a9i, vphr(aj & tv). 

dislodge /stone, stump, tethering post/ /with hoe or axe 

head/: peh lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

dismantle tuki, tv. 

/house so as to move it to new location/: pie 

lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

dismantled be dismantled (house, corral, steward's altar): 

tukih, iv. 

dismiss dismiss from one's thoughts: c'ay ta 9o9on, 

vphr(tv & prep & n4d); tuc" ta ?o9on, vphr(iv 

& prep & n4d). 

disobedient ban, av; banet hoi, vphr(av & n4d); pimil, aj. 

be disobedient: toy ba, rv; toyel 9a9i, vphr(n4f 

& tv). 

(child): c'ahil-9at, n(aj & n)5. 

disobey /order/: p'ah, tv. 

disorient disorient the Earth Lord (witch): sokbe hoi 7ahval 

balamil, vphr: tv & nphr(n4d of nphr/n4f 

of n5/). 

disown 

dispatch 

dispirited 

display 

dispossess 

dispossessed 

dispute 

dissatisfied 

dissipation 

dissolution 

dissolve 

dissolving 

distance 

distant 

distend 

distended 

distending 

distill 

distiller 

distinguished 

distract 

distracted 

distribute 

•>ilan, tv. 

/constable, principal/: lok'es, tv. 

be dispirited (child who is overworked, mule or 

sheep that is mistreated): ti9olta ba, rv. 

become dispirited: tioolah. iv. 

become dispirited (horse): eopk'ih, iv; c'etk'uh, 

iv. 

(merchant walking about with his or her wares): 

ye9, tv. 

put on a grand display /food, large gathering/: 

muk'ultas, tv. 

poh, tv. 

be dispossessed: poh, iv. 

9ut-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; k'op, nld; pletu, n5. 

settle dispute (civil official): tohobtas k'op, 


be dissatisfied with: mu ta9luk 9a9i, vphr(pt & 

tv/3s/ & tv). 

repoal, n5. 

repoal, n5. 

9uneh, iv; 9unehes, tv. 

90k', av. 

namal, nlf. 

at a distance: nom toel ">akan, vphr: ajphr(aj & 

aj/pred/) & n4d. 

keep one's distance from person (criminal): 

vee"van, iv. 

k'ehelik, aj; namal, aj; nom, aj. 

become more distant (wells in dry season): namah, 

iv. 

distant place: noc", n5. 

rather distant /time, place/: Ie9le9 to, ajphrfaj & 

pt). 

(relative with same surname, but relationship 

unknown): nam-tal, aj(aj & ivcpd). 

/belly/ (mule avoiding tight cinching): vusan, 

tv. 

/stomach/ (child): t'asan c'ut, tv. 

/stomach/ (child, mule that does not want burden 

cinched tightly): t'isan, tv. 

/stomach/ (mule to prevent burden from being 

tightly cinched): sit'an, tv. 

become distended (stomach with gas): t'iseah, 

iv. 

have distended stomach (child): t'asi c'ut, 


(stomach with gas): sit'il, aj. 

(stomachs of well-fed horses, sheep): t'inilik, aj. 

with distended stomach (dead animal): t'isil, aj. 

k'i, av. 

(balloon): t'isis, av. 

stand distending stomach (mule, child): t'isan 

ba, rv. 

distill liquor: lok'es pos, vphr(tv & n5). 

cane liquor distiller: hlok'eseh-pos, agn(vn & 

ncpd). 

be distinguished: vinah, iv. 

. c'aybe won, vphr(tv & n4d). 

c'ay, av. 

be distracted: c'ayeaih, iv. 

be distracted /by grief, drowsiness, deep 

thought, involvement in other activity/: c'ay 

9o9on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

distribute announcements of assignments of religious 

posts and fireworks group (constables): 

puk vun, vphr(tv & n5).


distributed 

distributing 

distributor 

ditch 

diverge 

diversion 

divert 

diverting 

divide 

divided 

dividing 

divine 

diving 

divorce 

divorced 

dizzy 

do 

docile 

dock 

doctor 

document 

dodder 

dodge 

distribute evenly: melolah, iv. 

distribute evenly /com gruel or meat when offered 

communally/: mel, tv. 

distribute evenly to everyone /com gruel, cigarettes, 

food, palm fronds/: puk, tv. 

distribute evenly to everyone /corn gruel, 

food/: pukolah, iv. 

(religious official distributing food): tani, tv. 

widely distributed (loans): pukahtik, aj. 

distributing one after another /bowls of com 

gruel meal/: pectepecte, av. 

distributor of /com gruel, cigarettes, 

food/: hpuk , agn(tv & ncpd). 

/of food or corn gruel/: hpukolahel, agn. 

be-09, n(n of ncpd)la. 

irrigation ditch: •mlbal, nla. 

make diverge /row of work/: sulean ec'el, 


(rows of corn): sekp'uh, iv. 

9elav, n5. 

divert oneself aimlessly: 9elavah, iv. 

divert self: kus "won, vphr(tv // n). 

divert self /on streets, in market/: bat ta pasyal, 

vphr(iv & prep & n5); pasyah, iv; pasyan, tv. 

divert stream: k'ehp'unbe 9ok, vphr(tv & n4f). 

pick up and divert baby: c'ip 9unen, vphr(tv & 

n5); c'ipomah, iv. 

pick up and divert baby (mother): c'ip 9ol, 


take trip to divert one's self aimlessly /without 

buying or selling anything/: c'ip ba, rv. 

c'ip, av. 

diverting self: pasy, av. 

divide in two /plot of land/: hav, tv. 

divide into strips /land/: tuc', tv. 

divide up: c'ak, tv. 

k'alal(2), aj. 

divided up: c'akal, aj. 

dividing up slowly and ineffectively: c'akc'on, 

av. 

c'ul , aj(aj & ncpd); hak' ta moc, vphr(tv 

& prep & n5).*; k'el ta moc, vphr(tv & prep 

& n5). 

e"uk, av. 

9iktaeh-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5; c'ak, iv; 

c'ak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

divorce each other: sutes baik, tv. 

lekoh, n4b. 

him, rov, av. 

9al, tv; pas, tv. 

do everything in one's power: lah won, 


do nothing but : labal , iv(aj & 

ivcpd). 

do one's best: lah 9o9on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

do thing in this way: yec pas, vphr(aj & tv). 

manso, aj. 

become docile (mule): mansoib, iv. 

bitter dock: pocahtik tanal e*i?lel, nphr(nphr/aj 

& n/ type n); posil 9eal, nphr(n of n). 

hpostavaneh, agn; 16ktor. agn. 

visit doctor: postaluh, iv. 

vun, nla. 

legal document /formerly/: lukumento, nla. 

k'an-ak', n(aj & ncpd)la. 

/blow/: e*e9an ba, rv. 

dog 

dog-eared 

dogwood 

dolichos 

doll 

doUy 

dominate 

Dominic 

Don 

donating 

donkey 

door 

doorway 

double 

doublecross 

doubled 

doubling 

dove 

/blow, bullet/: eelp'uh 9u9un, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n4d); eelp'un, tv. 

/rock, blow/: 9et'es, tv. 

e*i9, nla. 

dog days: nic k'in, nphr(n of n)5. 

hunting dog: heakol, agn. 

white dog: palom, nld. 

wooly dog: eun-e"i9, n(aj & ncpd)Id. 

wooly dog /owned by Iadinos/: kaslan e'f, 


become dog-eared: pus ba, rv. 

Lisbon, nld. 

hyacinth dolichos: 9ik'al pasku9al cenek', 

nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); paskwa cenek', 


munyeka, nld. 

/for cripples/: karos, nla. 

canbe, tv. 

Romin, nld. 

Don Juan: hpas proval 9ane, nphr(agn/tv & 

ncpd/ of n). 

p'eh, av. 

buro, nld. 

mak na, vphr(nlf of nld); mak ti9 na, nphr(nlf 

of nphr/nlf of nld/); ti9 na, nphr(nlf of 

nld). 

door jamb /of thatch-roofed house/: sinta, 

nla. 

ti9 na, nphr(nlf of nld). 

(bloom of aztec marigolds, geranium): poeol, aj. 

(bloom): poe, aj. 

cause to double up (sickness): moc'k'in, tv. 

double back: hoyp'in ba, rv. 

double over: moi'an ba, rv. 

double over (sickness): kotp'in, tv. 

double over /branch, grass/: vue"an, tv. 

double over /cornstalk/: pak, tv. 

double over /rope, corn/: pus,:tv. 

double over /stalks, corn/ (wind): ka9, tv. 

double over /with blow/: ca^-pusin, tv(num & 

tvcpd). 

double over so as to make four /rope/: 

can-pusin, tv(num & tvcpd). 

double up (arms and legs in sickness): moc'k'ih, 

iv. 

double up /legs/: moc' ba, rv. 

valk'un cak, nphr(aj & n5): valk'un cak ta h-hot, 

vphr(tv // n & prep & n/num & nccpd/). 

doubled over: kuh, lut', moc', pat, av. 

doubled up: moc'ol, aj. 

doubled up (dead or sleeping people in cold 

weather): mocahtik, aj. 

(rope): pusul, aj. 

walking about doubled over (old person): 

sot'tesot'te, av. 

doubling over /with fierce stomach cramps/: 

sok'ok'et, av. 

ground dove: pulivok, nld.*; soltaro mut, 

nphr(n type n)5; toltora, n5. 

inca dove: pulivok, nld.*; soltaro mut, nphr(n 

type n)5; toltora, n5. 

mourning dove: euin, n5; euin kulahte9, nphr(n 

type n)5. 

pentecostal dove /hung in church for 10 days/: 

paloma, nle. 

white-tipped dove: k'us kumum, nphr(aj &


downy 

dozen 

draft 

drag 

dragged 

dragging 

dragonfly 

drape 

draped 

draw(l) 

draw(2) 

draw(3) 

drawer 

drawn 

dream 

dreaming 

dregs 

white-winged dove: kulahte 1 ?, nle; paloma, nle. 

mus, av; sivultik, aj. 

with downy hair (face of adolescent boy or girl, 

pubes of adolescent girl): musul, aj. 

losena, nle. 

twelve dozen /rockets/: grwesa, n5. 

be 9ik\ nphr(n of n)5. 

cec, tv. 

be about to drag on (argument): nitetah, iv. 

drag into /boulder, bag of corn/: nak ocel, 


drag off /heavy pot on fire/: nak lok'el, vphr(tv 

& dr). 

drag oneself along: hoc ba, rv. 

drag out /person from house to be killed/: boe", 

tv; hoe 1 , tv. 

drag self around: kil ba, tv. 

drag to court: hoc, tv. 

drag with difficulty /branches, trees/: hocan, 

tv. 

/leafy branch/: ces, tv. 

/on ground/: kil, tv. 

Ml. av. 

cec, ces, cev, civ, hoc, kil, av. 

dragging each other /to court/: kil-bail, vn(tv & 

rpncpd)5. 

dragging on (legal case): timet, av. 

dragging self around (emaciated bitch that has 

just given birth): luklon, av. 

dragging self on ground: nus, av. 

tulis, nle. 

drape heavily (chayote vine): linan ba, rv. 

draped over arm (shawl): likoh, aj. 

lok'ta, tv. 

draw line: 9ak' raya, vphr(tv & n5). 

draw closed /mouth of bag/: mut'be, tv. 

draw skirt in: yobi, iv; yubi, iv. 

draw together /double door, edges of cloth to 

be sewn together/: nup', tv. 

draw up (legs): mueetah, iv. 

draw up /knees/: k'uhan, tv. 

draw up /legs/: mue, tv. 

draw up tightly /legs of child carried between 

two people, feet of bird in flight/: moc", tv; 

muc\ tv. 

draw water: ha9av, iv. 

/water/: lup, tv; pul, tv. 

inan. poss.; drawer /of table/: lav tak'in, 

nphr(n4f of nla). 

/of water/: hpul- , agn(tv & ncpd). 

become drawn (face with age): nitp'uh, iv; 

timp'uh, iv. 

become drawn (face): nit ba, rv; niteah, iv; timan 

ba, rv. 

drawn face: nit, av. 

(face of drunk): timet, av; timil, aj. 

(face with sickness or exhaustion): nibil, aj. 

(face): nitil, aj; timel, aj. 

•?anima, nld; c'ulel, n4; vaycil, n3a; vaycin, iv; 

vaycin, tv; vayicil, n3a.* 

dream about: c'ulelta, tv. 

dream about person: vaycinvan, iv. 

mac, mac, av. 

e'u'Jbal, n4f. 

dregs of chicha: eof yakil voi, nphr(n I f of n I d). 

dress(l) 

dress(2) 

dressing 

dribble 

dribbling 

dried 

drill(l) 

drill(2) 

drink 

drink-pourer 

drinker 

drinking 

drip 

dripping 

drive 

driver 

driving 

drizzle 

drizzling 

droop 

/log/: eal, tv. 

/tree/: c'ul, tv. 

e'akubtas, tv; lap, tv. 

dress up: c'aki, iv; e'akubtas ba, rv; poean baik, 

rv. 

dressing according to one's own taste: lapet iv- 

•ron, vphr(av & nld). 

dribble of saliva (cow, horse, mad dog): likokil, 

n3d. 

bur, cor, £'m, nul, av. 

dribbling down (mucous): tomton, av. 

(mucous): pulul, aj. 

(resin): t'ohoh, av. 

with mucous dribbling from nose: sim, aj. 

dried out (large pile of human excrement): takiyeman, 

aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd). 

dried up (fruit): taki-einan, aj(aj & P/2/ or 

T/2/cpd); taki-sot'an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). 

can •'okol, vphr(tv & n3d). 

hulub, nla. 

drill repeatedly (acorn woodpecker): c'oc'omta, 

tv. 

?uc\ tv. 

/dirty cane liquor through cloth/: e'ue\ tv. 

drink through cloth: e"abu, tv. 

drink through cloth /to avoid drinking particles 

of foreign matter in cane liquor/: e*ab ta 

pok', vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

drink together equally: ko*?ol-?uc\ tv(aj & 

tvcpd); komon-'mc", tv(aj & tvcpd). 

soft drink: presko, nla. 

hp'is-vCJ, agn(tv & ncpd). 

hposll, agn. 

•Hie', e'u'), av. 

(candle) /proof that one is being denounced in 

church/: "»ok\ iv. 

cause to drip /water into corpse's mouth, cane 

liquor, candle wax/: e'uhes, tv. 

drip down (candle wax, water): e"uh, iv. 

•iac', bik, c-'an, e'ue', tip. coh, cop, c'am, kop, pah. 

av. 

(mucous): tomol, aj. 

(mucous, honey): nititet, av. 

(mucous, spit): vihih, av. 

/animals/: mak, tv. 

/deer/: nueolah, iv. 

/deer, rabbit/: nueol, n5. 

/mules, sheep/: tih, tv. 

cofer, n5. 

/bus, car, truck/: âhval karo, nphr(n4f of n5). 

/of game/: hmakol, agn. 

mak, av. 

•me, nle; k'inubal, n5; k'un-k'inubal, n(aj & 

ncpd)5; vie"il vo 1 ?, nphr(aj & n)5; vihil voi, 


his, vie 5 , vih, av; vitlahet, av. 

lusan ba, rv; luseah, iv; lusi, iv. 

droop (eyelids) /with sleep/: ma 1 ? ba, rv. 

droop /head/ (baby): mahean yalel, vphr(tv & 

dr). 

droop head (baby): mahan ba, rv. 

droop to side (baby's head when sleeping): noi 

hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). 

(dying creatures, leaves in strong sun or frost): 

mahcah. iv.


drooping 

droopy 

drop 

dropped 

dropping 

drove 

drown 

drowsy 

drug 

drugstore 

drum 

drummer 

drumming 

drumstick 

drunk 

drunkard 

drunkenness 

dry 

(hat brim, candle): lusp'ih, iv. 

(head of person carrying heavy burden, head of 

dying chicken): neteah, iv. 

make droop /flower/: lusean, tv. 

(sick chicken): e"ihan ba, rv. 

lus, av. 

drooping listlessly /sick/: e'ihil, aj. 

with cap drooping (old mushroom): sup'ul, aj. 

with lids drooping: ma"?, may, av. 

with lids drooping /with sleep, from swelling/: 

maial, aj. 

e"ih, av. 

p'ahes, tv. 

cause hair to drop out: tulean, tv. 

cause to drop /fruit/ (oppossum): lisk'un yalel, 


cause to drop off /all fruit before ripe/: linp'un, 

tv. 

drop in cluster (fruit): voheah yalel, vphr(iv & 

dr). 

drop in liquid: t'ub, tv. 

drop in pile (clothes): voeeah yalel, vphr(iv & 

dr). 

drop inadvertently /into water/: mukes yalel, 


drop off (all fruit before ripe): linp'uh, iv. 

drop off (skin, chaff): solinah, iv. 

drop uncoiled /rope/: kilean yalel, vphr(tv & 

dr). 

/egg on griddle/: soles, tv. 

/excrement, chicken/: lesan, tv. 

(foetus prior to birth): e'un ba yalel, vphr(rv & 

dr). 

/pants, skirt/: soles, tv. 

(pants, skirt, anus /by effects of bloody dysentery/): 

sol, iv. 

/small blob of thick liquid; human or chicken 

excrement/: let'an, tv. 

(foetus prior to birth): e*unul, aj. 

(pants, skirt): solet, av. 

dropping here and there: yalteyalte, av. 

dropping off: sol, av. 

/cattle, pigs, sheep/: partil, n5. 

/of mules/: rekwa, nla. 

(person, animal, plant): hik'av, iv.* 

mae, mac, av; maeal, aj; macal, aj. 

bolibtas, tv. 

botika, nla. 

tampol, nla.*; vabal, n4f; vob, nld. 

htampolero, agn. 

call, cih, av. 

(pale-billed woodpecker): k'ororet, av. 

te9el trampol, nphr(nlf of nld). 

einil, aj; hyakubel, agn. 

get drunk: yakub, iv. 

get drunk and shout in the house: pas k'in, 


make drunk: yakubtas, tv. 

h9uc"-trago, agn(tv & ncpd). 

yakubel, vnlf. 

k'ep, av; eap', iv; sap', iv; takin, aj. 

become dry (mouth): bal ba, rv. 

/chili/: bakubtas, tv. 

/climate/: k'epel, aj. 

(clothes on person): takihes ba, rv. 

/clothes, wood, meat/: takihes, tv. 

drying 

duck(l) 

duck(2) 

ducking 

dude 

dug 

dugout 

dull 

dumb 

dumbly 

dump 

dunk 

duration 

during 

dusk 

dust 

cold and dry: sik-takin, aj(aj & ajcpd). 

cold and dry (nixtamal): c'ivil, aj. 

dry and scaly (skin, bark): tan-saran, aj(aj & 

Ucpd). 

dry and worn (leather): taki-seran, aj(aj & 

Ucpd). 

dry before fire /clothing/: vo, tv. 

dry off: kus, tv. 

dry off (person): takih, iv. 

dry out (clothes, wood): takih, iv. 

dry out partially (clothes, wood): mae 1 , iv. 

dry season: korisma, n5. 

dry sink: lom-c'en, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. 

dry up: ?ul, iv; 9ules, tv. 

dry up (mucous): k'a9, iv. 

dry up partially (mud, wound, skin disease): 

mae', iv. 

(gamusa apple, maneana kinya): lisimtik, aj. 

/green wood set next to fire/: c'ata, tv. 

have mouth become dry: bal ba tub, vphr(rv & 

n4d). 

(meat smoked over fire or dried in sun in lowlands): 

takih, iv. 

(meat): bakub, iv. 

partially dry (firewood): sansan, aj. 

set in the sun to dry: sap'es, tv. 

very dry (leather, stale tortilla): votet, av. 

drying before fire /clothing/: vovon, av. 

duck down: euban ba, rv; kuhan ba, rv. 

duck down by bending knees (mule unwilling to 

be loaded): vue'an ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). 

duck head sideways: neân ba, rv. 

/head of unruly horse/: nihan, tv. 

duck walk: sok'ih, iv. 

/general term referring to both domestic ducks 

raised by ladinos and to wild ducks/: pec', 

nla.* 

kuli, mue, av. 

ducking head suddenly to side: ne^luh bat hoi, 

vphr(av & iv & nib). 

ducking suddenly to side (head): netluh, av. 

/each of two characters in festivities of Christmas 

season played by the senior stewards/ 

/Tzeltal term of address/: mamal, n5. 

(ground): c'enc'en, aj. 

kanava, nla. 

cuman le"> hoi, ajphr(nphr/n of n/5 type n)5. 

(knife, axe, machete): c'abal l >e, vphr(aj/pred/ 

& n4f). 

van-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5; vo^-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5; 

volet, av; voean, aj. 

be struck dumb: mak •'e, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

van, vat, av. 

sit or stand dumbly (person, cow): vanan ba, rv; 

vatan ba, rv. 

sitting or standing dumbly (person, cow): vanal, 

ajsitting 

or standing dumbly (person, cow, stump, 

boulder): vatal, aj. 

stand dumbly: sup'an ba, rv. 

k'a'Jeptik, n5. 

/tortilla in broth/: cik' veiel, vphr(tv & n4d). 

halil, n4f. 

yokel, pt. 

•>oresyon, n5; wresyontik, n5. 

"rik'ubal, nib; pukuk, nla.

432 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 D/E 

dusty 

duties 

duty 

dwarf 

dwarfed 

dwell 

dwelling 

dwindle 

dye 

dying 

dynamite 

dysentery 

each 

ear pod tree 

earlier 

early 

earn 

earnest 

earring 

earth 

earthenware 

earthquake 

earthworm 

earwig 

ease 

eased 

east 

Easter 

easy 

eat 

dust bath: pat, av. 

dust devil: sutum 9ik', nphr(aj & n)le. 

metal dust from sharpened tool: vusbenal, n4f. 

turning to dust: p'up'up'et, av. 

pukuktik, aj. 

dusty stretch: pukuktik, n5. 

assume another's duties: va"M, iv. 

tu, n4d; tunel, vn4b. 

koncave, agn.' 

dwarfed by huge burden: vanet, av. 

naki, iv. 

nakal, aj. 

(crowd): cop, iv; copah, iv. 

bon, nle; bonol, nle. 

red dye for pompoms: kucin, nla. 

red powdered dye formerly used for sashes: 

c'uh, nla. 

/wool, thread/: bon, tv. 

dying in large numbers: tuston, av. 

benami'ta, nla. 

sim-nak'al, nphr(n & ajcpdjle. 

bloody dysentery: eahal sim-nak'al, nphr(aj & 

n/n & ajcpd/)5; c'ic' sim-nak'al, nphr(n type 

n/n & ajcpd/)5. 

white dysentery: sakil sim-nak'al, nphr(aj & 

n/n & ajcpd/)5. 

each person: hu-hun tal, nphr(num/num & 

numcpd/& dr). 

cikinil, n3b. 

ear lobe: k'unil cikinil, nphr(nlf of n4d). 

ear of corn: c'isil ?isim, nphr(aj & n)5. 

pit, nle. 

earlier today: nas, aj; nasil, n4f. 

early in the morning: sob, aj. 

early morning: sob, n5. 

(fiesta) /with movable date as carnival/: yalem, 

a jearn 

money: 9ic' tohel, vphr(tv & vn5). 

carry out in earnest: eaeal-k'opta, tv(aj & 

tvcpd). 

tak'in cikinil, nphr(n4e of n3d). 

lum, nla. 

earth lord: 9ahval balamil, nphr(n4f of n5); 9anhel, 

agn. 

lum, nla. 

nikel, nle.* 

lukum, nla. 

lowland and highland earwig: ^'urupik', nle. 

ease a situation (magistrate, lawyer): lames 

k'op, vphr(tv & n5). 

ease one's pain: lameanbe k'usul, vphr(tv & 

n4f). 

/pain/: yambe, tv; yames, tv; yoces, tv. 

lamal, aj. 

be eased (pain): lam, iv. 

have pain or sexual appetite eased: lameah, iv. 

lak'ol, nib; lok'eb k'ak'al, nphr(nlf of n5). 

rominko kusel, vphr(n of vn)5. 

lek, aj. 

be rather easy: tak'tik, tv/3s/. 

•Jocan, tv; lahes, tv; ti") ba, rv. 

eat by stretching mouth widely /maguey, white 

sapote/: sem ta lcel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

eat clean /bone, corncob, mango pit/: nul, tv. 

eating 

eavesdrop 

eavesdropper 

echo 

eclipse 

edge 

edible 

education 

Edward 

effective 

effort 

e gg 

eggs 

egret 

eat sparingly: yoca c'ut, vphr(tv & n4d). 

eat up: lahes, tv. 

eat while sharing equally: kowl-lahes, tv(aj & 

tvcpd); komon-lahes, tv(aj & tvcpd). 

/fruit, eggs, squash, potatoes, greens, honeycomb, 

excrement/: \oi, tv. 

/meal with tortilla, tortilla, bread/: ve9, iv; ve9, 

tv. 

/meat, fish, beans, chili, tomato, mushroom, 

snail, grub/: ti9, tv. 

/nuts, peanuts, toasted tortillas, green chili, 

corn on the cob, seeds, sugar cane/: k'us, tv. 

lo 1 ), pac\ av. 

(cow, pig): samson ni9, vphr(av & n4d); semson 

ni9, vphr(av & n4d). 

eating noisily (dog): ketlahet, av. 

rotating jaws while eating: sem, av. 

(witch): ti'Uon, av. 

area beneath the eaves along the sides and back 

of house: sik na, nphr(nle of n3d). 

/house/: nuk'il, n3b. 

/ground on which water falls from eaves, trench 

dug around three sides of house to carry off 

rainwater/: e'uhubal na, nphr(natt & n)5. 

/person who eavesdrops on conversation intending 

to gossip about it later/: hwyehk'op, 

agn(vn & ncpd); hwyeh-lot, agn(vn & 

ncpd). 

lee?, n4e; ">ee'an, iv. 

•nk'ubel, vnle.* 

ti9il, nlf; tWl, n3b. 

along edge of /river, forest, ravine, fence/: ti'Hi') 

, nphr(n of n)5. 

along edge of /road, tile roof, cliff, ravine/: 

tftiltftil , nphr(n of n)5. 

/cliff, ravine, river, forest, market, town/: w 

, nphr(n of n)5. 

/cloth on loom/: cikinil, n3b. 

edge of man's cotton tunic: sokon k'uiul, 


edge of man's woolen tunic: sokon herkail, 


edge of well or spring: tii 9a9al, nphr(n4f of 

n4d). 

(fruit): Io9balal, aj. 

member of education committee: hk'el hcan 

vun, agn(tv & agncpd/tv & ncpd/). 

Lukarto, nld. 

be effective (curing ceremony, medicine, imprisonment): 

balin, tv. 

vokolil, n3a. 

tanal, n4f; ton, nla. 

butterfly egg: ton pepen, nphrfn of n)la. 

chicken egg: ton lalak', nphr(n4f of n4d); ton 

kaslan, nphr(n of n)5.* 

cockroach egg: ton mako">, nphr(n of n)la; ton 

mako9al, nphr(nlf of nla). 

egg white: sakil, n4f. 

egg yolk: k'anal, n4f. 

flea egg: ton c'ak, nphr(n of n)la; ton c'akil, 


eggs dipped in chili sauce: p'uyum ton kaslan, 

nphr(n type nphr/n of n/)5. 

frog eggs: nae' wmuc, nphr(n of n)le. 

snowy egret: heak-coy, agn(tv & ncpd); karsa, 

nle.

E ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 433 

ehretia cherry ehretia: karnero to, nphr(n type n). 

eight vasak , num(num & nccpd); vasakib, 

nle. 

eighteen vasak-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. 

eighties in or by eighties: cancan-vinik, n(num & 

numcpd)5. 

eighty 9ocenta, nla; can-vinik, n(num & numcpd)le. 

every eighty: cancan-vinik, n(num & 

numcpd)5. 

either either...or: mi...fo mi, pt...n5 & pt; mi...mi, pt... 

pt. 

ejido ejido land: matanal TOsil, nphr(n3d type n5); 

pohbalal 9osil, nphr(aj & n)la. 

ejido official: komite, n5; komite •)u9un 9osil, 

nphr(n5 & n4f & n5). 

elaenia yellow-bellied elaenia: yams, n5. 

elapse bat, iv. 

elated be elated: muyubah, iv. 

elbow suk'omil, n3d; suk'omta, tv; suk'umin, tv; 

suk'umta, tv. 

elder mol, nld. 

holy elder: sak-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

/man/: bankilal, n3d. 

elder box elder: sakil to, nphr(aj & n)le. 

elderberry îk'al sutas cihil to, nphr: aj & nphr(n type 

nphr/aj & n/); bae'i cihil to, nphr(aj & nphr/ 

aj & n/); cihil to, nphr(aj & n); sakil cihil 

to, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil sutas cihil 

tef, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/). 

elders /religious officials of the two highest levels; alcaldes 

and prefects considered as a unit/: 

moletik, agn. 

eldest /brother, son, brother-in-law, uncle/: mol 

, nphr(aj & n4d). 

elect nop, tv. 

election 9elekyson, n5. 

electricity lus, nle. 

elevated be elevated above the ground (pot on hearthstone, 

person or object on bed, stone, chair or 

horse): lepi, iv. 

elevated above the ground: lepel, aj. 

eleven buluc , n(num & nccpd)ie; bulucib, 

nle. 

every eleven: bulbucib, n5. 

elevens in or by elevens: bulbucib, n5. 

elope hatav, iv. 

elsewhere yan, aj. 

emaciated cap, luk, moc, av; taki-sotan, aj(aj & P, P/2/, 

T/2/cpd); taki-sot'an, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). 

become emaciated: taki-lah, iv(aj & ivcpd). 

(person, animal): taki-lukan, aj(aj & Pcpd). 

(person, dog): mocol, aj. 

embarrassed k'es, av. 

be embarrassed: k'esav, iv. 

denunciatory speech; be embarrassed: "Japonah, 

iv. 

embarrassment k'eslal, nla. 

embed /axe in tree, sandal in mud/: mae'an, tv. 

embedded mar 1 , av. 

(thorn in foot): mae*al, aj. 

(thorn, knife): pahal, aj. 

embrace mey, tv; pet, tv. 

embracing mey, av. 

embroider luc, tv; lucolah, iv; luculta, tv. 

embroidered lucultik, aj. 

embroiderer hlucolahel, agn; hlucom, agn. 

embroidery 

embroiled 

embryo 

emerge 

emerging 

emigrate 

Emma 

Emmanuel 

empathy 

employer 

empower 

empty 

empty-handed 

encircle 

encircling 

enclosed 

enclosure 

encounter 

end 

kuyel, vn4b; lucul, n4e; nicim, nla. 

get embroiled in an argument: pas k'op, vphr(tv 

& n5). 

/corn kernel/: yol, n4f. 

barely emerge (new tooth): nac' tal, vphr(iv & 

dr); nac'eah tal, vphr(iv & dr). 

cause to emerge /cabbage, plant, etc./: vok'es, 

tv. 

emerge from body ("cold wind"): habeah, iv. 

emerge from body ("cold wind") /so that patient 

is cured/: habah, iv. 

make emerge from body /"cold wind"/: haban, 

tv. 

(young weeds, flower plants, coriander, field 

mustard, cabbages): vok', iv. 

barely emerging (new tooth): kucul, aj. 

barely emerging (weeds): lasal, aj. 

namahes ba, rv. 

Manu 1 ), nld. 

Manvel, nld. 

show empathy: na"? ta w)on, vphr(tv & prep & 

n4d). 

patron, nld. 

female employer: patrona, nld. 

empower by magic: mee'ta, tv.* 

sokobtas, tv; sokol, aj. 

be empty (house, market): sokob, iv. 

be left empty /market when people have gone 

home/: c'abah, iv. 

become empty (gaze of dead person): ton ba, rv. 

become empty (tent caterpillar nest): sokolib, 

iv. 

cause to become empty /gaze of dead person/: 

tonan, tv. 

empty from one to another: kokon helavel, 


empty house: c'ubah, iv. 

empty into /cane liquor/: e'uhes, tv. 

empty onto or into /water, beans, corn, ears of 

corn, fruit/: kokon, tv. 

/house/: c'uba, tv. 

(house, car, basket, corn storage pot): pocol, aj. 

(house, pot, car when owner is absent): pohol, 

a Jleave 

empty /house/: sokobah komel, vphr(iv 

& dr). 

(market): yoc, iv; yoceah, iv. 

liil. av. 

running and approaching empty-handed: vitvon 

tal ta 9anil, vphr(av & dr & prep & n5). 

hoy, tv; hoyin, tv. 

/tree with arms/: mey, tv. 

be encircling object (person clinging to tree 

trunk or branches, child holding to horse's 

neck): loc'i, iv. 

encircling object: loc'ol, aj. 

makal, aj. 

be enclosed: but', iv. 

loosely enclosed in a cavity (avocado pit in 

avocado, ball of thread in basket, growth in 

stomach): k'olol, aj. 

hoyobil, nlf. 

nup-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

lah, iv; lahel, vnla. 

(argument, court case, war, pain): c'ab, iv. 

at the end: ta patil, nphr(prep & n5).


endearingly 

ending 

endure 

enemy 

enervated 

enfeeble 

engaged 

engineer 

enjoy 

enlarge 

enough 

enraged 

ensign-bearer 

braided end /sash/: wkol, n3b. 

(edge of world): paheb, n4f. 

far end /flute/: cakil, n3e. 

/harp/: cakil, n3e. 

in the end: label fa, pt. 

lower end /plot of land/: cakil, n3e. 

moment when action is about to end: lahebal, 

n3b. 

near end /rows of work/: cakil, n3e. 

/pain/: c'abes, tv. 

put an end to an argument: c'abes, tv. 

(term of office, year): lok', iv. 

(work): hak, iv; hak ba, rv; nel, iv. 

talking endearingly (man and woman): nawet, 

av. 

talking endearingly (woman to another woman): 

eururet, av. 

(argument, court case, pain): c'abet, av. 

(work): haket, av. 

?ec" "?u9un, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); kuc 9u9un, 

vphr(tv/3s/ & n4b). 

/anger/: bik', tv. 

/cold, pain, rain, frost/: e'ik, tv. 

/sickness/: e'iket 9u9un, vphr(av & n4d). 

krontail, n3d. 

pic', av. 

enfeeble person (old age, exhaustion): velvan, 

iv. 

be engaged (girl): lekomin, tv. 

be engaged for year(s): mak habil, 

vphr(tv & num & n5). 

become engaged: k'uban 9ahnil, vphr(tv // n). 

become engaged /at petition ceremony/: mak 

9ahnil, vphr(tv & n4d). 

kept engaged: nit, av. 

road engineer: hk'el-be, agn(tv & ncpd). 

k'upin, tv. 

enjoy oneself: kus 9o9on, vphr(tv // n). 

/house/: muk'ibtas, tv. 

/tear/: lepahes, tv; 9epubtas, tv. 

that's enough /declining second serving of 

food/: ta9lo, aj. 

kap, tii. av. 

becoming madly enraged: sokok tal hoi, 

vphr(av & dr & n4d). 

ensign-bearer of Our Lady of Solitude: sorirat, 

n5. 

ensign-bearer of Our Lady of the Nativity: nativirat, 

n5. 

ensign-bearer of Our Lady of the Rosary: rosario, 

n5. 

ensign-bearer of St. Anthony: san-antonyo, n(aj 

& ncpd). 

ensign-bearer of St. Dominic: santo rominko, 


ensign-bearer of St. Hyacinth: san-hasinto, n(aj 

& ncpd)5. 

ensign-bearer of St. Joseph: san-hose, n(aj & 

ncpd)5. 

ensign-bearer of St. Lawrence: san-torenso, n(aj 

& ncpd)5. 

ensign-bearer of St. Peter Martyr: sam-poro 

martil, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 

ensign-bearer of St. Rose: santa-rosa, n(aj & 

ncpd)5. 

ensign-bearer of St. Sebastian: san-cavascan, 

entangled 

enter 

entering 

enterprise 

entertain 

entertained 

entertainer 

entrammeled 

entrance 

entrust 

entrusted 

entrusting 

enveloped 

envy 

epidemic 

epilepsy 

epileptic 

Epiphany 

equal 

erase 


ensign-bearer of the Holy Cross: kahvaltik 

rios, nphr(n type n)5. 

ensign-bearer of the Holy Trinity: trinirat, n5. 

/official of the second or third level of the religious 

hierarchy/: 9alperes, agn. 

e"otol, aj. 

be entangled: k'am, iv. 

become entangled: cuk ba. rv. 

become entangled (rope, horse): e'ot ba, rv. 

become entangled (thread): e'otilan ba, rv. 

become entangled /in vines/: yakan, tv; 

yakeah, iv; yakean, tv. 

we, iv. 

be unable to enter /house of prospective bride/: 

t'is", iv. 

enter house to steal (dog): vok' na, vphrftv & 

n5). 

enter person's house: tek'be na, vphr(tv & n4d). 

entering one /cantina, house, yard/ after another: 

tik'tetik'te, av. 

costly enterprise: pik-bail ta tak'in, nphr(vn/tv 

& rpncpd/ & prep & n5). 

/clown, player of St. Sebastian fiesta/: 9ak' 9elav, 


be entertained by: k'el 9elav, vphr(tv & n5). 

each of the fourteen entertainers of the fiesta of 

St. Sebastian: htoy-k'in, agn(tv & ncpd). 

k'am, av. 

become entrammeled (horse): k'am ba, rv. 

(horse whose rope is wrapped around tree): 

k'amal, aj. 

ti9 na, nphr(nlf of nld). 

entrance to corral: U°> koral, nphr(nlf of nld). 

entrance to well /if fenced/: ti9 wal, nphr(n4f 

of n4d). 

/into religious post/: 9ocebal, nlf. 

eoyan, tv. 

entrust one's things for safekeeping: k'ubah, iv. 

k'ubul, aj. 

article entrusted: k'ubulil, n3d. 

k'ub, av. 

(patient) /bed surrounded with "flowers"/: 

poeol, aj. 

/plu/: poeolik, aj. 

k'ak'et w>on, vphr(av & n4d). 

be envious: 9oy k'ak'al 9o9on, vphr(n/pred/ & 

nphr /nlf of n4d/). 

envious person: hk'ak'al-Won, agn(aj & ncpd). 

k'ak'al 9090ml, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

arouse envy: 9ak' k'ak'al "Won, vphr(tv/3s/ & 


mantal, nib. 

tup'-9ik\ vn(iv & ncpd). 

htup'-9ik', agn(tv & ncpd). 

ba k'el-rey, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/). 

koôl, aj. 

tup', tv. 

/guilt/: d'ay, tv. 

va9an, tv. 

become erect: lik, iv. 

become erect (penis): va9i, iv. 

erect large /house/: vasan, tv; vasean, tv. 

/house/: vecan, tv. 

stand erect (ladder): sik'i, iv. 

standing erect (person, hair, penis): sik'il, aj.

erected 

erection 

erectly 

eroded 

errand 

erupt 

erupted 

escape 

escapee 

escort 

esophagus 

eucalyptus 

eucharistic 

evan's pride 

evaporate 

even(l) 

even(2) 

evening primrose 

every 

everyone 

everywhere 

evict 

eviction 

evictor 

be erected (house): va"Ji, iv. 

have erection (male): lik ât, vphr(iv & n4d). 

sik', to, av. 

appearing and moving erectly (tornado, devil): 

va?a9, av. 

husul, aj; t'anal, aj. 

eroded land: havaltik, n5. 

(land): t'ast'as, aj. 

send on errands: pas ta mantal, vphr(tv & prep 

&n5). 

vuki lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). 

( cakal, vo")an): vu7an ba, rv; vuêan ba lok'el, 

vphr(rv & dr). 

( cakal, goiter): voêah, iv. 

(boil, wart): p'okan ba, rv. 

(hard cakal, voian): vuli, iv. 

(measels, etc.) /provoked by medicine to prevent 

sickness from affecting heart/: vahean 

ba, rv. 

(measles, pox, etc.): vahan ba, rv; vaheah, iv; 

vahi, iv. 

(measles, pox, pimples): lasan ba, rv; lasi, iv. 

(measles, smallpox): kaheah, iv. 

(measles, pox, pimple): lasal, aj. 

hatav, iv; kol, iv. 

hkolel, agn. 

escort each other: tam baik, rv. 

be ve?elil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

kampor, nla. 

eucharistic bread: rios, nla. 

(a weed of evil that bears bitter fruit): ?unen 

sonso e'Mel, nphr(aj & aj & n)5. 

•Jul. iv. 

(dew): lilih, iv. 

•Jasta, pt; k'al ta, ptphr(pt & pt). 

ha sal, aj. 

make even: kooltas, tv. 

make even /weaving/ /by adding short thread 

that stops half-way across/: ve9eltas, tv. 

pink evening primrose: eahal posil lapon, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); posil 'Japon, nphr(n 

of n). 

tree evening primrose: sakil kanela, nphr(aj & 

n). 

white evening primrose: k'os eahal kampana 

nicim, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/); muk'ta posil fapon, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

of n/). 

yellow evening primrose: wrisyon e'hlel, 

nphr(n type n); pucul 9unetik, nphr(n of n). 

kotol, n4b. 

every /night, week, day, month, year/: 

hil , nphr(n4f of n5). 

every other day: cabhetik, n5; cabhecabhe, 

n4f. 

hu-hun tal, nphr(num/num & numcpd/& dr). 

buk nos, ptphr(pt/contr of bu & -uk/ & pt). 

nak lok'el, vphr(tv & dr); nue lok'el, vphr(tv & 

dr). 

evict person: pievan lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). 

evict person from land: nak ba lok'el, vphr(rv & 

dr). 

nak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; nue-bail, vn(tv & 

rpncpd)5. 

hnakvaneh, agn; hnuevaneh, agn; hpievaneh 

lok'el, agn(nphr/vn5 & dr/). 


evidence 

evidently 

evil 

evilness 

exact 

exactly 

exaggerate 

examination 

examining 

example 

exasperated 

excessive 

exchange 

exchanged 

excited 

excrement 

excrete 

excreting 

exert 

exhaust 

exhausted 

exhaustion 

exit 

exonerate 

expand 

expend 

expense 

expensive 

explain 

explode 

exploding 

exploit 

incriminating evidence /stolen object, or weapon/: 

pusil, n4e. 

lase-kwenta, pt(tv & ncpd). 

pukuhal, aj; pukuhil, aj; yantik, aj. 

cast evil eye: mee'ta, tv.' 

evil deed: maltisyon, nld. 

evil eye: k'ak'al satil, nphr(aj & n)3d.»; k'elel, 

vn5. 

(person, animal): pukuh, aj. 

ritual speech; evil: kolo9, nld. 

pukuhil, n4d. 

lek, aj. 

•>entero, aj. 

holintas, tv. 

•Jilebal, n5; •rilob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. 

436 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 E/F 

expose 

exposed 

extend 

extra 

extreme 

exude 

exuding 

eye 

eyeball 

eyebrow 

eyelash 

eyelet 

eyes 

eyesight 

Fabian 

fabricate 

face 

facing 

fact 

fail 

vinahes, tv. 

(buttocks): bot'k'ih, iv. 

expose completely one's misconduct or guilt: 

hambe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). 

expose one's rear (angry woman who lifts 

skirts): kavean, tv. 

expose rear (child, woman frightening man): 

kavanbe, tv. 

expose self to view: t'asan ba, rv; t'asan c'ut, tv; 

t'asi c'ut, vphr(iv & n4d). 

/to sun/: t'ahan, tv. 

be exposed: vinah, iv. 

be exposed /to sun/: t'ahi, iv. 

exposed to the sun (hatless person): t'ahal, aj. 

leave exposed /ass, when asleep/: mut'an, tv. 

(stomach): t'asal, aj. 

walking with exposed stomach (child): t'ast'on 

c'ut, vphr(av & n4d). 

with exposed (buttocks, belly, bald head): 

t'asal, aj. 

with exposed /buttocks, belly, bald head/: 

t'aset, av. 

/boundaries of one's land illegally/: net', tv. 

extra little bit given when food is bought: ciîlil, 

n3d. 

become extreme: bat ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

prep & aj); helav ta mas, vphr(iv & prep & aj). 

(resin): suc'ah, iv. 

sue', av. 

satil, n3c; yasa-voi, nphr(aj & ncpd)ld. 

/needle/: satil, n3c. 

pink eye: satil, n5. 

bek' satil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

moeobil, n3d. 

sik' satil, nphr(nlf of n3d).* 

satil, n3c. 

opening eyes wide (baby): pilpon, av. 

with oval eyes /mark of beauty/: pililik, aj. 

satil, n3c. 

Papyan, nld. 

fabricate stories to incriminate people: holintasan, 

tv. 

satil, n3c. 

be face down (person): nuhi, iv. 

cause to be face up /woman/: havan, tv. 

face down: nun, pat, av. 

face down (drunk): nuhul, aj. 

face towards: k'el, tv. 

face up: hav, Ie9, av; haval, aj; Ie9el, aj. 

lay face up: loan, tv. 

leave face down /murder victim/: nuhean komel, 


lie face down: nuhan ba, rv; patan ba, rv; pati, 

iv. 

lie face up: le'M, iv; levan ba, rv. 

lying face down: patal, aj. 

lying face up: level, aj. 

scolding speech; have a face like: satinbe, tv. 

lelav, n4d. 

the fact that: li, pt. 

the fact that /object or action not presently 

seen, expresses spatial or temporal distance/: 

ti, pt. 

/corn farming/: c'ay ba, rv. 

faint 

fair-complexioned 

fairy club 

fairy duster 

falcon 

fall 

(eyesight): c'it, iv. 

cam, iv. 

be faint with exhaustion: hileah, iv; hilean ba, 

rv. 

feeling faint: niknon, av. 

meko, aj. 

k'anal •flsim cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); 

k'os 9isim cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); 

nesnestik ?isim cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of 

n5/); sak-vayan 9isim cih, nphr(aj/aj & 

Ucpd/ & nphr/n4d of n5/); sakil lisim 

cihal k'a-te7, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n4d of 

natt/ & n/aj & nepd/); s'ulub cih, nphr(n of 

n). 

puerto rican fairy duster: ôlnob ka 1 ), 

nphr(n4d of n5); muk'ta sasib k'aêsob nukul, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n of n/); 

sakil sasib, nphr(aj & n); sasib, n5; sasib te- 

">, nphr(n type n). 

laughing falcon: vakos, nle.* 

pitk'uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr); tilc'un ba, rv. 

cause to fall out /hair/: boes lok'el, vphr(tv & 

dr). 

(cliff): hin, iv. 

(drunk, person with burden, animal, tree, house, 

cliff): lom, iv. 

fall a great distance: balc'uh, iv. 

fall apart (fence): le?eah, iv. 

fall apart (flower): lilih, iv; tukp'ih, iv. 

fall down: tisk'uh, iv. 

fall down (drunk, house): vubk'ih, iv. 

fall down (hair braided on top of head): lineah 


fall down (mule, drunk): butk'ih, iv. 

fall face up: lop'uh, iv. 

fall from pile: c'etk'uh, iv. 

fall head first: nuhk'ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr); 

valk'uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). 

fall head first (person): e"ukp'ih, iv. 

fall head over heels: valk'uh cak, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n4d); valk'un cak, vphr(tv & n4d). 

fall off (pants, skirt): lok', iv. 

fall off completely (leaves or peaches when 

knocked down by hail): lilih, iv. 

fall off entirely (leaves): kokoh, iv. 

fall off pile: hineah, iv. 

fall off pile (adobe, brick, rock): hin, iv. 

fall on one's seat: huc'p'ih, iv. 

fall out (kernels from cob): •'isih, iv. 

fall out (tooth, hoof, fingernail, toenail, horn, 

axe head): kol, iv. 

fall out entirely (teeth): kokoh, iv. 

fall out gradually (hair): boboh, iv. 

fall out in great quantities: bo, iv. 

fall out in great quantities (hair, feathers): tul, 

iv. 

fall out very gradually (hair): kokoh, iv. 

fall over (pot): butk'ih, iv; vubk'ih, iv. 

fall over backwards: levk'un ba, rv. 

fall over backwards (drunk, horse): levk'uh, iv. 

fall to one's knees: keheah, iv; kehp'uh, iv. 

fall to side (head): newah, iv. 

fall to the ground (object falling from one's 

grasp): him yalel, vphr(iv & dr). 

fall uncoiled (rope): kileah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). 

/from height/: p'ah, iv.

fallen 

falling 

falling-out 

fallow 

falsetto 

faltering 

fame flower 

famine 

fan 

fanning 

far 

farting 

fashion 

fast(l) 

fast(2) 

fasten 

fastened 

fastening 

fat 

(frost, rain): yal, iv. 

/into water/: t'ub, iv. 

let head fall (drunk): ne?an hoi, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

make fall: tilc'un, tv. 

make fall down: pitk'un, tv. 

/sober person while walking/: hac", iv. 

fallen flesh: yalem bek'et(l), nphr(aj & n)5.* 

fallen out (bottom of basket): lok'el, aj. 

with bottom nearly fallen out /basket/: 

lok'ol-cak, nphr(aj & ncpd). 

let', lev, lub, nak, pat, poll. pum. p'ah. av. 

be falling together (shooting stars): loti, iv. 

falling and thudding: pok\ av. 

falling apart: suv, av. 

falling behind: kil, av. 

falling down: 9ec, hav, av; vuk'eah, iv. 

falling head . irst: e"uk, av. 

falling head first /in water/: e*uklih, av. 

falling in suddenly /well/: tik'luh, av. 

falling lightly: say, tin, av. 

falling on one's seat: cot, len, av. 

falling out: bek', bo, av. 

falling over backwards: hav, av. 

falling to one's knees: keh, av. 

(leaves or fruit from tree): lininet, av. 

(night): vecec, av. 

(tree): vuk'uk', av. 

with bottom falling off: lok'et cak, vphr(av & 

n4f). 

/between spouses/: p'ah-bail, vn(tv & 

rpncpd)5. 

fallow land: eeil 9osil, nphr(aj & n)5. 

eu">, av. 

talking in polite falsetto (man): e'uret," av. 

faltering step: mac, av. 

with faltering legs: lububet, av. 

pot herb fame flower: bilil 9itah, nphr(aj & n); 

k'os bilil 9itah, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); ve9el 

cih, nphr(n of n). 

vPnaltik, n5. 

hik'a, tv; vel, tv.* 

/chaff, fire/: velvon, av. 

nom, aj. 

(object swept along by river): nat, aj. 

lap', han, has, hat', hus, kus, k'o>, pue, p"i'», vus, 

av. 

(sleeping person or pig): huset cak, vphr(av & 

n4d). 

lok'ta, tv. 

9anil, n5; suhem, aj. 

be fast (watch): helav, iv. 

e'ik-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; c'abah, iv; c'ob, 

n5.» 

/chili, cold water, coffee, "cold" food/: e'ik ba, 

rv. 

/during sickness, seldom practiced/: cuk £'ut, 


/belt, sash, roof pole/: cuk, tv. 

be fastened (bag, burden): pec', iv. 

fastening burden: pec', av. 

?us, av; hup'el, n4b; hup'em, aj. 

be fat (face): kemi, iv. 

become fat (neck of pig): kue"eah, iv. 

become too fat to walk (pig, child, pregnant 

woman): lusk'ih, iv. 


fat-faced 

fat-necked 

fatal 

fatback 

father 

father-in-law 

fatigue 

fatten 

fault 

faulty 

favor 

fawn 

fear 

fearful 

fearsome 

feather 

feather top 

feathered 

featherless 

February 

fed 

feeble 

feeble-minded 

feebly 

(belly of jug): vucvuc, aj. 

(belly or jug): vukvuk, aj. 

chicken fat /used for burns/: vunto, nla. 

(face): kernel, aj. 

(faced): kernel, aj. 

fat and gleaming (horse): e'ayal, aj. 

fat and glossy: c'ab, av. 

fat and glossy (horse): t'abt'on, av. 

get fat: hup', iv. 

(pig): 9usul, aj; vubvub, aj. 

(stomach, belly of pot or gourd): pumpum, aj. 

with fat face: kem, av. 

(woman): puk'ul, aj. 

very fat-faced: lokol, aj. 

kue*, av. 

(pig): kue"ul, aj. 

be fatal: bat ta •won, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & 

n4d); bat ta hoi, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). 

/used to season beans/: cicaron, nla. 

totil, n3d. 

girl's father /term used to refer to the father 

of the bride or to the father of an unmarried 

girl who is summoned to court/: tot 

eeb, nphr(n of n)5. 

female's father-in-law /term of reference/: 

•>alib molil, nphr(n type n)3d. 

male's father-in-law: ni9 molil, nphr(n of n)3d. 

lubcan, tv. 

feeling fatigue: pic', av. 

/animal/: hup'es, tv. 

palta. n5. 

be at fault: lok' ta 9o?on, vphrfiv & prep & n4d). 

the fault of: koh, n4b. 

(pot that does not ring true): kok, aj. 

k'usubinel, nld. 

ask a favor: 9al pavor, vphr(tv & n5); 

c'ul-k'opon, tv(aj & tvcpd); k'an pavor, 


ask a great favor: c'ul-k'an, tv(aj & tvcpd). 

do a favor: labolah, iv; pas pavor, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

do a great favor: c'ul-oabolah, iv(aj & ivcpd). 

tukum, nla. 

sii, iv; siêl, vnla; swel ba, nphr(vn5 & 

rpn/3s/). 

banish fear /with a drink/: ves, tv. 

be in constant fear: si'iulan, iv. 

cik, av. 

be fearsome: •'ak' sifel, vphr(tv/3s/ & vnle). 

k'uk'umal, nlf. 

meno, n; meskero, n. 

become heavily feathered (chick): pul k'u 1 ), 


t'aras, aj; t'asal, aj. 

pevrero, n5. 

be fed up with: ta9lo i&ii, vphr(aj & tv). 

fed up: taiet, av. 

moc, av. 

(old person): vuyan, aj; vuyul, aj. 

cuhil, aj. 

say, av. 

standing feebly: hocol, aj. 

trudging feebly: velvon, av. 

walking about feebly (old person): vuytevuyte, 

av. 

walking feebly: vaevon, av.


feed 

feeding 

feel 

feels 

feet 

feign 

feisty 

fell 

felled 

female 

fence 

fennel 

fer-de-lance 

ferment 

fermenting 

fern 

ferris 

ferryman 

fertile 

fertilize 

fertilizer 

fever 

7ak'be ve«l, vphr(tv & vn4d). 

chick feed: voc" vivic, nphr(nlf of nld). 

customary feeding ground /runaway horse/: 

saneb, n4d. 

9311, tv; 7a?i ba, rv; has-pik, tv(tv & tvcpd). 

be unable to feel at home /in other's house/: 

nopilan, iv. 

feel at home: nop WHin, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

feel like: ?a?i, tv. 

it feels: wel, n4f. 

get back on one's feet (patient): tam ba, rv. 

feign youth: •Junentas ba, rv; 9unenub, iv; bik'tahes 

ba, rv. 

make feisty /young ram/: pukuhibtas, tv. 

boh, tv; pakluh, iv. 

/by cutting trunk only partially so that fallen 

tree can serve as fence/: paklu, tv; push, tv. 

fell all trees: t'abeah, iv. 

fell forest: t'asean, tv. 

fell large tree rapidly: licbe e*etob, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

/tree/: lomes, tv; tihbe yalel, vphr(tv & dr). 

(forest): t'aseah, iv. 

female /animal/: me9 , 

nphr(nld of nld). 

hoy, tv; hoyinta, tv; makol, n4f; mok, nld. 

branches used to make fence impenetrable: 

mak mok, nphr(n I f of n 1 d). 

fence each other in: set baik, rv. 

fence one's land: hoy ba, rv. 

fence oneself in: k'al ba, rv. 

fence post /of barbed wire fence/: te9el ialampre, 


fence rail: natikil te9, nphr(aj & n)la; natil tei, 


/on side where land is lowest/: cak mok, 


plank fence /used for cattle corral/: laebil to 

mok, nphr(nphr/aj & n5/ type n)5. 

side fence: sokon mok, nphr(n5 type nld). 

woven fence hung across river: hamaka, nla. 

?inoho, nld. 

navuyaka, n5.* 

pahetah, iv; pahubtas, tv. 

(chicha): pas, iv. 

pas, poh, av. 

(corn gruel, chicha): eahahet, av. 

stop fermenting: yoc, iv. 

rib, n5. 

chain fern: muk'ta eib, nphr(aj & n). 

halberd fern: eib habnal, nphr(n type n). 

holly fern: eahal eib, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta eib, 

nphr(aj & n). 

maidenhair fern: 9ik'al 9ok eib, nphr(nphr/aj & 

n/ type n). 

pine fern: ?ik'al ">ok eib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type 

n). 

ferris wheel: rweda, n5. 

hhelubtasvaneh, agn. 

k'o 1 ?, aj. 

be fertile (man): nic'nah, iv. 

(person): k'a9altas, tv. 

(sheep): k'aês, tv. 

k'a?al, n4f. 

k'ak'al, n4f; k'ok', n5. 

chills and fever /transmitted by witches of To- 

feverish 

few 

fiance 

fiancee 

fiber 

fiddle wood 

fiddle(l) 

fiddle© 

fidget 

fidgeting 

field 

fiesta 

fifteen 

fifties 

fifty 

fig 

fight 

tolapa or Simojovel/: kuybalal camel, 


(face): sanal, aj. 

hay , n(num & nccpd)le. 

very few: hu-huntik, num(num & numcpd)5. 

with few people /market, church, bus/: yocet, 

av. 

hlekomahel, agn. 

lekomil, n3d. 

ci, n4e. 

kahve te>, nphr(n type n). 

k'os vob, nphr(aj & n)la. 

fiddle bridge: ka 1 ) vob, nphr(n4f of nld). 

/two-stringed/: biolin, nla.* 

fiddle around: 9istalan, tv. 

/on chair/: biulan ba, rv. 

/on seat/ (child, scolding woman): huoilan ba, 

rv. 

huo, av. 

kampo, n5. 

cleared field /before or after burning/: total, 

nib. 

field littered with boulders: cinkan tontik, 

nphr(x type n)5. 

field that has been cleared the previous year: 

tc?lal k'ahben, nphr(n of n)ld. 

planted corn field: cobtik, n5. 

planted corn field, inan poss.; scabal.: cob, nla. 

very rocky field: c'ihil ton, nphr(aj & n)5. 

k'in, nla. 

celebrate fiesta: pas k'in, vphr(tv & n5). 

evening of first day of fiesta: maytin, n5. 

every fiesta: k'ink'intik, n5. 

first day of fiesta /when altars and church entrances 

are decorated/: cuk-nicim, vn(tv & 

ncpd)5. 

hold private fiesta: yu9 k'in, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n5). 

hold private fiesta (ladino): pas k'in, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

main day of a fiesta: ba k'el-k'in, nphr(n4f of 

vn/tv & ncpd/). 

person who finances minor fiesta: hpas-k'in, 


provide for fiesta (steward in charge of fiesta, 

person who provides for Holy Cross Day): 

kuc k'in, vphr(tv & n5). 

second day of fiesta: 9isperes, n5. 

vo'J-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. 

by or in fifties: sinkwentatik, n5. 

lahuneb 9os-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & 

numcpd/4f); sinkwenta, nle. 

every fifty: sinkwentatik, n5. 

'Mk'us, nla. 

wild fig: lamat, n5; eahal mutut, nphr(aj & n); 

mutut, n5; sakil mutut, nphr(aj & n). 

eak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; eak ba, rv; pas baik 

ta preva, vphr(rv & prep & n5); tahin, iv. 

(dog): voc'van, iv. 

(dogs): voc' baik, rv. 

fight back: pak lahval, vphr(tv // n). 

have a fight: yu9 k'in, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). 

knife or machete fight: boh-bail, vn(tv & 

rpncpd)5. 

pick a fight: sa 1 ? ba, rv; sa9 k'op, vphr(tv & n5). 

picking fight: sa 1 ?, av.

F 

figurine 

filch 

file 

fill 

filling 

fin 

finally 

finance 

find 

fine(I) 

fine(2) 

finger 

fingerboard 

fingernail 

fingernails 

fingerprint 

finish 

fipple 

fire 

fire-lane 

firebrand 

firecracker flower 

Christmas figurine /clay animal, angel or shepherd 

used by children and for creche/: pastol, 

nld. 

/corn, beans from bag/: kay, tv. 

lima, nla. 

hemes, tv; noh, iv; nohes, tv. 

amount needed to fill container: noheb, n4f. 

/depression/: hem, tv. 

fill in /ground/: nohes, tv. 

fill out: lin ba, rv. 

fill to the brim /pot with liquid/: hasan, tv. 

fill up /hole/: but'i, tv. 

fill with: nohebin, tv. 

filling a crack: kani, av. 

sik', n4d. 

lahelea, pt. 

pik ba, rv. 

finance wedding: nupultas, tv. 

ta, tv. 

find at the last moment: ?anil-ta, tv(n & tvcpd). 

try to find out: beiltasbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). 

e*ab, av; lek, aj; pino, aj. 

fine!: bweno, excl. 

(paste, corn dough): nin, aj. 

(weaving, woven hat): e"abal, aj. 

multa, nla. 

bik'tal k'obol, nphr(nlf of n3d); ni 1 ) k'obol, 


little finger: sutubal, n3d. 

middle finger: -wlol ni? k'ob, nphr(aj & 


/fiddle, guitar/: nuk'il, n3b. 

ni9 'Mc'akil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

paint one's fingernails: bon ba, rv. 

9av me 1 ? k'ob, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n4d/). 

e'akubtas, tv; lah, iv; lahes, tv. 

finish : lahesbe , vphr(tv & vn4f). 

finish hurriedly /weeding/: salbe, tv. 

/term of Office, weaving of clothes, weaving or 

sewine of hats/: euees. tv. 

/work/: neles, tv. 

/flute/: k'us', n4f. 

k'ok\ nld.* 

be set on fire: cik', iv. 

catch fire: til, iv. 

fire at: tik'be bala, vphr(tv & n5). 

(gun): t'om, iv. 

/gun/: t'omes, tv. 

put on fire: pan, tv. 

set fire to /house/: pahbe k'ok', vphr(tv & n5). 

set on fire: cik', tv. 

sit next to fire (person, toasted tortilla being 

toasted, animal smoking on spit): p'osin, iv. 

sitting next to fire turning one side and then the 

other (person, toasted tortilla being toasted, 

animal smoking on spit): p'oset, av. 

kayahon, nla. 

k'ok', nld; supet k'ok', nphr(n of n)le. 

extinguished firebrand: supet te9, nphr(n type 

n)le. 

eahal pie'oe', nphr(aj & n); eahal pom e'unun. 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k'anal pom e'unun, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); nap'ap' e"i9lel, 

nphr(aj & n)le; nap'ap' nic, nphr(aj & n); 

nap'ap' nic e"i9lel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type 

n); nuk' cil ?ulo9, nphr(n of nphr/n4d of 

ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 

fireside 

firewood 

fireworks 

firing 

firm 

first 

fish 

fist 

fit 

five 

fives 

fix 

fixed 

flabby 

flabby-faced 

flag 

flagellate 

nail 

flailing 

439 

n5/); posil 9ane e'Plel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ 

type n); posil ea9nel, nphr(n of vn); posil c'ic', 

nphr(n of n); posil c'ic' ea'mel, nphr(n of 

nphr/n type n/); posil sim-nak'al, nphr(n of 

n/n & ajcpd/); pueul e"i")lel, nphr(n type n). 

ti 1 ) k'ok', nphr(nlf of nld). 

sw, nld; si9il, n4f. 

firewood gatherer: hsi^bil, agn. 

gather firewood: si'Mv, iv; siwah, iv. 

gather firewood (religious official only): lok' si"), 


place where firewood is dumped: k'ecanob, nlf. 

kastiyo, nla. 

firing suddenly (gun): t'omlih, av. 

(pistol): p'otet, av. 

become firm (cracked earth that is stamped on 

to cover the cracks): pak' ba, rv. 

(post): einil, aj. 

ba9yi, aj; t'ab, pt. 

at first: primero, aj. 

the first: primero, aj. 

eak coy, vphr(tv & n5). 

fish bone: bakel coy, nphr(n of n)5. 

fish hook: eakob coy, nphr(nlf of n5). 

fish net: eakob coy, nphr(nlf of n5). 

fish scale: merio coy, nphr(nle of n5). 

fish scale /archaic/: mik', nle. 

fresh fish: yasal coy, nphr(aj & n)5. 

/general term, including shrimp/: coy, nla.* 

make fist: muc' ba, rv. 

(clothes, handle): nupin, tv. 

fit into: belin, tv. 

9o9ob, n4e; vo9 , n(num & nccpd)5; vo- 

9ob, nle. 

every five: vo9vo9- , n(num & nccpd)5. 

by or in fives: vo9vo"> . n(num & 

nccpd)5. 

melean, tv. 

/post in ground/: pah, tv. 

be fixed (post): pahi, iv. 

firmly fixed (post that cannot be budged): 

taki-einan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). 

(post): pahal, aj. 

cuy, av. 

(face): puk'ulik, aj. 

pok'-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

bantera, nla. 

flagellate self /on Holy Saturday Eve or Easter/: 

mah ba, rv. 

loh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); mah, tv. 

/corn/: pue" ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

/corn/ (woman with stick): cek' ta mahel, 

vphr(tv & prep & vn5); c'eh ta mahel, vphr(tv 

& prep & vn5); t'es ta mahel, vphr(tv & 

prep & vn5). 

flail at: vel ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

flail well: cames, tv. 

flail with stick /dog, person, corn/: cep ta mahel, 

vphr(tv & pt & vn5). 

/horse, cow or sheep manure, corn/: t'us ta 

mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

/small net of corn/ (woman at home) /with 

stick/: fee ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & 

vn5). 

iev, av. 

/corn with a stick rather than with a flail/:


flake 

flaking 

flaky 

flamboyant 

flame 

flank 

flap 

flapping 

flaring 

flash 

flashing 

flashlight 

flat 

flat-breasted 

flat-kernelled 

flat-nosed 

flat-topped 

flatten 

flattened 

t'ect'on, av. 

flailing about (drunk): vukul cevel, ajphr(aj & 

aj)- 

/mule, cow or sheep manure to prepare it for 

fertilizer/: t'ust'on, av. 

flake off: pocilan, tv; p'al ba lok'el, vphr(rv & 

dr); p'al lok'el, vphr(tv & dr); p'aleah lok'el, 

vphr(iv & dr); p'alean lok'el, vphr(tv & dr); 

t'ol, iv; t'ol, tv. 

flake off (bark): koc, iv. 

flake off (medicine): p'ales lok'el, vphr(tv & 

dr). 

flake off (scab, bark, fingernail, toenail): poc 

lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). 

flake off /bark/: kocbe, tv. 

harden and flake off (skin disease): êsomah, 

iv. 

(scab, dirt): p'al, iv. 

p'al, av. 

flaking off here and there (bark): t'oltet'olte, av. 

/skin, dried mud/: p'alp'astik, aj. 

flamboyant tree: macita to, nphr(n type n). 

lat k'ok', nphr(n4f of nld). 

sokon, nib. 

(banner): lici, iv. 

(laundry in wind): vilulan, iv. 

make flap: lican, tv. 

hoc, k'am, lev, lie, lie', poc, vil, vir, av. 

(banner, ribbon): velvon, av. 

(broken sandal): k'ask'on, av. 

flapping loudly (rooster's wings): t'ast'on, av. 

leb, lorn, av. 

flaring up with anger: tftluh hoi, vphr(av & 

n4d). 

flaring up with anger (person, wasp, bee): soklih 

hoi, vphr(av & n4d). 

/flashlight/: nop', tv. 

(lightning): lukomah, iv. 

e'ay, leb, nop', av. 

flashing about /flashlight/: eanet wmn, 


(flashlight): nop'ol, aj. 

(lightning): lep'lahet, av. 

hoko, nla; k'ok', nld. 

be squashed flat (hat, basket, tin can): sup'i, iv. 

(breasts): hasal, aj. 

(cow or pig's nose, cow patty): semel, aj. 

(duck's bill and feet, stem): pec'el, aj. 

flat land: pac'altik, n5. 

(land, stone, board, floor, roof): pac'al, aj. 

(nose): samsam, aj. 

spread flat /plu/: hmn, tv. 

has-cu 1 ), n(aj & nepd). 

lae, aj. 

seni, av. 

/as a pig/: samit ni 1 ?, nphr(n type n5). 

(mountain): kahkah, aj. 

pae'eah, iv; pae'ean, tv. 

/corn field/: nel, tv. 

/fence/: pek'ean, tv. 

/ground/: eal, tv. 

/house, fence, corn field/: vuk'es, tv. 

k'i, av. 

be flattened (corn field in wind): vuk', iv. 

be flattened (fence) /not quite so flat as 

pae"eah/.: pek'eah, iv. 

flatulence 

flavor 

flax 

flea 

fleabane 

flee 

fleeing 

flesh 

fleshless 

flexible 

flick 

flicker 

flickering 

flicking 

flinching 

flint 

flintlock 

float 

floating 

be flattened (house, fence, corn field): vuk'eah, 

iv. 

be flattened (wrecked car): pae'eah, iv. 

(corn field): pak'al, aj. 

(fence): pae*al, aj. 

flattened down: lek", av. 

(forest): k'iil, aj. 

lying flattened and abandoned: pae", av. 

with flattened rim (pot): sup'ul, aj. 

with one side flattened (rim of bowl, basket, 

pail): suvsuv, aj. 

with one side flattened (rim of improperly 

formed bowl or basket): sevel, aj. 

eisil, n3d. 

muebin, tv; muibtas, tv; muil, n4b. 

herb or orange rind used to flavor cane liquor: 

mueb, n4f. 

wild flax: eie te^l), nphr(n type n); eueub, n; 

lok'esob holobil, nphr(n of n). 

c'ak, n2b; p'ilom c'ak, nphr(n type n)le.'; 

p'itom c'ak, nphr(n type n)5. 

bonytip fleabane: posil sal-e'W, nphr(n of n/aj 

& nepd/). 

marsh fleabane: eahal sitit, nphr(aj & n); sakil 

sitit, nphr(aj & n); sitit, n5. 

hatav, iv. 

urge to flee: hatviltas, tv. 

nue, pit, sal, av. 

fleeing weakly: say, av. 

bek'tal, n4b. 

fleshless /chicken, hen, rooster, dog, cat, 

sow, mule/: taki- , n(aj & ncpd)5. 

la-), av. 

overly flexible (hoe handle): t'ilt'on 9ok, 

vphr(av & n4f). 

overly flexible (hoe handle, digging stick): t'irt'on 

9ok, vphr(av & n4b). 

slippery and flexible (cow stomach, lights): loslos, 

aj. 

flick away /with finger/: t'ilu, tv; t'iru, tv. 

flick away /with stick, foot/: p'icu, tv. 

flick lip with fingers to produce vibrating 

sound: velelin, tv. 

flick off /water/: vih, tv. 

flick water on: vie'es, tv. 

flick with fingers /water/: vit'es, tv. 

/palm when weaving/: p'icbe, tv. 

red-shafted flicker: tuktuk, nle.* 

(eye-ball of blind person): kululet sat, vphr(av 

& n4d). 

flickering out suddenly (light, candles): mue'lih, 

av. 

bet', av. 

flicking away: p'ic, av. 

flicking tongue: lek', tas, av. 

(snake's or lizard's tongue): k'amamet, av. 

(spindle): t'irt'on, av. 

•nue, av. 

/archaic/: suy ton, nphr(n type n)la. 

/used formerly to light holy fire on Holy Saturday/: 

9islavon, nld. 

flintlock gun: bae*i tuk', nphr(aj & n)5. 

kahi, iv. 

kah, k'ec, mas, mas, av; kahal, aj. 

floating rapidly: e"ah, av. 

(insect, frog): nusul, aj.

flock 

flocking 

flog 

flood 

flooding 

floor 

flop 

flopping 

floppy 

floundering 

flour 

flourishing 

flower 

flowing 

fluff 

fluffed 

fluffing 

fluffy 

flush 

flute 

flutist 

flutter 

fluttering 

fly(l) 

(tiny amount of cabbage sloshing in pot): vitet, 

av. 

lametah, iv. 

in flock: tus, av. 

large flock /horses, sheep/: vok', nc. 

(sheep, birds): eop ba, rv. 

cup, lam, av. 

balalin ta "Jarsial, vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

noh, iv; nohel, vnlf. 

kec, av. 

flooding over suddenly: yiik'lih, av. 

lumtik, n5. 

lamlonah, iv. 

lam, av. 

(loose sandal): solson, av. 

velvel, aj. 

become floppy (hat): lamk'uh, iv. 

(ears, hat): la in.11, aj. 

(front and back of hat brim, ears): nuhnuh, aj. 

(hat brim): lusul, aj. 

make floppy /hat/: lamk'un, tv. 

sitting with long floppy ears: pok', av. 

with floppy ears: null, av. 

kak, av. 

harina, nla. 

hap, av. 

(corn field): toeol, aj. 

nic, nib; nicin, tv. 

"flower change" /change of floral decorations 

of steward's, steward-royal's and grand 

alcalde's altars and the churches/: bal-te"), 

vn(tv & ncpd)la. 

"flower water" /to bathe patient, sacrificial 

chicken and steward's coffer/: nicim, nla. 

altar flower: nicimal, n4d. 

be in flower (corn field): bal ba, rv. 

come into flower (corn): e'utuhin, tv. 

(corn field): baleah, iv. 

flower used to decorate grave on All Souls' 

Day /aztec marigold, dahlia/: nicim 9anima, 

nphr(nlf of n5). 

gourd flower /any variety/: su, n4e. 

in flower (corn): balalik, aj. 

/inan. poss.; restricted to the dead and the 

gods/: nicim, nla. 

les, av. 

flowing slowly (river): tususet, av. 

fluff with fingers: sihomah, iv. 

fluff with fingers /wool, formerly cotton/: sivu, 

tv. 

be fluffed with fingers (wool, formerly cotton): 

sivuh, iv. 

fluffing with fingers /wool, formerly cotton/: 

sihel, vn5. 

(bread): pumulik, aj. 

(bread, nap): pueul, aj. 

/deer/: tiholah, iv; tiholta, tv. 

flush by shouting /deer/: tih, tv. 

9ama, nla. 

Jmmarero, agn; h?ok'esineh-9ama, agn(vn & 

ncpd). 

(fledgling): vilulan, iv. 

make flutter /neckerchief in wind/: vilulan, tv. 

lie, lie', Inn, vil, vir, av. 

(flags, ribbons, kite): tololet, av. 

fly of pants: lat vesal, nphr(n4f of n3d). 


fly(2) 

fly(3) 

flycatcher 

flying 

foam 

foaming 

fog 

fold 

folded 

folding 

foliaged 

follow 

following 

vo, nle. 

deer fly: c'is-vo, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

fruit fly: •ms, nle. 

rabbit bot fly larva: vukulu 1 ?, nle.' 

vil, iv. 

fly into the air (ashes when water spills on fire): 

pul-tanih, iv(iv & ncpd). 

make ashes fly into air: pul-tani, tv(iv & ncpd). 

boat-billed flycatcher: c"ituri9, n5. 

dusky-capped flycatcher: lulispipi?, n5.*; p'okoyoi, 

n5. 

vermillion-crowned flycatcher: c'ituri 1 ), n5. 

vil, av. 

blow and send flying: viles, tv. 

flying in wind (paper): tolol, av. 

flying off: lie', av.flying 

up suddenly (corn stubble, wool or thatch 

in wind): vaeluh, av. 

vok, n4f. 

foam of boiling corn: bul hus, nphr(nlf of nld). 

foam over (coca cola, beer, chicha): pue'ta, tv. 

poc, av. 

lumal tok, nphr(natt & n)5; lumil tok, nphr(natt 

& n)5. 

/arms/: mey, tv. 

/beans in tortilla, hands in prayer or death/: 

nup', tv. 

/clothing/: pak, tv. 

fold in two (paper, mat): ca^-pusin, tv(num & 

tvepd). 

fold neatly /blanket/: capa, tv. 

fold over twice /paper, clothes/: can-pakan, 

tv(num & tvepd). 

/food in tortilla/: poe, tv. 

/tortilla/: pus", tv. 

/wings of diving hawk/: yob, tv; yoban, tv; 

yub, tv ; yuban(l), tv. 

pak, av. 

be folded: paki, iv. 

become folded in two or doubled: cao-pusin ba, 

rv(num & rvcpd). 

(clothing, money, document): pakal, aj; pokol, 

a J- 

folded in prayer: nup', av. 

(hands in prayer): nup'ul, aj. 

lying folded: poe, av. 

set down folded: pakan, tv; pokan, tv. 

with edge folded over (tortilla, money, clothes): 

pusul, aj. 

folding slowly: pak, av. 

folding tortilla: pus, av. 

heavily foliaged: linil, aj. 

follow behind: tihi, iv. 

follow close behind: nap'an, tv ; nap'i, iv; 

nocan, tv; nocanbe, tv; tihleta, tv. 

follow close behind (animal, wife): nap' ec'el, 


follow closely: t'uean ba, rv. 

follow closely (child): t'ueetah, iv. 

follow immediately behind: tucan ba, rv; 

tucetah, iv. 

follow the scent of: tambe •Jik' 9ok, vphr(tv & 

nphr/n4e of n4d/). 

have follow behind: tihan, tv. 

tuc, t'uc, av. 

following immediately behind: nap', av.


fondle 

fondling 

font 

fontanel 

food 

fool 

foolish 

foolishness 

foot 

footprint 

forbearance 

forced 

fording 

forehead 

foreign 

foreigner 

foreleg 

foreskin 

forest 

forever 

forget 

forgetful 

forgive 

forgiveness 

fondle breast: petbe cu9, vphr(tv & n4d). 

fondle person: pikvan, iv. 

fondling woman repeatedly: pik, av. 

baptismal font: flc'ob vo9, nphr(n of n)5; pila, 

n5. 

9av 9a l )al, nphr(n4f of n4d); ">av vo 1 ), nphr(n4f of 

n5). 

food spattered on clothing: silim, nle. 

particle of food that falls from one's mouth: 

sesben, n4d. 

son iat, nphr(n of n)5. 

fool self: co 1 ) ba, rv. 

make a fool of oneself /drunk, clumsy person/: 

•>ak' 9elav, vphr(tv & n5). 

cuhil, aj. 

be foolish in love: e'iles ba, rv. 

become foolish: bolib, iv. 

do something foolish: pas sonsoal, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

bolil, nld. 

foot of /rock, mountain/: 9ibel, n4b. 

foot of table /restricted to ceremonial context/: 

cak mesa, nphr(n of n)5. 

foot of wall /house, cave/: 9ibel, n4b. 

/person, cave, mountain/: 9okol, n3b. 

/snail/: saneb, n4d. 

9av 9okol, nphr(n4f of n3d). 

seek forbearance: k'an pavor, vphr(tv & n5). 

be forced to give: 9ak' ta persa, vphr(tv & prep 

& n5). 

forced to sit (prisoner): cotanbil, aj. 

maslah, av. 

til bail, nphr(n of n)3d. 

nam-tal, aj(aj & ivcpd); tanhero, aj. 

hporistero, agn. 

">akanil, n3b. 

/dog, cat/: k'obol, n3b. 

nukulal 9a t, nphr(nlf of nld). 

">osil, nla; ?osiltik, n5; teftik, n5. 

forest guard: hk'el-te"), agn(tv & ncpd); hk'el-te- 

•Hik, agn(tv & ncpd). 

heavy forest: montanya, n5. 

rain forest: montanya, n5. 

•»o, pt; batel losil, nphr(vnlf of n5). 

c'ay-9ownih, iv; c'ay-holih, iv(iv & ncpd); c'ay 

wi, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv). 

forget about: c'ay ta W?on, vphr(tv & prep & 

n4d). 

forget completely: c'ay ta pat hoi, vphr(tv & 

prep & nphr/n4f of nld/); hip ta pat hoi, 

vphr(tv & prep & nphr/n4f of n4d/). 

forget it: nimurus, excl; yiluk yil, ptphr(pt & 

pt); yiyil, pt. 

forget once and for all: c'ay ta hoi, vphr(tv & 

prep & n4d). 

make person forget: c'ay be hoi, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

c'ay, av. 

be forgetful: c'ay hoi, vphr(iv & n4d); c'ay ta 

hoi, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). 

•)ak' pertonal, vphr(tv & n5); lah won, 


pertonal, n5. 

ask forgiveness: k'anbe pertonal, vphr(tv & n5); 

lahes k'op, vphr(tv & n5); lahes mul, vphr(tv 

// n). 

fork 

forked 

form 

former 

fornicate 

fort 

forties 

fortress 

fortunately 

forty 

foul 

found 

founder 

foundering 

four 

four o'clock 

four-sided 

fours 

fourteen 

fox 

fracture 

fragrant 

frame 

Francis 

frangipani 

fray 

frayed 

fraying 

free 



request for forgiveness: laheseh-'Wonil, vn(tv 

& ncpd)5; laheseh-k'op, vn(tv & ncpd)5; laheseh-mulil, 

vn(tv & ncpd)5. 

ritual speech; forgiveness: lesensya, nld. 

fork of tree: k'al to, nphr(n type n)5. 

(road): c'ak ba, rv. 

tree fork: het te7, nphr(n of n5). 

(branches with one perpendicular, one at right 

angles): hethet, aj. 

in good form: tuk'il k'op, nphr(aj & n5). 

vo'Jne, aj. 

(religious official): pasaro, aj. 

mahbe cak, vphr(tv & n4d). 

portin, nld. 

in or by forties: ca^ca^-vinik, n(num & 

numcpd)5; kwarentatik, n5. 

9ak'ob k'ok', nphr(n4f of n5). 

9uee, pt. 

ca^-vinik, n(num & numcpd)le; kwarenta, nle. 

every forty: ca9ca9-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5; 

kwarentatik, n5. 

become foul smelling (food): tuib, iv. 

be found out: yal ta k'ok', vphr(iv & prep & n5). 

mae'ean ba, rv. 

mae 5 , av. 

can , n(num & nccpd)le; canib, nle. 

every four: cancan , n(num & nccpd)5. 

four days ago: conhe, nle. 

four days from today: coneh, n5. 

shrubby four o'clock: bik'it malva, nphr(aj & 

n); eahal kampana eMilel, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/); eahal kampana nicim, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); e"oban e'i9lel, nphr(n type 

n); k'ask'as e*i9lel, nphr(aj & n); malva, n; 

malvarisko, n; muk'ta e'emenii, nphr(aj & 

n); posil k'ak'et, nphr(n of n); voel c'o, 

nphr(n of n). 

can-eelav, n(num & ncpd)5. 

by or in fours: cancan . n(num & 

nccpd)5. 

can-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. 

gray fox: vet, n5.* 

(skull): t'om, iv; vok', iv. 

/skull/: vok', tv. 

mu, av; mu, aj; muil, aj. 

be fragrant (person who has been censed): muetah, 

iv. 

become fragrant: muib, iv. 

wooden frame /house/: c'il-te 1 ?, n(aj & ncpd)lf. 

Palas, nld.' 

nosegay frangipani: eahal patas nicim, nphr(aj 

& nphr/n type n/); k'anal patas ni&m, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); moraro patas 

nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); patas 

ni£im, nphr(n type n). 

white frangipani: sakil patas nicim, nphr(aj & 


sirkatah, iv; t'ileah, iv; t'iletah, iv. 

(ribbon, edge of clothing): t'il, iv. 

/ends/: sirkatik, aj. 

/in middle/: sivultik, aj. 

t'il, av. 

be free: sokobah, iv. 

be free /unoccupied/: sokob, iv.

freezing 

frequently 

fresh 

fret(l) 

fret(2) 

Friday 

fried 

friend 

fright 

frighten 

frightened 

frightening 

fringe 

frisk 

frisking 

frog(l) 

frog(2) 

frolic 

frolicking 

from 

front 

frost 

froth 

frown 

frowning 

fruit 

fry 

frying 

free day: hap, n4f; hap k'ak'al, nphr(n4f of 

n5). 

free prisoner secretly: pitk'unvan ta cukel, 

vphr(iv & prep & vn5). 

free self: hitun ba, rv. 

free self /if stuck in tree/: boe* ba, rv. 

freezing cold (bare stomach): sik-pitan, aj(aj 

& P or P/2/cpd). 

freezing cold (metal, face, snake): sik-bahan, 


freezing cold (person): sik-cavan, aj(aj & 

Pcpd); sik-telan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). 

occur less frequently (fiestas): namah, iv. 

(bread): k'un-puean, aj(aj & P/2/ or 

T/2/cpd). 

(fish, meat): yasal, aj; yos', aj. 

•>at ?o7on, vphr(tv // n). 

/guitar/: traste, n4e. 

/stringed instrument/: mak ta k'ob, vphr(tv & 

prep & n4d). 

byernes, nle. 

Good Friday: byernes santo, nphr(n & aj)5. 

c'ilbil, aj. 

/reciprocal term of address between Zinacantecs, 

Ixtapanecs, and the people of 

Larrainzar/: 9amiko, nld. 

be given a fright: vel ba, rv. 

give a fright to: sibtas, tv. 

sibtas, tv. 

become frightened: sibtas ba, rv. 

be frightening: •>ak' sriel, vphr(tv/3s/ & vnle). 

neil, n3b. 

Ie9 ba, rv; lev ba, rv. 

(lamb, colt): ni?ulan ba, rv. 

(mule): le?ulan ba, rv; levulan ba, rv. 

hoc", lo, av; p'i'ttep'i'tte ta lanil, vphr(av & prep 

& n5). 

(baby animal): vilvon, av. 

spokok, nle. 

leopard frog: me' von, nphr(n of n)5; rana, 

nle.* 

tree frog: k'os yasal "Jamuc, nphr(aj & nphr/aj 

& n/)5.' 

with frog in throat: hakak, aj; sakaket, av. 

p'itulan ba, rv. 

(calf, lamb): lukilan ba, rv. 

(child, dog, young animal): tahin, iv. 

(child, lamb, calf): p'itomah, iv. 

We, av. 

t, prep(contr of ta); ta, prep. 

in front /on path/: ba be, nphr(n of n)5. 

in front of: lelav, n4d; 'iconil, n3b. 

taiv, nle. 

killing frost that is not visible: 9ik'al taiv, 


(mouth): vokan, iv. 

lut'ean ti? ba, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n3d/). 

koe, av. 

/in anger/: koeol, aj. 

satil, n3c; satin, tv. 

begin to fruit: yal sat, vphr(iv & n4f). 

fruit fly: 9us, nle. 

piece of fruit /avocado, orange, squash/: 

Set'elul, n4f. 

d'il, tv. 

c'il, av. 


fuck 

fucker 

fugitive 

fulfill 

full(l) 

full(2) 

fuller 

fullness 

functionary 

frying pan: salten, nla; traste, nla. 

/exclamation of surprise/: ci'nga. excl. 

male speech; fuck: kob, tv. 

male speech; fuck! /exclamation of surprise or 

dismay/: kobel, excl. 

male speech; fucker: hkob-bail, agn(tv & 

rpncpd). 

hhatvil, agn; hnueel, agn. 

fulfill one's desire: lok'es Won, vphr(tv // n); 

lok'esbe W)on, vphr(tv // n). 

noh, aj. 

be full (moon): p'eh ba, rv; set ba, rv. 

be full (person): ta c'ut, vphr(tv // n). 

become full (moon): p'eheah, iv; yihub, iv. 

feel full: tailo -mi, vphr(aj & tv). 

feel full /with gas/: suk ba w>on, vphr(rv/3s/ 

& n4d). 

(moon): p'ehel, aj; setel, aj; yih, aj. 

(moon, sun): p'ehet, av. 

not full: lomol, aj. 

/beat clothes on rocks to shrink them/: 

mueomah, iv. 

hmueom, agn; hmueomahel, agn. 

(moon): yihil, n4f. 

religious functionary /assistant to the stewardsroyal 

who guards their supplies in Voi-bie 

during the Fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary/: 

hâk'-pulatu, agn(tv & ncpd). 

religious functionary /boy who looks after ensign-bearer's 

hat and rattle, and also his musicians/: 

hk'elel, agn. 

religious functionary /each of the two men 

who divide and hang up meat for marriage 

feast or for feast given by religious officials/: 

hk'el-bek'et, agn(tv & nc pd). 

religious functionary /each of the women who 

hands food to guests at wedding, to religious 

officials at banquet during fiestas of 

St. Sebastion, Carnival, Saint John's Day/: 

hiak'-voelil, agn(tv & vncpd). 

religious functionary /each of three people who 

paint straw bull of Christmas season/: hpintol, 

agn. 

religious functionary /each of two boys who 

play turtle shell drums on Christmas Eve/: 

htih-?ok, agn(tv & ncpd). 

religious functionary /each of two women who 

prepare corn gruel for each ensign-bearer and 

each of the elders/: hpas-vo'), agn(tv & 

npcd). 

religious functionary /each of two women, 

senior and junior, who prepare bean tamales 

for wedding/: hpat-vah, agn(tv & 

ncpd). 

religious functionary /male wedding official, 

chosen by bride's family to provide trousseau/: 

Imk'vaneh, agn. 

religious functionary /male who gathers flowers, 

plants and pine boughs used in curing 

ceremonies and as decorations for crosses, 

altars, and churches/: hsai-nifim, agn(tv & 

ncpd). 

religious functionary /man who holds lance 

that is used by major players to strike jousting 

target at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian/: 

hc'am-tei mol, agn(vphr/tv & ncpd/ type

444 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 F/G 

fungus 

funnel 

fur 

furious 

furrowed 

furrowing 

furry 

furthermore 

furtive 

n). 

religious functionary /member of curing party 

who aids shaman, each of two assistants of 

cantors who serve from Carnival Friday to 

Carnival Tuesday, carrying banner from 

Carnival Saturday to Carnival Tuesday, and 

candles on Carnival Monday and Thursday/: 

mayol, agn. 

religious functionary /old woman who serves 

stewards, elders, ensign-bearers of the Holy 

Cross, St. Lawrence, or St. Dominic/: me- 

9el, agn. 

religious functionary /person who gathers up 

rubbish for stewards and stewards-royal 

when they entrust their coffers to their successors/: 

hhop-k'a'tep, agn(tv & ncpd). 

religious functionary /steward's assistant who 

cuts open watermelon squashes and cushaws 

during the Posadas/: hvok'-mail, agn(tv & 

ncpd). 

religious functionary /woman chosen by religious 

official to direct the preparation of 

food on ceremonial occasions/: hpacvaneh 

veielil, agn(nphr/vn of vn/). 

religious functionary /woman who attends each 

of the elders, ensign-bearers when meal is offered, 

and stewards when coffer is venerated/ 

/one for each official /: 

hpecaneh-ve9elil, agn(vn & ncpd). 

religious functionary /woman who boils "flowers" 

for steward's coffer/: hpan-nicim, agn(tv 

& ncpd)5. 

religious functionary /woman who carries 

candles for the elders on Lenten Fridays, 

Tuesday of Holy Week through Good Friday, 

and for the ensign-bearers of St. Dominic 

and the Holy Cross on Fourth Friday 

in Lent and Tuesday of Holy Week through 

Good Friday/ /one woman serving each official/: 

hpayol-me'Jel, agn(tv & ncpd). 

religious functionary /woman who is chosen by 

bride's parents to seat her in groom's house/: 

hcotaneh-eeb, agn(vn & ncpd). 

religious functionary/male who changes floral 

decorations at mountain shrines in preparation 

for visit/: hmes, agn. 

/general term/: canul te'Uik, nphr(n of n)5. 

hedgehog fungus: k'anal c'is mana 9ok, nphr: aj 

& nphr(n type nphr/x type n4f/). 

honey fungus: ceceval pomos, nphr(natt & n). 

/used for cane liquor/: burne, nla. 

eoe, nla. 

ti?, av. 

get furious: k'ak'ub, iv. 

become furrowed (brows of old person): luhp'in 

ba, rv. 

/brow/: luhluh, aj. 

(vagina): kieil, aj. 

ink, av. 

eak, av. 

(mouth with thirst): p'ilil, aj; taki-p'ilan, aj(aj & 

prob P or P/2/cpd). 

very furry (animal): eonol, aj. 

ci9uk k'usuk, nphr(n4f & pt). 

k'elk'el-iosil, aj(vn/tv & ncpd/); k'elk'el-pat, 

aj(vn/tv & ncpd/). 

furtively 

fuschia 

fustic tree 

fuzz 

fuzzy 

gabbing 

gag 

gagging 

gall 

gallery 

gallon 

galloping 

gambol 

gamboling 

game 

gangrene 

g a P 

gap-toothed 

gape 

gaping 

garlic 

garment 

garrison 

gas 

gashed 

gashing 

gasoline 

gasping 

gate 

gather 

k'elk'el-wsil, aj(vn/tv & ncpd/); k'elk'el-pat, 

aj(vn/tv & ncpd/). 

candy fuschia: muk'tik primon, nphr(aj & n). 

lilac fuschia: 9ic'ak mut, nphr(n4d of n5); 9ic'ak 

mut e"i9lel, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). 

k'anal te^, nphr(aj & n); mora, n; mora te9, 


eoein, n4f. 

eoeiltik, aj; eoein, aj. 

become fuzzy: eoeiltah, iv. 

lit, av. 

gag on: ketbe, tv. 

'>'

gathered 

gathering 

gaze 

gazing 

gecko 

general 

gentle 

gentleman 

genuflect 

genuflection 

geranium 

gesturing 

get 

gherkin 

Ghost 

ghost 

gift 

by selling or working/: sa9 , vphr(tv & 

nld). 

gather in /skirt of seated woman/: yob, tv; 

yob ba, rv; yub, tv; yub ba, rv. 

gather in skirt: yoban ba, rv. 

gather together: eob, tv; eob ba, rv. 

gather together in pile /rocks, wood, stubble, 

pine needles, earth, corn, salt/: pot, tv. 

gather up rubbish: hop k'a'Jep, vphr(tv & n5). 

(people): nikan ba, rv. 

be gathered together in open space: lam ba, rv. 

become gathered (scar): lut'eah, iv. 

gathered together in open space: lamal, aj. 

(scar): lut'lut', aj. 

customary gathering place /sheep, cows/: lamleb, 

nld. 

gathering of many people in open space: lambail, 

vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

with empty gaze (dead person): tonol, aj. 

gazing emptily (dying person): tononet sat, 


gazing vacantly: p'al, av. 

gazing vacantly (baby's or puppy's eyes): p'ilil, 

a 

Jninyo, 

nla. 

heneral, agn. 

vasal, aj; vaset, av; yamet won, vphr(av & 

n4d). 

become gentle: vasi, iv. 

/respectful term of reference/: htata'Hik, n4d. 

kehuh, iv. 

kehuhel, nc. 

garden geranium: 9ik'9ik'-lo9an cahal nicim, 

nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); eahal 

nicim, nphr(aj & n)la; sak-vayan eahal 

nicim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & 

n/); sakil eahal nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/). 

wild geranium: lakusa e'iilel, nphr(n type n); 

kuc-e'uhul, n(tv & ncpd); k'ask'as e'i^lel, 

nphr(aj & n); k'os 9akusa eMilel, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); muk'ta lakusa e'i'rtel, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk'tik 

kuc-e'uhul, nphr(aj & n/tv & ncpd/); 

posil vayicil, nphr(n of n); sakil 9akusa 

e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil k'os 

?akus"a e'iilel, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/). 

becbon k'ob, vphr(av & n4d). 

ta, tv; lama, tv. 

get in the act: tik' ba, rv. 

get out of hand: helav ta mas, vphr(iv & prep 

&aj). 

get up: lik, iv. 

/sickness/: tam, tv. 

west indian gherkin: c'ako? 9ak', nphr(n type 

n); c'um-te9 c'o, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n); 

c'um-te? pos, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n); 

saniia c'o, nphr(n of n). 

God the Holy Ghost: rios 9espiritu santo, 

nphr(n type nphr/n & aj/)5. 

9anima, nld; lahebal, n3b. 

/dead person/: c'ulelal(l), n5.' 

ghost of unbaptised baby: tuento, n5.* 

matanal, nle; moton, n4d. 

reciprocal gift: pakol, n4f. 

ENGLISH-TZOTZ1L 445 

giggling 

gimp 

ginger 

girl 

girl-crazy 

girlhood 

give 

giving 

gizzard 

gladiolus 

glans 

glare 

glaring 

glass 

glasses 

glazed 

gleam 

gleaming 

glean 

gleaner 

gleanings 

gliding 

glistening 

glossy 

glove 

glow 

9ih, vih, av. 

walk with a gimp: ke9 9ok, vphr(tv & n4d). 

senserva, nla.* 

eeb, nld; eebal, nla. 

affectionate term of address for young girl: cin, 

n5. 

become girl-crazy /from drink/: lokoib, iv. 

eebal, n4d. 

9ak', tv; k'elan, tv. 

cause to give way /surface of ground/: lomean, 

tv 

give a present: k'elan, tv. 

give back: sutes tal, vphr(tv & dr). 

give it to me!: 9is kik, ptphr(pt & pt); 9istik, pt; 

9istik kik, ptphr(pt & pt). 

give small amount /money/: hep, tv. 

give to: 9ak'be, tv. 

give up: 9ikta, tv; 9ikta ba, rv; eik' ta be, vphr(iv 

& prep & n5); cop ba, rv; kecan ba, rv; 

komean ba, rv; komes ba, rv; ten ba, rv. 

give up /drink/: komean, tv. 

give way: lomeah, iv. 

give way (ground): hemeah, iv. 

give way (leg of heavily burdened person): lu- 

9k'ih, iv. 

give way (leg): Iu9 ba, rv. 

make give way /ground/: hemean, tv. 

giving way: hem, Ia9, Iu9, pee", av. 

giving way underfoot here and there: 

tuktetukte, av. 

buc, nld; co9, nla. 

common gladiolus: 9ik'-lo9an eahal pino bukaro, 

nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

bukaro, nld; cihal bukaro, nphr(aj & n); 

sakil pino bukaro, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

pisalal, nle. 

glare angrily: kolan sat, tv. 

glare angrily out of corner of eye: nelan sat, 


kol, nak, nel av. 

glaring angrily: pah, av. 

glaring angrily (animal, person): kolet sat, 


glaring out of corner of eye: sihihet sat, vphr(av 

& n4d). 

baso, nla. 

broken glass: voc'olil, n4f; vok'ol limete, 

nphr(aj & n)le. 

large glass: posvelo, nla. 

shot glass: p'is, nld; p'isol, n4f. 

nen sat, nphr(n4e of n4d). 

with eyes glazed over: mayal, aj. 

gleam of eyes in dark: k'ok' sat, nphr(nlf of 

n4d). 

e'ay, lap', nop', sak, av. 

/corn, beans, squash/: k'usk'ulah, iv; 

k'usk'ulan, tv. 

hk'usk'ul, agn. 

k'usk'ul, nld. 

hay, lie', av; vilet, av. 

(snake): ta9a9et, av. 

leb, av. 

(hair): lebel, aj. 

fat and glossy (horse): c'ulet, av; t'abt'on, av. 

na k'obol, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

(embers): 9an, iv.


glowing 

glut 

glutton 

gnarl 

gnashing 

gnat 

gnatcatcher 

gnaw 

gnawed 

gnawing 

g° 

goat 

gobble 

gobbling 

God 

god 

godchild 

godfather 

godmother 

going 

•>an, •Jen, 9up', nop', til, av; 9enel, aj; nop'ol, aj. 

(fire): kusul, aj. 

•>et'es ?oion, vphr(tv // n). 

/child/: pulun eoi, nphr(n of n)5. 

(arthritic hand): moc'k'ib, iv. 

hep', p'av, av. 

gnashing teeth (drunk, pig, peccary, paca, charcoal 

cruncher): hec'ec'et ie, v phr(av & n4d). 

•»us, nle; pul-sik' con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/5 

type n)le; val-sik' con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/5 

type n)le.* 

buffalo gnat: 9us, nle. 

lowland and highland gnat: bel, nla. 

blue-gray gnatcatcher: e'inil mut, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

white-lored gnatcatcher: pic' mut, nphr(x type 

n)5. 

/bones/: k'us, tv. 

gnaw holes in: set, tv. 

gnaw silently: nul, tv. 

gnawed section (corncob): nulbenal, n4f. 

hep', sep', av. 

(dog eating bone or ear of corn, gopher): 

hec'hon, av. 

gnawing silently (dog eating bone): nulnon, av. 

bat, iv. 

go ahead: helav, iv. 

go and return /restricted to past tense/: 9ay, iv. 

go first: ba^yih, iv. 

go in: ?oc, iv. 

go on: bat, iv. 

go out: lok', iv. 

go out (light, fire): tup', iv. 

go too far: helav ta mas, vphr(iv & prep & aj). 

go with: ciûk ec'el, nphr(nlb & dr). 

civo, nla. 

supernatural evil goat: teneun, n5. 

gobble up: k'otbah •wun, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

n4d). 

kol, av. 

God the Father: rios totil, nphr(n type n)5. 

God the Holy Ghost: rios 9espiritu santo, 

nphr(n type nphr/n & aj/)5. 

God the Son: rios nic'onil, nphr(n type n)5. 

rios, excl. 

ancestor god: totil meiil, nphr(n3d & n3d). 

creator god: hpas-balamil, agn(tv & ncpd); 

vasak-men, n(num & xcpd)5.' 

creator god /vasak-men/, lit., heaven-maker: 

hpas-vinahel, agn(tv & ncpd). 

tutelary god: totil moil, nphr(n3d & n3d).* 

petbalal, nld. 

an. poss.; godchild: petomal, nld. 

man's godchild: c'ul-c'amalil, n(aj & ncpd)3d. 

woman's godchild: c'ul-iolil, n(aj & ncpd)3d. 

c'ul-totil, n(aj & ncpd)3d; hpetim, agn. 

godfather of wedding couple and woman who 

substitutes for godmother: hpetom, agn.* 

/term of address/: c'ul-tot, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

c'ul-me?il, n(aj & ncpd)3d. 

godmother of wedding couple: nup hpetom, 

nphr(n4d of agn). 

/term of address/: c'ul-me'j, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

/auxiliary verb, occurring only in third person 

singular/: ba, iv(contr of bat). 

goiter 

gold 

gold shower 

golden 

golden eye 

Good 

good 

good-hearted 

good-natured 

goodness 

goose 

goose foot 

gopher 

gore 

gorge 

gosh 

gossip 

gouged 

gourd 

going out suddenly (light): tup'lih, av. 

vevec, nla. 

wro, nle. 

k'anal 9ic'ak mut, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); 

k'anal konkon, nphr(aj & n); muil te"?, nphr(aj 

& n); nicim hsoktom, nphr(n4d of agn). 

•Joro, aj. 

•>ok ne sibak, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/); eahal 

sun, nphr(aj & n); pilis, nle; pilis e'i?lel, 

nphr(n type n); pilis to, nphr(n type n); 

sakil pilis, nphr(aj & n). 

Good Friday: byernes santo, nphr(n & aj)5. 

?ue, aj; lek, aj; lek, n5; lekil, aj; pino, aj. 

be good at: yu9 9u9un, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

be good at : lek . vphr(aj & tv). 

lek won, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d); lek hoi, 

vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d); vaset, av; yamet 10wn, 


become good-hearted: yam, iv. 

(person): yam w?on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

become good-natured (mule): mansoib, iv. 

(person): manso, aj; vasal, aj. 

•meilal, nlf; lekil, nla; lekilal, nla. 

having goose pimples: poc, av. 

nettle-leaved goose foot: tan e'i^lel, nphr(aj & 

n); tan e'ul •'itah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 

hispid pocket gopher: ba, nla. 

large pocket gopher: ba, nla. 

/term of reference used lest the gophers multiply/: 

mentes, nle. 

hul, tv; k'oh, tv. 

gore person (cow): sulvan, iv. 

/with one horn/: lee, tv. 

homal, nlf. 

/exclamation of surprise/: h'myel, excl. 

c'amuhel, nphr(vn type vn)5; h9epal-9e, agn(aj 

& ncpd); hc'am-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd); hlcril, 

agn; hpuk-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd); lcil, nld; 

Io9ilta, tv; Io9iltabe, tv; masil, nld; masilta, 

tv. 

an poss.; gossip about individual: 9alel, vnld. 

gossip about: tukesbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). 

spread gossip: tukes k'op, vphr(tv & n5). 

spreading gossip: tuk, av; level te, vphr(aj/ 

pred/ & n4d). 

be gouged out (land) /by rivulets/: poyeah, iv. 

9ak' pulun VOT, nphr(n4e of nphr/n of n/); bae"i 

eu, nphr(aj & n); eot ka 1 ) eu, nphr(nphr/n of 

n/ type n); eo 1 ) ka 1 ) hay, nphr(nphr/n of n/ 

type n)5; eu, nla; c'ako, nla; muk'ta eu, 

nphr(aj & n); neno eu, nphr(n type n); peron 

eu, nphr(n type n); suy eu, nphr(n type n); 

suy hay, nphr(n type n). 

ceremonial coffee gourd: pisis boc, nphr(aj & 

n)la. 

deep gourd for storing tortillas: pulin vc, 

nphr(n of n)la; pulun vo9, nphr(n of n)la. 

gourd flower /any variety/: su, n4e. 

half gourd: boc, nla; boc, nla. inan. poss.; 

sbaial. 

hard gourd /used for water gourd, half gourd/: 

suy, nle. 

tobacco gourd: eual moy, nphr(natt & n)5. 

water gourd: eual vo">, nphr(natt & n)5.

gourd vine 

govern 

government 

governor 

grabbing 

grace 

grackle 

grade 

gradually 

graft 

grain 

grains 

grandchild 

grandfather 

grandmother 

grape 

grapple 

grass 

9ak' eu, nphr(n4e of n5). 

/mule/: pik 9u?un, vphr(iv & n4d). 

kovyerno, n5. 

civil government /archaic/: hustisyaetik, agn. 

government official /outside Zinacantan, extended 

to include government/: hyu9el, agn. 

kobemarol, n5; kovyerno, n5. 

eak, tv. 

grab by the hair: hoebe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). 

grab by the legs: yakbe, tv. 

/stake/: 9ik, tv. 

grabbed up: puk. av. 

eak, av. 

•Jovlikasyon, n5; krasia, nld. 

boat-tailed grackle: bak mut, nphr(aj & n)le.* 

mayean, tv; mayk'un, tv. 

k'unk'un, aj. 

e"ak, tv. 

/peach trees/: e'akan, tv. 

/wood/: satil, n3c. 

/salt, sugar/: c'uc'ulil, n4f. 

momil, n3d. 

female speech; grandchild /use restricted to 

plural/: mamob, n4d. 

/maternal, paternal/: muk'ta totil, nphr(aj & 

n)3d. 

/maternal, paternal/: muk'ta me9il, nphr(aj & 

n)3d. 

wild grape: e"usub, n; vcel •nnatab, nphr(n of 

n); ve9el vokoto, nphr(n of n). 

grapple with: mey baik, rv. 

hobel, nld. 

beard grass: 9akan hobel, nphr(n type n)5; hobelal 

salma, nphr(natt & n); pec'e-iok hobel, 

nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); sakil hobelal 

salma, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). 

blue-eyed grass: pec'ahtik hobel, nphr(aj & 

n); pec'e-9ok nic nab, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type nphr/n of n/). 

feather grass: ne cue, nphr(n of n); ne 6ui hobel, 


gama grass: cob 9antivo, nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5); 

hobelal 9avarto, nphr(natt & n); k'os eahal 

simo9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); simo9, nle. 

golden-eyed grass: k'anal pec'e-?ok, nphr(aj & 

n/aj & ncpd/); k'anal pec'e-">ok hobel, nphr: 

aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); pei'ahtik 

hobel, nphrfaj & n); pec'e-9ok, n(aj & 

ncpd); pec'e-9ok e'iilel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type n); pec'e-?ok hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type n). 

goldstar grass: ve9el cmtuli9, nphr(n of n); ve- 

9el mut, nphr(n of n). 

goose grass: 9akan hobel, nphr(n4f of n5); 

kakas'on hobel, nphr(n type n). 

lemon grass: limon hobel, nphr(n type n); te9 

limon, nphr(n type n). 

slender beard grass: ?akan hobel, nphr(n type 

n)5; ve?el t'ul, nphr(n of n). 

windmill grass: 9it'is 9akan hobel, nphr(n4f of 

nphr/n type n/); poe-nic" hobel, nphr(n/aj & 


witch grass: 909I0I sakaton, nphr(aj & n); 

bae'i 9akan hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/); bik'it sakaton, nphr(aj & n); euneun 

hobel, nphr(aj & n); k'ohom hobel, nphr(n 


grasshopper 

grating 

grave(l) 

grave(2) 

gravel 

gravely 

gray 

grayness 

graze 

grazed 

grazing 

grease 

grease-stained 

greasing 

greasy 

great 

greatness 

grebe 

greedy 

green 

greenbottle 

griddle 

grief 

grief-stricken 

grieve 

grill 

grimace 

grimacing 

gnmy 

grind 

type n); muk'ta sakaton, nphr(aj & n); sakaton, 

nla; sakil sakaton, nphr(aj & n). 

lowland and highland grasshopper: p'ilis, n5. 

rah, av. 

become grave (illness): eaeah, iv. 

become grave (quarrel, sickness, situation, 


become grave (situation): bae'ih, iv. 

/illness/: 9ip, n4f. 

c'enal, nlf; c'enal ânima, nphr(natt & n)5. 

voc'ol ton, nphr(aj & n)la. 

/ill/: eoe, aj. 

vasal, aj; yos, aj. 

become blue gray (sick baby's excrement): 

?uculib, iv. 

blue gray (chicken, sick baby's excrement): 

?ucul, aj. 

blue gray (sheep): rosio, aj. 

(horse): vayu, aj. 

(smoky hill, bank): tan-mukan, aj(aj & 

T/2/cpd). 

/horse/: vayu, n4e. 

(bullet, machete): ealbil-9ec', iv(aj & ivcpd). 

/self with knife, etc./: salk'un, tv. 

be grazed /with knife/: salk'uh, iv. 

sar, av; hoehon, av. 

(horse, sheep): hec'hon, av. 

strike grazing blow: sar ta mahel, vphr(tv & 

prep & vn5). 

hup'el, n4b; sevu, nla. 

grease and comb /hair/ (woman): t'ab, tv. 

pik'is, aj. 

greasing and combing: t'abt'on, av. 

9el, av. 

(liquid, lard): letel, aj. 

a great deal /money/: ta vinik, nphr(prep & 

n4d). 

9ueilal, nlf. 

pied-billed grebe: heak-coy, agn(tv & ncpd). 

be greedy: pas hamparoal, vphr(tv & n5). 

greedy person: hhamparo, agn. 

yasal, aj; yos, aj. 

(wood): yasal, aj; yos, aj. 


semet, nla. 

mevanal, nla. 

copol 9o9on, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5); na9et, av. 

grieve for: k'us ta 9o9on, vphr(aj & prep & n4d). 

hoe'hoe'-hak', tv(aj & tvepd). 

/starting to cry/: suvetah, iv. 

suv, av; suvul, aj. 

/child just before crying/: puvet ê, vphr(av & 

n4d); puvul 9e, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

(child making ugly face in play by stretching 

mouth with forefingers): Ii9il, aj. 

/crying/: sevet 9e, vphr(aj & n4d). 

become grimy and threadbare: Io9p'ih, iv. 

hui'un, iv. 

grind a second time /corn/: noy, tv. 

grind a third time /corn/: lae, tv; laeomah, iv. 

grind corn first time: voc'omah, iv. 

grind first time /corn/: vo£', tv. 

grind first time slowly /corn/ (child, sick person): 

kev, tv. 

grind for second time /corn/: noyomah, iv. 

grind hurriedly /corn/: cev, tv.


grinding 

grinds 

grisette 

gristle 

groan 

groaning 

groin 

groom 

grope 

groping 

gropingly 

grosbeak 

ground 

ground cherry 

groundsel 

group 

grow 

grind hurriedly first time /corn/: p'at, tv. 

grind second time ineffectually (young girl): 

keebe, tv. 

grind well: cames, tv. 

/on metate, in mill/: hue', tv. 

/sugarcane/: pie", tv. 

/with meat grinder/: e*ot ta makina, vphr(tv 

& prep & n5). 

hie', kev, av. 

grinding ineffectively /in sexual intercourse/: 

nulnon, av. 

grinding second time slowly and ineffectively 

/corn/: vesvon, av. 

grinding second time slowly and ineffectually 

/back and forth motion/: keekon, av. 

grinding slowly second time: ketkon, av. 

grinding slowly second time /corn/: noynon, 

av. 

grinding teeth EKL 255;2-14: hee'ee'et ?e, 


(pig's teeth, teeth of scolding person): k'avk'on, 

av. 

person who grinds /on metate/: hhuc'nom, agn. 

?ilc'al cecev, nphr(aj & n); sakil yuy, nphr(aj & 

n). 

c'usuvil, n3a. 

/beef/: voeanil, n4f; voevoeil, n4e. 

?akanah, iv. 

•>ah, "?ak, av. 

(stomach with gas): hububet, av. 

levil, n3d. 

h?ahnilahel, agn; hlekomahel, agn; hnupunel, 

agn. 

has-pik, tv(tv & tvepd). 

grope for: hasasta, tv. 

civ, has, hoe 9 , av. 

groping blindly: kiik, av. 

groping slowly: cav, av. 

walking gropingly: mut'lahet, av. 

rose-breasted grosbeak: loro mut, nphr(n type 

n)ld. 

lumtik, n5. 

bac'i cicol, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta pueul cicol, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); pahal cicol, nphr(aj 

& n); pueul cicol, nphr(aj & n)5. 

shrub groundsel: 9ic'ak mut te9, 

nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); c'ulul ?anal 

te 1 ?, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

willow groundsel: bae*i cilkat, nphr(aj & n); 

cilkat, n5; k'os" cilkat, nphr(aj & n). 

grupo, nld. 

in group: eop, pot, his, av. 

large group /people/: vok', nc. 

large group /sheep, chicks, horses, cows/: tos, 

nc. 

cause to grow apart /broken bone/: tilk'un, tv. 

fail to grow (child who has lost mother): t'enp'uh, 

iv. 

(foetus): vol ba, rv. 

grow a little (child): sac'sac", iv. 

grow apart (broken bone): tilk'uh, iv. 

grow densely (sheep's coat): pul, iv. 

grow up: c'i, iv. 

grow up (person): muk'ib, iv. 

grow well under one's care (plants): nopvan, iv. 

make grow /hair, penis/: e"ites, tv. 

growing 

growling 

growth 

grub 

gruel 

grumbling 

grumpily 

grumpy 

grunting 

Guadalupe 

guan 

guard 

guarded 

Guatemala 

guava 

guess 

guffawing 

guide 

guilt 

guilty 

guineahen weed 

guitar 

gullet 

gullible 

gulp 

(plant, animal): c"i, iv. 

(single hair): vican ba, rv. 

(young plant, child): eak lum, vphr(tv & n5). 

stop growing (corn): paheah, iv. 

c'O, k'o 1 ), vol, av. 

growling ferociouslyK2;79: voevon, av. 

cakal, nld. 

cause growth on person (witch): vcanbe camel, 

vphr(tv & vn5). 

cause hard growth /on body/: vu?an, tv. 

have large growth /voian, cakal/: vo9an ba, rv. 

large growth /on body/: voân, nla. 

edible wood grub: coris, nla. 

wasp grub /fakov/: mum, nla.' 

corn gruel: 9ul, nla. 

corn gruel flavored with cinnamon: kanela lul, 


corn gruel flavored with sugar, chili and pepper 

/drunk by everyone on Maundy Thursday, 

by players on fiesta of St. Sebastian, by 

stewards when counting chaplets/: pamal 

•ml, nphr(natt & n)la. 

ginger-flavored corn gruel: senservail 'ml, 

nphr(natt & n)ld. 

9i9, av. 

walking about grumpily: tfneti'ite hoi, vphr(av 

& n4d). 

kap, sok, av. 

be grumpy: 'Jilet, av. 

9uk, av. 

Lupa, nld. 

crested guan: 9ik'-mut, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

homed guan: tab, n5* 

hcabivaneh, agn; k'el, tv. 

/soldier who does guard duty in front of city 

hall in San Cristobal and Tuxtla/: varca, n5. 

being guarded (prisoner): cabiet, av. 

Vatimala, n5. 

kaslan potov, nphr(aj & n); k'os potov, 

nphr(aj & n); potov, nia; totikil potov, 

nphr(natt & n). 

wild guava: bae*i potov, nphr(aj & n); potov, 

nia; sakil potov, nphr(aj & n). 

yules ta hoi, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). 

/EKL258;2-13/: k'ahk'on, av. 

beiltas, tv; hbeiltasvaneh, agn. 

mulil, n3a.* 

bear another's guilt: kucbe mul, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

bear guilt: mulin, tv. 

share another's guilt unjustly: makita mulil, 


be guilty: ta mul, vphr(tv & n4d). 

garlic guineahen weed: soro te9, nphr(n type 

n)la. 

eleven-stringed guitar: kitara, nla. 

turum, nld. 

be gullible: c'unanc'unan, tv. 

gulp down /baby chick/ (dog): sih, tv. 

gulp down greedily (dog eating flesh of dead 

animal, child greedily eating meat): lo 1 ) ta ti- 

?el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

gulp down greens without tortilla: vinkil-lo 1 ?, 

tv(x & tvepd). 

gulp down hurriedly: sokon-9ein, tv(n & nepd). 

gulp down meat without tortilla: vinkil-ti"), tv(x

G/H ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 449 

gum 

gumbolimbo 

gunpowder 

gunsight 

gurgle 

gurgling 

gushing 

guts 

guy 

guzzle 

gypsy 

habitual 

hack 

hack berry 

hacked 

hacking 

hail 

hair 

haircut 

hairless 

half 

half-pint 

halfway 

hamlet 

hamlet-dweller 

hammer 

hammering 

& tvcpd). 

blue gum: kampor, nla. 

chewing gum: cikle, nla. 

sal-te?, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

sibak, nla. 

gunpowder maker: hpas-sibak, agn(tv & ncpd). 

make gunpowder: pas sibak, vphr(tv & n5). 

inan. poss.; gunsight: punto, nle. 

bururih, iv. 

(child playing with drinking water): bururin, tv. 

bur, kol, av. 

buc, bur, cip, pill. av. 

(water): tok'ok'et, av. 

bikil, nld. 

/person, caterpillar/: eo 1 ), nla. 

/male or female/: h9a9yel, agn. 

tosk'in, tv. 

/food, water, posol/: lombe, tv. 

9unkaro, n5. 

H 

become habitual (drunkenness): meîn, iv. 

make habitual: me?intas, tv. 

eepan, tv. 

hack at: e"etulan, tv. 

hack at sloppily /weeding with hoe/: hur ta 


hack at sloppily /weeds or grass with billhook/: 

puc' ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

hack at sloppily /weeds/: kulan ta mahel, 


Io9bol hti9-sip, nphr(n of agn/tv & ncpd/). 

mexican hackberry bush: 9it'is cis-te9 9ak', 

nphr: n4f of nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n); k'os 

vas ten, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); nukul 

pat te9, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n); sakil 

cis-te9 9ak', nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ 

type n); sakil vas te9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type 

n/); vas 9ak', nphr(x type n); vas te9, nphr(x 

type n). 

(tree, ground): eepkuntik, aj. 

eep, eoh, soh, av. 

bot, nle. 

eaeal, n4b; eoe, nla. 

ball of hair /hair combed out by women and 

wadded/: eukutal hoi, nphr(natt & n)5.* 

hair of head: holol, n3b. 

/in food or drink, etc./: holol, n5. 

lacking pubic hair: t'aras, aj. 

lose hair: tuleah, iv. 

pubic hair: eisanil, n3a; eon, nld. 

thick hair: eon, nld. 

have haircut: lok' hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). 

with rough haircut: eep, av; eepel hoi, vphr(aj/ 

pred/ & n4d). 

t'aras, aj. 

/chicken/: hot, nc. 

cut in half: set'ahtik, aj. 

kwarta, nla. 

half-pint bottle: kwarta, nla. 

7O9lol be, nphr(n of n)5. 

parahel, nle. 

hparahel, agn. 

martio, nla. 

/firearm/: martio, nla. 

bah, av. 

hammertoes 

hand 

hand flower 

hand-forged 

handful 

handing 

handle 

handprint 

handsome 

handspan 

hang 

hanging 

with hammertoes: setel, aj. 

k'abal, n4f; k'obol, n3b. 

hand over: bee, tv. 

hand over to: 9ak' 9entrokal, vphr(tv & n5). 

left hand: e^t, nld; surto, nle. 

right hand: bae"i k'obol, nphr(aj & n)3d. 

scolding speech; lit., instrument for repeatedly 

touching one's ass, i.e., hand: pikulanobil 

cak, nphr(n4f of n4d). 

k'am-soc', n(x & ncpd)la. 

tenbalal, aj. 

in handful: mic\ av; mic'il, aj. 

lie in handful: mic'i, iv. 

set down in handful: mic'an, tv. 

with handful: k'el, av. 

bee, av. 

cikinil, n3b. 

/hoe, axe, spoon/: ?okol, n3b. 

top handle /harp/: nam-te9, n(aj & ncpd)le. 

•>av k'obol, nphr(n4f of n3d). 

leklek ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn). 

measure by handspans c'ista, tv. 

measure by handspans /meat, wedding cake, 

clothes/: c'isa, tv. 

hok'an, tv. 

(e'uh Ion from tree, wasp nest, growth on sheep 

suffering swellhead): t'uyan ba, rv. 

/door/: nakan, tv. 

(goiter): t'uyeah, iv. 

hang around waiting to be offered food /in another 

person's house/: k'el 9eal, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

hang by the arms (person, monkey, yalem 

bek'et, e'uh ton/stone that is believed to hang 

from trees during severe norther/): likan ba, 

rv. 

hang down (folded top of pants or skirt): 

veseah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). 

hang down in abundance (fruit, meat from 

smoke pole): lisan ba, rv. 

hang down in clusters: liseah yalel, vphr(iv & 

dr). 

hang down lower (wasp nest, squash): t'uyk'ih 

yalel, vphr(iv & dr); t'uyk'in ba yalel, 

vphr(rv & dr). 

hang from: hok'an ba, rv; hok'i, iv. 

hang from /branch/: hipan ba, rv. 

hang from shoulder /shoulder bag, shotgun/: 

help'un, tv. 

hang heavily (rain cloud): likan ba, rv. 

hang in strings (seed corn from rafters): cohi, 

iv. 

hang loosely (broken wrist): mahk'uh, iv. 

hang on wall: pak', tv. 

hang over: k'atan, tv. 

hang up: hipan, tv; hok'an, tv; vitan, tv. 

hang up /bananas/: vohan, tv. 

hang up large quantity of /meat, clothes, ears 

of corn/: lisan, tv. 

/net filled with objects/: t'uyan, tv. 

/person to cause death or to extort confession/: 

hipan, tv. 

(testicles, breasts): vehi, iv. 

hok', lik, av; eoyol, aj; hipil, aj; hok'ol, aj. 

be hanging (net filled with objects): t'uyi, iv. 

be hanging by the arms (person, monkey, yalem


hangman 

hangnail 

hank 

hanker 

hanks 

happen 

happy 

hard 

hard-boiled 

hard-skinned 

harden 

hardening 

hardly 

hardship 

harelip 

bek'ef): liki, iv. 

(breasts, testicles): vehlahet, av. 

hanging around: k'al, nap', av; nap'al, aj. 

hanging by a thread (branch): likil, aj. 

hanging down: coh, vih, av. 

hanging down (mucous, spit): kilil, aj; vihil, aj. 

hanging down in abundance (fruit, meat, 

clothes, ears of corn): lisil, aj. 

hanging down over eyes (hair): tinil, aj. 

hanging in cluster (bees): e'uyul, aj. 

hanging in clusters (nits in hair, mud or sheep 

wool): lisil, aj. 

hanging ominously (cloud): likil, aj. 

hanging on wall (picture): pak'al, aj. 

hanging out: bet', leh, av. 

hanging out (tongue of rabid dog or dead rabbit): 

tasal, aj. 

hanging over: k'atal, aj. 

(meat): hekel(2), aj. 

(net filled with objects, wasp nest): t'uyul, aj. 

(single fruit, scrotum): vitil, aj. 

strike hanging pair of /fruit/: veh ta mahel, 


with lame leg hanging limply: likoh, aj. 

hhipanvaneh, agn; hhok'anvaneh, agn. 

have hangnail: valeah, iv; vali, iv; veleah, iv. 

tomol, n4f. 

hanker after: tuc'em 'Won, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

n4d). 

make into hanks: coh, tv. 

k'ot, iv; k'ot ta lok'el, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & 

vn5); ta, tv. 

k'ak', pat, av; hun won, vphr(num/pred/ & 

n4d); kontento, aj. 

be happy: 9albe "Won, vphr(tv & n4d); 

caeubtas, tv. 

be happy about: lek wi, vphr(aj & tv). 

feel happy: hun won 9a9i, vphr(num/pred/ & 

n4d // tv). 

eoe, aj. 

(banana that will not ripen, penis): te9-einan, 

aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). 

become hard (hoed ground): pak' ba, rv. 

become hard (work): bae'ih, iv. 

(fruit that will not ripen): tonahtik, aj. 

(ground): einil, aj. 

(lowland kaiimpa tree that resists axe blade): 

sot'son, av. 

(wood that grips axe head): tec'ton, av. 

become hard-boiled (eggs): 9ec'om-ta9ah, iv(aj 

& ivcpd). 

(egg): 9ec'om tok'on, ajphr(aj & aj). 

(cushaw, beans): te9-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

(nearly full-grown squash): lic'ic', aj. 

(banana, mamey sapote): ton ba, rv. 

(bananas or mamey sapotes): tonan ba, rv. 

(blood, mud): pic' ba, rv. 

(fruit, adobe): ein ba, rv. 

(ground): eaeub, iv. 

harden and flake off (skin disease): 9esomah, iv. 

(beans that do not become soft when boiled): 

tonlahet, av. 

naka, pt. 

vokolil, n3a. 

person with harelip: sel, n5. 

walking with harelip: selet ni9, vphr(av & n4d). 

harelipped 

harm 

harmed 

harmonica 

harness 

harp 

harvest 

harvester 

has 

hastily 

hat 

hatch 

hatchet 

hate 

hatless 

hatred 

haughty 

haul 

have 

hawk 

hawking 

hawthorn 

selel, aj; set'el, aj.* 

9ut, tv. 

harm person (new house that has not received 

offering): ti9van, iv. 

be harmed: pas, tv. 

musika, nld. 

harness and load /horse/: cap, tv. 

/eighteen string/: 9arpa, nla. 

/corn/: k'ahav, iv; k'ahoh, nld. 

harvest corn: k'ah, tv. 

harvest rapidly: hec ta 9anil, vphr(tv & prep & 

n5). 

/honey/: hoe', tv. 

/kidney beans/: bul, tv. 

/potatoes, chayote root, soaproot/: hok", tv. 

/corn/: hk'ahavel, agn; hk'ahom, agn. 

has been: to 90s, ptphr(pt & pt). 


pisalal, nle; pisol, n4b. 

black and white palm strip on hat: pintero, nla. 

black felt hat /worn by ensign-bearers, elders, 

cantors, judge ordinary, carried by bridegroom/: 

9ik'al pisalal, nphr(aj & n)la. 

hat decorated with peacock feather /worn by 

incoming and outgoing ensign-bearers/: 

k'uk'umal pisalal, nphr(n type n)5. 

rain hat: na pisalal, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

rubberized or plastic rain hat: poro, nla. 

vok'es, tv. 

(birds, cockroach): vok". iv. 

9ek'el, nla. 

9oy k'ak'al 9o9on, vphr(n/pred/ & nphr/nlf of 

n4d/). 

bah, mole, pis, pit, p'o9, sal, torn, torn, vo9, vol, 

av; salal, aj; t'aht'ah, aj; t'omol, aj; volvol, aj. 

be hatless (boy): vo9i, iv. 

(boy): vo9ol, aj. 

walking about hatless: t'astet'aste, av. 

walking hatless or dumbly: vanvon hoi, vphr(av 

& dr); vatvon hoi, vphr(av & n4d). 

k'ak'al 9o9onil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

arouse hatred: 9ak' k'ak'al 9o9on, vphr(tv/3s/ & 


person filled with hatred: hk'ak'al-9o9on, agn(aj 

& nepd). 

be haughty: toy ba, rv. 

kuc, tv. 

9oy 9u9un, nphr(n5 of n4d). 

have all that one desires: p'ah ba, rv. 

have been: to 9os, ptphr(pt & pt). 

have to have: tu9un, tv. 

cooper hawk: sararin sik, nphr(aj & ncpd)5.* 

/general term/: sik, nld. 

gray hawk: himic' sik, nphr(n type n)5.' 

sharp-shinned hawk: himic' sik, nphr(n type 

n)5.* 

sparrow hawk: liklik, n5.* 

hak. av. 

bik'it k'at'is, nphr(aj & n); eahal sihom k'at'is, 

nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); c'is(l), n5; k'anal 

k'at'is, nphr(aj & n); k'anal sihom k'at'is, 

nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); k'at'is, nla; k'os 

k'anal sihom k'at'is, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & 

nphr/x type n/); muk'ta eahal k'at'is, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta k'anal

H ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 451 

haze 

hazy 

head 

headache 

headcloth 

headdress 

headed 

headless 

headstall 

headwaters 

heal 

healthy 

heap 

heaping 

hear 

heard 

hearsay 

heart 

heartburn 

iearthstone 

k'at'is, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

">uc, nle. 

(smoke): vayutik, aj. 

holol, n3b. 

back of head: pat holol, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

be able to lift head (sick baby): toy sat, vphr(tv 

& n4d). 

begin to head (cabbage): voc ba, rv; vocan, tv; 

vocan ba, rv; voceah, iv. 

beginning to head (cabbage): vocol, aj. 

(cabbage): holin, iv. 

head of bed: hoi tern, nphr(n of n)5. 

head of table /during ceremony/: hoi mesa, 


head of table /during ritual meal/: ba mesa, 


/nail/: pisalal, nle. 

stand on head: e"uki, iv. 

with frontally depressed head: pae 5 , av; 

pae'-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

with head down (fallen drunk): e'ukul, aj. 

k'us holol, nphr(aj & n)5. 

give person a headache /sick person/: 

k'usubtasbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). 

have headache: ti9etah hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). 

suffering splitting headache: vok'ok'et hoi, 


/cotton or woolen cloth folded and placed on 

the head for protection against the sun/: kah 

holol, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

braided headdress /worn by bride, wedding 

godmother, candle bearer and kaibenal, 

worn around waist by k'uk'ul ion/ : cuk halal, 

nphr(n of n)la. 

braided headdress /worn by bride, wedding 

godmother, candle bearer, and kaibenal, 

worn around waist by k'uk'ul ion/: pec' halal, 

nphr(n of n)la. 

not headed (cabbage): heeel, aj. 

k'okol cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

horse's headstall: sakima, nle. 

ni-nab, n(n/contr of nit/ & ncpd)lf. 

(wound): eepenah, iv. 

k'ak', av; hakem camel, nphr(aj & vn)5; hapem 

camel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5); k'ok', aj. 

become healthy: k'ak'ah, iv. 

(person) /rosy-cheeked/: k'ak'al, aj. 

be in heap (corn, earth, stones, fruit): toki, iv. 

in heap (corn, wood, earth, stones, fruit): tokol, 

sit in heap (child): vuean ba, rv. 

sit in heap (excrement): vuei, iv. 

bos, av; bosol, aj. 

(bowlful): toket, av. 

9a9i, tv. 

hear of: 9a9i, tv. 

hear together: ko9ol 9a9i, vphr(aj & tv/3p/). 

be heard: vinah, iv. 

Io9il, nld. 

/palm/: holol, n3b. 

(palm, maguey): tomal, nlf. 

/person, animal, tree/: o9onil, n3b. 

/tree/: yol, n4f. 

k'ak'-nuk', n(aj & ncpd)5; k'ak'-nuk'ul, n(aj & 

ncpd)ld. 

yoket, nla. 

heat 

heated 

heave 

heaven 

heavily-fruited 

heaving 

heavy 

heavy-bellied 

heavy-hearted 

heavy-lidded 

heddle 

hedgehog 

heed 

heel 

heifer 

height 

held 

heliotrope 

hell 

help 

helper 

main hearthstone /it is never moved/: me 1 ) 

yoket, nphr(nlf of nld). 

k'isnal, n4f. 

/metal/: k'ak'ubtas, tv. 

k'isin, av. 

become heated (argument): ean, iv; eanub, iv. 

make heated /argument/: ean, tv. 

have chest heave /from constant vomiting/: 

tok'eah 9o9on, vphr(iv & n4d); tok'lih 9o- 

9on, vphr(iv & n4d). 

heave chest /from constant vomiting/: tok'ean 

9o9on, vphr(tv & n4d); tok'lin 9o9on, vphr(tv 

& n4d). 

vinahel, vn5. 

cihil, aj; cihleh, n4f. 

(mule): taston, av. 

(stomach and chest of dying person): yak'yon, 

av. 

9ol, aj. 

be heavy (child)/older child who demands to be 

carried/: 9ak' 'nkaeil, vphr(tv & n3d). 

be heavy with fruit: lini, iv. 

become heavy: 9alub, iv. 

(forest): muk'tik , nphr(aj & n)le. 

heavy with fruit: linil, aj. 

make heavy: 9alubtas, tv. 

(undergrowth): pimil, aj. 

(undergrowth, frost, forest, cloth): pirn, aj. 

(pregnant ewe, mare or woman): liket c'ut, 


tonet won, vphr(av & n4d). 

approaching heavy-hearted: tomom tal won, 


mik", av; mayel, aj; mik'il, aj. 

become heavy-lidded (eyes): mayetah, iv. 

/eyes with death/: mayk'uh, iv. 

(eyes): Ie9lon, av. 

heddle rod: 9olinab te9, nphr(n type n)la. 

hedgehog gall: cihal 9anal te 1 ), nphr(natt & 


9a9i, tv; 9a9ibe melol, vphr(tv & n4f); 9ak' ta 

9o9on, vphr(tv & prep & n4d); 9ak' ta kwenta, 

vphr(tv & prep & n5); 9ic' ta muk", vphr(tv 

& prep & aj); 9o9onin, tv; 9o9onta, tv. 

cak 9okol, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

/foot, sandal/: cakil, n3e. 

besero, nld. 

toyleh, n4f. 

/of very tall object or mountain/: tayleh, n4f. 

/person, sun/: natil, n4b. 

be held (funeral): yu9, iv(3s). 

be held up (order, letter): mak ta be, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n5). 

held in clothes against body: cupul, aj. 

wild heliotrope: 9alavena e"i9lel, nphr(n type n); 

sakil malva, nphr(aj & n). 

9impyerno, n5; k'atin-bak, vn(tv & ncpd)5; 

k'ok', nld. 

/exclamation of annoyance or surprise/: kavron, 

excl. 

9ic" ta k'us, vphr(tv & prep & aj); kolta, tv; kolta 

ba, rv. 

help each other /in carrying heavy load requiring 

many people/: sik'an baik, rv. 

hkoltaob-ba, agn(n & rpncpd)ld; hkoltaobbail, 

agn(n & rpncpd)ld; koltaob-bail, n(n &


rpncpd)ld. 

/generally refers to those who help official work 

his corn fields/: koltaob-ba, n(n & 

rpnpcd)ld. 

hem tiiil, nlf. 

hemmed hemmed in (path between cliffs): lae'lae', aj; 

loe'loe', aj. 

hemmed in (short plot of land between cliffs 

and river): c'ikil, aj. 

hen me 1 ) •>alak\ nphr(n4d of n4d); me 1 ? kaslan, 


hen with chicks: me") c'ekc'ek, nphr(nld of 

nld). 

setting hen: hpatlom, agn. 

hencquen henequen fiber: ci, nla. 

henpecked /dominated by women/: ralkaveta, aj. 

herb medicinal herb: posilin, n4d. 

herd /animals/: mak, tv. 

herd together /cows/: ko9ol-9ik', tv(aj & tvcpd). 

large herd /cows/: vok', nc. 

/sheep/: cabi, tv. 

/sheep, horses/: laman, tv. 

herding mak, av; cabiet, av. 

herding /sheep, goat, pig/: 

cabieh , vn(vn & ncpd)5. 

here Ii9, aj. 

right here: li*? to, ajphr(aj & pt). 

hermaphrodite dklan, n5. 

hermaphroditic ca9-koh, aj(num & nccpd). 

hermitage /Chapel of Lord Esquipulas in Htek-lum/: taxvensa, 

n5. 

hernia have hernia: veheah yalel, vphr(iv & dr); 

vehean ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). 

infant hernia /attributed to mother's eating 

cold" foods/: kohonil, n3d.' 

herringbone herringbone design on brim of net: bakel coy, 


herself bail, rpn3b. 

hesitantly mac, av. 

hew /beam/: ">an, tv. 

hewer h9an-te9, agn(tv & ncpd). 

hibiscus eahal kampana, nphr(aj & n); eahal kampana 

nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

hiccup suk'suk', onom. 

hiccupping suk'son, av. 

hidden suk, av; mukul, aj. 

/in clouds/: volol, aj. 

(person, object): nak'al, aj. 

hide nak\ tv; nak' ba, rv. 

hide in house: mak ba ta na, vphr(rv & prep & 

n5). 

hide under /blanket, rock/: tenu, tv. 

/in weeds/: suk, tv. 

hiding luc", av; pak'al, aj. 

hiding things: nak'non, av. 

/in underbrush or vines/: kakal, aj. 

high (building, price): toyol, aj. 

high ground: t'inav, n4f; t'inav 9osil, nphr(n of 

n)5. 

(mountain): nat, aj. 

high-priced low and high-priced: yalel toyol, ajphr(aj & aj). 

highway muk'ta be, nphr(aj & n5). 

highwayman hmak-be, agn(tv & ncpd). 

hiking /pants/: nitnon, av. 

hill vie, nle. 

/potatoes, cabbage, corn/: lumta, tv. 

hillocks 

hilltop 

hilly 

hilum 

himself 

hip 

hipbone 

hire 

hired 

hissing 

hit 

hitting 

hoard 

hoarse 

hobble 

hobbling 

hoe 

hoed 

hoeing 

hoer 

hog plum 

hold 

with hillocks: t'okt'ok, aj. 

ba 9osil, nphr(nlf of nld). 

buhahtik, aj. 

/bean/: yol, n4f. 

bail, rpn3b. 

?o?il, n3d. 

bakel cak, nphr (n4f of n4d); kubil, n3d; tenav 

cakil, nphrfnlf of n3d). 

hire self out as a servant (maid): con ba, rv. 

(laborer): tohomal, aj. 

9is, eok\ cir, cus, kes, pus, vis, av. 

(air escaping from tire): vususet, av. 

(gas escaping from stomach of slaughtered animal): 

vususet, av. 

hissing suddenly (flatus, cushion): vuelih, av. 

hissing suddenly (water poured on hot rocks): 

eohlih, av. 

mah, tv. 

(bullet, machete): eak, tv. 

hit and cause to swing back and forth /fruit/: 

tuc ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). • 

hit with slingshot pellet: t'anbe, tv. 

hitting suddenly /forehead/: t'ihluh, av. 

e'in, tv. 

hoard of money: minas, nla. 

ronka, aj. 

manya, nld. 

(person who has broken leg and is taking first 

steps): c'am-tek'ih, iv. 

ham, hel, net, luk, set, av; sevson cak, vphr(av & 

n4d). 

(dog hit by car): sovovet, av. 

hobbling with twisted (leg): mecmon, av. 

vok' 9osil, vphr(tv & n5). 

grub hoe: 9asaluna, nla. 

hoe completely: lilin, tv. 

hoe entire field: t'abeah, iv. 

hoe up /weeds/: lee, tv. 

hoe with pick at one end /used formerly/: piko 

9asaluna, nphr(n type n)5. 

/leaving no rows untilled/: mel-vok', tv(aj & 

tvcpd). 

vok'ahtik, aj. 

hoed in broad swatch: lebel, aj; t'abal, aj. 

newly hoed: vok'balal, aj. 

pak', av; cob, vn5. 

hoeing randomly: c'otet, av. 

(plu): vok'lahet, av. 

suitable for hoeing: vok'balal, aj. 

hvok'-iosil, agn(tv & ncpd). 

•>at citom po9on, nphr: nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5) 

type n; bae"i po9on, nphr(aj & n); hovos, n5; 

k'anal po9on, nphr(aj & n); po9on, nla; te- 

9tikal po9on, nphr(natt & n); yasal poion, 

nphr(aj & n). 

/basket, bowl/: lee, tv; pac, tv. 

/handful/: k'et, tv. 

hold aloft /banner, torch, candle, rifle, flashlight/: 

hap, tv. 

hold between legs: loe\ tv. 

hold child during baptism: petomah, iv. 

hold dangling in fingers: vit, tv. 

hold firmly /butt of rifle against shoulder/: 

nakan, tv. 

hold flat object face up in one or both hands: 

pec, tv.

H ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 453 

holding 

bole 

holes 

hohday 

hollow 

hollowed 

hollowness 

holly 

holster 

Holy 

holy 

home 

homeless 

homosexual 

hold in armpit or under arm: loe'op'in, tv. 

hold in both hands /bunch of flowers, weeds, 

pine tips, corn stubble, thatch/: yom, tv. 

hold in hand /staff, hoe, tortilla, spoon/: torn, 

tv. 

hold in one's lap: pet, tv. 

hold in tunic: hop, tv. 

hold on to: eak, tv. 

hold under arm: las', tv. 

hold up: 9ik, tv; 9ikbe, tv; hap, tv. 

hold wide-brimmed container in one or both 

hands /bowl, basket, half gourd/: pec, tv. 

hold with pot holder /corn husk/: poe, tv. 

/in teeth or beak/: kae 1 , tv. 

torn, av. 

holding at arm's length on stick /snake/: p'icet 

ta te9, vphr(av & prep & n5). 

holding high: hap, av. 

holding in one's arms or hands: hop, av. 

holding in one's arms or lap: pet, av. 

holding in one's teeth: kac', av. 

e'ap, nc; e'en, nla; c'ohbenal, nlf; vombenal, 

n4f. 

/memela/: satil, n3c. 

sound hole /fiddle, guitar, harp/: satil, n3c. 

with hole: vomol, aj. 

worm hole /sugarcane worm/: na con, nphr(n 

of n)5. 

become filled with holes (clothes): vomeah, iv. 

k'in, nla.* 

ka9avil, n3d. 

(cave, tree trunk, burrow): puhul, aj. 

hollow out /cliff, bank/: puhean 9ocel, vphr(tv 

& dr). 

hollow out /hole under tree/ (pig): kuhean, tv. 

hollow out in many places /cliff, bank/: 

puheanan ocel, vphr(tv & dr). 

hollow sound: loin, av. 

hollow tree: puh-9ut te9, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ 

type n)5. 

hollow tree or log: hom to, nphr(n type n)5. 

(tortilla): pueul, aj. 

(tree): kuhkuh, aj. 

be hollowed out: kuhcah. iv. 

hollowed out: e'ene'en, aj. 

/wormeaten corn or beans/: cilopal, nlf. 

summer holly: «?it*is 9on te?, nphr(n4f of nphr/n 

type n/). 

na pistola, nphr(nlf of nld). 

God the Holy Ghost: rios 9espi'ritu santo, 

nphrin type nphr/n & aj/)5. 

Holy Week: kus'el, vn5. 

the Holy Sacrament /in nave of the Church of 

St. Lawrence/: hc'ul-totik Sakramentu, agn: 


fi'ul- , aj(aj & nepd); haral, aj. 

holy water: e"uiltasbil vo9, nphr(aj & n)5. 

na, nla; nail, nle. 

at home: nakal, aj. 

at home /Voi-bie/.: lubul, aj. 

be at home: naketah, iv. 

homeless person who begs food from house to 

house: hporistero, agn. 

ca9-koh, aj(num & neepd); tue(2), n5; tuein, aj. 

have homosexual relations with /man/: 

ca9-kuc, tv(num & tvepd). 

honest tuk'(2), aj. 

become honest: tuk'ib, iv. 

honest talk: tuk'il k'op, nphr(aj & n5). 

honesty tuk'il, n4e. 

honey 9aha-pom, n(n type nepd)la.* 

honey-gatherer hsa9 9aha-pom, agn: vphr(tv & n/n & 

ncpd/cpd)5. 

honeycomb muk'ta pom, nphr(aj & n)5. 

honking pi, av. 

honor p'is ta vinik, vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

hoof /an. poss. restricted to third person/: voy, nld. 

hook hiplebal, n3d; hok'leb, nlf. 

fish hook: eakob coy, nphr(nlf of n5). 

/for hanging nets, machetes or hats/: lukuc ten, 

nphr(n type n)la. 

hooked (nose): kotkot, aj. 

hoop karos, nla. 

hoot 9avan, iv. 

hooting 'mil, hu, huh, av. 

(blue-crowned motmot, mexican trogon, citreoline 

trogon): kulkon, av. 

(blue-crowned motmot, russet-crowned motmot): 

ruron, av. 

(motmot): kurkon, av. 

(screech owl): kuskon, av. 

hop (buzzard): lut'lonah, iv. 

hop first on one foot, then the other /dance of 

captain or angel/: helulan nok, vphr(tv // n). 

hop on one foot: koskonih, iv. 

hop on one foot (child): toyilan cak, vphr(tv 

& n4d). 

hopping cub, k'uh, lit', lub, lut\ sok\ tiv, av. 

hopseed bush clammy hopseed bush: bak nil te9, nphr(nphr/ 

aj & n/) type n; bak ten, nphr(aj & n)5; sakil 

bak ten, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sulal na, 


horn /cow, sheep, goat/: sulub, n5.* 

horn of plenty ">at buro con, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); 

9ik'al pila, nphr(aj & n). 

hornbeam hop hornbeam: e*utuh ten, nphr(x type n)5; sakil 

e"utuh te9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 

hornless von, av; vonvon, aj. 

(ram, cow): p'o9-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5; volvol, aj. 

hornworm buluk' sat, nphr(x & n)5.* 

horrible sihil, aj; sil, aj. 

be horrible: sihil 9elan, vphr(aj & iv/3s/); sil 

9elan, vphr(aj & iv/3s/). 

horrified be horrified: 9ibah 9o9on, vphr(iv & n4d); copol 

9a9i, vphr(aj & tv). 

horse ka9, nla. 

race horse: Imnilahel ka9, nphr(agn type n5). 

horsefly ko£, nle. 

horseradish tree hasinto te"), nphr(n type n). 

horseshoe sonob ka9, nphr(n4f of nld). 

hospital respital, n5. 

hostile carry out hostile action against: lok'esbe, tv. 

/when many creditors come to ask for money/ 

(plu): ti9lahetik, av. 

hot las, pus, av; k'ak'al, aj; k'ok', aj. 

"too hot" /coca cola/: k'ok', aj. 

become hot: k'ak'ub, iv. 

become hot (overcooked mustard greens): 

yaub, iv. 

(chili, onion, garlic, radish, black sapote, earwig 

eaten inadvertently when eating infested tortillas): 

ya, aj.


hour 

house 

housebreaker 

how 

however 

howl 

howling 

huddle 

huddled 

huddling 

huffing 

hug 

(food): yail, aj. 

/food, medicine, illness/: k'isin, aj. 

red hot (spit): k'ak'-earan, aj(aj & Ucpd). 

too hot: k'ok', aj. 

9ora, nla. 

na, nla; nail, nle. 

adobe house: samital na, nphr(natt & n)5. 

ceremony for the completion of a new house: 

c'ul-kantela, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

dedicate new house: 'Joe kantela na, vphr(iv/3s/ 

& nphr/n4e of n5/); 9oc limusna na, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n4e of nld/). 

hip-roofed house: cukal na, nphr(natt & n)5; 

vakas na, nphr(n type n)ld. 

hold ceremony for new house: toy na, vphr(tv 

& n4d). 

house with board or pole walls lashed together 

by vines: hit'bil na, nphr(aj & n)5. 

house with opening under eaves: koykoy na, 


palm-thatched house: sanil na, nphr(natt & 

n)5. 

priest's house: na pale, nphr(n4f of n5). 

reside in house of another person: nain, tv. 

ridgepole; ceremony held by house owner 

when the walls are completed and the ridgepole 

is in place: hoi cuk, nphr(n of n)5. 

shingle-roofed house: k'albil teâl na, 

nphr(nphr/aj & natt/ type n)5. 

thatch-roofed house: hobelal na, nphr(natt & 

n)5. 

tile-roofed house: tesail na, nphr(natt & n)5. 

wattle and daub house: pak'bal na, nphr(n type 

n)5. 

wattle house lacking mud: koykoy na, nphr(aj 

& n)5. 

hvok'vaneh ta na, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). 

how can it be?: k'u ca?al, pt & pt. 

how come?: k'u ca?al, ptphr(pt & pt). 

how many?: hay , n(num & nccpd)le; 

hayib, nle; k'u 9epal, nphr(pt & n4f). 

how much?: k'u 9epal, nphr(pt & n4f). 

how?: k'u ca9al, pt & pt. 

informal greeting; how is it?: k'u si, vphr(pt & 

iv). 

however many: hayib, nle. 

(child): me9anah-9ok', vphr(iv & ivcpd). 

(coyote): 9avan, iv. 

9av, 9ok', 9u'>, his, k'e9, k'ek', nek', av.. 

(coyotes): vavlahet, av. 

moc'an ba, rv. 

huddle with arms pressed to body (person) 

/squatting/: lot'an ba, rv; lot'i, iv. 

/in sleep/: muci, iv. 

/sitting/: toman ba, rv. 

mix-', muc, nine*, av. 

be huddled over (sick person): eavi, iv. 

huddled over: moc, av. 

huddled up: voeol, aj. 

huddled with arms pressed to body (person): 

lot'ol, aj. 

sit huddled: voeetah, iv. 

kit', muc, av. 

vos, av. 

mey, tv. 

hug to body /arms/: mue, tv. 

huge 

huipil 

Huistan 

Huistec 

human 

humble 

humid 

humming 

humped 

hunchbacked 

hunched 

hundred 

hung 

hunger 

hungry 

hunt 

hunter 

hunting 

hurl 

hurricane 

hurriedly 

hurry 

hurrying 

hurt 

become huge (stomach of child or pregnant 

woman): vuseah, iv.' 

huge and round (log): vatvat, aj. 

black woolen huipil /worn by woman at weddings 

or in any ceremonial capacity/: cilil, 

n3a. 

ceremonial huipil: 9ik'al k'u9ul, nphr(aj & 

n)la. 

/worn by candle-bearers on Lenten Fridays, 

Wednesday of Holy Week, Maundy Thursday, 

and Good Friday/: sela k'u?ul, nphr(n 

type n)3d. 

Vistan, n5. 

Visteko, n5. 

assume human form: pas ta kriscano, vphr(tv 

& prep & n5). 

human being: kriscano, n5. 

yo, aj.* 

become humid: yasub, iv. 

become humid (earth): yal yasal, vphr(iv & 

n4f). 

(earth): yasal, aj; yos, aj. 

make humid: yasubtas, tv. 

hie', av. 

/restricted to children, i is nasalized/: hihon, 

av. 

become more humped (hump of brahman): 

vuheah, iv. 

p'us, av; p'usul, aj. 

be hunchbacked (person): p'usi, iv. 

hunched over: t'inil, aj. 

hunched over (person): p'usul, aj. 

syen, nle; vo9-vinik, n(num & numcpd)le. 

hung from (Christ on cross): hipil, aj. 

hung up: hok'ol, aj. 

vi9nal, nla. 

feeling gnawing hunger: biet vi9nal, vphr(av & 

n5). 

feeling hunger pangs: k'ut, av. 

mac 9 , mic'. av. 

be hungry: ve9, iv; viinah, iv. 

keep hungry /by depriving of food/: vi9nahes, 

tv. 

hunt down murderer or eloped girl: pasiyanvan, 

iv. 

hunt lazily: pasetah, iv. 

hpasyal, agn; htuk'avil, agn. 

pasy, av; tuk'avil, n5. 

go hunting: bat ta pasyal, vphr(iv & prep & n5); 

pasyah, iv; pasyan, tv. 

hunting dog: heakol, agn. 

hurl to the ground /person/: him yalel, vphr(tv 

& dr). 

9ik'al vo9, nphr(natt & n)5. 

hurriedly and carelessly: vovil , 


hak lok, vphr(tv // n); nikah, iv; nikniktik, iv; 

sabah, iv; sobah, iv; suh, iv; suh ba, rv. 

hurry up: suh, tv; suhsuh, tv(impv). 

hurry up and : naka me , nphr(pt 

& pt & vn5). 

make hurry: suh, tv. 

telling others to hurry up: suhson, av. 

9anilaheb, n4d. 

k'us 9a9i, vphr(aj & tv); k'usub, iv. 

be deeply hurt: k'us ta rios, vphr(aj & prep &

H/I ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 455 

hurtle 

husband 

husk 

hut 

Hyades 

hybrid 

hypomyces 

ice 

identical 

identify 

idle 

idling 

idly 

if 

ignore 

iguana 

iguana 

llama 

ilium 

ill 

ill-advised 

ill-omen 

ill-tempered 

illegitimate 

n5). 

be hurt by: copol 9a?i, vphr(aj & tv). 

begin to hurt: k'usub, iv. 

feel hurt: yan ba oaî, vphr(aj & rpn/3s/ & tv). 

get hurt: lah, iv. 

(cow, bull): vilomah, iv. 

malalil, n3d; mol, nld; molal, n4d. 

an. poss.; husband: vinikal, nld. 

co, tv; k'al, tv. 

corn husk: hohoc', nle.* 

hut used in lowlands: lece-pat, n(aj & ncpd)ld; 

lece-pat na, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 

Hyades; theta 1 and 2, 70, 71, 75, and 79 of 

Taurus: sonob, n5. 

?ivriro, aj. 

red hypomyces: cakat'ob, nld; pisol kelem, 

nphr(n of n). 

T 

I 

bot, nle; taiv, nle. 

ko?ol, aj. 

be identical: ko?olah, iv. 

identical object: ciîlil, n3d. 

p'ehean, tv. 

pocan, aj. 

leave idle during first grinding /metate/: 

kevean, tv. 

(metate): kevel, aj. 

sit idle during first grinding (corn dough, metate): 

kevi, iv. 

sit idle during second grinding (metate): keei, 

iv; keti, iv. 

sitting idle during second grinding (metate): 

keeel, aj; ketel, aj. 

poc, av. 

torn, av. 

live idly: poc, av. 

stand idly: velan ba, rv. 

walk idly: le 1 ? ba, rv. 

mi, pt. 

/condition contrary to fact/: ''uinuk, n4f(contr 

of ">utun). 

even if: lipuk, pt. 

if it is because: tiin, pt(contr of ti & yw>un). 

if it weren't that: mancuk, pt. 

only if: ha") nos kwenta, nphr(pt &/pt contr of 

no & tos/ & n5). 

/wife's love affairs/: c'ay ta e'en sat, vphr(tv & 

prep & n5 & n4d). 

•Jik'al linatab, nphr(aj & n)5; yasal linatab, 


/general term/: linatab, nla.* 

papausa, nla. 

/chicken/: poh cak, nphr(n4f of n4d). 

chronically ill: e'ihe'on ta camel, vphr(av & 

prep & vn5). 

feel ill: cam, iv. 

feel ill at ease: yan ?elan laii, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ 

& tv). 

do something ill-advised: pas sonsoal, vphr(tv 

& n5). 

animal of ill-omen: hpay-camel, agn(tv & 

vncpd). 

copol w?on, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5); pukuh, aj. 

eobbalal, aj. 

(child): 9aboltabil, aj; eobbil, aj. 

illicit 

illness 

image 

imagine 

imitate 

immediately 

immobile 

impaled 

impasse 

impenetrable 

impersonate 

implicate 

import 

important 

imported 

impossible 

impotent 

impounded 

impoverish 

impoverished 

impregnate 

impress 

impressed 

imprison 

imprisonment 

improperly 

improve 

imprudently 

in 

inattentive 

incapable 

incapacitate 

incapacitated 

incense 

have illegitimate child (woman): eob ?ol, 

vphr(tv // n); k'usk'ulta, tv(aj & ncpd); tabolta, 

tv. 

illegitimate child: h9ak'ben-camel, agn(n & 

vncpd). 

decide to do something illicit /elope/: lik hoi, 


sudden fatal illness: i&nil camel, nphr(n type 

vn)5. 

ritual speech, prayer; image: lok'ol, nlf. 

spitting image: cesleh, n4d; cevleh(l), n4d. 

spitting image of: cesel(2), n4d; cevel, n4d. 

euk, tv. 

canbe, tv. 

kahkah, pt. 

become mute and immobile: pumeah, iv. 

dehydrated and immobile (drunk, sick child): 

taki-havan, aj(aj & Pcpd). 

/face up, on side/: taâl, aj. 

(foetus that won't descend): to-einan, aj(aj & 

P/2/ or T/2/cpd). 

(patient): ta7ton, av. 

stretched out and immobile (large snake): pumul, 

aj. 

be impaled: soh ba, tv; sohi, iv. 

(foot on stick): sohol, aj. 

/in dispute/: t'isebal ta be, nphr(n & prep & 

n)5. 

make impenetrable /fence/: pimubtas, tv. 

lok'ta, tv; lok'tavan, iv. 

tilesbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). 

/sickness/ (witch): kuy tal, vphr(tv & dr). 

lek, aj. 

important object or person: htunel, agn. 

tanhero, aj. 

copol, aj. 

render impotent /man/: sikubtas, tv. 

be impounded (river): yuk' ba, rv. 

meântas, tv. 

(sickness): salan, tv. 

eakal, aj; ealbil, aj. 

be impoverished: salk'uh, iv. 

/woman/: t'okanbe 9ol, vphr(tv&n4d); t'ukanbe 

wl, vphr(tv & n4d). 

impress footprint on /fresh adobe/: poe'ean komel, 


(footprint): poe'olik, aj. 

(footprints in mud): samahtik, aj. 

6uk, tv. 

eakel, nld. 


lekubtas, tv. 

(work, working ability): lekub, iv. 

silim, aj. 

k'al, pt; t, prep( contr of ta); ta, prep. 

be inattentive: c'ay-satih, iv(iv & ncpd); c'ay 

sat, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

be incapable: yuftik, iv. 

mee"ta, tv.' 

incapacitate person by magic: yaluvan, iv. 

be incapacitated (person, horse) /by sickness or 

injury/: kom ta sovra, vphr(iv & prep & n5). 

pom, nld; sue', nle. 

/copal/: bek'tal pom, nphr(n type n)la. 

incense tender /woman in charge of incense, 

one for each of elders and stewards/:


inch 

inching 

inchwonn 

including 

incoherently 

incriminate 

incriminator 

incurved 

indebted 

indebtedness 

indecisive 

indeed 

Independence 

Indian 

indian paintbrush 

indifferent 

indigo 

indigo bush 

indigo herb 

indistinctly 

indulgence 

industrious 

industriousness 

inedible 

ineffective 

inertly 

infect 

infected 

inflate 

hcik'-pom, agn(tv & ncpd). 

/when possessed by saint/: pamal, n4d. 

wood incense: te9el pom, nphr(natt & n)le. 

(caterpillar): mueilan ba, rv. 

inch along: huc'uc'ih, iv. 

muc, tiic', av. 

/two varieties; one lowland, one highland/: 

hc'istavaneh, agn.* 

ci9uk, n4b. 

speak incoherently: yan 9al, vphr(aj & tv/3s/). 

talking wildly and incoherently: t'alt'on 9e, 


•?epah, iv; 9epub, iv. 

(cane liquor) /if official cupbearer is lucky/: 

p'ol, iv. 

increase in size (house with addition, corn, 

clothes of growing child): muk'ib, iv. 

cue mulil, vphr(tv & n5); cucbe k'ak'al, vphr(tv 

& n4d); cucbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d); kaheanbe 

mul, vphr(tv & n4d); suhbe k'ak'al, vphr(tv 

& n4d). 

incriminate person: balvan ta mulil, vphr(iv & 

prep & n5). 

incriminate person falsely: balvan ta mulil, 

vphr(iv & prep & n5); bonvan ta mulil, 


incriminate self: cuk ba, rv; k'atp'un, tv. 

hcuc-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). 

(lips): c'obol, aj. 

become indebted: 9oc ta 9il, vphr(iv & prep & 

n5); 9oc ta c'om, vphr(iv & prep & n5). 

make person become indebted: timanvan ta 9il, 


deep indebtedness: con-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

c'ay, av. 

be indecisive: c'ay W)on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

a9a, exel; bi, excl. 

Independence Day /September sixteenth/: k'in 

lisises, nphr(n of n)5; lisises, n5. 

9intyo, n5. 

bot'-hol e'hle.l, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); 

h9ak'-9uc, agn(tv & ncpd); posil balamil, 

nphr(n of n); soltaro pos, nphr(n type n). 

be indifferent: muk' ta 9o9on, nphr(pt/contr 

of mu & yw & -uk/ & prep & n4d). 

wild indigo: k'os sasib, nphr(aj & n). 

yellow indigo bush: c'isal toh e*i9lel, nphr(nphr/ 

natt & n/ type n); muk'tik sat mes, nphr(aj & 


euneun e'ftlel, nphr(aj & n). 

yellow indigo bush: eukum te9, nphr(n type n); 

sat mes, nphr(n of n). 

mesob hoi bakal, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). 

moving indistinctly: bak\ vol. av. 

seek indulgence: k'an pavor, vphr(tv & n5). 

be industrious: basbolah, iv; basbolan, tv. 

basbol, nle. 

become inedible (beans that harden, cabbage 

that becomes bitter when boiled): eeub, iv. 

coriso, aj. 

sit inertly (sick person or chicken): lut'an ba, rv. 

/wound, broken bone/: tekun, tv. 

become infected: eob pohov, vphr(tv & n4e). 

become infected (wound, broken bone): tekuh, 

iv; tekun ba, rv. 

vuces, tv. 

inflated 

influence 

inform 

informer 

informing 

infrequent 

inga 

ingredient 

inhabitant 

inhale 

inherit 

inheritance 

inherited 

inject 

injection 

inquire 

inquiry 

insatiable 

insect 

insensible 

insert 

inserted 

inserting 

inside 

insignificant 

inspect 

inspection 

inspector 

install 

installment 

Instituto 

instrument 

intelligence 

intelligent 

intend 

intensify 

intentions 

/balloon/: puhes, tv; vuc'ta, tv. 

vuc, vuk, av; puhpuh, aj; vucet, av. 

(balloon): vuevue, aj; vukul, aj; vukvuk, aj. 

be inflated: vuc-9ik'ih, iv(iv & ncpd). 

tik'be k'op, vphr(tv & n5). 

gain influence: tam ba, rv. 

inform on: tik* k'ak'al, vphr(tv & n4d); tik' k'op, 

vphr(tv & n5); tik'be k'ak'al, vphr((tv & n4d); 

tik'be mul, vphr(tv & n4d). 

h9al-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd); h9al-mulil, agn(tv 

& ncpd). 

informing against: suhson ta k'ok', vphr(av & 

prep & n5). 

informing against frequently: suhson ta k'op, 

vphr(av & prep & n5). 

hoi, aj. 

become more infrequent (sickness, beating): 

natilah, iv. 

e*erel, n; calon, n; cenek' te9, nphr(n type n). 

article or ingredient mixed with another: kapin, 

n4f. 

9ahval lum, nphr(n4f of n5). 

hik', tv. 

restumentuin, tv. 

res'tumentu, nld. 

inherited land: restumentu 9osil, nphr(n type 

n)ld. 

9ak' 9akusa, vphr(tv & n5); 9ak' 9inteksyon, 

vphr(tv & n5); hul, tv. 

9akusa, nla; 9inteksyon, nla. 

inquire about: beiltasbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f); 

likes k'op, vphr(tv & n5). 

inquire if: 9ic'be k'op, vphr(tv & n4d). 

hoe'hoe' k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. 

be insatiable: k'anolah, iv. 

con, nle. 

any unidentified long-legged insect: cavcav 

con, nphr(aj & n)5. 

be insensible: c'ay 9o9on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

soh, tv; sohbe, tv. 

/penis/: pahbe, tv. 

sohol, aj. 

inserting repeatedly: sohson, av. 

9util, n3f. 

be inside: tik'il, aj. 

inside out: valk'un, aj. 

inside the house: 9ut na, nphr(n4f of nla). 

give insignificant post to: mee'ultas, tv. 

insignificant official post /constable/: mee'ul, 

n4f. 

(midwife): k'el, tv. 

9ilebal, n5; 9ilob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. 

road work inspector: sovrestante, n5. 

cotan, tv. 

install self (shaman): va9an ba, rv. 

/shaman/: va9aneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

center of Instituto Nacional Indigenista /in San 

Cristdbal/: kavanya, n5. 

stringed instrument: vabal, n4f; vob, nld. 

p'ihil, n4d. 

p'ih, aj; p'ihil, aj. 

become intelligent: p'ihub, iv. 

9al 9o9on, vphr(tv // n). 

/quarrel, guilt/: muk'ibtas, tv. 

declare one's intentions /when seeking permission/: 

ham ba, rv.

I/J ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 457 

interest kwenta, nib. 

/financial/: hoi tak'in, nphr(n of n)5. 

interfere tik* ba, rv; tuc' ta be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 

& n5). 

interfere foolishly in dispute: c'am ta be k'op, 

vphr(vphr/tv & prep & n5/ & n5). 

interior interior of (nose, ear, anus): eoh, n4f. 

internode /sugarcane, reed, bamboo/: lakan, n4f. 

interpret 7et'es k'op, vphr(tv & n5); helubtas k'op, 


interrogator /civil authority/: hftc'vaneh ta kompisyon, 

agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). 

interrupt interrupt a person's work: c'aybe k'ob, vphr(tv 

& n4d). 

interrupt conversation or discussion: tuc' ta be 

k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). 

intertwine intertwine one's legs: lae* ba, rv; loe' ba, rv. 

interwoven become interwoven or snarled (hair, thread): 

hal ba, rv. 

intestine small intestine: kaslan bikil, nphr(aj & n)5. 

intestines bikil, nld. 

intimidating be intimidating: •Jak' siiel, vphr(tv/3s/ & vnle). 

into k'al, pt. 

introduced tanhero, aj. 

inverted inverted talk: vala-pat k'op, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ 

type n)5; valk'un cak k'op, nphr(nphr/aj & 

n5/ type n)5. 

investigate investigate a report: likesbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & 

n4f). 

investigation begin investigation: likes k'op, vphr(tv & n5). 

obstruct or prolong an investigation: t'ises ta 

be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). 

pursue an investigation: bae'iltasbe k'oplal, 

vphr(tv & n4f); eaeahesbe k'oplal, nphr(tv 

& n4f); eaeubtasbc k'oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); 


squash an investigation: c'ay ta be k'op, 


inveterate k'es nos, ptphr(x & pt). 

invite invite inside: TOtes, tv. 

involved tik', av. 

become involved in: tik' ba, rv. 

iron nel, tv; nelomah, iv. 

iron weed sakil sitit, nphr(aj & n); sitit, n5. 

ironer hnelom, agn. 

ironical ironical talk: vala-pat k'op, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ 

type n)5; valk'un cak k'op, nphr(nphr/aj & 

n5/ type n)5. 

ironing ironing endlessly: nelnon ta k'uûl, vphr(av & 

prep & n5). 

irresponsible be irresponsible: copol hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

n5). 

irresponsible talk: vovi lo?il, nphr(aj & n)5. 

irrigate pukih, iv; tik'be 9a?lel, vphr(tv & n5). 

irrigated irrigated corn field: cavit, nld. 

irrigation ?ulbal, nla. 

irritable kap, sok, av. 

irritated kap, sok, av. 

is there is: 9oy, n5. 

isn't it isn't: ma'uk, pt. 

it isn't that: yan, aj. 

isolation be in isolation /patient/: cabi, tv. 

in isolation (patient): 5abiet, av. 

issue issue forth: lok\ iv. 

make an issue of: eaeahesbe k'oplal, nphr(tv & 

itchiness 

itchy 

itself 

Ixtapa 

jaguar 

jaguarundi 

jail 

jailed 

jailor 

Jamaica cherry 

jamb 

James 

jammed 

Jane 

jangling 

January 

jar 

jasmine 

jay 

jealous 

jerk 

jessamine 

n4f); eaeubtas k'op, vphr(tv & n5); 

eaeubtasbe k'oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); 


c'ininul, nla. 

bie, av; c'inin, aj. 

become itchy: c'ininub, iv. 

bail, rpn3b. 

Nibak, n5. 

bolom, nle.*; hmuk'ta-totik, agn(aj & ncpd); 

mol bolom, nphr(aj & n)5.*; tikre, n5. 

jaguar tree of St. Sebastian fiesta: te? bolom, 


eahal bolom, nphr(aj & n)5.'; tikre, n5. 

cukebal, n5; cukinebal, n5; cuklebal, n3d; 

cukvan, iv; nac'an ta cukel, vphr(tv & pt & 

vn5); nail cukel, nphr(natt & vnS); net' ocel 

ta cukel, vphr(tv & dr & prep & vn5); suh 

ocel ta cukel, vphr(tv & dr & prep & vn5). 

be put in jail: 'oc ta cukel, vphr(iv & prep & 

vn5). 

buy release from jail: man ba ta tak'in, vphr(rv 

& prep & n5). 

jail person: sihvan ocel, vphr(iv & dr). 

joking speech; jail: pus, nla. 

lead off to jail in pairs: loh ec'el ta cukel, vphr(tv 

& dr & prep & vn5). 

put in jail: ein ta cukel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

throw into jail: cahbe pus, vphr(tv & n5). 

bahal, aj; cukul. aj; mae'al, aj. 

cause person to be jailed: sukvan ta cukel, 


hcukvaneh, agn. 

cis-tc oak', nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n)5; cis-te9 

mut, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ of n); makuliskuat, 

n; muk'ta cis-to lak', nphr: aj & nphr(n/x 

& ncpd/ type n). 

door jamb /of thatch-roofed house/: sinta, 

nla. 

/Cobtik, Vo-)-bie/\ Yek, nld. 

jammed together: sukul, aj. 

Sunkai, nld. 

e*in, av. 

•Jenero, n5. 

water storage jar: tenesa, nla. 

arabian jasmine: sakil nicim to, nphr(nphr/aj 

& n/ type n). 

chile jasmine: k'os pohov 9ak', nphr(aj & 


primrose jasmine: c'aben 9ak', nphr(n type n). 

green jay: hes, nld.* 

magpie jay: 9alperes mut, nphr(agn type n)le.* 

steller jay: hes, nld.* 

unicolored jay: hes, nld. 

white-tipped brown jay: lik'-mut, n(aj & 

ncpd)5; ma9-sat mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type 

n)5. 

be jealous: lit'isah, iv; ?it'isan, tv. 

become jealous: eak ta ît'isal, vphr(rv/3s/ & 

prep & n5). 

pendeho, n5. 

guatemalan jessamine: hic'il ">anal te"\ 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k'os tuil to, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); tuil \xn, nphr(aj & 

n)le.

458 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 J/K 

Jesus 

Jew 

jew s ear 

jicama 

jiggle 

jiggling 

jimson weed 

jingle 

jingling 

job-hunter 

jogging 

John 

join 

joined 

joint 

joke 

joking 

jolting 

Joseph 

Josephine 

jostling 

jouncing 

journey 

joust 

jousting 

jubas bush 

Judas 

orange jessamine: ?ik'al te9, nphr(aj & n)5; bik'it 

-Jik'al te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k'os" tuil 

te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); tuil te9, nphr(aj 

& n)le. 

/infr, recently adopted/: Cus, nld. 

Jesus Christ: hesu-kristo, n(n & ncpd)5. 

Jesus of Nazareth /in side chapel of the Church 

of St. Lawrence, in the Church of St. Sebastian/: 

hc'ul-totik Nasareno, agn: nphr(n/aj 

& ncpd/ type n)5. 

the Risen Jesus /in side chapel of the Church 

of St. Lawrence/: hc'ul-totik Rehirol, agn: 

nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 

each of the outgoing cantors who guards 

Christ from noon on Holy Wednesday to 

the time of the crucifixion on Good Friday 

afternoon: hurio, agn. 

?ik'al cikin hîk'al, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

k'anal cikin h9ik'al, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

agn/). 

cenek' 9ak', nphr(n type n); hikamo, nld. 

(child): neculan ba, rv. 

lee, av. 

eahal c'upak' te 1 ), nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

c'upak' te 1 ?, nphr(n type n); makom 9uc, 

nphr(n of n); posil yerva, nphr(n of n). 

e'inulan, tv. 

/money/: cak'ulan, tv. 

cMn, cak', av. 

hpas-kanal, agn(tv & ncpd); hsa9-9abtel, agn(tv 

& ncpd). 

(person's rear end when carrying a heavy burden): 

solson, av. 

Sun, nld. 

ci9in, tv; nup ba, rv. 

/other group/: nap'an ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

eakal, aj. 

/bones/: e'akavil, n3b; kaâvil, n3d. 

/limb of human or animal/: eakavul, n3a. 

9istol-lo9ilah, iv(n & ivcpd); Io9il, nld; Io9ilah, 

iv; vovi Io9il, nphr(aj & n)5. 

carnival joke: vompa, nld. 

•>istol k'op, nphr(n type n)5; Pistol Io9il, nphr(n 

type n)5; ee9eh Io9il, nphr(vn type n)5. 

lee, pee, av; toylahet, av. 

Cep, nld. 

Cepa, nld. 

pie*-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

Ia9, lee, pec, av. 

sanbal, n5; sanvil, n5. 

go on a journey: bein, iv. 

journey a great distance: tam 9ok, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

/fiesta of St. Sebastian/: can k'obol, vphr(tv & 

n3d). 

red, white and black jousting target for fiesta of 

St. Sebastian: k'oltisya, nld. 

eahal k'ask'as e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

koko9on ve9el cih, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); 

nicim hc'ul-me9tik valalupa, nphr: n of 

nphr(agn/aj & ncpd/ type n); nicim valalupa, 

nphr(n of n); nicimal k'in valalupa, 

nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/); posil cakal, 

nphr(n of n); posil vo9an, nphr(n of n). 

Judas effigy /hung on bell tower on Maunday 

Thursday, burnt at midnight on Holy Sat- 

judge 

juice 

July 

jump 

jumping 

junco 

June 

june 

junior 

juniper 

Jupiter 

just 

justice 

jutting 

Juvencio 

katydid 

keen 

keening 

keening 

keep 

kernel 

kerosene 

key 

kick 

urday/: sutas, nla. 

judge ordinary /terminal post of religious hierarchy/: 

-Jalkalte-s'uves, agn(n type ncpd). 

judge well: nop hun rason, vphr(tv & num & 

n5). 

/Our Savior/: hve9es, agn. 

twenty liter jug: limeton, nla. 

water jug: k'ib, nla. 

water storage jug: 9av 9a9al, nphr(n4f of n4d); 

•)av vo?, nphr(n4f of n5). 

9a9lel, n4f; kalto, nla. 

hulyo, n5. 

/from truck/: sol yalel, vphr(iv & dr). 

jump around (child, colt): Ie9 ba, rv; lev ba, rv. 

jump from branch to branch: c'amuh, iv. 

jump into river: hip ba ta 9uk'um, vphr(rv & 

prep & n5). 

jump over or across: p'itu, tv. 

jump up (one end of board): lecp'uh, iv. 

make jump: p'ites, tv. 

(person, animal, spark, chip of wood or rock): 

p'it, iv. 

c'lm, loc", luc, av. 

(fleas): p'itlahet, av. 

jumping about: Ii9, av. 

jumping about (child, lamb, colt): p'l'ttep'itte ta 

9anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). 

jumping up: kot, av. 

yellow-eyed junco: eieil-9ul, n(unanalyzed 

cpd)5; yukyuk mut, nphr(aj & n5). 

hunyo, n5. 

june bug: kumum, nle. 

june bug grub /turns corn field yellow/: 

k'onom, nle. 

/of men/: rie'uial, n3d. 

9ok'il te9, nphr(n type n)le; k'uk' toh, nphr(n 

type n); nukul pat, nphr(n type n); sipres, n. 

bankilal k'anal, nphr(n type n)5. 

k'ahomal, pt; naka, pt; naka to, ptphr(pt & 

pt); no, pt; no 90s, ptphr(pt & pt); nos, 

pt(contr of no & tos); piiro, pt; solel, pt; to, 

pt; yal, pt; yec, aj. 

had just: naka to 90s, ptphr(pt & pt & pt). 

first justice of the peace: primero 9alkalte, 

agn(nphr/aj & n/). 

justice of the peace: 9alkalte, agn. 

justice of the peace /infr/: hwes, agn. 

jutting out: pec, av. 

/Cobtik/: Uvenso, nld. 

K 

cone-headed katydid: koci9, nla.* 

highland and lowland katydid that makes sudden 

sharp hissing sound at night: pavav, n5.' 

vavetah, iv. 

vav, av. 

vavet ta lok'el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). 

k'eh, tv; nak', tv. 

keep : yak, aj; yakel, aj. 

keep constantly: labal ba, rv(aj 

& rvepd. 

keep overnight: vayubtah, iv. 

satil, n3c. 

kas, nla. 

yave, nla. 

lik ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); luk ta ma-

K/L ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 459 

kicking 

kidney 

kidney wood 

km 

killdeer 

killer 

kilo 

kind(l) 

kind(2) 

kindle 

kindling 

king 

kingbird 

kingfisher 

kinkajou 

kinky 

kiskadee 

kiss 

knead 

kneading 

knee 

knee-cap 

kneel 

kneeling 

knife 

knobbed 

knobby 

hel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); patara, n5; pue* 

ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); puh ta 

tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

/door/: puh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

kick down /corn stubble, fence/: vuk', tv. 

kick in: puh ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

kick out or away: p'ites, tv. 

kick person out or away: p'itesvan, iv. 

kick someone's shins: k'oh ta tek'el, vphr(tv & 

prep & vn5). 

kick wildly (child, drunk, prisoner, epileptic): 

cit'ulan ba, rv; telulan ba, rv. 

(mule): pak' ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

k'uh, lik, av; patara, n5. 

rinyon, nld. 

k'os k'an-te"), nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); yas-te9, 

n(aj & ncpd). 

9ak' milel, vphr(tv & vn5); mil, tv. 

kill person: sukbe komel, vphr(tv & dr). 

kill person (car): nelvan, iv. 

kill self /from overwork, drunkenness, hunger, 

sexual excess/: mil ba, rv. 

kill together: komon-mil, tv(aj & tvcpd). 

/someone on the path/: c'ay ta be, vphr(tv & 

prep & n5). 

mei 9ac'el, nphr(n of n)5. 

/sickness/: hmilvaneh, agn. 

kilo, nla. 

lek won, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d); lek hoi, 

vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

kind of /crime, merchandise, plant or tree/: tos, 

nc. 

eoy, tv. 

hepel let, nphr(aj & n)5; tileb k'ok, nphr(nlf of 

nld). 

rey, n5. 

tropical kingbird: c'ituri9, n5. 

western kingbird: c'ituri 1 ?, n5; pahal pil, nphr(aj 

& n)5. 

belted kingfisher: heak-coy, agn(tv & ncpd); 

htii-coy, agn(tv & ncpd). 

•myuh, n5.* 

(hair, pubic hair): muruc', aj. 

great kiskadee: c'ituri?, n5. 

hue", tv. 

/mud, corn dough, beans/: voe", tv. 

kneading slowly and ineffectually: voeVon, av. 

hoi 9akan, nphr(n4f of n4d); holov ?akanil, 

nphr(nle of n3d); k'uhav, n4f. 

underside of knee joint (person, animal): pakav 

9ok, nphr(n4f of n4d). 

knee-cap: see', nlf. 

kehan ba, rv; kehi, iv. 

kneel and bow low: ca9-pusin ba, rv(num & 

rvcpd). 

kneel at one's feet: kehleta, tv. 

kneel on: kehlebin, tv. 

make kneel: kehan, tv. 

keb, av; kehaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; kehel, 

aj.' 

kneeling place: kehlebal, n3d. 

kucilu. nla. 

with knobbed end (stick): t'omt'om hoi, 


p'o9, av. 

(head, stump of branch): p'ool, aj. 

knock 

knocking 

knot 

knotgrass 

knotted 

knotting 

knotty 

know 

known 

kohlrabi 

labor 

laborer 

Lacandon 

lace 

lacking 

lactarius 

lacy 

ladder 

bahel, nc. 

/head, knee/: k'oh, tv. 

knock around: voe ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & 

vn5). 

knock down /fruit/: lines yalel, vphr(tv & dr). 

knock down /house/: lomes, tv. 

knock each other down (cornstalks, trees in 

wind): vuk' ba ec'el, vphr(rv & dr). 

knock flat /corn/ (wind): vayebin, tv. 

knock on /door/: tih, tv. 

knock out one's tooth: kolesbe ">e, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

knock over: butk'in, tv; vubk'in, tv. 

knock person's teeth out: puk'eanbe, tv. 

knock together (eggs): c'ih ba, rv; t'ih ba, rv; 

t'ihan ba, rv. 

/on door/: kanulan, tv; k'oh, tv. 

k'oh, av. 

knocking down /stubble, weeds/: vuk'von, av. 

knocking suddenly (objects together): t'lhluh, 

av. 

9ak' p'ok, vphr(tv & n4f); moc, tv; mocbenal, 

n4f; p'ok, nib; p'okav, nlf. 

make slip knot: hie-moc', tv(iv & tvcpd). 

/wood/: •msubil, n3f. 

pec'e-9ok hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 

mocahtik, aj. 

become knotted: moc ba, rv. 

becoming knotted (wet rope): mococet, av. 

(rope): p'okp'ok, aj. 

moc, av. 

p'okol, aj. 

become knotty (scar): p'ok ba, rv; p'okeah, iv; 

p'okean ba, rv. 

9ohtikin, tv; e'ak, tv; na9, tv. 

know a person intimately: *»il iown, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

know person's character: 9il won, vphr(tv & 

n4d); 9ilbe Won, vphr(tv & n4d). 

know right from wrong /occurs only in negative/: 

lie' melol, vphr(tv & n4f). 

become known: vinah, iv. 

not known: mu 9a9ibah, ajphr(pt & aj); mu 

9ohtikinbah, ajphr(pt & aj); mu patob 9o9oniluk, 

nphr(pt & nphr/n of n/5). 

kolinabo, n. 

cheap labor: bik'tal h9abtel, nphr(aj & agn)5. 

person assigned to communal labor: takbalal 

vinik, nphr(aj & n)ld. 

h9abtel, agn; hkanal, agn. 

hired laborer: htohbalal, agn. 

person who goes to coffee ranch as a laborer: 

hpinkahel, agn. 

hnatikil hoi, agn(aj & n)5. 

/coffee/: kap, tv. 

be lacking full amount (nixtamal in pot): kayet, 

av. 

orange-brown lactarius: eahal deceval 

san-antres, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & 

ncpd/); canal cikin, nphr(aj & n); eahal yuy 

cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k'anal mana 

9ok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/). 

(badly-eaten leaves): tulul, aj. 

moc te9, nphr(n type n)la; muyebal, n3d; tek'-


laden 

ladies' tresses 

ladina 

ladino 

ladle 

Lady 

lady 

lady slipper 

laid 

lake 

lamb 

lambast 

lame 

obal, n3a. 

become laden with fruit (branch): cohan, tv. 

ladies' tresses ,: 9ok' vakas, nphr(n4d of n5). 

9at e"i? e'iilel, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n; 

9uc'ul vo9al ton, nphr(nphr/x type natt/) 

type n; k'anal pec'e-9ok, nphr(aj & n/aj & 

ncpd/); k'anal tub cil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/); k'os tub cil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

nicim hoh, nphr(n of n); nicim rios, 

nphr(n4f of n5). 

hsinulan, agn. 

hkaslan, agn; larino, n5; ron, n5. 

ladino living on lowland farm: rancero, agn. 

lowland ladino: kasero, agn. 

ladle off /juice from pot if it is too full/: kay, 

tv. 

Our Lady of Carmel /in side chapel of the 

Church of St. Lawrence/: hc'ul-me9tik Karmen, 

agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 

Our Lady of Fatima /in Naben Cauk/.: 

hc'ul-me?tik Fatima, agn: nphr(n/aj & 


Our Lady of Guadalupe/picture in nave of 

the Church of St. Lawrence, picture and image 

in church of Naben Cauk, image in 

church of tApas/.: hc'ul-motik Valalupa, 


Our Lady of Sorrows/in nave of the Church 

of St. Lawrence/: hc'ul-meotik Lolores, agn: 


Our Lady of the Assumption /in Ixtapa/: 

hc'ul-me7tik 9Aneansyon, agn: nphr(n/aj & 


Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception /in 

side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: 

hc'ul-me9tik Purisima, agn: nphr(n/aj & 


Our Lady of the Nativity /in side chapel of 

the Church of St. Lawrence/: hc'ul-me9tik 

Nativirat, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 

Our Lady of the Rosary /in nave of the 

Church of St. Lawrence, two in Voi-bie./: 

hc'ul-me9tik Rosario, agn: nphr(n/aj & 


hmeme9tik, n4d. 

grand Spanish lady /major player of the fiesta 

of St. Sebastian who was the ensign-bearer 

of St. Lawrence of the previous year/: 

muk'ta hsinulan, nphr(aj & agn). 

petty Spanish lady /major player of the fiesta 

of St. Sebastian who was the ensign-bearer 

of St. Dominic of the previous year/: bik'it 

hsinulan, nphr(aj & agn) 5. 

pueul, nla. 

laid back (ear of mule, deer or rabbit): 

moc'ol, aj; muc'ul, aj. 

nab, nle. 

mimi9, nld. 

voc'van ta ?utel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). 

lambast each other: voc' baik ta lutel, vphr(rv 

& prep & vn5). 

koso, aj; pehk'un, tv. 

become lame: lcosoib, iv; lit'eah 9ok, vphr(iv & 

n4d). 

/chicken/ (boy with slingshot): lit'p'unbe 9ok, 

lamp 

lance pod 

land 

landing 

landslide 

language 

lantana 

lantern 

lap 

lapping 

lard 

large 


permanently lame: pehpeh, aj. 

with lame foot /heel raised/: lit'lif, aj. 

with lame leg: peh-9ok, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

petroleum lamp: 9avkas, nphr(n4f of nla); kantil, 

nla. 

eo9 sulem te9, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 

9osil, nla; balamil, nla. 

all land during dry season when animals may 

roam freely: kolem balamil, nphr(aj & n)5. 

broad plot of land: hamal 9osil, vphr(aj/pred/ 

& nld). 

communal land: kolem balamil, nphr(aj & n)5. 

dry land: taki-balamil, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

eroded land: havaltik, n5. 

fallow land: eeil 9osil, nphr(aj & n)5. 

heavily-timbered land: mol 9osil, nphr(aj & n)5. 

humid or green stretch of land: yasaltik, n5. 

inherited land: matanal 9osil, nphr(n3d type 

n5); rasyon 9osil, nphr(n of n)ld; restumentu 

9osil, nphr(n type n)ld. 

land for sale: conbalal 9osil, nphrfaj & n)5. 

land title of entire municipality: titola, n5. 

land with bushes only: vac'tik, n5. 

plot of land 100 x 25 arm spans or 50 x 50 arm 

spans, or land on which 1 liter of seed corn 

can be planted: tavlon, nla. 

purchased land: manbalal 9osil, nphr(aj & n)5. 

rented land: lok'balal 9osil, nphr(aj & n)ld. 

uninhabited land: c'ihet balamil, vphr(av & n5). 

useless land: c'ahil balamil, nphr(aj & n)5. 

cep, av. 

landing suddenly (blow on face): noc'lih, av. 

landing suddenly in pile (clothes, person): 

vodih, av. 

cause landslide: tue'ean yalel, vphr(tv & dr); 

tuc'ean, tv; tuc'es, tv. 

k'op, nld. 

eahal c'il vet, nphrfaj & nphr/n of n/); c'il-te"? 

vet, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); c'il vet, nphr(n 

of n); muk'ta c'elop vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

of n/). 

orange lantana: c'elop vet, nphr(n of n); 

c'il-tei vet, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); c'il vet, 

nphr(n of n); c'is c'il-te9 vet, nphr: aj & 

nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); muk'ta c'il-te9 vet, 

nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); muk'ta 

c'il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); vo9tus 

e"i9lel, nphr(n type n). 

white lantana: 9ik'al sat e'Mel, nphr(nphr/aj & 

n/) type n; bot'-hol c'frlel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type n); c'elop vet, nphr(n of n); c'il-te9 vet, 

nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); posil k'ak'al sik, 

nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/); sakil c'il vet, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); ten-hol pos, 

nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 

wild lantana: 9alavena e'iilel, nphr(n type n). 

k'ok', nld; likem k'ok', nphr(aj & n)ld. 

c'util, n3b. 

k'eb, av. 

lapping at top: has, av. 

hup'en, n4e; mantikat, nla. 

vas, av; mol, aj; muk', aj; muk'ta, aj. 

be large (cow): tae'i, iv. 

be large (horse, cow): vask'uh, iv. 

become large (tree trunk): yihub, iv.

large-hipped 

Larrai'nzar 

larynx 

lash 

lashed 

lashing 

lasso 

last(I) 

last(2) 

latch 

late 

later 

Latin 

latrine 

laugh 

laughing 

laundress 

laundry 

laurel 

Lawrence 

lawyer 

lawyer's wig 

lay 

become large and round (buttocks of girl): pis 

ba, rv. 

(corn kernels): pehahtik, aj. 

(cow): tae"al, aj. 

disproportionately large (head, end of log): vanvan, 

aj. 

erect large /house/: vasean, tv. 

(headed): p'o9ol, aj. 

(house, truck, horse, cow): vasal, aj. 

(house, woman): lic'il, aj. 

large and floppy (ear of mule, dog or cow): 

pok'ol, aj. 

large and ripe (watermelon squash, cushaw, 

summer squash): t'ihil, aj. 

(tassel): pueul, aj. 

cunul cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

(woman who is no longer a virgin): cuyul cak, 

vphr(aj & n4d). 

San Andres Larrai'nzar: San-antres, n(aj & 

ncpd)5. 

be 7ik'il, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

lash with vines /house and walls, corral, fence/: 

hit', tv. 

/roof pole/: cuk, tv. 

/roof purlin to rafter/: mit', tv. 

/rope/: e"ot, tv. 

(roof poles): cukul, aj. 

hit', av; hit'benal, n4f. 

luk-bain, tv(tv & ncpd); luk ba, rv; luka, tv; 

riata, nla; sohbe 9ak'il, nphr(tv & n4d). 

last for a long time (corn): nitvan, iv. 

(time): bat, iv. 

the last /person in line/: ta patil, nphr(prep & 

n5). 

"Jaltavo, nle. 

(fiesta with movable date): toyol, aj. 

grow late /at night/: nasub, iv. 

late at night /10-11 p.m./: nas 9ak'ubal, nphr(aj 

& n5). 

late in the afternoon: mal sa, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

pt); mal sa k'ak'al, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt & n5); 

malet k'ak'al, vphr(av & n5). 

taval, pt. 

latin, n5. 

k'ablebal, n3d. 

ee?in, tv.' 

laugh at: ee?inta, tv. 

•?ah, av. 

hcuk'vaneh, agn. 

cuk'omil, n3d. 

wooden laundry tray: hayil te 1 ?, nphr(natt & 

n)la. 

bush laurel: 9asus eis 9uc, nphr(n type nphr/n 

of n/); bae*i eis 9uc, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

eis ?uc, nphr(n of n)lf. 

Lol, nld. 

/Indian/: hmeleaneh-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). 

/ladino/: lesinsaro, agn. 

/native/: hk'opohel, agn. 

bush laurel: sakil balahtik ?at ka">, nphr: aj & 

nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). 

/egg/: tonin, iv. 

/eggs/ /around the yard rather in nest/: hiian, 

tv. 

lay across /wood when piled/: kahi, iv. 

lay back (ear of mule or dog): yob ba, rv. 


layer 

laying 

laziness 

lazy 

lead 

lead tree 

leading 

leads 

leaf 

leaf cup 

leaf flower 

leafless 

league 

leak 

leaking 

leant 1) 

lay back /ear of mule or dog/: yoban, tv; 

yobean, tv; yub, tv ; yuban(l), tv. 

lay back /ear of mule/: yubean, tv. 

lay back /ears of angry mule/: moc'an, tv; 

muc'an, tv. 

lay back /ears of mule, deer or rabbit/: 

muc'ilan, tv. 

lay down /baby/: k'ecan, tv. 

lay down /baby, log/: puc'an, tv. 

lay egg: toninah, iv. 

lay egg /in bushes/: c'ayomah, iv. 

lay egg on: toninta, tv. 

lay on its side /cow for slaughtering, sheep for 

shearing/: vuban, tv. 

lay out /dead rabbit/: sac'an, tv. 

lay person low (sickness): pak'eanvan, iv. 

/hen/: htoninom, agn. 

laying back (ears of mule): yublahet, av. 

shiver and shake while laying egg: hub, tv. 

shivering and shaking while laying egg: hubbon, 

av. 

c'ahil, n4a; c'ahubel, vn5; haraganil, n4d. 

male speech; laziness: kobelal, n4d. 

c'ah, aj; c'ahil-'Jat, n(aj & n)5; ploho, aj; poclan, 

a 

J- 

/Cobtik/: cehel, aj. 

become lazy: c'ahub, iv; c'ahubtas ba, rv; plohoib, 

iv. 

make lazy: c'ahubtas, tv. 

•Jak' punto, vphr(tv & n5). 

/horse/: beiltas, tv. 

lead away: lik' ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

lead equally: komon-9ik', tv(aj & tvcpd). 

lead person across /river/: helubtasvan, iv. 

/mule/: sac', tv. 

/mule, drunk/: nit, tv. 

/person/ /with hand or holding onto horse's 

rope when crossing river/: nitvan, iv. 

•>olnob, nla; bae'i 9olnob, nphr(aj & n)5; 

eahal TOlnob, nphr(aj & n); paka9 ">olnob, 


leading away here and there /stolen animals/: 

ni'ttenitte, av. 

seek leads to: eaeahesbe k'oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); 

eaeubtasbe k'oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); eanesbe 

k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). 

lanal, n4f. 

new leaf: "Junen ''anal, nphr(aj & n)4f. 

bik'it k'ail, nphr(aj & n); k'os k'ail, nphr(aj & n); 

muk'ta k'ail, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta sun, 

nphr(aj & n). 

eahal k'ol-k'os, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); eahal 

to, nphr(aj & n); k'ol-k'os, n(x & ncpd)la; 

k'ol-k'os moletik, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ of n); 

posil cin, nphr(n of n); sakil k'ol-k'os, 

nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); veêl sak-£'ut mut, 

nphr: n4d of nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 

become leafless (forest in dry season): cah, iv. 

lying with leafless branches (trees, undergrowth): 

caval, aj. 

reva, n5. 

9a£' lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). 

(house): e"uh, iv. 

(pot, house): fee', iv. 

•?ac\ av. 

e'e^'uh, iv.

462 

lean(2) 

leaning 

leapfrog 

leaping 

learn 

leash 

least 

leather 

leathery 

leave 

leaving 

led 

leek 

left(l) 

left(2) 

leftover 

lean against: kikan, tv; kiklebin, tv. 

lean against (person, bottle, hoe): kiki, iv. 

lean against person /husband leaning against 

wife to be deloused/: iak' ba ta k'ecel, 

vphr(rv & prep & vn5). 

lean far out: lip'an ba, rv. 

lean far to side (head of baby improperly tied 

on back): yOp'uh, iv. 

lean forward: yoc ba, rv. 

lean to one side (mule to prevent proper loading): 

ke9ean ?ok, vphr(tv & n4d); koi 7ok, 


lean to one side one after another (many 

mules): keânkoan •'ok, vphr(tv & n4d). 

make lean /unsteady fence, wall/: veck'un, tv. 

sap'sap', aj. 

be leaning far out (person): lip'i, iv. 

leaning against (standing person, tree, firewood): 

kikil, aj. 

leaning far out (person, tree): lip'il, aj. 

leaning far to side (head of baby improperly 

tied on back, ear of corn): yoyo, aj. 

leaning over backwards suddenly: yakluh, av. 

leaning place: kiklebal, n3b. 

leave leaning /partially cut tree/: va'Jan komel, 


(sitting person): efeiel, aj. 

hetobtaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; p'itueh-bail, 

vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

play leapfrog: p'itu baik, rv. 

(water over rock): t'islahet, av. 

can, tv; p'ihub, iv. 

learn from: canbe, tv. 

learn how: canbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). 

learn the proper way: canbe melol, vphr(tv & 

n4f). 

learn to behave: canbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). 

/loom/: 9akan holobil, nphr(n4f of n3d). 

at least: lipal, pt. 

/sandal, shoulder bag/: nukulal , nphr(n 

type n). 

untanned leather: eeil nukul, nphr(aj & n)la. 

(burnt flesh): taki-votan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). 

9ak' komel, vphr(tv & dr); likta, tv; komean, tv; 

komes, tv; toe ec'el, vphr(iv & dr). 

leave behind /on path/: komean baik, rv; 

komes baik, rv. 

leave person behind: 9ec'-hel ta be, vphr(tv/iv 

& tvcpd/& prep & n5); vecanvan komel, 


leave person in the lurch: sok'anvan komel, 


leave stretched out (murderer): cevan komel, 


leave word: ham ba, rv. 

leaving and taking nothing (wife returning to 

parent's home): tanton ec'el, vphr(av & dr). 

being led: nit, av. 

tuis, nla. 

left hand: e*et, nld; surto, nle. 

be left; kom, iv. 

be left behind: kom, iv. 

be left over: kom, iv. 

sovra, aj. 

/food/: komen, n4e. 

/food, drink/: sovra, nla. 

ANTHROPOLOGY 

leftovers 

leg 

legend 

lend 

length 

lengthen 

Lenten 

lentinus 

lessen 

let(l) 

let(2) 

let(3) 

letter 

lettuce 

lettuce tree 

level 

leveled 

lever 

liar 

licentious 

licentiousness 

lick 

licking 

lid 

lie(l) 

lie(2) 

/ NUMBER 19 

/restricted to fruit/: bik'tal, n4f. 

kecelil, n3b; muinat, nld. 

/human/: wkanii, n3b. 

leg bone: teiel âkanil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

leg of beef or pork: hekel(l), n4f. 

/person, pants, chair, table/: lokol, n3b. 

?antivo k'op, nphr(n type n)5. 

lend house: 9olintas, tv. 

natil, n4b. 

/parcel of land/: ?okol, n3b. 

natubtas, tv. 

(day): natih, iv. 

lengthen pack line: sac' îkae, vphr(tv & n4d). 

Lenten Fridays: byernestik, n5. 

scaly lentinus: tahcuc, nla. 

(pain): cop, iv; copah, iv. 

(pain, frost, rain): yoc, iv. 

(rain): yam ba, rv. 

(sickness): •me'ue'ib, iv; hutukah, iv. 

(sickness, work): hutukib, iv. 

iak', tv. 

let off people (car): yalesvan, iv. 

/blood/: bah, tv. 

let up: cop, iv; copah, iv. 

vun, nla. 

lecuka, nla. 

krus c'is, nphr(n type n). 

eal, tv; pol, tv. 

carpenter's level: nivel, nla. 

/ground/: pac'alubtas, tv; pas ta pac'al, vphr(tv 

& prep & aj). 

/land/: pas ta pareho, vphr(tv & prep & aj). 

level with stick /corn in measure/: hasbe vara, 

nphr(tv & n5). 

lebel, aj. 

(forest): t'abal, aj. 

palanka te^, nphr(n type n)la. 

h9epal-hol, agn(aj & ncpd); hnop-k'op, agn(tv 

& ncpd). 

karanyon, aj. 

licentious person: loko, n5.* 

loko, nle. 

lek', tv. 

lek', av. 

mak p'in, nphr(nlf of nld). 

(baby): k'eci, iv. 

(corpse during wake): tue*i, iv. 

(dying insect): nusan ba, rv. 

lie down: patan ba, rv; puc'etah, iv. 

lie down (person, mammal): puc'an ba, rv. 

lie down briefly /to sleep/: meean ba, rv. 

lie down on side (fat pig, drunk): vuban ba, rv. 

lie face down on: patlebin, tv. 

lie face up: havan ba, rv; havi, iv. 

lie on: puc'lebin, tv. 

lie on (tortillas on griddle): lomi, iv. 

lie on bare ground: bani, iv. 

lie on one's back: 9ecan ba, rv. 

lie on one's side: e'oan ba, rv. 

lie together (logs, stones, eggs): loti, iv. 

lie uncovered (drunk): bani, iv. 

lie upside down: nuheah, iv. 

(rope, tripe, wire, chain, clothing): losi, iv. 

(wood, sugarcane): meei, iv. 

euk, tv; coiel, vn5; nop-k'op, n(tv & ncpd)5; 

nop ?u l mn, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); nop k'op, 

L

lies 

life 

life-span 

lift 

lifting 

light(l) 

light© 

lightning 

lights 

like 

likeminded 

lilac 

lily 

vphr(tv & n5); yec nop, vphr(aj & tv); ye£ 

pas, vphr(aj & tv). 

lie that has been told: nopbil k'op, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

pure lies: nopnop-k'op, n(tv & ncpd)5. 

kusleh, n4d; kuslehal, n4d. 

cut person's life span (owl, tree alligator lizard, 

cricket): pukuhtavan, iv. 

shorten person's life span (person, snakes or 

tree alligator lizards that have been wounded 

but not killed): yaluvan, iv.* 

complete life-span /if deal is made with the 

earth lord/: e'aki, iv. 

likes, tv; tarn, tv; toe, iv; toy, tv. 

be able to lift head (sick baby): toy sat, 


lift /woman's/ legs for sexual intercourse: 

toybe 9ok, vphr(tv & n4d). 

lift head /above water/: nac'ean lok'el hoi, 

vphr(tv & dr & n4d). 

lift object with handle or by edge /table, chair, 

empty demijohn, basket/ /in hand, on arm/: 

lik, tv. 

lift person: toevan, iv. 

lift self off seat: toe ba, tv. 

lift up on: muyes, tv. 

lift up or out /burden, rock, full basket or demijohn, 

chair/: toe, tv. 

lift up skirt or tunic /when defecating/: valk'un 

cak, vphr(tv & n4d). 

lift with tweezers or tongs: loe 1 , tv. 

make /northeaster/ lift /by eating watermelon 

squash or chicken, by drinking cane liquor, 

by dying/: toyes, tv. 

(northeaster): toy, iv; toyetah, iv. 

toy, av. 

k'ak'al, n4f; k'ok', nld; lus, nle; sak, aj. 

/fire/: tiles, tv. 

/fire, match, lamp/: ean, tv. 

/lantern, torch, etc./: satil, n3c. 

/torch/: suc'a, tv. 

sipson, av. 

heat lightning /during rainy season/: sak-eeul, 

n(aj & ncpd)le.* 

lightning bug: kukay, n5.' 

thunder and lightning, inan. pos.; scaukal (or) 

scaukilai: cauk, nle.* 

/lungs/: pue, nld; puean, nld; pueue, nld; pusan, 

nla; pusuk', nla; sot'ot', nld. 

cak k'u ca?al, ptphr(pt & pt & pt); k'u ca9al, pt 

& pt. 

be like: 9elan, iv. 

like that: ha 1 ) yec, ptphr(pt & pt); lei, aj; yec, aj. 

look just like: cevel, n4d. 

fakwerto, n5. 

wild lilac: 9ik'al pomos, nphr(aj & n); sakil pomos, 

nphr(aj & n); sakil te9, nphr(aj & n)le. 

calla lily: kartuco, nla; kartuco nicim, nphr(n 

type n). 

day lily: k'anal 9asasena, nphr(aj & n). 

easter lily: bac*i 9asasena, nphr(aj & n). 

mexican tiger lily: hoi koy, nphr(n of n); k'os 

koykoy, nphr(aj & n); ve?el mut, nphr(n of n). 

zephyr lily: 9ik'9ik'-lo9an nifrm hoh, nphr(aj/ 

aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n of n/); nic hoh, nphr(n 

of n); sakil nic hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 


lime(l) 

lime(2) 

limestone 

limp 

limping 

line 

lined 

lining 

lintel 

lion 

lip 

lips 

lipstick 

liquid 

liquor 

listen 

n/); sakil nicim hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/). 

lelamonis,nla; te9el 9elamonis,nphr(natt & n). 

sweet lime: civo lima, nphr(n type n); c'ulul 

lima, nphr(aj & n); has-cu9 lima, nphr(n/aj & 

ncpd/ type n); lima, nla; lima hmalalena, 

nphr(n4d of agn); naranha lima, nphr(n type 

n); pimil pat lima, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); 

toel lima, nphr(n of n). 

sweet lime . Same as: civo lima, nphr(n type 

n); lima hmalalena, nphr(n4d of agn). 

tan, nla. 

lime burner /Chamula, Paste 1 }, nElan Vot/.: 

hcik'-tan, agn(tv & ncpd). 

lime used for covering griddle: ve9balal tan, 


lime water /for nixtamal/: tanil vo9, nphr(aj & 

n)la. 

k*a9al ton, nphr(n type n)5; sakil ton, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

lus, av; ke9 9ok, vphr(tv & n4d); koskonah, iv; 

lit'lonah, iv; pehponah, iv. 

cause to limp (person): peh ta mahel, vphr(tv & 

prep & vn5). 

(dead chicken or person): mahal, aj. 

make limp /chicken with rock/: kehk'un, tv. 

ke?, kos, lip', lit', lus, peh, av. 

limping about: sottesotte, av. 

/for playing marbles/: raya, nle. 

form long line: cihan ba, rv. 

forming a line (moustache): melel, aj. 

in a long line (people): hit'il, aj. 

in line: col, av. 

in line (religious officials, soldiers): colol, aj. 

in long line: hit', av. 

line up: col, tv; col ba, rv; coli, iv. 

/separating ribs of cushaw/: polav, n4f. 

lined up close together (beans in pods of kamela 

cenek' or scarlet runner bean): laeal, aj. 

lining up: lac. av. 

door lintel: 9umpral, nle. 

mountain lion: leon, nla. 

9anal 9eal, nphr(n4f of n3d); 9anal mil 9eal, 

nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n3d/); pak'al 9eal, 


lip sore: p'otbenal, n3d. 

9anal 9eal, nphr(n4f of n3d); 9anal ti9il 9eal, 

nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n3d/). 

touch lips to /without drinking/ /bottle, shot 

glass/: nup, tv. 

put on lipstick: bon ba, rv. 

vo9, n5. 

with liquid covering: pem, av. 

with small amount of liquid covering bottom of 

container or well: pemel, aj. 

cane liquor: 9avariente, nla; e'uhulal, n4f; pos, 

nla; trago, nla. 

cane liquor flavored with nance fruit or hog 

plums: mistela, nla. 

cane liquor that has been received as gift and is 

poured into bottle to be drunk later: c'amem 

vo9, nphr(aj & n)la. 

large glass of cane liquor /served at steward's 

entrance into his office and at veneration of 

his coffer/: presko, nla. 

9a9i, tv.


listening 

listless 

listlessly 

liter 

litigant 

litter 

little 

live 

liver 

lizard 

load 

loafer 

loan 

lock 

locked 

locust 

lodging 

log 

long(l) 

listen attentively or respectfully: nihan ba, rv. 

listen carefully to: cikinin, tv; cikinta, tv; lekil-wi, 


listen respectfully: e'ihan ba, rv. 

c'ih, av. 

listening mutely: e'ihil k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. 

/sick person or chicken/: vaeal, aj. 

?es, vac, av. 

liter bottle: litro, nla. 

hmeleaneh-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd). 

tos, nc. 

/for carrying saints in procession/: 9antas, nle. 

/for corpse/: tern, nla. 

bik'it, aj; k'os, aj. 

a little: hutuk, n5. 

a little /I only/: huteb, num. 

a little bit: hutebal, num5. 

only a little: e"uh, nc. 

naki, iv. 

live at a distance from each other: nom ->il baik, 

vphr(aj & rv). 

sekub, nld. 

blue-bellied lizard: ?okoe, nle.* 

jesus christ lizard: st'er, nla.* 

marsh alligator lizard: canib ">ok, nphrfnum & 

n)le.* 

mexican bearded lizard: me 1 ) 9us, nphr(n of 

n)5.* 

tree alligator lizard: c'is cikin, nphr(n type n)5.* 

whiptail lizard: pads, nle.* 

•>ak' 9ikaril, vphr(tv & n3d); ->ikaeil, n3b. 

load a gun: tik' tuk', vphr(tv & n4d). 

load carefully /gun/: capa, tv. 

/mule/: eelanbe likae, vphr(tv & n4d). 

/tied load of firewood, untied small burlap bag 

of corn/: cep, nc. 

haragan, agn. 

9ak' ta c'amunel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); ink' ta 

k'es, vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

bah, tv; e"ot, tv. 

homemade wooden lock used by Chamulas: 

k'oh te9, nphr(x type n)5. 

(house): e"otol, aj. 

locked up /in box, coffin, house, or pot/: bahal, 

aj. 

k'ulub, nle.* 

lodging for the night: posara, n5. 

take lodging: tenu, tv. 

/light enough to carry/: k'ecob, nla. 

short log: p'asp'as te9, nphr(aj & n)la; p'osp'os 

te9, nphr(aj & n)la. 

kee, tol, av; biebie, aj; e"upul, aj; natil, aj; tintin, 

a jbecome 

long (wool, sheep's coat): tin ba, rv. 

(boy's hair): mokmok, aj. 

(bull testes): cecel, aj. 

carrying long tree: vae'ae', av. 

(face, cushaw): va'va 1 ), aj. 

grow long (legs): natub, iv. 

(hair, legs, rope): nat, aj. 

(house): telel, aj. 

(legs): bisil, aj. 

long and narrow (land, leaf): kilkil, aj. 

long and narrow (plot of land): kieil, aj. 

long and pointed (nose, head, corn kernal): pahal, 

aj. 

long(2) 

long-enduring 

long-faced 

long-legged 

long-lived 

long-necked 

long-nosed 

long-winged 

longing 

look 

look-around 

looking 

loom 

loop 

loose 

long and straight line: kieil, aj. 

long and with rounded corners (stone): k'atk'at, 

aj. 

long hair: mok, av. 

overly long (skirt, cotton or wool tunic): palal, 

aj. 

(piece of meat): sac'al, aj. 

standing on long legs (crab, daddy longlegs, 

harp): caval, aj. 

(tail, child's tunic): tolol, aj. 

too long (shorts, boy's smock, net): hocol, aj. 

walking with long tail: tel, av. 

with long face: pah, av. 

with long straight tail: pal, av. 

with overly long clothes: pal, av. 

long for: k'upih wion, vphr(iv & n4d); pic' "?o- 

?on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

eoe 9o9on, nphr(aj & n4d). 

(dude's mask): pah-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

bis", can, av; bis-âkan, n(aj & ncpd)5; 

can-9akan, n(aj & ncpd)5; cavel, aj; ces, aj. 

(person, pullet): vac'-?akan, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

(pullet): cav-9akan, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

be long-lived: nat 9ora, vphr(aj/pred/ & nld). 

cay, av; eayal, aj. 

(man, pig): e'up-ni'), n(aj & ncpd)5. 

(pig, man): pah-ni"), n(aj & ncpd)5. 

kil-sik', n(aj & ncpd)5. 

longing for hopelessly: bik'bon wion, vphr(av 

& n4d). 

longing unrealistically for something: mak'mon 

9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). 

(parent for dead child): na9non, av. 

k'e, tv(impv/contr of k'eto/). 

look after oneself: k'el ba, rv. 

look around (hen looking for place to lay): halomah, 

iv. 

look at: k'el, tv. 

look at /spectacle, fight, etc./: 9elavta, tv. 

look at oneself: k'el ba, rv. 

look at person out of corner of eye /mockingly/: 

sihvan ta k'elel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). 

look for: sa 1 ), tv. 

look it's this way /demonstrating/: si vi, vphr(pt 

& tv/contr of xavil/). 

look up: toy sat, vphr(tv & n4d). 

take a look: k'el, tv. 

take a quick look at: lab-k'el, tv(n & tvcpd). 

take a quick look at /corn field, person/: labsati, 

tv(n & tvcpd). 

quick look-around: hoyhel, n5. 

looking at merchandise and not buying it or 

selling it: kevet ê, av. 

looking down one's nose: ha 1 ), av. 

looking far off out of corner of eye: sihet sat, 


looking in: nac', av. 

looking in all directions: nac', av. 

looking out of corner of eye /amorously/: sihil, 

aj. 

holobil, n3a.* 

end of loom: eueav, n4f. 

loom bar: bis, nla. 

(vine): luk ba, rv. 

yoc, av. 

(animal): kolem, aj.

loose strife 

loose-tongued 

loosely 

loosen 

looseness 

lop 

lopping 

lopsided 

loquacious 

Lord 

be loose (hair): tini, iv. 

be loose (tooth): veceah, iv; vuy ba, rv. 

become loose (hair): tineah, iv. 

become loose (handle, barrel stave, furniture): 

koc ba, rv. 

become loose (strings of musical instrument, 

sash when person loses weight, tooth): yoc 

ba, rv. 

become loose (strings of musical instrument, 

sash, teeth): yocan ba, rv. 

become loose (tooth, fence post): yocean ba, 

rv. 

become loose (tooth, fingernail, toenail, hoof, 

handle, barrel staves, furniture): koc, iv. 

become loose (tooth, knot, fence post, sandal): 

yoc, iv. 

become loose (tooth, string of musical instrument): 

yoceah, iv; yocp'ih, iv. 

(boards): kackon, av. 

/clothing/: solet, av. 

(coins, small amount of corn at bottom of pot, 

etc.): cahahtik, aj. 

comb and make fly loose /hair/: tinan, tv. 

get loose (animal): kol, iv. 

(girl): palta, aj. 

(hair): tinil, aj. 

loose single woman /spinster, widow or 

divorcee/: komonil, n3f. 

loose woman: hcinin-cak, agn(aj & ncpd)5; 

hc'inin-''at, agn(aj & ncpd)5; hc'inin-mis, 

agn(aj & ncpd)5. 

(sash, cinch, tooth, string of musical instrument, 

hoe head): yocol, aj. 

eie tti(\), nphr(n type n); eueub, n; kwenta 

talel, nphr(n4f of n4d/lp/). 

hamal ?e, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

loosely woven: cahal, aj. 

yocan, tv. 

/barbed wire/ (cattle): vuyan, tv. 

/hair/: tinean, tv. 

/knot/: hiees. tv. 

loosen sash: yoc c'ut, vphr(tv & n4d). 

/strings of musical instrument/: yoca, tv. 

/strings of musical instrument, fence post, 

knot/: yoc, tv. 

/strings of musical instrument, sash, tooth/: 

voces, tv. 

/tooth, hoe handle/: koces, tv. 

/tooth, string of musical instrument/: yocean, 

tv. 

female speech; looseness: •>ila?al, n4d. 

lop off /branches/: vel, tv. 

lop off branches: c'ulbe k'ob, vphr(tv & n4f). 

lopping off: c'ul, av. 

(old basket, fence, mouth when crying, loose 

pants): sovol, aj. 

t'al-?e, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

extremely loquacious: cic, aj. 

loquacious man: pik'is vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. 

overly loquacious person /archaic/: cok'an, n5. 

Our Lord: kahvaltik, n5.* 

Our Lord of Esquipulas /in Chapel of Our Lord 

of Esquipulas, picture and two images in iApas/.\ 

hc'ul-totik ?Iskipula, agn: nphr(n/aj & 


Our Lord who takes account of our daily sins: 


lord 

lordly 

Lorentia 

lose 

lost 

lot 

lots 

loud 

loudly 

loudspeaker 

louse 

love 

lover 

low 

low-lying 

low-roofed 

lower 

lowered 

lowering 

lowing 

lowlands 

lowly 

Lucas 

luck 

lucky 

hpas-k'ak'al, agn(tv & ncpd). 

9ahvalil, n3b. 

earth lord: 9ahval balamil, nphr(n4f of n5); ?anhel, 

agn. 

yo, aj.* 

Lolen, nld. 

c'ay, tv. 

lose all one's money: kastoin, tv. 

lose hair: tuleah, iv. 

lose one's soul: kom, iv; komes ba ta balamil, 


lose one's virginity (woman): ham, iv. 

lose out: c'ay, iv. 

lose possessions (drunk): c'ayomah, iv. 

c'ay em, aj. 

be lost in thought: k'opoh 'Won, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n4d). 

become lost: c'ay, iv. 

get lost (animal): vee' ba, rv. 

having lost one's clothes /drunk at fiesta/: salal, 

a lot of: 9ep, aj. 

lots of: 9animal, aj. 

eoe, aj. 

flapping loudly (rooster's wings): t'ast'on, av. 

9ok'el tak'in, nphr(vn type n)5; tnok'esnomtak'in, 

agn(vn & ncpd). 

/archaic/: cikin tak'in, nphr(n of n)5. 

9uc\ nla; sak-c'akil, n(aj & ncpd)la. 

bird louse: sayton, nle. 

dog louse: sayton, nle. 

k'an, tv. 

be in love: nup ânima ba, vphr(tv/3s/ & 

nphr/n4d & rpn/); nup c'ulel ba, vphr(tv/3s/ 

& nphr/n4d & rpn/). 

be madly in love: vovi, iv. 

lover of a long time's standing: marcante. 

nld. 

male lover /occurs only with an. poss./: hmul. 

agn. 

•Jametah, iv. 

become low: pek'i, iv. 

(chair, table, roof, tree, clouds, low-flying plane, 

number, fruit): pek'el, aj. 

(hill): butbut, aj. 

(hip-roofed house lacking tall center post): potpot, 

aj. 

low and heavily foliaged (tree): peepee, aj. 

low and high-priced: yalel toyol, ajphr(aj & aj). 

(fog): c'etet, av. 

(mist): pak'al, aj. 

(cave): kuhkuh, aj. 

place at lower level: pek'elubtas, tv. 

/price/: eules, tv; yales, tv. 

(river, foam of boiling broth): yam, iv. 

(eye lids): nihil, aj. 

with lowered head: cin, av. 

lowering in banks: lae, av. 

9am, av. 

TOlon 9osil, nphr(n type n)5; k'isin losil, nphr(aj 

& n)5. 

yo, aj. 

Lukas, nld. 

9ora, nla; 9orail, n4d. 

bad luck: eahal 9ora, nphr(aj & n)5. 

be lucky /finding object on path, buying article

466 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 L/M 

lucrative 

lukewarm 

lump 

lumpy 

lunging 

lurching 

lustful 

Luz 

lying 

lymphatic 

for low price/: lek 111, vphr(aj & tv). 

be lucrative (corn or beans that are bought and 

sold at a profit): man ba, rv. 

k'un-yaman, aj(aj & T/2/cpd); yamal, aj. 

form lump (sickness in body): volan ba, rv. 

in lump (mud, corn dough): pic'il, aj. 

lying in lump: pic', av. 

make lump /mud, lime, corn dough, corn and 

bean tamale/: pic', tv. 

sit in lump (corn dough, mud): pic'i, iv. 

with a lump in one's throat: tonon tal 9o9on, 


(cakal, voian, goiter): p'o9ol, aj; vo9ol, aj. 

feeling lumpy: pit, av. 

coy, av. 

Ink, av. 

be lustful: pas hamparoal, vphr(tv & n5). 

/infr/: Lus, nld. 

ces, cev, mec, pak\ poc, puni, p'as, av. 

approaching and lying down: patat, av. 

be lying down (person, log): pumi, iv. 

be lying down (person, mammal): puc'i, iv. 

be lying down on side (fat pig, drunk): vubi, iv. 

be lying on side (cow that is being slaughtered): 

tobi, iv. 

(clothing): pak'al, aj. 

(corpse during wake, dog lying on stomach): 

tue'ul, aj. 

/dead dog, leafy branches/: cevet, av. 

(flat object; corn husk, sandal, flattened carcass 

or tin can, hat, basket on side, wide leaf): 

pocol, aj. 

(hat, flattened can, basket on side): poci, iv. 

(log): cunul, aj. 

lying down: puc', av. 

lying down (dog, tiger): patal, aj. 

lying down (person, mammal, tree trunk): 

puc'ul, aj. 

lying down (person, pig, baby, log, cow): pumul, 

aj. 

lying flat (patient, sleeper): k'iil, aj. 

lying on: kali, av. 

lying on back (drunk): 9ecel, aj. 

lying on ground (dead animal or person, hoe, 

axe, knife, empty burlap bag, sandal, paper): 

pak'al, aj. 

lying on ground (leafy branches): cesel(l), aj. 

lying on side (cow, drunk, pot, water jug): tobol, 

aj. 

lying on side (fat pig, drunk): vubul, aj. 

lying together (many sick or sleeping people): 

tusul, aj. 

lying together (people, houses, animals, pair of 

oxen, testicles): lotol, aj. 

(palm frond): cesel(l), aj. 

(rope, tripe, wire, chain, clothing): loset, av; 

losol, aj. 

(short log): p'osol, aj. 

(wood, sugarcane, knife, scissors, pencil, bottle, 

flashlight): meeel, aj. 

lymphatic gland: nuk'ul, nla. 

macaw 

macawood 

machete 

machine 

mad 

made 

madman 

madness 

madrone 

Magdalene 

maggot 

magistrate 

maguey 

maid 

maize 

make 

maker 

malanga 

malaria 

male 

mallow 

man 

mandibles 

mange 

mango 

manhood 

manikin 

maniple 

mano 

mantis 

M 

/term of address to ladina/: sinyora, n5. 

/term of address to older woman/: me9tik, n5. 

scarlet macaw: mo9oc, n5.' 

lumpisera, n. 

macita, nla. 

double-edged machete: hakapiilga, n5. 

wooden-handled wide-bladed machete used 

formerly: kalanca macita, nphr(n type n)la. 

k'ok', nld. 

/typewriter, tractor, mill/: makina, nla. 

get mad: kap, iv; kap hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). 

go mad: cuvahib, iv; vovib, iv. 

go mad (person, rabid dog): vovi, iv. 

mad dog: hvoviel, agn. 

be made (pot, water jug, griddle, adobe, tile): 

pat, iv. 

cuvah, agn. 

cuvah, nle; vov, nld; vovil, n4b. 

9on te9, nphr(n type n)5; nap'ap' ion te9, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil 9on te 1 ), 


Matal, nld. 

s'uit, nle. 

preserente, agn. 

maguey roaster /Chamula/: hcik'-met, agn(tv 

& ncpd). 

kiarail, n3d. 

9isim, nla. 

meleah, iv; melean, tv; pas, tv. 

/infr/: k'atahes, tv. 

/rocket/: bal, tv. 

/small toasted tortilla/: t'ahes, tv. 

/tortillas, corn liquor, gunpowder/: lok'es, tv. 

charcoal maker /Chamula, PastoÊlan Voi/.: 

hcik'-9ak'al, agn(tv & ncpd). 

mexican malanga: k'os pok'ok', nphr(aj & n); 

pok'ok', nle. 

k'ak'al sik, nphr(aj & n)5; pasmo, nle. 

/mammal, bird/: tot , nphr(n type n)5. 

bik'tal pak' cak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k'os 

pak' cak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pak' cak, 

nphr(n of n). 

false mallow: muk'ta pak' cak, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); muk'tik pak' cak, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); sakil 9uc' mas, nphr(aj & 


rosey globe mallow: e'oban, n. 

wax mallow: 9uc' mas, nphr(n4d of n5); 

e'oban e"i9lel, nphr(n type n); e'oban te9, 

nphr(n type n); k'os e'oban, nphr(aj & n); 

k'os e'oban te9, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

wild mallow: k'anal sat mes, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); muk'ta sat mes, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); sakil sat mes, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); sat mes, nphr(n of n). 

mol, nld; vinik, nld. 

(insect): loe', n4d. 

sep', nle. 

manko, nla. 

vinikal, nld. 

lok'ob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)le. 

9istola, nld. 

k'ob co9, nphr(nlf of nld). 

praying mantis: lub-k'ob, n(aj & ncpd)5; nup'k'ob, 

nphr(aj & ncpd)5.

M ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 467 

many 

many-branched 

marble 

March 

mare 

margay 

Mariano 

marigold 

marimba 

Mark 

mark 

marked 

marker 

market 

marksman 

marriage 

married 

marrow 

marry 

Martin 

Mary 

9ep, aj; 9epal, n4f. 

as many: k'u "?epal, nphr(pt & n4f). 

how many?: k'u 9epal, nphr(pt & n4f). 

however many: k'u 9epal, nphr(pt & n4f). 

so many: tol, aj. 

too many: tol, aj. 

(tree): cihil, aj. 

kanika, nle. 

marso, n5. 

yevas, nla. 

/mule/: mula, nld. 

k'os bolom, nphr(aj & n)5; tikre, n5. 

Maryan, nld. 

aztec marigold: eahal 9aneil vo9tus, nphr(aj & 

nphr/natt & n/); eahal kaslan vo9tus, nphr(aj 

& nphr/aj & n/); eahal kelem vo9tus, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); eahal vo9tus, 

nphr(aj & n); eeb vo9tus, nphr(n type n); 

krem vo7tus, nphr(n type n); k'anal 9aneil 

vo9tus, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); k'anal 

kelem vo9tus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

k'anal poean, nphr(aj & n). 

marsh marigold: bae*i eie, nphr(aj & n); 

eie(l), nla; eieal iul, nphr(natt & n); eieil 

9ul, nphr(natt & n); k'os eie, nphr(aj & n); 

muk'ta eie, nphr(aj & n). 

shrub marigold: eis cauk, nphr(n of n)5. 

wild marigold: kelem voitus, nphr(n type 

n)ld; k'anal kelem votus, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/); k'os kelem vo9tus, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); k'os vo9tus, nphr(aj & n); 

vo9tus 9ulo9, nphr(n of n); vo9tus c'o, nphr(n 

of n). 

mariinpa, nld; musika, nla. 

Mark us, nld. 

9ak'be senya, vphr(tv & n5). 

mark left by pinch: set'ben, n4f. 

mark scratched on wood: kupbenal, n4f. 

9overo, aj. 

/strand of yarn threaded through skin of back 

of chicken's head for identification/: senya, 

nla. 

c'ivit, n5. 

market booth: pwesto, nld. 

htuk'avil, agn. 

have civil marriage: sivilah, iv. 

marriage petition: k'anel nupunel, nphr(vn4f 

of vn5). 

nupulik, aj. 

be married /restricted to past tense/: 9ayan 

?ahnil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); 9ayan malal, 


be married to (girl): lekomin, tv. 

compel to be married: hoc, tv. 

/cow vertebrae/: cinamil pat, nphr(n4f of 

n4d). 

?ik', tv; 9ik' baik, rv. nupun, iv. 

agree to marry each other: k'opon baik, rv. 

(man): 9ahnilin, tv. 

/man/: malalin, tv. 

marry in the church: 9e£' ta pale, vphr(iv & prep 

& n5). 

(woman): malih, iv. 

Mai til, nld. 

Maruc, nld. 

Virgin Mary /in side chapel of the Church of St. 

mash 

mashed 

mashing 

mask 

massage 

massaging 

masseuse 

massively 

master 

masturbate 

mat 

match 

matchstick 

mate 

material 

matrilocal 

matted 

matter 

Matthew 

Lawrence/: hc'ul-me9tik Pasku9, agn: 


/beans and corn with hands to make bean tamales/: 

nib, tv. 

mash with back of spoon /chili, beans, tomato, 

potato/: p'uy, tv. 

mash with spoon /chili/: hu9, tv. 

mashed into sauce (chili): p'uyul, aj. 

/chili, beans, tomato, potato/: p'uyp'on, av. 

mak sat, nphr(n of n)ld. 

misa, nla. 

attend mass: •Jaii misa, vphr(tv & n5). 

celebrate requiem mass: lok' misa, vphr(iv & 

nle). 

requiem mass: misa, nla; misail, n4d. 

wedding mass: misa, nla. 

massage away /chest pain, evil eye/: tus, tv. 

massage pregnant woman's stomach (midwife, 

once a month from fifth or sixth month on): 

pic', tv. 

/rubbing of baby with candles, elderberry 

branches or eggs/: tusel, vn5. 

/with downward motion, or towards extremities/: 

nit, tv. 

massaging away /chest pain/: tuston, av. 

/midwife/: hpic'vaneh, agn. 

9us, av. 

sitting massively (woman): 9usul, aj. 

canbe, tv. 

co9ilan k'ob, vphr(tv // n); vesulan k'ob, 

vphr/tv // n/. 

mat where woman sits: naklebal, n3b. 

old mat on which lazy woman sits: pok'lebal, 

n4f. 

straw mat: papal, n4f; pop, nld. 

straw mat /folded and sewn to make bag for 

storing corn or beans/: parto, nla. 

straw mat in which chaplet is wrapped: papal 

9ual, nphr(nlf of nld). 

straw mat in which salt is wrapped: papal 

9ae*am, nphr(nlf of nld). 

straw mat on which "flowers" for curing ceremony 

are placed: papal nicim, nphr(nlf of 

nld). 

straw mat used to wrap salt cakes: mokan, 

nla. 

/wool, hair/: paean, tv. 

posporo, nla; serio, nla. 

posporo, nla; serio, nla. 

/person, bird, coyote, spotted skunk, sandal/: 

nupul, n4b. 

pok', nla. 

matrilocal residence: tavaneh, vn5. 

ped', te£\ av; tec'ec', aj. 

be matted (hair): pec'i, iv. 

be matted (wool, woman's hair): tec'i, iv. 

become matted (wool): pak' ba, rv; pic' ba, rv; 

ten ba, rv. 

become matted (wool, woman's hair): pe£' ba, 

rv; ted'an ba, rv; tec'eah, iv; tei'ei'ub, iv; 

te^'ub, iv. 

become tightly matted (wool): teneah, iv. 

tightly matted (wool): tenelik, aj. 

(wool): tefel, aj; tenel, aj. 

k'op, nld. 

Matyo, nld.


mature 

maturely 

maul 

May 

may 

may weed 

maybe 

mayor 

mayordomo 

meadow 

meadow rue 

meal 

mean(l) 

mean(2) 

mean-tempered 

meander 

meaning 

meanness 

means 

measles 

measure 

be physically mature (adolescent): tus ba, rv. 

mature physically (tree, child): lin ba, rv; 

lineah, iv. 

act maturely: tales c'ulel, vphr(tv & n4d). 

marso te9, nphr(n type n)la. 

/used to tamp down earth of fresh grave or to 

strike chisel/: marso, nla. 

mayo, n5. 

9oyuk, n5. 

it may be: yik'al, pt. 

maneanilya, nla. 

kik, pt; nan, pt; repente, pt. 

maybe not: mu9n no, ptphr(pt & pt). 

then maybe: ?ui nan, nphr(n4f/contr of Wun/ 

&pt). 

/dignitary who brings salt from Voi-bie to the 

chapel of Lord Esquipulas/: mayol, agn. 

/lowest ranking official of lowest grade of religious 

hierarchy who acts as errand boy and 

policeman for civil authorities/: mayol, agn. 

mayordomo rey /most prestigious official of 

the first level of the religious hierarchy/: 

martomo rey, agn(nphr/n type n/5). 

/religious official of the first level of the religious 

hierarchy, man in charge of waterhole 

renewal ceremonies/: martomo, agn. 

steward of Van-bit: martomo lane, 

agn(nphr/n type n/5). 

yasaltik, n5. 

flat meadow: tenleh, n4f; tenteh, n4f. 

Jama cauk, nphr(n4f of n5); ôilol lama cauk, 

nphr(n type nphr/n4f of n5/); eis cauk, 

nphr(n of n)5; k'os lama cauk, nphr(aj & 


veiel, nld; ve?lil, nle. 

/food eaten with tortilla/: bateb lot, nphr(n4f 

of n4d). 

meal time /noon/: ve?ebal, n3d. 

prepare meal: pas veêlil, vphr(tv & n5). 

9al, tv; k'opoh, iv. 

pukuh, aj. 

become mean: pukuhib, iv. 

(mule): simaron, aj. 

(person): copol 7o7on, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). 

k'ak'et Won, vphr(av & n4d). 

(row of planting): lukilan ba, rv. 

kwenta, nib. 

pukuhil, n4d. 

if it means: mi9n, pt(contr of mi & yw>un). 

sarampio, n5. 

p'is, tv. 

/corn, beans/: p'isomah, iv. 

fifteen liter basket measure: 9almul moc, nphr(n 

type n)5. 

fifteen liter dry measure: bik'it lalmul, nphr(aj 

&n)5. 

five liter dry measure: kwarto, nla. 

measure by armspan /palm strip, tarea/: hava, 

tv. 

measure by handspans /meat, wedding cake, 

clothes/: c'isa, tv. 

measure into twenty warp threads: tuka, tv. 

measure of about twenty-five pounds /flour/: 

9arova, nla. 

one hundred and eighty liter dry measure: hanika, 

nla. 

measurement 

measuring 

meat 

medal 

meddle 

meddler 

medicinal 

medicine 

medium-sized 

meet 

meeting 

melon 

melt 

memorize 

menace 

menacing 

mend 

mendacious 

mended 

menstrual 

menstruating 

menstruation 

mention 

meow 

meowing 

one liter dry measure: kaltera, nla. 

reed or horn measure of gunpowder: karka, 

nle. 

twelve liter dry measure: hanika litro, nphr(n 

type n)5. 

twenty liter dry measure: muk'ta ?almul, 


twenty liter dry measure /formerly a wooden 

box/: litro, nla. 

wooden quarter measure /kwarca lei/: W>, nlf. 

/80 cm./: vara, nla. 

/of clothes, grave, steward's altar/: p'isol, nib. 

p'is, av. 

wooden box for measuring corn: kwarto, nla. 

bek'et, nld; tfrbol, nla. 

chopped or ground meat: tenbil bek'et, nphr(aj 

& n)5. 

jerked meat dipped in chili sauce: p'uyum tasus, 


saint's medal on link chain worn by women 

around neck: karina, nla. 

scapular medal /formerly worn by women ana 

buried with them/: melaria, nld. 

tuc' ta be k'op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). 

hc'am sohob k'ak'al, agn: vphr(tv & nphr/n of 

n/5). 

medicinal herb: htunel, agn. 

posil, nib. 

administer medicine: posta, tv. 

patent medicine /bought in San Cristobal, rubbed 

on child's veins to protect it from earth 

lord/: piritu, nla. 

take medicine: posta ba, rv. 

?o?lol, nle. 

(pot): hashas, aj. 

nup, tv; nup ba, rv. 

meet each other: ta baik, rv. 

meet on the road (people, animals): nup ba ta 

be, vphr(rv & prep & n5). 

nopohel, vn5; nup-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

musk melon: melon, nla. 

•nil, iv; 9ules, tv. 

(wax, lard, resin): "?uneh, iv. 

/wax, lard, resin/: lunehes, tv. 

can, tv. 

/with stick or fists/: ye"?, tv. 

ye9, av; ye9el, aj. 

eak ba, rv. 

(bone): yihub, iv. 

/clothing/: net', tv; pak', tv; pak'an, tv. 

/house wall with daub/: pak'an, tv. 

(wound, broken bone): nup' ba, rv. 

mendacious man: pik'is vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. 

be mended (roof): lam, iv. 

mended places /sewn, not patched/: e'isbentik, 

a Jhave 

menstrual period: •Jil 9u, vphr(tv & n5).* 

begin menstruating: ham, iv. 

camelil, vn3d. 

biiltas, tv. 

don't mention it: mu k'u ?al, vphr(pt & pt & 

tv/3s/). 

mention by name: tih ta ?alel, vphr(tv & prep & 

vn5). 

mau, onom. 

mau, me' 1 , mill 1 ', av.


Mercedes /infr/: Mersel, nld. 

merchandise p'olmal, nld. 

merchandise for resale: ?ekel, nld. 

merchandise, etc., which has been chosen and 

set aside: t'uhbenal, n4f. 

merchant hconolahel, agn; hp'olmahel, agn; marcante, 

nld. 

merry merry person: hee9etel, agn. 

merry-go-round kavayito, n5. 

mesh /sieve, net/: satil, n3c. 

mesonero /each of two officials of the first level of the 

religious hierarchy/: meson, agn. 

mess mess up /bird's nest, scribe's lists/: sokes, tv. 

mess up /woman's hair, thatch, stubble, wool/: 

ve9ean, tv. 

mess up /wool, hair/: vaek'un, tv. 

messy c'et, vac, av; ca9al, aj; hinil ca9al, ajphr(aj & aj); 

hinil vuk'ul, ajphr(aj & aj). 

become messy (clothing): c'etk'uh, iv. 

become messy (woman's hair, thatch, stubble, 

wool): ve9eah, iv; ve9ean ba, rv. 

(hair): voeol, aj. 

in messy piles: c'etel, aj. 

sit with messy hair (sick person): c'eti, iv. 

walking with messy hair (sick person): sikson, 

av. 

with messy hair: c'e9, eun, av. 

(woman's hair, thatch): c'etel, aj. 

(woman's hair, thatch, stubble, wool): ve9el, aj. 

messy-haired eun-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

metal tak'in, nla. 

metate coi, nla. 

metate platform /heavy raised plank on which 

metate stands/: 9ek'en, nla. 

meter metro, nla. 

mewing mek', mi9, av. 

mexican tea koko?on, nla. 

mexican tea bush k'osos te9, nphr(n type n)5. 

Mexico inhabitant of Mexico City: hmehiko, agn. 

Mexico City: "JOlontik, n5. 

miaowing ma9mon, av. 

Michael Mikel, nld. 

Michaela Mikul, nld. 

middle ?o9lol, nle. 

/bottle/: c'util, n3b. 

middle-aged middle-aged : 9o9lol , nphr(n of 

n)5. 

middleman h?ekel , agn(nphr/n of n/5). 

act as middleman: ca9-con, tv(num & tvcpd). 

midge ?us, nle. 

midnight ?ol 9ak'ubal, nphr(n of n)5. 

midst in the midst of: yolel, pt. 

midwife htamol, agn. 

mighty can-vinik, n(num & numcpd)le. 

mildew kus, nla; kusib, iv; kusin, iv. 

cause to mildew: kusibtas, tv; yasubtas, tv. 

mildewed become mildewed: yasub, iv. 

milk cause milk to flow: tales 9a9lel cu9, vphr(tv & 


/cow/: pie 1 , tv. 

cow's milk: lee, nla. 

milked be milked (cow): pie*, iv. 

milkweed pos'il nuk'ul, nphr(n of n). 

bloodflower milkweed: 9at eH 1 ) e'i'Hel, nphr: 

nphr(n4d of n5) type n; nidim c'ulelal, nphr(n 

of n); pohov e"i9lel, nphr(n type n). 

milkwort 

milky 

mill 

millepede 

miller 

millet 

minding 

mine 

mint 

mired 

miry 

misbehave 

miscarriage 

miscarry 

misconduct 

miserable 

miserliness 

misery 

misfortune 

misquote 

misread 

miss(l) 

miss(2) 

mist 

misting 

mistletoe 

white milkweed: 9at tfin te9, nphr: nphr(n4d of 

n5) type n; muk'ta primon, nphr(aj & n); primon, 

nle. 

poîl cuvah, nphr(n of n)5; yasal ni£ e*i"Jlel, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

milky way in dry season: be taiv, nphr(n of n)5. 

milky way in rainy season: be VO">, nphr(n of 

n)5. 

/corn grinder, gasoline-driven com mill, water 

mill/: mulino, nla. 

9epal 9ok con, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5; 

came-9at, n(aj & ncpd)lb. 

hmulinero, agn. 

knotroot millet: ?isim be hobel, nphr(nphr/n4f 

of n5/ type n); eukum hobel, nphr(n type n); 

pec'ahtik eahal hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/). 

came-9at c'is, nphr(n/aj & nepd/type n); leb 

soe', nphr(x of n); loe'om cih, nphr(x & n); 

loe'om cih e'i'Jlel, nphr(nphr/x & n/ type 

n); loe'om cih c'is, nphr(nphr/x & n/ type 

n); lot'om c'is, nphr(x & n); makom c'is, 


going about minding one's business: eunet, 

av. 

minas, nla. 

•Jalavena, nla; c'is ?alavena, nphr(n type n)5. 

bergamot mint: baeM âlavena, nphr(aj & n)5. 

bush mint: •Jalavena e*i9lel, nphr(n type n); îk'al 

pom e"unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5; 

sakil pom e"unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

yasal nic eî^lel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

mae*, muk, av. 

become mired: mae'an ba, rv; mae'eah, iv; 

mae"ean ba, rv. 

(car): mae'al, aj. 

k'elob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)ld; k'elulanobil, nlf; 

nen, nla. 

become miry (muddy stretch of trail), wallow: 

puk' ba, rv. 

sal mul, vphr(tv & n4d). 

have miscarriage: bat ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

prep & n5); yal 9ol, vphr(iv & n4d). 

having repeated miscarriages: yalel yalel, 

nphr(vn5 & vn5); yalyon ">o\, vphr(av & n4d). 

sok ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). 

mulil. n3a. 

povre, aj; yo, aj. 

bik'tal-wmn, n(aj & nepd). 

moanal, nla. 

be in misery /sick, poor/: "meW ba, vphr(aj/ 

pred/ & rpn). 

have misfortune: nuptan palta, vphr(tv & n5); 

pas palta, vphr(tv & n5). 

•)einbe 9e, vphr(tv & n4d). 

c'ay-satih, iv(iv & nepd). 

na?, tv; yul ta hoi, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). 

miss each other (people, animals): na9 baik, rv. 

term of address to ladina; female teacher, miss: 

sinyorita, n5. 

lumal tok, nphr(natt & n)5; lumil tok, nphr(natt 

& n)5. 

vie"von, av; vihvon, av. 

k'anal nok'ol sik'ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); 

muk'ta nok'ol sik'ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); 

muk'tik nok'ol sik'ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x &


mistress 

misty 

mite 

mix 

mixed 

moan 

moaning 

mock 

mocker 

mockery 

mockingbird 

moist 

moisten 

moisture 

molar 

mold(I) 

mold(2) 

mole 

molest 

n/); nok'ol sik'ol, nphr(x & n)le. 

flowering mistletoe: k'anal nok'ol sik'ol, nphr(aj 

& nphr/x & n/); k'os nok'ol sik'ol, nphr(aj & 

nphr/x & n/); nok'ol sik'ol, nphr(x & n)le; 

nok'ol sik'ol h9ik'al, nphr(nphr/x & n/ of 

agn). 

leafless mistletoe: k'anal nok'ol sik'ol, nphr(aj 

& nphr/x & n/). 

9aneil, n3d. 

mistress of a long time's standing: marcante, 

nld. 

become misty: pul balamil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). 

bird mite: 9osol, nle. 

kap, tv; kapin, tv. 

/cane liquor and water, lottery tickets/: kapolah, 

iv. 

mix in water /handfuls of corn gruel, posol, 

mud/: puk', tv. 

mix solid with water /posol, corn gruel/: mis, 

tv 

IV, 

mix together (other person's chickens or sheep 

with one's own): kapin ba, rv. 

mix with water /corn gruel, posol, mud/: puk'omah, 

iv. 

kapal, aj. 

get mixed up: kapih, iv. 

get mixed up (sheep of two different owners): 

kap ba, rv. 

many kinds together (corn, ribbons): kap-voe 1 , 

aj(aj & ajcpd). 

9akanah, iv. 

9ak, 9i9, hoi, av. 

labah, iv; laban, tv. 

hlabanvaneh, agn. 

kuyel, vn4b. 

blue mockingbird: hlo-makom, agn(tv & 

ncpd)5; k'ub-tot, n(tv & ncpd)5; sak-c'ut 

mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 

tropical mockingbird: balun-9ok'es, n(num & 

ncpd)5; sempal, nld.* 

become moist: t'usub, iv. 

become soft and moist (dirt on body or clothes): 

vos, iv. 

become soft and moist (earth, dirt on body or 

clothes): vosan ba, rv; voseah, iv. 

make soft and moist /earth, dirt on body/: voses, 

tv. 

/daub/: ha9ubtas, tv. 

/mud for house/: t'usubtas, tv. 

?a9lel, n4f. 

premolar and molar /absolute form infr/: 

co9obil, n3d. 

/for adobe, tile, brick or brown sugar/: molte, 

nla. 

mold head of newborn child with hands or log 

stool: patbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). 

mold with mud or soft substance /pot, water 

jug, griddle, adobe, tile/: pat, tv. 

/neck of pot/: eub, tv. 

yasal, n4f. 

/on body/: t'ut', nla. 

sa?sonah, iv. 

molest people: sa?an hoi, vphr(tv & n5). 

molest person in his dreams: ti?van ta c'ulel, 

vphr(iv & prep & n4d). 

/women/: ?ilbahin, tv. 

molestation 

molester 

molesting 

mollify 

moment 

Monday 

money 

money-collector 

monkey 

monkey comb 

monkey flower 

month 

moo 

mooing 

moon 

moonbeam 

moonlight 

moonshiner 

more 

morel 

moreover 

moribund 

morning 

morning glory 

morpho 

?ilbah, n5. 

hsa9-holol, agn(tv & ncpd); hsa?sonahel, agn. 

sa?, av; sa?son, av. 

patbe 9o9on, vphr(tv & n4d). 

at that very moment: ha? 90, ptphr(pt & pt). 

lunes, nle. 

Carnival Monday: lunes k'ak'al, nphr(n type 

n)5. 

Monday of Holy Week: lunes santo, nphr(n & 

aj)5. 

sentavo, nla; tak'in, nla. 

give hush money to: mak ?e, vphr(tv & n4d). 

hoard of money: minas, nla. 

money for specific purpose: toholin, n4f. 

silver money: bae"i tak'in, nphr(aj & n)5; 

mehikano, nld. 

spending money: pikbalal tak'in, vphr(aj & n)5. 

hkovral, agn. 

geoffroy's spider monkey: mas, n5.* 

howler monkey: mas, n5.' 

monkey character of Chamula Carnival: mas, 

agn. 

?usub 9ak', nphr(n4f type n5); can-eelav ?ak', 

nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n); cukob citom 

9ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); husob-bail, 

n(n & rpncpd); husob-bail 9ak', nphr(n/n & 

rpncpd/ type n). 

?alavena e'illel, nphr(n type n). 

9u, nle. 

?ametah, iv. 

?am, muli. av. 

9u, nle; hc'ul-me9tik, agn(aj & ncpd)5; luna, 

nle. 

sohob hc'ul-me9tik, nphr(n of agn/aj & 

ncpd/)5. 

9uiltik, n5. 

hlok'eseh-pos, agn(vn & ncpd). 

mas, aj; yan, aj; yantik, aj. 

false morel: 9at h?ik'al, nphr(n4d of agn); sakil 

9at h?ik'al, nphr: aj & nphr(n4d of agn). 

ci9uk k'usuk, nphr(n4f & pt). 

lying moribund (person): tae"ton, av. 

early morning: sob, n5. 

produce first flush of the morning (sun): p'ic tal, 


bikU e?ii 9ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); eoeil 

9ak', nphr(aj & n); eoein 9ak', nphr(aj & n); 

eoeiron pik'ok', nphr(aj & n); ciiol c'o, 

nphr(n of n); cikin c'o ?ak', nphr(nphr/n of 

n/ type n); hit'ob na, nphr(n of n); kampana 

9ak', nphr(n type n); k'os pik'ok', nphr(aj 

& n); k'os pik'ok' 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/); k'os puyu9, nphr(aj & n); k'os 

puyu9 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); mis 

î? 9ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); muk'ta 

sakil kampana 9ak', nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/ 

aj & n/ type n); muk'ta sakil puyu9, nphr(aj 

& nphr/aj & n/); pik'ok', nla; pik'ok' 9ak', 

nphr(n type n); pohov 9ak', nphr(n type n); 

posil yayihel, nphr(n of vn); puyu9, nle. 

breedlove's morning glory: eahal 9ak', nphr(aj 

& n); eahal puyu9, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta 9ik'- 

Io9an puyu?, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ 

type n); muk'ta puyu?, nphr(aj & n); muk'tik 

puyu?, nphr(aj & n). 

yasal pepen, nphr(aj & n)5.*


mortar 

mortarman 

mosquito 

moss 

moth 

moth-eaten 

mother 

mother-in-law 

motion 

motioning 

motmot 

mottled 

moult 

moulting 

mound 

mount 

mountain 

mounted 

mounting 

mourner 

mouse 

moustache 

mouth 

mouthful 

kamaro, nla. 

/person who tamps gunpowder in blasting iron 

and explodes it/: hten-kamaro, agn(tv & 

ncpd). 

lucul, n4e. 

senen, nle. 

mosquito larva: pak'-sim, n(aj & ncpd)le. 

eon-te9al balamil, nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n); 

nicim ninyo, nphr(n4d of n5). 

club moss: balahtik sansan, nphr(aj & n); balahtik 

sansanil te9, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & 

n/); kilahtik sansan, nphr(aj & n); kilahtik 

sansanil balamil, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & 

n/); ne e"i9 cî">lel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type 

n); sansan, nla. 

Spanish moss: eon-te9, n(n of ncpd)5. 

clothes moth /cocoons are paired/: vac(3), nle. 

/general term/: supul, nle. 

moth that flies into lanterns at night: h9ilavil 

supul, nphr(agn type n)5.* 

walking with moth-eaten hair (woman): tulton, 

av. 

(woman's hair, mule's or chicken's tail): tultul, 

ajmeiil, 

n3d. 

female's mother-in-law /term of reference/: 

9alib me?elil, nphr(n type n)3d. 

male's mother-in-law: ni9-me9elil, n(n & 

ncpd)3d. 

motion to with circular motion of hand: velu, 

tv. 

motioning with hand: becbon k'ob, vphr(av & 

n4d); velvon, av. 

blue-crowned motmot: kul, n5; ru, n5; turn, n5. 

russet-crowned motmot: kul, n5; ru, n5; turn, 

n5. 

p'utum, aj. 

entirely mottled (chicken, hawk, quail, tinamou, 


tuleah, iv. 

tulul, aj. 

in a large mound (manure, human excrement, 

cow patty): lemel, aj. 

in large mound (logs, stones, straw, bags, fruit, 

adobe, snake): eelel, aj. 

make large mound /firewood, stones/: eelan, 

tv. 

place down in a mound /mud, thick and improperly 

made tortilla/: leman, tv. 

sit in a large mound (tortilla): lemi, iv. 

/cannon/: cotan, tv. 

/horse, woman/: kahi, iv; kahlebin, tv. 

vie, nle. 

mountain pass: hap -Josil, nphr(n of n)5; hap 

vie, nphr(n of n)5. 

kahal, aj; lepet, av. 

/on horse/: lepel, aj. 

/woman/: t'ococ, av. 

hôk'el, agn. 

c'o, nle.' 

deer mouse: sak-9eoval, n(aj & ncpd)Id.* 

house mouse: lumtikil c'o, nphr(natt & n)5.' 

•Msimil, n3b. 

hold in mouth: 9um, tv. 

/person, animal, flute/: ?eal, n3b. 

•?um, nc. 

moved 

moving 

much 

mud 

muddy 

mudhole 

muffle 

muggy 

muhly 

mule 

take a mouthful: •mm, tv. 

bak', iv; helubtas, tv. 

/earth, boulder/: nakp'un, tv. 

move around (people assembling at table for 

meal): vol baik, rv. 

move aside: k'eh ba, rv; namah, iv. 

move away: namah, iv. 

move away slightly /table, pot, etc./: batbates, 

tv. 

move in /boundary marker/: tik'ean oiel, vphr 

(tv & dr). 

move to a distance: nomnomah, iv. 

move to another house /to hide from murderer 

or escape from unhealthy influence of earth 

lord/: k'es-nai ba, rv(rv & ncpd). 

move to another place: k'eh ba, rv. 

be moved in (boundary marker): tik'eah ocel, 


sin, n5. 

bak', vol, av. 

(cloud): eopet, av. 

(gravel underfoot): yi9et, av. 

moving fast: vuc, av. 

moving in a cloud or wisp (smoke, mist): eopet, 

av. 

moving in and out: vuk, av. 

moving in or on water: masmon, av. 

moving lips: nup', av. 

moving past (clouds in wind): liket, av. 

moving silently (stomach gas): p'utlahet, av. 

(snake, rope, streamer): losos, av. 

9epal, n4f. 

as much: k'u 9epal, nphr(pt & n4f). 

how much?: k'u 'Jepal, nphr(pt & n4f); k'u ca9al, 

pt & pt. 

however much: k'u 9epal, nphr(pt & n4f). 

not very much: muk' bu mas, ajphr(pt/contr of 

mu & yut & -uk/ & pt & aj). 

so much: tol, aj. 

too much: tol, aj. 

simal, nla. 

deposit mucous on: simta, tv. 

flick mucous on person: simtavan, iv. 

walking about streaming mucous /crying/: 

simtesi'mte, av. 

lac'el, vnla; 9ik'ubal, nib; tatal, n4f. 

tatubtas, tv. 

muddy place: Io9obtik, n5. 

(river): tatub, iv. 

9ac'eltik, vn5. 

makbe 9e, vphr(tv & n4d). 

pan, av. 

eahal c'is hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

eahal hobel, nphr(aj & n); eukum hobel, 

nphr(n type n); c'is hobel, nphr(n type n); 

hobelal na, nphr(natt & n); hobelal sialma, 

nphr(natt & n); k'un-hobel, n(aj & ncpd); 

sakil k'un-hobel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); 

yasal k'un-hobel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). 

giant muhly: eahal c'is hobel, nphr(aj & 


rat tail muhly: 9ana hobel, nphr(x type n)ld. 

robust muhly: c'is hobel, nphr(n type n); hobelal 

salma, nphr(natt & n); muk'ta c'is hobel, 


ka9, nla.

472 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 M/N 

muleteer 

muletrain 

mull 

multiply 

multitudinous 

mumbling 

mumps 

munch 

munching 

murder 

murderer 

muscle 

mushiness 

mushroom 

mushy 

music 

musician 

muslin 

muss 

mussed 

must 

mustard 

muster 

musty 

mute 

mutely 

male mule: macu, nla. 

mule whose trips are paid for: tohbalal ka9, 

nphr(aj & n5). 

rented mule: tohbalal ka9, nphr(aj & n5). 

9ariero, n5; hmak-rekwa, agn(tv & ncpd). 

/accompanying loaded mules/: h9eoval, agn. 

h?eoval, agn. 

mull over: k'opoh 909on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

p'ol, iv; p'oles, tv. 

kap-voe', aj(aj & ajcpd). 

mumbling to self: mis, av. 

nuk'ul, nla; nuk'ulal camel, nphr(natt & vn)5. 

/weeds/ /sound/: horn ta Io9el, vphr(tv & prep 

& vn5). 

(cow, horse) /sound/: homhon, av. 

carries, tv; milvan, iv.*; pas 9abtel, vphr(tv & 

vn4d). 

murder: nuhanvan, iv. 

hbohvaneh, agn; hhoe'vaneh ta na, agn(vphr/iv 

& prep & n5/); hmilvaneh, agn; hnuhanvaneh, 

agn; htuk'avaneh, agn; matarol, agn. 

/who enters house/: htavaneh ta na, 

agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). 


/restricted to iw k'obol; muscle of forearm, 

and seoi ")okol; calf/: eo9, n4f. 

thigh muscle: muk'ul 9o9, nphr(n4f of n4d). 

thigh muscles: t'ulavil, n3d. 

/fruit/: lcJleh, n4f. 

/general term/: canul te9tik, nphr(n of n)5. 

field mushroom: muk'ta moni9, nphr(aj & n). 

become mushy: Io9eah, iv; loip'ih, iv. 

become mushy (fruit): puk'eah, iv. 

(mud, excrement on clothes): k>9ol, aj. 

(rottenness): puk'ul, aj. 

traditional music: son, nle. 

h9ok*esineh-musika, agn(vn & ncpd). 

/in band/: hmusikero, agn. 

/stringed instrument/: hvabahom, agn. 

manta, nld. 

veêan, tv. 

/hair/ (woman): c'e9ulan, tv. 

become mussed (hair): sikeah, iv. 

become mussed up (hair in wind): vaek'uh, iv. 

becoming mussed up suddenly (woman's hair): 

ve9luh, av. 

mussed up: sikil, aj. 

sit with mussed up hair (man, woman): vaei, iv. 

walking about with mussed up hair: siktesikte, 

av. 

yu9, iv(3s). 

black mustard: c'ulul mustisya, nphr(aj & n); 

mustisya, nla. 

field mustard: bae*i napus, nphr(aj & n); c'is 

napus, nphr(aj & n); napus, nla. 

toe, tv. 

/for lynching/: pay, tv. 

muster a mob /for lynching/: payan, tv. 

become musty: homomib, iv. 

(tortillas, chili, meat): homhom, aj; homom, aj. 

9uma9, aj. 

become mute: 9uma9ib, iv. 

become mute and immobile: pumeah, iv. 

lying mute and immobile (sick person): cunul, 

aj. 

listening mutely: e'ih, av. 

mutter 

muttering 

muzzle 

myrtle 

myself 

myth 

nail 

naked 

nakedness 

name 

naming 

nance 

napkin 

nappy 

narrow 

narrow-based 

narrow-hipped 

narrow-mouthed 

narrow-nosed 

narrower 

nasal 

nasty 

Nativity 

nausea 

nauseate 

nauseated 

mutter to self: mis'mis-k'opoh, iv(aj & ivcpd); 

visvis-k'opoh, iv(aj & tvcpd). 

mutter to self (drunk): vulvonah, iv. 

muttering to self: mis, vis, av; w?on, av. 

muttering to self /words can be distinguished 

occasionally/: vulvon, av. 

walking about muttering angrily to self: 

tuktetiikte, av. 

/an. poss. restricted to third person/: vosal, 

nla. 

/animal/: nK nib. 

wax myrtle: k'os satin, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta 

satin, nphr(aj & n); satin, nla. 

bail, rpn3b. 

lantivo k'op, nphr(n type n)5; kwento, nle; 

vo'ne k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. 

N 

bah, tv; lavus, nla. 

fan, av; t'anal, aj; t'asetik, av. 

be naked: t'anetah, iv; t'ani, iv; t'asi, iv. 

become naked: t'anan ba, rv. 

t'ananeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

bill, n3b; biiltas, tv; biin, tv.* 

family name: hoi bill, nphr(nlf of n3d).' 

first name: baî biil, nphr(aj & n3b) or (aj & 

n)3b. 

lalel, vnld. 

ci9, nld; nanei9, nla. 

tortilla or posol napkin, inan. poss.; ssihirateil 

(or) ssihirateai: silvirate, nla. 

(improperly made cotton tunic): voekan, aj. 

become narrow (palm strip, bottle): hic'eah, iv. 

(bottle, basket): vae"vae\ aj. 

(cave, ravine): loc'ol, aj. 

/cave, vagina of young girl/: 9ap'al, aj. 

(entrance): c'obol, aj. 

long and narrow (land, leaf): kilkil, aj. 

long and narrow (plot of land): kieil, aj. 

make narrow: hic'ean, tv. 

(mouth or base of pot): yobol, aj; yubul, aj. 

(palm strip): hic'il, aj. 

(path, house, board): cukul, aj. 

(ravine): hapal, aj; lae'al, aj. 

walking about with narrow hips (ugly woman): 

taktetakte cak, vphr(av & n4d). 

with narrow nose: pae 5 , av. 

(basket, pot): e'uke'uk, aj. 

(pottery): tubul, aj. 

pak', yob, yub, av. 

(jug): c'obol, aj. 

pae'-ni9, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

become narrower (path, work, palm): cukulib, 

iv. 

become narrower (woven palm): hic'ilub ta be, 


make narrower /path/: cukulibtas, tv. 

with nasal voice: k'o^-ni 1 ), n(aj & ncpd)5. 

become nasty: pukuhib, iv. 

/girl's name/ /infr/: Virat, nld. 

7i7, av. 

nausea and diarrhea: senel c'utul, nphr(vn & 

n)5. 

sok 709on, vphr(iv & n4d). 

feel nauseated: 9ibah 9o')on, vphr(iv & n4d); 

yan 9elan 7a9i, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & tv); yan

N ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 473 

nauseous 

navel 

near 

nearly 

neat 

necessity 

neck 

neckbone 

neckerchief 

necklace 

need 

needle 

needlessly 

neighbor 

neighing 

neither 

nestled 

net 

nettle 

9elan ?o9on, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & n4d); yan ba 

9a7i, vphr(aj & rpn/3s/ & tv); yan ba 9o9on, 

vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn/3s/ & n4d). 

feeling nauseated: cibet Won, vphr(av & 

n4d). 

feel nauseous from pregnancy: ciiin 9ol, vphr(tv 

// n). 

feeling nauseous: sututet Won, vphr(av & 

n4d). 

nave of former church that now stands as a 

wing of the church of St. Lawrence in Hteklum: 

poko9 9eklisya, nphr(aj & n)5. 

misik'il, n3d. 

e*el, nib; nopol, aj. 

bring near: nopohes, tv. 

come near: nopohes ba, rv. 

draw near (other animate being): nop ba, tv. 

hutuk, n5. 

female speech; nearly: yasnan, x. 

become a neat dresser: t'ab ba, rv. 

pwersa, nlc; tunel, vn4b. 

nuk'il, n3b. 

neck opening of shirt or blouse: colo-nuk', n(n 

& ncpd)4d. 

neck vertebrae: bakel nuk'ul, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

te? nuk'ul, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

pok', nla. 

ladino neckerchief: panyo, nla. 

walking along without neckerchief (man): 

tumtetumte, av. 

white neckerchief /worn by ensign-bearer/: 9u 

pok', nphr(nle of n5). 

naîl, n3a. 

necklace woven of palm /palm, distributed on 

fiesta of St. Peter Martyr/: 9uil, n3d. 

walking about without necklace: tumtetumte, 

av. 

tun iu7un, vphr(iv & n4d). 

9akusa, nla. 

/pine/: satil, n3c. 

mu 9altikuk, vphr(pt & tv). 

hlak'-na, agn(x & ncpd); pana, nld; sokon na, 

nphr(n of n)ld. 

become neighbor: lak'-nain, iv(x & ncpd). 

•Jih, av; hayhon, av. 

mi ha9uk, ptphr(pt & pt). 

get on one's nerves: tavan ?a?i, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

tv). 

eo9op, nld. 

ant nest: na sinic, nphr(n of n)5. 

empty nest /wasp/: patil, n3c. 

nest egg /money or corn for initial investment/: 

likebal, n3b. 

nest of setting hen: patleb, n4d. 

squirrel nest: eo9op cue, nphr(n of n)5. 

tent caterpillar nest: na eukum, nphr(n of n)5. 

wasp nest: na 9akov, nphr(n of n)5. 

/in sleep/: mo£-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

nuti9, nla. 

fish net: eakob coy, nphr(nlf of n5). 

net for holding ears of corn: k'ahavebal, n3d. 

wide-meshed net for carrying corn: lohom nuti- 

9, nphr(aj & n)la. 

wide-meshed net in which corn is flailed: lebal 

nuti9, nphr(aj & n)la. 

bae"i la, nphr(aj & n); kilkil la, nphr(aj & n). 

New 

newborn 

newcastle 

news 

next 

nibble 

nibbling 

Nicholas 

nick 

nicked 

nickname 

Nicole 

night 

nighthawk 

nightjar 

nightshade 

nighttime 

nine 

nines 

nineteen 

bush nettle: k'an-?ic la, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type n); la, nle; la ka9, nphr(n of n); muk'tik 

la, nphr(aj & n). 

mu9 nos, ptphr(contr of mu & 10110s); muk' 

bu, ptphr(pt/contr of mu &yui & -uk/ & n5). 

never mind: 9altik, pt?; muk' ta 9alel, vphr(pt/ 

contr of mu & mw> & -uk/ & prep & vn5); te 

k'alal, ptphr(pt & pt); yiluk yil, ptphr(pt & 

pt); yiyil, pt. 

9ac', aj. 

(moon, leaf): 9unen(2), aj. 

New Year's Day: 9ac' habil, nphr(aj & n)5; ba 

k'el-k'esel, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & vncpd/); 

k'esel, vn5. 

newborn child or animal: h9ayanel, agn. 

newcastle disease: e'ok-nii, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

k'oplal, n4b; Io9il, nld. 

next to: êl, nib. 

the next: 9o, pt. 

kae'ulan, tv. 

nibble each other (horses): mae 1 baik ta ti9el, 

vphr(rv & prep & vn5). 

nibble each other (puppies, horses, donkeys): 

kae" ba, rv. 

nibbling every few minutes: ve9von, av. 

(rabbit, person nibbling food secretively): 

musmon ni9, vphr(av & n4d). 

lek 9o9on, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

/less freq than above/: lek hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

n4d). 

Mikulas", nld. 

sel, tv. 

selahtik, aj. 

nopbil biil, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Mikul, nld. 

9ak'ubal, nle; 9ik'-9osil, n(aj & ncpd)5; 9ik'al 

9osil, nphr(aj & n)5. 

every night: sil 9ak'ubal, nphr(x & n5); silomal 

?ak'ubal, nphr(x & n5). 

last night: samel, nle. 

common nighthawk: haval 9ek'el, nphr(aj & 

n)5.* 

buff-collared nightjar: cukcuk bikil, nphr(aj & 

n)5.» 

deadly nightshade: 9unen mu, nphr(aj & n)la; 

c'ail 9unen mu, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); te- 

9tikil 9unen mu, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/). 

mullein nightshade: hik'ik' te9, nphr(aj & n). 

nipple nightshade: cucu9, nla. 

shrub nightshade: k'us-pevul, n(aj & ncpd)5; 

muk'ta cicol c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

sakil tuil te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sat 

pukuh(l), nphr(n of n); tuil te9, nphr(aj & 

n)le. 

spiney nightshade: k'us-pevul, n(aj & ncpd)5; 

muk'ta k'us-pevul, nphr(aj & n/aj & 

ncpd/); sakil k'us-pevul, nphr(aj & n/aj & 

ncpd/). 

9ak'ubaltik, n5. 

balun , n(num & nccpd)le; baluneb, 

nle. 

every nine: balbalun- n(num & 

nccpd)5; balbaluneb, n5.. 

in or by nines: balbalun— •, n(num & 

nccpd)5; balbaluneb, n5.. 

balun-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le.

474 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 N/O 

nineties 

ninety 

nipple 

nit 

nixtamal 

nod 

nodding 

node 

noise 

noisemaker 

non-indian 

none 

noon 

nor 

north 

northeaster 

nose 

nostril 

not 

notch 

nothing 

notice 

notify 

November 

novice 

now 

by or in nineties: noventatik, n5. 

lahuneb w-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & 

numcpd/4f); noventa, nle. 

every ninety: noventatik, n5. 

ni9 cuiul, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

ton 9uc', nphr(n of n)la; ton 9uc'al, nphr(nlf of 

nla). 

/corn boiled in lime to remove skins/: panin, 

nla. 

c'abal, aj; mowh, n5; mu9yuk, ptfcontr of mu 

& ôy & -uk); muk', ptfcontr of mu & yui & 

•uk). 

/nasalization of vowel/: 9i9i, pt. 

yo9ilan, tv. 

/come-on gesture/: k'ac-holi, tv(tv & ncpd). 

/in sleep/: niheah, iv. 

nod loosely (head of dying creature): mahk'uh, 

iv. 

/with sleep/: nikav., iv; nikavah, iv; nikebah, 

iv. 

k'ac, mall, nih av. 

(head): yo9yon, av. 

/with sleep/: nikebal, nld; nikobal, nld. 

/bamboo, cane, reed/: e'akavil, n3b; ka9avil, 

n3d. 

make noise: bak', iv. 

stop making noise: c'abi, iv; c'ani, iv. 

noisemaker used on Good Friday /door handle 

attached to board/: k'ocol tak'in, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

shaking noisemaker: k'oc, av. 

hkaslan, agn. 

mu9yuk, pt(contr of mu & noy & -uk). 

9ol k'ak'al, nphr(n of n)5. 

nor even: mi ha9uk, ptphr(pt & pt). 

sokon vinahel, nphr(n of vn)5. 

k'inubal, n5. 

ni9, nib. 

bridge of nose: ka9av ni9, nphr(n4f of n4d). 

sides of nose: horn ni9, nphr(n4e of n4d). 

be sim, nphr(nlf of nld). 

mu, pt; mu">yuk, pt(contr of mu & foy & -uk); 

muk', pt(contr of mu & yui & -uk). 

not even: mi... mu, pt... pt; mi ha9uk, ptphr(pt 

& pt); mu ... mi, pt ... pt. 

not for: ha9 to, ptphr(pt & pt). 

not for a long time: mu bak'in, ptphr(pt & pt). 

not until: ha9 to, ptphr(pt & pt). 

not yet: mu bak'in, ptphr(pt & pt). 

there are not any: c'abal, aj. 

there is not any: c'abal, aj. 

/warping bar/: 9eal, n3b. 

yec, aj. 

it is nothing: mu k'u ca9al, ptphr(pt & pt & pt). 

nothing at all: labal, aj. 

nothing but: labal, aj; naka, pt. 

nothing else: naka ha9, ptphr(pt & pt). 

tuk'ulan, tv; yul ta hoi, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & 

n4d). 

fail to notice: c'ay-satih, iv(iv & ncpd). 

9al, tv. 

nodyembre, nle. 

hcanbalahel, agn. 

In, aj; sa, pt. 

/future time within same day/: tana, n5. 

now that: lavi, n5. 

numb 

number 

nun 

nurse 

nursing 

nursling 

nymphomaniac 

oak 

oar 

oat 

obedient 

obey 

obligation 

observe 

obsidian 

obstruct 

obstructed 

obtain 

•>ilbah, n5; hsa9-holol, agn(tv & ncpd); hsa9sonahel, 

agn. 

/horse that keeps running away/: lmk'-vokol, 


9al-poean. aj(aj & Ucpd); •'al-poman, aj(aj & 

Ucpd); sik-poean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd). 

be numb /with fear or cold/: 9aleah, iv. 

become numb: sik-poetah, iv(aj & ivcpd). 

grow numb /with fear or cold/: 9a1ub, iv. 

(medicine): 9alean, tv. 

lumero, nla. 

magre, nld. 

9ak'be cu9, vphr(tv // n); hpostavaneh, agn. 

(baby): cuwn, iv. 

be a wet nurse: cuûnbe cu">, vphr(tv & n4d). 

continuing to nurse: cu9, av. 

(child): bue'bon, av. 

nursing child: hcu9nom, agn. 

stop nursing (child whose mother has died or 

whose milk has run dry): ma9-cuih, iv(x & 

ivcpd). 

hcu9unel, agn; hcuûnob, agn. 

hc'inin-9at, agn(aj & ncpd)5; hc'inin-cak, agn(aj 

& ncpd)5; hc'inin-mis, agn(aj & ncpd)5; hsa- 

9-vinik, agn(tv & ncpd). 

o 

9ik'al tulan, nphr(aj & n); bae'i te9, nphrfaj & 

n)5; cahal tulan, nphr(aj & n); e'oe'op, n5; 

c'ulul 9anal cikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ 

type n/n of ncpd/); hayal pat tulan, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k'an-tulan, n(aj 

& ncpd); k'eves tulan, nphr(n type n); pimil 

pat cikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of 

ncpd/); sakil tulan, nphr(aj & n); sap-yok, 

n(aj & ncpd)5; tulan, nla. 

live oak: cikin-ib. n(n of ncpd)5; hayal pat 

cikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of 

ncpd/); pimil pat cikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & 

n/ type n/n of ncpd/). 

pala te9, nphr(n type n)la. 

wild oat: 9avena, n. 

nihet, av. 

become obedient: k'unib, iv; niheah, iv; 

yameah, iv. 

become obedient (child, horse, sheep): vasan 

ba, rv. 

(girl): nihil, aj. 

obedient child: hc'uneh-mantal, agn(vn & 

ncpd). 

(person): vaset. av. 

c'un mantal, vphr(tv & n5). 

obey someone's order: c'unbe mantal, vphr(tv 

& n4d). 

fulfill one's obligation: 7ak' kwenta, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

9il, tv. 

eo9 k'anal, nphr(n of n)5.* 

t'ises, tv. 

obstruct an investigation: t'ises ta be k'op, 


t'isil, aj. 

be obstructed (path): t'is, iv. 

obtain /firewood, pine needles, greens, 

fruit, cane liquor from Chamula, money, i.e., 

by selling or working/: sa") , vphr(tv

o ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 475 

occur 

ocean 

ocelot 

Ocozocoautla 

October 

odor 

of 

offended 

offender 

offense 

offer 

offering 

office 

official 

offspring 

often 

oh 

oil 

& nld). 

occur to oneself: lik hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). 

mar, n5; nab, nle. 

e"ib bolom, nphr(aj & n)5.*; tikre, n5. 

Koyta, n5. 

9oktuvre, n5. 

9ik', nla. 

body odor: sinal, n4b. 

of course!:aia, excl; bi, excl. of course: bi excl; 

melel, excl. 

be offended: ?ak' ta ?o'on, vphr(tv & prep & 

n4d):9ak' ta kwenta. vphr(tv & prep&n5): 

k'ot ta 9o9on, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). 

be offended by: copol 9a9i, vphr(aj & tv); k'us 

taw)on, vphr(aj & prep & n4d). 

(dog that eats eggs, sheep or horse that breaks 

fence): Imk' k'ak'al 9o9on, agn(tv & nphr/aj 

& n/cpd). 

taking sudden offense: tonlih 909on, vphr(av & 

n4d). 

ye9tah, iv. 

(merchant walking about with his or her wares): 

ye"), tv. 

/object, daughter/: pak'alin, tv. 

offer daughter /in common-law marriage/: 

pak'alinvan, iv. 

offer self (boy who insists on being engaged to 

girl who does not love him, boy who needs 

work, woman): pak'alin ba, rv. 

offer self /for adoption, for sexual relations/: 

k'elan ba, rv. 

offer self /sexually/: 9ak" ba, rv. 

yei, av; limusna, nla. 

reciprocal offering /of cane liquor by the cupbearers 

of each ensign-bearer on fiesta of St. 

Sebastian/: pakpak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

be in office: pas 9abtel, vphr(tv & vn5). 

change of office: k'esel, vn5. 

doctor's office: na hpostavaneh, nphr(n4f of 

agn); na loktor, nphr(n4f of agn). 

in office: lapal, aj. 

minor religious office: bik'tal 9abtel, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

religious office: 9abtel, vnla. 

reveal date of change of office (ensign-bearers) 

/in office/: ham 9abtel, vphr(tv // n). 

civil official /general term/: hpas-k'op, agn(tv 

& ncpd). 

ejido official: komite, n5: komite 9u9un 9osil, 

nphr(n5 & n4f & n5). 

government official /outside Zinacantan, extended 

to include government/: hyu'Jel, agn. 

incoming official: h9ocel, agn. 

outgoing official: hlok'el, agn. 

religious official /general term for any member 

of the religious hierarchy/: hpas-âbtel, 


ritual speech; religious official: lnabtel, agn. 

/of female animal/: folil, n3d. 

toyol, aj. 

not very often: muk' bu mas, ajphr(pt/contr of 

mu & yu"> & -uk/ & pt & aj). 

so often: tol, aj. 

/exclamation of fear/: 9uy, excl. 

9asete, n5.' 

oil drum: tampo, nla. 

oinking 

okay 

old 

oleander 

once 

one 

one-(eyed) 

one-armed 

one-eyed 

one-legged 

onion 

only 

oozing 

open 

oil of pores: vahobal, nld. 

9ok, av. 

okay! /exclamation of assent when asked to do 

something, acknowledgment when object is 

being handed to person, response to hailing 

cry/: 9ey, excl. 

k'a"), aj; mol, aj. 

become old (person): yihub, iv. 

become old in appearance (clothes, tools, 

house): poko9ib, iv. 

(clothes, tools, house): poko9, aj. 

/father/: mol , nphr(aj & n4d). 

grow old in bachelorhood: moletah, iv. 

grow old without serving in religious office: 

moletah, iv. 

growing old: yih, av. 

make appear old /clothes, tools, house/: poko- 

•Mbtas, tv. 

old age: molal, nld; yihil, n4f. 

(person): yih, aj. 

/woman/: mod, aj. 

young and old: p'ehel lucul, ajphr(aj & aj). 

k'os patas, nphr(aj & n); patas, u. 

yellow oleander: coc, nla; coc te9, nphr(n type 

n); maneana te9, nphr(n type n); muk'ta coc, 

nphr(aj & n); muk'ta coc 1*9, nphr(aj & 


vcne, nle. 

once there was: 9oy to 90s, nphr(n5 & pt & pt). 

h , n(num & nccpd); hun, num. 

one /eared, armed, legged/: hunhun 

, nphr(num & n4d). 

one apiece /bowl, handful, etc./: huhuhu-hun, 

nphr(n/num & nccpd/ & 

num/num & numcpd/). 

one each: hu-hun, num(num & numcpd)5. 

the one ... the other: hun ... hun, num ... num. 

c'ltil, aj. 

tunko, aj. 

c'it-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

tunko, aj. 

garden onion: sevulya, nla. 

wild onion: te9tikil tuis, nphr(natt & n)ld; tuis 

kai, nphr(n of n). 

k'ahomal, pt; naka, pt; puro, pt. 

only : labal , iv(aj & ivcpd). 

lo 1 ?, av. 

p'ev, av; ham, tv; hamal, aj; tituh, iv. 

barely open lids: may, mik\ vi9, av. 

be open (small hole): p'i9an ba, rv; p'i9i, iv. 

become open (land in dry season): ham balamil, 


(bud): tukeah, iv. 

(bud, corn for posol): tuk, iv; tuk ba, rv. 

(corn tassel): titih, iv. 

cut open: bohol, aj. 

(door in wind): lev, iv. 

(door, window, grave): c'ohol, aj. 

(eye): vik'il, aj. 

(eyes of puppy after 15 days): vik', iv. 

(eyes): vik'eah, iv. 

/eyes/: vik', tv; vik'es. tv; vik'es ba, rv. 

(flower): poe ba, rv; poeeah, iv; set ba, rv. 

(fly): p'evel. aj. 

(hand): hilic", aj. 

open a crack: p'ev ec'el, vphrftv & dr).

476 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 o 

opened 

opening 

operate 

opinion 

opossum 

opponent 

opposite 

orange(l) 

orange(2) 

orchard 

orchid 

order 

ordering 

oregano 

originate 

oriole 

orphan 

open a crack (door): kacal, aj; p'evan ba, rv; 

p'evel, aj. 

open a crack /door/: p'evan, tv. 

open a crack /door, drawer/: kac, tv. 

open air: •Josiltik, n5. 

open and close /scissors/: kae'ulan, tv. 

open ass: p'fr, av. 

open country: hamaltik, n5. 

open legs wide in sitting or squatting position 

(woman in sweat bath): kavan ba, rv. 

open mouth wide: hac' 9e, vphr(tv // n). 

open mouth wide to eat: sombe ve9el, vphr(tv & 

vn5). 

open slightly (eyes): vi? ba, rv. 

open up (flower): hilc'uh, iv. 

open wide (bunch of flowers in hand): seteah, 

iv. 

scarcely open (eyes with sleep): vi9il, aj. 

try to open one's eyes: vi9, tv. 

wide open: kav, sek, vik', av. 

wide open (anus): kaval, aj. 

wide open (door): level, aj. 

wide open (jaws of cow): semsem, aj. 

wide open (mouth of crying child): sekel, aj. 

with corn husk spread open (ear of corn on stalk 

that has not been doubled): soyol, aj. 

with open ass: p'i'Hl, aj. 

with open wound: c'ohol, aj. 

be opened (hole in fence): sekp'uh, iv. 

lev, vik', av. 

opening a crack: p'ev, av. 

opening and closing mouth: sev, av. 

opening eyes wide: pil, av. 

opening mouth wide to eat (cow, horse, sheep): 

somson, av. 

with opening: vomol, aj. 

(doctor): hav, tv. 

operate on person: hawan, iv. 

be of the same opinion: koôl hoi, vphr(aj/ 

pred/ & n4d). 

maintain same opinion: va9an baik, rv. 

9uc, n5; e'al-ne 9uc, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type 

n)5.* 

?ahvalil, n3b. 

9elav, n4d; ?iconil, n3b. 

eahal, aj; eoh, aj; k'an-set'an, aj(aj & Ucpd). 

naranha, nla; pimil pat naranha, nphr(nphr/aj 

& n/ type n). 

sour orange: 9alasas, n. 

e*unbaltik, n5. 

9uc"ul vo9, nphr(x type n). 

ground orchid: kola, n; kola c'hlel, nphr(n type 

n); kola vob 9antivo, nphr(nphr/n4e of n4d/ 

of n5); kolail vob, nphr(natt & n); p'uk, n. 

mantal, nib; tak'i, tv. 

acquire authoritative legal order /in San 

Cristobal/: pak'be vun, vphr(tv & n4e). 

issue an order: lok'es mantal, vphr(tv & n5). 

set one's affairs in order: meleah, iv; melean, 

tv. 

takton, av. 

9oregano, n. 

9ayan, iv. 

bar-winged oriole: tuc'ic', nla.* 

me?on, nld. 

orphaned 

oscillating 

other 

ouch 

ought 

ourselves 

outgoing 

outside 

outskirts 

outstretched 

oven 

over 

over-proportioned 

over-sexed 

overboil 

overcast 

overcoat 

overcooked 

overcrowded 

overdo 

overflow 

overgraze 

overgrazed 

overhanging 

overload 

overplayfulness 

overpower 

overrate 

overreach 

overripe 

oversalty 

oversensitive 

overtalkative 

overturn 

overturned 

overwork 

ow 

ow] 

ox 

oxcart 

become an orphan: tanub, iv. 

threadbare orphan: t'an-c'ut melon, nphr(n/aj 


potolik, aj. 

be orphaned: moanah, iv. 

hip, av. 

yantik, aj. 

on the other hand: yan, aj. 

the one...the other: hun...hun, num...num. 

the other: yan, aj. 

9arariy, excl; 9iriri, excl; 9ururuy, excl. 

/r is trilled/: 9ar, excl; 9ir, excl; 9ur, excl. 

yu?, iv(3s). 

bail, rpn3b. 

(elders and civil officials): poko9, aj. 

9osiltik, n5; pana, nlf. 

go outside: panaih, iv. 

twil, nlf. 

on outskirts of: tiiti? , nphr(n of n)5. 

(arm, leg) /when falling/: hekel(2), aj. 

/used only by ladinos/: horno, nla. 

/lake, mountain/: baba, n5. 

banban, aj. 

loko, aj. 

yal ta k'ok', vphr(iv & prep & n5). 

makal 9osil, nphr(aj & n5); maket losil, vphr(av 

& n5). 

with overcoat: pal, av. 

become overcooked (cabbage, beans): 

9ec"om-ta9ah, iv(aj & ivcpd). 

(church, house, courthouse; permitting no one 

else to enter): pieil, aj. 

9ec' ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj); bat ta 

mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj); helav ta mas, 

vphr(iv & prep & aj). 

mal, iv; malk'uh, iv. 

cause to overflow: mal, tv. 

(grasshopper, sheep, horses): husean, tv. 

husul, aj. 

(cliff, tree): likil, aj. 

/under burden, with work/: toban, tv. 

c'ininul, nla. 

(sickness, work): 9ahvalin, tv. 

overrate oneself: p'is ba, rv. 

overreach oneself: p'is ba, rv. 

(fruit): 9ec'om tok'on, ajphr(aj & aj). 

c'a ci9, ajphr(aj & aj). 

(child who cries when scolded slightly): nin, aj; 

ninet, av. 

9ec'om 9e, nphr(aj & n4d). 

/person/: e*ukp'in, tv. 

(car): netel, aj. 

/horse/: bakubtas, tv. 

9ak, excl. 

ow! /exclamation of disgust, annoyance, pain 

or fear/: 9ay, excl. 

bearded screech owl: kuskus, nle.* 

ferruginus pygmy owl: kuskus, nle.' 

great-horned owl: ?icin, n5. 

screech owl (?): eurukuk, nle.* 

talking-saint owner: ?ahval rios, nphr(n4f of 

n5). 

wey, nla. 

kareta, nla.

paca 

pacify 

pack 

packed 

packsaddle 

pact 

paddle 

paddler 

paddling 

pain 

painful 

pains 

paint 

pair 

palaver 

pale 

Palm 

palm(l) 

p 

volov, nle.* 

pacify with token gift: makbe 9e, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

/sexual appetite, desire for alcoholic beverage/: 

paheah 9o9on, vphr(iv & n4d). 

ein ba, rv. 

pack line: tabul, n4f. 

/with people/: ca9al, aj; hinil ca9al, ajphr(aj & 

aj); hinil vuk'ul, ajphr(aj & aj). 

9avarto, nla. 

straw packsaddle used by ladinos: salma, n5. 

trate, nla. 

make a pact: pas trate, vphr(tv & n5). 

bread paddle: pala te9, nphr(n type n)la. 

dugout paddler: hhub-hom, agn(tv & ncpd); 

hkanavero, agn. 

mas, av. 

lup, t'us, vok', av; k'usul, n4f; moc', n5. 

chest pain: ti9, av; me9 vinik, nphr(nld of nld). 

feel pain: k'us 9a9i, vphr(aj & tv). 

feeling fierce pain (stomach, chest): sik'ik'et, av. 

feeling fierce pain /from thorns that have entered 

foot/: t'omomet, av. 

feeling less pain: laet 9a9i, vphr(av & tv); lahet 

9a9i, vphr(av & tv). 

feeling sharp pain: sih, av. 

feeling sudden sharp pain /pus-filled sore/: 

tok'lih,av. 

have pain in heart: lik 9o9on, vphr(iv & n4d). 

having gas pains: cuk, av. 

pain in chest: k'us" wonil, nphr(aj & n3d). 

piercing pain (wound): e*uhuhet k'usul, vphr(av 

& n4f). 

reflex pain in thigh or armpit: nelub, nla. 

suffering pain in rump /from bloody dysentery/: 

vok'et bakel cak, vphr(av & nphr/n4f 

of nld/). 

eik', av; k'us, aj. 

be extremely painful (chest pain): sik'i, iv; sik'il, 

a Jbecome 

extremely painful (chest pain, "wind"): 

sik'an ba, rv. 

have sharp chest pains: ti^van 9o9on, vphr(iv & 

n4d). 

with aches and pains throughout body: lilihem, 

a Jbon, 

nle; bon, tv; bonol, nle. 

appear in pair (testes of drunk whose fly has 

opened): vohk'ih lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). 

be in pair (testes): vohan ba, rv; vohi, iv. 

in pair: loh, voli, av. 

in pair (testes): vohol, aj. 

in pairs (wedding couples): lotolik, aj. 

pair of oxen: mankomal, n 1 a. 

vulvul k'op, nphrfaj & n)5. 

salt, av. 

Palm Sunday: rominko ramos, nphr(n of n)5. 

black-dyed palm /used for edge of brim and 

top of crown of hat/: 9ik'al san, nphr(aj & 

blessed palm /distributed on St Peter's Day and 

woven into strip with cross at end, worn on 

hat as protection from lightning/: kakason, 

nla. 


477 

large brahea palm: pik' san, nphr(x type n). 

large brahea palm fronds distributed on Palm 

Sunday: ramos, nld. 

mountain palm: bae'i c'ib, nphr(aj & n); cayna 

nicim, nphr(n type n); c'ib, nla; muk'ta cib, 

nphr(aj & n). 

palm tree: san, nla. 

palm woven into hat for reinforcement: teie\ 

pisalal, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

sabal palm: baei palma, nphr(aj & n); palma, 

nld. 

sweet brahea palm: baei san, nphr(aj & n)5. 

palm(2) 9ut k'obol, nphr(n4f of n3d); pacomal k'obol, 


bone of palm /carpal/: tonav k'obol, nphr(nlf 

of n3d). 

palmar palmar lines: nicimal 9ut k'obol, nphr(n4f of 

nphr/n4f of n3d/); polav k'obol, nphr(nlf of 

n3d). 

pan botanrio c'ic' ni9, nphr(n of n). 

panting leh, tas, vos, av. 

pants green velveteen knee pants /worn by ensignbearers 

when entering and leaving office, and 

by judge ordinary, cantor, k'uk'ul ion, 

groom, elders during Holy Week, angel/: 

9okoe vesal, nphr(n type n)5; panyo vesal, 

nphr(n type n)ld. 

short pants /worn from around age eight onwards 

by boys and men/: vesal, n3a. 

tight-fitting pants: puro vesal, nphr(aj & n)3d. 

white shirt and pants /worn by ensign-bearer, 

holy elder, cantor, angel, groom, and sakhol/: 

vesal kamis'ail, nphr(n3a & n3c).* 

with long baggy pants: pok'-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

papaya papaya, nla. 

wild papaya: k'os papaya, nphr(aj & n); papaya 

mut, nphr(n of n)la; te9tikal papaya, 


paper vun, nla. 

parakeet orange-fronted parakeet: c'el, nle.' 

pardon 9ak' pertonal, vphr(tv & n5). 

beg pardon: lahesbe 7o9on, vphr(tv & n4d). 

parents child's spouse's parents /formerly term of address 

between both sets of parents/: nilal, 

nld.» 

park parke, n5. 

paroquet bur 9ak' c'o, nphr(n4d of n5); 9ak'ob pee", nphr(n 

of n)5; 9uc' mas, nphr(n4d of n5); bik'it 9uc" 

mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); k'anal 

9uc' mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); k'os 

9uc" mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). 

parrot loro, n5.'; periko, n5. 

parsley kulantu c'o, nphr(n of n). 

part part one's hair: pol be hoi, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f 

of n4d/). 

/with knife or machete/: timbe , vphr(tv 

& n5). 

parted (hair): polol, aj. 

parting pol, tuc', av. 

parting suddenly (rope): tumlih, av. 

parting suddenly (rope, wire): tn'mluh, av. 

Pascua Pasku?, nld. 

pasionero /official of the first level of the religious hierarchy/: 

pasyon, agn.


pass 

passenger 

passerby 

passion flower 

pasture 

pat 

patch 

patched 

path 

patient 

pattering 

patting 

Paul 

paunch 

paunchy 

pauraque 

pave 

pawn 

pay 

let pass /time/: p'ilesbe, tv. 

mountain pass: hap TOsil, nphr(n of n)5; hap 

vie, nphr(n of n)5. 

pass by: 9ec', iv; helav, iv. 

pass by person: lec'-hel ta be, vphr(tv/iv & 

tvcpd/& prep & n5). 

pass out: cam, iv. 

pass safely (sickness): êc' ta lek, vphr(iv/3s/& 

prep & aj). 

(sickness, grief, time, fear): 'ec', iv. 

(time): p'il, iv. 

/bus, car, truck/: ?ahval karo, nphr(n4f of n5). 

hiec'el be, agn(nphr/n of n/5). 

stinky passion flower: kranata c'o, nphr(n of n). 

wild passion flower: kranata lak', nphr(n type 

n). 

koleb, nlf; potrero, nla. 

t'oc ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

pat on the tummy /puppy/: t'ek ta mahel, 


pat sharply on the tummy: ven ta mahel, 


pat tortillas: pak'tanih, iv. 

pat water on top of head: cek', tv. 

pak', n4f; pak'benal, nlf. 

patch on the outside: t'oeanbe, tv. 

/used to cover open seam in seat of new pair of 

pants/: pak' cak ves'al, nphr(nlf of nphr/nlf 

of n3d/). 

pak'bentik, aj. 

(clothes): euneun, aj. 

patched on the outside: t'oeet, av; t'oeol, aj. 

with patched seat of pants: voe-cak, n(aj & 

ncpd)5. 

9ileb, n5; be, nld. 

make path through: p'ev ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

making well-worn path: c'ul, av. 

path leading out of town: lok'el be, nphr(vn 

type n)5. 

path to: belel, nlf. 

path where weeds or stubble have been flattened: 

vuk'benal, n4f. 

standing off the path: k'ehel, aj. 

take different paths: hel ta be, vphr(tv & prep 

& n5). 

town path /as in Htek-lum or Naben Cauk/: 

soral, nle. 

hcamel, agn; vaset, av; yamet won, vphr(av & 

n4d). 

place patient in bed of "flowers": poevan ta 

nicim, vphr(iv & prep & n5). 

cih, p'at, av. 

pak', t'as, av. 

patting person suddenly: t'oclih, av. 

patting tummy suddenly: t'ekluh, aj; venluh, av. 

Pavlu, nld. 

walking about with a paunch: pumtepumte c'ut, 


pansuro, aj. 

kavayero, n5.* 

bon, tv. 

/object left as security/: prental, nla. 

toh, tv; tohol, n4f. 

pay all the expenses: kucolah, iv. 

pay communal tax: toholah, iv. 

payment 

pea 

peach 

peacock 

peak 

pear 

pear-shaped 

peavine 

pebble 

pebbly 

peccary 

peck 

pecking 

pediment 

peek 

peeking 

peel 

peeled 

pay for itself: toh ba, rv. 

pay off: toh, iv. 

pay off entirely at one time: hi'', tv. 

deferred payment: hae, n4d. 

cow pea: 9ik'al kantela cenek', nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); lik'al slumil kantela cenek', 

nphr: aj & nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/); 

kantela cenek', nphr(n type n)la; k'os îk'al 

kantela cenek', nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/); muk'ta oik'al cenek', nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta kantela cenek', 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil kantela 

cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

cow pea: 'Nk'-soman oibes, nphr: aj(aj & P, 

P/2/cpd) & n. 

wild pea: •'ok' e'ii •'ak', nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ 

type n). 

bae*i sakil turasnu. nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

baî turasnu, nphr(aj & n); kanrat, nld; 

karirat turasnu, nphr(n type n): k'anal karirat, 

nphrfaj & n); k'anal prisku 1 ), nphr(aj & 

n); k'os merokotom, nphr(aj & n); luranko, 

nla; luranko turasnu, nphr(n type n); sakil 

prisku 1 ), nphr(aj & n). 

peach orchard: lurankotik, n5. 

pav, nld.* 

holol, n3b. 

/mountain/: nio, nib. 

bae"i peles, nphr(aj & n)5; kaslan peles, nphr(aj 

& n)la; peles, nla; peron, n. 

(pot, avocado): tu9ul, aj. 

perennial peavine: karvensa, nla. 

volvol ton, nphr(aj & n)5. 

river pebble: sisib ton, nphr(x type n)le. 

pebbly place: c'il-tontik, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

collared peccary: hhuyinom, n5; te^tikal citom, 

nphr(natt & n)la.* 

white-lipped peccary: tenikal citom, nphrfnatt 

& n)la.» 

ti9, tv. 

peck at /fleas, lice, ticks on body/: ti"? ba, rv. 

peck each other (chickens, turkeys): poc'i baik, 

rv. 

peck out /eye of dead animal/ (buzzard): boe', 

tv. 

peck out piece of /corn on cob, squash/ (chicken): 

c'oti, tv. 

peck way out (chick): c'ih, tv. 

bah, av. 

/cross/: simyento, nle. 

nac'an hoi, vphr(tv & n4d); nac'i, iv. 

peek at: nac'ita, tv; nac'ta, tv. 

(person): nac'an ba, rv. 

nac', av; nac'al, aj. 

co 1 ?, tv. 

peel off (skin burned by lime or chafed by burden): 

bi, iv. 

peel off /bark/: toe, tv. 

peel off /bark, scab/: t'ol, tv. 

peel off /clothes/: co?, tv. 

peel off /lead tree pod, bark, wrapping of unrefined 

sugar/: k'al, tv 

peel off /skin/ (lime, burden): bies, tv. 

(skin): poh, iv. 

peeled section /sugarcane/: cobenal, n4f.

peeling 

peep 

peeping 

peer 

peering 

pellet 

pelt 

pencil 

pendulum 

penetrating 

penis 

penitentiary 

penknife 

penniless 

penny 

penny-pincher 

penny-pinching 

pensively 

Pentecost 

peperomia 

pepper 

pepper weed 

peppering 

perceive 

perch 

perched 

perching 

percussion 

c'otet, av. 

peeling off: k'al, av. 

peep out (corn plant that barely emerges before 

dying): nac'an ba, rv. 

pi, av. 

peeping forth (young squashes, gourds, chayotes 

or corn ears): yalal maeal, ajphr(aj & aj). 

peer at: nac'ita, tv; nac'ta, tv. 

(prisoner): nac'an ba, rv. 

nac', av; becbon hoi, vphr(av & n4d). 

peering out: s?U, av. 

peering out (prisoner through bars): e"ilil sat, 

vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d); c'otol sat, vphr(aj/ 

pred/ & n4d). 

(person, frog in water, animal in burrow): 

nac'al, aj. 

peg of stringed instrument: tcel vob, nphr(nlf 

of nld). 

/stringed instrument/: e'otobil 9ak', nphr(n4f 

of n4e). 

/stringed instrument, peg for tightening wire 

fence/: einob, nlf. 

wooden peg for securing roof shingles: lavus 

te7, nphr(n of n)la. 

slingshot pellet: bek\ n4f. 

nukul, nla. 

lapis, nla. 

•>at, nib. 

lap, av. 

penetrating suddenly (thorn, nail): sihluh, av. 

•>at, nib; ?us"ubil, n3f. 

erect penis: te9el latil, nphr(aj & n3d). 

glans penis: hoi •Jatil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

/of little boy/: mut, nla. 

women's penitentiary: ninyal, nle. 

navasas, nla. 

be penniless: t'aneah, iv. 

become penniless: ">ul, iv. 

make penniless (sickness): t'anean, tv. 

kovre, nld. 

penny-pincher: hbik'tal-?o")on, agn(aj & ncpd). 

k'us, av. 

sit pensively with lowered head: Chilian ba, rv. 

yal ta vinahel rios, vphr(iv/3s/ & pt & n5 & n5). 

bae*i visobtakil, nphr(aj & n); k'os eahal 

visobtakil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); merio 

e*i-7lel, nphr(n type n); muk'ta visobtakil, 

nphr(aj & n); pimenta e'i'Jlel, nphr(n type 

n); sentavo e'hlel, nphr(n type n); setahtik 

vis'obtakil, nphr(aj & n); visobtakil, nla. 

pimenta, nla. 

devil pepper: ?ic Sulem, nphr(n4d of n5); ve7el 

kulahte 1 ?, nphr(n of n); ve?el mut, nphr(n of 

n). 

k'os pi£\ nphr(aj & n); pic', n. 

peppering suddenly (bullets): vahluh, av. 

bain, iv. 

lucan ba, rv; lucleb, nld; lut'leb, n4f. 

perch on: luclebin, tv. 

loc'ol, aj; ludul, aj. 

be perched (bird): loc'i, iv. 

be perched (bird, person, animal): ludi, iv. 

luc, av. 

perching in flocks (birds): lisil, aj. 

percussion cap: cemenia, nle; tuvo, nla. 

percussion cap /known only by road workers/: 


perforate 

perforated 

perforation 

perhaps 

periwinkle 

permission 

permit 

persecute 

persimmon 

persisting 

person 

perspiration 

perspiring 

persuade 

persuaded 

peso 

pester 

pesterer 

Peter 

petition 

petitioner 

Petrona 

petticoat 

pewee 

phalanx 

Philip 

Philippa 

philodendron 

phlegmatic 

phlegmatically 

phoebe 

photograph 

fulminante, nla. 

c'ohbe sat, vphr(tv & n4f); p'iân, tv. 

/wood, clothes, rocks, leather sieve, coin for 

chaplet/: c'oh, tv; vom, tv. 

c'ohol, aj; homoc", aj. 

e"ap, nc; c'ohbenal, nlf; vombenal, n4f. 

nan, pt; van, pt. 

bioleta, nld. 

permiso, nle. 

ask permission: îc'be k'op, vphr(tv & n4d). 

give permission /civil authorities/: fak' wrten, 


/occurs usually in negative phrases/: tihil, n5. 

oak', tv; permiso, nle. 

•Jilbahin, tv. 

wild persimmon: bik'it k'osos" to, nphr(aj & 


persisting obstinately in making request: tek'et 

k'anel, vphr(av & n4f). 

kriscano, n5. 

induce perspiration (hot sun, fire /not sweatbath/): 

panvan, iv. 

sue', av. 

persuade another to reconsider: tik'be rios ta 

Won, vphr(tv & n5 & prep & n4d). 

be persuaded /to sell or give/: ouneh TOTOn, 


pesu, nla. 

five pesos: sinko, nla. 

•Jilbahin, tv. 

h'Jilbahinvaneh, agn. 

Petul, nld. 

hak'-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

/fiancee/: hak', tv. 

marriage petition: k'anel nupunel, nphr(vn4f of 

vn5). 

petition fiancee: hak'olah, iv. 

rite of petition for fiancee: hak'ol, n5. 

each of the three petitioners who represent prospective 

fiance at petition for fiancee: hhak'ol, 

agn. 

each of two wedding petitioners: hiak-rios, 


one of two petitioners who goes to bride's house 

to take groom home after he has fulfilled his 

bride service: hsutesvaneh, agn. 

petitioner who aids prospective groom who 

does his best to win girl: htok'eseh-'Wonil, 

agn(vn & ncpd). 

serve as wedding petitioner: pacolah, iv. 

wedding petitioner: hpacol, agn.* 

Petui, nld. 

hustan, nld. 

greater pewee: Tulispipi 1 ?, n5.*; p'okoyoi, n5; 

toe-hol mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 

/hand/: lakan k'ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). 

Pil, nld. 

PU, nld. 

iok' vakas, nphr(n4d of n5); lobol ''ak', nphr(n 

type n). 

•Jalan, aj. 

walking phlegmatically: voeet, av. 

black phoebe: oik'al mut, nphrfaj & n)5. 

lok'ta, tv. 

photograph person: lok'ta van, iv.* 

/which serves as substitute during person's ab-


pick 

pickaxe 

picked 

picking 

pickup 

picture 

piece 

pierce 

piercing 

piercing-eyed 

P'g 

pigeon 

pigeon-toed 

piggyback 

pigpen 

pile 

sence/: lok'taob-bail, n(n & rpncd)le. 

/flower, beans, greens/: tuc', tv. 

/fruit, nut/: ml, tv. 

pick at: toeilan, tv. 

pick off: toeilan, tv. 

pick oneself up (drunk): tam ba, rv. 

pick out of: tas, tv. 

pick over: t'uh, tv. 

pick up: tam, tv. 

pick up between the knees /child/: lae 1 , tv. 

pick up by holding between thumb and forefinger 

/basket, bowl, gourd/: sek, tv. 

pick up with two sticks /snake/: lae", tv. 

piko, nla. 

object that has been picked up somewhere: 

tambalal , nphr(n type n)ld. 

tul, av. 

picking up many things: tamton, av. 

picking up repeatedly: pik, av. 

walking about picking /large ears of corn/: 

tatetate, av. 

walking about picking out things: t'iihtet'uhte, 

av. 

pickup truck: karo, nla; pikot, nla. 

lok'ob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)Ie; lok'taob-bail, 

n(n & rpncpd)le; retrato, nla. 

picture frame /esp. for devotional pictures/: 

kwagro, n5. 

ritual speech, prayer; picture: lok'ol, nlf. 

tuc'ulil, n4f. 

broken piece /glass, sherds/: vok'olil, n4f. 

in small pieces (tortilla, paper, glass): c'uc'ul, aj. 

piece cut out of /potato by hoe/: hec'benal, n4f. 

/with needle, nail or feather/: e'ap, tv. 

/with needle, nail or knife/: sihbe, tv. 

/with needle, nail, knife or feather/: e'apbe, tv. 

e'ap, av. 

piercing suddenly /foot/ (thorn): mae'luh, av. 

/critical person/: k'ok'-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

citom, nla.' 

band-tailed pigeon: c'acak, nle.*; paloma, nle. 

domestic pigeon: paloma, nle. 

red-billed pigeon: k'us eukutin, nphr(aj & n)5.* 

sotsot, aj. 

carry piggyback: t'in-pati, tv(aj & ncpd). 

carry piggyback /large child/: lep ta kucel, 


cikero, nla. 

busan, tv; kunan, tv; monton, nld. 

arrange in neat pile /flowers/: tusa, tv. 

be in a pile: busi, iv. 

be in large pile (corn, firewood, rocks): yemi, iv. 

be in small pile: poti, iv. 

be in small pile (flowers, etc.): yomi, iv. 

be left in pile (wool): voek'ih komel, vphr(iv & 

dr). 

carrying pile: yom, av. 

have work pile up: tern ba fabtel, vphr(rv/3s/ 

& n4d). 

in a pile: busul, aj. 

in a small pile (wool, corn, salt, earth, pine needles, 

stones, sand, fruit, chilis): eopol, aj. 

in huge pile (wood, corn, earth, excrement, 

rocks): yemel, aj. 

in large pile (corn stubble, weeds): temel, aj. 

in pile: bus, k'ec, pot, av; kunul, aj. 

piled 

piling 

pillar 

pillow 

pimple 

pin 

pinch 

pinching 

pine 

in pile (clothes, wool, etc.): voeol, aj. 

in small pile: k'et, av; mic'il, aj. 

in small pile (corn, beans) /gourdful/: k'etel, aj. 

in small piles: potolik, aj. 

leave in pile /excrement/: vuean komel, vphr(tv 

& dr). 

leave in wide pile /excrement/: seman, tv. 

lie in pile (candles, firewood, grain): k'eci, iv. 

lie in small pile: mic'i, iv. 

lying in neat pile (candles, firewood): tusul, aj. 

lying in wide pile (excrement): semet, av. 

make large pile of /corn stubble, weeds/: teman, 

tv. 

pile in (people in truck or house): lae ba, rv. 

pile one on top of another /bags of corn/: 

ca^-e'alan, tv(num & tvcpd); ca^-laean, 

tv(num & tvcpd). 

pile up (clouds): volan ba, rv. 

pile up (corn, work): yem ba, rv. 

pile up (fallen fruits): busk'ih, iv. 

pile up (guilt, sins): tem ba mulil, vphr(rv/3s/ 

& n4d). 

pile up (work): yeman ba, rv. 

place in pile /wool, pine needles, thatch, 

twigs, stubble, cabbage/: c'etan, tv. 

put in pile: potan, tv. 

put in small pile: eopan, tv. 

set down in pile /flowers, etc./: yoman, tv. 

set down in small pile /corn, beans/ /gourdful/: 

k'etan, tv. 

set in neat pile /firewood, candles, flowers/: 

tusan, tv. 

sitting in pile (excrement): vueul, aj. 

take out in piles /wool/: voek'ih lok'el, 


be piled (corn, beans, rocks): kuni, iv. 

piled on ground (rotting fruit): yemyon, av. 

piled up: temahtik, aj. 

piled up (clouds): va9ahtik, aj. 

piled up (corpses in communal grave) /during 

famine/: laeal, aj. 

piled up and unable to be finished (work): temet, 

av. 

piling out: tern, av. 

cosmic pillar: TOy balamil, nphr(n4e of n5).* 

son holil, nphr(n5 of n3d). 

vahba, nla. 

mak, tv. 

/hand, foot/ (rock, tree): lae', tv. 

pin person to ground (person, tree): net'van, iv, 

pin to ground: net'u, tv. 

/finger/: lae', tv; sep', tv. 

pinch person (crab, grasshopper, leaf-cutter 

ant): loe"van, iv. 

pinch with fingernails: set', tv. 

/with fingers/: sut', tv. 

set', av. 

toh, nla. 

chiapas white pine: nukul pat, nphr(n type n). 

each of three tips of pine placed at foot of candles 

at shrines /yellow or montezuma pine/: 

mak kantela, nphr(n of n)lb. 

montezuma pine: •'ik'al 9ahan toh, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); bae"i toh, nphr(aj & n); hayal 

pat toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); pimil 

pat 9ahan toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type

pineapple 

pinging 

pink(l) 

pink(2) 

pinned 

pinole 

pint 

pinta 

pipe(l) 

pipe(2) 

piqueria 

piss 

pistol 

pit 

pitched 

pitcher 

pity 

placate 

placated 

place 

ains 

plaintiff 

plan 

plane 

nphr/n type n/); pimil pat toh, nphr(nphr/ 

aj & n/ type n). 

pine bark: p'alp'as, nle. 

pine cone: tuluk', nla; tuluk'al toh, nphr(natt 

& n)la. 

pine needles: sak-toh, n(n of ncpd)la. 

pine tops /used to decorate crosses or erected 

on both sides of procession route/: tek'el 

yellow pine: 9ahan toh, nphr(n type n)le; 

bae*i toh, nphr(aj & n); hayal pat toh, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); hic'il 9anal toh, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); pimil pat toh, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); sakil kalian toh, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); vinik 9ahan toh, 

nphr(n type nphr/n type n/); yihil lanal 

toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

toh, nphr(aj & n)la. 

pasak', nla. 

wild pineapple: cimpo pasak', nphr(x type 

n)5; kinya pasak', nphr(n type n)5; pasak', 

nla; potpot pasak', nphr(aj & n). 

him, av. 

eahal, aj; coh, aj. 

pink eye: satil, n5. 

china pink: markarita e'iilel, nphr(n type n). 

be pinned beneath: lae" ba, rv. 

c'ilim, nla.' 

meria, nla. 

sbk(l), n5. 

become afflicted with pinta: sokib, iv. 

person suffering from pinta: sok(l), n5. 

suffering from pinta: sal, aj; salil, aj. 

(flute): 9ok', iv. 

tuvo, nla. 

fragrant piqueria: cicik'uy, nle; k'os eahal 

cicik'uy, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

k'abil, n3d; k'abin, iv. 

pistola, nld. 

bek\ n4f. 

slightly pitched /roof insufficiently pitched and 

permitting leakage/: patpat, aj. 

rosa, nla; rosa p'in, nphr(n type n)la. 

chicha pitcher /formerly used for cane liquor 

when men entered office/: salu, nla. 

k'us ?a9i, vphr(aj & tv); k'usiubah won, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); k'usubah ta w>on, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d); k'usubin, tv. 

take pity on: na? ta ?o?on, vphr(tv & prep & 

n4d). 

what a pity!: lastima, excl. 

lahesbe 'Won, vphr(tv & n4d). 

be placated: lah 9O?on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

lavil, n3c; balamil, n5; lugar, nlf. 

in place (tumpline): timet, av; timil, aj. 

/insect on tree, object on branch/: noc'an, tv. 

place around (rope around neck of horse): 

k'ambe, tv. 

place down flat /tortilla on griddle/: laman, tv. 

place in post hole /post/: sohbe, tv. 

place in post hole /replacement post/: sih, tv; 

soh, tv. 

place loosely /corn/: cahan, tv. 

/tortilla on griddle/: loman, tv. 

pac'altik, n5. 

hk'an-parte, agn(tv & ncpd). 

k'oplal, n4b. 

c'ulean, tv; c'ululibtas, tv. 


planing 

plank 

plant 

plantain 

planted 

planter 

planting 

plaster 

plastering 

plastic 

plate 

platform 

play 

player 

/beam/: pas ta pareho, vphr(tv & prep & aj). 

/log/: pac'alubtas, tv. 

/wood/: c'ul, tv. 

c'ul, av. 

plank fence /used for cattle corral/: lae-te 1 ) 

mok, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 

e'un, tv. 

/beans/: c'ol, tv; c'olomah, iv. 

/corn, beans/: tani, tv. 

plant corn: ?av, tv.*; "Javolah, iv. 

plant one's beans in another person's corn field: 

c'amun ?olon cob, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of 

n4d/). 

plant without weeding or clearing corn stubble 

/corn, beans/: som ta ?avel, vphr(tv & 

prep & vn5). 

/plant/: tek'an, tv. 

/potato, pit/: muk, tv. 

•)ok' e'i'), nphr(n4d of n5); 9ok' e*r7 tt'vAA, 

nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); pocahtik 9anal 

e"it\e\, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); posil 

k'ok', nphr(n of n); posil mahbenal, nphr(n 

of n); posil sep', nphr(n of n). 

rippleseed plantain: Ian te9, nphr(x type n). 

e'unul, aj. 

corn planter: h'Jovol, agn. 

pah, av. 

corn planting: 9avol, nla; 9ovol, nla. 

planting distance between holes in same row 

(corn, beans): likbenal, nlf. 

planting season: 9ovoltik, n5. 

nib, tv; sokom, nla. 

/house wall with daub/: pak', tv. 

/house/: nibnon, av. 

/sheets used for rain capes, particularly by 

women/: nailo, nla. 

plato, nla. 

kahlebal, n3d. 

metate platform /heavy raised plank on which 

metate stands/: 9ek'en, nla. 

platform for tamales /sticks put in pot/: tem, 

nib. 

tahin, iv. 

/fiddle, etc./: tih, iv. 

/flute, cowhorn, bottle, trumpet, gourd, leaves/ 

/during wedding/: lok'esin, tv. 

/in water/: t'ub ba, rv. 

/musical instrument/: tih, tv. 

play music for /dead person at wake/: tih vob, 

vphr(iv & n4e). 

play with (dog): tahinta, tv. 

play with /testicles, penis/: veh ta mahel, 


/stringed instrument/: vabah, iv. 

htahimol, agn. 

each of the eight lesser players of the fiesta of 

St. Sebastian /spook, jaguar, eon-te% katbenal/.: 

bik'it htoy-k'in, nphr(aj & agn/tv & 

ncpd/). 

each of the fourteen players of the fiesta of St. 

Sebastian: htoy-k'in, agn(tv & ncpd). 

each of the six major players of the fiesta of 

St. Sebastian /grand and petty Spanish 

lords and ladies, sak-hoV.: muk'ta htoy-k'in, 

nphr(aj & agn/tv & ncpd/). 

each of two lesser players of the fiesta of St.


playing 

pleased 

pleat 

pleated 

Pleiades 

pliant 

plopping 

plot 

plow 

pluck 

plug 

plum 

plump 

pluteus 

pocked 

pod 

point 

pointed 

pointing 

poison 

poke 

pokeberry 

Sebastian who were the stewards-royal of the 

previous year: k'uk'ul con, agn(nphr/x type 

n/ld).* 

each of two lesser players of the fiesta of St. 

Sebastian who were the third and fourth 

prefects of the previous year: ka9benal, agn. 

each of two major players of the fiesta of St. 

Sebastian /first and second prefects of the 

previous year/: sak-hol, agn(aj & ncpd)ld. 

playing in water: t'ub, av. 

walking while playing /harps/: tumlah, av. 

be pleased by: k'upin, tv. 

be pleased by /another's discomfort/: 9elavah, 

iv; k'el 9elav, vphr(tv & n5). 

euk, tv. 

eukeuk, aj. 

sonob h9elek\ nphr(n4d of agn). 

lak, av. 

t'us, av. 

nopilan, tv. 

lararo, nla. 

/harp/: turn, tv. 

pluck at /harp/ (child): tumilan, tv. 

/weeds, hair, beard, feathers/: bul, tv. 

suk, n4f. . 

/hole in fence/: suk, tv. 

?ik'?ik'-lo9an sirvela, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); 

eahal sirvela, nphr(aj & n); k'anal sirvela, 

nphr(aj & n); sakil sirvela, nphr(aj & n). 

t'os, av. 

pleasingly plump (woman's legs): t'osol, aj. 

pleasingly plump and well-groomed: e*ab, leb, 

av. 

fawn-colored pluteus: 9ik'al cecev, nphr(aj & 

n); sakil ceceval tulan, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & 

n/). 

(smallpox, chicken pox): vahal, aj. 

satil, n3c. 

/bean/: patil, n3c. 

bee, iv; bee, tv; bic, tv. 

forming a point (corner of plot being weeded 

or cleared): soheah muyel, vphr(iv & dr). 

forming point (cleared patch): sulsul, aj. 

forming point (edge of plot of land): sohsoh, 

a J- 

/pencil, knife, machete/: ni 1 ;, nib. 

/penis, urine, gun, reptile's or amphibian's 

head/: becan, tv. 

(machete, knife, pencil): e'ube'ub, aj. 

(nose, post): e'ape'ap, aj. 

(nose, post, pencil, machete, scissors, cow horn, 

claws): e'upul, aj. 

bee, bic, av; bicil, aj. 

beneno, nla. 

mulbe, tv; mules, tv; tih, tv. 

/pine in fire/: mul, tv. 

poke firewood further into /fire/: cue, tv. 

poke head over: yo9an hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). 

poke out (thorn): nac'p'uh tal, vphr(iv & dr). 

poke upwards /fruit on branch so it will fall/: 

sul, tv; suli, tv. 

/stick in burrow to see if animal is there/: sen, 

tv. 

9ob, nla; eahal 9ob, nphr(aj & n)5; eahal sat 

9ob, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); maruc 9itah, 

nphr(n type n)la; maruc e'i^lel lob, 

poking 

pole 

policeman 

polish 

polished 

pollen 

pom-pom 

pomegranate 

pommel 

poncho 

pond 

ponder 

ponderously 

pool 

poor 

pop 

pop-eyed 

popapple 

popcorn 

pope 

popping 

popsicle 

porcupine 

pores 

pork 

porter 

portion 

Posada 

Posadas 

posol 

possibility 

nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n); sakil 9ob, 

nphr(aj & n)5; sakil sat 9ob, nphr(nphr/aj & 

n/ type n). 

cue, mul, av; senson, av. 

poking head over: yowl hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

n4d). 

poking upward (corn plant stripped of leaves by 

sheep): sulul, aj. 

poking upwards /fruit on branch so it will fall/: 

sulson, av. 

/boat/: hub, tv. 

/flag/: 9okol, n3b. 

forked pole used to lower merchandise: horkata, 

nla. 

pole of bottom of bed or corn bin: k'atal Ie9, 


pole plate: nakleb cuk, nphr(n4f of n5); tenel 

teal na, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. 

roof pole of thatched roof: sul, nla. 

smoke pole: ba k'ok', nphr(nlf of nld). 

vertical pole of wattle and daub wall: lap 9oy, 

nphr(nla of n5); lap 9oyal na, nphr(nlf of 

nphr/natt If & nld/). 

vertical pole of wooden house wall: hit' na, 


traffic policeman: transito, n5. 

c'ul, tv; c'ululibtas, tv. 

/ceremonial sandals/; bon, tv. 

become polished: c'ul ba, rv; c'uleah, iv. 

covered with pollen: tan-mukan, aj(aj & 

T/2/cpd). 

inan. poss; pollen: tan, nla. 

pom-pom of scarf: nic pok', nphr(nlf of nld). 

granada, n. 

hoi sila ka9, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/)5. 

woolen sleeved poncho /longer in front than in 

back and sewn up sides, worn by Chamulas 

and a few elderly Zinacantec men/, inan. 

poss.; scuhai: cuhil, n3a. 

nab, nle. 

z'ihan ba, rv. 

9us, ban, av. 

e'anleb, n5. 

/financially/: povre, aj. 

poor person: me9on, nld. 

(fever sore): p'ot, iv. 

(fire, roasting corn): c'it, iv. 

bulbul, aj. 

bae'i kranata, nphr(aj & n); kranata, nla. 

tukum, nla. 

pope's nose: nin cakil, nphr(aj & n)3d. 

boe\ c'it, hum, k'av, lorn, pum. p'ot, av. 

popping in ears /when going to lower altitude/: 

vononet, av. 

bot, nle. 

mextcan porcupine: C'IS 9uc, nphr(n type n)5. 

oil of pores: vahobal, nld. 

citom, nla. 

h9ikaenom, agn; hsa9-9ikaeil, agn(tv & nepd). 

rasyon, nld. 

First Posada: ba misa, nphr(nlf of n5). 

/mass is celebrated every evening/: misatik, n5. 

9uc'imo">, nla.*; mae', nla. 

posol wrapped in corn husk: hohoc'al 9uc'imo9, 


there is a possibility that: 9oy, n5.

possible 

post 

postpone 

postponed 

postponing 

pot 

potato 

potoo 

potsherd 

potter 

pottery 

poultry 

pound(l) 

pound(2) 

pounding 

pour 

poured 

pouring 

pouting 

poverty 

powder 

power 

powerful 

practice 

pray 

lek, aj. 

be possible: tak', tv; yw>, iv(3s). 

/bed/: wkol, n3b. 

/fence, house, bed/: 9oy, nla. 

halihes, tv; natihes k'ak'al, vphr(tv & n5). 

/deadline, religious post/: toyes, tv. 

postpone until morning: sakubtas, tv. 

/religious post/: muyes, tv. 

being postponed time and again /deadline/: 

p'lltep'ilte, av. 

pah, av. 

p'in, nla; rosa, nla; rosa p'in, nphr(n type n)la. 

broken pot in which spindles are stored: tilebal, 

n3d. 

chamberpot: oav k'abil, nphr(n4f of n3d). 

chipped pot: sel, n5. 

coffee pot: kaltera, nla. 

enamelware pot: peltre, nld; tak'in p'in, nphr(n 

type n)ld. 

pear-shaped pot /for corn gruel, tamales or nixtamal/: 

tuftu 1 ) p'in, nphr(aj & n)la. 

pot for /cane liquor, chicha, corn gruel, 

etc./: p'inal , nphr(nlf of nld). 

pot in which lime is mixed: puk'om tan, nphr(n 

of n)ld; puk'um tan, nphr(n of n)ld. 

pot taken on journey: kaltera, nla. 

pot with handle: cikin p'in, nphr(n type n)la. 

bae"i ''is-ak', nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); sakil tranhero 

">is-ak', nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & 

ncpd/). 

common potoo: soc', n5.* 

setelul, n4f; set'elul, n4f; voc'ol p'in, nphr(aj 

& n)le; voc'olil, n4f; vok'ol p'in, nphr(aj & 

n)le. 

hpotob, agn. 

pottery bowl: see 1 , nla. 

poultry disease: sak-ec, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

measure of about twenty-five pounds /flour/: 

•Jarova, nla. 

pound scales /used to weigh fish and shrimp, 

formerly used to weigh cotton/: livra, nla. 

t'us, tv. 

/tobacco leaves into powder, wool being fulled, 

house or fence posts being fixed securely/: 

ten, tv. 

bah, pak\ p'at, fan, t'us, av. 

(feet): t'ast'on, av. 

(heart from fear or from running): t'ist'on, av. 

/liquid into bowl or pot, grain into bag, bin or 

basket, on mat/: k'eb, tv. 

pour into bag: c'ol, tv. 

pour into bottle /cane liquor/: c'olomah, iv. 

pour into bottle /liquid/: c'ol, tv. 

pour liquid back and forth to cool it: t'oh, tv. 

/water from jug/: kol, tv. 

c'olol, aj. 

call. coh. cor, c'ol, his, kop, t'oh, av. 

pouring down (water): t'ohoh, av. 

buc, av. 

mOanal, nla. 

p'up', nla. 

powder self: bon ba, rv. 

power plant: me 1 ) lus, nphr(n of n)5. 

become powerful: toy, iv. 

practice one's art (shaman): sanav, iv. 

k'opoh, iv. 


prayer 

praying 

pre-chew 

precariously 

preen 

prefect 

pregnancy 

pregnant 

premolar 

preparation 

prepare 

prepared 

present(l) 

present(2) 

presentation 

President 

president 

presidente 

press 

/in church, at bedtime/: pas resal, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

pray before each saint in the church: p'is sat, 

vphrftv & n4d). 

pray to: k'opon, tv. 

pray to the earth lord /at unsanctioned caves/: 

hambe sat balamil. vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of 

n5/). 

9oresyon, nle; resal, nle. 

/in Spanish/: k'op rios. nphr(n4f of n5). 

praying loudly (shaman): t'aht'on, av. 

praying softly: not", av. 

praying under one's breath: mismon ta Won, 

vphr(av & pt & n4d); visvon ta Won, 

vphr(av & prep & n4d). 

/tortilla for infant/: sas. tv. 

place precariously: hp'an, tv. 

c'aki ba, rv; c'akovah, iv. 

/each of four officials of the third level of the 

religious hierarchy/: rehirol, agn. 

first prefect: primero rehirol, agn(nphr/aj & 

n/); rehirol mayol, agn(n5 & aj). 

fourth prefect: k'osil rehirol, agn(nphr/n4f of 

n5/). 

c'util, n3b.* 

illicit pregnancy: âk'ben camel, nphr(n type 

vn)5. 

cause man to have growth in stomach as if pregnant 

(witch): t'okanbe •>ol, vphr(tv & n4d). 

premolar and molar /absolute form infr/: 

ccobil, n3d. 

cap-bail, n(tv & rpncpd)5; capob-bail, n(n & 

rpncpd)5. 

cap, tv; melean. tv. 

/chewing tobacco/ /by adding lime to the tobacco/: 

posta, tv. 

va'ial, aj. 

k'elan. tv. 

/freq referring to cane liquor/: matanal, nle; 

moton, n4d. 

present candles: yal kantela, vphr(iv & nld).' 

present oneself /before authorities/: ">ak' ba, rv. 

for the present: lavi, n5. 

''entrokal, n5. 

wedding presentation: îspusal, n5. 

President of the Republic: preserente ta Mehiko, 

agn(nphr/n & prep & n/). 

church president: preserente •nrmn •Jeklisa, agn: 

n of nphr(n4f of n5). 

president of fiesta committee: preserente 'Ju'Jun 

k'in, agn: n of nphr(n4f of n5); preserente 

hunta, agn(nphr/n of n/5). 

president of school committee: preserente 'm- 

•)un can-vun, agn: n of nphr(n4f of vn/tv & 

ncpd/5); preserente lukasyon, agn(nphr/n 

of n/5). 

preserente, agn. 

press legs together: yob ''ok, vphr(tv & n4d); 

yob ba, rv. 

press one's legs together: loe'an ba, rv. 

press one's legs together tightly: loe'an *>ok, 


press one's legs together tightly (child, woman 

trying to save virginity): loe' iok, vphr(tv // 

n); loe' ba, rv. 

press together tightly (long objects, branches):


pressed 

pressing 

pretend 

pretty 

prevail 

prevent 

pnce 

prick 

pricked 

pricking 

prickling 

prickly 

prickly pear 

priest 

princess feather 

principal 

prison 

prisoner 

privet 

privy 

probably 

problem 

process 

procession 

proclaimed 

procrastinator 

produce 

press with side of hand /tortilla, dough/: net', 

tv. 

be pressed down tightly (hair by rope used to 

carry burden): mit'eah, iv. 

pressed together (knees): yobol, aj; yubul, aj. 

pressed together (legs): loe"ol, aj. 

pressing together (knees): yubet, av. 

pretend to be: ca9le ba, rv; pas ba, rv. 

become pretty and neat (girl): e"ab ba, rv; e*ay 

ba, rv. 

/girl/: tuluk' ba, vphr(n/pred/ & rpn). 

pas eaeal, vphr(tv & n5). 

mee'ta, tv.* 

/departure/: panes, tv. 

prevent another from taking religious office: 

c'aybe •Jabtel, vphr(tv & n4d). 

prevent person from working: pahesbe k'ob, 


tohol, n4f. 

(needle, thorn): pahbe, tv. 

prick out /thorn with needle/: luc, tv. 

prick out /thorn/: p'icu, tv. 

prick self: vom ba, rv. 

prick up /ears/ /eavesdropping/: e"etan, tv. 

pricked up (ears): e'etel, aj. 

lab, av. 

pricking up: lac, av. 

eav, av. 

eak\ av. 

9ik'-lo9an petok, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); 

cabal petok, nphr(aj & n); lo'ibalal petok, 

nphr(aj & n); petok, nld; tctikil petok, 


pale, n5. 

eahal e'ul 9itah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); 

eahal c'is e'ul *>itah, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & 

nphr/x type n/); e'ul •>itah, nphr(x type 

n)la; c'is er'ul "mall, nphr(aj & nphr/x type 

n/); c'isal e'ul litan, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/); sakil e'ul 9itah, nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/). 

holinom tak'in, nphr(aj & n)5; krinsipal, agn. 

/debt/: bek'tal tak'in, nphr(n type n). 

/money/: takopal, nib. 

cukebal, n5; cukinebal, n5; cuklebal, n3d. 

women's prison in San Cristobal /archaic/: 

posital, n5. 

hcukel, agn. 

glossy privet: ">ik'al te% nphr(aj & n)5. 

eainebal, n3d. 

nan, pt; van, pt. 

palta, n5. 

in the process of: yaket, av; yokel, pt; yolel, pt. 

(saints): pas prosisyon, vphr(tv & n5). 

/of saints inside and outside church on Ephiphany, 

Lenten Fridays, Palm Sunday, Wednesday 

of Holy Week to Holy Saturday, St. 

John's Day, fiesta of St. Lawrence, and the 

Posadas/: prosisyon, n5. 

be proclaimed (wedding banns): ye 1 ), iv. 

hk'us-pahayom, agn(aj & ncpd)5. 

lok'es, tv. 

/fruit, corn, beans, etc./: ink', tv. 

produce in abundance /fruit/: lisan, tv. 

produced 

profit 

profitable 

progress 

proliferate 

prolong 

prominent 

promiscuous 

promise 

proof 

prop 

proper 

properly 

prosperous 

prostitute 

prostrate 

protect 

protest 

protrude 

protruding 

produce large ears of corn: lisimah, iv. 

produce many fruits: vohan, tv. 

produce small ears (corn): tucan, tv; t'ucan, tv. 

produce young corn ear: yian, iv. 

/single fruit/ (young tree): tucan, tv. 

be produced (cane liquor): meiin, iv. 

kanal, nld; kanalin, n4d. 

make a profit: pas kanal, vphr(tv & n5). 

make profit /from sales/: tak'inah, iv. 

be profitable: lok' kwenta, vphr(iv & n5). 

make progress: sanav, iv. 

(corn, people, words): p'ol, iv. 

/guilt, corn/: p'oles, tv. 

prolong an investigation: t'ises ta be k'op, 


turn, t'uk, av. 

be prominent (goiter, boil): t'ukan ba, rv; t'uki, 

iv. 

become prominent: t'ukeah, iv. 

become prominent (goiter, boil, swellhead): 

t'uk ba, rv. 

(boil): tubul, aj. 

(goiter, boil, etc.): vuwui, aj. 

(goiter, boil, swellhead): t'ukul, aj. 

make prominent /goiter, boil/ (witch): t'ukanbe, 

tv. 

/muscles, veins/: tumulik, aj. 

(veins or muscles of old person): timilik, aj. 

walking with prominent /stomach/ (pregnant 

mare or woman): t'iset, av.* 

be promiscuous in love: e'iles ba, rv. 

?ak' k'op, vphr(tv // n); 9al k'op, vphr(tv // n); 

k'oplal, n4b. 

preva, n5. 

/for house or heavily laden branch/: sik', nib; 

sik'-te9ob, n(aj & ncpd)lf. 

prop up: 9ikbe, tv; sik'u, tv. 

prop up /drunk, patient, tree/: 9ik, tv. 

proper way: melol, n4b; tohol, n4b. 

do properly: lekil , tv(aj & tvcpd). 

k'ak', av. 

hmulavil 'Jane, nphr(agn type n)5. 

prostrate self (person weeping in church or at 

wake, drunk refusing to be led home): tue"an 

ba, rv. 

mee'ta, tv.* 

protest before civil authorities: 9ak' kwenta, 

vphr(tv & n5); 9ak' parte, vphr(tv & n5). 

/belly of pregnant woman/: vusan ba, rv. 

(blister): kucan ba, rv. 

(boil, bowels of person who has suffered from 

bloody dysentery): tobeah lok'el, vphr(iv & 

dr). 

(daub, boil): buck'ih lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). 

(flower bud): tomeah, iv; tomi, iv. 

(gopher hill): tokeah, iv. 

(tummy) /child or puppy that has overeaten/: 

veneah, iv. 

ban, ben, bin, p'en, vck*. av. 

be protruding (belly): vusi, iv. 

be protruding (tummy of child or puppy): beni, 

iv. 

be protruding (tummy): p'eni, iv. 

(belly, penis): vesel, aj. 

(blister): bucul, aj. 

(child's tummy): p'enel, aj.

protuberant 

provocative 

provoke 

pry 

pubic 

publican 

publicize 

publicized 

puddle 

puddles 

puff 

(lower lip): leclec, aj. 

(mucous): bulul, aj. 

(mushroom): t'obol, aj. 

(mushroom, skin growth): tobol, aj. 

protruding cheeks or jowls: p'uk, av. 

protruding greatly (skin disease, dog's anus): 

p'olol, aj. 

protruding in cluster (conical flowers): haâlik, 

ajprotruding 

rear: vub, av. 

protruding slightly (mushroom, infant boy's 

penis): •mmul, aj. 

protruding suddenly (bowels): toblih, av. 

protruding tummy: ven, av. 

(puppy's tummy): vekel, aj. 

(rear): vubvub, aj. 

(sprout, saguaro cactus, maguey inflorescence, 

mushroom): tomol, aj. 

stand with protruding belly: vesan c'ut, vphr(tv 

& n4d); vesetah, iv. 

stand with protruding tummy (child, puppy): 

venetah, iv; veni, iv. 

standing with protruding tummy (child, puppy): 

venel, aj. 

(tummy of child or puppy): benel, aj. 

(tummy): binil, aj. 

with protruding lower lip: velvel, aj. 

9ot'ol, aj. 

(blister): lucul, aj. 

(skin growth): buhul, aj. 

with protuberant end (stick): t'omt'om hoi, 


bic, av; bieie, aj; loko, aj. 

sai hoi, vphr(tv & n5): sa9be hoi, vphr(tv & 

n4d); sokbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). 

hoe'hoe'-hak', tv(aj & tvcpd). 

pry apart /legs/: lobe, tv. 

pry open /corn husk to see if ripe/: let, tv. 

pry up /board/: toe, tv. 

calling psst /to attract someone's attention/: 

sitson, av. 

/exclamation to attract someone's attention or 

to quiet dog/: st, excl. 

pubic hair: cisanil, n3a; eon, nld. 

/each of two officials of the first level of the 

religious hierarchy/: meson, agn. 

vinahes, tv. 

be publicized: wsilah, iv. 

e'anal von, nphr(aj & n)5; e"anleb, n5. 

in large puddle: yuk'ul, aj. 

in puddles: e*an, av. 

puddle in depression of rock: ook'oc, nle. 

form large puddles or areas of impounded river: 

yuk'ean ba, rv. 

form puddles: e'an, iv. 

forming puddles (blood, water): yuk'et, av. 

in puddles: e'anal, aj. 

(gobbler): t'iskin, tv. 

puff out (breast of bird): t'okan ba, rv. 

puff out (throat of lizard or frog): vukean lok'el, 


puff out (throat of lizard, etc.): vukes, tv. 

puff self up (frog, lizard): vuces ba, rv. 

puff up: vuces, tv; vukeah lok'el, vphr(iv & dr); 

vukean ba lok'el, vphr(rv & dr). 

puff up (blister): vuk ba, tv. 


puff ball 

puffed 

puffing 

puffy 

pull 

puff up (tortilla): pueeah, iv; puh, iv; vukan ba, 

rv. 

puff up (tortilla, balloon): vuk, iv. 

puff up /with wind or air/: voci, iv, 

puff ball . The powder of an unattested variety 

is applied to wounds to stop bleeding. Puff 

balls are called: posil yayihemal(2), nphr(n 

of n)5. 

won tuluk', nphr(n4d of n5); bik'it colcol be, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k'anal colcol be, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k'anal puepue 

pos, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta 

colcol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk'ta 

sakil colcol be, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); puepue pos, nphr(aj & n). 

be puffed out (breast of bird): t'oki, iv. 

(lips): t'ocol, aj. 

puffed up: sitil., aj. 

puffed up (tortilla): vucul. aj; vukul. aj. 

sitting with puffed out breast feathers (bird): 

t'oket, av; t'okol, aj. 

with puffed (lips) /derogatory/: t'oct'on, av. 

pul, tok, (ok', av. 

puffing up: bek', buk. av. 

puffing up suddenly (tortilla): vuclih, av. 

vae, voe, av. 

become puffy (face with cold): cop ba, rv. 

(blister): vukul, aj. 

(bruise): p'col, aj. 

(face of sheep or person from the cold): eopol. 

a j- 

(face with sickness or hangover): vaeal, aj; 

voeahtik, aj. 

(face): likil, aj. 

/ear, hair/: nit, tv. 

/ear, hair, balky mule or drunk/: tok', tv. 

(mule): timetah, iv. 

pull against rope (horse, cow): hipan ba, rv. 

pull away: k'eh, tv. 

pull by the /hair, ear/: tok'ilanbe, tv. 

pull by the ear /child or dog/: sac'be cikin. 


pull by the ear /disobedient child/: nitbe cikin, 


pull by the muzzle /mule to stop it from eating 

or to make it walk/: nitbe ni^. vphr(tv & n4d). 

pull down: hipp'un, tv. 

pull down /branch/: ni 1 ) yalel, vphr(tv & dr); 

nPean yalel, vphr(tv & dr); nihean, tv. 

pull each other about: kil baik, rv. 

pull off /fruit, lump of corn dough to be 

ground/: k'ok, tv. 

pull off bunch /banana/: kep, tv. 

pull out: bul, tv. 

pull out /branches from fence/: cecanan, tv; 

tas, tv. 

pull out /embers, squash seeds/: hoe', tv. 

pull out /firebrand/: kay, Iv. 

pull out /firebrand, thorn, fence post, penis, 

mired horse/: boe', tv. 

pull out /nits/: his, tv. 

pull out /rock, tile, paper/: toe, tv. 

pull out /weaving/: tuki, tv. 

pull out by the roots /radish, field mustard, 

young corn plants/: tok', tv. 

pull out of one's hand: kilbe ta k'ob, vphr(tv &


pulled 

pulling 

pulp 

pulse 

pulser 

pulsing 

pump 

pumpwood 

puncture 

punish 

punishment 

pupa 

pupate 

pupil 

purchase 

purchased 

purchases 

purgative 

purgatory 

purge 

Purification 

purlin 

purple 

prep & n4d). 

pull person's hair (drunk): nitulanbe hoi, 


pull up: toe, tv. 

pull up by the roots: bul, tv. 

pull up indiscriminately (horse, person pulling 

up weeds, beans): hoebe, tv. 

/tooth/: pie, tv. 

be pulled (tooth): pie, iv. 

be pulled out (weaving): tukih, iv. 

nit, tok', av. 

pulling each other along: cec, av. 

pulling off: k'ok, av. 

pulling out: boc 1 , tas, av. 

pulling painfully (tumpline): timimet, av. 

inedible pulp /squash/: bikil, nld. 

pulp that has been spit out /sugarcane/: 

mae'benal, n3b. 

pik c'ic', vphr(tv & n5). 

having one's pulse weaken: yamteyamte c'ic'el, 


pulse person: pikvan, iv. 

hpik-c'ic', agn(tv & ncpd).*; hpikvaneh, agn. 

bic, av. 

discover by pulsing: ta ta c'ic', vphr(tv & prep 

& n5). 

pulsing continuously /blood in vein of healthy 

person/: tuston, av. 

vompa, nla. 

pump out: tok', tv. 

/water/: hik' muyel, vphr(tv & dr). 

shield leaf pumpwood: k'orok' tef, nphr(x type 

n). 

/blister/: hul, tv. 

?ak' eieel, vphr(tv & vn5); 9ak' kastiko, vphr(tv 

& n5); 9ak'be eieel, vphr(tv & vn5); 9ak'be 

kastiko, vphr(tv & n5); eie, tv. 

eieel, vn5; kastiko, nla; lok'esob manya, 


bring divine punishment upon: tohbe kahvaltik, 

vphr(tv & n5); tohbe rios, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

receive divine punishment: tal kastiko, vphr(iv 

& n5). 

receive prolonged punishment: lok' manya, 


share punishment /person apprehended with 

criminal and arrested unjustly as accomplice/: 

makibe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). 

k'ocol, n5. 

k'ocolah, iv; k'ocolib, iv. 

/eye/: nen sat, nphr(n4e of n4d). 

manolah, iv. 

(adopted child, sheep): manbalal, aj. 

arriving frequently to make purchases: manmon, 

av. 

senebal, n5; senobal, n5. 

porkatorio, n5. 

ves, tv. 

Purification of the Virgin /in nave of the 

Church of St. Lawrence/: hc'ul-me9tik 

Kantelaria, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type 

n)5.* 

roof purlin /four for thatched roof, eight for 

tile roof/: cuk, nle. 

moraro, nle. 

purple bell 

purpose 

purposely 

purr 

purring 

purse 

pursed 

pursing 

purslane 

pursued 

pursuer 

pus 

push 

pushed 

pushing 

pushy 

pustulating 

put 

kampana 9ak', nphr(n type n). 

kwenta, nib; k'oplal, n4b. 

on purpose: yal, pt; yavil, pt. 

yal, pt; yavil, pt. 

navuh, iv. 

bar, av. 

leather purse: cuiiv, nla. 

(lips): buck'ih lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). 

(mouth): tobeah lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). 

tob, av. 

(ass with fear from nightmare): mut'ul, aj. 

(lips of person whistling): toblahet, av. 

(lips): bucul, aj. 

buc, av. 

common purslane: bertulaka, n5. 

net'bil ec'el, vphr(aj & dr). 

hnuevaneh, agn. 

/of criminal/: hsa9vaneh, agn. 

pohov, nle; vahobal, nld. 

inan. poss.; pus: pohov, nle. 

net', tv; suhetah, iv. 

/fallen chair on ground/ (child): hus'us'in, tv. 

/in, out/: suh ba, rv. 

/mule/: tisk'un, tv. 

/person, sheep, exhausted mule, leaning tree, 

car, wheelbarrow/: suh, tv. 

push down: hemes, tv; hinean, tv; puc'k'in, tv. 

push down /earth/: hem, tv. 

push down /log/: nululihes yalel, vphr(tv & dr). 

push down /old fence/: soyean, tv. 

push down /pants, skirt/: vesean yalel, vphr(tv 

& dr). 

push down /person/: hac'es, tv; tisk'un, tv. 

push down /unsteady fence, wall/: veck'un, tv. 

push down face first: nihk'un yalel, vphr(tv & 

dr); nuhk'in yalel, vphr(tv & dr). 

push down with hands on shoulders /person, 

dog/: vue 1 yalel, vphr(tv & dr). 

push face down: patk'un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). 

push into /mud/: kakan, tv. 

push into sitting position: cotk'in, tv. 

push on one's knees: kehean, tv. 

push open /door/: net', tv. 

push over /squatting person/: sovk'in, tv. 

push over backward /drunk, horse/: levk'un, 

tv. 

push over backwards: havk'un, tv. 

push person down: pitk'unvan yalel, vphr(iv & 

dr). 

push person on his butt: lenanvan, iv. 

push person onto haunches: sok'anvan, iv. 

/squeaky door/: vee\ tv. 

be pushed end over end /fallen tree/: valk'uh, 

iv. 

be pushed open (door): vee*i, iv. 

suh, av. 

pushing open: vee 5 , av. 

be pushy: toy ba, rv. 

bur, av. 

•>ak', tv. 

be put inside /jail/: tik'i, iv. 

be put out (eye): t'us, iv. 

put away: vee", tv. 

put down inside one's blouse /money/ (woman): 

colo-nuk'in, tv(n & ncpd). 

put hat on /scarecrow/: velanbe pisol, vphr(tv

P/R ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 487 

put-putting 

putrefy 

quacking 

quail 

quake 

quaking 

quantity 

quarrel 

quarreler 

quarrelling 

quarrelsome 

quart 

quartz 

queasy 

questioning 

quick weed 

quickly 

quiet 

quietly 

quill 

quince 

quit 

quiver 

quivering 

& n4d). 

put in (foot in hole): lomi, iv. 

put in /basket, bowl/: paean, tv. 

put in /bow], crown of hat/: pecan, tv. 

put in /foot in mud or dust/: loman, tv. 

put in /jail/: suk, tv. 

put in /object/: tik', tv. 

put in /pot, bottle/: lotes, tv. 

put in /water/: muk, tv. 

put in bag /tortillas or posol/: sut', tv. 

put inside /house/: lotes, tv. 

put out /eye/: lopeanbe, tv. 

put out /light, fire/: tup', tv. 

put out /runaway fire/: yam, tv. 

put small stone under /hearthstone, pot, etc./: 

soni, tv. 

put to sleep or to bed: vayubtas, tv. 

put under head /pillow, clothes/: son-holin, 

tv(n & nepd). 

hor, for, av. 

•)oc k'a9al, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4f). 

vek, av. 

singing quail: 7ub, n5.*; cintulK nle.* 

(earth): nik, iv. 

lee, nee, nik, pec, av. 

great quantity /of fruit on tree, people/: pimil, 

n4b. 

9ut-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; eak-bail, vn(tv & 

rpncpd)5; eak ba, rv; pas mul, vphr(tv & 

n4d); pas pletu, vphr(tv & n5); pletu, n5; 

sal k'op, vphr(tv & n5). 

revive quarrel: ca'J-kuses k'op, vphr(tv/num & 

tvepd/ & n5). 

hsa">-k'op, agn(tv & nepd). 

sa9sai-k'op, vn(tv & ncpd)5. 

tap, sok, av; holol 9u9un, vphr(n4e/pred/ & 

n4d). 

quart bottle /proper size for accompanying formal 

visit/: limete, nla. 

bas, nle. 

libil, aj. 

(lawyer): sik'il, aj. 

•7uskun-te"), n(x type ncpd)5; eahal 9uskun-te'>, 

nphr(aj & n/x type nepd/); kuskun-te 1 ), n(x 

type nepd); k'os saho?, nphr(aj & n); sakil 

9uskun-te?, nphr(aj & n/x type nepd/). 

lanil, n5; suhem, aj. 

k'un, aj; k'unil, aj; vasal, aj; vasan, tv; vaset, av. 

be quiet!: c'anc'an, aj. 

become quiet: vasi, iv. 

/child, ringing bell/: c'anubtas, tv. 

quiet down (drunk, crowd): yam ba, rv. 

k'un, aj; k'unil, aj. 

c'is", nla. 

nimpronis, nla. 

quince candy paste given to fiesta characters by 

great and petty Spanish lords on the fiesta of 

St. Sebastian: kahete, nld. 

•?ikta ba, rv. 

(eyelash): lut'lonah. iv. 

(skin): lutan ba, rv. 

lut, hit', av. 

rabbit 

raccoon 

race(l) 

race(2) 

raceme 

racer 

racked 

radiant 

radish 

rafter 

rage 

ragweed 

rail 

rainbow 

raining 

rainy 

raise 

raised 

rakacha 

rake 

ram( I) 

ram(2) 

ramming 

rampant 

ramrod 

ranch 

rancher 

rancid 

R 

t'ul, nle.' 

domestic rabbit: kaslan t'ul, nphr(aj & n)ld. 

moel con(l), nphr(n type n)le.*; napac, nle. 

horse race: ''anil ka9, nphr(n of n)5. 

e"unbal, n4a. 

be in raceme (bananas): vohi, iv. 

/at fiesta/: hianil, agn. 

horse racer: Inanil ka9, nphr/agn of n5/; h9anilahel 

ta ka 1 ), agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). 

/with cough or vomiting/: nititet, av. 

with radiant expression: e*il, av. 

lalavanus, nld; c'is Oalavanus, nphr(n type n); 

k'os kaslan •Jalavanus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/); muk'ta lalavanus, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta 

kaslan âlavanus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/); natikil •'alavanus, nphr(aj & n); sakil 

•talavanus, nphr(aj & n). 

natikil to, nphr(aj & n)la; natil te">, nphr(aj & 

n)la; te'iel na, nphr(nlf of nld). 

rage impotently: lek' 9e, vphr(tv & n4d). 

laltamisa, nld; hhalal-meotik, agn(aj & nepd). 

horizontal rails of corral or fence: k'atal te?, 


vo 1 ), n5.* 

ceremony requesting rain: k'anob vo', nphr(n 

of n)5. 

first rain of wet season /causing old leaves to 

fall/: hlilineh 9anal te9, agn: nphr(vn & 

nphrcpd/n4f of n5/). 

rain cape: 'Jasibal, n3a; kapail, n3a. 

rain that leaks through roof: yaleb vo 1 ), nphr(n 

of n)5. 

rain water: e'uhub, n5. 

rubberized or plastic rain hat: poro, nla. 

mo k'inubal, nphr(n of n)5.*; vak-nab, 

nphr(num & ncpd)le.* 

stop raining: k'ep, iv. 

become rainy: pul balamil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). 

toy, tv. 

/price/: muyes, tv; toyes, tv. 

raise muzzle into air (ram, stallion): valean ni 1 ), 

vphr(tv & n4d).* 

raise self to standing position /with aide of 

walking stick/: toy ba, rv. 

(bites): petel, aj; petet, av. 

(scar, welt): t'elel, aj. 

walking with raised /scar, welt/: t'elet, av. 

wild rakacha: iama cauk, nphr(n4f of n5). 

hoe*, tv. 

corn stubble rake: mas-tc, n(aj & nepd)la. 

rake up: ves, tv. 

karnero, nla. 

four-horned ram: cantiko, nle. 

hornless ram: vatison, nla. 

ram in /penis/: sih, tv. 

/intercourse/: sihson, av. 

kec, av. 

be rampant (smallpox): sanav, iv. 

bakete, nle. 

•tasyento, n5. 

lowland coffee ranch: pinka, nla. 

hâsentero, agn. 

sin, aj; sinal, aj. 

become rancid: sinub, iv. 

lying rancid and forgotten: sinet, av.

488 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 R 

rancidness 

rank 

rankncss 

rant 

ranting 

rap 

rapanea 

rape 

rapist 

rare 

rash 

raspberry 

rasping 

rat 

rational 

rattle 

rattles 

rattlesnake 

rattling 

raven 

ravine 

reach 

read 

ready 

real 

realize 

really 

reap 

reaper 

reappear 

rear(l) 

make rancid: sinubtas, tv. 

sinal, n4b. 

(smell of urine, goat, fox, coyote, monkey, peccary, 

or spook): eih, aj. 

eihil, n4f. 

bosilan 9e, vphr(tv & n4d). 

bosbon 9e, vphr(av & n4d). 

(drunk): lic'lon 9e, vphr(av & n4d). 

/on tabletop for more liquor/: k'oh, tv. 

c'ulul 9anal to, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); 

sulal na, nphr(natt & n); tilil, nla. 

9ak' ta persa, vphr(tv & prep & n5); mulav, iv; 

mulilal k'op, nphr(natt & n5). 

h9ilbahinvaneh, agn; hmulavil, agn. 

become rare: hutukah, iv. 

get diaper rash: vot, iv. 

wild raspberry: soto-cak, n(aj & ncpd)la. 

c'eh, hie", hoc, mek', av. 

black rat: karansa c'o, nphr(n type n)5; 

merikano c'o, nphr(aj & n)le.* 

chiapan climbing rat: cue c'o, nphr(n type 

n)la.' 

/general term/: c'o, nle. 

hispid cotton rat: citom c'o, nphr(n type n)ld.' 

become a rational person /mature/: yul c'ulel, 


/used by wedding guests, ensign-bearers, players 

other than jaguars and spooks/: sot, nla. 

metal rattles /worn by the grand and petty 

Spanish lords and ladies of the fiesta of St. 

Sebastian/: cilon 9ok, nphr(n4e of n4d). 

•rik'al 9aha-con, nphr(aj & n/n type ncpd/)5. 

tropical rattlesnake: 9aha-con, n(n type 

ncpd)5.*; k'anal 9aha-con, nphr(aj & noun 

type ncpd/)5.* 

car, cer, cih, cil, hie, hie', hoc, k'oh, k'ol, poc, 

poh, av. 

moving and rattling: cah, av. 

(porcupine): k'ororet, av. 

(seeds): cilcil, aj. 

common raven: hoh, nle.* 

be-of, n(n of ncpd)la; be vo9, nphr(n of n)5; 

e'en, nla; hap e'en, nphr(n of n)5; k'al 

e'entik, nphr(n type n)5. 

razor blade: silete, nla. 

straight razor: navasas, nla. 

helav, iv; k'ot, iv; ta, tv. 

k'el vun, vphr(tv & n5). 

read aloud /proclamation, list of names/: 9apta 

vun, vphr(tv & nld). 

capal, aj; listo, aj; va9al, aj. 

be ready: cap, iv. 

get ready: cap ba, rv; cap tal, vphr(tv & dr); 

capah, iv. 

keep ready at hand /stick/: capa, tv. 

9entero, aj; bae"i, aj. 

na9, tv; pas kwenta, vphp(tv & n5); yules ta hoi, 


9entero, aj. 

not really: mo'ohtik, pt. 

really!: melel, excl. 

reap wheat: lok' trigo, vphr(tv & n5). 

wheat reaper: hlok'-trigo, agn(tv & nepd). 

ca9-?ayan, iv(num & ivcpd); ca9-lok\ iv(num & 

ivcpd). 

/child/: e"ites, tv. 

rear(2) 

rebellious 

rebound 

rebounding 

rebreak 

rebuild 

rebuilt 

rebuke 

recall 

recant 

recapture 

receding 

recent 

recently 

reciprocal 

reciprocation 

recognize 

recognized 

recoil 

recoiling 

reconcile 

reconciled 

reconciliation 

record 

recover 

recovering 

rectangular 

recuperate 

recur 

red 

red-cheeked 

(mule): va9i, iv. 

with rear sticking out: but, av. 

for no reason: mu k'u ca9al, ptphr(pt & pt & pt). 

for that reason: yec'o, pt. 

reason well: nop hun rason, vphr(tv & num & 

n5). 

be rebellious: toy ba, rv. 

(ball, wave): t'is, iv. 

cause to rebound: t'is, iv. 

rebounding suddenly (blow): tuclih, av. 

rebounding suddenly (punching bag at fair): 

ne9luh bat hoi, vphr(av & iv & nib), 

rebounding suddenly (thm tree) /sound/: 

t'i'riuh, av. 

(wave): t'islahet, av. 

/broken bone/: tok'lin, tv. 

9ac'ubtas, tv. 

be rebuilt (roof, house): lac'ub, iv. 

rak'be •Jutel, vphr(tv & vn5); ?ut, tv; bal ta 9utel, 


yules ta hoi, vphrftv & prep & n4d). 

recall soul: pue"ta, tv. 

recall soul of patient: vel tal c'ulel, vphr(tv & dr 

& n4d). 

bik'tahes ba, rv; lahes ba, rv; sutp'in ba, rv. 

(witch who is forced to recant in cave): sutes ba, 

rv. 

ca9-eak, tv(num & tvepd). 

/hairline/: t'ant'an, aj. 

walking with receding hairline: t'ahet ti9 ba, 

vphr(av & nphr/n of n/4d). 

with receding /hairline/: t'aht'ah, aj. 

9ic", tv. 

/letter/: c'am, tv. 

muy, aj. 

9ac' to, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt). 

do reciprocal work: pak baik, rv. 

doing reciprocal work: pak, av. 

hel-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

9ohtikin, tv. 

not recognized: mu 9ohtikinbah, ajphr(pt & aj). 

(gun): tek'van, iv. 

muc, av. 

lahesbe 9o9on, vphr(tv & n4d). 

be reconciled: lah 9oTOn, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

mutual reconciliation: laheseh-bail, vn(tv & 

rpncpd)5. 

/names/: eak ta vun, vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

kuc 9u9un, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4b); ta tohol, vphr(tv 

// n). 

/from sickness/: 9ec' 9u9un, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n4d). 

recover from /sickness/: 9olin, iv; kol, iv. 

recover from /sickness, childbirth/: yolin, iv. 

recover from /sickness, wound/: eelp'uh ?u9un, 


recover from childbirth: 9olin, iv. 

vec, av. 

teltel, aj. 

lekub, iv. 

/sit with mussy hair/: vaean ba, rv. 

(sickness): ca9-me9in, iv(num & ivcpd); kuy, iv. 

eahal, aj; eoh, aj; cak-, aj. 

(ears from shame): k'ak'-earan, aj(aj & Ucpd). 

grow red (fire, chili): eahub, iv. 

t'obahtik, aj.

R ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 489 

redden 

rediscover 

redstart 

reduce 

reed 

reedy 

reeling 

reenter 

reflection 

retaliate 

reform 

refreshed 

refreshing 

refuse 

regain 

regarding 

regidor 

regress 

regret 

regurgitate 

reheat 

reincarnation 

reject 

rejoicing 

rekindle 

relative 

release 

relieved 

relight 

religious 

eahubtas, tv. 

cai-ta, tv(num & tvcpd). 

painted redstart: cahal katal, nphr(aj & n)5.' 

slate-throated redstart: eahal katal, nphr(aj & 

n)5.*; katal mut, nphr(n type n)5. 

/fire/: yames, tv. 

reduce in size: bik'tahes, tv. 

/tarea/: muees, tv. 

9ah, nld; 9ah 9ama, nphr(n4e of n5); 9aneil lan, 


(voice): sohom, aj. 

(drunk): lukul k'amal, ajphr(aj & aj); mecel 

k'amal, ajphr(aj & aj); mekel k'amal, ajphr(aj 

& aj). 

cai-ioc, iv(num & ivcpd). 

nak'obal, nla. 

9ac"ub, iv. 

tales w?on, vphr(tv & n4d). 

promise to reform: lahes ba, rv. 

reform person /loose woman or lecherous man 

who mends her or his ways after marriage/: 

pokbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). 

feeling refreshed: laet 9a9i, vphr(av & tv); lahet 

1 >a9i, vphr(av & tv). 

mes, av. 

/gift, request/: p'ah, tv.* 

refuse to accept person (ritual tutor, road foreman): 

p'ahvan, iv. 

regain control over oneself (drunk): eaeubtas 

ba, rv. 

9u9unil, n3b. 

/each of four officials of the third level of the 

religious hierarchy/: rehirol, agn. 

/each of six officials of the civil hierarchy/: 

rehirol, agn. 

(child who has lost mother and become more 

babyish): sutp'ih, iv. 

na?, tv. 

(sheep, cow): sutes tal, vphr(tv & dr). 

(water, tortilla): yamtah, iv. 

/water, tortilla, griddle/: yamta, tv. 

hoyebal tal, nphr(n5 & dr). 

c'ay, tv. 

(midwife or parent who feels squeamish about 

newborn baby, rabbit or bird that abandons 

nest after it has been meddled with): 9ilan, 

tv. 

reject in favor of another: vala-patin komel, 

vphr(tv/x & ncpd/ & dr). 

/over death of enemy/: nicim won, nphr(n5 

type n4d). 

/embers/: lanes, tv. 

ciiilil, n3d. 

release" in greeting /touching the top of 

younger or less prestigious person's head with 

the back of one's hand when meeting, toasting, 

and departing, or during formal occasion/: 

?ak' k'ob, vphr(tv // n). 

/from jail/: boe", tv. 

/from work/: kolta, tv. 

/prisoner/: hamvan, iv. 

be relieved: muyubah, iv. 

/fire, by rearranging wood and blowing/: nop', 

tv. 

carry out a religious post: 9ec' ta 9abtel, vphr(iv 


relinquish 

reluctantly 

rely 

remade 

remake 

remark 

remarry 

remember 

removing 

rend 

render 

renew 

renewed 

renounce 

renovate 

rent 

reopen 

repair 

repaired 

repay 

repeat 

repeating 

repetition 

replace 

replant 

reply 

repousse 

represent 

reprimand 

minor religious office: bik'tal labtel, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

tuc" ta TOion, vphr(iv & prep & n4d). 

9es, av. 

rely on: îc" ta k'ak'al, vphrftv & prep & n5). 

?ac", aj. 

kom, iv. 

remain behind: heean ba komel, vphr(rv & dr). 

lac'ubtas, tv. 

address derogatory remark to one person when 

third party present is the actual target: hoyhoy-9al, 


ca'J-'Jik', tv(num & tvcpd). 

na 1 ), tv; yul ta hoi, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). 

lok'es, tv; namahes ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

/clothes/: lok', tv. 

/corncob from husk leaving husk almost intact/ 

(thief): soles, tv. 

remove bullet: lok'es bala, vphr(tv & n5). 

remove by fire /bark from green wood for hoe 

handle, etc./: p'ot, tv. 

remove by fire /bark from green wood/: p'otes, 

tv. 

remove clothes /to fight/: salan ba, rv. 

remove corncob from husk (robber who leaves 

husk on stalk) /use restricted to past participle/: 

soy-pati, tv(aj & ncpd); soyi, tv. 

remove from container /ear of corn, chayote, 

stopper/: tas, tv. 

remove handle from /axe, hoe/: koles, tv. 

remove one's head (charcoal-cruncher): k'oklok'es 

hoi, vphr(tv/aj & tvcpd/ & n4d). 

remove solid from liquid: mas lok'el, vphr(tv 

& dr); tas, tv. 

removing solid from liquid /nixtamal, etc./: 

masmon, av. 

/rope/: kup, tv. 

render good harvest (lowland corn & kidney 

bean): pas kanal, vphrftv & n5). 

/debt/: âc'ubtas, tv. 

be renewed (debt, crime): ">ac"ub, iv. 

•>ikta, tv. 

/saint/: kuses, tv. 

lok', n4f; lok', tv. 

rent house: lok' na, vphr(tv & n3b). 

cai-ham, tv(num & tvcpd). 

/fence by placing new posts between rotten 

ones/: lap, tv. 

/fence/: c'ikan, tv. 

be repaired (thatch roof): c'ik, iv. 

k'esta, tv. 

/labor/: pakbe, tv. 

repay in kind: pak, tv. 

/words/: ca9-?al, tv(num & tvcpd). 

repeating endlessly: ial, av. 

likel kahel, nphr(vn & vn)5. 

k'esta, tv. 

/livestock/: lac'ubtas, tv. 

/old or dirty clothes for new or fresh clothes, 

old thatch for new/: helta, tv. 

/posts/: ca^-pah, tv(num & tvcpd). 

replant corn: 9avenah, iv; 9aventa, tv. 

tak', tv. 

(nose): ka^ka 1 ), aj. 

lok'ta, tv. 

9ak'be lutel, vphr(tv & vn5); 9ut, tv.


reproach 

reprove 

reputation 

request 

requesting 

requiem 

rescue 

resell 

resent 

resentful 

resentment 

reside 

residence 

resident 

residing 

resinous 

resole 

resounding 

respect 

respectful 

responsibility 

responsible 

responsory 

rest 

9ak'be 9utel, vphr(tv & vn5); 9ut, tv. 

îlin, iv. 

ruin one's reputation: 9istalan ba, rv. 

">al, tv ; k'an, tv. 

persisting obstinately in making request: tek'et 

k'anel, vphr(av & n4f). 

request for forgiveness: Iaheseh-to9onil, vn(tv 

& ncpd)5; laheseh-k'op, vn(tv & ncpd)5; laheseh-mulil, 

vn(tv & ncpd)5. 

request secretly: mukul-k'an, tv(aj & tvcpd). 

k'an, av. 

persistently requesting in vain: tuc'ton ta 

c'amunel, vphr(av & prep & vn4f). 

requesting persistently: titet k'anel, vphr(av & 

vn4d); tuc'ton 9ahval, vphr(av & n4d). 

requiem mass: misa, nla; mis"ail, n4d. 

be able to rescue: poh 9u9un, vphr(iv & n4d). 

9ekelta, tv; ca9-con, tv(num & tvcpd). 

copol 9a9i, vphr(aj & tv); k'us ta 9o9on, vphr(aj 


resent deeply: k'us* ta rios, vphr(aj & prep & n5). 

kap, av; k'ak'et 9o9on, vphr(av & n4d). 

be resentful: 9oy k'ak'al ?o?on, vphr(n/pred/ & 

nphr /nlf of n4d/). 

resentful person: hk'ak'al-9o9on, agn(aj & 

ncpd). 

k'ak'al 9o9onil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

arouse resentment: 9ak' k'ak'al 9o9on, 

vphr(tv/3s/ & nphr/n4f of n4d/). 

euni, iv; naki, iv. 

reside in borrowed house: 9olin, iv. 

reside permanently: naklomah, iv. 

matrilocal residence: tavaneh, vn5. 

hnaklomal, agn. 

nakal, aj. 

/pine resin used to mend water jugs and to cure 

split heels/: sue', nle. 

resin of bae'i toh /used to plug leaks in water 

jugs and splits in soles of feet/: eonok', nla. 

(pine): suc'ulik, aj. 

/sandal/: pimihes, tv. 

fall, av. 

p'is ta vinik, vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

ritual speech; respect: p'is ta kriscano, vphr(tv 

& prep & n5). 

show respect for: p'is ta vinik, vphr(tv & prep & 

n5). 

nihet, av. 

/girl, boy/: nihomal — —, nphr(n type n)5. 

9ic'-bail ta kwenta, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & 

prep & n5); 9ic'-bail ta muk', nphr(vn/tv & 

rpncpd/ & prep & aj). 

responsibility for: kwenta, nib. 

be responsible: 9ic" ba ta kwenta, vphr(rv & 

prep & n5); 9ic" ba ta muk', vphr(rv & prep 

& aj); tuk'ulan ba, rv. 

be responsible for: lok' ta 9o9on, vphr(iv & 

prep & n4d). 

become responsible: tales c'ulel, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

responsory for the dead /chanted by sacristans 

at graveside during burial and at each grave 

on All Souls' Day in Htek-lum/: responso, 

nle. 

kus", tv. 

rest on one's feet: va9i, iv. 

restaurant 

resting 

restore 

retail 

retaliate 

retching 

reticent 

retrace 

return 

returned 

returning 

reveal 

revealed 

revenge 

reverse 

revile 

revolted 

revolve 

revolving 

rib 

ribbed 

ribbing 

ribbon 

take a rest: 9ic'be 9ip, vphr(tv & n4e). 

ve9ebal, n3d 

resting with burden: cep, av; cepel, aj. 

restore one's spirits: lekub 9o9on, vphr(iv &. 

n4d); meleah 9O9on, vphr(iv & n4d). 

mak, tv. 

pak 9ahval, vphr{tv // n); toy hoi, vphr(tv // n). 

be9bon ta senel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). 

9alet, av; 9umul 9e, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

retrace one's steps: eobbe 9av 9ok, vphr(tv & 

nphr/n4f of n4d/).* 

sut, iv; sutemal, n4d; sutes tal, vphr(tv & dr). 

demand return of more money than was actually 

borrowed: net'van, iv. 

/from long trip/: hoyp'ih, iv. 

/object, spouse/: sutes, tv. 

return candles /prospective steward accompanied 

by his ritual tutor, incense-tender, wife, 

and cupbearer light candles in the three 

churches of Htek-lum before assuming office/: 

sutes kantela, vphr(tv & nld). 

return here: yul, iv. 

return insufficient change: net'van, iv. 

return sickness to person: valk'unvan, iv. 

(sickness): valk'un ba, rv. 

be returned (sickness): valk'uh, iv. 

constant returning /newly married wife to 

house of parents/: sutel sutel, nphr(vnib & 

vnlb). 

returning frequently /pain/: talel talel, 

nphr(vnlb & vnlb). 

ham, tv. 

reveal one's identity: p'ehean ba, rv. 

reveal oneself: 9ak' ba 9iluk, vphr(rv & tv). 

being revealed frequently (gossip, name of person 

witch is selling to, earth lord): lok'el lok'el, 

vphr(vnlb & vnlb). 

lok'esob manya, nphr(n of n)5. 

go in reverse: butul-cakih, iv(aj & ivcpd); 

vubul-cakih, iv(aj & ivcpd). 

in reverse: vala-pat, n(x & ncpd)Id. 

/loom/ /short section is woven first then that 

end is fastened to loom post and weaving is 

begun at other end and continued until first 

section is reached/: sutp'in, tv. 

approach and revile: tamvan ta 9utel, vphr(iv 


kusi, iv. 

/one's sickness/: kuyes, tv. 

be revolted: 9ibah won, vphr(iv & n4d). 

hoyih, iv. 

make revolve /sugar press/ (mule): hoyibtas, tv. 

(wheel): hoyibah, iv. 

hoy, av. 

c'elopil, n3d; c'il-te9il, n(aj & ncpd)3a. 

/cushaw/: t'elav., n4f. 

form a rib /improperly woven cloth/: lut, iv; lut 

ba, rv. 

/improperly woven part of cloth/: lutemal, n4f. 

rib cage: c'elopil, n3d. 

(flashlight): e"arkun, aj. 

(flashlight, billy): e'aram, aj. 

e"aramul, n4f. 

sela, nla. 

ribbon used for collar of man's wool tunic: sinta, 

nla.

ibby 

ribs 

nee 

rich 

ricochet 

rid 

riddle 

riddled 

ride 

ridge 

ridged 

ridgepole 

ridges 

ridicule 

riding 

rifle 

right 

rigid 

ribbon used to decorate ceremonial robe: panyo, 

n4e. 

silk ribbon /inan. poss.; ribbon used to fasten 

shawl and sides of cotton tunic/: sat sela, 


/wide red ribbon that is worn over shirts of 

angels and cantors/: kapitan sela, nphr(n 

type n)5. 

c'ilil, aj. 

/pork, beef/: kostia, nld. 

?aros, nla.* 

riko, aj. 

be rich: loy 'Wun, nphr(n5 of n4d). 

p'it, iv. 

get rid of • c'ay, tv. 

c'oc'omta, tv. 

/clothing/ (clothes moth): sesulan, tv; sesulta, 

tv. 

(weevil): hoc'ibtas, tv. 

homoc", aj. 

become riddled (corn, wood): homoc'tah, iv. 

riddled with holes: vomoctik, aj. 

riddled with holes (gourd, sieve, clothes, wood, 

tree): c'oc'omtik, aj. 

ride each other (children): kotan baik, rv. 

ride up: kiean, tv. 

/ground/: celav, n4f. 

/mountain/: eelleh, n5. 

become ridged (weaving) /warp stands up 

apart/: e'al ba, rv. 

(sugarcane or bamboo when nodes are too close 

together): e'al, aj. 

hoi eel, nphr(n of n)le; hoi cuk, nphr(n of n)5. 

with ridges: c'aram, aj. 

laban, tv; na?le, tv. 

expose self to ridicule /drunk, clumsy person/: 

lak' 9elav, vphr(tv & n5). 

expose to ridicule: 'Jak'be ta mas 9elav, vphrftv 

& prep & nphr/aj & n4f/). 

kata, av. 

riding up (pants): kieil, aj. 

with buttocks riding up and down while walking 

(fat woman): kae'kon cak, vphr(av & n4d). 

tuk'(l), nla. 

.22 rifle: riple, nla. 

.30-30 rifle: trenta, nld. 

all right: sil, n5. 

place right side up /hat/: nuhan. tv. 

polite speech; right away: c'a, n4d. 

right away: ?oratik, n5; ta taltik, xphr(prep & 

x). 

right behind /spatially/: tihahtik, aj. 

right side up: nun, av. 

right side up (hat): nuhul, aj. 

that's right: hai yec, ptphr(pt & pt). 

te?el, aj. 

be rigid (leg, penis): toi, iv. 

become rigid (corpse): toan ba, rv. 

become rigid (corpse, penis): te"> ba, rv. 

become rigid (penis): te?eah, iv; teiub, iv. 

becoming rigid suddenly (leg): tefluh, av. 

(corpse, dead animal): taki-sit'an, aj(aj & prob 

P or P/2/cpd). 

growing rigid (corpse): sit'it' ec'el, vphr(av & 

dr). 

/bell/: cikinil, n3b. 


rind 

ring(l) 

ring(2) 

ringed 

ringing 

ringworm 

rinse 

rinsing 

rip 

ripe 

ripen 

ripeness 

ripped 

ripping 

ripple 

rippling 

rising 

/fruit/: patil, n3c. 

•?istalal, n5; listol, n4d. 

(bell in earthquake): tih ba, rv. 

(bell): lok', iv. 

/bell/: kanulan, tv; tih, iv; tih, tv. 

ring bell to announce /mass, death, arrival of 

priest/: tih tak'in, vphr(iv & n4e). 

•)overo, aj. 

can, e'in, kan, av. 

(bell): lononet, av. 

resume ringing /of church bells at 10 p.m. Holy 

Saturday/: ham ti 1 ? tak'in, vphr(iv & nphr/n 

of n/5). 

stop ringing (bell): c'ani, iv. 

vola, nla. 

/beans, nixtamal, spot or stain on clothes, 

meat, potatoes, greens, tomatoes, tubers/: 

sap, tv. 

/nixtamal/: sapomah, iv. 

/nixtamal/ /by scooping up corn in hands 

and sloshing in water/: horn, tv. 

rinse out /mouth, bowl, pot, bottle/: suk', tv. 

rinsing out slowly /bowls, etc./: suk'son, av. 

rinsing slowly /potatoes, etc./: sapson, av. 

hat, tv; hatbenal, n4f. 

/clothes/ (drunk): c'pan ta hate], vphr(tv & 

prep & vn5). 

rip off /ear of corn/ /steal/: hec, tv. 

rip wide open (clothing): loeah, iv; le^p'uh, iv. 

puk', av; tok'on, aj. 

be ripe: taâh, iv. 

be ripe (avocados or white sapote whose pits 

rattle when ripe): nik, iv. 

become ripe: yihub, iv. 

(corn too old to eat on cob, chayote, beans, 

fruit): yih, aj. 

(corn too old to eat on the cob): k'on, aj. 

fully ripe (fruit): sit'il, aj. 

large and ripe (watermelon squash, cushaw, 

summer squash): t'ihil, aj. 

ripe and soft (fruit): puk'ul, aj. 

k'anub, iv; paneah, iv; taoahes, tv; tok'onib, iv; 

yihubtas, tv. 

(fruit buried in pine needles and set in sun): 

pusinah, iv. 

/fruit that is wrapped in pine needles and set in 

sun/: pan ba, rv. 

tok'onil, n4f. 

ripped open: level, aj. 

c'i'', le 1 ), av. 

ripping open: lev, av. 

(water): nik, iv. 

eel. has, av. 

muy, iv; t'inav, n4f; t'inav losil, nphr(n of n)5. 

(bite): peti, iv. 

rise in the center (tortilla): lik c'ut, vphr(iv & 

nlf). 

rise to surface: kahin, iv. 

rise to surface (skin of corn kernel when boiled): 

bain, iv. 

rise to the surface /water/: kahuh, iv. 

(sun): kah, iv; toy, iv. 

(sun, moon): lok', iv. 

(welt): t'el ba, rv; t'eleah, iv; t'elp'uh, iv. 

with rise (ground): t'int'in, aj. 

kah, puk, tok, tok', av.


ritual 

riverbank 

road 

road-engineer 

roadrunner 

roaring 

roast 

roasted 

roaster 

roasting 

robber 

robe 

robin 

robust 

rock(l) 

rock(2) 

rocket 

rocking 

rising frequently (debt): muyel muyel, nphr(vn5 

& vn5); toyel toyel, vphr(vn5 & vn5). 

(smoke, incense): torn ton, av. 

ritual assistant /of religious officials or of family 

of sick person prior to shaman's arrival/: 

hc'omil, agn. 

ritual tutor /for each steward, steward-royal, 

publican, ensign-bearer, prefect, for the tithing 

man of Voi-bie, for the bride and for 

the groom/: totil me9il, nphr(n3d & n3d). 

nab, nle; nabil ?uk'um, nphr(natt & n)5. 

small river: luk'um, nle. 

bahio, n5. 

be, nld; kaya, nle. 

road machine: laktor, nla; liser, nla. 

road to: belel, nlf. 

take to the road: tam be, vphr(tv // n). 

9ihinyero, agn. 

lesser roadrunner: k'a'j-cih mut, nphr(n/aj & 

ncpd/ type n)5; k'us hoi, nphr(aj & n)5.' 

(tiger): ?avan, iv. 

lav, W, eil, hu, huh, hum, hur, k'ek', lorn, pom, 

pun, pum. ('in, av. 

(blasting iron): toelahet, av. 

vo, tv. 

/com/ /dry com is first roasted then boiled on 

cob with watermelon squash/: p'ot, tv. 

/in ashes/: muk ta k'ok', vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

roast on griddle: c'il, tv; c'ili, tv. 

roast thoroughly (dry corn on the cob, meat): 

bakub, iv. 

roast thoroughly (dry corn on the cob, skewered 

meat, meat on coals/: bakubtas, tv. 

c'ilbil, aj. 

roasted on the coals: mukbil ta tan, vphr(aj/ 


maguey roaster /Chamula/: hcik'-met, agn(tv 

& ncpd). 

vovon, av. 

h9elek\ agn. 

9ik'al k'u'ml, nphr(aj & n)la. 

black woven woolen robe: camaroil, n3a. 

ceremonial robe: sakitail, n3a. 

black robin: 9ik'al c'is-tot, nphr(aj & n/aj & 

ncpd/)5. 

clay-colored robin: kaslan c'is-tot, nphr(aj & 

n/aj & ncpd/)5. » 

rufous-collared robin: c'is-tot, nphr(aj & 

ncpd)le.* 

white-throated robin: meu9 mut, nphr(x type 

n)5. 

k'ok', aj. 

(man): pimil, aj. 

rock back and forth (drunken woman singing): 

ni9ulan ba, rv. 

rock buttocks /in sexual intercourse/: moe'ilan 

ba, rv; yak'u, tv; yak'ulan ba, rv. 

rock head back and forth /baby/ (mother): ha- 

9ulan, tv. 

tana], n4f; ton, nla. 

kwete, nla. 

/archaic/: ne sibak, nphr(n of n)ld or (nlf of 

nld). 

rocket flare: lus, nle. 

lee, av. 

rocking back and forth: tububet cak, vphr(av & 

rocky 

rod 

Rogation 

Rogationtide 

roll 

rolled 

rolling 

roof 

roof-ledge 

roost 

rooster 

root(t) 

root(2) 

rope 

n4b). 

rocking back and forth slumped forward 

(drunken woman, person on horse): ni9et, av. 

rocking buttocks (man, dog, ram, stallion) /in 

sexual intercourse/: yak'yon cak, vphr(av & 

n4d). 

rocking head: ha 1 ?, av. 

rocking ineffectively /sexual intercourse/: 

nusnon, av. 

(field): cinil vatal, ajphr(aj & aj). 

shed rod: 9akan holobil, nphr(n4f of n3d). 

Rogation Day /Monday before Ascension 

Day/: letanya, n5. 

Rogationtide /ten day period beginning on 

Monday before Ascension Day/: letanyatik, 

n5. 

bank'uh, iv. 

be in roll (wire, vine): soti, iv. 

(boulder, log): tisk'uh, iv; vank'uh, iv; vatk'uh, 

iv. 

/boulder, log/: tisk'un, tv; vank'un,tv; vatk'un, 

tv. 

/heavy object/: balc'un, tv. 

/hoop, tire/: setetin, tv. 

in roll (thread, wire): sotol, aj. 

in rolls (wire, vine, palm): setahtik, aj. 

lying in roll (wire, vine): sotet, av. 

/play, fight/: balalin ba, rv. 

/rock/: balalin, tv. 

roll down: hineah, iv; hines, tv. 

roll down (rocks): hin, iv. 

roll over and over (fighting dogs, people): bal 

ba, rv. 

roll playfully (horse, donkey, child): balalih, 

iv. 

roll up /blanket/: bal, tv. 

roll up /blanket, straw mat/: balan, tv. 

set down in roll /wire, vine/: sotan(l), tv. 

/wire, vine/: sot, tv. 

/woven palm/: setbenal, nlf. 

rolled up (blanket, straw mat): balal, aj. 

rolled up /thread/: sotbenal, nlf. 

bal, ban, bin, but, hi 1 ?, hoy, k'ol, p'eh, set, av. 

(boulder, log) (sing or plu): vanlah, av; vatlah, 

av. 

(car): vololet, av. 

(log, boulder): vubub, av. 

rolling slowly /wire, etc./ (sing): sotlah, av. 

holol, n3b. 

roof crest: cuk hoi, nphr(nlf of nlf); ten hoi, 

nphr(nlf of nlf). 

roof pole of thatched roof: sul, nla. 

roof rod: mono, nla. 

roof rod of tile-roofed house: legra, nla. 

/house/: nuk'il, n3b. 

chicken roost: to ?alak', nphr(nlf of n4d); te 1 ? 

kaslan, nphr(nlf of n5). 

kelem, nla.' 

take root: eak lum, vphr(tv & n5). 

/tooth, plant, vine, tree/: •nbel, n4b; 7isimil, 

n3b. 

(dog): tukulah, iv. 

(pig): hok'olah, iv; tukilan, tv; tukolah, iv; tukulta, 

tv. 

(pig, armadillo, skunk): pieolah, iv. 

laso, nla.

oped 

rosary 

Rose 

rose 

rose apple 

rosy 

rot 

rotate 

rotten 

rottenness 

rotting 

rouge 

rough 

roughen 

roughhouse 

roughhousing 

round 

round-about 

round-faced 

round-topped 

row(l) 

row(2) 

rub 

/cow, mule/: sok a, tv. 

/for binding prisoner, leashing dog, or tying 

firewood/: c'ahnul, n4f. 

lash rope: kuc 9ikaeil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

make rope: c'ahnu, tv. 

rope used to tie loom to post: e*uy, nla. 

(horse): sohol, aj. 

/necklace with coin pendants and a pendant 

cross in the center, placed on the saints' images/: 

9ual, nld. 

/worn by ritual tutor, by bride at her wedding, 

by incense tender on St. Rose's Day/: ventes, 

nla. 

Losa, nld. 

eahal rosa, nphr(aj & n); e'unbalal 9ik'9ik'-lo- 

•>an rosa, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & 

n); e'unbalal sakil rosa, nphr(aj & nphr/aj 

& n/); k'os eahal rosa, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/); k'os k'anal rosa, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/); k'os sak-vayan eahal rosa, nphr: aj & 

nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); makom 

rosa, nphr(n type n); muk'ta sakil rosa, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sak-pak'an rosa, 

nphr: aj (aj & P, P2cpd & n). sak-vayan rosa, 

nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); sak-vilan 

e'unbalal rosa, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & 

nphr/aj & n/); sak-vilan rosa, nphr(aj/aj & 

Ucpd/ & n). 

k os 9uc, nphr(aj & n). 

(healthy person): k'ak'-earan, aj(aj & Ucpd). 

k'a 1 ?, iv. 

(unwashed clothing): k'us ba, rv. 

/in office/: hel baik, rv. 

k'aâl, aj; k'o9, aj; puk'ulik, aj. 

k'aâl, n4f. 

Io9, av; k'aoet, av. 

rouge self: bon ba, rv. 

(haircut): eepkuntik, aj. 

(stone, earth): c'isaltik, aj. 

roughen surface /metate/: 9ak'be 9e, vphr(tv & 

n4f). 

lic'ulan cak, vphr(tv & n4d). 

Ifr, liv, av. 

(blood stains, leaves): setahtik, aj. 

(eyed) /with anger/: sepelik, aj. 

(eyes) /staring/: setelik, aj. 

(nail, beam): balbal, aj. 

/peso/: peeel(l), n4f. 

round and firm (breasts of adolescent girl): pisilik, 

aj. 

round off /log/: bal, tv. 

round-about way: hoyob be, nphr(n of n)5. 

round-about way (taken so as to avoid being 

seen): hoyhoy be, nphr(aj & n)5. 

sepsep, aj. 

pis-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

colav, n4f. 

/com, beans, chili, coffee, sugarcane/: surko, 

nla. 

/cultivated plants/: hilo, nla. 

form a row: col ba, rv. 

in long row: hit', av. 

in row: col, av; colol, aj. 

make row: 'esetah, iv. 

(dye): lok', iv. 

(liquid): bein, iv. 

run along surface of ground (water): 9okin, iv. 

run and jump: p'itetah ta lanil, vphr(iv & prep 

& n5); p'itubil sanav, vphr(aj & iv). 

run away: hatav, iv; tihbe ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

run away (mule): sok hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). 

run wild (fire): tokolah, iv. 

(fire): tokol, aj. 

(leaves): selahtik, aj. 

bom, k'ol, pit, p'eh, p'en, p'es, p'it, vit, av; 9anilaheb, 

n4d. 

(child): vueue, av. 

running along hillside (road): taiet, av. 

running close to ground: nul, av. 

running out one after another (contents of containers): 

lahtelahte, av. 

running out time and again (money, corn): 

tamtetamte, av. 

runny nose: put, av. 

balak' vo9, nphr(n type n)5. 

cause runoffs: balak'in, iv. 

voeil, n4f. 

(animal, peach, pear, apple, corncob): cuhal, 

n4f; cuhilal, n4f; k'osil, n4f. 

/of litter/: sup, n4e. 

runt of litter: pie, n4e. 

/sheep, horse, pig/: t'en, nla. 

voe, aj. 

(animal, peach, pear, apple, corncob): cuhil, aj. 

become runty: tenub, iv; voeib, iv. 

(com plants): t'enahtik, aj. 


rustling 

rye-grass 

sabadilla 

sacred 

Sacred 

sacrifice 

sacrificial 

sacristan 

sacristans 

sacristy 

sad 

saddle 

sadness 

safeguard 

safekeeping 

sag 

/working/: co?-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

kus, nla; kusib, iv; kusin, iv. 

cause to rust: kusibtas, tv. 

/pine/: satil, n3c. 

can. cak', car, cih, has, hoc', sok, av; loplon, av. 

(cane or reeds in wind): c'alalet ?ok, vphr(av & 

n4d). 

(leaves or corn stubble in wind): vereret, av. 

bearded rye-grass: ve9el vakas, nphr(n of n). 

drug sabadilla: k'asib hobel, nphr(n type n). 

c'ul- , aj(aj & ncpd). 

Sacred Heart /large image in side chapel of the 

Church of St. Lawrence/: hc'ul-totik Bankilal 

Korason, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type 

nphr/aj & n/)5. 

Sacred Heart /picture in nave of the Church 

of St. Lawrence, image and picture in Naben 

Cauk/.: hc'ul-totik Korason, agn: 


Sacred Heart /small image in side chapel of 

the Church of St. Lawrence/: hc'ul-totik 

9le'inal Korason, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type nphr/aj & n/)5. 

/chicken/: mil-k'esolil, vn(tv & ncpd)5. 

sacrificial chicken: k'esolil, n3b. 

sakristan, agn. 

each of four sacristans: piskal, agn. 

first sacristan: bankilal piskal, nphr(n type 

agn)5. 

fourth sacristan: k'osil piskal, agn(nphr/n4f of 

n5/). 

each of the angels and sacristans who chase 

straw bull: vakero, agn. 

sakrestia, n5; sakristan, n5. 

cib w?on, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d). 

become sad: cibah won, vphr(iv & n4d); sok 

Won, vphr(iv & n4d). 

feeling sad: cibet won, vphr(av & n4d). 

sila ka 1 ?, nphr(nlf of nld). 

/horse/: favartoin, tv. 

saddle blanket: tas ka 1 *, nphr(nld of nld). 

k'op Won, nphr(n4f of n4d). 

have someone safeguard another's things: 

k'uban, tv. 

left in safekeeping: k'ubul, aj. 

laip'uh, iv. 

/back/ (balky mule being packed): la'an, tv. 

(basket, fence): soveah, iv. 

(basket, fence, house): sovk'ih, iv. 

(branch): ni 1 ) ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). 

(bridge): likeah yalel, vphr(av & dr). 

(fence): pee'eah, iv; vee'eah, iv. 

(house, fence): patk'uh, iv. 

make sag: sovean, tv. 

make sag /fence/: net', tv; sovk'in, tv; vee"ean, 

tv; vee"p'un, tv. 

make sag /fence/ (horse): vee\ tv. 

make sag /top of fence by jumping on it/: 

pee'ulan, tv. 

make sag /top of fence/: pee'ean, tv; peeTc'un, 

tv. 

(mule unwilling to be loaded): sovk'in ba, rv. 

(old basket, fence): soyeah, iv. 

sage 

sagging 

said 

saint 

sag its back (mule rejecting burden): tae"an ba, 

rv. 

sag to side: soyan ba, rv. 

(top of fence): pee* ba, rv; pee'k'uh, iv. 

(top of fence, mule's back): pee'ean ba, rv. 

brush sage: c'ail e*i9lel, nphr(aj & n). 

bush sage: 9ik'al pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

of n/)5; buluk' sat efvftel, nphr(n/x & n/ type 

n); eahal pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/); k'os yasal pom e'unun, nphr: aj & 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk'ta eahal pom 

e'unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/); muk'ta pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

of n/); nocleb buluk' sat, nphr(x & n,); pom 

e'unun, nphr(n of n)5; sakil pom e'unun, 


lavender sage: bakal e'i'Jlel, nphr(n type n); 

posil fobal, nphr(n of n)5; posil hik'ik'ul lobal, 

nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/); yasal eukum 

e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

nettle sage: nocleb e'unun, nphr(n of n); 

yas-iulan pom e'unun, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ 

& nphr/n of n/); yasal nic e'tflel, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); yasal pom 

e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

pitcher sage: 9isim ?uc, nphr(n4d of n5); cilcil 

e'i'Jlel, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta cilcil eMrtel, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); na p'ilis, nphr(n 

of n); nocleb p'ilis, nphr(n of n); posil 10bal, 


wild sage: 9ik'al pom e'unun, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/)5; c'is pom e'unun, nphr(n type 

nphr/n of n/); k'os îk'al pom e'unun, 

nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk'ta 

•)ik'al pom e'unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); ventes mol, nphr(n of n); 

yasal pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/). 

lub, mah, pec', suv, av. 

(abandoned house): sotol, aj. 

(basket): suvul, aj. 

be sagging: soyi, iv. 

be sagging (old basket): sovi, iv. 

(bottom of basket): soyet, av; soyol, aj. 

(fence): vee"el, aj. 

(roof): tae'al, aj. 

sagging suddenly (balky mule): tae'luh, av. 

sagging to one side: sov, soy, av; sovol, aj. 

sagging to side (fence, old house): soyet, av. 

sagging to side (house): vuk'eah, iv. 

(top of fence): pee"el, aj. 

with head sagging to side (drunk): neêl hoi, 

vphr(aj/pred/ & nib). 

/used in dialogue/: ci, iv. 

rios, nla; santo, agn. 

female saint: hc'ul-motik, agn(aj & ncpd)5. 

male saint: hc'ul-totik, agn(aj & ncpd)5. 

picture of saint: retrato kahvaltik, nphr(n4a of 

n5). 

picture of saint on family altar: retrato, nla. 

place where visiting saint is greeted: nupob TOrnamentu, 


saint's image: rios, nla. 

talking saint: ?anhel, agn; hk'opohel rios, 

nphr(agn/vn/ type n)5; kusul rios, nphr(aj & 

n)ld.

salt 

saltcellar 

saltpeter 

salty 

sample 

San Cristobal 

Sanctuary 

sand 

sand bur 

sandal 

sandbox tree 

sandman 

sandpiper 

sandy 

sanitize 

sap 

sapote 

sash 

satisfactory 

satisfy 

Saturday 

visiting saint: 9ornamentu, n5. 

9ae'am, nld.*; •Jae'mel, n4f; •Jae'meltas, tv. 

add salt to: ci9ubtas, tv. 

salt that adheres to bottom of salt-making pot: 

e'uhleb, nla. 

9av 9ae'am, nphr(n4f of nld). 

/used to make gunpowder for blasting iron/: 

salistre, nla. 

ci9, aj. 

become salty: ci9ub, iv. 

just the same way: ha9 nos yec, ptphr(pt & pt/ 

contr of no & ">os/ & pt). 

same thing: mismo, n5. 

the same as: ko9ol ci9uk, vphr(aj & n4b). 

k'elob, nlf. 

Hobel, n5. 

make trip to San Cristobal: hobelah, iv. 

Our Lord of the Sanctuary /picture in the 

church of lApas/: hc'ul-totik Santoario, agn: 


yi9, nla. 

river sand: ynal 9uk'um, nphr(natt & n)5. 

sand bank: bahio, n5. 

bik'it mosote hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

eukum hobel, nphr(n type n); c'is mosote, 

nphr(aj & n); mosote, n; sakil mosote, 

nphr(aj & n). 

hairy sand bur: mosote hobel, nphr(n type n). 

sonobil, n3a.*; varacil, n3a. 

ceremonial or high-backed sandal: cak 

sonobil, nphr(nlf type n3a). 

obsolete sandal with thin rubber sole and 

thongs: haval cak, nphr(aj & n)ld; havul, 

nld. 

sandal maker: hpas-sonobil, agn(tv & ncpd). 

tongue of ceremonial sandal: mak sonobil, 


sinal te9, nphr(aj & n). 

eo9 sat, nphr(nlf of nld). 

spotted sandpiper: 9ac'el mut, nphr(vn type 

n)5; mei 7ac'el, nphr(n of n)5. 

expanse of sandy soil: yi9tik, n5. 

mee'ta, tv.' 

inan. poss,; milky sap: pohov, nle. 

milky sap of plants: cu9, n4f. 

sap person's strength (sickness, work): "Hic'van, 

iv. 

/wild fig, gumbolimbo/: sue', nle. 

black sapote: 9uc, n5. 

mamey sapote: ha?as, nld. 

son sapote: lieompi, nld: mae'an-eoe, nphr(x & 

n)la. 

white sapote: rah-te^, n(n & ncpd)la: sakil 9ahte9, 

nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). 

yellow sapote: k'anas-te9, nphr(x & ncpd)la.*; 

no9ci9, nld. 

cuk c'util, nphr(nlb of n3a). 

priest's sash: c'ul-c'ohon, n(aj & ncpd)ld. 

woven sash /worn by men, women and children/: 

sincail, n3a. 

bal, aj. 

satisfy one's curiosity: lok'es won, vphr(tv // 

n). 

satisfy one's desire: 9et'es 'Won, vphr(tv // n). 

/an. poss. only by stewards-royal and publi- 


sauce 

sausage 

save 

savory 

sawing 

say 

saying 

scab 

scald 

scalded 

scales 

scaly 

scan 

scar 

scarcely 

scare 

scarecrow 

scarf 

scarfless 

scarred 

scatter 

scattered 

scattering 

scent 

school 

scissors 

scold 

cans/: savaro, nla. 

Carnival Saturday: savaro k'ak'al, nphrfn of 

n)5. 

Holy Saturday: savaro kusel, nphr(n of vn)5. 

Palm Saturday: savaro ramos, nphr(n of n)5. 

chili sauce: p'uyum, nla. 

coris, nla; lonkanisyo, nla. 

pork sausage: p'asas, nld. 

be able to save: poh 9u9un, vphr(iv & n4d). 

mexican savory: c'ulelal(2), nld; c'ulelal nicim, 


kup, tv. 

/salt/: sep', tv; set, tv. 

saw lengthwise: his, tv. 

/tree, salt, self/: boh, tv. 

hie', kup, av. 

7al, tv. 

say to: ?ut, tv. 

say ugly or crazy things: yan lal, vphr(aj & 

tv/3s/). 

saying everything that occurs to one /infr/: cic, 

aj. 

takin, n4e. 

/chicken/: tul, tv. 

be scalded: tul ba, rv. 

kilo, nla. 

pound scales /used to weigh fish and shrimp, 

formerly used to weigh cotton/: livra, nla. 

cinkul, aj. 

(bark, skin): ouskun, aj. 

(heel, bark of ceiba or hog plum): varkustik, aj. 

scan the horizon: nam-tal-k'el, tv(aj/aj & 

ivcpd/ & tvepd). 

oavlastima, nphr(n4f of nla); lep'ean,tv; senya, 

nla. 

basal scar area /nut, pit/: yol, n4f. 

form scar: lep'eah, iv. 

walk with raised scar: t'eletah, iv. 

hoi, aj. 

become scarce: halah, iv; hutukah, iv. 

make oneself scarce: c'ay ook, vphr(tv & n4d); 

c'ay ba, rv. 

naka, pt. 

had scarcely: naka to 90s, ptphr(pt & pt & pt). 

sibtas, tv. 

sutas, nla. 

pok', nla. 

mil, av. 

lep', lut', av; lep'lep 1 , aj; lutul, aj. 

puki, tv; tanetah, iv; tani, tv. 

(ants, pursuers): puki ba, rv. 

(corn, ashes): pukih, iv. 

/salt, chicken feed/: lilinbe. tv. 

scatter far apart: pukilta, tv. 

(sheep, people): tani ba, rv. 

taniltik, aj. 

(animals): lamahtik, aj. 

scattered far apart: pukiltik, aj. 

scattered group: tan, av. 

puk, tan, av. 

(chicks): teseset, av. 

follow scent: makbe ni9, vphr(tv & n4d). 

canob vun, nphr(n of n)5. 

school committee member: hlukasyon, agn. 

teseres, nla. 

9ak'be 9utel, vphr(tv & vn5); lilin, iv; 9ut, tv; ta


scolding 

scoop 

scooping 

scorpion 

scour 

scowl 

scowling 

scraggly 

scrambling 

scrap 

scrape 

scraped 

scraping 

scraps 

scratch 

scratched 

scratching 

scrawny 

ta 9utel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

scold fiercely (woman): c'aulan ta 9utel, vphr(tv 


•Hit, vah, av. 

(rooster, gobbler): keeeeet, av. 

scoop out /corn gruel/: pulolah, iv. 

scoop out /with shovel, gourd, spoon/: lee, tv. 

scoop up /com, beans/ /in gourd, spoon, or 

shovel/: lup, tv. 

scoop up /food in tortilla/: sul ta vah, vphr(tv 

& prep & n5). 

scoop up food with tortilla or toasted tortilla: 

luc ta vah, vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

scoop up in hand: k'et, tv; k'etan, tv. 

scoop up in spoon or gourd /broth, corn gruel/: 

pul, tv. 

scoop up thick substance /corn gruel/: letan, tv. 

scoop with rind /squash/: luc, tv. 

scooping up: k'et, lup, av. 

eek, nle. 

/hair and dirt from leather/: bies, tv. 

luhan ti 1 ) ba, vphr(tv & nphr/n4d of n5/); luhi, 

iv; luhp'in sat, vphr(tv & n4d). 

luh, av; luhul, aj. 

(nose with anger): bicil, aj. 

het, av. 

scrambling in haste: kotol caval, ajphr(aj & aj). 

scrambling up (animal, person): noc'oc' muyel, 


sep'elul, n4f; tuc'ulil, n4f. 

hos, tv. 

/leg/: hoslin, tv. 

scrape off /dirt from metate platform or bristles 

from pig or paca hide with knife or stone/: 

hus, tv. 

scrape off /tortilla stuck to griddle/: p'al lok'el, 


scrape off with knife: hos, tv. 

scrape up: ves, tv. 

t'asal, aj. 

be scraped (skin): hoslih, iv. 

(skin): vesel, aj. 

ho), hoc, hoc', hos, hus, av. 

mu?nat, nld. 

/ami, leg/ (grass, thorns or sharp leaves): kie, 

tv. 

(chicken): tamolah, iv. 

/fleas/ (dog): cihulan, tv. 

scratch a mark on: kiebe, tv. 

scratch leaves (bird): tukolah, iv. 

scratch leaves or ground (bird): tukulah, iv. 

scratch person (grass, reed): kievan, iv. 

scratch skin or insect bite /with fingernails, 

claws, or talons/: hot', tv. 

scratch up corn (birds, raccoon): hoe" 9ovol, 

vphr(tv & vn5). 

scratch up here and there: hoe"olah, tv. 

scratch wildly (ant bites or burns): hot'ot'an, tv. 

be scratched: hos, iv. 

hoc', kie, av. 

scratching ground: hoc 5 , av. 

scratching self: hot'hon, av. 

(neck): p'okol, aj. 

(person or animal lying down): sae'al, aj. 

(person, animal): sae 5 , aj. 

walking about with scrawny body (person, ani- 

scream 

screaming 

screeching 

screened 

screwed 

scribe 

scroll 

scrotum 

scrounge 

scrubbing 

scrutinizing 

scuffle 

sculpt 

sea grape 

seal 

seam 

seamstress 

sear 

search 

searching 

seared 

season 

seasoning 

seat 

seated 

Sebastian 

secondhand 

secrecy 

secret 

mal): sae'tesae'te, av. 

(drunk): 9avan, iv. 

?av, eMc", Ve% k'ek', vik, av. 

(fiddle): nek'non, av. 

screeching about (parakeets): c'a'Hec'a'Ue, av. 

cahal, aj. 

screwed up (nose with anger): sup'ul, aj. 

/2/: 'Mskirvano, agn. 

/guitar, violin/: holol, n3b. 

cu9iv ât, nphr(n4e of n4d); nutiial ?at. 

nphr(nattlf & nld). 

female speech; scrounge up: 9abolta, tv. 

scrubbing ineffectually: cuk'con, av. 

c'ot, av; c'otol sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

mah-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

lok'ta, tv. 

mayan sea grape: karnero te 1 ?, nphr(n type n); 

k'osos te9, nphr(n type n)5. 

seyo, nla. 

e"is, n4f; e"isbenal, n4f; nup'benal, n4f. 

(between wooden planks): e'akbenal, n4f. 

wrinkled seam: pusbenal, nlf. 

yarn-embroidered shoulder seams of woman's 

blouse: 7os-histaobil, n(num & ncpd)4f. 

he'isom, agn. 

/corn leaves/: lucibtas, tv. 

sa?, tv. 

(hen): sa'Jomah, iv. 

/restricted to hen searching for place to lay/: 

saiolah, iv. 

search thoroughly: cah ta sa"?el, vphr(tv & prep 

& vn5). 

biP, sa9, av. 

searching about: sa'Kesa'He, av. 

luc, n4e. 

">ora, nla; tyempo, nlc. 

corn harvest season: lok'-îsim, vn(tv & ncpd)5; 

lok'-iisimtik, vn(tv & ncpd)5. 

dry season: k'epelal, n5. 

dry season when corn is in stubble: k'ahbenaltik, 

n5. 

harvesting season: k'ahohtik, n5. 

hoeing season: vok'-ôsiltik, vn(tv & ncpd)5. 

planting season: ôvoltik, n5. 

rainy season: vo^tik, n5. 

posil, nib. 

cotlebal, n3d. 

/pants/: cakil, n3e. 

/where woman sits constantly, doing nothing/: 

huc'lebal, n3d. 

/with force/: nakean, tv. 

cotol, aj; voeol, aj. 

be seated (drunkard, balky cow): lenan ba, rv. 

be seated (woman): lesi, iv. 

be seated above the ground (pot on hearthstone, 

person or object on bed, stone, chair or 

horse).: lepi, iv. 

seated above the ground: lepel, aj. 

seated on the ground: lenel, aj. 

(woman on mat, drunk in mud): lesel, aj. 

/infr/: Sap, nld. 

tunem, aj. 

buy secondhand: lok'-man, tv(tv & tvepd). 

swear to secrecy: eie, tv. 

mukul, aj. 

keep a secret: muk k'op, vphr(tv & n5).

secretary 

secretly 

secure 

sedge 

sediment 

seducer 

see 

see-sawing 

seed 

seek 

seems 

seen 

seeping 

seesaw 

seize 

select 

selected 

selecting 

self heal 

self-control 

self-destructive 

sell 

selling 

semen 

semenal 

send 

/ejido, church, school or fiesta committees/: 

sekretario, agn. 

secretly : mukul , iv(aj & ivcpd); 

mukul , tv(aj & tvcpd). 

(post): einil, aj. 

flat sedge: muk'ta 9isim be, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f 

of n5/). 

river sediment: e"u?bal lum, nphr(n type n)5. 

female speech; seducer: hlevanvaneh, agn. 

ill, tv; îlbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d); k'ot sat, vphr(iv 

& n4d). 

be able to see: k'ot sat, vphr(iv & n4d). 

see!: vi, tv(contr of avil). 

unable to see well /entering house after being in 

bright sun/: camet sat, vphr(av & n4d). 

kaikon, av. 

bek', n4f. 

seed corn /hung from rafters/: soy, nld. 

seed for planting: e"unbal, n4a; e'unubil, n3d. 

seek /firewood, pine needles, greens, 

fruit, cane liquor from Chamula, money, i.e., 

by selling or working/: sa9 , vphr(tv 

& nld). 

seek a bride: lekomah, iv. 

it seems: Wei, n4f; *>jlel, vn4f. 

be seen: vinah, iv. 

not seen: mu •'ilbah, ajphr(pt & aj). 

•)uc', iv. 

9ac', av. 

e'oTOrin, nla. 

eak, tv. 

/criminal/: hapu, tv. 

t'uh, tv. 

select discerningly: t'uholah, iv; t'uhomah, iv. 

select the best: t'uh ta t'uhel, vphr(iv & prep & 

vn5). 

be selected out (corn that grows or fails to grow 

because of poor land): t'uh ba, rv. 

/with difficulty/: t'uht'on, av. 

9arvahaka e'illel, nphr(n type n); bot'-hol 

e*i"?lel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); bot'-hol 

nicim, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); posil 

sep', nphr(n of n); yasal nic e'iilel, 


have self-control (loose woman, violent man): 

vasan ba, rv. 

self-destructive talk: cibal k'op, nphr(numatt 

& n)5. 

con, tv. 

sell commercially: p'olmah, iv. 

sell customarily (merchant): conolah, iv. 

sell in secret: mukul-con, tv(aj & tvcpd). 

sell person to earth lord: con ta balamil, 

vphr(tv & prep & n5); tihbe hoi balamil, 

vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of nV); t'abes e£'el, 


sell to the earth lord: ti?ovah, iv. 

sell together: kcol-con, tv(aj & tvcpd); 

komon-con, tv(aj & tvcpd). 

selling in secret /com/ (wife): concern, av. 

cinamil pat, nphr(n4f of n4d); pwersa, nlc. 

have semenal discharge: helav pwersa, vphr(iv 

& n4d). 

tak'i, tv. 

send animal transformation or animal compan- 


sending 

senile 

senility 

senior 

sense 

sensible 

sensitive 

sensuous 

sentiment 

ion spirit (witch): vayihin, tv.* 

send constable to bring person /to town hall/: 

takvan ta ?ik'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5); 

takvan ta k'anel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). 

send each other off: tak baik, rv. 

send flying /with stick, foot, horn/: p'icu, tv. 

send person /greetings, letter/: tak, tv. 

send person to notify another: tak ta 9alel, 


tak, av. 

become senile: sutp'ih, iv. 

molibel, vnld. 

/term used to distinguish the more prestigious 

member of a pair of officials; steward, steward-royal, 

cantor, publican, scribe, principal, 

ensign-bearer, lesser players, ritual tutor of 

senior official, and to more prestigious of 

the two hpal-vahelik, hpacoletik, angels, mortarmen, 

certain wells, mountains, crosses, 

and to the larger of the two drums played 

together, smaller saint images, and chaplets/: 

bankilal, n3d. 

•?olnob c'o, nphr(n4d of n5); 9olnob te?, 

nphr(n type n); bik'it eahal tak', nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); k'anal TOlnob e'iilel, nphr(aj 

& nphr/n type n/); k'anal sinal to, nphr(aj 

& nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta lolnob c'o, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); na vonon let, 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); posil met vinik, 

nphr(n of nphr/n of n/); yas-9ib te 1 ?, 

nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); yasal ->olnob te- 

•), nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); yolum, n. 

chiapan senna: k'anal sinal te9, nphr(aj & nphr/ 

aj & n/); k'os sinal let, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/); soro tet, nphr(n type n)la. 

coffee senna: 9olnob cih, nphr(n4d of n5); to\nob 

vet, nphr(n4d of n5); c'aben k&t, nphr(n 

of n); muk'ta 9olnob c'o, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n4d of n5/); yasal ?olnob e'illel, 


giant senna: 9it'is eo9 sulem te9, nphr: n4f of 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); macita te9, nphr(n 

type n); sakil ten, nphr(aj & n)le; sinal te 1 ), 

nphr(aj & n). 

nicaraguan senna: "Jit'is habnal, nphr(n4f of 

n5); bik'it voy cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

muk'ta habnal, nphr(aj & n); sinal te^, 

nphr(aj & n). 

palmer's senna: k'os sasib, nphr(aj & n). 

tonduz senna: Ian let, nphr(x type n); 

santa-rosa te9, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); 

santa-rosail to, nphr(natt/aj & ncpd/ & n); 

yas-9ib to, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 

wild senna: eis citom let, nphr(nphr/n of n/ 

type n); cenek' te9, nphr(n type n); k'os 9olnob 

let, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pueul 

cih, nphr(n of n); sinal let, nphr(aj & n). 

rason, nla. 

become sensible: tuk'ib, iv. 

become sensible (argument): melolah, iv. 

sensible person: rason vinik, nphr(n type n)5. 

bik'it ?oion, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

bide, aj. 

sentiment for absent or dead person: naêl, 

vnld.

498 

separate 

separated 

separation 

September 

serious 

seriously 

sermon 

serpent 

servant 

served 

service berry 

services 


c'ak, iv; c'ak, tv; lekoh, n4b; parte, aj. 

/from wife or parental family/: c'ak ba, rv. 

(husband and wife when unhappy together): 

tak baik, rv. 

/threads after being starched/: civu holob, 


k'alal(2), aj. 

be widely separated /in time/: natilah, iv. 

c'ak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

/husband and wife when unhappy together/: 

tak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

septyembre, n5.* 

become serious (crime): eaeah, iv. 

become serious (quarrel, sickness, situation, 


become serious (sickness, crime): bae'ih, iv. 

(crime): eoe, aj. 

vieil, aj. 

take seriously: 9ic" 9o?on, vphr(tv & n4d); lie" 

ba ta kwenta, vphr(rv & prep & n5); 'ic" ba 

ta muk', vphr(rv & prep & aj): lie" ta kwenta, 

vphr(tv & prep & n5); tie' ta muk', 

vphr(tv & prep & aj); lownin, tv; wonta, 

tv. 

sermun, nld. 

subterranean horned serpent /thought to have 

caused earthquakes when it emerged/: 

s'ulub con, nphr(n type n)5.* 

moso, n3d. 

employ as a servant: mosoin. tv. 

girl who works as servant in San Cristobal: 

hprental, agn. 

hire self out as a servant (maid): con ba, rv. 

tun, iv. 

/cane liquor, chicha/: p'is, tv. 

/meal/: sekan, tv. 

/religious post/: âk'be, tv. 

serve out in portions /food/: c'akolah, iv. 

be served (meal): peci, iv; seki, iv. 

(meal): pacal, aj; pecel(2), aj; sekel, aj. 

(meals): pecahtik, aj. 

tunel, vn4b. 

service station: nail kasolina, nphr(natt & n5). 

maneana te 1 ?, nphr(n type n). 

use person's services /to carry one's goods/: 

k'uban, tv. 

(bone): pic', iv. 

/bone/: e"ak, tv; e'akbe, tv. 

/broken limb/: pic', tv. 

(hen): lubi, iv; lue'omah, iv; pati, iv. 

(moon): sut, iv. 

set aside free day: sokobtas ba, rv. 

set down: tek'an, tv. 

set down /baby, log/: puc'an, tv. 

set down /bananas/: vohan, tv. 

set down /boulder, log/: vanan, tv; vatan, tv. 

set down /bowl/: lecan, tv. 

set down /burning pine, lighted candle/: kusan, 

tv. 

set down /child/: p'esan, tv. 

set down /child, bag/: cotan, tv. 

set down /clothing/: pok'an, tv. 

set down /elevated above the ground/: lepan, 

tv. 

set down /flagstone/: pac'an, tv. 

set down /flat object; hat, sandals, flattened 

setting 

settle(l) 

can, basket on side/: pocan, tv. 

set down /flowers, etc./: yomean, tv. 

set down /hank of yarn/: toman(l), tv. 

set down /insect, snail, dead lizard/: nusan, tv. 

set down /leafless branch/: cavan, tv. 

set down /leafy branches/: cevanan, tv. 

set down /log/: pumean, tv. 

set down /log, baby/: puman, tv. 

set down /meal, bowl, basket, half gourd/: 

pecan, tv. 

set down /money, coffer, spherical object; 

water jug, head, orange, rock/: p'ehan, tv. 

set down /pot/: lenan, tv. 

set down /pot, bottle, gourd, basket/: vucan, tv. 

set down /rope/: kilan, tv. 

set down /rope, tripe, wire, chain, clothing/: 

losan, tv. 

set down /small pot/: p'enan, tv. 

set down /table, chair, animal/: kotan, tv. 

set down /wood, sugarcane, pine tip, pencil, 

candle, rifle/: meean. tv. 

set down /wool or pile of weeds/: eavan, tv. 

set down /wool, corn stubble, twigs/: vaean, tv. 

set down /wool, pine needles, leaves, stubble, 

clothes/: voean, tv. 

set down a person's candles (shaman): kus'anbe 

kantela, vphr(tv & n4d). 

set down disc-shaped object /sugar, salt, cheese, 

peso/: sepan, tv. 

set down in roll /wire, vine/: sotan(l), tv. 

set down in tangle /wool/: tec'an, tv. 

set down lump of /corn dough, mud/: pic'an. 

tv. 

set down wrapped up: volan, tv. 

set firmly /stone, log/: nakan, tv. 

set in row: col, tv. 

set next to fire /toasted tortilla to be toasted, 

animal to be smoked on spit/: p'osintas, tv. 

set off: tarn be, vphr(tv // n). 

set on fire small /pot/: t'ucan, tv. 

set on ground /tree, plant/: peean, tv. 

set on top of: lucan, tv. 

set on top of /small burden/: nocan, tv; 

nocanbe, tv. 

set out: tam be, vphr(tv // n). 

set straight (argument): tuk'ibtas, tv. 

set together: lot, tv. 

set up /scarecrow/: vecan, tv. 

set up on /child set on horse, young chicken 

set on roost/: loc'an, tv. 

(sun): c'ay hc'ul-totik, vphr(iv & agn/aj & 

ncpd/5); c'ay k'ak'al, vphr(iv & n5); mal, 

iv. 

/trap/: sok'an, tv; tivan, tv. 

ful. pat, av. 

(hen): lubul, aj; patal, aj. 

setting down: cep, av. 

(sun): c'ayet k'ak'al, vphr(av & n5). 

meleah, iv; melean, tv. 

/argument/: tohobtas, tv; yames, tv. 

/debts/: c'ayesbe k'oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). 

/dispute/: melean ba, rv. 

settle argument: hutukibtas, tv. 

settle dispute: lahes k'op, vphr(tv & n5); tohobtas 

baik, rv; tuk'ibtas k'op, vphr(tv & nld); 

tusa, tv.

settle(2) 

settled(l) 

settled© 

settlement 

settling 

seven 

sevens 

seventeen 

seventies 

seventy 

several 

severe 

sewing 

sexual 

shackle 

shade 

shadow 

shaft 

shake 

settle dispute (civil official): tohobtas k'op, 

vphr(tv & n5); tohobtas rason, vphr(tv & n5). 

settle one's differences: k'opon baik, rv. 

cause to settle by shaking: yuk'ilan, tv. 

(corn in bag or bin): yuk' ba, rv. 

(corn): yuk'an ba, rv; yuk'eah, iv. 

be settled (dispute): tuk'ib, iv; tusah, iv. 

cotanbil, aj. 

be settled: coti, iv. 

meleaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

' /of dispute/: tuk'ibtaseh-k'op, vn(tv & 

ncpd)5. 

settlement of dispute: laheseh-k'op, vn(lv & 

ncpd)5. 

nak, av. 

vuk , n(num & nccpd)le. 

every seven: vukuk , n(num & nccpd)5; 

vukvuk- , n(num & nccpd)5. 

by or in sevens: vukuk . n(num & 

nccpd)5; vukvuk- -, n(num & nccpd)5. 

vuk-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. 

by or in seventies: setentatik, n5. 

lahuneb can-vinik, vphr(num & num/num & 

numcpd/4f); setenta, nle. 

every seventy: setentatik, n5. 

hay , n(num & nccpd)le; hayib, nle. 

become less severe (diarrhea, labor pains): namah, 

iv. 

become severe (birth pangs): eaeah, iv. 

e"is, tv; e'isomah, iv. 

sew stitches far apart: lut', tv. 

hat sewer: he'isom, agn. 

e'ise'on, av. 

become unwilling to have sexual relations: 

plohoib. iv. 

have sexual relations: pas mul. vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

have sexual relations /polite expression/: •>ik" 

baik, rv. 

have sexual relations with: •>ak"be, tv. 

lacking sexual vigor (man): yocet, av. 

share sexual relations with: komon-Tik', tv(aj & 

tvcpd). 

unwilling to have sexual relations: ploho, aj. 

wildly sexual (man, stallion): karanyon, aj. 

manya ''ek'el, nphr(n type n)ld. 

kevu, nle; kevutik, n5; nak'obal, nla; nanal, 

nle. 

person's place in the shade: nanalihebal, n3d. 

seek shade: nanalih, iv. 

take shade: kevuah, iv; kevuan, tv. 

kevu, nle; nak'obal, nla* 

/in daylight only/: nanal, nle. 

/warping bar/: ">okol, n3b. 

•?okilan, tv; lilin, tv; vuyilan, tv; yoiilan, tv. 

/awake/: vat, tv. 

cause to shake (malaria): nececin, tv. 

/post/: vuyes, tv. 

/rattle, sieve/: cihulan, tv. 

shake back and forth /woman's hair drying/: 

tinulan, tv. 

shake back and forth causing rustling sound 

/tree/: linulan, tv. 

shake down /corn in bag/: yuk'ilan, tv. 

shake down /peaches, leaves/: lilin, tv. 

shake down several limes /bag of corn to settle 


shaking 

shall 

shallow 

sham 

shaman 

shame 

shamed 

shape 

shard 

share 

shared 

sharpen 

sharpening 

the corn/: cepulan, tv. 

shake hands: eakbe k'ob, vphrltv & n4d); 

mic'be k'ob, vphr(tv & n4d). 

shake head /in disagreement/: himulan, tv. 

shake head negatively or in gesture of disgust 

or annoyance (person, horse): him hoi, 


shake self (dog, chicken, buzzard, horse): lilin 

ba, rv. 

shake up and down /branch/ /holding on to 

tip/: ni"»ulan, tv. 

shake up and down /squirrel in fiesta of St. 

Sebastian/: vitulan, tv. 

shake up and down causing rustling sound 

/branch/: linulan, tv. 

/tree/: neculan, tv. 

/tree, liquid/: nikulan. tv. 

cih, lee, nee, nik. av. 

cause to settle by shaking: yuk'ilan, tv. 

shaking back and forth (long wool of sheep. 

goat, long hair of dog or child): tinton, av. 

shaking back and forth (long wool of sheep. 

long hair of dog or goat): linlon. av. 

shaking head: sa 1 . av. 

shaking head in rage (bull): saoet hoi. vphr(av 

& n4d). 

shaking suddenly (house in earthquake): 

vee'luh. av. 

shaking suddenly /in earthquake or wind/: 

viik'lih, av. 

ta, pt. 

hoy, aj. 

(basket, gourd): hayal, aj. 

shallow and wide (bowl, basket): pacpac, aj. 

shallow with sloping rim (bowl, frying pan, hat 

crown): pulpul. aj. 

/sickness, wealth/: pak'ta ba, rv. 

hnilol, agn.* 

chief shaman /shaman longest in service who is 

in charge of the three annual communitywide 

ceremonies/: bankilal hiilol, nphr(n 

type agn)5. 

k'eslal, nla. 

hide one's shame: mak k'eslal, vphr(tv & n4d). 

put to shame: k'eslaltas. tv. 

shame in public: rak' ta namal. vphr(tv & 

prep & n5). 

shame into silence by censure: e'ihan ta 'utel, 


shame publicly: oak' ta k'eslal, vphr(tv & prep 

& n5). 

be shamed into silence: e'ihan ba, rv. 

be out of shape (basket): sevi. iv. 

c'uc'ulil, n4f. 

in shards: c'uc'ul, aj. 

/leftover liquor, work/: komonta, tv. 

share equally: êc' ta komon, vphr(iv & prep & 

share leftover food and drink: makita, tv. 

share the same woman as a mistress: 

komon-ânein, tv(aj & tvcpd). 

equally shared: komon, aj. 

/knife, axe, machete, etc./: vus. tv. 

sharpen blade: lak'be oe, vphr(tv & n4f); hus. 

tv. 

/knife, axe, machete, etc./: vusvon, av.


shatter 

shattered 

shattering 

shave 

shaved 

shaven 

shaven-headed 

shawl 

shear 

shearer 

shears 

sheath 

shed(l) 

shed(2) 

sheep 

sheepskin 

sheet 

sheeting 

shelf 

shell(l) 

shell(2) 

shellseed 

shepherd 

sheriff 

shield 

c'uc'ulibtas, tv; c'uc'ulta, tv; c'uc'ultas, tv. 

shattered remains /pottery/: lilihemal, n4f. 

e'in, cih, hoc', av; c'akluh, av. 

lok' îsim, vphr(tv & n4d). 

/head/: kank'un, tv; t'asan, tv. 

/person's head/: eirimpta, tv. 

be shaved (head): t'asi, iv. 

husul, aj. 

(head): pisil, aj; pitel. aj; pitil, aj. 

shaven head: pit. av. 

eirimpa hoi, nphr(n type n)5; pit-hol, n(aj & 

ncpd)5. 

be shaven-headed: piti, iv. 

mocebal, n3d. 

cotton shawl: pok' mocebal, nphr(n type n)ld. 

grey basket-weave shawl /archaic/: pirik', nld. 

white shawl /worn by bride, candle-bearer, snup 

hpetom, hcoianeh-eeb, and by all married 

women when buried/: toka, nla. 

white shawl /worn by ensign-bearers on the 

fourth friday of Lent, Wednesday of Holy 

Week, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, 

worn by sak-holetik or grooms, worn by 

prefects on Good Friday/: pativil, nla. 

/worn by ladinas/: revoso, nld. 

lok' eoe, vphr(tv & nib); salk'un, tv. 

hlok'-eoe, agn(tv & ncpd). 

teseres, nla. 

/corn, sugar cane, palm, bamboo, reed/: eek, 

nig. 

shed rod: 9akan holobil, nphr(n4f of n3d). 

(hair): bo, iv. 

shed /rain, water/ (rain cape, feathers, canvas): 

nululihes, tv. 

cih, nla. 

/as opposed to deer/: hcabiel-cih, agn(vn & 

ncpd). 

call sheep: cikcikta, tv; cikulan, tv. 

call to sheep: ckckckckckc, excl. 

calling sheep: cuh, av; cikcon, av. 

/used by women to sit on/: salya, nla. 

cardboard sheet: lamina karton, nphr(n of n)5. 

corrugated sheeting: lamina, nla; lamina tak'in, 


kahanab, nla. 

low shelf: kahlebal, n3d. 

/corn/: k'ut, tv. 

/egg/: patil, n3c. 

/fresh corn/ /with fingers/: c'oti, tv. 

shell by hand /corn/: •Jisin, tv; îsinah, iv. 

shell easily (corn being flailed): cam ta mahel, 


shell with difficulty (corn being flailed): 

camcam ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). 

/snail, turtle/: patil, n3c. 

/usually conch shell/: konsa, nld. 

tik'be kanyon, vphr(tv & n5). 

yellowsilk shellseed: puekuy, n5; sinal te"), 

nphr(aj & n). 

hk'el-cih, agn(tv & ncpd). 

komentante, agn. 

mak, tv. 

shield under clothes: iu^\ tv. 

shield under feathers (hen covering chicks or 

eggs): lue', tv. 

shim 

shimmering 

shin 

shine 

shingle 

shining 

shinny 

shinnying 

shiny 

shirt 

shirtless 

shirtlessness 

shit 

shiver 

shivering 

shoe 

shoo 

shooing 

shoot 

shore 

short 

p'asal te">, nphr(aj & n)la. 

e"ay, av. 

bakel ^kan, nphr(n4f of n4d). 

shine brightly (moon): k'ak'alin, iv. 

k'albil let, nphr(aj & n)la. 

lap', nop', av. 

noc'etah, iv. 

shinny down: noc'ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). 

shinny up: noc'ih muyel, vphr(iv & dr). 

het, noc', av. 

t'ab, av. 

(hair): t'abal, aj. 

(pot, table): eak'al, aj. 

blue work shirt /levi/: compail, n3d. 

man's shirt: moketeil, n3a. 

short-waisted gray wool shirt /worn now by 

dudes over normal shirt, formerly worn by all 

men/: kotonil, n3d. 

white shirt and pants /worn by ensign-bearer, 

holy elder, cantor, angel, groom, and sakhol/: 

vesal kamisail, nphr(n3a & n3c).* 

fan, av; t'anal, aj; t'asetik, av. 

be shirtless: t'ani, iv. 

t'ananeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. 

eoi, nla. 

scolding speech; shit: myerta, n5. 

/with cold/: nik, iv. 

eil, k'ac, nee, nik, muc', t'el, t'er, av. 

sapato, nla. 

/chickens by waving arms/: yo, tv. 

/chickens/: yoyon, av. 

lok'es bala, vphr(tv & n5); lok'es tiro, vphr(tv & 

n5); nitbe bala, vphr(tv & n5); tuk'avah, iv; 

vom ta bala, vphr(tv & prep & n5). 

/marble/: t'ilu, tv; t'iru. tv. 

shoot at: ''ak'be k'ok', vphr(tv & n5); tuk'a, tv. 

shoot at close range: tihanbe bala, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

shoot slingshot! himic'ah, iv. 

shoot slingshot at: himic'ta, tv. 

/with bullet/: timbe — —, vphr(tv & n5). 

/ocean/: th , nphr(n of n)5. 

k'os, k'uc, k'uh, pek', av; eapo, aj; t'enet c'ut, 


become short (unfinished piece of weaving): 

komkomah, iv. 

become short (unfinished piece of weaving, 

day): komih, iv. 

(child that does not grow): t'enel c'ut, vphr(aj/ 

pred/ &. n4d). 

(child's nose): tuctuc, aj. 

(clothing): t'lht'ih, aj. 

make too short /shirt, tunic/: tueibtas, tv. 

period of short days /July-December/: komol 

k'ak'al, nphr(n4f of n5). 

(person): k'osk'os, aj; pek'el, aj. 

(person, animal, tree): pek'es, aj. 

(person, hair, clothing, rope, plot of land, stick): 

komkom, aj. 

short clothes: k'ok, mok, mot', av. 

short hair: mok. av. 

short tail: k'ok, av. 

(tail, tunic, skirt, shirt): k'uhk'uh, aj. 

too short (tumpline): tuctuc, aj. 

too short (tumpline, net. rope): t'ucul, aj. 

wear short skirt: mokeah cak, vphr(iv & n4d).

short-haired 

short-lived 

short-skirted 

short-tailed 

shorten 

shot 

shotgun 

should 

shoulder 

shout 

shouting 

shove 

shovel 

show 

showing 

shred 

shredded 

shreds 

shrew 

shrill 

shrimp 

shrine 

shrines 

wearing short pants or skirt: mok-cak, n(aj & 

ncpd)5. 

with very short pants or skirt: mot'ol, aj. 

with very short wool or cotton tunic: mot'ol, aj. 

(woman, rock): vuevue, aj. 

(woman's hair): mokmok, aj. 

(woman's hair, woolen tunic, pig's or rabbit's 

tail): k'ucul, aj. 

(woman): tultul, aj. 

be short-lived: bik'it 9ora, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

nld). 

k'okol cak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

(rabbit, quail): k'ok-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

/tumpline/: mue, tv. 

shot glass: p'is, nld; p'isol, n4f. 

tuk'(l), nla. 

shotgun pellets: munisyon, nla. 

mo mi, ptphr(pt/contr of mi & •)/ & pt); yecuk, 

4 

should have: yecuk, aj. 

be shoulder length (hair): keei, iv; kepi, iv. 

/person, animal, hill, bottle, fiddle, guitar/: 

nekebal, n3b. 

/pork/: k'obol, n3b. 

shoulder length: kec, av. 

shoulder length (ladina's hair): keeel, aj. 

shout angrily: c'avc'onah, iv. 

shout angrily at each other: c'av baik, rv. 

shout at: 9apta, tv. 

shout at angrily: e'ue'upah, iv. 

/to person/: 9a van, iv. 

•>av, 9ay, c'av, k'ek', av; 9ov, n5; nececet, av; 

viklahet, av. 

/person/: vatk'un, tv. 

shove each other: net' baik, rv; puhan baik, rv. 

pala, nla. 

9ak' manya, vphr(tv & n5); iak' ta k'elel, 

vphr(tv & prep & vn5); 9ak'be Til, vphr(tv & 

tv); 9ak'be k'el, vphr(tv & tv); ye 1 ), tv; ye- 

•Jetah, iv. 

/anus, vagina/: kae"an, tv. 

/by pointing, by holding palm down to show 

height of object, corn field, or animal, with 

forefinger raised to show height of child/: 

9ak' 9iluk, vphr(tv & tv). 

make a show of being: ca9le ba, rv; pas ba, rv. 

show movie: 9ak' sin, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). 

show the way: 9ak' punto, vphr(tv & n5). 

ye?et, av. 

/paper/ (mouse): sesulan, tv; sesulta, tv. 

sep'bentik, aj; sesbentik, aj; sesintik, aj. 

(leaves by hail): lisil, aj. 

(leaves from hail): selantik, aj. 

in shreds (clothing): nitnit, aj; tuc'ultik, aj. 

shreds of wood produced by wood grubs: sesben, 

n4f. 

hlut'ieh-be c'o, nphr(agn/vn & ncpd/ type n)5.* 

sohom, aj. 

kamaron coy, nphr(n type n)la. 

/unidentified/: eahal coy, nphr(aj & n)la; kamaron, 

nld.* 

c'ul-vinahel, n(aj & ncpd)5; yalemal k'ob, 


lineage cross shrine: kalvario, nla. 

visit shrines/have curing ceremony/: hok'an ba 

ta kahvaltik, vphr(rv & prep & n5). 


shrink 

shrivel 

shriveled 

shrivelling 

shroud 

shrug 

shrunk 

shuck 

shucker 

shut 

shutter 

shuttle 

shying 

sibling 

siccing 

sick 

sickle 

sickness 

(clothing, sandal): mue, iv. 

(cooked greens): pok'eah, iv. 

(corn kernel): sut, iv. 

(wood, vine, corn, thatch, beans): eap', iv. 

(wood, vine, thatch, beans, corn, potatoes, skin 

of person): sap', iv. 

(fruit, gourd, skin): eot' ba, rv. 

(pupating caterpillar): muean ba, rv. 

shrivel up: euk ba, rv. 

shrivel up (penis or testicles in cold): mueba, rv. 

shrivel up and harden (fruit): sot' ba, rv; 

sot'eah, iv. 

cot, euk, sot', av. 

(buttocks, fruit): sot'ol, aj. 

(face, peach, chayote, potato): eot'ol, aj. 

shriveled up (corn kernel, bean pods, beans): 

mac'optik, aj. 

(tripe or jerked meat in fire): moc'oc'et, av. 

pis, tv. 

shrug one's shoulders: kue'an nuk', vphr(tv // 

n). 

part of clothing that has shrunk: muebenal, n4f. 

/corn/: poc lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). 

deerbone knife or wire used to shuck corn: hatobal, 

n3a. 

corn shucker: k'ahavebal, n3d. 

/eyes/: mue', tv. 

shut eyes: mue"-sati, tv(tv & ncpd). 

mak ventana, nphr(nlf of nld). 

c'alam buk', nphr(n of nla); c'alob buk', 


mut', av. 

ci9ilil, n3d. 

female's younger sibling: mukil, n3d. 

second of younger siblings after first has died: 

ca9-9ue'il, n(num & ncpd)3d. 

younger sibling of man or woman: •me'il, n3d. 

sic on: 9usus"ta, tv. 

sic'em!: 9us9us, excl. 

9us, av. 

vac, av; 9ip, aj. 

be sick of: tavan wi, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv). 

feel sick: yan 9elan won, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & 

n4d); yan pas 9O9on, vphr(aj & tv/3s/ & n4d). 

feeling sick: tihbil, aj. 

get sick: 9ipah, iv. 

getting sick frequently: tael tael, nphr(vn5 & 

vn5). 

make sick /by entering house of patient, by 

stepping on wound, by disrupting curing ceremony 

(ineffective shaman), by rape, by 

goring shepherd/: lipahes, tv. 

sick person: hcamel, agn. 

hos, nla. 

£amel, vnla. 

intermittent sickness: kuyelkuyel, vn5. 

shaking sickness /Parkinson's disease/: k'ack'ac 

camel, nphr(aj & vn)5. 

sickness caused by spell: paybalal camel, 


sickness caused by supernatural punishment, cf. 

mahben.: mahbenal, nle. 

sickness caused by witchcraft: âk'ben Camel, 

nphr(n type vn)5. 

sickness in leg: poslom, nle. 

sickness inflicted by gods on wrongdoer in an-


side 

sides 

sieve 

sift 

sigh 

sighing 

sight 

swer to victim's plaint: 9ok'itabil camel, 


sickness that causes person to become fleshless: 

taki-camel, n(aj & vncpd)5. 

sickness transferred to person on trail /handful 

of mexican chayote brush is rubbed on 

patient and left on trail to infect patient's 

enemy/: koloal camel, nphr(natt & vn)5. 

summon sickness /from afar/: sokbe tal hoi 

9ahval camel, vphr: tv & dr & nphr(n4f of 

nphr/n4f of vn5/). 

7ibel, n4b; sokon, nib; sokon vinahel, nphr(n 

of vn)5. 

/fiddle, guitar/: cikinil, n3b. 

/house, face/: hot, nc. 

on one's side: e"e9el, aj. 

side by side: lot, av. 

standing to the side: k'ehel, aj. 

to or on which side?: bu hotukal, nphr(pt & n). 

to or on whichever side: bu hotukal, nphr(pt & 

n). 

on both sides of /road, house/: ta 

sokonsokon . nphr(prep & 


/perforated cowhide on which corn is 

threshed/: 9arnero, n5. 

ciCin, tv. 

/daily/: hik'honah, iv. 

/letting breath escape through pursed lips/: iuyhan, 

iv. 

hik', av. 

catch sight of: k'el, tv. 

go out of sight: mak ec'el, vphr(iv & dr). 

lose sight (eye): buleah, iv. 

/shooting, measuring land/: 9ic'be tuk'il, 


sign 9ak' pirma, vphr(tv // n); senya, nla. 

sign up: mak, tv. 

sign up for religious post: mak 9abtel, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

signs make signs /to girl/: pasbe senya, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

silenced be silenced (church bells from Maundy Thursday 

to 10 p.m. Holy Saturday): mak ti9 tak'in, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n of n/5). 

silent be silent (birds in rainy season): mak 9e, 


dead silent (night): e*ihil, aj. 

silk tassel 9iVal te?, nphr(aj & n)5; k'os •nk'al te 1 ?, nphr(aj 

& nphr/aj & n/). 

silky-flycatcher gray silky-flycatcher: ?ulispipi9, n5.*; p'okoyo, 

n5; tok-hol mut, nphr(aj & ncpd)5; t'ok-hol 


silly cuvah, aj. 

silver /money/: plata, nld. 

similar koTOl, aj; pareho, aj. 

be similar to: ko9olah, iv. 

similar object: ci'nlil, n3d. 

simmering p'itlahet, av. 

Simojovel Cirna? Hobel, nphr(n type n)5. 

simply naka, pt; no, pt; solel, pt. 

sin rnulil, n3a; mulin, tv; ta mul, vphr(tv & n4d); 

yan pas, vphr(aj & tv). 

since k'u ca9al, pt & pt; k'u ti, ptphr(pt & pt); lavi, n5; 

yal, pt; yavil, pt. 

sincerely lok'el Won, nphr(vn4f of n4d). 

sindico 

sinews 

sinful 

sing 

singed 

singer 

singing 

single 

sink 

sinking 

sinner 

sip 

sipping 

sir 

siskin 

sister 

sister-in-law 

sit 

/second-ranking official of civil hierarchy/: 

sintiko, agn. 

/drum/: einob, nlf. 

mulavil, aj. 

k'evuhin, iv. 

(bird, cricket): 9ok', iv. 

sing about: k'evuhinta, tv. 

sing loudly: Ia9etah, iv. 

sing saints' names (musicians): kuy ta k'evuh, 


singed (hair, tortilla): k'ak'etik, aj. 

hk'evuh, agn; hk'evuhinel, agn. 

cir, nik, pi, av. 

(drunks): necetik ta k'evuh, vphr(av & prep & 

n5). 

singing in high voice (woman): e'iet, av. 

singing loudly (children): lalon, av. 

singing loudly (drunkards): laoet, av. 

singing of saints' names (musicians): kuyel, 

vn4b. 

walking in single file (leaf-cutter ants): tususet, 

av. 

with but a single /tooth/: vitil, aj. 

muk, iv; muk, tv; mukeah yalel, vphr(iv & dr); 

mukean ba, rv; mukp'in ba, rv. 

cause to sink /ground/: lomean, tv; lomk'in 

yalel, vphr(tv & dr). 

(ground): lomeah, iv; lomk'ih yalel, vphr(iv & 

dr). 

make sink: mukean, tv. 

make sink down /dog or sheep that is sat 

upon/: vuer'ean yalel, vphr(tv & dr). 

(mud underfoot): poe'eah, iv. 

sink in /mud, etc./: samk'uh, iv; samk'un, tv. 

sink into /mud/ (feet): sambe ec'el, vphr(tv & 

dr). 

e'ah, lorn, muk, nak, poe% t'ub, av. 

(foot in mud): pue'ue' yalel, vphr(av & dr). 

sinking down: pec", av. 

sinking suddenly (car seat): vuelih, av. 

/every person/: hmulavil, agn. 

9um, tv. 

e'ue', av. 

sinyor, n5. 

sir spook /Carnival character/: tot h9ik'al, 

nphr(n type agn)5. 

/term of reference and address to older man/: 

tottik, n5. 

black-headed siskin: c'ikc'ik, n5; k'anal e"irin 

mut, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/)5; k'anal c'ivil 

mut, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. 

elder sister: visil, n3d. 

female's younger sister: mukil, n3d. 

male's younger sister: •rislelil, n3d. 

/archaic term of address between those married 

to two brothers or sisters/: 'Henmleil, nld. 

/female's brother's wife, husband's sister/ /archaic/: 

havanil, n3d. 

/wife's sister, male's brother's wife, husband's 

brother, female's sister's husband/ /archaic/: 

mu9il, n3d. 

euni, iv. 

(basket, bowl, meal): paci, iv. 

(boulder, log): vani, iv; vati, iv. 

(dog, child): p'enan ba, rv. 

/in sun/: cini, iv.

sitting 

/on ground refusing to budge/: nakan ba, rv; 

nakean ba, rv. 

(person wrapped in blanket): voei, iv. 

(pot, bottle, gourd): vuci, iv. 

sit (person wrapped in blanket, frog): voean ba, 

rv. 

sit and wait for: cotleta, tv. 

sit cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself 

(woman): peean ba, rv. 

sit directly on (pot on fire, child, woman or 

drunk on ground): leni, iv. 

sit down: coti, iv; c'etan ba, rv. 

sit down (child): p'esan ba, rv. 

sit down (woman): lesan ba, rv. 

sit down /be elevated above the ground/: lepan 

ba, rv. 

sit down and be unable to walk (person, mule): 

pehan ba, rv. 

sit down in the sun: t'ihan ba, rv. 

sit down unexpectedly: cotk'ih, iv. 

sit down with burden /to rest/: cepi, iv. 

sit helplessly: nakp'un ba, rv. 

sit in /basket/ (child): paean ba, rv. 

sit inertly (sick person): lut'i, iv. 

sit next to fire (person, toasted tortilla being 

toasted, animal smoking on spit): p'osin, iv. 

sit on haunches: sok'an ba, rv; sok'etah, iv. 

sit on haunches unable to stand (drunk): 

sok'eah, iv. 

sit together (two people): lot ba, rv. 

sit with /dangling testicles/ (child): vehan, tv; 

vehan ba, rv. 

sit with bowed head: lut'an ba, rv. 

sit with crossed legs: he?an ba, rv. 

sit with head bowed pensively: nihan ba, rv. 

sit with legs dangling: cosan ba, rv. 

(woman): eubi, iv; pok'an ba, rv; pok'i, iv. 

(wool in basket): pacetah, iv. 

cep, cot, hue', len, les, nak, pac, pec, p'eh, av; 

eunul, aj; cotol, aj. 

(basket, bowl): pacal, aj. 

be sitting (child): p'esi, iv. 

be sitting (liquids): e'ani, iv. 

be sitting (money, house, coffer, spherical object; 

water jug, head, orange, rock): p'ehi, iv. 

be sitting in container (blob of thick liquid, 

corn gruel, boiled squash): let'i, iv. 

be sitting on haunches (person, rabbit, dog, 

cat): sok'i, iv. 

(boulder, log, large house): vanal, aj. 

(child): p'esel, aj. 

/in sun/: cinil, aj. 

(leafless branches) /on fire/: civi, iv. 

leave person sitting /drunk on path/: 

pumeanvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). 

(money, chest, pot, orange, maguey, rock): 

p'ehel, aj. 

(pot, bottle, gourd): vucul, aj. 

(pots, bottles, gourds): vucahtik, aj. 

sitting around doing nothing in particular: 

eunet, av. 

sitting close to ground with legs spread apart: 

koyol, aj. 

sitting cross-legged or with legs tucked under: 

heeet, av. 

sitting helplessly: peh, av; pehet, av. 


situation 

six 

sixteen 

sixties 

sixty 

sizzling 

skill 

skim 

skin 

skinny 

skip 

skirt 

sitting helplessly (person, mule, car with flat 

tire): pehel, aj. 

sitting in the sun (hatless person): t'ihil, aj. 

sitting inertly: lut', av. 

sitting inertly with bowed head (sick person or 

chicken): lut'ul, aj. 

sitting next to fire turning one side and then the 

other (person, toasted tortilla being toasted, 

animal smoking on spit): p'oset, av. 

sitting next to fire warming self: p'osol, aj. 

sitting on ground (woman, child): vueul, aj. 

sitting on one's haunches: sok', av; sok'ol, aj. 

sitting place of woman /old straw mat/: kehlebal, 

n3d. 

sitting together (people, houses, animals, pair of 

oxen, testicles): lotol, aj. 

sitting unable to stand: cot, av. 

sitting with legs apart: koy, av. 

sitting with legs tucked under: heeel, aj. 

(wide-brimmed container, upside down hat): 

pecel(2), aj. 

(wood, bags of corn, etc.): cepel, aj. 

k'op, nld. 

vak , num(n & neepd); vakib, nle. 

every six: vakvak , n(num & nccpd)5. 

by or in sixes: vakvak- , n(num & 

nccpd)5. 

vak-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. 

in or by sixties: wsios-vinik, n(num & 

numcpd)5; sesentatik, n5. 

•Jos-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5; sesenta, nle. 

every sixty: 9os'?os-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5; 

sesentatik, n5. 

muk'ul, n4e.* 

/plu/: muk'tikil, n4e. 

9is, cok', cir, c'il, c'it, av. 

(food V3;6, V3;7): c'iriret, av. 

sizzling sound: k'oek'on, av. 

lose one's skill (musician who is out of practice): 

c'ay k'ob, vphr(iv & n4d). 

/corn gruel/: k'u"), n4f. 

skim off foreign matter /from corn, water, or 

food/: bau, tv. 

bi, tv; co 1 ?, tv. 

/arm/: sar ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

/corn kernel/: sik\ n4f. 

/cow/: cowman, iv. 

dark skin: 'Jik'al, n4d. 

make person's skin split (wind, dye, lime): t'ahesvan, 

iv. 

/of animal/: nukul, nla. 

/of corn kernels remaining at bottom of strainer 

when making corn gruel/: sik' mae\ nphr(n 

of n)5. 

/of person/: nukulal, nib. 

skin of corn kernels: mae", nla. 

with skin coming off (boiled corn): p'olos, aj. 

bak, aj. 

/girl, man/: 9arsial , nphr(n type n. 

p'itu, tv. 

eekil, n3a. 

cotton skirt: no eekil, nphr(n type n)ld. 

poor quality blue skirt /woven in San Cristobal 

and worn by many Huistec women/: vara 

eekil, nphr(n type n)3d. 

top of skirt folded over sash: pakbenal, n4f.


skreaking 

skull 

skunk 

sky 

slab 

slack 

slacken 

slant-eyed 

slanted 

slap 

slapping 

slash 

slaughter 

sledgehammer 

sleep 

sleeping 

c'ei, av. 

/dead person/: bakel hoi lanima, nphr(n of 

nphr/n of n/)5; hoi lanima, nphr(n of n)5. 

soro, nle. 

/general term/: poyoy, nle.* 

hog-nosed skunk: sak-pat, n(aj & ncpd)ld.* 

hooded skunk: poyoy, nle. 

smell of skunk: risil, n3d. 

southern spotted skunk: k'os poyoy, nphr(aj & 

n)ld.» 

vinahel, vn5. 

clear sky /day or night/: canal ">osil, nphr(aj & 

n5); eanal balamil, nphr(aj & n5). 

slab of pine wood: ham toh, nphr(n of n)5. 

slab of wood: ham, n4f. 

be slack (rope, wire): pok'i, iv. 

(rope or wire, string between two points): pok'ol, 

aj. 

slack off (visitors): cop ba, rv. 

cop, iv; copah, iv; yoc, iv. 

(loom): yoc ba, rv. 

(rain): k'epk'ep, iv. 

/rope/: yocean, tv; yoces, tv. 

/rope, wire/: pok'an, tv. 

slacken trading activities: yocean baik, rv. 

slacken tumphne /ease pressure on head by 

holding on to tumpline/: yoces hoi, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

vi^-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

(eyes): vi?vi9, aj. 

slanted (eyes of baby) /mark of beauty/: viîlik, 

a Jlek' 

ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); pak' ta 

mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); sal ta mahel, 

vphr(tv & prep & vn5); t'as ta mahel, 


slap each other: pak'be baik, rv. 

slap in the belly /sheep/: t'en ta mahel, 


slap lightly /with fist or rag/: los ta mahel, 


slap person: lomvan ta mahel, vphr(av & prep 

& vn5); t'asvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & 

vn5). 

/tortillas onto griddle/: t'asan, tv. 

/with stick or stirring rod/: t'eh ta mahel, 


lek', los, pak', av. 

(flood water against riverbank): t'ist'on, av. 

slapping suddenly: t'asluh, av. 

(wave): yuk'lahet, av. 

/with stick or stirring rod/: t'eht'on, av. 

slash self: p'as ba, rv. 

milolah, iv; milomah, iv. 

slaughter together: ko'tol-mil, tv(aj & tvcpd). 

maro, nla. 

bat c'ulel, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); vay, iv. 

be unable to get to sleep: tavan vayel, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & vn5). 

sleep on /mat/: vayebin, tv. 

sleep together: ci?in ba ta vayel, vphr(rv & pt & 

vn5). 

sleep together (woman or child who accompanies 

single woman at night): tavan ta vayel, 


ta?et, av. 

sleepy 

sleepy-eyed 

sleepyhead 

sleeve 

slender 

slenderness 

slice 

sliced 

slicing 

slide 

sliding 

slight 

slim 

slime 

slimy 

sleeping place: vayebal, n3d. 

be or feel sleepy: 9ak' vayel, vphr(tv/3s/ & 

vn5). 

vayet sat, vphr(av & n4d). 

hvayik, agn. 

k'obol, n3b. 

become slender (palm strip, bottle): hic'eah, iv. 

make slender: hic'ean, tv. 

make slender /thread when spinning, woven 

palm, hoe handle/: hic'ilubtas, tv. 

(pig's or mouse's tail): biebie, aj. 

(thread, corncob, hoe handle, stick, arm, leg): 

hic'il, aj. 

hic'ilul, n4f. 

/meat/: satil, n3c. 

/melon, watermelon/: sil, tv. 

/pineapple, young watermelon squash, cushaw 

or summer squash, radish/: set, tv. 

slice in two: cai-havin, tv(num & tvcpd). 

slice off /meat/: kecbe, tv. 

slice off horizontally /meat, fatback/: t'ol, tv. 

slice off much /with knife or hoe/: kecan, tv. 

silahtik, aj. 

kec, av; silson, av. 

eules, tv; hask'un, tv; husk'ih, iv; nakp'uh, iv; 

nakp'un, tv. 

(avalanche): tue'eah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). 

cause to slide down: yi^p'un, tv. 

(child using maguey leaf as sled): nululih, iv. 

make slide down: pitk'un, tv; yemes, tv. 

make slide down /earth, corn/: yemean, tv; 

yemk'un, tv. 

make slide on dry surface /log/: hususin, tv. 

/on board or maguey leaf/ (children): husan 


(person, horse, tile, board): eul, iv. 

slide down: hem. iv; yi9p'uh, iv; ypp'un ba, rv. 

slide down (avalanche): likeah yalel, vphr(av & 

dr); likp'uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). 

slide down (corn): hin, iv. 

slide down (corncobs, rocks, earth): yii ba, rv. 

slide down (earth): hineah, iv. 

slide down (earth, corn): yemeah, iv. 

slide down (rocks, corncobs): hi"? ba, rv. 

slide down /board of attic floor boards/: nululihes 

yalel, vphr(tv & dr). 

slide down /standing tree/: husp'in, tv. 

slide on dry surface (child): hususih, iv. 

slide slowly (rock or person sliding on leaves): 

huc'uc'ih, iv. 

/standing tree/: nulp'in, tv; nululin, tv. 

eul, c'ul, hem, liK hue', bus. nul, puk, tuc". yem, 

av. 

(avalanche): ?uyuy, av. 

sliding down: hie 5 , av. 

sliding down in various places (cliff): soltesolte 

yalel, vphr(av & dr). 

sliding suddenly /in mud, or dry leaves/: nullih, 

av. 

vala-patin komel, vphr(tv/x & nepd/ & dr). 

hayal, aj. 

deposit slime on: simta, tv. 

deposit slime on person: simtavan, iv. 

/of snail/: simal, nla. 

hub, huy, av; hubul, aj. 

(mud): hubet, av; huyul, aj.

s 

sling 

slingshot 

slip 

slipped 

slippery 

slipping 

slither 

slithering 

sloping 

slosh 

in sling: likoh, aj. 

/made of woven fiber and formerly used to 

hunt birds/: himic", nld. 

sling at /mud/: lesbe, tv. 

sling in face: kakanbe mahel, vphr(tv & vn5). 

9ulii, nla; tirarol, ill a. 

strap of slingshot: mak iu\ii, nphr(nlf of nld). 

bilk'uh, iv; eul, iv; c'ulk'ih, iv; hask'uh, iv; 

nulk'ih, iv. 

(burden): sok, iv. 

(earth, boulder): nakp'uh, iv. 

have skirt slip down (baby): vesk'un ba, rv. 

/in mud/: pitk'uh, iv. 

/in standing position/: eules ba, rv. 

(knot): hie, iv. 

(person, tree): nululih, iv. 

secretly slip object to someone: mukul-cTikbe, 


slip down: hipeah, iv; husk'ih, iv. 

slip down (burden): pitk'uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). 

slip down (daub): bosk'ih, iv. 

slip down (pants, skirt): veseah yalel, vphr(iv & 

dr). 

slip from one's grasp: sol, iv. 

slip in, under, or through: c'ik, tv. 

slip on: bil, tv. 

slip out of one's grasp: pitk'uh "Wun, vphr(iv & 

n4d). 

slip slightly (knot): hiehie, iv. 

slip under: net'u, tv. 

slipped down: ves, av. 

slipped in or under (needle in hat): c'ikil, aj. 

bil, buy, nib, av; bilil, aj; c'ulul, aj. 

become slippery: bililub, iv; c'ululib, iv. 

make slippery: bililubtas, tv; c'ululibtas, tv. 

slippery and flexible (cow stomach, lights): loslos, 

aj. 

slippery underfoot (mud): noyoyet ta tek'el, 

vphr(av & prep & vn5). 

liil, eul, c'ul, hem, hie, hue 7 , hus, les, pit, av. 

(knot): mit'mon, av. 

slipping about: noytenoyte ta tek'el, vphr(av & 

prep & vn5). 

slipping away: k'al, av. 

slipping away (patient): tue'ton, av. 

slipping down: 9es, lof, av. 

slipping down (fresh daub): loslah yalel, 


slipping down easily: has, av. 

slipping in: c'ik, av. 

slipping in suddenly (armadillo in burrow): 

tik'luh, av. 

slipping into groove: liv, av. 

slipping suddenly out of one's grasp: sollih, av. 

slipping through: c'ik, av. 

slipping under: c'ik, av. 

slither straight ahead (large snake): tue*etah, iv. 

his, kil, rue', av. 

slithering along (snake): k'amam, av. 

hav 9osil, nphr(n of n)5. 

steep slope: pahaltik, n5. 

ta^ta 1 ;, aj. 

slosh around: yuk'ilan, tv. 

slosh back and forth: k'ubilan, tv; t'ibt'onah, iv. 

slosh through mud: puk'be ec'el 'Jac'eltik, 

vphr(tv & dr & n5). 


sloshing 

slow 

slowly 

slug(l) 

slug(2) 

slugging 

slump 

slumped 

slumping 

slurp 

slurping 

smack 

smacking 

small 

small-based 

small-faced 

small-headed 

smallness 

smallpox 

smart 

smarting 

smartweed 

505 

e'an, cuk, lak, t'ib, av. 

(liquid in bottle, jug, demijohn or stomach): 

yuk'yon, av. 


be slow (watch): kom, iv. 

k'un, aj; k'unil, aj; t'abt'ab, aj. 

walking about slowly (many people, animals): 

tususet, av. 

walking slowly (person who never is able to 

keep up fast pace): k'osk'on, av. 

•)unen k'obol, nphr(aj & n)le. 

pok' ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); pum ta 


/in face, back or side/: fan ta mahel, vphr(tv & 

prep & vn5). 

/on back or side/: pue' ta mahel, vphr(tv & 

prep & vn5); puh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & 

vn5). 

/person deemed a dried up fruit/: sot* ta mahel, 


poe", av; t'ust'on, av. 

(drunk): sovk'ih, iv. 

slump forward (drunk): ni9eah, iv. 

slump forward (sitting drunk): e'uyan ba, rv. 

slump over: nihp'un ba, rv. 

slump to side (drunk trying to stand): sovan ba, 

rv. 

slumped forward: ni9, av. 

lus, av. 

slumping over (drunk): vubub, av. 

slumping over /with sleep or drunkenness/: nihih 

yalel, vphr(av & dr). 

/cane liquor, posol, corn gruel, broth, squash/, 

/beans/ (Chamula laborers): lop ta ''uc'el, 


bur, lop, av. 

smack person: t'asvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep 

& vn5). 

smacking suddenly: t'asluh, av. 

9unen(2), aj; bik'it, aj; bik'tal, aj. 

(assed): e*ukel, aj. 

carrying small burden: t'uc, av. 

(cup, pot, girl, horse, water jug, griddle, basket) 

/referring to girl or horse it implies that full 

stature has not been reached, referring to 

object it occurs only in expression; mas 

eayal hutuk: it is a little smaller/: eayal, aj.* 

(girl or mule) /not having reached full stature/: 

eay, aj. 

(hat): noc'noc', aj. 

(horse): pek'el, aj. 

with small quantity of food in pot /to speed 

cooking process/: yocet, av. 

too small-based (pot that doesn't sit properly): 

puypuy, aj. 

e'eb, av; e'ebel, aj; hep'el, aj; hep'et sat, 


(boy): volvol, aj. 

smallness and cuteness /baby's hand/: masil, 

n4f. 

kuyel, vn5. 

have smallpox: wi kuyel, vphr(tv & vn5). 

p'ih, aj; p'ihil, aj; vivo, aj. 

become smart: p'ihub, iv; p'ihubtas ba, rv. 

'an, >en, leak, lem, av. 

dotted smartweed: ât nab, nphr(n4f of n5);


smash 

smashed 

smashing 

smear 

smeared 

smell 

smelly 

smiling 

smock 

smoke 

smoker 

smoking 

smooth 

smoothen 

smoothing 

smut 

snack 

snacking 

snail 

snake 

kokcon nic nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); 

yail e'i9lel, nphr(aj & n). 

/basket, gourd, fence, bottle, clod of earth/: 

voc', tv. 

/egg/: t'us, tv. 

/face with fist/: toe ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & 

vn5). 

/fence/: voc'ean, tv. 

smash in /door/: puh, tv. 

/with fist/: k'av ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & 

vn5). 

(fence): voc'el, aj. 

puh, av. 

smashing suddenly (blow): toelih, av. 

smashing suddenly (glass VI; 10): voc'lih, av. 

nib, tv; nibbenal, n4f. 

nibahtik, aj. 

smeared here and there: samantik, aj. 

wibe 9ik', vphr(tv & n4f). 

smell of skunk: eisil, n3d. 

(body odor): s"in, aj. 

ee9et, av. 

smiling all the time: c'ilet 9e, vphr(av & n4d). 

small boy's smock: kamisail, n3d. 

straight smock worn by younger boys: e'ibal 

k'u9ul, nphr(aj & n)3d. 

c'ail, nla; sik'alah, iv; sik'alan, tv. 

/bees, patient, new house/: c'ata, tv. 

/cigarette/: bue", tv. 

/unoccupied house so that it will not mildew/: 

c'ailtas. tv. 

hsik'alahel, agn. 

bue"et, av. 

t'ab, av; c'ulul, aj; lic'ic', aj. 

become smooth: c'ul ba, rv; c'uleah, iv. 

smooth and polished: e*ab, av. 

smooth and straight (road): e'abal, aj. 

smooth back with hand /hair/: bek', tv. 

/stone, metate/: ho 1 ), tv. 

/wall of mud and wattle house/: fabolah, iv; 

t'abulan, tv. 

wet and smooth /ground on which flailed corn 

is to fall/: t'ab, tv. 

/wood/: c'ul, tv. 

worn smooth (mountain path clearly visible in 

the distance): t'ahal, aj. 

/fresh daub/: e'ab, tv. 

/stone, metate/: ho9hon, av. 

corn smut: cu9 9isim, nphr(n of n)5. 

/because one does not want to spend money/: 

sie'ah c'ut, vphr(tv & n4d). 

/eaten by members of curing ceremony at various 

crosses, most frequently at Kalvario/: 

•Jalmorsal, nld . 

/food eaten to fill stomach after insufficient 

meal/: kapin, n4f. 

sic*, av. 

fresh water snail: posil cuvah, nphr(n of n)5; 

puyal 'mk'um, nphr(natt & n)5.* 

land snail: 9at nab, nphr(n4f of n5).*; 9unen 

k'obol, nphr(aj & n)le.*; ton-tob, nphr(n & 

xcpd)ld.* 

river snail: puy, nla.'; suti, nla. 

con, nle. 

banded coffee snake: hcabahom con, 

snaking 

snap 

snapping 

snarl 

snarled 

snarling 

snarly-haired 

snatch 

snatching 

sneeze 

sniff 

sniffing 

snitch 

sniveling 

snivelling 

snoring 

snort 

agn(nphr/agn type n/)5.'; k'anal hcabahom 

con, nphr(aj &nphr/agn type n/)S.' 

black snake: 9akus"a con, nphr(n type n)5.* 

coral snake: kantela con, nphr(n type n)5.' 

gopher snake: cih-con, n(aj & n)5.' 

highland black and white snake: mo9oc, n5.'; 

pec'-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5.* 

indigo snake: me9el con, nphr(n type n)le.' 

lowland black water snake: 9ik'-nab con, 

nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.' 

lowland snake: savanero, n5.* 

lowland water snake: t'ub-con, n(aj & ncpd)la. 

lyre snake: 9ak' con, nphr(n type n)5.* 

ring-necked coffee snake: 9ik'al hcabahom con, 

nphr(aj & nphr/agn type n/)5.* 

snake skin: solil, n4e. 

supernatural snake: cuk vie, nphr(nlf of n5).* 

tropical king snake: kantela con, nphr(n type 

n)5.* 

vine snake: 9itah con, nphr(n type n)5.' 

luk, av. 

(rope): turn ta tuc'el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). 

/rope/: turn ta tuc'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

(spark): c'it, iv. 

snapping suddenly (rope, wire): tri'mluh, av. 

snapping suddenly (wire, neck of man): tumlih, 

av. 

/for rabbits, dogs or quails/: p'ilom te9, nphr(n 

type n)la. 

mocilan ba, tv., rv. 

tec'ton, av. 

be snarled (hair): paei, iv. 

become snarled: moc ba, rv; pae ba, rv. 

become snarled (hair, thread): hal ba, rv. 

(hair): paeal, aj; tec'ec", aj. 

with snarled hair: pae, av. 

niek', vo, av. 

snarling ferociously (dog) /i is nasalized/: hiet, 

(sick woman): pae-hol, n(aj & ncpdp. 

snatch up: k'otbah 9u9un, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

n4d). 

kac", av. 

hat'isah, iv; hat'isan, tv. 

9a9ibe 9ik', vphr(tv & n4f). 

(dog): vus ni9, vphr(tv & n4d). 

(person, dog): mus ni9, vphr(tv & n4d). 

sniff at (person, horse, dog): 9ue"i, tv. 

sniff the air: tas-9ik'i, tv(tv & ncpd). 

9UC 5 , mus, av. 

(dog V4;14): sukson ni9, vphr(av & n4d). 

sniffing suddenly (dog): vuslih ni"), vphr(av & 

n4d). 

mukul-9elk'an, tv(aj & tvcpd). 

simson, av. 

mus, av. 

hokbe vayel, vphr(tv & vn5). 

hok, hor, pur, av; vokoket ni9, vphr(av & n4d). 

(person V4;8): pok'et ni9, vphr(av & n4d). 

snoring loudly: hok'ok'et ni9, vphr(av & n4d); 

pok'ok'et ni9, vphr(av & n4d). 

snoring softly through nose: loket ni9, vphr(av 

& n4d). 

snoring very loudly: lokoket ni9, vphr(av & 

n4d). 

(horse): tulubah, iv.

snorting 

snowbel] 

snowberry 

snub 

snub-nosed 

snuffler 

snuffling 

soak 

soaked 

soaking 

soap 

soaring 

sob 

sobbing 

sober 

sobriety 

socks 

soft 

soft-boil 

soft-boiled 

snort many times (frightened horse): hokan 

ni9, vphr(tv & n4d). 

hok, pur, av. 

muk'tik bak te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

posil t'ahel(l), nphr(n of vn). 

/by tilting nose and looking away/: ha9an ni?, 


mok, sep', av; mok-ni9, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

/mark of beauty/: musul, aj. 

(person, cat, dog) /mark of ugliness in person/: 

sep'el, aj. 

hhok'-nb, agn(tv & ncpd). 

inns, av. 

ku, pt; toh, aj; tol, aj. 

so long as: ha 1 ) nos kwenta, nphr(pt & pt/contr 

of no & nos/ & n5). 

so that: yo9, pt. 

losp'in, tv; pie'ean, tv. 

/cloth in dye, barrel or leather in water/: t'ub, 

tv. 

/clothes/ (rain, river): t'ayan, tv. 

/in water, dye or soup, corn kernals in salt water 

when divining soul-loss/: e*ah, tv. 

/seed corn/: sit'es, tv. 

pie% t'ay, av; tulul, aj; t'ayal, aj. 

be soaked by /rain/: 9atin, tv. 

become soaked: pie'i, iv. 

become soaked (child): losp'in ba, rv. 

become soaked (clothing, person): pie*eah, iv. 

become soaked (woman carrying cracked water 

jug): t'ayeah, iv. 

(clothing, floor): pie'i], aj. 

(clothing, people): losol, aj. 

get soaked: t'ayetah, iv. 

t'ubul, aj. 

vain soaking /of person/: pie'eaneh-bail, vn(tv 

& rpncpd)5. 

savon, nla. 

hay, av; vilet, av. 

sob to oneself: 9ok'ita ba, rv. 

9av, 9uy, k'ek', av; hik'hon, av. 

(person, words) /not drunk/: kusul, aj. 

sober up: kus, iv. 

kuslehal, n4d. 

woolen socks /worn by ensign-bearer, captain, 

cantor, angel, k'uk'ul con, ka^benal, and sakhol/: 

merias, nla. 

9uy, piic 1 , av; k'un, aj; k'unil, aj. 

become soft: k'unib, iv. 

become soft (cooked beans, watermelon squash, 

cushaw, peaches): 9uyeah, iv. 

become soft (corn kernel when boiled in lime 

water): bi, iv. 

become soft and moist (dirt on body or clothes): 

vos, iv. 

become soft and moist (earth, dirt on body or 

clothes): vosan ba, rv; voseah, iv. 

(cooked beans, watermelon squash, cushaw or 

peaches): huyul, aj. 

(hair): k'un-yaman, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). 

make soft and moist /earth, dirt on body/: voses, 

tv. 

soft underfoot (sand, gravel): yiwet, av. 

(sufficiently cooked beans): Icol, aj. 

/egg/: cik\ tv. 

(egg): cik'bil, aj. 


soften 

soggy 

soil 

sold 

soldier 

sole 

solitaire 

solitary 

sombreron 

someone 

somersault 

sometime 

sometimes 

somewhere 

son 

son-in-law 

soncoya 

song 

sonofabitch 

soon 

soot 

sooty 

sopping 

sore 

sores 

sorghum 

sort 

soul 

soul-loss 

/corn kernel by boiling in lime water/: bies, tv. 

/leather/: k'unibtas, tv. 

become soggy (paper, clothing): losp'ih, iv. 

become soggy (tortilla, toasted tortilla, paper): 

vos, iv; vosan ba, rv; voseah, iv. 

make soggy /tortilla, toasted tortilla, paper): 

voses, tv. 

(tortillas, toasted tortillas): vosol, aj. 

bal, tv. 

crumbly soil: puk-sat balamil, nphr(n/aj & 


soil self: bon ba, rv. 

sold out: mu tabah, ajphr(pt & aj). 

h9ak'-k'ok', agnftv & ncpd); soltaro, agn. 

/foot/: 9ut 9okol, nphr(n4f of n3d). 

new sole /nailed on top of worn sandal sole/: 

lambenal sonobil, nphr(n4f of n3d). 

sole of foot: pac'omal 9okol, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

brown-backed solitaire: 9oresyon mut, nphr(n 

type n)5; tak'in 9antivo, nphr(n of n)5. 

(hair, corn plant, tree): vicil, aj. 

sompreron, n5.* 

buc'u, pt. 

e"ukul-ni9ih, iv(aj & ivcpd); valk'uh cak, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d): valk'un cak, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

/in the future/: bak'in, pt. 

9oy, n5; bak'intik, pt. 

sometimes ...sometimes: 9oy... 9oy, n5...n5, 

bu, pt; buy, pt(contr of bu & ioy). 

/affectionate term of address to young boys/: 

euk', nld. 

term of address and reference: krem, nld. 

ni'ril, n3d. 

cin-hol k'eves, nphr(n/aj & n/ type n)5. 

e'uhulal, n4f; k'evuh, n5. 

/popular ladino music/: pyesa, nle. 

popular song: kansyon, nld; kaslan son, 


/exclamation expressing surprise or amazement/: 

piita, excl. 

nopol, aj. 

as soon as: naka, pt. 

9obak, nle; sibak, nla. 

suc'ul, aj. 

sopping wet: pie", av; t'ayayet, av. 

/caused by sandal/: ti?ben, n4f; ti9benal, n4f. 

fever sore /in mouth/: cup 9eal, nphr(nle of 

n3d). 

lip sore: p'otbenal, n3d. 

sore on bottom of toe /suffered by children/: 

ti9ben lukum, nphr(n of n)5. 

fever sore /in mouth/: 9eal, n3b. 

tukum h9ik'al, nphr(n of agn)5. 

sorghum molasses candy: tukum, nla. 

tos, nc. 

9anima, nld. 

/ c'ulell: talel, vnlb. 

/of everything naturally created, and of manufactured 

objects that have been used and so 

receive soul of owner/: c'ulel, n4. 

balamil, nla; komel, vn5; komel ta balamil, 

nphr(vn5 & prep & n5).*; sikil balamil, 


an. poss.; soul-loss /unless preceded by kosil; 

my land/: balamil, nla.


sound 

sour grass 

sourness 

south 

sow 

sowbug 

sowthistle 

Soya 16 

spade 

Spaniard 

Spanish 

spare 

spark 

sparking 

sparkling 

sparrow 

sparse 

spasm 

spattered 

spattering 

speak 

be unlikely to suffer soul-loss: eoe c'ic'el, n4b. 

•>al, tv. 

make a sound: bak', iv. 

sound hole /fiddle, guitar, harp/: satil, n3c. 

poh, aj. 

become sour: pahub, iv. 

become sour (food): c'aub, iv. 

go sour: pahetah, iv. 

go sour (dough): sinub, iv. 

going sour (corn dough): nococet, av. 

•Joilol vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); 

bik'it vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); 

eoein vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & 

ncpd/); k'os vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & 

ncpd/); muk'ta vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x 

& ncpd/); vala-pohov, n(x & ncpd). 

pahal, n4f. 

sokon vinahel, nphr(n of vn)5. 

vih, tv. 

/coriander, chili, flower, cabbage, or field 

mustard seeds/: vah, iv; vah, tv. 

highland sowbug: citom con, nphr(n type 

n)le.' 

common sowthistle: cikario, nla; c'is cikario, 

nphr(aj & n). 

prickly sowthistle: c'is cikario, nphr(aj & n). 

Suyal Voi, nphr(natt & n)5. 

sharp-bladed spade for clearing weeds /now replaced 

by hoe/: kova, nla. 

/of mythic times/: fespanyol, n5. 

grand Spanish lord /major player of the fiesta 

of St. Sebastian who was the grand alcalde of 

the previous year/: muk'ta hkaslan, nphr(aj 

& agn). 

/language/: kastilya, n5. 

petty Spanish lord /major player of the fiesta 

of St. Sebastian who was the petty alcalde 

of the previous year/: bik'it hkaslan, 

nphr(aj & agn)5. 

be able to spare: lok', iv. 

nic k'ok', nphr(n of n)5. 

fit, av. 

(star): cihil, aj. 

with sparkling eyes: c*il, av. 

rufous-crested sparrow: cincon, n5.' 

kaybentik, aj; peeantik, aj; peekantik, aj. 

(corn, plants, hair, pubic hair, trees): taman, aj. 

(hair, corn plants, trees): vicahtik, aj. 

(pubic hair): eopol, aj. 

(pubic hair, corn plants): tamkan, aj. 

having spasms: sit', av. 

having spasms (flesh of recently slaughtered animal): 

mut'lahet, av. 

with muscular spasms (dying person or animal, 

epileptic, person or animal twitching frequently 

in sleep): tellahet, av. 

(mud, excrement): t'oeol, aj. 

spattered with wet excrement or mud: k'oeol, 

a Jc'it, 

av. 

k'opoh, iv. 

ritual speech, petitioner to parents of prospective 

bride; speak: ti?in, tv. 

speak formally: c'ul-k'opon, tv(aj & tvcpd). 

speak openly or frankly: hamal 9al, vphr(aj & 

tv). 

speaking 

spear 

speckled 

spectator 

speech 

speechless 

spell 

spend 

spent 

spherical 

spicy 

spider 

spider flower 

spiderling 

spiked 

spikelike 

spill 

spilled 

spilling 

spin 

spinal 

spindle 

spindly 

spine 

spinner 

spinning 

speak softly /to horse to calm it/: i'ul-k'opon, 


speak strongly or forcefully: toy ie, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

not be on speaking terms: kapaneh-bail, vn(tv 

& rpncpd)5. 

speaking thickly or incoherently (drunk, person 

with speech impediment): kaskon, av. 

lansa, nla. 

(bean): piruk', aj. 

h?elav, agn. 

spectator at fiesta: hk'el-wlav, agn(tv & ncpd); 

hk'el-iosil, agn(tv & ncpd); hk'el-k'in, agn(tv 

& ncpd). 

9eal, n3b. 

give a speech: 9albe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). 

be speechless /with fear/: âleah, iv. 

grow speechless /with fear/: lalub, iv. 

cast a spell (witch of neighboring town): pay 

camel, vphr(tv & vn5). 

/money/: pik, tv. 

spend all one's money: kastoin, tv. 

spend money for doctor: man ba ta tak'in, 


spend the night: vay, iv. 

being spent: bek', av. 

being spent rapidly: pik, av. 

volvol, aj. 

make spicy: yaubtas, tv. 

/general term/: TOm, nle. 

pa 1 ) îtah, nphr(x type n)ld. 

prickly spider flower: veêl cintuln, nphr(n of 

n). 

pueul nicim, nphr(aj & n); vaâhtik nes, nphr(aj 

& n). 

(negrohead soncoya): cinkul, aj. 

(corn) /first developmental stage also called 

bicilik andp'icilik//p\u/: lavustik, aj. 

k'eb, tv; mal, iv; malk'uh, iv; tanetah, iv. 

(corn, beans, potatoes, nixtamal, wool): tanih, 

iv. 

/liquid/: mal, tv. 

/solids/: busk'in, tv. 

be spilled (blob of thick liquid, corn gruel, 

boiled squash): let'i, iv. 

(small blob of thick liquid; corn gruel, human 

or chicken excrement): let'el, aj. 

with food spilled on front of clothes: pik'is, aj. 

bus, k'eb, let, let', mal, puk, tan, av. 

nahomah, iv; navu, tv; navuh, iv; navun, tv. 

/swift/: hoyibtas, tv. 

(top): lak'otah, iv. 

/top/: 9ak'otahes, tv; 9ak'ottas, tv. 

spinal column: c'is patil, nphr(n of n)3d. 

petet, nla. 

grow spindly, (unweeded corn, beans or potatoes): 

natub, iv. 

walking with spindly legs: filt'on lok, vphr(av 

& n4f); t'irt'on wk, vphr(av & n4b). 

d'is, nla; c'is patil, nphr(n of n)3d. 

spine and pope's nose /section of slaughtered 

chicken/: pec cakil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

hnahom, agn. 

har, him, hoy, set, av; nahelil, n3d. 

(falling leaf): vereret, av. 

(leaves in wind): virir, av.

spinster 

spirit 

spiritualist 

spit 

spitted 

spitting 

spittle 

splashing 

splatter 

splattered 

splattering 

splatting 

splay 

spleen 

splint 

splinter 

splintered 

splintering 

split 

meêl eeb, nphr(aj & n)5. 


cow, goat, cat, horse/: vayihel, nld. 

companion animal spirit: canulil. n3d. 

evil female spirit: spak'in Itt, nphr(n4f of n5).* 

/in Tuxtla/: resinto, n5. 

soh, tv; sohbe, tv; tubah, iv; tuban, iv; tubil, 

n3d. 

/for meat/: ''asarol, nla. 

spit on: tubta, tv.* 

spit out /cane liquor/: pue'ta, tv. 

be spitted: sohi, iv. 

pie 5 , av. 

spitting explosively (person EK.L 255;l-7): tuton, 

av. 

spitting frequently (drunk): tuton, av. 

have spittle form around mouth (drunk): 

poepoe-vokan, iv(aj & ivcpd). 

c'ites, tv. 

splash by stamping /water, mud/: cit'u, tv. 

splash self (person, bird): puk'olah, iv; puk'ulah, 

iv. 

(water, mud): c'it, iv. 

fit, puk', t'ub, av. 

splashing suddenly (water): vahluh, av. 

(mud): luyk'ih, iv. 

(mud, excrement): t'asal, aj. 

splattering suddenly: t'asluh, av. 

fas, av. 

splatting suddenly: t'asluh, av. 

(butt of stick): valeah, iv. 

cause to splay /butt of stick/: valean, tv. 

9ac'el, vn4d. 

c'il-te9il, n(aj & ncpd)3a. 

cilopal tei, nphr(n of n)5; ciul, n4e; hepel to, 

nphr(aj & n)5; sil yalel, vphr(iv & dr); voc'ol 

to, nphr(aj & n)la; voc'olil, n4f; vok'ol te"?, 


/of pine/: silbenal, nlf. 

/pine/: sil, tv. 

splinter or piece of bone: voc'ol bak, nphr(aj 

& n)le. 

•mp'up'et, av; ciloptik, aj; voc'el, aj. 

(bone): •mp'up'et, av. 

•>eseltik, aj; hapalul, n4f; hav, iv; silil, aj; t'ah, 

iv; t'ahal, aj; t'ahes, tv. 

be split (toasted tortilla): t'ah sat, vphr(iv & 

n4d). 

cause corn to split open /second boiling of corn 

for posol/: veses, tv. 

/in many places/: silahtik, aj. 

(overly dry palm strip for hat): silp'uh, iv. 

split and become powdery (lime): ies, iv. 

split apart /wood/: Ii9an ta havel, vphr(tv & 

prep & vn5). 

split in two: ca^-havin, tv(num & tvcpd). 

split in wide strips /palm strip for tying branches 

of flowers/: sil, tv. 

split off: hek, tv. 

split off (branch): hek, iv. 

split off (rock, cliff): eik'eah, iv. 

split off /pine chips from standing tree/: poc 

lok'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

split off /shoot/: hep, tv. 

split open (bean or lead tree pod, improperly 

ground corn): p'at, iv. 

ENGLISH-TZOTZ1L 509 

splitting 

splotchy 

spoil 

spoiled 

spongy 

spook 

spoon 

spooning 

spot flower 

spots 

spotted 

split open (corn when boiled twice for posol): 

•Jes, iv. 

split open (corn, lime): ves, iv; vesel, aj. 

split open (earth): kav, iv. 

split open (end of chayote, overripe papausa, 

heel): kaval, aj. 

split open (old fence, clothing): hwah, iv. 

split open (wall, mud): kac ba, rv. 

split open (wood, clothing, heel): Ii9 ba, rv. 

split open /corn for posol or toasted tortillas/ 

/by second boiling/: tukes, tv. 

split wide open (worn clothes): liveah, iv. 

(tooth): Ii9il, aj. 

(vagina, cracks in feet): t'osol, aj. 

(wall, jug, griddle): eik', iv. 

(wood in sun): sil ba, rv; sil yalel, vphr(iv & dr). 

/wood/: hav, tv; havalul, n4f; t'os, tv; 

t'osomah, iv. 

(wood, fingernail): hep, iv. 

hav, kav, t'il, av; silson, av. 

(headache): set'son, av. 

splitting in various places: t'ahtet'ahte, av. 

splitting off: hek, av. 

splitting open: IK p'at, av. 

splitting open here and there (lime when burnt): 

vesteveste ec'el, vphr(av & dr). 

splitting suddenly in two: sevluh, av. 

(children's faces after playing with charcoal): 

e'ibaron, aj. 

(corn or beans stored too long): lec'omah, iv; 

oec'omtah, iv. 

(food): sok, iv. 

(food, clothing): e'i'Heh, iv. 

be spoiled: kom ta manya, vphr(iv & prep & 

n5). 

puc 1 , av. 

(swelling): pue*ul, aj. 

h/rik'al, agn. 

sir spook /Carnival character/: tot hiik'al, 

nphr(n type agn)5. 

young boys who dress up as spooks during Carnival: 

c'uc'ul rnik'al, nphr(aj & agn)5. 

lee, tv. 

metal or enamel spoon: kucara, nla. 

spooning out: las, av. 

cak'ak', n5; cak'ak' e'iilel, nphr(n type n); c'inin 

e'i'ilel, nphr(aj & n); k'anal nic posil k'ok", 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n of n/); k'os 

cak'ak', nphr(aj & n); k'os k'anal sahoi, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); posil sal-e'i'), 

nphr(n of n/aj & nepd/); vac' te 1 ) e'Wel, 

nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). 

inan poss; spots /fawn, jaguar/: tukum, nla. 

with round spots (costume of jaguar of St. Sebastian 

fiesta): setahtik, aj. 

sok, av. 

/black or white/ (mango, snail, iguana, dog, 

pot): s'ok(2), aj. 

/dog, cow, horse or corn/: pinto, nla. 

(dog, cow, horse, corncob with black, white and 

yellow kernels): pinto, aj. 

(face): tukumtik, aj. 

(fawn, paca, lamb, chickens): p'utum, aj. 

(measles, pimples): vahal, aj.* 

(painted child, spook, southern spotted skunk): 

•7overo, aj.


spottedness 

sprain 

sprained 

spraining 

sprawl 

sprawled 

sprawling 

spray 

spread 

spreading 

spring(l) 

spring(2) 

/with dirt or pinta/: sokol, aj. 

sokil, n4b. 

e'otk'ih, iv; e"otk'in, tv. 

/back/: k'asemal, nld. 

(back, arm, leg): k'as, iv. 

/back, arm, leg/: k'as, tv. 

(leg, arm, back): e"oklih, iv; e'oklin, tv; e'okp'ih, 

iv. 

e'ok, av. 

e"ot, av. 

sprawl on side or back: c'oban ba, rv. 

lying sprawled on back or side: c'ohol, aj. 

sprawled on side or back /plu/: c'obolik, aj. 

sprawled on stomach: lic'il, aj. 

c'oh, lie', av. 

/bullets/: lihnbe, tv. 

/patient or sleepy musician with cane liquor, 

enemy with tobacco powder, child with 

water/: pue'ta, tv.* 

spray of citrus rind: eisil, n3d. 

be spread (gossip, news): tuk, iv. 

be spread afar (gossip, news): puk k'oplal, 

vphr(iv & n4f). 

/gossip/: tanihes, tv. 

have arms or wings spread wide /leaning forward/: 

lic'i, iv. 

(pain): pukih, iv. 

(sickness): c'amuh, iv. 

sitting with wings spread out (setting hen): 

lic'il, aj. 

spread flat /beans, corn, chili, earth, stones, 

gravel, coffee beans, sand/: hi 1 ?, tv. 

spread flat /plu/: hiân, tv. 

spread one's legs apart: ham ba, rv. 

spread out (clothes): lic'il, aj. 

spread out (corn): yfril, aj. 

spread out (piece of clothing, mat. loose hair of 

woman): k'iil, aj. 

spread out /corn/: ymn, tv. 

spread out to dry /laundry, beans, corn, coffee 

beans, chili/: k'i, tv. 

spread wide: lie' ba, rv. 

spread wide (bunch of flowers in hand): seteah, 

iv. 

spread wide (tortilla being patted): lie', iv. 

spread wide /mouth of net, burlap bag/: lie', tv. 

spread wide /old basket, legs when lying down 

or seated/ /has sexual implication/: sek ba, 

rv. 

spread wide /rear end of scarecrow/: setan, 

tv. 

spread woman's legs apart: kaceanvan, iv. 

with legs spread apart /sexual connotation/: 

hamal 9ok, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

ham, hi 1 ?, puk, av. 

spreading gossip: tanet k'oplal, vphr(av & n4f). 

spreading out: k'i, av. 

spreading widely: lam, av. 

make spring up and down: pueilan, tv. 

make spring up and down /tree, car seat/: 

vueilan, tv. 

spring up (loose board, stick): beck'uh, iv; 

bick'uh, iv. 

ni-nab, n(n/contr of nit/ & ncpd)lf. 

small spring: sat vc, nphr(n4f of n5). 

/water/: satil, n3c. 

springing 

springy 

sprinkle 

sprinkling 

sprint 

sprout 

sprouting 

sprouts 

spur 

spurge 

spurting 

sputtering 

spy 

spying 

(seat, marsh weeds underfoot): vuevon, av. 

pin', put', som, av. 

overly springy (hoe handle): t'ilt'on lok, 

vphr(av & n4f). 

overly springy (hoe handle, digging stick): t'irt'on 

wk, vphrfav & n4b). 

ma9lta, tv. 

/rain/: vahal voi, nphr(aj & n)5. 

sprinkle water on: vie'ulta, tv; vie"ultas, tv; vihes, 

tv. 

sprinkle water on /flowers, hair when combing 

it, on floor when sweeping/ (women): "?at'es, 

tv. 

sprinkle water on /with hand/: vihulta, tv; vihultas, 

tv. 

sprinkle with holy water (priest): e'uiltas, tv. 

cah, vah, av. 

sprinkling suddenly (rain): vihluh, av. 

tihbe ânil, vphr(tv & n5). 

k'elomah, iv; k'elomil, n3c. 

(corn): p'ic lok'el tal, vphr(iv & dr & dr). 

sprout and fruit budding from old watermelon 

squash stalk: sepal mail, nphrfaj & nld). 

sprout and wither (corn): p'ican ba, rv. 

sprout thickly: pimih, iv. 

sprout thickly (weeds, underbrush, feathers): pimah, 

iv; pul, iv. 

bicilik, aj; lavustik, aj; p'icil, aj. 

barely sprouting (weeds, pubic hair of virgin): 

humul, aj. 

(corn) /second developmental stage when 

sprouts are two inches high/ /plu/: poeolik, 

a Jsprouting 

in clumps (weeds): kueahtik, aj. 

(weeds): kusul, aj. 

(weeds, whiskers, pubic hair): kueul, aj. 

with new sprouts appearing (weeds, pubic 

hair): husul, aj. 

cilon 10k, nphr(n4e of n4d). 

k'ask'as e'iilel, nphr(aj & n); k'os sakil nicim 

santo, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

muk'ta nicim santo, nphrfaj & nphr/n of 

n/); nicim santo, nphr(n of n); pohov 

e'iilel, nphr(n type n); posil tnben lukum, 

nphr(n of nphr/n of n/); posil yayihel, 

nphr(n of vn); sakil posil tnben lukum, 

nphr: aj & nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). 

shrubby spurge: eahal nicim santo, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); mukumu, n; muk'ta nicim 

santo, nphrfaj & nphr/n of n/); nicim ianima, 

nphr(n of n); nicim hsoktom, nphr(n4d 

of agn); nicim ninyo, nphr(n of n); sakil 

mukumu, nphr(aj & n); sakil nicim, nphrfaj 

& n); sakil pohov e'i'rtel, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/); sakil pom e'unun, nphr(aj & 


trie, bik, av. 

(blood): tomton, av. 

(diarrhea, blood): tok'ton, av. 

spurting irregularly: cip, av. 

(pistol fire): p'ototet, av. 

spy from afar: pa")i, tv; paiuta, tv. 

spy from afar /for premeditated reason/: pa 1 )muk'ta, 

tv(x & xcpd). 

spy on: nac'etah, iv. 

(robber): t'ohet sat, vphr(av & n4d).

square 

squash(l) 

squash(2) 

squashed 

squashing 

squat 

squatter 

squatting 

squawking 

squeak 

squeaking 

squealing 

squeamish 

squeeze 

squeezing 

squelching 

spying on: nac', av. 

central square: parke, n5. 

/any variety/: su, n4e. 

ground watermelon squash seeds: tukum, nla. 

unattested lowland squash: sakil, nla. 

summer squash: e"ol, nla. 

watermelon squash; mail, nla; cih-con mail, 

nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); kaslan e'ol, 

nphr(aj & n); sakil mail, nphr(aj & n); yasal 

mail, nphr(aj & n). 

noy ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); s'amean, 

tv. 

/basket/: vue", tv. 

(fmit): Io9 ba, rv; t'us, iv; t'us ba, rv. 

/fruit/: yayihes, tv. 

/fruit, flea, louse/: t'us, tv. 

(hat, basket, can): sup'eah, iv. 

/hat, basket, can/: sup'ean, tv; sup'k'in, tv. 

(ripe fruit): sameah, iv. 

squash underfoot: noyeah ta tek'el, vphr(iv & 

prep & vn5); pae" ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & 

vn5). 

squash underfoot /fruit, caterpillar/: t'us ta 

tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

noyol, aj; pae"al, aj. 

be squashed flat (hat, basket, tin can): sup'i, 

iv. 

(excrement, fruit): samal, aj. 

(fruit): pok'ol, aj. 

squashed flat (hat, basket, can): sup'ul, aj. 

Io9, noy, av; t'uslahet, av. 

tivan ba, rv; tivi, iv. 

(cow): leclec, aj. 

(mule, donkey): eapo, aj. 

/on crest of hill/: t'okan ba, rv. 

baltio, agn; hmak-9osil, agn(tv & ncpd); hmakbalamil, 


eiili. tiv. av. 

/on crest of hill/: t'oket, av; t'okol, aj. 

(person): tivil, aj. 

9ek, c'e9, vek, av. 

make squeak /palm being woven/: e'ibe, tv. 

/weaving palm/: kie*be, tv. 

9ap\ 9ep', c"ik, e"o9, e*u9, c"un, hie", koc\ p'ui, av. 

/weaving palm/: e*ie'on, av; kie'kon, av. 

9ay, e'ie', ho 1 ?, vik, av. 

be squeamish (midwife, woman who doesn't 

want to clean baby after it defecates): 9ila9ah, 

iv. 

/basket to test its flexibility/: vat?, tv. 

/orange/: pie", tv. 

squeeze by: k'al ba helavel, vphr(rv & dr). 

squeeze in one's fist or hands: mic", tv. 

squeeze into: kakan ba, rv. 

squeeze one's way in: pie" ba ocel, vphr(rv & 

dr). 

squeeze one's way through /narrow path/: 

hupan ba ocel, vphr(rv & dr). 

squeeze out /pus/: pie\ tv. 

squeeze through /underbrush/: kaketah, iv. 

keep squeezing /rubber ball/: vueilan, tv. 

squeezing through: hup, kak, av. 

koc", k'o9, av. 

make squelching sound during copulation: 

koe*be, tv. 


squint 

squint-eyed 

squinting 

squirrel 

squirt 

squirting 

squishing 

squishy 

St. John's wort 

St. Anthony 

St. Catherine 

St. Dominic 

St. Elmo 

St. Fabian 

St. Hyacinth 

St. John 

St. Joseph 

St. Lawrence 

St. Martin 

St. Mary Magdalen 

(eyed): e"o9ol, aj. 

9ap'et, av; e"o9-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

eV), c"u9, av; e"u9ul, aj. 

deppe's squirrel: eahal cue, nphr(aj & n)5. 

flying squirrel: pepen cue, nphr(n type n)le.* 

/general term/: cue, nle.* 

guatemalan gray squirrel: yasal cue, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

c'it, iv. 

/urine, water with hose/: bicicin, tv. 

c'it, pic 1 , pic, av. 

pie*, av. 

puk\ av. 

(mud): noyol, aj. 

squishy underfoot (excrement, etc.): samet ta 

tek'el, vphr(av & pt & vn5). 

eie pos, nphr(n type n). 

watermelon squash: posil 'ml lnalnom, nphr: 

n4f of nphr(n4d/3s/ of agn). 

/in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, in 

Voi-bie/: hc'ul-totik San-antonyo, agn: 

nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. 

/in Church of St. Sebastian/: hc'ul-me'Uik 

Katal, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 

/image in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, 

picture in the Church of St. Sebastian/: 

hc'ul-totik Santo Rominko, agn: nphr(n/aj 

& ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n)5. 

/small image in side chapel of the Church of 

St. Lawrence/: hc'ul-totik 9le'inal Santo 

Rominko, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/ 

aj & n/)5. 

St. Elmo's fire /bestowing treasure or poslom/: 

sohob yan, nphr(n & aj)5. 

/in the Church of St. Sebastian/: hc'ul-totik 

Papyan, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 

/in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/: 

hc'ul-totik Hasinto, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type n)5. 


hc'ul-totik San-hwan, agn: nphr(n/aj & 

ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. 

St. John's Day: ba k'el-san-hwan, nphr: n4f of 

vn(tv & n/aj & ncpd/). 

/in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: 

hc'ul-totik San-hose, agn: nphr(n/aj 

& ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. 

/in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, image 

and picture in the Church of St. Sebastian, 

picture in Chapel of Our Lord of 

Esquipulas/: hc'ul-totik San-torenso, agn: 


/medium-sized image in side chapel of the 

Church of St. Lawrence/: hc'ul-totik 9O9lol 

San-torenso, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type 

n/aj & ncpd/)5. 

/small image in side chapel of the Church of 

St. Lawrence/: hc'ul-totik 9le"inal San-torenso, 

agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj 

& n/)5. 

St. Martin of Porras /in churches of lApas 

and Naben Cauk/: hc'ul-totik San-martin, 

agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & 

ncpd/)5. 


hc'ul-motik Malalena, agn: nphr(n/aj &


St. Matthew 

St. Peter 

St. Rose 

St. Sebastian 

St. Teponaxtle 

St. Theresa 

stab 

stack 

stacked 

staff 

stagger 

staggering 

stain 

stained 

staircase 

stake 


/in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: 

hc'ul-totik San-matyo, agn: nphr(n/aj & 



hc'ul-totik San-pegro, agn: nphr(n/aj & 


St. Peter Martyr /in nave of the Church of St. 

Lawrence/: hc'ul-totik Sam-poro Martil, 

agn: nphr(n/aj & n/ type nphr/n/aj & 

ncpd/ & n/)5. 

/in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence, 

in Voi-bie/: hc'ul-me^tik Santa-rosa, agn: 


martil, n5. 

Church of St. Sebastian: martil, n5. 

/large image in the Church of St. Sebastian, 

cf. hc'ul-totik Kartil/: hc'ul-totik Martil, 


/picture in house of grand alcade/: hc'ul-totik 

Kartil, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 

/small image in the Church of St. Sebastian/: 

hc'ul-totik 'Jle'mal Martil, agn: nphr(n/aj & 


/in nElan Vo 1 )/: hc'ul-totik T'ent'en, agn: 



hc'ul-me'?tik Teresa, agn: nphr(n/aj & 


e*apbe, tv; e"un, tv; hul, tv; sih, tv; sohbe, tv; 

tihan, tv. 

/bull, pig, person/: sen, tv. 

/with knife/: pahbe, tv. 

laean, tv; laebenal, n4f. 

be in a. stack: laei, iv. 

/boards, firewood, bottles on side, burdens, 

bricks, tiles, tortillas/: lae, tv. 

sitting in stack (tortillas): loeet, av. 

/tortillas, stone slabs, boards, bricks, paper/: 

loe, tv. 

laeaL aj. 

be stacked (tortillas, etc.): loei, iv. 

(tortillas, etc.): loeol, aj. 

shaman's or official's staff: nam-te9al, n(aj & 

ncpd)3a. 

shaman's staff: bis, nla. 

staff of office: to , nlf. 

staff of office /of grand alcalde, petty alcalde, 

magistrate, syndic, justice of the peace/: baston, 

nla. 

(drunk): vuk'lahetah, iv. 

make stagger: kikp'un, tv. 

(mule or person given heavy burden): vue"eah 


cev, kik, luk, pee*, pur', pun, sov, soy, tik, vat, 

vue", vuk, vuk\ yak, av; vukul cevel, ajphr(aj 

&aj). 

(sing): butlahet, av. 

bal, tv. 

stain green or blue: yasubtas, tv. 

stained: lep', av. 

lep'el, aj. 

be stained: latin, tv. 

koholkohol, n4f. 

forked stake for holding pots, etc.: pecec te^, 


stale 

stalk 

stalky 

stallion 

stammering 

stamp 

stampeding 

stamping 

stand 

stake on which lamp rests: kusanob toh, 

vphr(nlf of nld). 

stake with branches /used to set or hang pots 

on/: cikin ten, nphr(n of n)la. 

become stale smelling: homomib, iv. 

stale and curled up (tortilla): taki-moc'an, aj(aj 

& P, P/2/cpd). 

stale and curled up at the edges (tortilla): 

taki-pecan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd). 

with stale odor: homhom, aj; homom, aj. 

corn stalk of mature plant: k'ahben, nla. 

stalk of grass flower: eieop', nla. 

stalk of maguey inflorescence: komen, n4e. 

/greens, cabbage that has not headed/: 

cevleh(2), n4f. 

bae"i ka 1 ?, nphr(aj & n)5; potro, nla. 

?um, av; ketlahet, av. 

/also said of person with rudimentary knowledge 

of Spanish/: maklahet le, vphr(av & 

n4d). 

lorn ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); pak'ulan 

7ok, vphr(tv // n); puc'k'in, tv; tek'ulan 

lok, vphr(tv & n4d). 

official stamp /both mark and instrument/: 

seyo, nla. 

(person, deer): tek' "?ok, vphr(tv // n). 

/revenue stamp for deed, postage stamp/: 

timpre, nle. 

stamp angrily: tek'tonah, iv. 

stamp down /corn in bag/: sih, tv. 

stamp down /pile of stubble/: pak'ean yalel, 


stamp on: pae'ulan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & 

vn5); pue' ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

stamp on (drunk): pak' ta tek'el, vphr(tv & prep 

& vn5). 

stamp on /enemy/: lomilan ta tek'el, vphr(tv & 

prep & vn5). 

stamp on person (drunk): noyvan ta tek'el, 

vphr(in & prep & vn5). 

stamp up and down on springy substance 

/blanket, wool/ (child): somilan ta tek'el, 


lin. av. 

pile 5 , av. 

splash by stamping /water, mud/: cit'u, tv. 

(insect, fungus, snail, squirrel, woodpecker, iguana, 

lizard, person clinging to tree trunk): 

noc'i, iv. 

(insect, lizard /on upright/, snail): nusi, iv. 

(insects) /close to surface/: noci, iv. 

(large house): vasi, iv. 

(lizard, etc.): pati, iv. 

(lizard, frog, turtle, mouse, rabbit): patan ba, 

rv. 

(mushroom): lecan ba, tv. 

(pole): va'Ji, iv. 

stand close to ground (rat): nuli, iv. 

stand dumbly: sup'an ba, rv. 

stand on /end of rope/: pae" ta tek'el, vphr(tv 


stand on all fours: kotih, iv. 

stand on all fours allowing one's anus to be 

seen: voman ba, rv. 

stand on crest of hill: veli, iv. 

stand on end (hair): c'etk'uh, iv; c'iseah, iv;

standing 

star 

c'isi, iv; c'isp'uh, iv. 

stand on head: e"uki, iv. 

stand on object /to reach something/: tek'obin, 

tv. 

stand on object to improve one's view: va^lebin, 

tv. 

stand on tiptoes: lit'an ?ok, vphr(tv & n4d). 

stand on tiptoes or on tip of hoof: lit' TOk, 

vphr(tv & n4d); lit'an ba, rv. 

stand still: va9an ba, rv; vaî, iv. 

stand up: toe, iv; toeba, tv; va'Jean ba, rv; vaî, 

iv. 

stand up (animal): koti, iv. 

stand up (hair): eavi, iv. 

stand up /log/: vaân, tv. 

stand up for (lawyer): tek'an ba, rv. 

stand up for person /giving orders, advice/: 

sik'an ba, rv. 

stand up swaying (child before it can walk): 

lecan ba, tv. 

stand with forepaws on person (dog): va^lebin, 

tv. 

stand with legs widely planted: hetan cak, 


(tree, plant): peei, iv. 

pat, p'eli, av. 

(animal, furniture, machine, cat, arch, rainbow, 

bent over tree): kotol, aj. 

(antlers): vacal, aj. 

be standing (child): t'enetah, iv. 

be standing (heavily loaded truck or person): 

vati, iv. 

be standing (house): va9eah, iv. 

be standing (house, spherical object; water jug, 

rock): p'ehi, iv. 

(church, mountain): p'ehel, aj. 

(deadfall, house that has no daub): tivil, aj. 

(insect): nocol, aj. 

(insect, snail, lizard): nusul, aj. 

leave standing /person/: va9an komel, vphr(tv 

& dr). 

(lizard, turtle, rabbit, frog, mouse): patal, aj. 

(people, pot): vaial, aj. 

(person): sikil, aj. 

(plant, tree, vine, grass, etc.): tek'el, aj. 

(scarecrow, person): vecel, aj. 

(small amount of liquid): t'ibet, av; t'ibil, aj. 

standing aimlessly: vaial, aj. 

standing close to ground: nulul, aj. 

standing in ground: pah, av. 

standing on branch: t'ocol, aj. 

standing on end: sik', av; sikil, aj. 

standing on end (hair, beard) /naturally or with 

fear/: c'isil, aj. 

standing on tip of hoof or with heel of one foot 

raised: lit'il, aj. 

standing together (people, houses, animals, pair 

of oxen): lotol, aj. 

standing up (ears of dog, cat, horse or rabbit, 

horns): lacal, aj. 

standing up (hair, beard, wool): eaval, aj. 

standing with lowered head (cow, horse, sheep): 

cinil, aj. 

(tree, plant): peeel, aj. 

k'anal, nle. 

falling star seen at dusk: poslom, nle.* 


starch 

stare 

staring 

start 

starter 

starting 

startle 

state 

stay 

stay-at-home 

staying 

steady 

steal 

stealthily 

steam 

morning star: baeal, n5. 

pair of shooting stars: mankornal k'anal, 


shooting star /seen after midnight/: me' tak'in, 

nphr(n of n)5.* 

/apply corn gruel on threads to strengthen them 

if they break during weaving/: ûlultas, tv. 

apply starch /on woven cloth where weak/: 

sulultas, tv. 

k'el, tv. 

stare at person: k'elvan, iv. 

stare fixedly: bot'k'ih, iv. 

stare fixedly to one side: siheah, iv. 

with fixed stare: tonol, aj. 

bot\ bul, p'al, p'il, ton, av; cihil, aj; cihilik, aj; 

level sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

be staring: toni, iv. 

staring aimlessly: lc, av. 

staring blankly (baby): kolol, aj. 

staring blankly or dazedly: kol, av. 

staring dazedly: nak, av. 

staring dazedly (drunk): kolol, aj. 

staring fixedly: pah, av. 

staring vacantly: pil, av. 

staring vacantly (baby, puppy, blind person): 

kulet sat, vphr(av & n4d). 

with eye staring fixedly to one side: sihsih, aj. 

start from scratch: lik ta lum, vphr(iv & prep & 

n5). 

starter for cane liquor /yeast/: me'' pos, nphr(n 

of n)5. 

starter for chicha /charred corncob or charred 

piece of sugarcane/: me? yakil vo, nphr(n of 


cec, mut', av. 

starting or twitching /with fright/: p'l'tluh, av. 

starting suddenly (person, horse): vatluh, av. 

starting up: pit, av. 

sibtas, tv. 

state definitely: lak' k'op, vphr(tv // n); 9al 

k'op, vphr(tv // n). 

kom, iv. 

stay at another's house /overnight or for several 

days/: c'amun na, vphr(tv & nld). 

stay at home: nakean ba, rv. 

stay at home /to keep appointment with visitor/: 

nakan ba, rv. 

stay at home /to keep appointment/: nakleta, 

tv. 

stay at home /waiting for person/: nakeah, iv. 

hcotleh, agn; hkuhleh ta na, agn(nphr/n5 & 

prep & n5/). 

staying at one house after another (orphan): 

nap'tenap'te, av. 

/one's legs when carrying heavy burden/: nakan, 

tv. 

9elk'ah, iv; •telk'an, tv; e'al, tv; pas oabtel, 

vphr(tv & vn4d). 

steal equally: komon-?elk'an, tv(aj & tvcpd). 

steal girl: pas bolil, vphr(tv & n5). 

(robber walking): eavubil, aj. 

/hot liquid, river, body after washing, earth/: 

sobal, nib. 

make steam: eon, tv. 

steam bath: pus, nla. 

steam cure: pus ton, nphr(n type n)le*


steaming 

steamshovel 

steel 

steep 

steer 

stem 

stench 

step 

stepping 

steps 

sternum 

steward 

steward-royal 

stick(l) 

take steam bath: pusiltas, tv; pusin, iv. 

cik', av. 

steaming hot: pus, av. 

pala makina, nphr(n type n)le. 

wsero, nle. 

pahal, aj; va9al, aj. 

steep slope: pahaltik, n5. 

/car/: e*ot, tv. 

steer around bends /car/: k'utp'in, tv. 

/fruit/: •msubil, n3f. 

main stem /plant/: 9okol, n3b. 

tuil, n4b. 

/corpse/: tuil, n4b. 

step aside: vee" ba, rv. 

step in /excrement, mud, rotten fruit/: sam ta 

tek'el, vphr(tv & pt & vn5); sem ta tek'el, 


step on: tek', tv. 

step on /chick/ (mother hen): pie' ta tek'el, 


step on /corn, plants/ (horse): lomilan ta tek'el, 

vphr(tv & prep & vn5). = 

step on person's foot: lomvan ta tek'el, 


step over: lut'i, tv.* 

step . used with kin term of nuclear 

family and wife's brother /infr/: 

ca9 , n(num & ncpd)3d. 

stepping in: sam, av. 

stepping out: sik'son, av; toton, av. 

koholkohol, n4f. 

tip of sternum: ni9 9o9onil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

/religious official of the first level of the religious 

hierarchy, man in charge of waterhole 

renewal ceremonies/: martomo, agn. 

steward of Voi-bie: martomo 9ane, 


steward of Our Lady of Guadalupe: valalupa, 

n5. 

steward of Our Lady of the Rosary: 

hc'ul-me9tik, agn(aj & ncpd)5. 

steward of St. Anthony: san-antonyo, n(aj & 

ncpd). 

steward of St. Dominic: santo rominko, nphr(aj 

& n)5. 

steward of St. Sebastian: san-cavascan, n(aj & 

ncpd)5. 

steward of the Holy Cross: santa-krus, n(aj & 

ncpd)5. 

steward of the Holy Sacrament: sakramentu, 

n5. 

/most prestigious official of the first level of the 

religious hierarchy/: martomo rey, 


te-), nlf; teiel, n4f. 

forked stick /slingshot/: toel 9uli9, nphr(nlf of 

nld). 

forked stick used when clearing weeds with machete: 

karavato, nla; karavato to, nphr(n 

type n)la. 

/match/: 9okol, n3b. 

measuring stick: vara, nla. 

metal tip of walking stick of Chamulas, etc., 

extended to mean walking stick: puya"), nla. 

meter stick: metro, nla. 

stick fastened to dog's neck to prevent it from 

stick(2) 

stick(3) 

sticking(l) 

sticking(2) 

sticking-plaster 

sticky 

chewing the rope which ties it to a tree and 

keeps it from marauding the corn field: 9u 

te9, nphr(nle of n5). 

stick for leveling corn in / kwarca tei, kwarto 

lalmul/: varail , nphr(natt & n)5. 

stick forced into mouth so that animal or child 

must drink medicine: kae'ob te9, nphr(n type 

n)5. 

stick to which new candles are bound to keep 

them from breaking when being transported: 

te9el kantela, nphr(nlf of nld). 

stick used to level corn /in kwarca te'}, kwarto 

oalmul/: vara, nla. 

stick used to secure door at night: ôk na, 


sticks placed in pot to separate layers of tamales: 

tcel pisil vah, nphr(nlf of nphr/aj & 

n/ld). 

stirring stick: tul, nla; tulal, nlf. 

throwing stick /for knocking down fruit, 

chickens, wasp nests/: himic' te9, nphr(n 

type n)la. 

walking stick: nam-te9al, n(aj & ncpd)3a; te9 , 

nlf. 

stick fingernail into /squash to test ripeness/: 

set', tv. 

stick in /nail, post, digging stick/: eâpan, tv. 

stick in /object/: tik', tv. 

stick into /cleft/: kakan, tv. 

stick out (penis of young boy, canine): bic lok'el, 


stick out /tongue/: bet', tv; lok'es, tv. 

stick up (leg of drunk): bick'uh, iv. 

stick up (leg): beck'uh, iv. 

eak ba, rv; nap', tv; nap'i, iv. 

/in throat/: kakeah, iv. 

(sandal in mud, axe head in trunk of tree): 

mae'i, iv. 

stick to person's clothing (weeds): nap'kan, iv. 

eak, kak, kie, av. 

(bandaid being pulled off): hoeoeet, av. 

sticking in throat: kuc, av. 

sticking to: noc, av. 

(tortilla to griddle): t'ololet, av. 

(wet or sweaty clothes to back, knot that cannot 

be slipped tight): kieie, aj. 

sticking nose in: sam, av. 

sticking nose in /excrement/ (dogs): semson ni- 

9, vphr(av & n4d). 

sticking out: c'il, av. 

sticking out (ears of person listening): pecahtik, 

aj; pecel(2), aj. 

sticking out (thatch): c'itil, aj. 

sticking out or in: bee, bic, av. 

sticking out or in (legs, arms): becel, aj. 

sticking up: bee, bic, av. 

sticking up (legs): bicil, aj. 

sticking up (small rock): pitil, aj. 

parce, nla. 

eak, nap', av; nap'ap', aj. 

become sticky (wet rope that cannot be knotted 

or unknotted): kieieah, iv. 

become sticky (wet rope): kiek'uh, iv. 

make sticky /rope/ (water): kieiean, tv. 

sticky and black-faced: cab-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

sticky and black-nosed: cab-ni9, n(aj & ncpd)5.

sticky 

stiff 

stiff-legged 

stiffen 

stiffly 

stile 

still(l) 

still(2) 

sting 

stinger 

stinging 

stingy 

stink 

stinkbug 

stinking 

stinting 

stipe 

stir 

stirring 

stitching 

stock 

stocking 

sticky and dirty: cabal, aj. 

walking with sticky and dirty face: cab, av. 

nap'ap', aj. 

k'os, av; soholik, aj. 

become stiff (muscles): timeah, iv. 

become stiff (stale tortilla): k'osostah, iv. 

become stiff (toasted tortilla): k'osib, iv; 

k'ososib, iv. 

(clothes with dirt, sweat, or blood): k'osostik, aj. 

(clothing with blood or food stains): vak'ak'et, 

av. 

(clothing with dried blood, hair with resin): te9vak'an, 

aj(aj & Xcpd). 

(hat brim): einil, aj. 

(muscles): timton, av. 

(neck): te9el, aj. 

(penis, canvas, mud-covered clothing): 

te9-sik'an, aj(aj & Pcpd). 

too stiff (thread that is boiled in too thick 

starch): vak'ak'et, av. 

walking stiff-legged: te9ton, av. 

/penis/: toubtas, tv. 

standing stiffly (hair of child that has corn gruel 

spilled on it, pig or peccary bristles, opossum 

hair): vac'et, av; vac'vac', aj. 

?akoha, nla; ti9 be, nphr(nlf of nld). 

?onos, pt; ha? to, ptphr(pt & pt); sempre, pt; ta? 

nos, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of la & lonos/y, to, 

Ptkeep 

still: vasan, tv. 

lemlonah, iv. 

sting /dog, snake, flea, mosquito, 

wasp/: ti9ben , nphr(n of n)5.* 

male speech; sting: kob, tv. 

/wasp, bee/: 9at, nib. 

cak\ k'oh, lah, lem, av. 

(acrid fumes): k'ohohet, av. 

(sickness in eyes, dirt in eyes, looking at sun): 

e"uhuhet k'usul, vphr(av & n4f). 

stinging suddenly (nettle): lasluh, av. 

stinging suddenly /cut, sting, spark, whip 

blows/: nop'lih, av. 

suffering stinging eyes /from sinus, smoke, dirt 

in eyes, looking at sun/: vok'ok'et sat, 


t'ut', aj. 

be stingy: toy ba, rv. 

being stingy: t'ut'et, av. 

cause to stink /food/: tuibtas, tv. 

(person who spills fat on self and doesn't 

wash): sinubtas ba, rv. 

tuiJ con, nphr(aj & n)le. 

eih, k'oh, sin, av; tuet, av; tuil, aj. 

(bad food, corpse, flatulence, mud, excrement, 

tripe, fish, leather, bad breath): tu, aj. 

mac 3 , av. 

/mushroom/: 9okol, n3b. 

huy, tv; huyomah, iv; nikes, tv. 

stir up /mud/: huy, tv; nikes, tv. 

mas, vas, av; huyel, nc. 

(legs or arms of foetus): masahtik, aj. 

stirring stick: tul, nla; tulal, nlf. 

stirring up suddenly (mud in water): nikluh, av. 

/of capon's wound/: lut'benal, n4f. 

tf'vt nicim, nphr(n type n). 

na 9okol, nphr(nlf of n3d). 


stocky 

stole 

stolen 

stomach 

stomachache 

stomp 

stone 

stone crop 

stool 

stooped 

stop 

stopped 

stopper 

stopper 

stoppered 

stopping 

storage 

store 

stored 

stork bill 

storm 

story 

straddling 

straight 

straight-shooting 

straighten 

(person): peepee, aj. 

listola, nld. 

stolen goods: 9elek'il, n3a. 

c'util, n3b.* 

gas on the stomach: pumel, vnld. 

stomach juices that rise to mouth when person 

is nauseated: pahal vo9, nphr(aj & n)5. 

upset stomach (cane liquor): pah ba, rv. 

k'us" "Wonil, nphr(aj & n3d). 

stomp on person: tek'be eon, vphr(tv & n4d). 

tanal, aj; tanal, n4f; tenobah, iv; ton, nla. 

small stone to steady hearthstone: son yoket, 


small stone to steady pot on fire: son p'in, 


soft stone: k'a'Jal ton, nphr(n type n)5. 

k'os pimil 9anal, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); pimil 

9anal, nphr(aj & n)la. 

log stool: e"omol, nld; e"omolin, n4d; p'asp'as 

te?, nphr(aj & n)la; p'osp'os te9, nphr(aj & 

n)la. 

vuh, av. 

walk stooped: vuhetah, iv. 

pah, iv. 

/arguing/: paheah, iv. 

(car): koti, iv. 

/playing fiddle, etc./: c'abes, tv. 

stop breathing: tup'eah 9ik', vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n4d). 

stop doing something /wrong/: 9ikta ba, rv. 

stop in one's tracks (animal): kotan ba, rv. 

stop up: mak, tv. 

stop with load /of thatch, etc./: tinan ba, rv. 

/work, horse/: panes, tv. 

t'isil, aj. 

be stopped (rolling or falling object): t'iseah, iv. 

suk, n4f; suk, tv. 

laughlin's stopper: 9it'is c'it, nphr(n4f of n5). 

(water jug): suket, av. 

stopping every few minutes (tired mule): pahet, 

av. 

storage place over fire: ba k'ok", nphr(nlf of 

nld). 

nak', tv; tyenta, nla; vee\ tv. 

k'ehel, aj; nak'et, av; vee"el, aj. 

(new clothes): nak'al, aj. 

/plu/: k'eheltik, aj. 

9akus'a e"i9lel, nphr(n type n); 9akusa habnal, 

nphr(n type n); hic'il 9akusa e*i9lel, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); k'os 9akusa e"i?lel, nphr(aj 

& nphr/n type n/). 

very cold northeast storm: e"uh ton, nphr(x 

type n)la.* 

9a9yeh, vnld. 

embroider the story: holintas, tv. 

tell one's side of the story: cap tal, vphr(tv & 

dr); capbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). 

tell the true story: 9albe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). 

tell the whole story: 9albe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). 

telling one's side of the story: cap, av. 

hit, av. 

tuk'(2), aj. 

long and straight line: kieil, aj. 

be straight-shooting (gun): k'ot, iv. 


/road/: pol, tv.


straightening 

strain(l) 

strain(2) 

strainer 

straining 

strand 

stranger 

strangle 

strangled 

strap 

strawberry 

streaked 

streaks 

stream 

streamer 

streaming 

street 

strength 

strengthen 

strenuous 

stretch 

straighten out: tohobtas, tv. 

straightening up back: ta?, av. 

cicin, tv; cih, tv. 

hupah, iv. 

/defecating/: hupan, tv. 

cicinab, nle. 

eil, hup, tim, av. 

(tethered mule or sheep trying to break loose): 

timet, av. 

/while pulling or pushing something or carrying 

heavy burden/: tobobet, av. 

/rope/: satil, n3c. 

/rope/: hnam-tal kriscano, agn: nphr(aj/aj & 

ivcpd/ & n5). 

mit', tv. 

mit'il, aj. 

buckskin strap /for hat/: kamosa, nla. 

leather strap /used to bind firewood or flowers 

or used as lariat/: lias, nla. 

mock strawberry: k'os makom, nphr(aj & n); 

makom e*i9lel, nphr(n type n). 

cihaltik, aj. 

(egg with blood): silahtik, aj. 

entirely streaked (chicken, hawk, quail, tinamou, 


forming broad streaks (cirrus clouds): polahtik, 

j 

?uk'um, nle. 

deep stream: nabil 9uk'um, nphr(natt & n)5. 

(tears): 'Jokin, iv. 

leave behind streamer: pol, av. 

bik', tip, cor, c'or, kop, mal. pol, pom, pul, av. 

(blood, mucous): t'ohohet, av. 

streaming down: coh, cop, av. 

kaya, nle. 

9ip, n4e; caeal, n4b; pwersa, nle. 

/cane liquor/: k'isnal, n4f; nic, nib. 

drain person's strength: tok'van, iv. 

lose strength: cam, iv. 

test person's strength: pasvan ta preva, vphr(tv 

& prep & n5). 

/cane liquor/: k'isna, tv. 

/work/: îp, n4f. 

Ii7, iv. 

/arms and legs/: sac'omah, iv. 

(corn-flailing net): lie', iv. 

/holding on with hands/: nit, tv. 

(legs): tusi, iv. 

/legs/: cesan, tv; tel ba, rv. 

make stretch downwards /heavily loaded net/: 

sac'k'un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). 

(net) /in sun/: lie' ba, rv. 

(person, caterpillar, mule, etc.): sac' ba, rv. 

/rope between two points/: timan, tv. 

stretch downwards (bag with heavy contents, 

watermelon squash on vine): likp'uh yalel, 


stretch downwards (heavily loaded net): 

sac'k'uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). 

stretch leg /convalescent taking first walk/: 

hak 9ok, vphr(tv // n). 

stretch leg /convalescent, person with reflex 

pain in groin/: hak ba lok, vphr(rv // n). 

stretch lengthwise: sac', tv. 

stretch lengthwise (leather, rope, burden, rubber, 

net): sac', iv. 

stretched 

stretching 

stretch mouth with fingers: livan ?e, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

stretch out: hilc'uh, iv; tel ba, rv. 

stretch out (child): sac'sac", iv. 

stretch out (drunk): cesan ba, rv; kilan ba, rv. 

stretch out /in sleep/: telan ba, rv. 

stretch out /legs, loom/: tel, tv. 

stretch out /loom/: telan, tv. 

stretch out /sleeping/: sae'etah, iv; sac'i, iv. 

stretch out arms laterally: hava, tv; havan k'ob, 


stretch out together /legs/: tusan, tv. 

timil, aj. 

be stretched (rope between two points): timi, iv. 

be stretched out (corpse, leg): teli, iv. 

leave stretched out (murderer): cevan komel, 


leave stretched out /corpse, log/: telan komel, 


leave stretched out /log, corpse/: taian komel, 


leave stretched out /murder victim/: tue*an komel, 


leave stretched out and immobile /murder victim/: 

te?an komel, vphr(tv & dr). 

leave stretched out in pile /murder victims, corn 

field flattened by wind/: tusan komel, 


lie stretched out (dog, iguana): taî, iv. 

lying stretched out: ta9al, aj. 

lying stretched out (dog, iguana, snake): tae*al, 

aj. 

lying stretched out and immobile (sleeping peTson): 

te^leh, nlf. 

lying with legs stretched out together: tusul, aj. 

moving stretched out (snake): tae'ae', av. 

stretched out: cess, kil, sac', av. 

stretched out (corpse, leg, loom): telet, av. 

stretched out (large snake, wood grub, hornworm): 

tue'ul, aj. 

stretched out (rope, drunk, guts, snake, clothing): 

kilil, aj. 

stretched out (sleeping or dead person): sac'al, 

aj. 

stretched out (sleeping person, dry excrement): 

taki-biean, aj(aj & Pcpd). 

stretched out /drunk or exhausted/: hilil, aj. 

stretched out and immobile (large snake): pumul, 

aj. 

stretched out face up and immobile (corpse, 

sleeping person, leg, large snake): telel, aj. 

stretched out in front (legs): cesel(l), aj. 

stretched out stiffly (drunk): teiel, aj. 

stretched wide (rear ends of people climbing 

tree): livahtik, aj. 

stretched with a crack showing: livil, aj. 

lie', liv, sac', av. 

(chewing gum): nititet, av. 

stretching and contracting: cuk, av. 

stretching and contracting (rubber): euWfet, 

av. 

stretching away: pol, av. 

stretching away (lane, ditch, trail): polol, aj. 

stretching taut suddenly (rope, skirt that is 

stepped on inadvertently): ti'mluh, av. 

stretching thin: hay, av.

stride 

striding 

stridulating 

strike 

striking 

string 

stringiness 

strings 

strip 

stripe 

stripe-necked 

striped 

stripes 

stripped 

stride healthily: telom sanav, vphr(aj & iv). 

sac', tel, dm, av; sik'son, av; te?ton, av. 

c"oi, av. 

bah, tv; li£ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); 

mah, tv. 

/back with fist/: t'us ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep 

& vn5). 

/match/: c'i 1 ), tv; d'ih, tv; hoc', tv. 

/on back or side with fist/: lom ta mahel, 


/pot, bottle/ /with rock or bottle/: t'ihbe, tv. 

/rocks/: c'ih, tv. 

/stomach with hoof/ (peccary): fan ta mahel, 


strike and cause to bend over: vuh ta mahel, 


strike dangling object: vit ta mahel, vphr(tv & 

prep & vn5). 

strike end off /snail shell/: t'eh, tv. 

strike hanging pair of /fruit/: veh ta mahel, 


strike in the belly /sheep/: t'en ta mahel, 


strike out: tup', tv. 

strike repeatedly with /rock, stick/: 

poe'oe'anbe , vphr(tv & n5). 

strike self /on Holy Saturday Eve or Easter/: 

mah ba, rv. 

strike sharply: foe ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & 

vn5); f uc ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

strike with /rock, stick/: poe'be , 


strike with something prickly: lahbe, tv. 

/treating person as if he were corn stubble/: vae 

ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

/with fist/: pak' ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & 

vn5). 

/with machete, rock or stirring rod/: kanbe, tv. 

striking breast suddenly (slingshot pellet hitting 

bird): t'oklih, av. 

striking end off /snail shell/: feht'on, av. 

striking hard: fant'on, av. 

striking sharply: foe, t'uc, av. 

/bean pod, stem of watermelon squash or cushaw/: 

ciul, n4e. 

(chayote root): ci, n4e. 

in strings /seed corn hung on rafter, passion 

fruit, grapes or chayotes hanging from vine/: 

cohol, aj. 

/stringed instrument/ inan. poss.; sc'usuval: 


/branch, cabbage leaf, corn leaf/: hek, tv. 

strip man of strength (oversexed woman): his, 

tv. 

strip off /fruit, flowers, leaves, pine needles/ 

(rain, wind, person): his, tv. 

/clothing/: vok', n4f. 

red stripes: vak', av. 

(chicken): cih-nuk\ n(aj & ncpd)5. 

cihaltik, aj. 

(bean): e'ibin. aj. 

barred with stripes at right angles to top or 

head: e'aram, aj. 

horizontal stripes: p'asasil, n4f. 

be stripped of leaves (corn field by sheep): 

suleah, iv. 


stripping 

strive 

stroke 

strong 

stronger 

strongly 

struggle 

struggling 

strumming 

strut 

strutting 

stub 

stubble 

stubborn 

stubborness 

stubby 

stuck 

student 

stuffing 

stuffy 

stumble 

stumbling 

stripping off: his, av. 

9ak' pwersa, vphr(tv & n5); 9ak' vokol, vphr(tv 

// n). 

stroke head /of child to calm it/: hasbe hoi, 


eaeal, aj; eoe, aj; eoe w?on, nphr(aj & n4d). 

become strong: eaeubtas ba, rv; yolin ba, rv. 

become strong (rain, current): eaeah, iv. 

/cane liquor/: k'isin, aj. 

(horse): eak'al, aj. 

make strong: eaeubtas, tv. 

strong man: eini] vinik, nphr(aj/pred/ & n5); 

tulan vinik, nphr(n type n)5. 

become stronger (sick person, plant): eaeub, iv. 

sik', av. 

walking erectly and strongly (people, mules): 

tc?lah, av. 

pas baik ta preva, vphr(rv & prep & n5). 

struggle out of: hipuh lok'el, vphr(iv & dr). 

struggle wildly (unbroken horse, prisoner): hipulan 

ba, rv. 

struggle with: mey baik, rv. 

struggling and unable to get up (drunk, sick 

person): meemon, av. 

struggling unable to arise (fat pig): vubvon, av. 

/to lift burden/: tobton, av. 

ein, av. 

(turkey): tek'tonah, iv. 

(turkey): tek'ton, av. 

cuman, n4e. 

corn stubble: k'ahben, nla. 

pirn, aj; pimil, aj. 

pimil, n4b. 

mok, tue, av. 

(log): p'osp'os, aj. 

(rabbit's, dog's or mule's tail, boy's penis): 

tueul, aj. 

(tail of dog or rabbit): mokmok, aj. 

niuk, av; eakal, aj; kakkon, av; lae'al. aj; pak'al, 

aj. 

(axe): to-einan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). 

be stuck: kaki, iv. 

be stuck /with stick or knife/: vom ba, rv. 

be stuck in branches (tree): lae"i ta te?, vphr(iv 

& prep & n5). 

be stuck in or between: lae" ba, rv. 

be stuck in throat: kuc nuk', vphr(tv & n4d). 

be stuck to: nap', iv. 

become stuck: kaki, iv; mac'an ba, rv. 

become stuck /in crack, etc./: ein ba, rv. 

become stuck tight: pak' ba, rv. 

cause to get stuck /in mud or tree/: kakean, tv. 

get stuck /in underbrush or mud/: kakeah, iv. 

/in throat or cleft/: kakal, aj. 

/in tree or ravine/: mac'al, aj. 

(rock): eini], aj. 

stuck to: nap'al, aj. 

hdan-vun, agn(tv & ncpd). 

kam, av. 

pan, av. 

patk'un ba, rv. 

(person, horse): patk'uh, iv. 

stumble over one's feet:


stump 

stunted 

stupefy 

stupid 

stupidity 

stupidly 

stupor 

stutter 

stutterer 

stuttering 

sty 

subjection 

submerge 

submerged 

submerging 

subside 

subsist 

substitute 

successful 

suck 

sucker 

sucking 

(drunk) (sing or plu): meclah, av. 

cak to, nphr(nlf of n5); cuman, n4e; cuman 

to, nphr(n of n)la. 

/uprooted/: cakil, n3e. 

be stunted (corn plant): ?uleah, iv. 

be stunted (sick child): k'osib, iv. 

grow stunted (cushaw, chayote, peach): tuean, 

tv; tuean ba, rv. 

bolibtas, tv. 

cun, p'o?, sup', t'om, vae, av; ?umul ?e, vphr(aj/ 

pred/ & n4d); bol, aj; buro, aj; coriso, aj; 

cuman te? hoi, ajphr(nphr/n of n/5 type 

n)5; cunul hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d); sonso, 

aj; sonsoal, aj; ti?-cak, n(n & ncpd)5; tomet 

hoi, vphr(av & n4d); t'omol, aj; velan, 

aj; vo?ol, aj. 

become stupid: sonsoib, iv. 

become stupid (child who has been struck on 

the head): pimub, iv. 

become stupid /from ill-treatment/: voeib, iv. 

female speech; How stupid!: porkinya, excl. 

make stupid: sonsoibtas, tv. 

(man only): pocan, aj. 

stupid person: pendeho, n5; son ?at, nphr(n of 

n)5; vatan, n5. 

bolil, nld; e'i'Jal, n4d; lecanil, n4d; lehanil, n4d; 

pocanil, n4d; piitail, n4d; velanil, n4d. 

walking stupidly: voeet, av. 

come out of drunken stupor: lik hoi, vphr(iv & 

n5). 

in stupor (drunk or sick person): mahet, av. 

afflicted with stutter: ?uma?, aj. 

become a stutterer: ?uma?ib, iv. 

lum, av; maklahet ?e, vphr(av & n4d). 

/in the eye/: ?at e'i?, nphr(n4d of n5. 

reduce to subjection (ladino, earth lord): mosoin, 

tv. 

t'ub, tv. 

/in mud/: e"ah, tv. 

mas, av. 

become submerged: t'ub, iv. 

/in water or mud/: t'ubul, aj. 

e'ah, t'ub, av. 

(fever, heat, pain, sickness): yam, iv. 

(skin disease, smallpox, etc.): sut, iv. 

subsist on: 9ipan, tv. 

k'esolil, n3b. 

/for drunken official/: k'es, nib. 

/in ritual duties/: lok'taob-bail, n(n & 

rpncpd)le. 

/sacrificial chicken/: helolil, n3d. 

be successful: tohob, iv; tohobah, iv. 

e'ue', tv; e'ue'un, tv. 

/candy/: bue", tv. 

/dirty cane liquor through cloth/: e'u9, tv. 

/fruit, candy/: bue'ilan, tv. 

suck juice /citrus fruit, sugar cane/: e"u?be cartel, 


suck juice /citrus fruit, sugarcane/: e'ue'be 9a- 

9lel, vphr(tv & n4f). 

suck out: e'ue', tv; e'ue'un, tv. 

suck out /water/: tok', tv. 

suck thumb: cu?un k'ob, vphr(tv // n). 

k'elom te?, nphr(n of n)5. 

/candy/: bue'bon, av. 

sucking breath in: lis, av. 

suckling 

sudsy 

suffer 

suffering 

sufficient 

suffocate 

suffocating 

sugar 

sugarcane 

suicide 

suit 

suitable 

suitcase 

sulphur) 1) 

sulphur(2) 

summoner 

summoning 

summons 

sun rose 

sunbeam 

Sunday 

sunflower 

e'ue', cm, av. 

(animal): bue'bon, av. 

(lamb, calf, puppy): t'obt'on oe, vphr(av & n4d). 

become sudsy: vokan, iv. 

suffer in vain: ?ak' •Jik'ti?, vphr(tv // n). 

vokolil, n3a. 

be suffering: 9abol ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn). 

ritual speech; suffering: "?ik'ti?il, n3d. 

barely sufficient amount: tihlebal, n5. 

be sufficient (gift): balin, tv. 

kup-9ik'ih, iv(tv & ncpd); kup ba lik', vphr(rv & 

n4d). 

hik'ik', aj. 

raw sugar: ?asuka, nla; eahal 9asuka, nphr(aj & 

n)5.* 

refined sugar: sakil ?asuka, nphr(aj & n)5.* 

eahal vale 1 ;, nphr(aj & n); sakil valei, nphr(aj & 

n); vale 1 *, nla. 

commit suicide: mil ba, rv. 

/food/ (herbs): nupin, tv. 

be suitable (land for crop): nupin, tv. 

malate, nla. 

/used to make gunpowder for blasting iron/: 

?asuhvre, nla. 

highland and lowland sulphur: k'os k'anal pepen, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. 

c'ulul ?anal te 1 ), nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k'os' 

pah-ûl, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); pah-iul, 

n(aj & ncpd)Id; pah-iul 9ak', nphr(n/aj & 

ncpd/ type n); posil 9eal, nphr(n of n); sakil 

k'os pah-i, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/aj & 

ncpd/). 

tak, tv; tak ta 9ik'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); 

tak'i, tv. 

/send constable to bring person to town hall/: 

tak ta 9ik'el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); tak ta 

k'anel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

summon at the last moment: •Janil-oik', tv(n & 

tvcpd). 

summon sickness /from afar/: sokbe tal hoi 

•Jahval camel, vphr: tv & dr & nphr(n4f of 

nphr/n4f of vn5/). 

hîk'vaneh, agn. 

tak, av. 

summons to appear before judge in San 

Cristobal: sitatorio, nle. 

hc'ul-totik, agn(aj & ncpd)5; k'ak'al, n5. 

youngest of the three suns /in mythic times/: 

sut, n5. 

tan e'iflel, nphr(aj & n); tan pos, nphr(n type 

n)la. 

sohob hc'ul-totik, nphr(n of agn/aj & ncpd/)5; 

sohob k'ak'al, nphr(n of n)5. 

/an. poss. only by stewards-royal and publicans/: 

rominko, nla. 

Carnival Sunday: rominko k'ak'al, nphr(n type 

n)5. 

Palm Sunday: rominko ramos, nphr(n of n)5. 

bush sunflower: eahal saho, nphr(aj & n); f'is 

saho"), nphr(n type n); k'anal k'ail, nphr(aj & 

n); k'anal saho 1 ), nphr(aj & n); k'anal sun, 

nphr(aj & n); k'os" pilis, nphr(aj & n); k'osi 

sun, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta k'anal saho 1 ), 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta nicim 

san-lukas, nphr: aj & nphr(n4f of n/aj & 

ncpd/)5; muk'ta sahc, nphr(aj & n); muk'-

sunk 

sunken 

sunset 

supernatural 

supply 

support 

suppose 

suppressing 

sure 

surely 

surname 

surplice 

surplus 

surprise 

surround 

surrounded 

surrounding 

surveyor 

survive 

suspend 

suspended 

suture 

swagger 

swaggering 

swallow(l) 

swallow(2) 

swallowing 

swallowtail 

ta saho? e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

muk'ta sakil k'ail, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

muk'ta sun, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta ton k'ail, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); saho9, nla; sakil 

saho?, nphr(aj & n); sun, n5; ton k'ail, 


mukul, aj; t'ubul, aj. 

/in water or mud/: e'ahal, aj. 

be sunken (eye): poe*i, iv. 

become sunken (cheeks): puk'eah, iv. 

become sunken (eye): poe"eah, iv. 

become sunken (eyes with hunger): lopeah, iv. 

(eye): lomet, av; lomleh, nlf; lomlom, aj; 

poe"ol, aj. 

(eyes): lop, av; lopol, aj. 

(grave): poe"ol, aj. 

make sunken /face with hunger/: lopk'inbe, tv. 

sunken cheeks: puk', av. 

with sunken eye: poe 1 , av. 

with sunken lips: musul, aj. 

red sunset: k'ak'al mas, nphr(aj & n)5. 

long-haired supernatural figure whose two faces 

and two sets of feet point in opposite directions: 

hvala-pat-?ok, agn(n/x & ncpd/ & 

ncpd). 

have small supply /corn/: k'et, tv. 

support each other's heads: k'ec baik, rv. 

9ak', tv. 

/occurs always with subjunctive suffix, third 

person may be saiuk or yatuk/: ?a?, tv. 

9um, av. 

tana, excl. 

make sure: lahelea, tv. 

make sure of: toh ?o9on, vphr(tv // n). 

a?a, excl. 

hoi biil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

sakil k'u9 pale, nphr(nphr/aj & n/4d of n5). 

surplus picked fruit: tulbenal, n4e. 

sibtas, tv. 

catch person by surprise: pukuhtavan, iv. 

hoyin, tv; hoyinta, tv. 

surround each other: set baik, rv. 

hoyol, aj. 

be surrounded: hoy, iv, 

setel, aj. 

9ihinyero, agn. 

survive the night (patient): sakubtas, tv. 

/meat, gourd/: eoybe 9ak'il, vphr(tv & n4f). 

(meat, gourd): eoyol, aj. 

cranial suture: e'ibal hoi 9anima, nphr(n4f of 


e*e?ulan ba, rv. 

e"e?, het, av. 

?uc"el, nc; bik\ nc; bik', tv. 

swallow food that has been pre-chewed (puppy, 

kitten, chick, baby): sas-bik', tv(tv & tvcpd). 

swallow whole: bik', tv; ket ec'el, vphr(tv & 

dr); ketel-bik', tv(aj & tvcpd). 

black-capped swallow: haval 9ek'el, nphr(aj & 

n)5.'; hepel 9ek'el, nphr(aj & n)5. 

cave swallow: haval 9ek'el, nphr(aj & n)5.* 

rough-winged swallow: haval ?ek'el, nphr(aj & 

n)5.« 

swallowing slowly /mouthful after mouthful/: 

bik'bon, av. 

highland and lowland tiger swallowtail: muk'ta 


swamp 

swarm 

swarming 

swatting 

sway 

swaybacked 

swaying 

sweat 

sweating 

sweaty 

sweep 

sweeper 

sweeping 

k'anal pepen, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. 

9ac"eltik, vn5; sa9ab, n5. 

(bees): pif ba, rv. 

(caterpillars, bees): eop ba, rv. 

swarm on (bees, shoppers): voli, tv. 

swarm on person (angry bees or wasps): volivan, 

iv. 

c'a, voe, av. 

(bees, gnats): Io9lon, av. 

(flies, gnats, bees, fleas, blowflies): ve9von, av. 

keep swatting /hat/: pocilan, tv. 

tik'be k'op, vphr(tv & n5); vuyes, tv; vuyilan, tv. 

(fence, house): vuyeah, iv. 

/fence, house/: vuyean, tv. 

sway back and forth on one's seat (enraged 

woman or drunken man): nakulan ba, rv. 

sway hips: lae'ulan cak, vphr(tv // n). 

sway hips (provocative girl): biulan ba, rv; 

lae'ulan ba, rv. 

sway in seat (drunk): vuyi, iv. 

sway on one's seat (drunken woman): nakulan 


sway perilously (drunk}: vuyan ba, rv. 

(horse, sheep): tae'al, aj. 

t-'c, e'uy, hap, he9, nee, hip, ka9, Ia9, lee, Us, Ion, 

pec, pern, pit, set, t'uy, vit, vuy, av; yo9et, av. 

(breasts, testicles, net): vehvon, av. 

swaying back and forth (corn or reeds in 

wind): vak'ak'et, av. 

swaying back and forth in unison (corn or 

high weeds, sugarcane, reeds in wind): kiket, 

av; kikiket, av. 

swaying back and forth slowly in water: masmon, 

av. 

swaying back and forth when touched (old 

basket): soyoyet, av. 

swaying from side to side: pac*, av. 

swaying hips (woman): vubvon cak, vphr(av & 

n4d). 

swaying in several places (thatch roof): siklahet, 

av. 

swaying legs wide apart: ye9lahet 9ok, vphr(av 

& n4d). 

walking about swaying hips: lae'telae'te cak, 


walking with swaying object: cec, av. 

swear in the sight of God /hold hand in sign of 

prayer with forefinger bent behind thumb/: 

p'is krus, vphr(tv & n5). 

cik'inah, iv. 

cause to sweat (sickness): sobaltas, tv. 

cause to sweat /patient/ (shaman): cik'iltas, 

tv. 

(new pot or jug): cih, iv. 

hab, av. 

9el, av. 

mes, tv.*; mesomah, iv. 

sweep along (river): yuk'eah, iv. 

sweep along broadside /logs/ (river): nel, tv. 

sweep person away /in current/: vesvan, iv. 

sweep up /in current/: ves, tv. 

sweep up /refuse/: bek', tv. 

sweep up soul of baby when leaving foreign 

place: vel ec'el 9ol, vphr(tv & dr & n4d). 

hmesom, agn. 

mes, av.

520 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 S/T 

sweet 

sweet leaf 

sweet-smelling 

sweeten 

swell 

swellhead 

swelling 

swept 

swift 

swill 

swilling 

swim 

swimming 

swing 

swinging 

swirling 

swishing 

switch 

sweeping along: k'ep, yuk', av. 

sweeping along (current with logs, etc.): veslah, 

av. 

sweeping up: bek', av. 

ci 1 ), aj. 

become sweet: ciûb, iv. 

9ah-te'> kotom, nphr(n4d of n5); muk'ta 

pasamum, nphr(aj & n); sakil lik'al te 1 ), 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

•nu, av. 

ci9ubtas, tv. 

sit' ba, rv. 

(bite): pet ba, rv; peteah, iv. 

(body from stings, weevil-eaten beans or corn): 

vokeah, iv. 

(face with cold): voeeah, iv. 

(leather, nixtamal in water, beans, belly with 

gas, belly after drinking water, wood in rainy 

season): sit', iv. 

(person or animal): sit, iv. 

/skin from sting or from contact with yaw 

root, stomach from gas/: puh, iv. 

(stomach with gas or water): t'in, iv. 

swell greatly: vank'uh, iv. 

swell greatly /swelling/: bank'uh, iv. 

(weevil-eaten beans when cooking): puh-9ik'ih, 

iv(aj & ivcpd). 

suffer from swellhead (sheep): lik vo9, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

situbel, vnld. 

cause swelling: sites, tv; situbtas, tv. 

cause swelling in person (sting, yaw root): 

puheanvan, iv. 

k'i, av. 

swept up /by flood or river current/: bek'el, aj. 

swept up /in current/: vesel, aj. 

white-collared swift: haval 9ek'el, nphr(aj & 

n)5.* 

e"abbe, tv; hasbe, tv. 

/water that has drained off metate and is fed to 

pigs/: tatal voi, nphr(aj & n)ld. 

e'ab, av. 

(fish, etc.): nusetah, iv. 

(person, dog) /not habitually/: nusinah, iv. 

(person, insect, frog, duck, dog): nusih, iv. 

kil, mas, mas, nus, tue', av. 

swimming pool: tanke, nle. 

e'uyihes ba, rv; vuy, tv. 

(child) /on rope/: e'uyih, iv. 

/leg/: biculan, tv. 

/legs/: himulan, tv. 

swing at /with machete or stick/: k'atanbe, tv. 

swing at /with machete, stick/: himbe, tv. 

swing from: hipuh, iv. 

swing on or in: e"uyibah, iv. 

eoy, e'uy, hip, hok\ Ion, av. 

swinging arms: him, av. 

swinging arms or legs: mah, av. 

swinging to and fro: nup', av. 

eel, him, av. 

swirling about (mist from cave): niktenikte, av. 

swirling along (river): yuk'teyiik'te, av. 

rah, av. 

/for mule, sheep or disobedient child/: vac', 

nla. 

/for sheep, chickens or dog/: hic'il to, nphr(aj 

switching 

swivel 

swiveling 

swollen 

swooping 

swooshing 

sword 

sycamore 

sympathy 

syndic 

syringe 

Tabasco 

tabernacle 

table 

tabletop 

tadpole 

tag 

tagging 

tail 

tailless 

take 

& n)la. 

switch tail (horse, cow): k'amulan ne, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

bie, av. 

/in seat to let person by/: k'utp'in ba, rv. 

swivel around: k'atp'un, tv. 

hec, av. 

sitting and swiveling back and forth with knees 

together (ladina): yobet, av. 

buh, puc, av; cuyul situbel, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

n4d); kevel, aj; sik-pokan, aj(aj & Ucpd); sitil, 

aj. 

(area of person's or animal's body): sit, aj. 

badly swollen: t'uyulik, aj. 

become swollen: kevk'un, tv. 

become swollen (mouth): kevk'uh, iv. 

become swollen (person or animal): situb, iv. 

(dead animal): sit'il, aj. 

(dead animals): sit'ahtik, aj. 

(eyes of awaking person): sik-vokan, aj(aj & 

Xcpd). 

(face): puk'ulik, aj. 

greatly swollen: banal, aj. 

slightly swollen (leg, arm, face): pueul, aj. 

swollen and about to burst: t'okt'ok, aj. 

swollen belly: len, av. 

swollen tight (belly of dead animal or of wellfed 

sheep): sit'il, aj. 

swollen with gas: sit', av. 

walking with swollen stomach (pregnant woman, 

horse): t'inet, av. 

hay, av. 

hin, hum, hur, av. 

swooshing by: has, av. 

respara, nld. 

hac'ub te9, nphr(n type n). 

have sympathy: k'usubah lofon, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n4d); k'usubah ta ?09on, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep 

& n4d). 

/second-ranking official of civil hierarchy/: 

sintiko, agn. 

herinka, n5. 

T 

Tabasko, n5. 

/box in which saint's image is carried on visits/: 

tavarnako, nlc. 

mesa, nla. 

less prestigious side of table, i.e., to left hand 

when facing west: hot mesa 'He'inal, 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ & aj)5. 

more prestigious side of table, i.e., to right 

hand when facing west: hot mesa bankilal, 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ & aj)5. 

/set up in church on All Souls' Day and when 

requiem mass is given/: tumpa, nle.' 

ba mesa, nphr(nlf of nld). 

c'uc", nle. 

playing tag: nue-bail, vn(tv & rpn)5. 

tag along (old man hoping for drink): soy an 

ba, rv. 

tagging along: tihet, av. 

neil, n3b. 

mok, av; mok-cak, n(aj & ncpd)5; mokol, aj. 

?ic", tv; lie' ec'el, vphr(tv & dr); lik', tv; eak, tv; 

tarn, tv.

taken 

tale 

talk 

talking 

talking saint 

tall 

tall-crowned 

tallow 

tallow wood 

tamale 

tamandua 

tamarind 

tame 

take away: poh, tv. 

take down: yales, tv. 

take off: lok'es, tv. 

take off /fire/: lik, tv. 

take off /tortilla from griddle/: tas, tv. 

take out: lok'es, tv. 

take out of: tas, tv. 

take out of /meat, cabbage, nixtamal, sand, or 

person fallen into water/: mas lok'el, vphr(tv 

& dr). 

take seriously: iak' ta muk', vphr(tv & prep & 

aj). 

take things in teeth or beak /plu/: kae"an ec'el, 


take to a distance: namahes ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

be taken away: poh, iv. 

tale of long ago: vowe k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. 

k'opoh, iv. 

crazy talk: vovi loil, nphr(aj & n)5. 

foolish talk: eukan k'op, nphr(aj & n)5. 

irresponsible talk: vovi lo'nl, nphr(aj & n)5. 

learn to talk: ham 9e, vphr(iv & n4d). 

talk to: k'opon, tv. 

talk to each other: k'opon baik, rv. 

talk wildly or intemperately: bik'lahan-ial, 

tv(iv? & tvcpd). 

nan, vul, av. 

/overheard/: vulvon, av; vulvul k'op, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

talking in background (people, EKL 255;2-9): 

nececet, av. 

talking loudly: kam, av; k'ayk'on, av. 

talking loudly (person praying, petitioners 

pleading with girl's parents): toeton, av. 

talking quietly: voc, av. 

talking saint: ?anhel, agn; hk'opohel rios, 

nphr(agn/vn/ type n)5; kusul rios, nphr(aj & 

n)ld. 

talking saint owner: ?ahval rios, nphr(n4f of 

n5). 

vae% vac', av. 

(person): nat, aj; natil, aj; vae'al, aj. 

(pot, water jug, basket): va?va9, aj. 

walking tall (person): vasvon, av. 

(hat of Chamulas) /formerly/: pah-cak, n(aj & 

ncpd)5. 

sevu, nla. 

po9on c'is, nphr(n type n). 

bean tamale : mumun, nla. 

bean wedding tamale: cenek'ul vah, nphr(n 

type n)la. 

corn and fresh bean tamale: pita vul, nla. 

corn tamale: pisil vah, nphr(aj & n)la. 

corn tamale /wrapped and divided in middle by 

corn leaf/: pae 1 , nld. 

platform for tamales /sticks put in pot/: tem, 

nib. 

/pork tamales are presented by the stewards to 

the sacristans on Pentecost/: tamali"?, nla. 

steamed corn tamale: sohem vah, n(aj & n)ld. 

tamale wrapper: vol 9ot, nphr(n4f of n4d). 

tamale wrapper /hand flower leaves/: vol vah, 


e'ue'un-cab, n(tv & ncpd)5. 

tamarin, nla. 

vasal, aj. 


tamp 

tangle 

tangled 

tantalized 

taper 

tapeworm 

tapir 

tapster 

tarantula 

task 

tassel 

taste 

tasteless 

tattered 

tatters 

taut 

tax 

taxi 

tayra 

tea 

become tame: k'unib, iv; lameah, iv; vaseah, iv; 

vasi, iv; yam, iv; yam won, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n4d); yameah, iv. 

/by punishment/: vasean, tv. 

/mule/: mansoibtas, tv. 

/gunpowder in blasting iron/: ten, tv; tenulan, 

tv. 

tamp down: sihulan, tv. 

/with feet/: 9ak' ?alal, vphr(tv // n). 

/in weaving/: yakbenal, n4f. 

(threads of weaving): sok, iv. 

/wool, hair/: paean, tv. 

yakal, aj; yakan, aj. 

be tangled (wool): pae ba, rv. 

(weaving): pec'el halal, ajphr(aj & aj). 

(wool): paeal, aj. 

be tantalized by: k'upin, tv; pic' won, 


/logs/: kecan, tv. 

taper off: yoc, iv. 

lukum, nla. 

baird's tapir: eemen, n5. 

woman who pours cane liquor from jugs into 

bottles for elders, ensign-bearers /St. Lawrence, 

St. Dominic, St. Anthony, the Trinity/, 

stewards-royal, publicans, stewards 

when entering or leaving office or when 

venerating their coffers; for groom at petition, 

formal entrance into bride's home, and 

wedding: hc'ol-vo'?, agn(tv & ncpd). 

yerva, nle.* 

tarantula killer: k'ak'al nut, nphr(aj & n4f)5.* 

formidable task: 9ilob vokol, nphr(n of n)5. 

cords and tassels of man's cotton tunic: sokon 

k'uiul, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

cords and tassels of man's woolen tunic: sokon 

herkail, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

tassel of cotton tunic: nic sokon k'uiul, 

nphr(nlf of nphr/nlf of n3d/). 

pas preva, vphr(tv & n5). 

/salt or meal by dipping finger in and then licking 

it/: lek', tv. 

(corn gruel): sik-t'ohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). 

(peach, apple, melon): sik-laman, aj(aj & 

Ucpd). 

(squash, chayote): sik-lohan, aj(aj & Ucpd). 

lik, tin, av. 

walking with extremely tattered clothing: tinton, 

av. 

in tatters (clothing): kilkil, aj; likil mahal, ajphr(aj 

& aj). 

walking about with clothes in tatters: selteselte, 

av. 

trim, av; trimtrim, aj. 

become taut: eineah, iv. 

become taut (wire, rope): ein ba, rv. 

pull taut: timulan, tv. 

stretched taut (rope): timtim, aj. 

(wire): einil, aj. 

annual tax /on ejido landowners to support federal 

forest service/: patan, nig. 

communal tax: tohel oak'el, nphr(vn & vn)5. 

pay communal tax: toholah, iv. 

turismu, n5. 

sak-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

mexican tea bush: nit'is tilil, nphr(n4f of n5).


teach 

teacher 

tear 

tearful 

tearing 

teary 

tease 

teasing 

teetering 

teeth 

telephone 

tell 

telling 

temper 

ten 

tenant 

tender 

tendon 

tendril 

Tenejapa 

Tenejapan 

teponaxtle 

terribly 

test 

testes 

testicle 

testis 

tether 

canubtas, tv; p'ihubtas, tv. 

teach a lesson: lok'esbe manya, vphr(tv // n). 

hcanubtasvaneh, agn; maystro, agn. 

hat, tv; hatbenal, n4f; li'Jleh, n4f. 

/leather, mat, palm strip/: k'as, tv. 

/made by rats or mice/: tuc'benal, n4a. 

(mat, palm strip, black felt hat, leather): k'as, iv. 

tear apart /flower/: tukp'in, tv. 

tear down /house, corral, steward's altar/: tuki, 

tv. 

tear edge slightly: seleah, iv; selean, tv; selk'uh, 

iv. 

tear in many places (mat left in sun): voc', iv. 

tear in strips /palm/: his, tv. 

tear open /clothing/: sekp'un, tv. 

pemel, aj. 

making sudden tearing sound (thorn entering 

flesh): hap'luh, av. 

tearing at /flesh/: nitnon, av. 

tearing off readily (string of bean pod): k'ask'on, 

av. 

tearing suddenly: selluh, av. 

tearing tortilla into pieces (child): sutson ta vah, 

vphr(av & prep & n5). 

pern, av. 

?istol-k'opoh, iv(n & ivcpd); •Jistol-lo'rilah, iv(n 

& ivcpd). 

•Jistol k'op, nphr(n type n)5; •Nstol loiil, nphr(n 

type n)5. 

pec, av. 

front teeth: ba 9eal, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

lacking many teeth: con, av; conol, aj. 

lacking many teeth (child): con-ie, n(aj & 

ncpd)5. 

c'ohon tak'in, nopr(n & aj)ld. 

telephone line: c'ohon tak'in, nopr(n & aj)ld. 

telephone post: te9el c'ohon tak'in, nphr(n of 

nphr/n type n/)5. 

ta\, tv ; ?ut, tv. 

be able to tell: k'oponluh r )u9un, vphr(iv & n4d). 

there's no telling: mu •>a?ibah, ajphr(aj & pt). 

lose one's temper: kap, iv; kap hoi, vphr(iv & 

n4d); sok hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). 

lahun . n(num & nccpd)le; Iahuneb, 

nle. 

by or in tens: lahlahun- , n(num & 

nccpd)5. 

every ten: lahlahun- , n(num & nccpd)5. 

hlok'-na, agn(tv & ncpd). 

incense tender /woman in charge of incense, 

one for each of elders and stewards/: 

hcik'-pom, agn(tv & ncpd). 


ni 1 ? ?ic'akil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

•>Ak'oltik, n5. 

hâk'oltik, agn. 

t'ent'en, nld; t'ent'en vob, nphr(aj & n)la. 

vieil, aj. 

test person's strength: pasvan ta preva, vphr(tv 

& prep & n5). 

female speech; testes: kusleh, n4d. 

bek' latil, nphr(nlf of n3d); ton ?at, nphr(nlf of 

nld). 

k'anal, n4f. 

hok'an, tv; k'am, tv; timan, tv. 

/horse/: cuk, tv; kotan, tv. 

tethered 

tethering 

than 

thank 

thanks 

that 

thatch 

the 

themselves 

then 

there 

therefore 

thick 

thick-necked 

thicken 

thickly 

thickness 

thief 

thieving 

thigh 

thin 

/mule/: eoybe ?ak'il, vphr(tv & n4f). 

cuk, av; cukul, aj; hipil, aj; timil, aj. 

be tethered: timi, iv. 

stake or tree for tethering animal: cukob, nlf. 

tethering in one place after another: ti'mteti'mte, 

av. 

ke, pt. 

kol tal, vphr(aj/contr of vokol/ & tv). 

thank god: •me'o, pt. 

return thanks (ritual tutors to ensign-bearers, 

stewards, elders when kissing rosaries of ritual 

tutors): tak' krasya, vphr(tv & n5). 

tah, aj; ti, pt. 

like that: le?, aj. 

that one: le"?, aj. 

that person: le 1 ?, aj. 

hobel, nld.' 

li, pt; ti, pt. 

the one: li, pt. 

bail, rpn3b. 

ceie, pt; hai io, ptphr(pt & pt); lahelea, pt; 

pwes, pt; te, n5; to, pt. 

/participle always occurring at end of phrase/: 

9un, pt. 

\ei, aj; tah, aj; te, n5. 

over there: ha 1 ) yo 1 ), ptphr(pt & pt); lei, aj. 

there are: loy, n5. 

there is: wy, n5. 

there were: ioy to ">os, nphr(n5 & pt & pt). 

yec'o, pt. 

huy, let', av; huyul, aj; pimil, aj. 

( salya hobel, ienten hobel): tenten, aj. 

become thick (clouds): ein ba, rv. 

become thick (mud): huy ba, rv; puk'eah, iv. 

become too thick to clear (weeds): tiheah, iv. 

(corn gruel, posol, mud): tot, aj. 

(fog): einil. aj. 

(liquid): letlet, aj. 

(log): pumpum, aj. 

make thick /fence/: pimihes, tv; pimubtas, tv. 

make thick /mud/: huyeah, tv. 

(moss, bromeliads, vines): eonol, aj. 

(mud): puk'ul, aj. 

(nap): tusul, aj. 

(nits): cihil, aj. 

(sole, tortilla, weeds, hair, fog, gourd, pottery, 

bottle, rind, bark): pirn, aj. 

(thread, leg, rope, nail, post, tree): yih, aj. 

(weeds, underbrush): somsom, aj. 

(young cornstalks): p'osahtik, aj. 

(bottle, water gourd): tubul, aj. 

let ba, rv; letan, tv. 

let, av. 

pimil, n4b. 

/liquid/: tatal, n4f. 

hba-k'el kriscano, agn(n type vn/tv & ncpd/). 

palta, aj. 

/person, animal/: wril, n3d. 

thigh muscle: muk'ul 101, nphr(n4f of n4d); t'ulavil, 

n3d. 

with thighs showing: c'al, av. 

become thin (clothing, sandals): hayub, iv. 

(boy): tultul, aj. 

(cloth, corn kernel, bark, peel, pot, tortilla, 

weeds, sole, palm frond, board, adobe): hoy, 

a J-

thin-faced 

thin-grained 

thing 

things 

think 

thinking 

thirst 

thirsty 

thirteen 

thirties 

thirty 

this 

thistle 

Thomas 

thorn 

thorn apple 

though 

thought 

thousand 

thrash 

thrashing 

(corn kernel, stone slab): paca, aj. 

(faced): nibnib, aj. 

grow thin: bakub, iv; yam, iv. 

make thin /machete, wood/: hayubtas, tv. 

(neck from sickness or hunger, chicken with 

featherless neck): milil, aj. 

(person): bak-hic'an, aj(aj & Pcpd); bak-hulan, 


(person, animal): bak, aj. 

(posol): yoso9, aj(contr of yos & vo9). 

thin man /light as a feather/: hohoc' vinik, 

vphr(n type n)5. 

(tortilla, bark, rind): hayal, aj. 

(weaving): yoet, av. 

/derogatory/: vara-sat, n(n type ncpd)5. 

hay el, aj. 

tos, nc. 

k'usuk 9u9un, nphr(pt & n4b). 

9a9i, tv; na9, tv; nop, tv. 

be able to think effectively: nop 9u9un, 


think ill of: copol 9a?i, vphr(aj & tv). 

think incorrectly /past participle only/: 9al, tv 

think mistakenly /occurs always with subjunctive 

suffix, third person may be satuk or yaluk/: 

?a9, tv. 

think out: nop 9u9un, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

think up: nop 9u9un, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); yules 

ta hoi, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). 

thinking to one's self: mismon "won, vphr(av & 

n4d). 

taki-ti9il, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

ravished by thirst: pic', av. 

mat*, av. 

be thirsty: takih ti9, vphr(iv & n4d). 

•Jos-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)le. 

by or in thirties: trentatik, n5. 

lahuneb ca9-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & 

numcpd/4f); trenta, nle. 

every thirty: trentatik, n5. 

li*>, aj. 

in this way: si to, ptphr(pt & pt). 

like this: si, pt. 

this way /demonstrating/: si, pt. 

eahal c'is, nphr(aj & n); cahal Io9balal c'is, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); eahal sakil c'is, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); Io9bol c'is, nphr(n 

type n). 

/common only in Cobtikf: Tomas, nld. 

c'is, nla. 

ca9-koh kampana ni&m, nphr(n/num & nccpd/ 

type nphr/n type n/); kampana e"i">lel, 

nphr(n type n); kampana nicim, nphr(n 

type n). 

even though: 9ak' 9o, vphr(tv & pt); 9ipuk, pt; 

mancuk, pt. 

be lost in thought: k'opoh 9o9on, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n4d). 

mil, nc. 

thrash in fury (drunk): lukomah, iv. 

thrash wildly (child, drunk, prisoner, epileptic): 

cit'ulan ba, rv; telulan ba, rv. 

bak', bee, bic, civ, If, lev, pum, sit', av. 

thrashing arms about (drunk): yolahet k'ob, 



thread 

threadbare 

threaded 

threaten 

three 

three-sided 

threes 

threshing 

threshold 

thrilled 

throat 

throb 

throbbing 

throng 

thronging 

through 

throw 

throwing 

thrown 

thrush 

thrust 

thrashing arms and legs (drunk): telel sit'il, ajphr(aj 

& aj). 

thrashing in water: mas, av. 

navul, n4f; no, nld. 

factory-made thread: 9ilera, nla. 

/needle/: sohbe, tv. 

/needle, thorn apples/: soh, tv. 

red thread for cotton tunic /archaic/: halavre, 

nla. 

thread wound around heddle rod: 9olinab, nla. 

wool thread for sash: verte, nla. 

Io9, av. 

become grimy and threadbare: Io9p'ih, iv. 

become threadbare: cah, iv. 

be threaded: sohi, iv. 

(thread, fiddle string): sohol, aj. 

sibtas, tv. 

90s , n(num & nccpd)le; 9osib, nle. 

every three: 9os9os , n(num & nccpd)5. 

three days ago: 9oshe, nle. 

three days from now: 9oseh, nle. 

/fruit, stem/: "Jos-eelav, n(num & ncpd)5. 

by or in threes: 7OS9OS , n(num & 

nccpd)5. 

threshing floor: 9era, nla. 

malku9, nla; yaleb "K>kol, nphr(n of n)5. 

be thrilled: muyubah, iv. 

turum, nld. 

having frog in throat: hakak, aj. 

/person, gourd, bottle, water jug, pitcher/: 

nuk'il, n3b. 

with frog in throat: sakaket, av. 

p'itp'onah, iv. 

throbbing weakly (pulse): p'itp'on, av. 

in throng (people): yuk'ul, aj. 

yuk', av. 

/forest, river, corn field, grass, undergrowth/: 

9ut "Hit , nphr/n4f & n4f/ of n5). 

hip, tv; ten, tv. 

/cow/: toban, tv. 

/mud/: t'asan, tv. 

throw aside /person/: him ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

throw at: ten, tv; tenobah, iv. 

throw at /stone, stick/ /to attract attention of 

girl, to shoo mule/: tenobta, tv. 

throw away: ten, tv. 

throw back: pakbe, tv. 

throw off balance: e'ot yalel, vphr(tv & dr). 

throw on /earth on fire/: k'eb, tv. 

throw on its side /cow, sheep, pig/: vubean, tv. 

throw oneself /on ground/ (child in temper 

tantrum, drunk): hip ba, rv. 

throw oneself /on horse/: hip ba, rv. 

throw oneself down /when very sick/: cevi, iv. 

throw out: c'ay, tv. 

throw person (horse): Ie9van, iv. 

throw self /on ground/: ten ba, rv. 

throw self down (drunk): vuk'es ba, rv. 

throwing stones: tenton, av. 

thrown rock: tenobal, n5. 

wood thrush: c'is-tot, nphr(aj & ncpd)le.* 

thrust in intercourse: moe'be, tv; yak'be, tv. 

thrust out /tummy/ (child or puppy): benan, tv. 

thrust out /tummy/ (child): venan, tv. 

thrust out tummy (child): vukan, tv.

524 

thrusting 

thudding 

thumb 

thump 

thumping 

thunder 

thunderbolt 

thundering 

thunderstorm 

Thursday 

thwacking 

thyme 

tibisee 

tick 

tick clover 

ticket 

ticking 

tickle 

tickling 

tickseed 

tidy 

tie 

tied 

tieing 

tight 


stand thrusting out tummy (child, puppy): venan 

ba, rv. 

thrusting in intercourse: moc", av. 

cop, hiii, loin, los, put, pur', puh, av. 

falling and thudding: pok', av. 

thudding suddenly (rock, blow): t'lhluh, av. 

mei k'obol, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

p'itp'onah, iv. 

k'oh, poc, poh, put-', puh, pum, av. 

(heart from fear, running or chest pain): p'itp'on, 

av. 

distant rainy season thunder: me 1 ? voi, nphr(n 

of n)5. 

thunder and lightning, inan. pos.; scaukal (or) 

scaukilai: cauk, nle. 

thunder here and there: nik ba, rv. 

cauk, nle. 

k'ul, lin, av. 

caukil vo 1 ?, nphr(natt & n)5. 

hweves, n5. 

Maundy Thursday: hweves santo, nphr(n & 

aj)5. 

c'eh, av. 

tomio, nla. 

•>ah kotom, nphr(n4d of n5); ">ahis, n; îk'ob cih, 

nphr(n of n); k'os 'Jah, nphr(aj & n); k'os ne 

kotom, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

/three kinds; one infesting cattle and horses, 

one infesting sheep, one occurring in lowland 

woods/: sip, nle.* 

eahal eukum te 1 ), nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

/bus/: boleto, nla. 

c'eh, av. 

cikil, n4d; cikilta, tv. 

tickle one's throat to induce vomiting: hoe' ba, 

rv. 

cav, av. 

causing tickling sensation (insect): vasaset, av. 

/in throat/: sakak, aj. 

shrubby tickseed: eahal te^, nphr(aj & n); 

k'an-'Jic, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

/clothing, hair/: melean ba, rv. 

tidy up /house, yard/: c'uba, tv; c'ubah, iv. 

/loom to post/: timan, tv. 

/mouth of bag/: pec', tv. 

tie behind each other /mules/: e'akan, tv. 

tie in bunches /flowers, thatch, pine bough, 

etc./: cuk, tv. 

tie in bundle /firewood, grass, stubble, pine 

boughs/: e'al, tv. 

tie in bundle /thatch, flowers/: pec', tv. 

tie up /dog, pig/: cuk, tv. 

timil, aj. 

be tied (loom to post): timi, iv. 

(loom): timton, av. 

(mouth of bag): pec'el, aj. 

(one horse tied to tail of lead horse): e'akal, aj. 

tied in bunches: cukul, aj. 

tied in bundle (thatch, firewood, flowers): 

pec'el, aj. 

tied up in knots: cuk, av. 

tieing together: e"ak, e'al, av. 

einet, av. 

become tight: eineah, iv. 

become tight (knot): ein ba, rv. 

tight-fitting 

tighten 

tightening 

tile 

tilt 

tilted 

tilting 

time 

tinamou 

tingling 

tinkling 

tiny 

tip 

tipped 

tipping 

tipsy 

(clothes): cukul, aj. 

draw tight /purse strings, bag/: eub, tv. 

(sash): einil, aj. 

unbecomingly tight: mat', av. 

unbecomingly tight (pants): mat'al, aj. 

(sandals): einil, aj. 

/burden/: nakan, tv. 

/burden, sandals/: ein, tv. 

tighten sash /fast for three days, making repentence/: 

mic', tv. 

have tightening in throat: cuk ba nuk', vphr(rv 

& n4d). 

tightening suddenly (anus with fear): mue'lih, 

av. 

tesa, nla. 

eân, tv. 

have roof tilt (collapsing house): necp'uh hoi, 

vphr(iv & nlf). 

tilt (head) to look: neti, iv. 

tilt head (person turning head to look): nefan 

hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). 

tilt head back: haî, iv. 

tilt head back /to look at sky/: Iwan sat, 


tilt head back /when applying eye medicine/: 

ha9an ba, rv. 

tilt low /hat/: nihan, tv. 

tilt one's head: netan, tv. 

(head of person with tumpline who turns to 

look): netel, aj. 

(moon) /indicates arrival of rain/: e"ete\, aj. 

(roof): neiel hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & nib), 

tilted backwards (head of baby): haiha 1 ?, aj. 

with head tilted sideways (person with tumpline 

turning head to look): neêl hoi, vphr(aj/ 

pred/ & nib), 

with tilted roof: necel hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

nlf). 

tilting head: ha 1 ), av. 

9ora, nla; tyempo, nle. 

a long time: hal, aj. 

at that time: ha9 no, ptphr(pt & pt). 

take a long time: halih, iv. 

rufescent tinamou: 9alak' balamil, nphr(n4f of 

n5)5; •myhan mut, nphr(n type n)la; pertis 

mut, nphr(n type n)5.* 

•>an, eik\ av. 

/limb that has fallen asleep/: eelelet, av. 

tingling sensation of male orgasm: cikiltik, aj. 

e'in, cak', av. 

ml, av. 

(puppy, child): 9ulul, aj. 

e'eân, tv; hoyp'ih, iv; nin, nib. 

/candle/: holol, n3b. 

(load): e"e9p'uh, iv. 

/pot, water jug/: e'e9p'un, tv. 

tip slowly /demijohn/: k'un-e"ep'un, tv(aj & 

tvepd). 

permantly tipped to side (roof, neck of person, 

chicken or gourd): netnet, aj. 

e'en, av. 

cav, av; einet, av; humet balamil, vphr(av & n5). 

be tipsy: copol hoi Wi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d // 

tv). 

become tipsy: bat ta hoi, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & 

n4d).

tire 

tired 

tithing 

title 

tittering 

tityra 

to 

toad 

toast 

tobacco 

today 

toddling 

toe 

toenail 

toes 

together 

tolling 

tomato 

tomorrow 

tongue 

tonking 

tonsured 

too 

tool 

toot 

tooth 

toothache 

toothed 

toothless 

toothlessly 

tooting 

tootling 

top 

feel tipsy: copol 9a9i, vphr(aj & tv). 

feeling tipsy: voeet, av. 

slightly tipsy: sam, av. 

lub, iv; lubeah, iv; yanta, nla. 

be tired of: tavan wi, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv). 

tithing man /dignitary who brings salt from 

Voi-bie to the Chapel of Lord Esqui'pulas/: 

mayol, agn. 

land title of entire municipality: titola, n5. 

vihvon, av. 

masked tityra: hovos, n5. 

t, prep( contr of la). 

9amuc, nla.*; me 1 ? vo9, nphr(n of n)5. 

/archaic/: spokok, nle. 

giant tropical toad: henhen, nle.* 

toast on the coals: vo, tv. 

toast person: p'osintasvan, iv. 

/toasted tortilla/: bakubtas, tv; k'osibtas, tv. 

lanal moy, nphr(n4f of n5); mayal, n4f; moy, 

nla; sakil moy, nphr(aj & n). 

chewing tobacco: bankilal, nld; moy, nla; 

muk'ta mol, nphr(aj & n)5. 

tobacco gourd: eual moy, nphr(natt & n)5. 

treat self with tobacco: posin, tv. 

lavi, n5; tana, n5. 

•>en, het, kik, tik, av; k'osk'on, av. 

(baby): setlahet, av. 

bik'tal 9okol, nphr(nlf of n3d); ni9 ?okol, 


big toe: me") "Jokol, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

9ic"akil, n3d; ni9 9ic'akil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

dig toes in /mud/: e'unan 9ok, vphr(tv & n4d). 

eobol, aj; pareho, aj. 

go together: ci9in ba, rv. 

kan, pom., av. 

k'os eahal cicol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k'os 

cicol, nphr(aj & n); muk'tik eahal cicol, 


cherry tomato: bik'tal eahal cicol, nphr(aj & 


•wk'ob, nle. 

9ok\ nld. 

rim, av. 

lep'lep', aj. 

•>e, pt; 9uk, pt; k'usuk, pt(contr of k'usi & -uk)\ 

nostok, pt. 

?abtehebal, n3a. 

(cowhorn): 9ok', iv. 

tanal ">eal, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

/person, animal, comb/: 9eal, n3b. 

with one tooth emerged above others: kud-9e, 


k'usben con, nphr(x type n)5. 

(rake): divahtik, aj. 

pik\ av; musul, aj; pik'il, aj; puk'ul, aj; t'asal, aj. 

become toothless: puk'p'ih, iv. 

chewing toothlessly: mus, av. 

c'i9, k'o9, pi, tu, tur, av. 

(cow horns): nikiket, av. 

can, av. 

bail, n3b. 

/corn/ (horse): mokean, tv. 

/harp, cross, burden, hill, mountain/: holol, 

n3b. 

on top of: kahal, aj. 


topple 

toppling 

torch 

torment 

tormenter 

torn 

tornado 

tortilla 

torus herb 

toss 

tossing 

totter 

tottering 

touch 

touching 

tough 

towhee 

top of cliff: ba e'en, nphr(n of n)5. 

/toy/: turumpo, nla. 

/tree/: ni?, nib. 

/fence, door, wall/: havk'un, tv. 

topple over (tree): hin, iv; hineah, iv. 

lie, lip', oi9, av. 

toppling forwards (tree): new) tal, vphr(av & 

dr). 

toppling over backwards (load): havhav, aj. 

c'ob, av. 

/by witchcraft/: îlbahin, tv. 

(witch): tahinta, tv. 

/of soul/: hiilbahinvaneh, agn. 

hat, av; hatal, aj; loel, aj; selel, aj; tuc'el, aj. 

(clothing): sekel, aj. 

(clothing, hat brim): liiil, aj. 

(clothing, seam): level, aj. 

torn clothing: sek, vom, av. 

torn in many places: rinkastik, aj. 

wear torn /clothing/: levk'uh, iv. 

with torn clothing: selson, av. 

mythical tornado: liki-cob, n(iv & ncpd)5. 

•Jot, n4a; vah, n5.* 

food folded in tortilla: poeemil, n3d. 

make toasted tortilla: pas k'osos, vphr(tv & n5); 

pas vah, vphr(tv & n5). 

maker of toasted tortillas: hpas-vah, agn(tv & 

nepd). 

mildewed tortilla: kus lot, nphr(n type n)4d; 

kus vah, nphr(n type n)5. 

/not toasted/: k'unil 9ot, nphr(aj & n)4a. 

piece of tortilla: sutul vah, nphr(aj & n)ld. 

small toasted tortilla: t'aha-sat, nphr(aj & 

ncpd)la. 

stale tortilla: taki-vah, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

toasted tortilla: k'osos, nla.* 

tortilla made of fresh corn: ">a£' vah, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

tortilla made of young corn: "?isis vah, nphr(x 

type n)la. 

tortilla made the previous night: vayem vah, 


tortilla soaked in vegetable or meat broth: sopa, 

nld.* 

tortilla with hole in center /given to children 

who are slow in learning to talk/: memela, 

nld. 

kontiyerva, nld. 

toss from side to side: e"e9ulan ba, rv. 

toss from side to side (self-conscious girl walking): 

ni'Hilan ba, rv. 

toss head (horse): ha9an ni9, vphr(tv // n). 

toss off /burden/ (mule): let, tv. 

hal, av; pak', av. 

totter on brink (tree): lip'eah, iv. 

lip', sov, av. 

pik, tv. 

lose one's touch: c'ay-k'obih, iv. 

touch to lips /glass, gourd, etc./: tihan ta 9e, 


touch to lips /without drinking/ /bottle, shot 

glass/: nup, tv, 

touching repeatedly: pik, av. 

eoe, aj. 

(cabbage): te9te9, aj. 

red-eyed towhee: 9ik'al k'ovis, nphr(aj & n)5.*;

526 

town 

townsman 

toy 

trachea 

track 

tractable 

tractor 

trade 

trader 

traditional 

trail 

trailing 

transform 

transformation 

transit 

translate 

trap 

trapped 

trapper 

travel 

traveler 

tread 

tread softly 

treasure 

treasure-hunter 

treasurer 

treat 

treated 

tree 


k'ovis, nle.* 

tek-lumal, n(x & ncpd)4d. 

large town: hamal lum, vphr(aj/pred/ & n)5. 

town hall: kavilto, nla. 

ciiilil, n3d. 

•Pistalal, n5; 9is'tol, n4d. 

tururn, nld. 

/cow/: turute, nld. 

(dog): nucolah, iv. 

try to track down: eaeahesbe k'oplal, nphr(tv & 

n4f); eaeubtasbe k'oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); 


vaset, av; yamet w?on, vphr(av & n4d). 

(person): yam 9o9on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

laktor, nla. 

/corn, flowers, fruit/ (middleman, trader): lekelta, 

tv. 

trade goods: 9ekel, nld. 

/corn, flowers, fruit/: hêkel . 

agn(nphr/n of n/5). 

traditional way: melol, n4b. 

leaving a trail behind: c'ul, av. 

take wrong trail: sok be, vphr(iv & n4d). 

trailing far behind: velvon, av. 

trailing far behind (woman, child): vesvon, av. 

transform self into: k'atah, iv; k'atahes ba, rv. 

transform self into : pas ba ta , 


animal transformation of witch: civo, nla; vayihel, 

nld. 

larkavista, nla. 

9et'es k'op, vphr(tv & n5); helubtas k'op, 


yak, tv. 

/for rat or dog/: pee', nla.* 

/rat trap/: trampa, nla. 

set a trap /for dog, rat or bird/: ">ak' pee*, 

vphr(tv & nld). 

/to capture doves alive/: yakol, nla. 

kakkon, av. 

hyakol, agn. 

travel slowly: k'un-bein, iv(aj & tvcpd). 

h9ec'el be, agn(nphr/n of n/5); hbeinel, agn; 

hsanvil, agn. 

(rooster on hen): tek'van, iv. 

bae"i la, nphr(aj & n); con la, nphr(n type n); la, 

nle; la ka9, nphr(n of n); muk'ta la, nphr(aj 

& n); muk'tik la, nphrfaj & n); sakil la, 

nphr(aj & n). 

•nc'omal, nld; cawmal, nld; me 1 ? tak'in, 

nphr(n of n)5; portuna, nld. 

hk'el-vie, agn(tv & ncpd). 

treasurer /of town, church committee, or ejido 

committee/: tesorero, agn. 

treat as one's own: p'is ta kremil, vphr(tv & prep 

& n5). 

treat well: lie' ta k'us, vphr(tv & prep & aj); 

k'usubah ?o?on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); 

k'usubah ta won, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & 

n4d); k'usubin, tv. 

be treated /medically/: 9ak' ta postael, 


te9el, n4f. 

feUed trees: teilal, nib. 

hollow tree: puh-9ut tei, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type n)5. 

tree bine 

treetop 

tremble 

trembling 

trick 

tricked 

trickery 

trickling 

trigger 

trilling 

trimming 

Trinity 

trip(l) 

trip(2) 

tripe 

tripod 

tripping 

trogon 

trot 

trotting 

trouble 

trough 

truck 

trudging 

true 

trumpet 

trumpet bush 

/woody plant that can be used for firewood/: 

te9, nlf. 

eahal ?ak', nphr(aj & n); eahal veiel 9inatab, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); e'itesob holol, 

nphr(n of n). 

/cut off and lying on ground/: ba te9, 


/with fear/: nik, iv. 

eil, lak, Iu9, nik, t'el, t'er, av. 

(leg while standing with heel raised) /pulling 

out thorn/: lit'it'et, av. 

(mud): laklak, aj. 

•Jilbahin, tv; eal, tv; CO9, tv; co9el, vn5; k'al, tv; 

lolo, tv. 

trick the pants off of: lok'esbe ves ta lo?lovaneh, 

vphr(tv & n4d & prep & vn5). 

be tricked: lok' ves, vphr(tv & n4d). 

vesk'unel, vnld. 

mal, av. 

?at, nib. 

pull trigger: nitbe bala, vphr(tv & n5). 

yir, av. 

/blowing into lady slipper flower/: vereret, av. 

/candles that are trimmed with tweezers by ensign-bearers 

on Maundy Thursday/: 

loe'olah, iv. 

/tree/: k'aba, tv. 

trimming of candles on Maundy Thursday: 

loe'ohel, n5. 

Holy Trinity /in side chapel of the Church of 

St. Lawrence/: hc'ul-totik Trinirat, agn: 


be, nld; byahe, nld; sanbal, n5; sanvil, n5. 

make trip in vain: hocilan ba, rv. 

trip for water: haibeh, vn5. 

unsuccessful trip: pasyanobil, n4f. 

e"ukulin, tv. 

trip over: eukulin, tv; p'osi, tv. 

kaslan bikil, nphr(aj & n)5. 

tripod for cooking in field: vakas te9, nphr(n 

type n)la. 

pec, av. 

citroline trogon: k'ak'et mut, nphr(aj & n)5.* 

mexican trogon: k'ak'et mut, nphr(aj & n)5.* 

/person/: euneun 9anil, nphr(aj & vn5). 

ben, cun, p'en, p'es, av. 

k'ak'al, n4d; palta, n5. 

get into trouble: sa 1 ? mul, vphr(tv & n4d); yal ta 

k'ok', vphr(iv & prep & n5). 

stir up trouble: sa9 k'op, vphr(tv & n5). 

/for animals or salt manufacture/: horn, nld. 

karo, nla; k'ok', nld. 

cooperative truck: koperati'va, n5. 

diesel truck: liser, nla. 

pickup truck: pikot, nla. 

truck with wooden sides: kolol to, nphr(x type 

n)la. 

toe*, av. 

melel, aj. 

it is true!: 9u9n 9o ka, nphr(n/contr of ")W)un/4l 

& pt & x); "?u?n 9o no ka, nphr(n/contr of 

iuiun/41 & pt & pt & x); 9u"?n ?onos ka, 

nphr(n/contr of iuiun/41 & pt & x). 

korneta, nla. 

yellow trumpet bush: ?it'is k'an-te9, nphr(n4f of 

n/aj & ncpd/5); k'anal pueul cih, nphr(aj &

trumpet tree 

trumpeting 

trunk 

truss 

trust 

truth 

try 

trying 

tube 

tuber 

tuberculosis 

Tuesday 

tufted 

tug 

tugging 

tumble 

tumbling 

tumor 

tumpline 

tune 

tunic 

tuning 

turban 

turkey 

turn 

nphr/n of n/); muk'ta pueul cih, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); pueul cih, nphr(n of n); 

pueul cih te7, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 

lah-te? te 1 ), nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). 

(cornet EKL 225; 1-11): tuet, av. 

kasa, nla. 

section of trunk that has been chopped all the 

way around: nuk'il, n3b. 

/tree/: 9okol, n3b. 

truss person /prisoner/: pec'van, iv. 

c'un, tv. 

tell the truth: cap, tv; yec 9al, vphr(aj & tv). 

pas preva, vphr(tv & n5). 

try on /clothing/: p'is ba, rv. 

try one's best: ?ec' 9o9on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); 

lok'es 9o9on, vphr(tv // n); lok'esbe 9o9on, 


try one's best for someone: lok'esbe 9o9on, 


try one's hardest: 9ak'be k'u ca9al yu9, vphr(tv 

& pt & pt & iv/3s/). 

try to stand (baby): soveah, iv. 

try unsuccessfully /occurs always with subjunctive 

suffix, third person may be satuk or yatuk/: 

9a9, tv. 

trying to lift: pet, av. 

tuvo, nla. 

holol, n3b. 

form tuber: holin, iv. 

sak-9obal, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

martes, nle.* 

Carnival Tuesday: martes k'ak'al, nphr(n & 

aj)5. 

Tuesday of Holy Week: martes santo, nphr(n & 

aj)5. 

c'isc'is', aj.* 

tug /person/ (drunk): ceculan, tv. 

/vine/: nitulan, tv. 

tugging at: euk, av. 

tugging away (plu): sae'lahetik, av. 

(person, horse): puc'k'ih, iv. 

taking tumbles: pat, av. 

lie, av. 

cakal, nld. 

pek\ nla; pek'ul, n4f. 

son, nle. 

/musical instrument/: cap, tv. 

strike up a tune (fiddler): lok'es k'evuh, vphr(tv 

& n5); lok'es son, vphr(tv & n5). 

/stringed instrument/: eakbe nuk', vphr(tv & 

n4f). 

man's cotton tunic: pok' k'u9ul, nphr(n type 

n)ld. 

wool tunic /Vot-bie/: sakitail, n3a. 

woolen tunic: herkail, n3a.' 

woolen tunic /Cobtik, Paste 1 )): kucil k'u9ul, 

nphr(aj & n)3a. 

/music/: nuk'il, n3b. 

red striped turban /worn by elders, ensign-bearers, 

ritual tutors/: «ar*il pok', nphr(aj & n)ld. 

tuluk', nla.* 

9ak' bwelta, vphr(tv & n5); bwelta, nla; hoyihes 

ba, rv. 

/handle of corn-grinder/: him, tv. 

turn a bend: k'atp'uh, iv. 


turned 

turning 

turtle 

tutelary 

tutor 

Tuxtla 

tweezers 

twelve 

twenties 

twenty 

twiddle 

twig 

twin 

twine 

turn around: 9ak'be bwelta, vphr(tv & n5); 

hoyihes, tv. 

turn around /to look at something/: hoyih, iv. 

turn aside /to let person pass/: e*e9p'uh, iv. 

turn down /hat brim/: sup'k'in, tv. 

turn face up: havan, tv. 

turn inside out: valk'un, tv. 

turn off (path): k'ehi, iv; k'ehp'uh, iv. 

turn off /flashlight/: tup', tv; tup'es, tv. 

turn off /radio, phonograph/: c'abes, tv. 

turn on /light or flashlight/: ean, tv. 

turn one's back: hoyih, iv; hoyihes ba, rv; t'in- 

patin, tv(aj & ncpd). 

turn one's back to /in bed/: butul-cakin, tv(aj 

& tvepd); vub-caki, tv(aj & tvepd). 

turn out: bet, iv; k'ot ta lok'el, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

prep & vn5). 

turn out badly: sok k'op, vphr(iv & nld); sok ta 

be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). 

turn over: lak' 9entrokal, vphr(tv & n5). 

turn over /in reclining position/: c"e9p'uh, iv; 

hoyp'ih, iv. 

turn over /laundry/: hoyp'in, tv. 

turn right side up again: ca9-havan, tv(num & 

tvepd). 

turn up /hat brim/: valan, tv. 

turn up /nose in anger/: bican, tv; bicu, tv. 

turn up slowly /skirt/ (man, woman); k'unvalk'un, 


turn upside down /bottle, boiled ear of corn/: 

e*ukan, tv. 

turn upside down violently: nuhk'in, tv. 

be turned up (nose) /in anger/: bacSi, iv. 

hat brim turned down: sup', av. 

it turned out: lahelea, pt. 

turned up (cuff): pusul. aj. 

turned up (nose with anger): tucul, aj; velel(2), 

a jwith 

brim turned down (hat): sup'ul, aj. 

turning aside: c*e9, av. 

snapping turtle: 9ok, nle. 

tutelary god: totil me9il, nphr(n3d & n3d).* 

ritual tutor /for each steward, steward-royal, 

publican, ensign-bearer, prefect, for the tithing 

man of Vot-bie, for the bride and for 

the groom/: totil meiil, nphr(n3d & n3d). 

Tuxtla Gutierrez: Tusta, n5. 

bulob 9isimil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

lahca , n(num & ncpd)le; lahceb, nle. 

in or by twenties: hu-tob, num(num & 

numcpd)5; huhu-tob, num(num & 

numcpd)5. 

/absolute form always occurs as h-tob/: tob, 

nle. 

every twenty: hu-tob, num(num & numcpd)5; 

huhu-tob, num(num & numcpd)5. 

twenty cent piece /two bits/: 4ib tak'in, 

nphr(num & n)la. 

twiddle arms (child): e"otilan k'ob, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

vac', nla. 

vac(l), nld.* 

/grass to make lashing/: e*ot, tv. 

make twine: C'ahnu, tv. 

/thread, yarn/: ca9-lak'ta, tv(num & tvepd). 

/thread, yarn/ /by rolling on knee with palm of

528 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 T/U 

twirl 

twist 

twisted 

twisted-armed 

twisting 

twitch 

twitching 

twittering 

hand to make strands for fringed garments/: 

bal, tv. 

(child): hoyibah, iv. 

(ladino dancer): hoyibtas, tv. 

/pom-pom of scarf, lasso, bullroarer/: himulan, 

tv. 

e'ot, tv; e'otan, tv. 

/chicken's neck/: k'utbe, tv. 

(foot): peck'uh, iv. 

/foot/: peck'un, tv. 

/leg/: la^p'un, tv. 

(leg, arm, back): e'iklin, tv; e'oklih, iv; e'okp'ih, 

iv. 

(leg, arm, tree): meceah, iv. 

/mouth/: k'evan, tv; k'ovanbe, tv. 

/person's arm/: e*otk'in, tv. 

(tree): mecean ba, rv. 

twist and turn /to break away/: himulan ba, rv. 

twist and turn /to break loose/: k'ut ba, rv; 

k'utp'in ba, rv. 

twist into small sections /greens so they will fit 

into pot/: k'ut, tv. 

twist to side (falling tree): e'otk'ih, iv. 

twist wool thread in one's fingers /archaic/: 

pic'omah, iv. 

(wood): lukeah, iv. 

eV>k, av; e'otol, aj; kevel, aj; sovol, aj. 

be twisted (mouth): kevi, iv. 

become twisted: kevk'un, tv; sotib, iv. 

become twisted (improperly mended bone): 

sotk'ih, iv. 

become twisted (mouth): kevk'uh, iv. 

(leg, arm): mecel, aj. 

(mouth): k'evel, aj; k'ovk'ov, aj; pevel, aj; sevel, 

a jpermanently 

twisted to side (roof, neck of person, 

chicken, or gourd): netnet, aj. 

(tree trunk): e'otan, aj. 

twisted arm or leg: mec, av. 

twisted to one side (neck, hand, foot, hoof, top 

of gourd or cushaw): sotol, aj. 

twisted to side (foot): pecpec, aj. 

walking slowly with twisted neck /carrying 

heavy burden/: sotson nuk', vphr(av & n4d). 

with top twisted to side (gourd, cushaw): 

sot-hol, n(aj & ncpd). 

with twisted bottom (thin old person, basket 

with bottom falling out): sot-cak, n(aj & 

ncpd). 

with twisted mouth: kev, k'cv, k'ov, pev, av. 

/unable to throw stones far or chop well/: 

sot-k'ob, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

e'ot, pec, av. 

twisting head: net, av. 

/ear/ (pig or dog that feels gnats): pok'ilan, tv. 

/ears/ (mule or dog that feels gnats): pocilan, 

tv. 

(horse's, dog's or pig's ears): pocilan, iv. 

ces, cev, nine, p'it, av. 

twitching (mule's or dog's ears when alerted): 

mue'lahet, av. 

twitching suddenly /in sleep/: meeluh, av; 

si't'luh, av. 

twitching suddenly /leg stretching in sleep/: 

telluh, av. 

c'ik, c'iv, av. 

two 

twos 

typhoid 

Tzeltal 

Tzotzil 

udder 

ugh 

ugly 

umbilical 

unappeased 

unassociated 

unattainable 

unaware 

unbought 

unbraid 

unbraided 

uncertain 

unchanged 

uncle 

uncoil 

uncoiled 

uncoiling 

uncomfortable 

uncomplaining 

unconscious 

uncooperative 

uncover 

uncovered 

, n(num & nccpd)le; cib, nle. 

by twos: cabcab, num5. 

typhoid fever: muk'ta k'ok', nphr(aj & n)5. 

Tzeltal person: hyan-lum, agn(aj & ncpd). 

Tzotzil language: bae^ k'op, nphr(aj & n)5; 

k'op, n4d/lp/. 

u 

cmil, n3a. 

baby talk; ugh! /called out by adults or siblings 

to prevent baby or crawling child from touching 

excrement or dirt/: til, excl. 

/exclamation of disgust, disapproval or refusal 

to obey/: 9ah, excl. 

ugh!: 9ay, excl. 

copol, aj. 

umbilical cord: misik'il, n3d. 

be unappeased: k'anolah, iv. 

parte, aj. 

mu tabah, ajphr(pt & aj). 

ma \ av. 

(merchandise): kevel, aj. 

/hair/: kunan, tv. 

kun, av. 

(hair): kunul, aj. 

cib k'oplal, vphr(num/pred/ & n4f). 

/condition of patient/: eakal, aj. 

/maternal, paternal, husband of maternal and 

paternal aunt/: muk'ta totil, nphr(aj & n)3d. 

/maternal, paternal, husband of maternal or 

paternal aunt/: hun totil, nphr(num & n)3d. 

hilc'un, tv. 

(rope, snake): hilc'un ba, rv. 

hilic', aj. 

become uncoiled: hilc'uh, iv. 

hil, av. 

be uncomfortable: yan 9elan 9a9i, vphr(aj & 

iv/3s/ & tv). 

eoe 9o9on, nphr(aj & n4d). 

be unconscious: c'ay 9own, vphr(iv/3s/ & 

n4d). 

be uncooperative: toy ba, rv. 

hoi, tv. 

holol, aj. 

(neck of man without neckerchief or woman 

without ribbons): tumul, aj. 

hoi, av. 

vac'tik, n5. 

uncovering 

underbrush 

undercooked ee, aj. 

underfoot get underfoot: makbe 90k, vphr(tv & n4d). 

underground 9ut lum, nphr(n4f of n5). 

undergrowth vac'tik, n5. 

undermine lip'eanbe, tv; tik'ean ocel, vphr (tv & dr); 

tik'p'un ocel, vphr(tv & dr). 

/tree/: likeanbe 9ok, vphr(tv & n4f). 

undermined be undermined: tik'eah ocel, vphr(iv & dr); 

tik'p'uh ocel, vphr(iv & dr). 

become undermined (tree roots): likeah 9ok, 

vphr(iv & n4f). 

understand 9a9i, tv. 

understanding bring understanding (godfather, wedding godfather): 

tales c'ulel, vphr(tv & n4d). 

undo tilk'un, tv. 

undone come undone: tilk'uh, iv. 

undoubtedly undoubtedly!: melel, excl. 

undress t'anan, tv; t'ani, iv; t'asetah, iv.

u ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 529 

undulate 

undulating 

uneasy 

unemployed 

unequal 

unevenness 

unfastened 

unfeathered 

unfinished 

unfold 

unfolded 

unhappiness 

unhappy 

unicorn plant 

uninhabited 

unload 

unloading 

unmarried 

unnecessarily 

unnerved 

unoccupied 

unpaid 

unplug 

unproductive 

unproductiveness 

unravel 

unravelling 

unresponsive 

unripe 

(snake): lukomah, iv; sotilan ba, rv; taulan ba, 

rv. 

Ink, av. 

(snake): k'amam, av; meeeeet, av. 

cib won, vpnr(num/pred/ & n4d). 

sokol, aj. 

become unequal in length (pant legs): heleah, 

iv. 

make unequal in length /pant legs/: helean, tv. 

of unequal length (roof poles, horizontal wattle): 

sulahtik, aj. 

set, aj. 

become uneven (land after slide, sole): payeah, 

iv. 

(edge of clothing): selahtik, aj. 

(edge of road or river): suk'ahtik, aj; sulahtik, 

4 

(ground, sole): payal, aj. 

(haircut): e'aram, aj; e'arkun, aj. 

(land): pulpul, aj. 

slightly uneven (weaving): e"al, aj. 

(weaving, cut in wood, planting, hoeing): sOel, 

aj. 

/haircut, weaving/: e'aramul, n4f. 

unfastened sides: lo, av. 

with unfeathered neck: mil, av. 

kec, av; kecel, aj. 

be unfinished: komeah, iv. 

leave unfinished: kecan, tv. 

leave unfinished /meal/: kecel ta, tv. 

(thatch-roofed house with roof rods only): 

sotol, aj. 

(wood): sakil, aj. 

hilc'un, tv. 

hilic', aj. 

unhappiness leading to sickness /caused by 

mistreatment or loneliness/: tiôl, n5. 

cib Won, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d). 

be unhappy about: kool 9o turn, vphr(aj & pt 

& tv). 

become unhappy: cibah 9o"?on, vphr(iv & n4d). 

feeling unhappy: cibet Won, vphr(av & n4d). 

posil laha-con, nphr(n type n/aj & ncpd/). 

c'ih-yan, aj(x & ajcpd). 

cepan, tv. 

unloading here and there: yalteyalte, av. 

sokol, aj. 

unmarried girl: tohol ''ane, nphr(aj & n)5. 

mu ?altikuk, vphr(pt & tv). 

be unnerved: c'ayeaih, iv. 

sokol, aj. 

kec, av. 

boe", tv. 

become unproductive: c'ahub, iv. 

(person, land): c'ah, aj. 

c'ahil, n4a. 

k'ut, iv; k'utp'ih, iv; tilp'un ba, rv. 

(rope): tileah, iv; tilk'uh, iv. 

/rope/: tilean, tv; tilk'un, tv. 

til, av. 

9alan, aj. 

?unen(2), aj; ee, aj. 

(corn): hayel, aj. 

(corn) /fifteenth developmental stage just prior 

to the appearance of ripe ears, also called 

hayal lahan/: c'is-mahan, aj(aj & Ucpd). 

unrolling 

unruly 

unset 

unsteadily 

untie 

untied 

until 

untucked 

upper 

upright 

uprightness 

uproot 

uprooted 

uprooting 

upset 

upside 

upturned 

urethra 

urgently 

urinate 

urinating 

urination 

urine 

us 

use 

used 

useful 

til, av. 

eap, av. 

(hair): eapal, aj. 

become unset (broken bone): tok', iv. 

vec, av. 

stand unsteadily (child, sick person): vecan ba, 

rv; vecetah, iv. 

stand unsteadily (child, sick person, house): 

veci, iv. 

stand unsteadily (drunk, fence, wall): veck'uh, 

iv. 

standing unsteadily (fence, child, house, tree): 

vecel, aj. 

walk unsteadily (child): vecuh, iv. 

titin, tv; titun, tv. 

become untied: hituh, iv; titih, iv; tituh, iv. 

•?asta ke, ptphr(pt & pt); to, pt; yoi to, ptphr(pt 

& pt). 

(woman's blouse): taset, av. 

lak'ol, nib. 

tuk'(2), aj; va?al, aj. 

become upright: tuk'ib, iv. 

stand upright (ladder): sik'i, iv. 

basbol, nle. 

bul, tv. 

be uprooted: pie, iv. 

be uprooted (tree): vuk', iv; vuk'p'ih, iv. 

pie, av. 

fot, av. 

be extremely upset: k'us ta rios, vphr(aj & prep 

&n5). 

be upset: yan ba TOTOn, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

rpn/3s/ & n4d). 

/person's load/: havk'un, tv. 

be upside down (pot): nuhi, iv. 

place upside down /pot, bowl/: nuhan, tv. 

upside down: tMik, nun, av; e'ukul, aj. 

upside down (pot): nuhul, aj. 

bac, hie, val, av. 

(nose with anger): bicil, aj. 

(nose) /freq in anger/: bacal, aj. 

be k'abil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

laporal, pt. 

k'abin, iv. 

(man): picicin, tv. 

unable to urinate: te9-einan, aj(aj & P/2/ or 

T/2/cpd). 

urinate in one's clothes (drunk): k'abta ba, rv. 

urinate on: k'abta, tv. 

pic, av. 

painful urination: k'us k'abil, nphr(aj & n)5. 

k'abil, n3d. 

/exclusive/: vowtikotik, pn. 

/inclusive/: vo9otik, pn. 

pik, tv; tun, tv; tunel, vn4b. 

use another person's belongings: pikbe, tv. 

k'a?, aj; tunem, aj. 

be used up: lah, iv. 

get used to: kom ta manya, vphr(iv & prep & 

n5). 

used to be: to 9os, ptphr(pt & pt). 

(water): pokil, aj. 

be extremely useful /restricted to negative/: 

bae'i-tun, iv(aj & ivcpd). 

be useful: tun, iv. 

useful object or person: htunel, agn.

530 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 u/w 

useless 

uselessness 

using 

uterus 

uvula 

vaccinate 

vagabond 

vagina 

vagrancy 

vagrant 

valerian 

valley 

vampire 

vase 

vegetable 

vegetable sponge 

vegetation 

vein 

velvet 

velvet bur 

venerate 

venereal 

Venus 

verbena 

verbene 

verge 

vein rx 

version 

very 

vesper 

vibrating 

copol, aj; pocan, aj. 

be rendered useless (person, horse) /by sickness 

or injury/: kom ta sovra, vphr(iv & prep & 

n3). 

It is useless!: mu k'u sa9, vphr(pt & pt & 

tv/3s/). 

(person, mule): velan, aj. 

useless thing: copolal, n4b. 

copolal, n4b. 

using constantly: pik, av. 

9av ?ol, nphr(n4f of n4d); 9av 9unen, nphr(n4f 

of n5). 

e*ukil, n3d. 

hul, tv. 

hkotkovil, agn. 

be 9unen, nphr(n of n)5; manu9, n5; mis, nld. 

female speech; vagina: 9etelil, n3d. 

kotkovil, n5; poristero, nle. 

hporistero, agn. 

wild valerian: 9ik'al voy mula, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); bik'it nic nab, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); sakil voy mula, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); voy mula, nphr(n of n). 

pul-9osil, nphr(aj & ncpd)5; pulav, nlf. 

narrow valley: homal, nlf; ka9leh, n4f. 

vampire bat: 9anhel, agn; pepen c'o, nphr(n 

type n)5; pepen hti?-cih, nphr(n type agn/tv 

& ncpd/)5; pepen soe", nphr(n type n)5. 

flower vase /for altar/: salu, nla. 

vegetable sponge: cuk'ob k'u9ul 9ak', 


husob-bail 9ak', nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n). 

balamil, nla. 

be c'ic'elil, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

leaf vein: e"ibal 9anal, nphr(n4f of n4f). 

velvet ant: bolom con(l), nphr(n type n)5. 

9ik'al nap'ap' cr'i^lel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

k'os nap'ap' e^lel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

nap'ap' e*i*?lel, nphr(aj & n)le; yasal nap'ap' 

efii\el, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

venerate coffer (steward): toy kasa, vphr(tv // 

n). 

venereal disease: k'a9el, vn5. 

hti9-puy, agn(tv & ncpd); mol k'anal, nphr(aj & 

n)5; muk'ta k'anal, nphr(aj & n5). 

shrub lemon verbena: sak-nic te9, nphr(n/aj & 


?alavena e'i'Jlel, nphr(n type n); pern k'ulub, 

nphr(x & n); sakil pak' cak, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

of n/); tan e'i^lel, nphr(aj & n). 

wild verbene: posil yerva, nphr(n of n); voe-hol 

pos, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 

be on the verge of completing /work/: po9ottas, 

tv. 

be on the verge of completion (work): po9otah, 

iv. 

sevu, nla. 

tell one's version: 9albe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). 

9entero, aj; baî, aj; ben, aj; eoe, aj; sihil, aj; sil, 

aj; toh, aj; tol, aj; toyol, aj. 

/windy, rainy, frosty, muddy, cold, hot/: benos, 

aj. 

vesper bell: 9oresyon, n5. 

t'er, av. 

viburnum 

viburnum grove 

victrola 

view 

vigorously 

Villista 

vine 

violet 

violin 

virgin 

Virgin 

virgin 

virgin's bower 

virility 

virtuously 

visit 

visiting 

visitor 

voice 

volcano 

vomit 

vomiter 

vomiting 

vulture 

wad 

waddling 

wafted 

wafting 

wag 

9isbon, nld; eoe-ni? te9, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type n)5; pasamum, n; pasamum te9, nphr(n 

type a). 

eoe-ni9 te?tik, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 

bitrola, nle. 

k'elob 9osil, nphr(n of n)5. 

walk vigorously: te9etah, iv. 

walking vigorously: te9, av. 

napac, nle. 

9ak', nla. 

wild violet: bioleta, nld; kucara nic nab, nphr(n 


/two-stringed/: biolin, nla. 

/female saint/: hc'ul-me9tik, agn(aj & ncpd)5.* 

Virgin Mary /in side chapel of the Church of St. 

Lawrence/: hc'ul-me'Hik Pasku9, agn: 


virgin or recently virgin /male or female/: 

9ac\ aj. 

9ic 9ak\ nphr(n type n)5; 9ici 9ak', nphr(x type 

n); 9icil 9ak\ nphr(natt & n); muk'ta e'usub, 

nphr(aj & n). 

lose virility: cam, iv. 

act virtuously: 9ic' ba ta kwenta, vphr(rv & 

prep & n5); 9ic' ba ta muk', vphr(rv & prep 

&aj). 

develop clearer vision (baby): toy sat, vphr(tv 

& n4d). 

have failing vision: camet sat, vphr(av & n4d). 

vula?ah, iv; vula9an, tv. 

visit briefly: lab-k'el, tv(n & tvcpd). 

visit person frequently: nac'itavan, iv. 

visit shrines /have curing ceremony/: hok'an ba 

ta kahvaltik, vphr(rv & prep & n5). 

reciprocal visiting: talel batel, nphr(vn & vn)5. 

visiting constantly: c'iketik, av. 

hvula9al, agn; hvula9anvaneh, agn. 

an. poss.; visitor: 9ulo9, nld. 

9eal, n3b. 

bolkan, nle; me9 nikel, nphr(n of n)5. 

seil, n3d; Sen, iv. 

vomit on: seta, tv. 

hsenel, agn. 

k'eb, av. 

black vulture: 9ik'al hoi sulem, nphr(nphr/aj & 

n/ type n)5. 

king vulture: rey sulem, nphr(n type n)le. 

turkey vulture: eahal hoi sulem, nphr(nphr/aj & 

n/ type n)5.*; eahal nil sulem, nphr(nphr/aj 

& n/ type n)5.*; tararan, nle. 

w 

henequen wad for shot: tako, nla. 

in wad (clothes): pic'il, aj. 

lie in wad (clothes, paper): pic'i, iv. 

lying in wad: pic', av. 

hee, het, pac\ pee, vub, av. 

(duck, fat woman): se9son, av. 

bek', k'ep, av. 

ham, av. 

bieulan, tv. 

(dog's tail): biebonah, iv. 

(tail): bikomah, iv. 

/tail/: bikulan, tv. 

wag head to side (baby): no ba hoi, vphr(rv & 

nib).

w ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 531 

wage 

waged 

wagging 

wail 

wailing 

waist 

wait 

wake(l) 

wake(2) 

waken 

waking 

walk 

walker 

walking 

wag hips (boy when playing): e'otilan cak, 


tohol, n4f. 

be waged (war): yui, iv(3s). 

bie, bik, k'uc, k'ut, av. 

wagging hips: loe 5 , av. 

walking and wagging short /tail/: tucton, av. 

wail and pray: ?ok'ita kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5). 

">av, ">ok', k'ek, mek', no, pi, vu 1 ), av. 

cukbenal, nld; c'util, n3b. 

mala, tv; mala ba, rv; pas ?ora, vphr(tv & n5). 

sit and wait for: cotleta, tv. 

wake up: hulav, iv; vik'es ba, rv; yul c'ulel, 

vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); yules c'ulel, vphr(tv // 

n). 

lie in wake (person, world on Holy Saturday 

night): kus, tv. 

tih, tv. 

waking life /not dream/: ba balamil, nphr(n4f 

of n5). 

waking up: yul, av. 

sanav, iv. 

be unable to walk (person, horse): pehi, iv. 

(insect, rat): nusetah, iv. 

take a walk: bat ta pasyal, vphr(iv & prep & n5); 

pasyah, iv; pasyan, tv. 

taking a walk: pasy, av. 

walk a certain distance: san, tv. 

walk around: hoyinta, tv. 

walk away: tihbe ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

walk briskly (old person making an effort to 

look strong and youthful): eunbe, tv. 

walk directly behind (assistant who receives 

cane liquor for religious official): tihetah, iv. 

walk gingerly: cavubil sanav, vphr(aj & iv). 

walk holding on to support (child learning to 

walk): meluh, iv. 

walk rapidly: voebe ec'el ta Wk, vphr(tv & dr 


walk side by side (oxen): lotetah, iv. 

walk while holding on to support (young child): 

colconah, iv. 

walk with aid of walking stick: nam-toin, tv(aj 

& ncpd). 

walk with arms around each other's shoulders 

(drunks): hop baik, rv. 

walk with shaman's or official's staff: nam-te- 

•>in, tv(aj & ncpd). 

/for children/: karos, nla. 

cev, kot, noc, av. 

walking around /within yard to prevent trespassing/: 

sanet, av. 

walking gingerly (sick person, person walking 

on slippery trail, or barefoot on thorny path): 

lot'lon, av. 

walking on all fours: cav, kot, av. 

walking on all fours (child, devil, animal): kotkon, 

av. 

walking rapidly (flea, sowbug, centipede): 

nususet, av. 

walking slowly: nuS, av. 

walking stick: nam-tc?al, n(aj & ncpd)3a. 

walking stick insect: ka 1 ) diavlo, nphr(n4d of 

n5).'; tu-eis con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type 

n)le.*; tut lama, nphr(n type n4f)le." 

walking with erect tail: kut av. 

wall 

wallet 

wallow 

wallowing 

walnut 

wander 

wane 

want 

war 

warbler 

warden 

warm 

warmed 

warming 

warp(l) 

warp(2) 

warped 

warping 

warrior 

wart 

wash 

washed 

washes 

9ibel, n4b; pak' na, nphr(n of n)5; pak'bal, n4f; 

pak'bal na, nphr(n of n)5. 

•?av tak'in, nphr(n4f of nla). 

puk' ba, rv; puk'olah, iv; puk'ulah, iv. 

hu">, av. 

ton bek', nphr(n type n)la. 

wander aimlessly: veletah, iv. 

•mnenah, iv; sut, iv. 

9a9i, tv; cak, pt; k'an, tv; nop won, 

vphr(tv/3s/ & n4d); nopilan, tv. 

want to go: tek'etah, iv. 

•)ak'-k'ok', vn(tv & ncpd)5; k'op, nld; pletu, n5. 

wage war: 9ak' k'ok', vphr(tv // n). 

Wilson's warbler: c'ikc'ik, n5. 

church warden: hk'el-'eklisa, agn(tv & ncpd). 

k'isin, aj. 

become warm (water, tortilla): yameah, iv; 

yamk'uh, iv. 

/food/: k'isna, tv. 

get warm (water, day, sweat bath, griddle, 

body): k'isnah, iv. 

warm body: vo, tv. 

warm person /with cane liquor/: yamta, tv. 

warm self: k'atin, iv. 

warm self /with cane liquor, by defeating enemy/: 

k'isna ba, rv. 

warm self in the sun: k'atin k'ak'al, vphr(tv & 

n4). 

/water, coffee/: yamaltas, tv. 

k'isin, av. 

feeling warmed up: laet wi, vphr(av & tv); 

lahet wi, vphr(av & tv). 

warmed inside /with coffee or cane liquor/: 

k'iset, av. 

sitting next to fire warming self: p'osol, aj. 

te9om, nle. 

prepare warp lashing: hit'ak, tv. 

warp lashing: hit'ak, nla; hit'akil holobil, 


warp thread: holobil, n3a. 

lukeah, iv; pec ba, rv; peck'uh, iv; sotan ba, rv; 

soteah, iv; sotk'ih, iv. 

pecpec, aj; pevahtik, aj; pevel, aj; sotol, aj. 

become warped: sotib, iv. 

warping bar or frame: komen, nld. 

hâk'-k'ok', agn(tv & ncpd). 

c'ok, n3a; c'okil, n4d; sat pukuh, nphr(n4d of 

nlOto 

TOS, ptphr(pt & pt). 

there was: loy to los, nphr(n5 & pt & pt). 

/clothes or wool by beating on rocks/: cuk', tv. 

/clothes/: cuk'omah, iv. 

/hands/: has, tv. 

/person, watermelon squash, cushaw, summer 

squash, objects other than clothing, wool, 

food and containers for food and drink/: 

pok, tv. 

wash another person's hair: eebiltas, tv. 

wash clothes at stream: "mk'umah, iv. 

wash down /food/: net' ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). 

wash hair with: eebin, tv. 

wash off self /in river/: sap ba, rv. 

wash one's hair: eebin, iv. 

wash self: wtin, iv. 

washed away: yi 1 ?, av. 

person who washes clothes in stream:

532 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 w 

washing 

wasp 

waste 

watch(l) 

watch(2) 

watchdog 

watching 

water 

water withe 

watercress 

waterfall 

waterhole 

watering 

watermelon 

watery 

wattle 

waving 

umahel, agn. 

pok, av. 

/not ceremonial/: fatimol, vn5. 

?ovispo, nle; cak-lakan te 1 ?, nphr(aj/aj & 

Ucpd/ & n)le.*; canul 9akov, nphr(n of n)5; 

canul 9akov, nphr(n of n)5.*; kitara con, 

nphr(n type n)le.'; kitaron, nle; muyan 

me9el, nphr(impv/iv/ & n)le; varac, nle. 

/lakov or yellow jacket adult/: canul mum, 


eumenid wasp: vub-sus, n(aj & ncpd)le.* 

lowland black wasp: cihavil, nle.* 

wasp nest /including inhabitants/: 9akov, n 1 a.* 

?istalah, iv; listalan, tv; Pistol ?a9i, vphr(n5 & 

tv); c'ay, tv. 

waste one's time: 9ak' vokol, vphr(tv // n); c'ay 

ka'k'al, vphr(tv & n5). 

9ora, nla; reloho, nla. 

k'el, w. 

watch a show: k'el 9elav, vphr(tv & n5). 

watch expectantly: t'ohan sat, vphr(tv & n4d). 

watch from a distance: nam-tal-k'el, tv(aj/aj & 

ivcpd/ & tvcpd). 

watch jealously /making sure that spouse of either 

sex remains faithful/: cabi, tv. 

hk'el-na, agn(tv & ncpd). 

watching expectantly (thief, dog or child watching 

people eating): t'ohol, aj. 

9a9al, n4d; ma9lta, tv; vo9, n5.* 

"flower water /to bathe patient, sacrificial 

chicken and steward's coffer/: nicim, nla. 

holy water: e'uiltasbil vo9, nphr(aj & n)5. 

rain water: e'uhub, n5. 

trip for water: ha9beh, vn5. 

water gourd: eual vo9, nphr(natt & n)5. 

water jug: k'ib, nla. 

water storage jar: tenesa, nla. 

water tank: tanke, nle. 

water that drips from roof of cave: yaleb vo9, 


eahal ve9el 9inatab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

bero, nla; vok vo9, nphr(n of n). 

hybrid watercress: bero, nla. 

yaleb vo9, nphr(n of n)5. 

waterhole for washing clothes: 9uk'unahebal 

voi, nphr(n type n)5. 

9ac', 9ok\ av. 

santia, nla. 

9uy, les, av. 

become watery (corn gruel): yasaub, iv. 

make watery /corn gruel/: yasaubtas, tv.* 

(mud): lesel, aj. 

horizontal wattle: sul, nla. 

turkey wattle /appendage above beak/: sim tuluk', 


wattle and daub house: pak'bal na, nphr(n type 

n)5. 

wave arms in air to shield self (child after being 

struck): hot'ot'an, tv. 

wave back and forth /banners/ (ensign-bearers 

changing office), /hat/ (happy drunk): 

liculan, tv. 

ci», lie, av. 

waving back and forth (wheat): yoet, av. 

waving up and down: bic, av. 

sera, nla. 

way 

we 

weak 

weaken 

wealth 

wealthy 

wean 

weaned 

wear 

wearing 

weasel 

weaver 

weaving 

webbed-fingered 

webbed-toed 

webbing 

wax of ton pom: cab, nla. 

be, nld. 

get in way: makbe 9ok, vphr(tv & n4d). 

get out of the way: k'eh ba, tv. 

way of life: 9es, n4d; tasalul, n4d. 

/exclusive/: vo9otikotik, pn. 

/inclusive/: vo9otik, pn. 


become weak: k'unib, iv; plohoib, iv; yoc, iv. 

become weak /from illness/: 9unenub, iv. 

(cane liquor): sik-laman, aj(aj & Ucpd); yamet, 

av. 

feeling weak: tihbil, aj. 

/person, liquor/: yocol, aj. 

too weak to lift burden /person/: lok'ol-cak, 

nphr(aj & ncpd). 

weak and incapable of physical exertion (person): 

yohoval, aj. 

weak and incapable of physical exertions /restricted 

to third person/: yohoval, n4d. 

/cane liquor/: yoces, tv. 

having one's pulse weaken: yamteyamte c'ic'el, 


weaken person (witch, sickness): copvan, iv. 

?ic"omal, nld; k'ulehal, nld. 

k'iset, av. 

be wealthy: yw> 9u9un, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

become wealthy: k'ulehah, tv; k'ulehan, tv; toy, 

iv. 

make wealthy: k'ulehes, tv. 

wealthy person: hk'uleh, agn. 

wean self: tuc" ta cu9, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). 

be weaned: tuc' ta cW>, vphrftv & prep & n4d). 

lap, tv. 

/necklace, rosary, chaplet/: 9uan, tv. 

/necklace, rosary, chaplet, scarf/: 9uin, tv. 

wear clothes for first time /new clothes, wedding 

clothes, clothes of angels, dudes and 

players/: e"aki, iv. 

wear for the first time /clothes/: eah, tv. 

wear long /pants/: natubtasan, tv. 

wear off (nap): hus, iv. 

wear out: lah, iv. 

wear out /quarry/: lubean, tv. 

wear self out: lubes ba, rv. 

wear self out quickly: lubean ba, rv. 

wear thin (sandal): mayk'uh, iv. 

wear thin /sandal/: may k'un, tv. 

wearing same clothes: soh, av. 

long-tailed weasel: saben, n5; yasal saben, 

nphr(aj & n)5.' 

halav, iv; halomah, iv. 

/cloth, palm/: hal, tv. 

weave replacement for /wool tunic, robe, ceremonial 

robe/: va9eanbe k'esol, vphr(tv & 

n4f). 

with smooth weave: e'ab, av; e'abal, aj. 

hhalom, agn. 

Ink, sot, av. 

weaving head /after receiving blow/: nihih 

ec'el, vphr(av & dr). 

lot-k'ob, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

lot-9ok, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

webbing of foot: k'alav ni9 lok, nphr(nlf of 

nphr/nlf of n3d/). 

webbing of hand: k'alav ni9 k'ob, nphr (nlf of


wedding 

wedge 

Wednesday 

weed 

weed-killer 

weeded 

weeder 

weeding 

week 

weep 

weevil 

weft 

weigh 

weight 

weightless 

weU(l) 

weU(2) 

well-clothed 

well-dressed 

well-fed 

well-flailed 

well-groomed 

well-ground 

well-made 

well-proportioned 

well-reasoned 

well-to-do 

welt 

went 

were 

nphr/nlf of n3d/). 

misail, n4d. 

have church wedding: nupun, iv; nupun ta 

leklisa, vphr(iv & prep & n5); nupun ta pale, 


have civil wedding: nupun ta sivil, vphr(iv & 

prep & n5). 

wedding mass: misa, nla. 

kae'ob te 1 *, nphr(n type n)5; pahcuc te 1 ), 


/hoe, axe/: k'us, n4f. 

slip wedge under /table leg/: k'usi, tv. 

melkules, nle. 

Wednesday of Holy Week: melkules santo, 

nphr(n & aj)5. 

9ak'inah, iv. 

weed alternate rows: k'al, tv. 

weed around each plant /leaving the rest unweeded/: 

hoy-sati, tv(tv & ncpd). 

likido, nla. 

weeded in broad swatch: lebel, aj; t'abal, aj. 

/person/: hâk'in, agn. 

•>ak'in, nla. 

weeding before planting corn: hosiav cenek', 


weeding season: •Jak'intik, n5. 

semana, nla. 

week of duty /justices of the peace, aldermen, 

prefects, constables, principals, sacristans, 

scribes, stewards-royal and publicans/: 

semana, nla. 

?ok', iv. 

bean weevil: canul cenek', nphr(n of n)5. 

corn weevil: canul •Jisim, nphr(n of n)5. 

buk', nla. 

weigh down: "Jalubtas, tv. 

9alal, n4b. 

say, av. 

(tree, agave inflorescence stalk): sipson, av. 

9a">al, n4d; c'enal vo9, vphr(natt & n)5; poso, 

nla; vo, n5. 

well for drinking water: 7uc'balal von, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

lek, aj; pwes, pt. 

get well: ta tohol, vphr(tv // n). 

very well: sil, n5. 

well!: bweno, excl. 

be well-clothed (man with industrious wife): 

k'u7ulah, iv. 

/at fiesta/: poeol, aj. 

be well-dressed: melean ba, rv. 

feeling well-fed /after being hungry/: laet wi, 

vphr(av & tv); lahet 9a9i, vphr(av & tv). 

camem, aj. 

leb, av. 

camem, aj. 

(house): eak'al, aj. 

(nose): tucul, aj. 

(argument): p'ehel, aj. 

become well-reasoned (argument): melolah, iv. 

be well-to-do: yui yuitik, vphr(iv/3s/ & iv/3s/ 

& n4d). 

walk with raised welt: t'eletah, iv. 

/acts as auxiliary verb/: 9a, iv(contr of 7ay). 

to ôs', ptphr(pt & pt). 

there were: 9oy to 9os, nphr(n5 & pt & pt). 

west 

wet 

wether 

wetness 

wetting 

whack 

whacking 

what 

whatever 

wheat 

wheel 

wheelbarrow 

wheezing 

when 

whenever 

where 

wherever 

•>olon, nib; maleb k'ak'al, nphr(n of n)5. 

•>ok', pok', av; t'usul, aj. 

be soaking wet (clothes): t'ayi, iv. 

become wet (clothing): pok'eah, iv. 

become wet (corn that is soaked overnight): ha- 

"?ub, iv. 

(child wetting person, rain): t'usubtas, tv. 

(clothing): pok'ol, aj. 

cold and wet (clothing): sik-t'ayan, aj(aj & 

Pcpd). 

get wet: pie"ean, tv. 

get wet (clothes, ground): t'usub, iv. 

get wet (clothes, ground, person): t'usi, iv. 

get wet /from rain/: t'useah, iv. 

(leaves): e"uhul, aj. 

sopping wet (clothing, floor): pie"il, aj. 

(water spilled on person, child wetting mother): 

t'usean, tv. 

wet and comb /hair/ (woman): t'ab, tv. 

wet and smooth /ground on which flailed corn 

is to fall/: t'ab, tv. 

wet with perspiration (forehead, head): suc'ul, 

a jkapon 

cih, nphr(n type n)la. 

t'usulil, n4d. 

wetting and combing: t'abt'on, av. 

/child/ /with small stick/: t'ecbe, tv. 

/child, dog, pig/: t'es ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep 

& vn5). 

whack /with stick/ /child, dog, chicken/: c'eh 

ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). 

whack at someone or something /with axe or 

machete/: hec'be, tv. 

/with stick/: cek' ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & 

vn5). 

c'eh, his, av. 

whacking suddenly /with stick/: t'esluh, av. 

k'u, pt; k'u caâl, pt & pt; k'usi, pt; k'usitik, pt. 

what for?: k'u caâl, pt & pt. 

what?: k'u, pt; k'usi, pt. 

what? /plu/: k'usitik, pt. 

what's going on?: k'u caâl, pt & pt. 

k'uk, pt(contr of k'u & -uk). 

whatever it is like: k'uk ">elan, vphr(pt/contr of 

k'u & -uk/ & iv/3s/). 

whatever it may be: haûk, pt. 

triko, nla. 

karos, nla. 

karetia, nla. 

rik', har, hoe, hor, hos, kas, av. 

suffering from wheezing cough: soh, av. 

bak'in, pt; bak'ni, pt; k'al, pt; k'alal(3), pt; k'u 

•>ora, nphr(pt & n5). 

/in the past/: bak'ni, pt. 

/moment in the future/: wk', n4e. 

the time when: yoi, pt. 

when the time comes: yo 1 ) to k'u iaâl, ptphr(pt 

& pt & pt & pt). 

when?: k'u TOra, nphr(pt & n5). 

yo9 to, ptphr(pt & pt). 

bu, n5; bu hotukal, nphr(n5 & n5); buy, n(contr 

of bu & ioy) 5. 

the place where: yo?, pt. 

where?: bu, n5; bu hotukal, nphr(n5 & n5); buy, 

n(contr of bu & noy) 5. 

bu hotukal, nphr(n5 & n5); buk, n(contr of bu


whether 

whetstone 

whew 

which 

whichever 

while 

whimpering 

whining 

whinnying 

whip 

whip tree 

whipping 

whippoorwill 

whir 

whirl 

whirling 

whirlwind 

whirr 

whirring 

whishing 

whisper 

whispering 

& -uk) 5; buyuk, n(contr of bu & loyuk) 5. 

wherever?: bu hotukal, nphr(n5 & n5). 

mi, pt. 

/sandstone/: vus ton, nphr(n type n)la. 

/sound of escaping breath/: •myha, excl. 

bu hunukal, nphr(n5 & num5). 

which one: buc'u hunukal, nphr(n5 & num5). 

which one?: buc'u hunukal, nphr(n5 & num5). 

which one? /with numeral classifiers/: bu hunukal, 

nphr(n5 & num5). 

which person: buc'u hunukal, nphr(n5 & 

num5). 

which person?: buc'u hunukal, nphr(n5 & 

num5). 

which?: bu hunukal, nphr(n5 & num5). 

whichever : k'u h , nphr(pt & 

n/nc & numcpd/)5. 

whichever one: bu hunukal, nphr(n5 & num5); 

k'u hunukal, nphr(pt & n5); k'uk ''elan, 

vphr(pt/contr of k'u & -uk/ & iv/3s/); k'uk 

nos 7elan, vphr(pt/contr of k'u & -uk/ & pt 

& iv/3s/). 

whichever person: buc'u hunukal, nphr(n5 & 

num5). 

k'alal(3), pt; t'ab, pt; yolel, pt. 

''in, e'ur, av. 

">i9, av. 

lih, av. 

ârsial, nla; eok'be, tv; e'itbe ?arsial, vphr(tv & 

n5); ciiote, nla; k'ambe, tv; lek'be "Jarsial, 

vphr(tv & nld); timbe , vphr(tv & 

n5). 

horse whip: tapaho, nla. 

whip repeatedly: hisisanbe, tv. 

muk'ta tusnuk' te9, nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/); sakil tusnuk' to, nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/); tusnuk' te">, nphr(n type n)5. 

his, lac, av. 

get a whipping (child, dog): ti9 nukul, vphr(tv & 

n5). 

kurkuvic", n5.* 

make whir: t'arbe, tv. 

(dust devil): sutubah, iv; sutumah, iv. 

whirl away /stick, stone with slingshot/: him 

ec'el, vphr(tv & dr). 

him, av. 

(tornado): meeeeet, av. 

(wind): sututet, av. 

sutum '?ik', nphr(aj & n)le. 

/bull roarer/: humilan, tv. 

liar, him, hum, pur, far, av. 

(corn mill EKL 258;2-9): t'asaset, av. 

(mourning dove): viret, av. 

cih, av. 

mismis"-k'opoh, iv(aj & ivcpd); mismis-k'opon, 

tv(aj & tvcpd); mismis k'op, nphr(aj & n5); 

visvis-k'opoh, iv(aj & tvcpd); 

visvis-k'opon, tv(aj & tvcpd); visvis k'op, 


whisper about: mismis-k'opta, tv(aj & tvcpd); 

visvis-k'opta, tv(aj & tvcpd). 

mis, av. 

whispering session: mismis-k'optaeh-bail, 

vn(vn/aj & tvcpd/ & rpncpd)5; 

visvis-k'optaeh-bail, vn(tv/aj & tvcpd/ & 

rpncpd)5. 

whistle 

whistler 

whistling 

white 

whiteness 

whitewash 

Whitsunday 

whizzing 

who 

whoa 

whoever 

wholehearted 

wholeheartedly 

whoop 

whooping 

whooshing 

whore 

whorl 

why 

wick 

wicked 

wide 

pietah, iv; susub, n5. 

cause to whistle toward someone /machete, 

stick, bullet/: hasbe, tv. 

clay whistle /made in San Cristobal and blown 

by children on fiesta of St. Lawrence/: vilol, 

nld. 

(gourd): 9ok\ iv. 

whistle a tune: susubah, iv. 

whistle at: piu, tv; piuta, tv; susubta, tv. 

whistle at someone through teeth /archaic/: 

e'ue'upta, tv. 

whistle through teeth: sisibah, iv. 

whistle through teeth at: sisibta, tv. 

hsusubahel, agn. 

•»is, his, hu, hu 1 ?, pi, av; susubal, n3d. 

whistling by: has, av. 

meko, aj; sak, aj; sakil, aj. 

become white: sakub, iv. 

egg white: sakil, n4f. 

/eyes/: sakil, n4f. 

sakil, n4e. 

bon, nle; bon, tv; bonol, nle; mah-tani, tv(tv & 

ncpd). 

yal ta vinahel rios, vphr(iv/3s/ & pt & n5 & n5). 

bar, hik', hum, hur, sar. av. 

buc'u, n5; k'u, pt. 

who cares: nimurus, excl. 

who?: buc'u, n5. 

who? /plu/: buc'utik, n5. 

cccu, excl. 

/exclamation to calm horse/: sto, excl. 

buc'uk hunukal, nphr(pt/contr. of buc'u & uk/ 

& n5); buc'utik, pt. 

hunul won, nphr(num4f of n4d). 

hunul "Won, nphr(num4f of n4d). 

give war whoop /as did U. S. Indians, with interruptions 

formed by touching hands to 

lips/ (cantor and judge ordinary during 

Carnival): vaban 9e, vphr(tv & n4d ). 

hik', av. 

whooping cough: hik'ik'ul lobal, nphr(aj & n)5. 

cih, hus, av. 

puta, nld. 

/finger/: sutubal, n4f. 

inan. poss.; whorl: sutum 9ik', nphr(aj & n)le. 

spindle whorl /clay/: eek, nig. 

whorl on ball of the thumb: eek k'ob, nphr(n4e 

of n4d). 

ean, pt; k'u wun, nphr(pt & n4f); k'um, 

pt(contr of k'u & yw>un); porke, pt. 

/emphatic/: k'u ma wun, nphr(pt & pt & n4f); 

k'u main, ptphrfpt & pt/contr of ma & yu- 

•ntnf) 

/implies person is at fault/: eal luûn, ptphr(pt 

& n4d/3s/); caluk, pt; ean, pt. 

that is why: poreso, excl; yec'o, pt; yec'o ">al, 

vphr(pt & tv/3s); yec'o ka, ptphr(pt & x). 

why doesn't: ya, pt. 

why is it?: k'u caâl, pt & pt. 

why?: k'u 'Wun, nphr(pt & n4f); k'u caâl, pt 

& pt; k'u melol, nphr(pt & n4f); Wwn, 

pt(contr of k'u & yufun). 

meca, nla. 

many a, aj. 

hamal, aj; semel, aj.


wide-brimmed 

wide-eyed 

wide-mouthed 

wide-necked 

widely 

widen 

wider 

widespread 

widow 

widower 

width 

wife 

wiggle 

wiggling 

wild 

wild-haired 

wild-talking 

will 

William 

willow 

wilt 

become wide (woven palm strip): yihub, iv. 

(cap of amanita): leclec, aj. 

(cleared stretch of forest): level, aj. 

/cloth on loom when too wide/: lic'li


witchcraft 

witching 

with 

wither 

witness 

wobbling 

wonder 

wood 

wood-carver 

wood-gathering 

woodcreeper 

wooden-headed 

woodpecker 

wool 

wooly 

word 

wordless 

work 

•>ahval camel, nphr(n4f of vn5). 

/seller of souls/: hconvaneh, agn. 

accuse falsely of witchcraft: valance 9ahval 

camel, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of vn5/). 

sickness caused by witchcraft: 7ak'ben camel, 

nphr(n type vn)5. 

be capable of witching: yu 1 ) yu?tik, vphr(iv/3s/ 

& iv/3s/ & n4d). 

ciiuk, n4b; ci9ukbe, n4b; tohol, n4b. 

go with: ci9uk ec'el, nphr(nlb & dr). 

/me, etc./: ta tohol, nphr(prep & n4d). 

with it: ?o, pt. 

cause to wither (frost): 9ak' k'ak'al, vphr(tv/3s/ 

& n4e). 

(flowers): moc'eah, iv. 

restiko, agn. 

person who serves as witness in disputes at town 

hall: restiko, agn. 

sov, av. 

(tooth, fence post): yocyon, av. 

wobbling head: net, av. 

wobbling suddenly (post, tree): vecluh, av. 

?ane, nla. 

male term of address to younger woman: yay, 

n5. 

old woman: me9el, agn. 

woman who always stays at home: vue'lemal 

lane, nphr(aj & n)5. 

woman who is no longer a virgin: kecelil, n3b. 

young or small woman: bik'tal 9ane, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

9al 9o9on, vphr(tv // n); 9at won, vphr(tv // 

n); k'opoh 9o9on, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). 

dry wood: taki-te9, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

wood gatherer: hkuc-si?, agn(tv & ncpd). 

wood left by runaway fire: tokol, nld. 

h9an-te9, agn(tv & ncpd). 

kuc-si 1 ?, vn(tv & ncpd)5. 

strong-billed woodcreeper: tuktuk, nle.* 

/unidentified/: ti?, n5.* 

cuman to hoi, ajphr(nphr/n of n/5 type n)5. 

acorn woodpecker: bah-te 1 ? mut, nphr(vn/tv & 

ncpd/ type n)5; reketo, n5; tunsarek, n5. 

golden-fronted woodpecker: bah-te 1 ) mut, 

nphr(vn/tv & ncpd/ type n)5; tunsarek, n5. 

hairy woodpecker: ti9, n5.* 

pale-billed woodpecker: kalpintero mut, 

nphr(agn type n)5.* 

eoe, nla. 

carded wool: hasbalal eoe, nphr(aj & n)5. 

short and poor quality wool: c'is eoe, nphr(n 

type n)le. 

eon, av. 

black wooly bear: pohol, nle. 

very wooly (animal): eonol, aj. 

k'op, nld. 

/unable to respond quickly/: 9alet, av. 

9abteh, iv; ?abtel, vnla. 

load with work: temanbe 9abtel, vphr(tv & 

n4d). 

look for work: pas kanal, vphr(tv & n5). 

unit of work: taria, nld.* 

work at high speed: licbe "?abtel, vphr(tv & n5). 

work from dawn to dusk: males k'ak'al, vphr(tv 

&n5). 

work hard: basbolah, iv; basbolan, tv. 

worker 

working 

world 

worm 

worm-eaten 

worried 

worry 

worse 

worship 

worshipper 

worthless 

worthwhile 

would 

wound 

wound wort 

wounded 

woven 

wrangle 

wrangler 

wrap 

work in corn field: cabah, iv; caban, tv. 

hiabtel, agn. 

finca or ranch worker who is assigned to set 

example for others in work: kaporal, agn. 

working industriously: bot'bon, av. 

working swiftly: sal, av. 

halamil, nla. 

cabbage worm: canul 9itah, nphr(n of n)5. 

/infesting fruit or corn/: suit, nle. 

worm-infested /pack sore/: k'a9, aj. 

become worm-eaten: hoc'ib, iv; hoc'in, iv. 

(corn, beans, wood): hoc', aj. 

powder of worm-eaten corn, beans or wood: 

hoc', n4a. 

be worn thin on side or end (sole): keck'uh, iv. 

have corners worn off (hoe): mayeah, iv. 

worn down: kec, av. 

worn out: hi I, av. 

worn thin (toe of sandal): mayal, aj. 

copol won, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). 

be worried: k'opohes icon, vphr(tv & n4d); 

yan ba ?o9on, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn/3s/ & 

n4d). 

be worried about: 9al won, vphr(tv // n). 

9at hoi, vphr(tv // n); k'opoh 9o9on, 


get worse (pain): bae'ih, iv. 

nup kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5); nup rios, vphr(tv 

& n5); ta ta na9el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); tik' 

rios ta Won, vphr(tv & n5 & prep & n4d). 

hnup-rios, agn(tv & ncpd); hpas-resal, agn(tv & 

ncpd); hresavil, agn. 

family group of worshippers /sing, does not occur/: 

hresaletik, agn. 

It is worthless!: mu k'u sa9, vphr(pt & pt & 

tv/3s/). 

(person): sovra, aj. 

be worthwhile (curing ceremony, medicine, imprisonment): 

balin, tv. 

yecuk, aj. 

would have: yecuk, aj. 

lastima, nla; yayihemal, nib. 

shrubby wound wort: suil "Mtah, nphr(x type n). 

be wounded: yayih, iv. 

loosely woven: cahal, aj; cehahtik, aj; cehelik, 

a Jwoven 

section /palm/: halbenal, nlf. 

(spouses): p'ah baik, rv. 

hsa9-k'op, agn(tv & ncpd). 

poean, tv. 

/bandage around limb, rope around top of bag, 

barbed wire around tree/ /figure eight pattern/: 

c'al, tv. 

/bottles to prevent clinking, eggs or new pots 

to prevent breaking when carried/: k'al, tv . 

/tamale/: pis, tv. 

/tamales/: pisolah, iv; pisomah, iv. 

wrap around: k'am, tv. 

wrap around /neck/: mit\ tv. 

wrap around warping bar (thread): ni, iv. 

wrap loosely /head in scarf while holding 

onto ends/: vol, tv. 

wrap oneself /in blanket or rain cape/: 

k'u?un, tv. 

wrap self /in blanket or shawl/: k'am ba, rv. 

wrap self /in blanket/: soman ba, rv; somi, iv;

W/Y ENGLISH-TZOTZIL 537 

wrapped 

wrapper 

wrapping 

wreck 

wrestle 

wrestler 

wretched 

wriggle 

wriggling 

wring 

wrinkle 

wrinkled 

vol ba, rv. 

wrap thread around warping bar: ni, tv; niolah, 

iv; niomah, iv. 

wrap tightly /head in neckerchief with ends fastened 

tightly around neck/: sut\ tv. 

wrap tightly /head in neckerchief/ (steward, 

holy elder, person with headache): mit\ tv. 

wrap up /clothes, tortillas/: vol, tv. 

mit\ som, sut\ av; pisil, aj. 

be wrapped /wounded leg in piece of old straw 

mat/: potri, iv. 

be wrapped up /in blanket/: voli, iv. 

become wrapped around: yak ba, rv. 

(head, tortillas, wound): sut'ul, aj. 

/in blanket or shawl/: k'amal, aj. 

/person in blanket, patient in "flowers", dog in 

leaves, mouse in wool/: somol, aj. 

wrapped around: pic', av. 

wrapped up (person in blanket, head in scarf): 

volol, aj. 

charcoal wrapper /leaves used by charcoal sellers/: 

vol 9ak'al, nphr(nlf of nld). 

/leaves used to wrap tamales, corn husk, air 

pine leaves, banana leaves or banana trunk 

used to wrap posol, oak leaves used to wrap 

charcoal when it is carried to be sold/: vol, 

n4f. 

tamale wrapper: vol "tot, nphr(n4f of n4d). 

tamale wrapper /hand flower leaves/: vol vah, 


wrapping slowly /tamales/: pispon, av. 

9istalah, iv; 9istalan, tv; listol wi, vphr(n5 & 

tv). 

band-backed wren: cinkataranka, n5.* 

plain wren: k'ok'-sat mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type n)5. 

southern house wren: k'ok'-sat mut, nphr(n/aj 


him baik, rv; sotilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep 

& vn5); tahin, iv; tahinta, tv. 

/often has sexual connotation/: hip baik, rv. 

hhimvaneh ta lum, agn(nphr/vn & prep & n5/); 

hsotilanvaneh ta mahel, agn(vphr/iv & prep 

& vn5/). 

yo, aj. 

biebonah, iv; bieulan, tv. 

wriggle excitedly (dog): lukomah, iv. 

9oe, bie, av. 

(caterpillar in fire): moc"et, av. 

(dog's tail on ground, snake): meemon, av. 

(grub, centipede, large caterpillar): taoton, av. 

/laundry/: pic*, iv; pie', tv. 

wring out /laundry/: pie'omah, iv. 

puseah, iv. 

/cloth, paper/: muc'ilan, tv. 

(clothing): euk ba, rv; mod' ba, rv. 

/nose in disgust/: eukan, tv. 

/paper/: moc'ilan, tv. 

(skin): eui ba, rv. 

wrinkle nose and show teeth: c'ivan 9e, vphr(tv 

& n4d); c'ivan ni9, vphr(tv & n4d). 

wrinkle up /nose, mouth/: e'otan, tv. 

become wrinkled (skin): eu9ib, iv. 

(clothes): pusahtik, aj. 

(face with anger or age, scrotum): eukul, aj. 

(face): timtim, aj. 

wrinkling 

wrist 

wristbone 

write 

writer 

writhe 

writhing 

writing 

written 

wrong 

wrongdoer 

yam 

yapping 

yard 

yam 

yaw root 

yawn 

yawning 

year 

yell 

yelling 

yellow 

yellow-throat 

yellowed 

yellowness 

yelp 

yelping 

yes 

yesterday 

yield 

yielding 

yoke 

yoked 

yolk 

you 

young 

(skin): eu">an, aj; eu9ul, aj. 

with nose wrinkled and teeth showing /laughing, 

in anger/: Civil 9e, vphr(aj/pred/ & 

n4d); c'ivil ni9, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). 

wrinkled up: izukeuk, aj. 

wrinkled up (nose): civel, aj. 

wrinkling nose: civ, c'iv, av, mils, av. 

wrinkling up nose /laughing/: civ£on ni9, 


nuk' k'obol, nphr(nlf of n3d). 

bakel k'ob, nphr(n4f of n4d); sat k'obol, 


e"iba, tv; e"ibah, iv. 

he*ibahel, agn; he'ibahom, agn. 

(snake): lukilan ba, rv; sotilan ba, rv; taulan ba, 

rv. 

cev, av. 

(dying snake): mococet, av. 

e"ibahel, n5. 

eakal, aj. 

obstinately continue to do wrong: toyel wi, 

vphr(n4f & tv). 

hsa9-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). 

Y 

wild yam: e'itesob 7at, nphr(n4f of n5); p'uk, n. 

e'u'?, c'ev, veh, av. 

/bare yard in front of house/: 9amak', nla. 

front yard: ti9 na, nphr(nlf of nld). 

in the yard: 9ut mok, nphr(n4f of nld). 

9istampre, nla. 

/used for tassels, for border of tunic/: lilas, nla. 

9ahval te9, nphr(n type n)5. 

hac'-'Jeal, vn(tv & ncpd)5; hac'-7ean, iv(tv & 

ncpd). 

hac', av. 

habil, n2b. 

hold year renewal ceremony: 9oc kantela, 


year renewal ceremony /the first of three ceremonies/: 

9ac" habil, nphr(aj & n)5. 

9avan, iv. 

/scolding, yakking/: sekson 9e, vphr(av & n4d). 

k'anal, aj; k'on, aj. 

become yellow (corn leaves): 9ucib, iv. 

make yellow (field mustard in corn field): k'anubtas, 

tv. 

turn yellow, ripen: k'anub, iv. 

common yellow-throat: c'ikc'ik, n5. 

•)uc, n4e. 

k'anal, n4f. 

(dog): 9avan, iv. 

9av, k'ek', vek, av. 

(hen turkeys V2;22): coplahet, av. 

ha9, excl; hi9, excl. 

volhe, nle. 

provide good yield (corn): bek'in, tv. 

lak, av. 

(mud): laklak, aj. 

cohan, tv; mankornal, nla. 

/oxen/: £oh, nld. 

coh, loh, av. 

egg yolk: k'anal, n4f. 

/plu/: vo?osuk, pn. 

/sing/: vo9ot, pn. 

•)unen(2), aj.

538 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 Y/Z 

(corn ear): yi, aj. 

/dog, etc., i.e., puppy, kitten, colt, heifer/: k'os 

, nphr(aj & n)Id. 

(fruit): tueul, aj. 

(fruit; peach, squash, chayote, avocado): tucul, 

young 

nphr(aj & n5). 

/horse,cow/: c'iom 

young-looking 

young and old: p'ehel lucul, ajphr(aj & aj). 

hayal, aj. 

younger /of men/: rie'inal, n3d. 

(person or animal): e'akal, aj. 

youngest /sister, brother/: k'os'il , nphr(aj & n)3d. 

yucca e'in-te?, n(x & ncpd)la. 

bulb stem yucca: 'Joy vinahel, nphr(n4e of n5); 

ci met, nphr(n type n); ci vet, nphr(n of n); 

kasilan tok'oy, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Zinacantan Cinakanta, n5. 

Zinacantan Center Htek-lum, n(x & ncpd)5. 

Zinacantec heinakanta, agn. 

zinnia common zinnia: eahal lolonal nicim, nphr(aj & 

nphr/natt & n/); eahal c'is nicim, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); eahal nicim ta •'olon ">osil, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ & prep & nphr/n type 

n/); nicim san-lukas, nphr(n4f of n/aj & 

ncpd/5); vctus, nla. 

peruvian zinnia: lit'is eahal krisantema, 

nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/); nicim san-lukas, 

nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/).

Scientific Names

Abies 

Abronia 

Abutilon 

Acacia 

Acaena 

Acalypba 

Acanthoscelides 

Acassia 

Accipiter 

Acer 

Achimenes 

Acrocinus 

Acrocomia 

Actitis 

Abies guatemalensis Rehder: romero, n. 

Abronia ochoterenai: c'is cikin. nphr(n type n)5. 

Abutilon purpusii Standl. ??: k'anal e'oban, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Abutilon tridens Standl. &Steyerm.: e'oban to, 


Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze: 9olnob cih, 

nphr(n4d of n5); wlnob ka9, nphr(n4d of 

n5); eahal sasib, nphr(aj & n); k'aiesob nukul, 

nphr(n of n); k'os sakil sasib, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); k'os sasib, nphr(aj & n); 

muk'ta sasib, nphr(aj & n); sakil sasib, 

nphr(aj & n); sasib, n5; timbre, n. 

Acacia cornigera (L.) Willd.: cohcoh, nle. 

Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.: sakil c'is(2), 

nphr(aj & n). 

Acacia pennatula (S. & C.) Benth.: c'is to, 

nphr(n type n)le; kevrahaca, n; kevrahaca 

tei, nphr(n type n); muk'ta kevrahac'a, 

nphr(aj & n); sakil c'is tei, nphr(aj & 


Acacia pringlei Rose: vamuc tef, nphr(n type 

n). 

Acaena elongata L.: ?uc' mas pos, 

nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); k'os 9uc" mas, 


Acalypha aff. unibracteata: eahal tei, nphr(aj & 

n). 

Acalypha amensis Poepp. & Endl.: Pistol c'o, 

nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5); eukum e*iilel, nphr(n 

type n). 

Acalypha botteriana Muell. Arg.: eukum nic 

e*i?lel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). 

Acalypha hispida Burm.: eahal kilkil niftm, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); kilkil nicim, nphr(aj 

& n); ne kotom nicim, nphr(nphr/n of n/ 

type n); sim tuluk' nicim, nphr(nphr/n of 

n/ type n). 

Acalypha langiana Muell.: eoeil eahal te9, 


Acalypha sp.: eukum e"i?lel, nphr(n type n). 

Acanthoscelides sp.: canul cenek', nphr(n of n)5. 

Acassia skinneri Benth.: na vonon to, 


Accipiter cooperi: sararin sik, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. 

Accipiter striatus: himic" sik, nphr(n type n)5. 

Acer negundo: sakil to, nphr(aj & n)le. 

Achimenes longiflora DC: yasal kampana 

e'frlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

Acrocinus sp.: canul yasal to, nphr(n of nphr/aj 

& n/)5. 

Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart.: nap, nld. 

Actitis macularia: ?ac'el mut, nphr(vn type n)5; 

Scientific Names 

541 

me") 9ac'el, nphr(n of n)5. 

Adiantum Adiantum andicola Liebm.: "?ik'al ?ok eib, 


Aegopogon Aegopogon cenchroides Humb. & Bonpl.: k'unhobel, 

n(aj & ncpd). 

Aeschynomene Aeschynomene compacta Rose: lolnob i'o, 

nphr(n4d of n5); k'os sasib, nphr(aj & n). 

Agaricus Agaricus campestris L. ex Fr.: muk'ta moni 1 ), 

nphr(aj & n). 

Agaricus sp.: mom 1 ?, n 1 a. 

Agave Agave aff. huehueteca Standl. & Steyerm.: ci 

met, nphr(n type n). 

Agave brachystachys Cav.: muk'ta tub cil, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); tub cil, nphr(n of n). 

Agave cf. americana L.: muk'ta met, nphr(aj & 

n); muk'tik met, nphr(aj & n). 

Agave sp.: ci, nla; hic'il met, nphr(aj & n); te- 

"Hikal ci, nphr(natt & n). 

Agdestis Agdestis clematidea Moc. & Sesse: eahal 9ak', 

nphr(aj & n). 

Agelaius Agelaiusphoeniceus: kaslan bak mut, nphr(aj & 


Ageratum Ageratum corymbosum Zucc: yasal nak'ubal 

IUS, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); yasal nic e'i9lel, 


Ageratum echioides (Less.) Hemsl.: civo pos, 


Ageratum houstonianum Mill.: nap'ap' eî^lel, 

nphr(aj & n)le; yasal nic e'i^lel, nphr(nphr/aj 

& n/ type n). 

Ageratum paleaceum (DC.) Hemsl.: yasal nic 

e*i9lel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

Agouti Agouti paca: volov, nle. 

Agrocybe Agrocybe sp.: ceceval cihil to, nphr(natt & 

nphr/aj & n/)5; k'anal yuy cauk, nphr(aj & 


Alchemilla Alchemilla pringlei Fedde: 9akusa e'iilel, 


AJdama A Idama dentata Have & Lex.: sakil pilis, nphr(aj 

& n). 

Allium AHium cepa L.: sevulya, nla. 

AI Hum kunthii G. Don: tc?tikil tuis, nphr(natt & 

n)ld; tuis ka 1 ), nphr(n of n). 

Allium porrum L.: tuis, nla. 

Allium sativum L.: 9asus ka9, nphr(n4d of n5). 

Alnus Alnus arguta (Schlecht.) Spach: nok, nle; sakil 

nok, nphr(aj & n). 

Alnus ferruginea Kunth: eahal nok, nphr(aj & 

n); nok, nle; sakil nok, nphr(aj & n). 

Alouatta Alouatta villosa: mas, n5. 

Aloysia Aloysia chiapensis Moldenke: veêl kulahte^, 

nphr(n of n). 

Alternanthera A hernanthera laguroides Standl.: k'ask'as e'iilel, 

nphr(aj & n); pae-hol nifim, nphr(n/aj &


Alvaradoa 

Amamta 

Amaranthus 

Ambrosia 

Amelanchier 

Am mi 

Amphilophium 

Amygdestes 

Ananas 

Andropogon 

Anemia 

Annona 

Anoda 

Anolis 

Anthemis 

Anthericum 


Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm.: hac'ub te9, 

nphr(n type n); kamaron te9, nphr(n type n). 

Amanita caesarea (Scop, ex Fr.) Pers. ex 

Schw.: k'anal yuy, nphr(aj & n). 

Amanita muscaria (L. ex Fr.) Hook.: eahal yuy, 

nphr(aj & n); eahal yuy cauk, nphr(aj & 


Amanita sp.: k'anal yuy, nphr(aj & n); k'anal 

yuy cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); yasal yuy, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Amanita vaginata (Bull, ex Fr.) Vitt.: ">ik'al 

cecev, nphr(aj & n); sakil yuy, nphr(aj & 

n). 

Amaranthus hybridus L.: eahal e'ul 9itah, 

nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); eahal c'is e'ul 

9itah, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); 

e'ul litah, nphr(x type n)la; c'is e'ul 9itah, 

nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); c'isal e'ul 9itah, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil e'ul 9itah, 


Amaranthus scariosus Benth.: eahal e'ul 9itah, 

nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 

Amaranthus spinosus L.: eahal c'is e'ul •Utah, 

nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); sakil 

c'is e'ul 9itah, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x 

type n/). 

Ambrosia cumanensis Kunth.: 9altamisa, nld; 

hhalal-me9tik, agn(aj & ncpd). 

Amelanchier denticulata (HBK.) Koch: 9it'is 

maneana, nphr(n4f of n5); k'os pah-?ul, 

nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). 

Amelanchier nervosa (Dene.) Standl.: maneana 

te?, nphr(n type n). 

Ammi majus L.: lenkahe, n5. 

Amphilophium paniculatum var. molle (S. & C.) 

Standl.: can-eelav 9ak', nphr(n/num & ncpd/ 

type n). 

Amygdestes obscurus: 9oresyon mut, nphr(n 

type n)5. 

Ananas comosus Merr.: pasak', nla. 

Andropogon bicornis L.: hobelal salma, 


Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) BSP.: 7akan hobel, 

nphr(n type n)5; hobelal salma, 

nphr(natt & n); pec'e-9ok hobel, nphr(n/aj 

& ncpd/ type n); sakil hobelal salma, 

nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). 

Anemia adiantifolia (L.) Swartz: 9ik'al 9ok eib, 


Anemia phyllitidis (L.) Sw.: muk'ta 9ik'al eib, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta eib, nphr(aj 

& n). 

Annona cherimola Mill.: k'eves, nla. 

Annona diversifolia Safford: papausa, nla. 

Annona purpurea Mocino & Sesse ex Dunal: 

cin-hol k'eves, nphr(n/aj & n/ type n)5. 

Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.: e*itesob holol, 

nphr(n of n); kilahtik saho9, nphr(aj & n); 

muk'ta leb soe\ nphr(aj & nphr/x of n/); 

posil holol, nphr(n of n). 

Anolis sp.: 9ueW ni9, nphr(aj & n)le. 

Anthemis cotula L.: maneanilya, nla. 

Anthericum eleutherandrum (Koch) H. E. 

Moore: k'os tub cil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Anthericum vestitum Baker: k'anal tub Cil, 

Anthurium 

Antigonon 

Aphelocoma 

Apis 

Apium 

Aploleia 

Apoclada 

Ara 

Aratinga 

Arbutus 

Axceuthobium 

Archibaccharis 

Arctostaphylos 

Ardisia 

Arenaria 

Aristida 

Armillaria 

Arracacia 

Arthraxon 

Arundinella 

Asclepias 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k'os k'anal tub cil, 

nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Anthurium aff. fortinense Engl.: nicim me9eletik, 

nphr(n4d of n5); pamal habnal, nphr(natt 

& n)la. 

Anthurium seleri Engl.: k'os pamal habnal, 


Anthurium tetragonum Hook.: pama] habnal, 

nphr(natt & n)la. 

Antigononflavescens Wats.: sakil e"usub, nphr(aj 

& n); sakil cukob citom 9ak', nphr: aj & 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); te9-9ak', n(aj & 

ncpd). 

Antigonon guatemalense Meissn.: lit'is barsin 

9ak', nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/); 9it'is kranata 

9ak', nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); eahal 9ic 

9ak\ nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); kanava 9ak', 

nphr(n type n); yasal barsin 9ak', nphr(aj & 


Aphelocoma unicolor: hes, nld. 

Apis melliflora: fanul pom, nphr(n of n)5. 

Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) F. Muell.: kulantu 

c'o, nphr(n of n). 

Aploleia multiflora (Mart. & Gal.): k'os 

e*emeni9, nphr(aj & n). 

Apoclada sp.: bis, nla; ton bis, nphr(n type n). 

Ara macao: mo9oc, n5. 

Aratinga canicularis: c'el, nle. 

Arbutus xalapensis HBK.: 9on te9, nphr(n type 

n)5; nap'ap' 9on te9, nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/); sakil 9on te9, nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/). 

Arceuthobium globosum Wiens & Hawksw.: 

k'anal nok'ol sik'ol, nphrfaj & nphr/x & n/). 

Archibaccharis serratifolia var. paniculala 

(Donn. Sm.) Blake: bik'it solom, nphr(aj & 

n); k'os solom, nphr(aj & n). 

Arctostaphylos lucida (Small) Standl.: 9it'is 9on 

te9, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). 

Ardisia escallonioides Schlecht. & Cham.: c'ulul 

9anal te9, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); muk'ta 

pasamum, nphr(aj & n); pasamum te9, 


Arenaria altorum Standl. & Steyerm.: posil cih, 

nphr(n of n). 

Aristida schiedeana Trin. & Rupr.: eahal hobel, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Armillaria mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Karst: Ceceval 

pomos, nphr(natt & n). 

Arracacia bracteata C. & R.: 9ama dauk, 


Arracacia nelsoni C. & R.: k'os k'ail, nphr(aj & 

n). 

Arthraxon quartinianus (A. Rich.) Nash: eaeal 

t'ul hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); k'unhobel, 

n(aj & ncpd). 

Arundinella deppeana Nees ex Steud.: 9akan 

hobel, nphr(n type n)5; puh-9akan hobel, 

nphr(n/aj & n/ type n); puh-9ut hobel, 


Asclepias curassavica L.: ?at e*i9 e"i9lel, nphr: 

nphr(n4d of n5) type n; nicim c'ulelal, nphr(n 

of n); pohov e'i9lel, nphr(n type n). 

Asclepias oenotherioides Cham. & Schlecht.: 

posil nuk'ul, nphr(n of n). 

Asclepias similis Hemsl.: 9at e"i7 te9, nphr:

A/B SCIENTIFIC NAMES 543 

Asparagus 

Asp ilia 

Asplenium 

Aster 

Astianthus 

Ateles 

Atlapetes 

Auricularia 

Autolyca 

Avena 

Baccharis 

Bacopa 

Bambusa 

Barisia 

Barleria 

Basiliscus 

Bastardia 

Bauhinia 

nphr(n4d of n5) type n; muk'ta primon, 

nphr(aj & n); primon, nle. 

Asdepias sp.: lat e'in 7ak', nphr: nphr(n4d of 

n5) type n. 

Asparagus plumosus J. G. Baker: kilkil nifiim, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Aspilia purpurea Greenm.: eahal sahoi, nphr(aj 

& n). 

Asplenium monanlhes L.: kilahtik eib, nphr(aj & 

n). 

Aster exilis Ell.: kokoion nic nab, nphr(n type 

nphr/n of n/); posil sal-e'i'), nphr(n of n/aj & 

ncpd/). 

Aster moranensis HBK.: posil sal-eM 1 ), nphr(n 

of n/aj & ncpd/). 

Astianthus viminalis (HBK.) Baill.: cilkat, n5. 

Ateles geoffroyi: mas, n5. 

Atlapetesgutturalis: k'anal c'ut mut, nphr(nphr/ 

aj & n/ type n)5; k'anal k'ovis, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Auricularia auricularis (Hook.) Underw.: 9ik'al 

cikin hiik'al, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k'anal 

cikin h9ik'al, nphr(aj & nphr/n of agn/). 

Auricularia sp.: sakil cikin h9ik'al, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of agn/). 

Autolyca sp.: k&i diavlo, nphr(n4d of n5); tu-eis 

con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)le. 

Avena fatua tar. fatua L.: lavena, n. 

Avena saliva L.: sikil oosilal c'aben, nphr(nphr/ 

aj & natt/ & n). 

B 

Baccharis glutinosa Pers.: cilkat, n5; cilkat to, 

nphr(n type n); sakil cilkat, nphr(aj & n); 

tok'oy, nla. 

Baccharis serraefolia DC: *?it'is tuil to, 

nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/); c'ail pos, nphr(aj 

& n)5; posil ea'Jnel, nphr(n of vn). 

Baccharis trinervis (Lam.) Pers.: •Jarsial te 1 ?, 


Baccharis vaccinioides HBK.: bae*i mes to, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil mes te 1 ), 


Bacopa sp.: k'os bertulaka, nphr(aj & n); 

visobtakil, nla; yasal veltura litah, nphr(aj 


Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl. var. (vittata) 

A. & C. Riviere: lotot, n5; k'anal taro, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Barisia moreleti: canib Wk, nphr(num & n)le. 

Barleria micans Nees: eukum nic e'iilel, 


Basiliscus vittatus: st'er, nla; teles, nld. 

Bastardia viscosa (L.) HBK.: nap'ap' e*i?lel, 


Bauhinia albiflora Britt. & Rose: oik'al voy dih, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); bik'it voy cih, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k'os voy c"is to, 


voy cih te 1 ), nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ 

type n); voy cih to, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type 

n). 

Bauhinia divaricata L.: sakil voy cih, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); voy cih te"), nphr(nphr/n of n/ 

type n). 

Bauhinia pauletia Pers.: bik'it voy cih, nphr(aj 

Beaucarnia 

Begonia 

Berchemia 

Berula 

Beta 

Bidens 

Bixa 

Bletia 

Boa 

Bocconia 

Boerhaavia 

& nphr/n of n/); c'is voy c'is te">, nphn n type 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); macita to, nphr(n 

type n). 

Bauhinia ungulata L.: eahal voy cih te?, nphr: 

aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 

Beaucarniagoldmanii Rose: bik'it kasflan tok'oy, 


Begonia biserrala Lindl.: muk'ta vala-pohov, 

nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); posil 9eal, nphr(n of 

n). 

Begonia fischeri var. tovarensis Irmscher: muk'ta 

vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). 

Begonia plebeja Liebm.: pohov e'frlel, nphr(n 

type n). 

Berchemia scandens (Hill.) Trel.: eis 9uc âk', 


Berula erecta (Huds.) Cov.: âlavena nic nab, 

nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); koko"?on nic nab, 

nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); kulantu e'i'Jlel, 


Beta vulgaris L.: metabel, nld. 

Bidens aurea (Ait.) Sherff: bik'it saho 1 ), nphr(aj 

& n); eoein matas, nphr(aj & n); matas, nle; 

matasil be e'i'Jlel, nphr(nphr/natt & n/ type 

n). 

Bidens cf. triplinervia HBK.: "rit'is matas, 


Bidens chrysanthemifolia (Kunth) Sherff: îfis 

matas, nphr(n4f of n5); k'os sakil saho?, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil saho?, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Bidens ferulifolia (Jacq.) DC: 7it'is matas, 

nphr(n4f of n5); hic'il •'anal saho 1 ?, 


Bidens ostruthioides (DC.) Sch. Bip.: 9it'is matas, 

nphr(n4f of n5); k'anal matas, nphr(aj & 

n); matas, nle; matasil teitik, nphr(natt & 

n); sahoal teitik, nphr(natt & n). 

Bidens pilosa L.: k'ak'al mae'ul, nphr(aj & n) or 

nphr(n type n); k'ak'al mac'ul, nphr(aj & n) 

or nphr(n type n); k'os matas, nphr(aj & n); 

k'os sakil matas, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

matas, nle; matas e'iilel, nphr(n type n); 

sakil matas, nphr(aj & n). 

Bidens squarrosa HBK.: eis cauk 9ak', 


Bidens triplinervia var. mollis (Poepp. & Endl.) 

Sherff: k'ak'al fuc' mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d 

of n5/); muk'ta k'anal matas, nphr(aj & 


Bixa orellana L.: voôs, nla. 

Bletia reflexa Lindl.: muk'ta k'ohom, nphr(aj & 

n). 

Bletia sp.: luc'ul voal ba ton, nphr(nphr/x type 

natt/ type nphr/n of n/). 

Boa constrictor: bolera, n5. 

Bocconia arborea S. Wats.: wmi cauk, nphr(n4f 

of n5); bonob kamosa lei, nphr(nphr/n of n/ 

type n); eis £auk, nphr(n of n)5; muk'ta 

•)ama cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/); posil 

haval 9okol, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/). 

Bocconia frutescens L.: muk'ta lama dauk, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/); posil haval ?okol, 

nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/). 

Boerhaavia diffusa L.: eahal kilahtik nes, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta bertulaka,


Bogenhardia 

Boldoa 

Boletus 

Bomarea 

Bombus 

Bonplandia 

Borago 

Borreria 

Bothrops 

Bougainvillea 

Bouteloua 

Bouvardia 

Brachygastra 

Brahea 

Brassica 

Breweria 

nphr(aj & n). 

Boerhaavia erecta L.: pueul nicim, nphr(aj & 

n); va'iahtik nes, nphr(aj & n). 

Bogenhardia crispa (L.) Kearney: eoein e J 'i9]el, 

nphr(aj & n); eoein cicol c'o, nphr(aj & 


Boldoa purpurascens Cav.: k'os 9itah hsoktom, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of agn/). 

Boletus a/finis Peck.: k'anal homoc'-'mt sekub 

t'ul, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/ type 


Boletus sp.: eahal sekub t'ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

of it/); k'anal sekub t'ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/); k'os k'anal sekub t'ul, nphr: aj & 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk'ta sekub t'ul, 

nphrfaj & nphr/n of n/}; sakil sekub t'ul, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sekub vakas, 

nphr(n of n). 

Bomarea acutifolia (Link & Otto) Herb.: ''at 

e'i? 9ak*, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. 

Bomarea hirtella (HBK.) Herb.: lat e'i 1 ) 'Jak', 

nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n; lcbol cih, 

nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5); ni 1 ? e'ii, nphr(n of n); 

posil sal-e'i 1 ? wk', nphr: nphr(n of n/aj & 

ncpd/) type n. 

Bombus formosus: k'anal vonom, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

Bombus sp.: h9alnom vonon, nphr(agn type n)5. 

Bonplandia geminiflora Cav.: yasal nic e'iilel, 


Borago officinalis I..: boraha, nld. 

Borreria laevis (Lam.) Griseb.: posil eainel, 

nphr(n of vn); sakil pern k'ulub, nphr(aj & 

nphr/x & n/); sansanil be, nphr(natt & n); 

yasal sansan, nphr(aj & n). 

Borreria sp.: sakil sansanil be, nphr(aj & nphr/ 

natt & n/). 

Bothrops atrox: navuyaka, n5. 

Bougainvillea buttiana Hoittum & Standl.: eahal 

kilkil nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Bougainvillea glabra Choisy: yas'yas-ûlan 

nicim, nphr(n/aj & Ucpd/ type n). 

Bouteloua media (Fourn.) Gould & Kapadia: 

k'os eahal hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Bouvardia leiantha Benth.: nic tokail e'i^lel, 


Bouvardia sp.: kampana nicim, nphr(n type n); 

k'os kampana nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/); sakil kampana nicim, nphr(aj & 


Brachygastra sp.: kitara con, nphr(n type n)le; 

kitaron, nle; varac, nle. 

Brahea dulcis (HBK.) Mart.: bae'i s'an, nphr(aj 

& n)5. 

Brahea prominens L. H. Bailey: pik' san, nphr(x 

type n). 

Brassica campestris L.: bae'i napus, nphr(aj & 

n); c'is napus, nphrfaj & n); napus, nla. 

Brassica juncea (L.) Coss.: c'ulul mustisya, 

nphr(aj & n); mustisya, nla. 

Brassica oleracea L.. w>on vakas ?itah, nphr: 

nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5) type n; bae'i 'Man, 

nphr(aj & n)ld; kolinabo, n; muruc" litah, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Breweria sulphurea Brandegee: sakil kampana 

•?ak\ nphrfaj & nphr/n type n/). 

Brickellia 

Bromelia 

Bubo 

Buchnera 

Bucida 

Buddleia 

Buettneria 

Bufo 

Bunchosia 

Bursera 

Buteo 

Byrsonima 

Brickellia guatematensis Rob.: k'os" eoe-nn tei, 

nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 

Brickellia scoparia (DC.) A. Gray: eueub, n. 

Bromelia hemisphaerica Lam.: cimpo pasak', 

nphr(x type n)5; kinya pas'ak', nphr(n type 

n)5. 

Bromelia pinguin L.: kinya pasak", nphr(n type 

n)5. 

Bromeliaplumieri (E. Morr.) L. B. Sm.: pasak', 

nla: potpot pasak', nphr(aj & n). 

Bubo virginianus: *>icin, n5. 

Buchnera pusilla HBK.: yasal nocleb vonon, 


Bucida macrostachva Standl.: kacu toro, nphr(n 

of n); muk'ta kacu toro ter nphr: aj & 


Buddleia americana L.: ")it'is" cele-pat, nphr(n4f 

of n/x & ncpd/): k'os' eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x 

& ncpd/); sakil eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & 

ncpd/). 

Buddleia amplexicaulis Standl. & Steyerm.: 

can-eelav, n(num & ncpd); can-eelav 

eele-pat. nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n/x & 

ncpd/); k'os" eele-pat. nphrfaj & n/x & 

ncpd/). 

Buddleia chordata HBK.: eele-pat, n(x & 

ncpd)le. 

Buddleia crotonoides A. Gray: bik'it eele-pat, 

nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); eele-pat, n(x & 

ncpd)le; can-eelav, n(num & ncpd); 

can-eelav eele-pat, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ 

type n/x & ncpd/): k'os eele-pat, nphr(aj & 

n/x & ncpd/). 

Buddleia nitida Benth.: oik'al eele-pat, nphr(aj 

& n/x & ncpd/); eele-pat. n(x & ncpd)le; 

can-eelav, n(num & ncpd); hâk'-eeluel, 


Buddleia skulchii Morton: ''ik'al eele-pat, 

nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); bae'i eele-pat, 

nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); eele-pat, n(x & 

ncpd)le; sakil eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & 

ncpd/). 

Buettneria aculeata Jacq.: makom iak'. nphr(n 

type n); makom c'is, nphr(n type n); yasal 

makom c'is, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

Bufo horribi/is: henhen, nle. 

Bufo valliceps: lamuc, nla; mo vo">, nphr(n of 

n)5. 

Bunchosia lanceulala Turcz.: muk'ta ventes mol, 


Bunchosia montana Juss.: eoe-ni") to, nphr(n/aj 

& ncpd/ type n)5: k'an-'Jic iak', nphr(n/aj & 


Bursera aff. simaruba (L.) Sarg.: sal-to, n(aj & 

ncpd)5. 

Bursera bipinnaia (DC.) Engl.: 9ac'el pom, 


Bursera cf. diversifolia Rose: lac'el pom, nphr(n 

type n). 

Bursera excelsa (HBK.) Engl.: bae'i pom, 

nphr(aj & n); pom rios, nphr(n of n). 

Bursera tomentosa (Jacq.) Tr. & PI.: bae'i pom, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Buteo nitidus: himic" sik, nphr(n type n)5. 

Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) DC: ci9, nld; nanei^, 

nla.

Caesalpinia 

Calceolaria 

Calcophyllum 

Calea 

Calliandra 

Calochortus 

Calocitta 

Calopogonium 

Calvatia 

Calyptocarpus 

Campelia 

Campylorhynchus 

Canavalia 

Can is 

Canna 

Caesalpinia exostemma DC: k'os macita tei, 


Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.: macita tei, 


Calceolaria tripartite R. & P.: k'os pueul, 

nphr(aj & n); pueul e'iilel, nphr(n type n). 

Calcophyllum candidissimum (Vahl.) DC: iik'al 

kanela to, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); eahal 

kanela to, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

kanela to, nphr(n type n); muk'ta kanela 

to, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

Calea hypoleuca Rob. & Greenm.: c'a-to e'illel, 

nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n); c'a-to to, 

nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). 

Calea integrifolia (DC.) Hemsl.: hic'il lanal 

eele-pat, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/x & 

ncpd/). 

Calea urticifolia (Mill.) DC: c'ail pos", nphr(aj 

& n)5. 

Calliandra grandiflora ( L'Her.) Benth.: eahal 

nic sasib to, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type 

nphr/n type n/); c'ic' nil, nphr(n of n); c'ic' 

nil to, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n): sasib, n5. 

Calliandra houstoniana (Mill.) Kuntze: c'ic' nil, 

nphr(n of n). 

Calliandra penduliflora Rose: k'os voy cih tei, 

nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 

Calliandra porloricensis (Jacq.) Benth.: lolnob 

kai, nphr(n4d of n5); muk'ta sasib k'aiesob 

nukul, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n of 

n/); sakil sas'ib, nphr(aj & n); sasib, n5; 

s'asib to, nphr(n type n). 

Calochortus ghiesbreghlii S. Wats.: k'os eahal 

tub cil, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

k'os" tub cil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Calocilta formosa: lalperes mut, nphr(agn type 

n)le. 

Calopogonium caeruleum (Benth.) Sauv.: cenek' 

iak\ nphr(n type n). 

Calvatia sp.: bik'it colcol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

of n/); k'anal puepue pos, nphr(aj & nphr/aj 

& n/); muk'ta colcol be, nphrfaj & nphr/n 

of n/). 

Calyptocarpus wendlandii Sch. Bip.: hoi coy, 

nphr(n of n); hoi coy e'iilel, nphr(nphr/n of 

n/ type n); muk'ta hoi coy, nphr(aj & 


Campelia zanonia (L.) HBK.: muk'ta eahal 

e'emenh, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta 

e'emenii, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta yasal 

e'emenii, nphrfaj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Campylorhynchus zonatus: cinkataranka, n5. 

Canavalia glabra Mart. & Gal. ) Sauer: barsin 

lak', nphrfaj & n); botil lak', nphr(n type n); 

macita lak', nphr(n type n); pek' moel, 

nphr(n of n); tei-iak', n(aj & ncpd). 

Canavalia hirsutissima Cav.: lok' e"ii lak', 

nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); eahal iak', 

nphr(aj & n); cenek' lak', nphr(n type n); 

macita ''ak', nphr(n type n); pek' moel, 

nphr(n of n). 

Canavalia villosa Benth.: macita iak', nphr(n 

type n). 

Canis lalrans: lok'il, n5. 

Canna edulis Ker: c'uc', nld; k'os eahal c'uc'. 

SCIENTIFIC NAMES 

Cantharellus 

Capparis 

Caprimulgus 

Capsicum 

Cardamine 

Carex 

Carica 

Casearia 

Casimiroa 

Cassia 

545 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k'os" c'uc', nphrfaj 

& n). 

Cantharellus sp.: eahal mana 10k, nphr(aj & 

nphr/x type n4f/); sak-balon, n(aj & ncpd). 

Capparis flexuosa (L.) L.. sakil cenek' iak', 


Caprimulgus ridgwayi: cukcuk bikil, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

Caprimulgus vociferus: kurkuvic', n5. 

Capsicum annuum var. minimum (Mill.) Heiser: 

lie mut, nphr(n4d of n5); eoi mut He, 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)la; k'os" eoi mut 

lie, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/ type n): tempic, 

n; tempic "Me, nphr(n type n); tempran lie, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Capsicum annuum L.: Tic mloi, nphr(n4d of 

n5); lie kulahtik, nphr(n4d of n5); bak lie. 

nphr(aj & n)la: bik'it bak i\i, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/): k'os" bak îc, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj &. n/); k'os sakil 9ic, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); mok-nn iic, nphr(n/aj & 

ncpd/ type n); muk'ta bak ">ic, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); sak-morte, n(aj & ncpd); 

sakil lie, nphr(aj & n)ld; volvol 9ic, nphr(aj 

& n); yasal sakil iic. nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/). 

Capsicum pubescens R. & P.: k'anal lie, 

nphr(aj & n); sakil came-iat iak', nphr: aj & 

nphr(n/aj & nepd/type n). 

Capsicum sp.: eahal cicol tei, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/): cicol c'o iak". nphr(nphr/n 

of n/ type n); pueul cicol, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Cardamine jlaccida C. & S.: hero nic nab, 

nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). 

Carex donnell-smithii Bailey: pec'e-iok hobel. 


Carica cauliflora Jacq.: k'os papaya, nphr(aj & 

n); papaya mut, nphr(n of n)la: teitikal papaya, 


Carica papaya L.: papaya, nla. 

Casearia nitida Jacq.: kahve tei, nphr(n type n); 

ventes mamal, nphrfn of n). 

Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex.: lah-to, n(n & 

ncpd)la; sakil iah-to, nphr(aj & n/n & 

ncpd/). 

Cassia biflora L.: eis citom tei, nphr(nphr/n of 

n/ type n); cenek' ten, nphrfn type n); k'os 

lolnob to, nphrfaj & nphr/n type n/); pueul 

cih, nphrfn of n); sinal to, nphrfaj & n). 

Cassia cf. palmeri Wats.: k'os* sasib, nphrfaj & 

n). 

Cassia cf. stenocarpoides (Britt.) Standl.: lolnob 

c'o, nphr(n4d of nS); k'os sat mes, nphr(aj & 


Cassia chiapensis Standl.: k'anal sinal tei, 

nphrfaj & nphr/aj & n/); k'os sinal to, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); soro to, nphr(n 

type n)la. 

Cassia emarginala L.: lit'is eoi sulem tei, 

nphr: n4f of nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); 

macita to, nphr(n type n); sakil to, 

nphrfaj & n)le; sinal to, nphrfaj & n). 

Cassia hispidula Vahl.: posil mo vinik, nphrfn 

of nphr/n of n/). 

Cassia nicaraguensis Benth.: lit'is habnal, 

nphr(n4f of n5); bik'it voy cih, nphrfaj &


Cassidix 

Castilleja 

Cathartes 

Catopheria 

Cavendishia 

Cayaponia 

Ceanothus 

Cecropia 

Cedrela 

Ceiba 

Celtis 

nphr/n of n/); muk'ta habnal, nphr(aj & n); 

sinal te9, nphr(aj & n). 

Cassia occidentalis L.: 9olnob cih, nphr(n4d of 

n5); lolnob vet, nphr(n4d of n5); c'aben ka9, 

nphr(n of n); muk'ta ?olnob c'o, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n4d of n5/); yasal 9olnob e'Wel, 


Cassia reliculata Willd.: 9olnob let, nphr(n 

type n). 

Cassia skinneri Benth.: bik'it eahal oak', nphr(aj 

& nphr/aj & n/); k'anal sinal te9, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta 9olnob c'o, nphr(aj 

& nphr/n4d of n5/); yas-9ib te 1 ), nphr(n/aj 

& ncpd/ type n); yasal 9olnob lei, nphr(aj 


Cassia londuzii Standley: Ian te9, nphr(x type 

n); santa-rosa tei, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); 

santa-rosail te9, nphr(natt/aj & ncpd/ & n); 

yas-9ib te9, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 

Cassia trislicula Kunth: verel c'o, nphr(n of n). 

Cassia uniflora Mill.: cenek' e'i9lel, nphr(n type 

n); k'anal 9olnob e'i^lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/); muk'ta 9olnob c'o, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n4d of n5/); yolum, n. 

Cassidix mexicanus: bak mut, nphr(aj & n)le. 

Castilteja arvensis C. & S.: bot'-hol e'i^lel, 

nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); h9ak'-9uc, agn(tv 

& ncpd); posil balamil, nphr(n of n); soltaro 

pos, nphr(n type n). 

Castilleja integrifolia L. f.: 9ik'al pom e"unun, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5; bik'it nocleb vonon, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); bik'tal 

h9ak'-9uc, nphr(aj & agn/tv & ncpd/); 

ealub kelem, nphr(n of n); k'anal ?ik'al 

pom e"unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n 

of n/); k'anal nic primon, nphr(nphr/aj & 

n/ type n); k'os 9ik'al pom e'unun, nphr: aj 

& nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); yalem bek'et(2), 

nphr(aj & n); yalem bek'et e'i'Jlel, 


Cathartes aura: eahal hoi sulem, nphr(nphr/aj 

& n/ type n)5; eahal ni9 sulem, nphr(nphr/aj 

& n/ type n)5; tararan, nle. 

Catopheria chiapensis A. Gray: muk'ta yas-cel, 

nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); yas-cel, n(aj & 

ncpd); yas-celul, n(aj & ncpd). 

Cavendishia guatemalensis var. chiapensis 

(Brandegee) L. Wms.: konkon, n. 

Cayaponia allenuata (Hook. & Arn.) Cogn.: 

savon 9ak', nphr(n type n); ve9el mut, 

nphr(n of n). 

Cayaponia racemosa (Mill.) Cogn.: savon 9ak', 


Ceanothus coeruleus Lag.: 9ik'al pomos, nphr(aj 

& n); sakil pomos, nphr(aj & n); sakil te9, 


Cecropia peltala L.: k'orok' te 1 ), nphr(x type n). 

Cedrela odorata L.: eahal c'ut-te9, nphrfaj & n/ 

aj & ncpd/); c"ut-te9, n(aj & ncpd); sakil 

c"ut-te9, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). 

Ceiba aesculifolia (HBK.) B. & R.: mohan, n5; 

nanta9, n. 

Ceiba sp.: mohan, n5. 

Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg.: ci 9ak', nphr(n 

type n); Io9bol hti9-sip, nphr(n of agn/tv & 

ncpd/). 

Cenchrus 

Centrosema 

Centurus 

Cerastium 

Ceryle 

Cestrum 

Chamaedorea 

Charadrius 

Cheilanthes 

Chenopodium 

Chimaphila 

Chiranthodendron 

Chloris 

Chlorophora 

Chodanthus 

Chordeiles 

Chrysanthemum 

Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.: bik'it mosote 

hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

eukum hobel, nphr(n type n); c'is mosote, 

nphr(aj & n); sakil mosote, nphr(aj & n). 

Cenchrus pilosus HBK.: mosote hobel, nphr(n 

type n). 

Centrosema plumieri Benth.: 9ok' efi") 9ak', 

nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). 

Centrosema pubescens Benth.: 9ok' efil lak', 

nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); cenek' 9ak', 

nphr(n type n); k'os macita 9ak', nphr(aj & 


Centurus aurifrons: bah-te9 mut, nphr(vn/tv & 

ncpd/ type n)5; tunsarek, n5. 

Cerastium vulcanicum Schlecht.: k'os sakil 9anal 

moy, nphr: aj & nphr/aj & nphr/n4f of n5/); 

sakil Yemeni'?, nphr(aj & n). 

Ceryle alcyon: heak-coy, agn(tv & ncpd); 

hti9-coy, agn(tv & ncpd). 

Cestrum auranliacum Lindl.: 9ik'al te9, nphr(aj 

& n)5; bik'it 9ik'al tei, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/); k'os tuil te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

tuil te9, nphr(aj & n)le. 

Cestrum guatemalense var. gracile Morton: tuil 

te9, nphr(aj & n)le. 

Cestrum guatemalense Francey: hic'il 9anal ten, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k'os tuil te">, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); tuil ten, nphr(aj & 

n)le. 

Cestrum nocturnum L.: bik'it 9ik'al ten, nphr(aj 

& nphr/aj & n/); sakil 9ik'al te9, nphr(aj & 


Cestrum sp,: âvon te9, nphr(n type n). 

Chamaedorea nubium Standl. & Steyerm.: cayna 

nicim, nphr(n type n); muk'ta c'ib, nphr(aj & 

n). 

Chamaedorea sp.: baeM c'ib, nphr(aj & n); c'ib, 

nla. 

Charadrius vociferus: me9 9ac"el, nphr(n of n)5. 

Chamaedorea sp.: k'os sakil c'um-te9, nphr: aj & 

nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/); muk'ta sakil 

c'um-te9, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/n & 

ncpd/); sakil eop-c"um-te9, nphr: aj & n(aj 

& ncpd/n & ncpd/). 

Cheilanthes farinosa (Forsk.) Kaulf.: sakil eib, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Chenopodium ambrosioides L.: koko9on, nla. 

Chenopodium murale L.: tan e'iilel, nphr(aj & 

n); tan e'ul 9itah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Barton: k'os ion te9, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); posil poslom, 

nphr(n of n). 

Chiranthodendron pentadactylon Larreategui: 

k'am-soc", n(x & ncpd)la. 

Chloris virgata Swartz: 9it'i§ 9akan hobel, 

nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); poe-nic hobel, 


Chlorophora tinctoria Gaud.: hoi tuk' te9, 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); k'anal te 1 ), nphr(aj 

& n); mora, n; mora te9, nphr(n type n). 

Chodanthus puberulus Siebert: te9-9ak', n(aj & 

ncpd). 

Chordeiles minor: haval 9ek'el, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Chrysanthemum coronarium L.: krisantema, n. 

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.: k'os markarita, 

nphr(aj & n); markariton, nla; muk'ta

Chusquea 

Chysis 

Cirsium 

Cissampelos 

Cissus 

Citharexylum 

Citrullus 

Citrus 

Clavaria 

Clematis 

Cleome 

Clethra 

Clitocybe 

Clitoria 

markarita, nphr(aj & n); pino markarita, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.: krisantema 

nicim, nphr(n type n). 

Chrysanthemumparthenium (L.) Bernh.: hharalmotik, 

agn(aj & ncpd) I a; nicim 

hc'ul-me'Hik, nphr(n4d of agn/aj & ncpd/); 

nicim hharal-me'Hik, nphr(n of agn/aj & 

ncpd/). 

Chusquea sp.: ne kotom, nphr(n of n). 

Chysis sp.: 7at kotom, nphr(n4d of n5). 

Cirsium horridulum Michx.: eahal c"is, nphr(aj 

& n); eahal Icbalal c'is", nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/); eahal sakil c'is, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/); Icbol c'is, nphr(n type n). 

Cissampelos pareira L.: kururin, n; kururin 9ak\ 


Cissus cacuminis Standl.: eahal 9ak", nphr(aj & 

n); eahal ve9el 9inatab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/); e'itesob holol, nphr(n of n). 

Cissus sicyoides L.: eahal veie\ 9inatab, nphr(aj 

& nphr/n of n/). 

Cissus sp.: voel 9inatab, nphr(n of n). 

Citharexylum donnell-smilhii Greenm.: kahve 

to, nphr(n type n). 

Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.: santia, nla. 

Citrus auranlijolia (Christm.) Swingle: te9el 

lelamonis, nphr(natt & n). 

Citrus aurantium L.: 9alasas, n. 

Citrus limetta Risso: c'ulul lima, nphr(aj & n); 

has'-cu9 lima, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); naranha 

lima, nphr(n type n); te9el lima, 

nphr(n of n). 

Citrus medica L.: sila, nla. 

Citrussinensis(L.) Osbeck: naranha, nla; pimil 

pat naranha, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

Clavaria sp.: k'anal 9isim cih, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n4d of n5/); k'os 9isim cih. nphr(aj & 

nphr/n4d of n5/); nes'nestik lisim cih, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); sak-vayan 9isim 

cih, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n4d of 

n5/); sakil 9isim cihal k'a-te9, nphr: aj & 

nphr(nphr/n4d of natt/ & n/aj & ncpd/); 

sulub cih, nphr(n of n). 

Clematis dioica L.: 9ic 9ak', nphr(n type n)5; 

9ici 9ak', nphr(x type n); 9icil 9ak', nphr(natt 

& n); muk'ta e'usub, nphr(aj & n). 

Clematis grossa Benth.: 9ic 9ak", nphr(n type 

n)5; 9ici ?ak', nphr(x type n). 

Cleome aculeata L.: ve9el cintuli9, nphr(n of n). 

Cleome magnifica Briq.: pa9 9itah, nphr(x type 

n)ld. 

Clethra lanata Mart. & Gal.: bak 9amuc te9, 

nphr(nphr/n of n/) type n; muk'ta k'os'os* te9, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); toh-cc te9, 

nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). 

Clitocybe aurantiaca Studer: k'anal c'is mana 

9ok, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/x type 

n4f/). 

Clitocybe clavipes (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer: 9ik*al 

iat ka9, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). 

Clitocybe sp.: k'abis toh, nphr(n of n)la; k'anal 

mana 9ok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/); sakbalon, 

n(aj & ncpd). 

Clitoria polystachya Benth.: sakil cenek' te?, 



Clusia Clusia rosea Jacq.: memela to, nphrfn type 

n); pik'in to, nphr(n type n). 

Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus sp.: patis", nle. 

Cnidoscolus Cnidoscolus aconilifolius (Mill.) I. M. Jtn.: la, 

nle; muk'ta la, nphr(aj & n); sakil la, nphr(aj 

& n). 

Cnidoscolus aff. aconitifolius (Mill.) I. M. Jtn.: 

bae"i la, nphr(aj & n); con la, nphr(n type n); 

la ka9, nphr(n of n); muk'tik la, nphrfaj & 

n). 

Coaxana Coaxana ebracteata Rose: 'ama cauk, 

nphr(n4f of n5); k'os k'ail, nphrfaj & n). 

Cobaea Cobaea scandens Cav.: kampana iaV, nphrfn 

type n). 

Coccoloba Coccoloba mayana Lundell: karnero le9, nphr(n 

type n); k'osos te9, nphrfn type n)5. 

Coccoloba sp.: karnero tei. nphrfn type n); 

k'os'os to, nphr(n type n|5. 

Coccyzus Coccyzus americanus: •'ora mut, nphrfn type 

n)5; ma9-sat mut. nphr(n/aj ncpd/ type n)5. 

Coccyzus minor: 9ora mut, nphrfn type n)5; ma- 

9-sat mut. nphrfn/aj ncpd/ type n)5. 

Cochlospermum Cochlospermum vitifolium Willd. ex Spreng: 

puekuy, n5; sam-pilpe te9, nphr(n/aj & 

ncpd/ type n); sinal te9. nphrfaj & n). 

Cocos Cocos nucifera L.: koko. n5. 

Coendu Coendu mexicanus: c'is 9uc. nphrfn type n)5. 

Coffea Coffea arahica L.: leiel kahve, nphrfn of n). 

Colaptes Colaptes cafer: tuktuk, nle. 

Coleonyx Coleonyx elegans: ninyo, nla. 

Colinus Colinus virginianus: cintuli9, nle: vaskis mut, 


Collybia Collybia dryophila (Bull, ex Fr.) Kummer: sakbalon, 

nfaj & ncpd). 

Collybia sp.: ceceval satin. nphr(natt & n); 

k'anal mana 9ok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type 

n4f/); sak-balon, n(aj & ncpd); sakil bililus'. 

nphr(aj & n). 

Cologania Cologania broussonetii (Balb.) DC.?: 9ak" vob 

9ak'. nphr(nphr/n4e of n5/ type n); cenek' 

9ak', nphrfn type n); cenek' c'o 9ak". 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); k'os' sut, nphrfaj 

& n); muk'ta 9ak" vob, nphrfaj & nphr/n4e 

of n5/). 

Cologania glabrior Rose: cenek' 9ak", nphr(n 

type n). 

Columba Columba fasciata: c'acak, nle; k'us eukutin, 


Columbigallina Columbigal/ina passerina: pulivok, nld; soltaro 

mut, nphr(n type n)5; toltora, n5. 

Combretum Combretum fruticosum (Loefl.) Stuntz.: 9ic'ak 

mut 9ak', nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); sakil 

te9-9ak', nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). 

Commelina Commelina alpestris Standl. & Steyerm.: k'os 

yasal e'emeni'), nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

yasal me e'hlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type 

n). 

Commelina coeleslis Willd.: 9ik'al e"emeni9, 

nphr(aj & n); eahal e'emeni9, nphr(aj & n); 

e ) emeni9, n5; k'os e'emeni9, nphr(aj & n); 

k'os yas'al e'emeni9, nphrfaj & nphr/aj & 

n/). 

Commelina diffusa Burm. f.: 9uc'ul vo9 e'iilel, 

nphr(nphr/x type n/) type n; bik'itik 

e'emeni9, nphr(aj & n); k'os e"emeni9, 

nphr(aj & n); k'os yas'al e'emeni9, nphr(aj &


Conepatus 

Conium 

Conocybe 

Conopholis 

Contopus 

Conyza 

Copnnus 

Coragyps 

Cordia 

Coreopsis 

Coriandrum 

Coriaria 

Cornus 

Cortinarius 

Corvus 

Cosmos 

Cracca 

Cranichis 

Crataegus 

nphr/aj & n/); yasal me e'hlel, nphr(nphr/aj 

& n/ type n). 

Commelina erecta L.: buluk' sat e"i9lel, 

nphr(n/x & n/ type n); k'os yasal e'emeni'?, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil e'emeni9, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Conepatus mesileucus: sak-pat, n(aj & ncpd)ld. 

Conium maculalum L.: 9enkahe, n5. 

Conocybe sp.: sakil ?at kai, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d 

of n5/). 

Conopholis americana (L.) Wallr.: ?ahan cue, 

nphr(n4d of n5); 9ahan hoh, nphr(n4d of n5). 

Contopus pertinax: 9ulis"pipi9, n5; p'okoyOT, 

n5; toe-hol mut, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n)5. 

Conyza chilensis Spreng.: muk'ta nap'ap' 

e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Conyza par/a Cronq.: muk'ta pic' tuluk', 


Coprinus comatus (Muell. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray: 

sakil balahtik 9at ka 1 ?, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & 


Coragyps atratus: 9ik'al hoi sulem, nphr(nphr/ 

aj & n/ type n)5; 9ik'al sulem, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Cordia alliodora (R. & P.) Cham.: eahal be 

sinic te9, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ 

type n); sakil be sinic te9, nphr: aj & 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); tc>el marimpa, 

nphr(n of n). 

Cordia denlata Poir.: nankipu, n; nankipu to, 


Cordia dodecandra DC: muk'ta nankipu, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Cordia ferruginea Roem. & Schult.: k'ask'as 

e"i9lel, nphr(aj & n); voel cue, nphr(n of n); 

ve9el kulahte9, nphr(n of n). 

Cordia joliosa Mart. & Gal.: hic'il 9anal te9, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); sak-paran te9, 

nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); voel kulahte 1 ), 

nphr(n of n); ve'Jel mut, nphr(n of n). 

Cordia sebestena L.: muk'ta nankipu, nphr(aj & 

n). 

Coreopsis mutica DC: eahal te9, nphr(aj & n); 

k'an-iic, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

Coriandrum sativum L.: kulantu, nla. 

Coriaria thymifolia H. & B. ex Willd.: loibol vet, 

nphr(n of n). 

Cornus excelsa Kunth: 9isbon, nld. 

Cortinarius sp.: eahal k'abis toh, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); ceceval bae'i te9, nphr(natt & 


Corvus corax: hoh, nle. 

Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.: eahal kampray, nphr(aj 

& n); kampray, n; sak-vayan kampray, 

nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); sak-vayan nicim, 

nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). 

Cosmos crithmifolius HBK,: bik'it saho9, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Cracca sp.: cenek' c'o, nphr(n of n). 

Cranichis trilobala L. O. Wms.: e'emeni9al ba 

ton, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/). 

Crataegus pubescens (HBK.) Steud.: bik'it 

k'at'is, nphr(aj & n); eahal sihom k'at'is, 

nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); c'is(l), n5; 

k'anal k'at'is, nphr(aj & n); k'anal sihom 

k'at'is, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); k'at'is, 

nla; k'os k'anal sihom k'at'is, nphr: aj & 

Craterellus 

Crepidotus 

Crescentia 

Crocodilus 

Crotalaria 

Crotalus 

Croton 

Crotophaga 

Crusea 

Cryptotis 

Crypturellus 

Ctenasaua 

Ctenasauris 

Cucumis 

nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); muk'ta eahal 

k'at'is, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta 

k'anal k'at'is', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Craterellus cornucopoides Fr.: 9at buro con, 

nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); 9ik'al pila, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Crepidotus sp.: kusumal cikin-ib, nphr(natt & 

n/n of nepd/). 

Crescentia cujete L.: boc, nla; maluk, nle; pisis 

boc te9, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

Crocodilus americanus: lagarto, nla. 

Crotalaria incana L.: k'os c'aben, nphr(aj & n). 

Crotalaria longiroslrata H. & A.: bae'i c'aben, 

nphr(aj & n)5; e'unbalal c'aben, nphr(aj & 

n)5; c'aben, nla; muk'ta c'aben, nphr(aj & 

n). 

Crotalaria maypurensis HBK.: c'aben ka9, 

nphr(n of n); muk'ta c'aben cih, nphr(aj & 


Crotalaria mucronata Desv.: e'unbalal c'aben, 

nphr(aj & n)5; muk'ta e'unbalal c'aben, 


Crotalaria pumila Ort.: bik'it c'aben, nphr(aj & 

n); c'aben, nla; c'aben c'o, nphr(n of n); k'os 

c'aben, nphr(aj & n); tontikil c'aben, 


Crotalaria quercetorum Brandeg. vel. aff.: 

c'aben 9antivo, nphr(n of n); c'aben c'o, 

nphr(n of n). 

Crotalaria sagittalis L.: posil vayicil, nphr(n of 

n). 

Crotalus durissus: 9aha-con, n(n type ncpd)5; 

k'anal 9aha-con, nphr(aj & n/n type ncpd/)5. 

Crotalus sp.: 9ik'al 9aha-con, nphr(aj & n/n type 

ncpd/)5. 

Croton ciliato-glanduliferus Ort.: nap'-9us e"i9lel, 

nphr(n/tv & nepd/ type n); posil sep', nphr(n 

of n); sakil eunenn e'i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/ 

aj & n/). 

Croton guatemalensis Lotsy: k'os 9uc, nphr(aj 

& n). 

Croton sp.: eahal nam-te9 mol, nphr: aj & 

nphr(n/aj & nepd/ of n); muk'ta nam-te9 

mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & nepd/ of n); 

yas-9ib te9, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n). 

Crotophaga sulcirostris: e'ok-ni9 mut, nphr(zj/aj 

& nepd/ & n)5; h9ak'-cin, agn(tv & nepd); 

hti9-sip, agn(tv & nepd). 

Crusea calocephala C. & S.: eahal sansanil be, 


Crusea parviflora Hook. & Am.: euneun e'i^lel, 

nphr(aj & n); sakil sansanil be, nphr(aj & 

nphr/natt & n/). 

Crusea subulata (DC.) A. Gray: eie e'i'Jlel, 


Cryptotis sp.: hlut'ieh-be c'o, agn: nphi(n/tv 

nepd/ type n)5. 

Crypturellus cinnamomeus: 9alak' balamil, 

nphr(n4f of n5)5; 9uyhan mut, nphr(n type 

n)la; pertis mut, nphr(n type n)5. 

Ctenasaua pectinata: 'nk'al 9inatab, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

Ctenasauris similis: eahal 9inatab, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

Cucumis anguria L.: c"ako9 9ak', nphr(n type n); 

c'um-te9 c'o, nphr(n/n & nepd/ of n);

C/D SCIENTIFIC NAMES 549 

Cucurbita 

Cuphea 

Cupressus 

Cuscuta 

Cyanocitta 

Cyathus 

Cyclanthera 

Cydonia 

Cymbispatha 

Cymbopogon 

Cynanchum 

Cynoglossum 

Cyperus 

c'um-te'? pos, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n); 

santia c'o, nphr(n of n). 

Cucumis melo L.: melon, nla. 

Cucurbila jicifolia Bouche: cih-con mail, 

nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); kaslan e'ol, 

nphr(aj & n); sakil mail, nphr(aj & n>; yasal 

mail, nphr(aj & n). 

Cucurbita moschata Duch.: iak' c'um, 

nphr(n4e of n5); korneta c'um, nphrfn type 

n); sk'un-pat c'um, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type 

n); sk'un c'um, nphr(n type n|; tei-pat 

c'um, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). 

Cucurbilapepo L.: e'ol, nla. 

Cuphea aequipetala Cav.: 9it'is nocleb vonon, 

nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/); hipleb vonon, 

nphr(n of n); lucleb vonon, nphr(n of n); 

nocleb c'unun e^'nlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ 

type n); nocleb vonon, nphr(n of n); nocleb 

vonon e'Plel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 

Cuphea cyanea DC: eahal pic'oe', nphr(aj & n); 

eahal pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

k'anal pom c'unun, nphrfaj & nphr/n of 

n/); nap'ap' e'iilel, nphr(aj & n)le; nap'ap' 

nic, nphr(aj & n); nap'ap' nic e'nlel. 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); nuk' cil 9ulo9, 

nphr(n of nphr/n4d of n5/); posil 'ane 

e'hlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); posil 

eainel, nphr(n of vn); posil c'ic". nphr(n of 

n); posil C'IC' eamel, nphrin of nphr/n type 

n/); pos"il sim-nak'al, nphrfn of n/n & 

ajcpd/); pueul e'l^lel, nphrfn type n). 

Cuphea leptopoda Hemsl.: nap'ap' e'iilel, 

nphr(aj & n)le; yas'al nap'ap', nphrfaj & n). 

Cupheapinetorum Benth.: muk'ta nocleb vonon, 


Cuphea utriculosa Koehne: me e'iilel, nphrfn 

type n); yasal me eic, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type 

n). 

Cupressus lusilanica Mill.: lok'il te9, nphrfn 

type n)le; nukul pat, nphrfn type n): sipres, 

n. 

Cuscuta corymbosa R. & P. var. (grandiflora), 

Engelm.: k'an-ak', nfaj & ncpd)la. 

Cuscuta tinctoria Engelm.: k'an-ak', nfaj & 

ncpd)la. 

Cyanocitta stelleri: hes, nld. 

Cyathus sp.: ten 9isim 9uc. nphr(n4e of nphr/n 

of n/). 

Cyclanthera bourgaeana Naud.: c'um-tc c'o, 


Cyclanthera langaei Cogn.: 9it'is c'upak', 

nphr(n4f of n5); bae'i c'upak', nphrfaj & n); 

c'upak' e'i9lel, nphr(n type n); poloe', nla. 

Cydonia oblonga Miller: nimpronis, nla. 

Cymbispatha commelinnides (Roem. & Schult.) 

Pichon: lik'al e'emenn, nphrfaj & n); wlol 

e'emeni"), nphr(n type n); eahal e'emeni 1 ), 

nphrfaj & n); k'os e'emeni'', nphr(aj & n); 

yas-9ulan nic e'emeni'), nphr: nphr(aj/aj & 

Ucpd/ & n4f) type n. 

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.: limon hobel, 

nphrfn type n); ie> limon, nphrfn type n). 

Cynanchum sp.: mikulas" Titah, nphr(n type n). 

Cynoglossum amabilc Stapf & Drum.: k'os boraha, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Cyperus alternifolius I..: krus hobel, nphrfn type 

n). 

Cypripedmm 

Cyrtomium 

Dactyloctenium 

Dactylortyx 

Dahlia 

Daldinia 

Dalea 

Cyperus flavus (Vahl) Nees: tuil 9isim hobel, 


Cyperus hermaphrodilus Standl.: krus hobel, 

nphr(n type n): k'anal oisim be, nphrfaj & 

nphr/n4f of n5/): sansan e'iTlel, nphrfn 

type n). 

Cyperus melanostachyus HBK.: vewl ka 1 ) hobel, 


Cvperus sp.. k'os lisim be hobel. nphr: aj & 

nphr(nphr'n4f of n5/ type n); k'os' kakas'on 

hobel. nphrfaj & nphr/n type n/); k'otos, n; 

peeahtik hobel. nphrfaj & n). 

Cyperus specttibili.s Link: cikin t'ul hobel, 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n|: k'os krus hobel, 

nphrfaj & nphr/n type n/). 

Cyperus virens Michaux: muk'ta iisim be, 

nphrfaj & nphr/n4f of n5/). 

Cypripedium irapeanum Llave & Lex.: pueul, 

nla. 

Cyrtomium remoli-sporum (Fourn.) Morton: 

•)ik'al muk'ta eib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

c'ib eib, nphrfn type n). 

D 

Dactyloclemum aegyptium (L.) Richt.: kakason 

hobel, nphrfn type n): k'lahtik hobel, nphrfaj 

& n); sakil hobel. nphrfaj & n); ti"> ba 

vakas, nphrfnphr/n of n/ of n). 

Dactylortyx thoracicus: iub, n5: cintuli"), nle. 

Dahlia australts nir. chiapensis Soren.: eahal 

c'oliv, nphrfaj & n); k'os c'oliv, nphrfaj & n). 

Dahlia cuccmea Cav.: '>ama cauk, nphrfn4f of 

n5); eahal c'oliv, nphrfaj & n); c'oliv cih, 

nphrfn of n); k'anal c'oliv, nphrfaj & n); 

k'os eahal c'oliv. nphrfaj & nphr/aj & n/); 

k'os k'anal c'oliv, nphrlaj & nphr/aj & n/); 

muk'ta lama cauk, nphrfaj & nphr/n4f of 

n5/); sakil pom e'unun. nphrfaj & nphr/n 

of n/); tctikal c'oliv, nphrfnati & n). 

Dahlia imperialis Roezl ex On.: bae'i c'oliv, 

nphr(aj & n): c'oliv, nla. 

Dahliapinnata Cav.: sakil pino dalya, nphr(aj & 


Dahlia variabilis (Willd.) Desf.: moraro dalya. 

nphrfaj & n}. 

Daldinia concentrica (L. ex Fr.) Ces.

550 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 D/E 

Dalembertia 

Dama 

Dasyrautilla 

Dasypus 

Datura 

Daucus 

Davilla 

Delonix 

Dendrocopus 

Dendropanax 

Deppea 

Desman thodium 

Desman thus 

Desmodium 

Desmodus 

Dianthus 

type n); posil sim-nak'al, nphr(n of n/n & 

ajcpd/). 

Dalembertia triangularis Muell. Arg.: bankilal 

hoi ?olol, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); hoi ?olol, 


Dama virginiana: eahal te9tikal cih, nphr(aj & 

nphr/natt & n/)5; te?tikal cih, nphr(natt & 

n)la; yasal te?tika] cih, nphr(aj & nphr/natt 

& n/)5. 

Dasymutilla sp.: bolom con(l), nphr(n type 

n)5. 

Dasypus novemcinctus: ?ib, nld; e'omol ion, 

nphr(n type n)5; kapon, nla; kapon con, 


Datura Candida (Pers.) Saff.: da?-koh kampana 

nicim, nphr(n/num & nccpd/ type nphr/n 

type n/); kampana e"i?lel, nphr(n type n); 

kampana nicim, nphr(n type n). 

Datura stramonium L.: eahal c'upak' te?, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); c'upak' te9, 

nphr(n type n); makom ?uc, nphr(n of n); 

posil yerva, nphr(n of n). 

Daucus carota var. saliva L.: sanoria, nla. 

Davilla aspera var. matudae (Lundell) L. O. 

Wins.: kokov to, nphr(n type n); moro hoi 

te?, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); vus te9, 


Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf.: macita te?, nphr(n 

type n). 

Dendrocopus villosus: ti?, n5. 

Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Dene. & Planch.: 

tempis, n. 

Deppea grandiflora Schlecht.: k'anal ?i£'ak mut, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); muk'ta c'a-te?, 

nphr(aj & n/x & nepd/). 

Desmanthodium caudatum Blake: k'unil ?anal 

te 1 ?, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

Desmanthus virgatus var. depressus (H. & B.) 

Turner: ?olnob c'o, nphr(n4d of n5). 

Desmodium amplifolium Hemsl.: ?it'is tan ka?, 

nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/); eahal eukum te?, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk'ta tan ka?, 


Desmodium ckiapense Brandeg.: tan ka?, 

nphr(n of n). 

Desmodium maxonii (Standl.) Steyerm.: ">it'i§ 

tan ka?, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/); k'os tan 

ka?, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); tan ka?, nphr(n 

ofn). 

Desmodium orbiculare Schlecht.: tan ka?, 

nphr(n of n). 

Desmodiumpalmeri Hemsl.: eahal ?ak\ nphr(aj 

& n). 

Desmodium sericophyllum Schlecht.: eahal eoein 

?ak\ nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil eoein 

?ak', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Desmodium skinneri Benth.: tan ka9, nphr(n of 

n). 

Desmodium sp.: k'os eahal ?ak', nphr(aj & nphr/ 

aj & n/). 

Desmodium strobilaceum Schlecht.: ve?el ka9, 

nphr(n of n). 

Desmodus rotundus: pepen c'o, nphr(n type n)5; 

pepen hti?-dih, nphr(n type agn/tv & 

ncpd/)5; pepen soe\ nphr(n type n)5. 

Dianthus caryophyllus L.: ?ik'?ik'-lo?an klavel, 

Diastatea 

Dichaea 

Dichondra 

Didelphis 

Digiticalia 

Dioscorea 

Diospyros 

Diphysa 

Dodonaea 

Dolichos 

Dorstenia 

Drimys 

Drymaeus 

Drymarchon 

Drymaria 

Duchesnea 

Dyssodia 

Echeandia 

nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); klavelina, n; korona 

klavel, nphr(n type n); pino klavel, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Dianthus chinensis L.: markarita e"i?lel, nphr(n 

type n). 

Diastatea micrantha (HBK.) Me V.: posil satil, 

nphr(n of n). 

Dichaea sp.: kilahtik yasal eib, nphr(aj & nphr/ 

aj & n/). 

Dichondra argentea H. & B. ex Willd.: cikin Co, 

nphr(n of n)5; cikin c'o pos, nphr(nphr/n of 

n/ type n); merio pos, nphr(n type n); posil 

k'ok', nphr(n of n); sakil cikin c'o pos, 


posil k'ok', nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Didelphis marsupialis: ?uc, n5; e"al-ne •me, 


Digiticalia chiapensis (Hemsl.) Pippen: ?ama 

cauk, nphr(n4f of n5); hok'leb co?op 

e'unun, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). 

Dioscorea cj. dugesii Robinson: e"itesob ?at, 


Dioscorea convolvulacea Cham. & Schlecht.: 

caci? ?ak', nphr(n type n). 

Dioscorea cymosula var. cinerea Uline: ?ohov 

9ak\ nphr(n type n). 

Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill: sakil t'ut' 

?ak\ nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

Dioscorea nelsonii Uline ex Kunth: muk'ta ?ohov 

?ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil 

?ohov 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

Dioscorea sp.: p'uk, n. 

Diospyros digyna Jacq.: ?uc, n5. 

Diospyros nicaraguensis Standl.: bik'it k'osos te- 

9, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/), 

Diphysa floribunda Peyr.: yas-te9, n(aj & nepd). 

Diphysa pubenilenta Rydb.: k'os milob c'o, 


Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.: bak ni9 te?, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/) type n; bak te?, nphr(aj 

& n)5; sakil bak te?, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/); sulal na, nphr(natt & n). 

Dolichos lablab L.: 9ik'al pasku?al cenek 1 , 

nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); paskwa cenek', 


Dorstenia contrajerva L.: kontiyerva, nld. 

Drimys granadensis L. f. var. mexicana (DC.) A. 

C. Sin.: c'ulul 9anal te?, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ 

type n); k'osos te9, nphr(n type n)5. 

Drymaeus ghiesbreghtii: 9unen k'obol, nphr(aj & 

n)le. 

Drymarchon corais: me9el con, nphr(n type 

n)le. 

Drymaria multiflora Brandeg.: posil c"o e'iTlel, 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); posil k'ak'al 90- 

9on, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/); posil satil, 

nphr(n of n); sakil eibal ton, nphr(aj & 

nphr/natt & n/). 

Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke: k'os makom, 

nphr(aj & n); makom e'i'^lel, nphr(n type n). 

Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) Hitchc: k'anal 

mac'ul tfiiXel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

Echeandia macrocarpa Greenm.: ?it'is 

c'upak', nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/); c'upak'

E SCIENTIFIC NAMES 551 

Echeveria 

Echinopepon 

Ehretia 

Eira 

Elaenia 

Elaphoglossum 

Eleodes 

Eleusine 

Elyonurus 

Elytraria 

Enterolobium 

Epidendrum 

hoh, nphr(n of n); k'anal tub cil, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); k'os k'anal tub £0, nphr: aj 

& nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Echeandia macrophylla var. longifolia Weatherby: 

k'os tub cil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Echeveria aff. acutifolia Lindl.: posil nuk'ul, 

nphr(n of n). 

Echeveria prob. mucronata Schlecht.: posil cin, 

nphr(n of n); posil nuk'ul, nphr(n of n). 

Echeveria sessiliflora Rose: posil nuk'ul, nphr(n 

of n). 

Echinopepon horridus Naud.: c'um-te9 c'o, 


Ehretia luxiana Donn. Sm.: 9ik'al te9, nphr(aj & 

n)5; k'os lik'al te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

muk'ta ?ik'al te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Ehretia iinifolia L.: karnero te9, nphr(n type n). 

Eira barbara: sak-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

Elaenia jlavogaster: yarns, n5. 

Elaphoglossum hirtum (Swartz) C. Chr.: eoein 

eibal k'a9-te9, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj 

& ncpd/). 

Elaphoglossum longifolium Jacq.: hamal lanal 

eib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

Eleodes sp.: tu-eis con, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type 

n)le. 

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.: 9akan hobel, 

nphr(n4f of n5); kakason hobel, nphr(n type 

n). 

Elyonurus barbiculmis Hack.: k'os eahal hobel, 


Elytraria imbricala (Vahl.) Pers.: posil yerva, 

nphr(n of n); voe-hol pos, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type n). 

Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.: pit, 

nle. 

Epidendrum arbuscula var. radioferens AHS.: 

muk'ta 9uc'ul vo9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 

Epidendrum arbuscula Lindl.: muk'ta 9uc'ul vo9, 


Epidendrum cochleatum L.: 9uc'ul vo9 cue, 

nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of n5); 9uc'ul vo9 

h9ik'al, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of agn); 

muk'ta 9uc"ul vo9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type 

n/). 

Epidendrum ibaguense HBK.: e'emeni'Jal £'en, 

nphr(natt & n); kilahtik 9u£'ul vo9, nphr(aj & 

nphr/x type n/); muk'ta eahal e"emeni9, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); nicim moletik, 


Epidendrum ochraceum Lindl.: k'os 9u6'ul vo9, 

nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); volahtik 9u£'ul 

vo9, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 

Epidendrum parkinsonianum Hook.: kilahtik 

9ui'ul VO9, nphrfaj & nphr/x type n/). 

Epidendrum sp.: 9u£'ul vo9 9antivo, nphr(nphr/x 

type n/4d of n5); bik'it 9ud'ul vo9, nphr(aj & 

nphr/x type n/); k'os 9u£'ul vo9, nphr(aj & 

nphr/x type n/); muk'ta 9u£'ul vo9, nphrfaj 

& nphr/x type n/). 

Epidendrum varicosum Batem.: 9uc'ul vo9 te9, 

nphr(nphr/x type n/)4e of n; muk'ta 9uc"ul 

vo9 ta lumtik, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/) & 

prep & n; sakil 9u£'ul vo9, nphr(aj & nphr/x 

type n/). 

Epilachna 

Epiphyllum 

Equisetum 

Erigeron 

Erodium 

Eryngium 

Erythrina 

Escobedia 

Eucalyptus 

Eugenia 

Eupatoriastrum 

Eupatorium 

Epilachna sp.: canul 9anal cenek", nphr(n of 


Epiphyllum crenatum (Lindl.) G. Don var. kimnachii 

Bravo: cikin ton, nphr(n of n)la; c'is 

cikin ton, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil 

cikin ton, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Epiphyllum sp.: cikin ton, nphr(n of n)la; £'is 

cikin ton, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun: tut, nla. 

Equisetum myriochaetum Schlecht. & Cham.: 

muk'ta 9ama cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of 

n5/). 

Erigeron karwinskianus DC: posil sal-e'i9, 

nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/). 

Erodium cicuiarium (L.) L'Her.: 9akusa e"i9lel, 

nphr(n type n); 9akusa habnal, nphr(n type 

n); hic'il 9akusa e*i"?lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/); k'os 9akusa e'i'Jlel, nphr(aj & 


Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Her.: 9akusa e"i9lel, 


Eryngium ghiesbreghtii Dene.: keb cih, nphr(n 

of n); posil cakal, nphr(n of n). 

Erythrina chiapasana Krukoff: s9ukun, nle. 

Erythrina goldmanii Standl.: s?ukun, nle. 

Escobedia guatemalensis Loes.: bik'tal kampana 

nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); kampana 

c'ulelal, nphr(n type n); k'os kampana 

nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

Escobedia laevis Schlecht.: 9it'is bae"i 9asasena, 

nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/); bae*i 9asasena, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Eucalyptus globulus Labill.: kampor, nla. 

Eugenia acapulcensis Steud.: lifis pasamum, 

nphr(n4f of n5); c'it tei, nphr(n type n); 

muk'ta paSamum, nphr(aj & n); pasamum, 

n; vietikal c'it, nphr(natt & n). 

Eugenia amatenangensis Lundell: kahve te9, 


Eugenia cananzae Lundell: c'it te9, nphr(n type 

n). 

Eugenia jambos L.: k'os 9uc, nphr(aj & n). 

Eugenia laughlinii Lundell: 9it'is c'it, nphr(n4f 

of n5). 

Eugeniayunckeri Standl.: pasamum te9, nphr(n 

type n). 

Eupatoriastrum nelsonii Greenm.: pueul saho9, 

nphr(aj & n); voe-saho9, n(aj & ncpd). 

Eupatoriastrum sp.: k'os k'ail, nphr(aj & n); 

muk'ta sakil saho9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

sakil k'ail, nphr(aj & n). 

Eupatorium areolare DC: 9it'is Solom, 

nphr(n4f of n5); sakil k'an-9ic, nphr(aj & n/aj 

& ncpd/). 

Eupatorium cf. eriocarpum Rob.: 9it'is ton k'ail, 

nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). 

Eupatorium chiapense Rob.: muk'ta k'ail, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Eupatorium daleoides (DC.) Hemsl.: tuil te9, 


Eupatorium erylhropappum Rob.: muk'tik 

f'a-te9, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); sakil 

c'a-te9, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). 

Eupatorium imitans Rob.: yasal nii 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

552 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 E/G 

Euphorbia 

Evolvulus 

Eysenhardtia 

Eupatorium leucocephalum Benth.: sakil nicim, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Eupatorium ligustrinum DC: bae"i c'a-te?, 

nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); c'a-te9, n(x & 

ncpd)la; k'os c'a-te 1 ?, nphr(aj & n/x & 

ncpd/); muk'ta c'a-te?, nphr(aj & n/x & 

ncpd/); pom c'a-te9, nphr(n type n/x & 

ncpd/). 

Eupatorium mairetianum DC: bik'tal c'a-te?, 


Eupatorium muelleri Sch. Bip. ex Klatt: muk'ta 

cikin c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil voy 

mula, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Eupatorium orbesioides Rob.: yasal nic e*i9lel, 


Eupatorium pycnocephalum Less.: yasal nic 

e*i9lel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

Eupatorium quadrangulare Dae: sakil e'i'lel, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Eupatorium schultzii Schnittsp.: sakil e"i?lel, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Eupatorium sp.: k'os yas-cel, nphr(aj & n/aj & 

ncpd/). 

Euphorbia bijormis S. Wats.: k'os sakil nicim 

santo, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Euphorbia densiflora (Kl. & Garke) Kl.: kilkil 

pohov e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

mesa e'i'rtel, nphr(n type n). 

Euphorbia dentata Michx.: k'os" pohov e'Wlel, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pohov e'Plel, 


Euphorbia francoana Boiss: pohov e'frlel, 


Euphorbia glomerifera (Millsp.) Wheeler: posil 

ti'Jben lukum, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). 

Euphorbia graminea Jacq.: k'ask'as e"i9lel, 

nphr(aj & n); muk'ta nicim santo, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); nicim santo, nphr(n of n); 

pohov e'iilel, nphr(n type n). 

Euphorbia heterophylla L.: k'os pohov e"i9lel, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk'ta pohov 

e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pohov 

e"i9lel, nphr(n type n). 

Euphorbia hirta L.: nicim santo, nphr(n of n). 

Euphorbia hypericifolia L.: nicim santo, nphr(n 

of n); posil yayihel, nphr(n of vn); sakil posil 

ti9ben lukum, nphr: aj & nphr(n of nphr/n of 

n/). 

Euphorbia leucocephala Lotsy: cahal nicim 

santo, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); mukumu, n; 

muk'ta nicim santo, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/); nicim lanima, nphr(n of n); nicim 

hsoktom, nphr(n4d of agn); nicim ninyo, 

nphr(n of n); sakil mukumu, nphr(aj & n); 

sakil nicim, nphr(aj & n); sakil pohov 

e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil pom 

e"unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzch.: 

k'unil ?ok te 1 ?, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

Euphorbia sp.: yasal pohov e'illel, nphr(aj & 


Evolvulus alsinoides L.: sakil euneun e"i?lel, 


Eysenhardtia adenostylis Baill.: k'os k'an-te?, 

nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); yas-tev, n(aj & 

ncpd). 

Falco 

Felis 

Fernaldia 

Ficus 

Foeniculum 

Fomes 

Fuirena 

Furcraea 

Fuschia 

Galactia 

Galinsoga 

Galium 

Galphimia 

Garrya 

Gaudichaudia 

Gaultheria 

Falco sparverius: liklik, n5. 

Felis concolor: leon, nla. 

Felis pardalis: e'ib bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Felis weidii: k'os bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Felis yagouaroundi: eahal bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Fernaldiapandurata A. DC.) Woods.: cikin dih, 

'deer's ear' or 'sheep's ear'; cikin cih 9ak', 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); keb cih, nphr(n 

of n); keb vakas 9itah, nphr(nphr/n of n/ 

type n); sakil cikin cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/); ve?e! cih, nphr(n of n). 

Ficus carica L.: 9ik'us, nla. 

Ficus cookii Standl.: eahal mutut, nphr(aj & n). 

Ficus cotinifolia HBK.: mutut, n5; sakil mutut, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Ficus glabrata HBK.: lamat, n5. 

Ficus glaucescens (Liebm.) Miq.: 9amat, n5. 

Foeniculum vulgare L.: 9inoho, nld. 

Fomes sp.: posil t'ahel(2), nphr(n of vn). 

Fuirena simplex Vahl: k'os tut, nphr(aj & n). 

Furcraea sp.: ci, nla. 

Fuschia boliviano Carr.: muk'ta pie'oe', nphr(aj 

& n). 

Fuschia encliandra subsp. tetradactyla (Lindl.) 

Breedlove: eahal te9, nphr(aj & n). 

Fuschia microphylla HBK. ssp. quercetorum 

Breedlove: eahal pom e"unun ten, nphr: aj & 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); c*il-te9 vet, 

nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); ventes cih, nphr(n 

of n). 

Fuschia paniculata Lindl.: 9ic'ak mut, 

nphr(n4d of n5); 9ic'ak mut e'iilel, 

nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). 

Fuschia splendens Zucc: muk'tik primon, 

nphr(aj & n). 

G 

Galactia discolor Donn. Sm.: cenek' cih to, 


Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urb: sakil pek' me9el, 


Galinsoga caracasana (DC.) Sch. Bip.: 'ttiskuntff>, 

n(x type ncpd)5; eahal 9uskun-te7, 

nphr(aj & n/x type ncpd/); kuskun-te 1 ), n(x 

type ncpd); k'os saho, nphr(aj & n); sakil 

?uskun-te9, nphr(aj & n/x type ncpd/). 

Galium sp.: 9it'is sikil ton, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj 

& n/); k'os nap'ap' e'i'Jlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj 

& n/). 

Galium uniculatum ssp. obstipum (Schlecht.) 

Ehrendorfer: k'os nap'ap' e*i">lel, nphr(aj & 


Galphimia glauca Cav.: k'anal 9ic'ak mut, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); k'anal konkon, 

nphr(aj & n); muil te 1 ?, nphr(aj & n); ni£im 

hsoktom, nphr(n4d of agn). 

Garrya laurifolia Hartw.: ?ik'al te9, nphr(aj & 

n)5; k'os" ?ik'al te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Gaudichaudia albida C. & S.: k'anal lak', 

nphr(aj & n); k'anal eoein 9ak', nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); k'anal c'usuv 9ak', nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); k'os k'anal âk', nphr(aj & 


Gaultheria odorata Willd.: 9aha-te'?es> n(n & 

ncpd)Id; muk'ta 9aha-te"?es, nphr(aj & n).

G/H SCIENTIFIC NAMES 553 

Gaura 

Gaya 

Genipa 

Geococcyx 

Geothlypis 

Geranium 

Gladiolus 

Glaucidium 

Glaucomys 

Gliricidia 

Gnaphalium 

Gomphrena 

Gonolobus 

Gossypium 

Gouania 

Govenia 

Gronovia 

Guazuma 

Gymnopodium 

Gaura hexandra Gomez Ortega: muk'ta nocleb 

vonon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Gaya minutiflora Rose: k'os sayavun, nphr(aj & 

n). 

Genipa sp.: maluk, nle. 

Geococcyx velox: k'a9-cih mut, nphr(n/aj & 

ncpd/ type n)5; k'us hoi, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Geothlypis Irichas: c'ikc'ik, n5. 

Geranium goldmanii Rose ex Hanks & Small: 

muk'ta 9akusa e"i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/); muk'tik kuc-e*uhul, nphr(aj & n/tv & 

ncpd/). 

Geranium seemannii Peyr.: 9akusa e'rtlel, 

nphr(n type n); kucVuhul, n(tv & ncpd); 

k'ask'as e'ftlel, nphr(aj & n); k'os -Jakus'a 

e'iflel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); posil 

vayicil, nphr(n of n); sakil 9akusa e"i9lel, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil k'os 

9akusa e*i9lel, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/). 

Gladiolus horlulanus L. H. Bailey: 9ik'-lo9an 

eahal pino bukaro, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & aj 

& nphr/aj & n/); bukaro, nld; cihal bukaro, 

nphr(aj & n); sakil pino bukaro, nphr(aj 


Glaucidium brasilianum: kuskus, nle. 

Glaucomys volans: pepen cue, nphr(n type n)le. 

Gliricidia ehrenbergii (Schl.) Rydb.: 9it'is 

yas-te"), nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/5). 

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud.: milob c'o te9, 


Gnaphalium sp.: muk'ta nap'ap' e'i9lel, nphr(aj 

& nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta posil yayihemal, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); nap'ap' e"i9lel, 

nphr(aj & n)le; posil hoi salu9, nphr(n of 

nphr/n of n/); sakil nap'ap' e"i9lel, nphr(aj 

& nphr/aj & n/); talesob cu9ul e"i9lel, 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); tusnuk' e"i9lel, 


Gomphrena decumbens Jacq.: posil sim-nak'al, 

nphr(n of n/n & ajcpd/); sakil bot'-hol e"i9lel, 


Gonolobus barbaratus HBK.: eoeil ?ak', 

nphr(aj & n). 

Gonolobus sp.: c'um-to 9ak\ nphr(n/n & ncpd/ 

type n); kranata lak', nphr(n type n); matal 

9ak\ nphr(n type n); mikulas 9itah, nphr(n 

type n). 

Gossypium hirsutum L.: tusnuk', nla. 

Gouaniapolygama (Jacq.) Urban: balahtik pek' 

me9el, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); makom c'is, 

nphr(n type n); te9-9ak', n(aj & ncpd). 

Govenia liliacea (Llave & Lex.) Lindl.: kola, n; 

kolail vob, nphr(natt & n). 

Govenia sp.: kola, n; sera e"i9lel, nphr(n type n). 

Govenia superba (Llave & Lex.) Lindl.: kola 

e'ftlel, npbr(n type n); kola vob 9antivo, 

nphr(nphr/n4e of n4d/ of n5); p'uk, n. 

Gronovia scandens L.: eoeil 9ak', nphr(aj & n); 

k'os la, nphr(aj & n); k'os selahtiic la, nphr(aj 


Gronovia urens L.: kilahtik la, nphr(aj & n). 

Guazuma tomentosa HBK.: 9akit, n5. 

Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.: 9akit, n5; ve9el vakas, 

nphr(n of n). 

Gymnopodium floribundum var. antigonoides 

Gyrocarpus 

Gyroporus 

Habenaria 

Haemotoxylum 

Hamelia 

Haplophyton 

Hauya 

Hecubaea 

Hedeoma 

Helianthemum 

Heliconia 

Heliocarpus 

Heliotropium 

Heloderma 

Helosis 

Helvella 

Hemerocallis 

Herissantia 

Herpetotheres 

Heterocentron 

Heterogeomys 

Heteropogon 

Heteropteris 

Hibiscus 

(Rob.) Standl. & Steyerm.: sakil pomos, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq.: muk'ta sinal Iff), 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sinal ten, nphr(aj & 

n), 

Gyroporus castaneus: k'os sekub t'ul, nphr(aj & 


H 

Habenaria clypeata Lindl.: e"emeni9, 


Habenaria sp.: posil e'en sok, nphr(n of nphr/n 

type n/). 

Haemotoxylum brasileilo Karst.: sakil brasil, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Hamelia patens Jacq.: eahal pom e'unun, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); posil sim-nak'al, 

nphr(n of n/n & ajcpd/). 

Haplophyton cinereum (A. Rich) Woods.: posil 

mako, nphr(n of n); posil mako9 con, nphr(n 

of nphr/n type n/). 

Hauya elegans HBK.: sakil kanela, nphr(aj & 

n). 

Hecubaea scorzoneraefolia DC: sakramentual 

nicim, nphr(natt & n)la. 

Hedeoma costatum Gray: euneun e'i^lel, nphr(aj 

& n). 

Helianthemum glomeratum Lag. ex DC: tan 

e'Mel, nphr(aj & n); tan pos, nphr(n type 

n)la. 

Heliconia aff. librata Griggs: k'os lo^bol, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Heliocarpus donnell-smilhii Rose: bot, n5; bot 

9ak', nphr(n type n)5; e'am-teial na, 

nphr(natt/x & ncpd/ & n). 

Heliotropium angiospermum Murr.: 9alavena 

eMilel, nphr(n type n). 

Heliotropium indicum L.: sakil malva, nphr(aj & 

n). 

Heloderma horridum: me 9us, nphr(n of n)5. 

Helosis mexicana Liebm.. 9ik'al 9ahan cue, 

nphr: aj & nphr(n4d of n5). 

Helvetia crispa (Scop.) Fr.: sakil 9at h9ik'al, 

nphr: aj & nphr(n4d of agn). 

Helvella lacunosa Afz. ex Fr.: 9at h9ik'al, 

nphr(n4d of agn). 

Hemerocallis fuha L.: k'anal 9asasena, nphr(aj 

&n). 

Herissantia crispa (L.) Briq.: cicol 9ak', nphr(n 

type n); pueul cicol 9ak', nphr(nphr/aj & n/ 

type n). 

Herpetotheres cachinnans: vakos, nle. 

Heterocentron subtriplinervium (L. & O.) A. Br. 

& Bouche: eahal sansan, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta 

vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); 

vala-pohov, n(x & ncpd). 

Heterogeomys hispidus: ba, nla. 

Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. ex Roem. & 

Schult.: 9ik'al c'is hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/). 

Heteropteris beecheyana Juss.: 9ak' moletik, 

nphr(n4d of n5); eahal 9ak', nphr(aj & n); 

eahal pek' me9el, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

eahal te9-9ak', nphr(aj & n); te9-9ak', n(aj & 

ncpd). 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.: eahal kampana,

554 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 H/I 

Hieracium 

Hippeastrum 

Hiraea 

Holodiscus 

Houstonia 

Hura 

Hybanthus 

Hydnum 

Hygrophorus 

Hyla 

Hylocichla 

Hymenea 

Hymenocallis 

Hypericum 

Hypomyces 

Hypoxis 

Hyptis 

Icterus 

Iguana 

Ilex 

Indigofera 

nphr(aj & n); eahal kampana nicim, nphr(aj 


Hieracium jaliscense var. ghiesbreghtii Rob. & 

Greenm.: k'anal eoein e'i9lel, nphrfaj & 


Hippeastrum solandriflorum Herb.: sakil 9asasena, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Hippeaslrum sp.: eahal lirio, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Hiraea reclinata Jacq.: te9-9ak', n(aj & ncpd). 

Holodiscus argenteus (L. f.) Maxim.: eahal pomos, 

nphr(aj & n); k'os pomos, nphr(aj & n); 

sakil pomos, nphr(aj & n). 

Houstonia serphyliacea (Schlecht.) C. L. Smith: 

mail e'iTlel, nphr(n type n). 

Hura polyandra Baill.: sinal te9, nphr(aj & n). 

Hybanthus verbenaceus HBK.: k'os sat mes, 


Hydnum repandum L: k'anal c'is mana 9ok, 

nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/x type n4f/). 

Hygrophorus sp.: k'anal pisolito, nphr(aj & n); 

muk'ta sak-balon, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). 

Hyla walkeri: k'os yasal 9amuc, nphr(aj & 


Hylocichla mustelina: c'is-tot, nphr(aj & 

ncpd)le. 

Hymenea courbaril L.: c'ilim te9, nphr(n type 

n)ld. 

Hymenocallis aff. gahestonensis Baker: sakil 

sakramentual nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & 

n/). 

Hypericum uliginosum HBK.: eie pos, nphr(n 

type n); posil 9ul Imlnom, nphr: n4f of 

nphr(n4d/3s/ of agn). 

Hypomyces laclifluorum (Schw. ex Fr.) Tul.: 

cakat'ob, nld; pisol kelem, nphr(n of n). 

Hypoxis decumbens L.: ve9el cintuli9, nphr(n of 

n); ve9el mut, nphr(n of n). 

Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq.: yasal muk'ta pom 

e"unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Hyptis suaveolens Poit.: eukum e'i9lel, nphr(n 

type n); eukum nic e'i9lel, nphr(nphr/n type 

n/ type n); can-eelav sun, nphr(n/num & 

ncpd/ type n); c'is saho9, nphr(n type n); 

yasal nic e'Mel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type 

n). 

Hyptis tomentosa Poit.: sakil pom e'unun, 


Hyptis urticoides Kunth: 9ik'al pom e'unun, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5; sakil pom e'unun, 


Hyptis verticillata Jacq.: 9alavena e"i9lel, 

nphr(n type n); yasal nic e'i9lel, nphr(nphr/aj 

& n/ type n). 

I 

Iclerus maculi-alatus: tuc'ic", nla. 

Iguana iguana: yasal linatab, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Ilex brandegeana Loes.: k'os 9oven, nphr(aj & 

n). 

Ilex vomitoria Ait.: k'os eahal k'osos te9, nphr: 

aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

Indigofera densiflora Mart. & Gal. vel aff.: 

c'aben te9, nphrfn type n). 

Indigofera miniata Gomez-Ortega: k'os sasib 

c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Indigofera thibaudiana DC: k'os sas'ib, nphr(aj 

& n). 

Inga 

Inocybe 

Ipomoea 

Iresine 

Isocarpha 

Isochilus 

Inga spuria H. & B. ex Willd.: e'erel, n; calon, 

n; cenek' te9, nphr(n type n). 

Inocybe sp.: sakil 9at ka9, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of 

n5/). 

Ipomoea alba L.: sakil puyu9, nphr(aj & n). 

Ipomoea breedlovei L. Wms.: eahal 9ak', nphr(aj 

& n); eahal puyu 1 ?, nphr(aj & n); kampana 

9ak', nphrfn type n); muk'ta 9ik'-lo9an puyu9, 

nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ type n); 

muk'ta puyu9, nphr(aj & n); muk'tik puyu9, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Ipomoea hederacea Jacq.: 9ik'al nic puyu9, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n): yas-9ulan puyu9, 

nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); yasal puyu9, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Ipomoea lindenii M. & G.: cikin

J/L SCIENTIFIC NAMES 555 

Jacobinia 

Jacquemontia 

Jacquinea 

Jacquinia 

Jasminum 

Jatropha 

Juglans 

Junco 

Juniperus 

Justicia 

Kallstroemia 

Kearnemalvastrum 

Kohleria 

Krameria 

Lactarius 

Lagascea 

Lagenaria 

Jacobinia sp.: eahal hik'ik' le 1 ?, nphr(aj & nphr/ 

aj & n/). 

Jacquemontia nodiflora (Desr.) G. Don: sakil 

9ak', nphr(aj & n). 

Jacquemontia pentanlha (Jacq.) D. Don: eoeil 

9ak', nphr(aj & n); k'os puyu9, nphr(aj & n); 

k'os yasal puyui, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Jacquinea aurantiaca Ait.: eahal lama cauk, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/); eahal c'oliv, 

nphr(aj & n); mahob 9ik'al to, nphr(nphr/n 

of n/ type n). 

Jacquinia aurantiaca Ait.: mahob lik'al, 

nphr(n of n). 

Jasminum mesnyi Hance: c'aben ''ak', nphr(n 

type n). 

Jasminum sambac (L.) Soland.: sakil nicim te9, 


Jatropha curcas L.: pinyon, n. 

Juglans regia L.: ton bek', nphr(n type n)la. 

Junco phaenotus: eieil-?ul, n(unanalyzed cpd)5; 

yukyuk mut, nphr(aj & n5). 

Juniperus gamboana Martinez: 9ok'il te 1 ?, nphr(n 

type n)le; k'uk' toh, nphr(n type n); nukul 

pat, nphr(n type n); sipres, n. 

Justicia clinopodium A. Gray ex Greenm.: hipleb 

vonon, nphr(n of n); muk'ta nocleb vonon, 


Justicia sp.: posil k'ak'et, nphr(n of n). 

K 

Kallstroemia maxima (L.) Hook. & Arn.: manya 

cenek' e'iilel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). 

Kallstroemia rosei Rydb.: k'anal nic e'iilel, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); mesa e*iflel, 


Kearnemalvastrum lacleum (Ait.) Bates: muk'ta 

pak' cak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk'tik 

pak' cak, nphrfaj & nphr/n of n/); sakil 

•>uc' mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). 

Kohleria elegans (Dene.) Loes.: eahal pom 

e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k'os 

eoe-ni'J te 1 ?, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & nepd/ 

type n); vo?os \ei, nphr(n type n). 

Krameria revolula Berg: muk'ta tan pos, nphr(aj 

& nphr/n type n/); posil sim-nak'al, nphr(n 

of n/n & ajcpd/); sakil eMilel, nphr(aj & n). 

Lactarius sp.: eahal cikin, nphr(aj & n); k'anal 

mana 9ok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/); sakil 

eoein pisolito, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

sakil mana ?ok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type 

n4f/); sakil pisolito, nphr(aj & n). 

Lactarius volemus (FT.) FT.: eahal ceceval 

san-antres, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & 

nepd/); eahal cikin, nphr(aj & n); eahal yuy 

cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k'anal mana 

•>ok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/). 

Lagascea helianthifolia HBK.: eohoh, n; sakil 

sun, nphr(aj & n); soh, n. 

Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.: 9ak' pulun 

vo9, nphr(n4e of nphr/n of n/); bae"i eu, 

nphr(aj & n); eof kai eu, nphr(nphr/n of n/ 

type n); eof Vzi hay, nphr(nphr/n of n/ 

type n)5; c'ako 1 ), nla; muk'ta eu, nphr(aj & 

n); nenc eu, nphrfn type n); peron eu, 

nphr(n type n); pulum vo 1 ), nphr(n of n); 

suy eu, nphr(n type n); suy hay, nphr(n 

type n). 

Lamourouxia Lamourouxia lanceolata Benth.: •'ik'al pom 

e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5. 

Lamourouxia viscosa HBK.: bukaro e'i'Hel, 

nphr(n type n); lucleb e'unun, nphr(n of n); 

muk'ta eahal pom e'unun, nphr: aj & 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk'ta pom 

e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); nic pok' 

lulo 1 ), nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ of n); primon, 

nle. 

Lantana Lantana achyranthifolia Desf.: lalavena e'^lel, 

nphr(n type n); bot'-hol e'i">lel. nphr(n/aj & 

nepd/ type n); sakil c'il vet, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); ten-hol pos, nphr(n/aj & 

nepd/ type n). 

Lantana glandulosissima Hayek: e'elop vet, 

nphr(n of n); c'il-tc vet, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ 

of n); c'il vel, nphr(n of n); vo"Hus e'nlel, 


Lantana hirta Grah.: oik'al sat e'i^lel, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/) type n: e'elop vet,' nphr(n 

of n); c'll-tc vet, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ of n); 

posil k'ak'al sik, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/); 

sakil c'il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Lantana hispida HBK.: c'il vet, nphr(n of n); 

c'is c'il-te9 vet, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & 

nepd/ of n): muk'ta c'il-tCJ vet, nphr: aj & 

nphr(n/aj & nepd/ of n); muk'ta c'il vet, 


Lantana moritziana Otto & Dietr.: eahal c'il 

vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); c'il-te"? vet, 

nphr(n/aj & nepd/ of n); c'il vet, nphr(n of 

n); muk'ta e'elop vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/). 

Lasiacis Lasiacis divaricata (L.) Beauv.: 'ah kotom, 

nphr(n4d of n5); 'Jahis, n; lik'ob cih, nphr(n 

of n); k'os lah, nphr(aj & n); k'os ne kotom, 


Lasiacis ruscifolia (HBK.) Hitchc: puh-oakan 

hobel, nphr(n/aj & n/ type n). 

Lasiacis sorghoidea (Desv.) Hitchc. & Chase: ne 

kotom, nphr(n of n). 

Lathyrus Lathyrus latifolius L.: karvensa, nla. 

Leccinum Leccinum sp.: eahal sekub t'ul, nphr(aj & 


Lemaireocereus Lemaireocereus sp.: *>oy vinahel, nphr(n4e of 

nS). 

Lentinus Lentinus lepideus (FT. ex Fr.) Fr.: tahcuc, nla. 

Lentinussp.: tahcucal k'ai-to, nphr(natt


Leptotila 

Leucaena 

Leucophoyx 

Liabum 

Licania 

Licaria 

Ligustrum 

Lilium 

Linum 

Lippia 

Lisianthus 

Lithospermum 

Litsea 

Llavea 

Lobelia 

Loeselia 

Leptotila verreauxi: k'us kumum, nphr(aj & 

n)le. 

Leucaena brachycarpa Urb.: eahal 9olnob, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Leucaena collinsii B. & R.: paka 1 ) lolnob, nphr(n 

type n). 

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit: bae"i ôlnob, 


Leucophoyx thula: heak-coy, agn(tv & ncpd); 

karsa, nle. 

Liabum glabrum var. hypoleucum Greenm.: suil 

9itah, nphr(x type n). 

Licania arborea Seem.: karnero te 1 ), nphr(n type 

n). 

Licania platypus Fritsch.: 9ieompi, nld; 

mae'an-eoe, nphr(x & n)la. 

Licaria cf. peckii (I. M. Jtn.) Kosterm.: eie te- 

9(1), nphr(n type n). 

Ligustrum lucidum Ait.: Tik'al to, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Lilium sp.: bae'i âsasena, nphr(aj & n). 

Linum mexicanum HBK.: eie te^l), nphr(n type 

n); eueub. n; lok'esob holobil, nphr(n of n). 

Linum schiedeanum S. & C: eie e'l'Jlel, nphr(n 

type n); k'os' eie e'iilel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/). 

Lippia bracteosa (Mart. & Gal.) Moldenke: 

•?ik'al sat e'i'lel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/) type n. 

Lippia cardiostegia Benth.: bik'it sak-nic te"), 

nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); k'os 

sak-nic te 1 ?, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type n); sakil c'il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/); sakil sak-nic te">, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj 

& ncpd/ type n). 

Lippia chiapensis Loes.: bik'it sak-nic te 1 ), 

nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); k'os 

sak-nic to, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type n); k'us-pevul, n(aj & ncpd)5; muk'ta 

c'elop vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk'ta 

c'il-te"? vet, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

of n); sakil eele-pat, nphrfaj & n/x & 

ncpd/). 

Lippia substrigosa Turcz.: sak-nic to, nphr(n/ 

aj & ncpd/ type n)5. 

Lisianthus cuspidatus Bertol: yasal nic e'iilel, 


Lithospermum calycosum (Macbride) Jtn.: 

k'anal pie'oe' e'iolel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/). 

Lithospermum distichum Ortega: muk'ta tan 

pos e'i^lel, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n type n/ 

type n). 

Litsea glaucescens Kunth.: 9asus eis 9uc, 

nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); bae'i eis 9uc, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); eis 9uc, nphr(n of 

n)lf. 

Lilsea neesiana (Schauer) Hemsl.: 9it'is eis luc, 

nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/). 

Llavea cordifolia Lag.: sakil eib, nphr(aj & n). 

Lobelia laxiflora HBK.: bik'it primon, nphr(aj 

& n); kampana c'o e'i^lel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ 

type n); k'os primon, nphrfaj & n); primon, 

nle. 

Loeselia glandulosa (Cav.) Don: k'os teneun, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Loeselia mexicana (Lam.) Brand.: posil k'ok', 

nphr(n of n). 

Lolium 

Lonchocarpus 

Lonicera 

Lopezia 

Lophosoria 

Loxocemus 

Ludwigia 

Luehea 

Luffa 

Lupinus 

Lycaste 

Lycogala 

Lycoperdon 

Lycopersicum 

Lycopodium 

Lysiloma 

Lythrum 

Lolium multiflorum Lam.: voel vakas', nphr(n of 

n). 

Lonchocarpus minimiflorus Donn. Sm.: eo9 

sulem te9, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 

Lonicera mexicana (Kunth) Rehder: 9ic'ak mut 

•>ak\ nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). 

Lopezia hirsuta Jacq.: muk'ta nocleb vonon, 


Lopezia langmaniae Miranda: k'ask'as e'i?lel, 

nphr(aj & n); k'unil 9ok to, nphr(nphr/aj & 

n/ type n); k'unil te9, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta 

k'anal pom e'unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); sakil te9, nphr(aj & n)le. 

Lophosoria quadripinnala (Gmel.) C. Chr.: sakil 

•>ok eib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

Loxocemus sp.: savanero, n5. 

Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven.: kacimpa 

cMrtel, nphr(n type n); k'anal kampana 

e'i'Hel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven: k'anal nic 

nab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Luehea Candida (DC.) Mart.: muk'ta tusnuk' tet, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil tusnuk' 

to, nphrfaj & nphr/n type n/); tusnuk' to. 


Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. J. Ruem.: cuk'ob 

k'uûl tsk', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); 

c'upak' •'ak', nphr(n type n); husob-bail 

•)ak', nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n). 

Lupinus sp.: cenek' cih, nphr(n of n); c'aben 

•Jantivo, nphr(n of n); c'aben e'Mel, nphr(n 

type n); c'aben cih, nphr(n of n); muk'ta 

c'aben cih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Lycaste cruenta Lindl.: k'anal luc'ul vo 1 ?, 


Lycogala epidendrum: sat pukuh(2), nphr(n of 

n). 

Lycogala sp.: 9ik*al sat pukuh, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

of n/). 

Lycoperdon sp.: »»n tuluk', nphr(n4d of n5); 

k'anal colcol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

muk'ta sakil colcol be, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); puepue pos. nphr(aj & n). 

Lycopersicum esculentum var. cerasiforme Mill.: 

bik'tal eahal cicol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. 

Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.: k'os eahal cicol, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k'os cicol, nphr(aj 

& n); muk'tik eahal cicol, nphr(aj & nphr/ 

aj & n/)5. 

Lycopodium clavatum L.. balahtik sansan, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Lycopodium complanaium L.. kilahtik Sansan, 

nphr(aj & n); kilahtik sansanil balamil, 

nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); sansan, nla. 

Lycopodium taxifolium Swartz: ne e'i 1 ' e'iilel, 


Lycopodium tuerkheimii Maxon: balahtik 

sansanil to, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). 

Lysiloma acapulcensis Benth.: •rik'al suk, nphr(aj 

& n). 

Lysiloma kellermannii B. & R.: lik'al suk, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Lysiloma mullifoliata B. & R.: sakil suk, nphr(aj 

& n). 

Lythrum lanceolatum Ell.: eie tei(l), nphr(n type 

n); eueub, n; kwenta talel, nphr(n4f of

L/M SCIENTIFIC NAMES 557 

Machaerium 

Mahonia 

Malaxis 

Malus 

Malva 

Malvaviscus 

Mandevilla 

Mangifera 

Manihot 

Manilkara 

Maranta 

Marasmius 

Marina 

Martynia 

Matthiola 

Mazama 

Medicago 

Megarhyncus 

Meiracyllium 

Melampodium 

n4d/lp/). 

M 

Machaerium biovulatum Micheli: muk'ta 9ic"ak 

mis, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). 

Mahonia chiapensis Lundell: k'an-tei, n(aj & 

ncpd). 

Mahonia volcania Standl. & Steyerm.: c'is nicim, 


Malaxis fastigala (Reichb. f.) O. Ktze.: hutuhu, 

n. 

Maluspumila Miller: bae'i maneana, nphr(aj & 

n)5; eahal tanhero maneana, nphr(aj & nphr/ 

aj & n/); kamosa maneana, nphr(aj type n); 

kaslan maneana, nphr(aj & n)ld; perote 

maneana, nphr(n type n)); sakil tanhero 

maneana, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Malva nicaeensis AIL: bik'tal pak' cak, nphrfaj 

& nphr/n of n/); k'os pak' cak, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); pak' cak, nphr(n of n). 

Malva parviflora L.. k'os pak' cak. nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); pak' cak, nphr(n of n). 

Malvaviscus arboreus tar. arboreus Cav.: e'oban 

e'i9lel, nphr(n type n); e'oban te9, nphr(n type 

n); k'os e'oban, nphr(aj & n); k'os e'oban 


Malvaviscus arboreus var. mexicanus Schlecht.: 

9uc' mas, nphr(n4d of n5). 

Mandevilla sp.: cenek' 7ak', nphr(n type n); lansa 

9ak", nphr(n type n). 

Mandevilla subsagiltata (R. & P.) Woods.: 

k'anal c'usuv 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/); k'os pohov 9ak", nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/). 

Mandevilla lubiflora (Mart. & Gal.) Woods.: 

k'anal c'usuv 9ak'. nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/); pohov 9ak\ nphr(n type n). 

Mangi/era indica L.: manko, nla. 

Manihot escutenla Crantz: e'in-to, n(x & 

ncpd) la. 

Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg: muy, nla. 

Maranta arundinacea L.: c'uc', nld; k'os c'uc', 

nphrfaj & n); sakil c'uc', nphrfaj & n). 

Marasmius sp.: eahal ceceval nukul pat, nphr: aj 

& nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/); kusumal 

bae'i te9, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/); 

k'abis toh, nphr(n of n)la; k'os bililus, 

nphrfaj & n); sakil kusumal balamil, 

nphrfaj & nphr/natt & n/). 

Marina procumbens (S. & M. ex DC.) Barneby: 

k'ik'i sasib, nphrfaj & n); sas'ib, n5. 

Marina scopa Barneby: mesob hoi bakal, 

nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). 

Marina spiciformis fRose) Barneby: k'os sat 

mes, nphrfaj & nphr/n of n/). 

Martynia annua L.: posil 9aha-con, nphrfn type 

n/aj & ncpd/). 

Malthiola incana R. Br.: e'io nicim, nphrfn type 

n). 

Mazama americana: hul-bak, nfaj & ncpd)5. 

Medicago polymorpha L.: muk'ta eahal pieak 1 , 

nphrfaj & nphr/aj & n/); pieak', nle. 

Megarhyncus pitangua: c'ituri9, n5. 

Meiracyllium trinasutum Reichb. f.: setahtik 

9uc"ul vo9, nphrfaj & nphr/x type n/). 

Melampodium divaricatum (Rich.) DC: k'os' 

Melanerpes 

Melanotis 

Melanotus 

Melanthera 

Melia 

Melilotus 

Melipona 

Melothria 

Mentha 

Mentzelia 

Mephitis 

Merremia 

Miconia 

Micropleura 

Micrurus 

Milleria 

Mimosa 

pilis, nphrfaj & n). 

Melampodium linearilobum DC: k'os matas, 

nphrfaj & n). 

Melampodium montanum Benth.: k'anal me 

e'hlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k'anal 

sahcal teitik, nphrfaj & nphr/natt & n/); 

k'isin pos' e'i")lel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type 

n); k'os saho9al teitik, nphrfaj & nphr/natt 

& n/); posil eainel, nphrfn of vn); saho9al 

te9tik, nphr(natt & n); sinal pos, nphrfaj & n); 

vac' te9 pos, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). 

Melanerpes formicivorus: bah-te9 mut, 

nphr(vn/tv & ncpd/ type n)5; reketo, n5; 

tunsarek, n5. 

Melanotis caerulescens: hlo9-makom, agnftv & 

ncpd)5; k'ub-tot, n(tv & ncpd)5. 

Melanotus caerulescens: sak-c'ut mut, nphr(n/aj 


Melanthera nivea (L.) Small: c'is" sahc, nphrfn 

type n); sano"), nla; sakil saho9, nphrfaj & n). 

Melia azedarach L.. paraiso tei, nphrfn type 

n). 

Melilotus alba Desv.: 'Jalpaho, nld; c'aben 

e"i9lel, nphrfn type n); k'anal c'aben e']9lel, 

nphrfaj & nphr/n type n/); ve9el t'ul, 

nphrfn of n); ve9el vakas, nphrfn of n). 

Melilotus indica (L.) All.: c'aben e'lilel, nphrfn 

type n). 

Melipona sp.: kacimpa pom, nphrln type n)le; 

mermeho, nld. 

Melothriapendula L.: iic 9ak', nphrfn type n)5; 

c'um-te9 pos, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n); 

santia 9ak', nphrfn type n); santia 9antivo, 

nphrfn of n). 

Mentha citrata Ehrh.: bae'i 9alavena, nphrfaj 

& n)5. 

Mentzelia aspera L.. muk'ta k'anal nap'ap' 

e*iTlel, nphr: aj & nphrfaj & nphr/aj & n/); 

muk'ta nap'ap' e'i9lel, nphrfaj & nphr/aj & 

n/); nap'ap' e'i^lel. nphrfaj & n)le. 

Mephitis macroura: poyoy, nle. 

Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urban: c'upak' c'o 9ak', 

nphrfnphr/n of n/ type n); k'os" puyu9, 

nphrfaj & n); puyu9, nle; sakil nic puyu9, 

nphrfnphr/aj & n/ type n); sakil puyu9, 

nphrfaj & n). 

Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f.: muk'ta 

k'anal puyu^, nphrfaj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Miconia glaberrima (Schlecht.) Naud.: bae'i cil 

habnal, nphrfaj & nphr/x type n/); sakil cil 

habnal, nphrfaj & nphr/x type n/). 

Miconia guatemalensis Cogn.: eahal cil habnal, 

nphrfaj & nphr/x type n/); cil habnal, nphrfx 

type n)la. 

Miconia mexicana (Bonpl.) Naud.: eahal cil 

habnal, nphrfaj & nphr/x type n/). 

Micropleura renifolia Lag.: krem pos. nphrfn 

type n); loh-9at pos", nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type 

n). 

Micrurus browni: kantela con. nphrfn type n)5. 

Milleria quinqueflora L.. sakil saho9, nphrfaj & 

n). 

Mimosa albida H. & B.: came-iat c'is, nphrfn/aj 

& nepd/type n); loe'om cih, nphrfx & n); 

loe'om cih e'nlel, nphr(nphr/x & n/ type 

n); loe'om cih c'is, nphr(nphr/x & n/ type

558 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 M/O 

Mimulus 

Mimus 

Mirabilis 

Momotus 

Monnina 

Montanoa 

Moringa 

Morpho 

Muhlenbergia 

Muntingia 

Mus 

Musa 

n); lot'om c'is, nphr(x & n); makom c'is, 


Mimosa invisa Mart.: leb soe", nphr(x of n). 

Mimosa pigra L.: 9olnob c'is 9ak', nphr(n type 


Mimulus glabralus HBK.: 9alavena eM9lel, 


Mimus gilvus: balun-9ok'es, n(num & ncpd)5; 

sempal, nld. 

Mirabilis cf. jalapa L.: muk'ta e'emeni 1 ), nphr(aj 

& n). 

Mirabilis jalapa L.: bik'it malva, nphr(aj & n); 

eahal kampana e*i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/); eahal kampana nicim, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); e"oban e'ii\e\, nphr(n type 

n); k'ask'as e"i9lel, nphr(aj & n); malva, n; 

malvarisko, n; posil k'ak'et, nphr(n of n); 

ve9el c'o, nphr(n of n). 

Momotus mexicanus: kul, n5; ru, n5; turn, n5. 

Momotus momota: kul, n5; ru, n5; turn, n5. 

Monnina xalapense HBK.: Io9bol mut, nphr(n 

of n); pie'oe", n; veêl cih, nphr(n of n). 

Montanoa hexagona Rob. & Greenm.: sakil 

k'ol-k'os, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). 

Montanoa seleriana Rob. & Greenm.: 9it'is ton 

k'ail, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); k'os ton 

k'ail, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

Montanoa sp.: 9it'is solom, nphr(n4f of n5); 

c'is k'ail, nphr(aj & n); c'isal k'ail, nphr(aj 

& n); k'eves k'ail, nphr(n type n); sakil 

k'ail, nphr(aj & n). 

Montanoa speciosa DC: 9it'is ton k'ail, 

nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); sakil nicim, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Moringa oleijera Lam.: hasinto to, nphr(n 

type n). 

Morpho sp.: yasal pepen, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Muhlenbergia breviligula Hitchc: eahal c'is hobel, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); c'is hobel, 

nphr(n type n); hobelal salma, nphr(natt & 

n). 

Muhlenbergia gigantea (Fourn.) Hitchc: eahal 

c'is hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

Muhlenbergia macroura (HBK.) Hitchc: 9ana 

hobel, nphr(x type n)ld. 

Muhlenbergia robusla Fourn.: c'is hobel, nphr(n 

type n); hobelal salma, nphr(natt & n); muk'ta 

c'is hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type a/). 

Muhlenbergia sp. cj. emersleyi Vasey: c'is hobel, 


Muhlenbergia spicijormis Trin.: eahal hobel, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Muhlenbergia stricta (Presl.) Kunth: c'is hobel, 

nphr(n type n); hobelal na, nphr(natt & n). 

Muhlenbergia tenella (HBK.) Trin.: cukum hobel, 

nphr(n type n); k'un-hobel, n(aj & ncpd); 

sakil k'un-hobel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); 

yasal k'un-hobel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). 

Muntingia calabrura L.: cis-tc? 9ak', nphr(n/x 

& ncpd/ type n)5; cis-te9 mut, nphr(n/x & 

ncpd/ of n); makuliskuat, n; muk'ta 5is-te9 

•)ak', nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). 

Mus musculus: lumtikil c'o, nphr(natt & n)5. 

Musa paradisiaca L.: can-eelav Io9bol, nphr(n/ 

num & ncpd/ type n); maneana kinya, 

nphr(n type n)5; sera kinya, nphr(n type n). 

Mustela 

Myadestes 

Mycena 

Myiarchus 

Myioborus 

Myiozetes 

Myrcianthes 

Myrica 

Myriocarpa 

Naematoloma 

Nasua 

Neckera 

Nectandra 

Neopringlea 

Nerium 

Nicotiana 

Ninia 

Nissolia 

Nopalea 

Notholaena 

Nothoscordum 

Notiochelidon 

Nyctibius 

Nyctidromus 

Ocimum 

Odontoglossum 

Mustela frenata: saben, n5; yasal saben, 


Myadestes obscurus: tak'in 9antivo, nphr(n of 

n)5. 

Mycena sp.: eahal 9at ka9, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d 

of n5/); eahal k'abis" toh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/); ceceval bae"i te9, nphr(natt & nphr/aj 

& n/); ceceval nukul pat, nphr(natt & 

nphr/n type n/); k'os" 9at ka9, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n4d of n5/); k'os k'anal 9at ka?, nphr: 

aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); k'os" sakil 

lat ka 1 ?, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of 

n5/). 

Myiarchus tuberculifer: 9ulispipi9, n5; p'okoyo- 

1, n5. 

Myioborus miniatus: eahal katal, nphr(aj & n)5; 

katal mut, nphr(n type n)5. 

Myiozetes similis: c'ituri 1 ', n5. 

Myrcianthes fragrans (Sur.) Me V.: bik'it k'osos 


Myrica cerifera L.: k'os satin, nphr(aj & n); 

muk'ta satin, nphr(aj & n); satin, nla. 

Myriocarpa longipes Liebm.: pocahtik ''anal 

e"i9lel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

N 

Naematoloma sp.: ceceval cikin-ib, nphr(natt & 

n/n of ncpd/); ceceval k'a9-te9, nphr(natt & 

n/aj & ncpd/)5; ceceval tulan, nphr(natt & 

n). 

Nasua narica: kotom, nle. 

Neckera urnigera C. M. Crum: k'anal eon-tewl 

te->, nphr: aj & nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n). 

Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb.: eie tei(l), 


Neopringlea viscosa (Liebm.) Rose: k'os 9akit, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Nerium oleander L.: k'os patas, nphr(aj & n). 

Nicotiana tabacum L.: 9anal moy, nphr(n4f of 

n5); sakil moy, nphr(aj & n). 

Ninia diadenaia: 9ik'al hcabahom con, nphr(aj 

& nphr/agn type n/)5. 

Ninia sebae: hcabahom con, agn(nphr/agn type 

n/)5; k'anal hcabahom con, nphr(aj & nphr/ 

agn type n/)5. 

Nissolia fruticosa Jacq.: botil 9ak', nphr(n type 

n); tan ka9 9ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 

Nopalea sp.: petok, nld. 

Notholaena sinuata (Swartz) Kaulf.: muruc" eib, 

nphr(aj & n); yasal eib, nphr(aj & n). 

Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britt.: k'os tub cil, 


Notiochelidon pileata: haval 7ek'el, nphr(aj & 

n)5; hepel 9ek'el, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Nyctibius griseus: soc', n5. 

Nyctidromus albicollis: kavayero, n5. 

o 

Ocimum americanum L.: k'os 9arvahaka, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Ocimum micranthum Willd.: 9it'is 9arvahaka, 

nphr(n type n); k'os 9arvahaka, nphr(aj & n); 

pimenta e"i9lel, nphr(n type n); veiel i'o, 

nphr(n of n). 

Odontoglossum bictoniense (Batem.) Lindl.:

O/P SCIENTIFIC NAMES 559 

9uc'ul vo bolom, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d 

of n5); 9uc"ul voial ba ton, nphr(nphr/x 

type natt/ type nphr/n of n/). 

Odontoglossum egerlonii Lindl.: bik'tal luc'ul 

voi, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 

Odontoglossumstellalum Lindl.: pec'ahtik 9uc"ul 

voi, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). 

Oecopetalum Oecopelalum mexicanum Greenm. & Thomps.: 

kakav le->, nphr(n type n). 

Oenothera Oenothera kunthiana (Spach) Munz: k'os eahal 

kampana nicim, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/); muk'ta posil 9apon, nphrfaj & 


Oenothera laciniata Hill: •'orisyon e'iilel, 

nphr(n type n); pueul ûnetik, nphr(n of n). 

Oenothera rosea L'Her ex Ait.: eahal posil iapon, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); posil 'Japon, 

nphr(n of n). 

Olmediella Olmediella betsehleriana (Goepp.) Loes.: 

k'olo-mas tei, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). 

Operculina Operculina pinnatifida (HBK.) O'Donell: sakil 

pik'ok', nphr(aj & n). 

Operculinapleripes (G. Don) O'Donell: k'anak 

pik'ok' 9ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

k'anal puyu 1 ), nphr(aj & n); muk'ta k'anal 

puyu 1 ), nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Oplismenus Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) Beauv.: lakan hobel, 

nphr(n type n)5; •Jisim be hobel, 

nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ type n); k'os eahal 

hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Opuntia Opuntia sp.: iik'-\oian petok, nphr(aj/aj & 

Ucpd/ & n); lcbalal petok, nphr(aj & n); 

tcnikil petok, nphr(natt & n). 

Oreopanax Oreopanax capitatus (Jacq.) Dene. & Planch.: 

kahanab lei, nphr(n type n); matapalo, n. 

Oreopanax obtusifolius L. Wms.: *?it*is memela 

tel, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). 

Oreopanax peltatus Linden ex Regel: habnal, n; 

kelem habnal, nphr(n type n). 

Oreopanax xalapensis (HBK.) Dene. & Planch.: 

lic'ak mut, nphr(n4d of n5); hic'ilik lanal 

habnal, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); muk'ta 

habnal, nphr(aj & n). 

Oreophasis Oreophasis derbianus: tab, n5. 

Origanum Origanum vulgare L.: TOregano, n. 

Ortalis Ortalis vetula: vokoto, n5. 

Orthogeomys Orthogeomys grandis: ba, nla. 

Orthosanthus Orlhosanthus chimborascensis var. cenlroamericanus 

Steyerm.: nicim ûc, nphr(n of n); 

pec'ahtik hobel, nphr(aj & n); pec'e-9ok 

hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); s'ansan 

hobel, nphr(n type n). 

Ostrya Ostrya guatemalensis fWinkl.) Rose: e'utuh tei, 

nphr(x type n)5; sakil e'utuh te9, nphr(aj & 

nphr/x type n/). 

Otus Otus barbarus /identification uncertain/: 

kuskus, nle. 

Oxalis Oxalis albicans Kunth: bik'it vala-pohov, 


Oxalis corniculata L.: k'os vala-pohov, nphr(aj 

& n/x & ncpd/). 

Oxalis latifolia HBK.: 9o9lol vala-pohov, 

nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); eoein vala-pohov, 

nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); vala-pohov, n(x & 

ncpd). 

Oxalis sp.: muk'ta vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x 

& ncpd/); vala-pohov, n(x & ncpd). 

Oxybelis 

Oxypetalum 

Pachychilus 

Pachyrhizus 

Panaeolus 

Panicum 

Panthera 

Panus 

Parathesis 

Parietaria 

Parmentiera 

Paspalum 

Passiflora 

Pedilanthus 

Pelargonium 

Peltostigma 

Penelope 

Pennisetum 

Peperomia 

Oxybelis aeneus: 9itah con, nphr(n type n)5. 

Oxypetalum cordifolium (Vent.) Schlechter: kanava 

9ak', nphr(n type n); sinal fak', 

nphrfnatt & n). 

Pachychilus indiorum: puy, nla; suti, nla. 

Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban: hikamo, nld. 

Pachyrhizus strigosus Clausen: cenek' 9ak', 

nphr(n type n); hikamo 9ak', nphr(n type n); 

macita ''ak', nphr(n type n); yasal macita 

•?ak', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

Panaeolus sp.: •nk'al ">at ka 1 ), nphr(aj & 


Panicum bulbosum HBK.. k'ohom hobel, 

nphr(n type n); sakil sakaton, nphrfaj & n). 

Panicum hirlkaule Presl.: bae"i 9akan hobel, 


Panicum maximum Jacq.: iclol sakaton, 

nphr(aj & n); bik'it sakaton, nphr(aj & n); 

muk'ta sakaton, nphr(aj & n); puh-iakan 

hobel, nphr(n/aj & n/ type n); sakaton, 

nla; sakil sakaton, nphr(aj & n). 

Panicum reptans L.. eaeal t'ul hobel, 

nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); k'ik'i hobel, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Panicum xalapense HBK.: euneun hobel, 

nphrfaj & n). 

Panthera onca: bolom, nle; mol bolom, nphr(aj 

& n)5. 

Panus sp.: cikin c'o con, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type 

n); kacuca cohver, nphr(n4d of n5); sak-iitah, 

n(aj & ncpd)le. 

Parathesis chiapensis Fern.: pimenta te9, 


Parathesis leptopa Lundell: k'os haias to, 

nphrfaj & nphr/n type n/); pimenta te9, 


Parietaria debilis Forst.: sikil ton, nphr(aj & 

n)le. 

Parmentiera edulis DC: caci9, nld. 

Paspalum botterii (Fourn.) Chase: lakan hobel, 


Paspalum distichum L.: pec'e-7ok hobel, 


Paspalumplicalulum Michx.: yasal kakason hobel, 

rrphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

Passiflorafoetida var. lanuginosa Killip.: kranata 


Passiflora ligularis L.: bae'i kranata, nphr(aj & 

n); kranata, nla. 

Passiflora subpeltala Ortega: kranata 9ak', 

nphrfn type n). 

Pedilanlhus tilhymaloides (L.) Poit.: muk'ta 

9ama cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). 

Pelargonium hortium L. H. Bailey: lik'îk'-loân 

eahal nicim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj 

& n/); eahal nicim, nphr(aj & n)la; sakvayan 

eahal nicim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & 

nphr/aj & n/); sakil eahal nicim, nphr(aj & 


Peltostigmaplelioides (Hook.) Walp.: fresno, n. 

Penelope purpurescens: "Mk'-mut, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

Pennisetum selosum (Sw.) L. Richt.: meno, n; 

meskero, n. 

Peperomia campylolropa A. W. Hill: merio 

e'WIel, nphr(n type n); pimenta e'i^lel,


Pepsis 

Perezia 

Peromyscus 

Persea 

Perymenium 

Petastdma 

Petiveria 

Petrochelidon 

Petroselinum 

Phaseolus 

nphr(n type n); sentavo e'Plel, nphr(n type 

n). 

Peperomia deppeana Schlecht.: setahtik 

visobtakil, nphr(aj & n). 

Peperomia galioides HBK.: bae'i visobtakil, 

nphr(aj & n); k'os eahal visobtakil, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); visobtakil, nla. 

Peperomia humilis (Vahl.) A. Dietr.: muk'ta 

visobtakil, nphr(aj & n). 

Peperomia liebmanii C. DC: muk'ta visobtakil, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Peperomia pellucida (L.) HBK.: muk'tik valapohov 

e"i9lel, nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ 

type n). 

Peperomia auadri/olia (L.) HBK.: visobtakil, 

nla. 

Pepsis sp.: k'ak'al 9at, nphr(aj & n4f)5. 

Perezia reticulata (Lag.) A. Gray: posil yayihemal(l), 


Peromyscus sp.: sak-9eoval, n(aj & ncpd) 1 d. 

Perseaamericana var. drymifolia (S. & C.) Blake: 

eie te9(2), nphr(n type n). 

Persea americana L.: 9oven to, nphr(n type n); 

bae'i ion, nphr(aj & n); c'ail 9on, nphr(aj & 

n); muk'ta ?on, nphr(aj & n); yas-ion, n(aj 

& ncpd)la. 

Perymenium nelsonii Rob.: muk'ta top'ol, 

nphr(aj & n); petet te9, nphr(n type n); top'ol, 

n; top'ol to, nphr(n type n). 

Perymenium purpusii Brandeg.: cak'ak' e'iilel, 

nphr(n type n); k'os k'an-9ic, nphr(aj & n/aj 

& ncpd/); posil cin, nphr(n of n). 

Perymenium strigillosum (Rob. & Greenm.) 

Greenm.: k'anal top'ol, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta 

top'ol, nphr(aj & n). 

Petastelnw pateUiferum (Schlecht.) Miers: kilul 

sat 9ak', nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); sakil to- 

9ak', nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); to-ialc', n(aj 

& ncpd). 

Petiveria alliacea L.: soro te9, nphr(n type 

n)la. 

Petrochelidon fulva: haval 9ek'el, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A. W. Hill: kulantu 


Phaseolus atropurpureus S. & M. ex DC: 'Jok' 

e'h 9ak', nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). 

Phaseolus calcaratus Roxb.: 9aros cenek', 

nphr(n type n); eahal 9aros cenek', nphr(aj & 


Phaseolus coccineus L.. 9ik'al lae botil, nphr(aj 


Phaseolus dumosus Macf.: eahal 9ibes, nphr(aj 

& n); k'anal 9ibes, nphr(aj & n); sak-vayan 

cenek', nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); sakil 9ibes, 

nphr(aj & n); vayu9 cenek', nphr(aj & n). 

Phaseolus formosus HBK.: 9ik'al botil, nphr(aj 

& n); 9ik'al lae botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/); botil cenek', nphr(n type n); eahal botil, 

nphr(aj & n); eahal e'ibal botil, nphr(aj 

& nphr/aj & n/); eahal pinto lae botil, 

nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta 

9ik'al botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil 

botil, nphr(aj & n). 

Phaseolus heterophy/lus Willd.: k'os s"ut, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Phaseolus leiosepalus Piper: bik'it sut, nphr(aj & 

Pheucticus 

Philodendron 

Phloeoceastes 

Phoebe 

Pholiata 

Phoradendron 

Phragmites 

Phyllanthus 

Phylloporus 

Phyllotopsis 

n); k'os sut, nphr(aj & n); s'ut, nla; sut 

cenek', nphr(n type n). 

Phaseolus lunatus L.: 9ik'al patas Cenek', 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); •Mk'al pataset, 

nphr(aj & n); eahal svef, nphr(aj & n); 

e'ibal patas' cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/); patas" cenek', nphr(n type n)la; patas'et, 

n; sakil k'ahbenal cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/ 

natt & n/); sakil patas cenek', nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); sakil svet', nphr(aj & n); 

svef cenek', nphr(n type n)5. 

Phaseolus vulgaris L.: eahal cenek', nphr(aj & 

n); eahal sftak'il cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/); eahal sk'un, nphr(aj & n); eahal 

slumil cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

eahal ste9-pat, nphr(n & ncpd); e'ibal 

cenek', nphr(aj & n); e"ibaron cenek', 

nphr(aj & n); cana cenek', nphr(x type n); 

k'anal cenek', nphr(aj & n); k'os sakil 

cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta 

9ak'il cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

muk'ta 9ik'al cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/); muk'ta 9ik'al slumil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj 

& n/); muk'ta sakil cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/ 

aj & n/); muk'ta slumil cenek', nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); pinto 9aros cenek', nphr(aj 

& nphr/n type n/); sak-vayan cenek', 

nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); sak-vayan sakil 

cenek', nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & 

n/); sk'un cenek', nphr(n type n); slumil 

cenek', nphr(n type n)5. 

Pheucticus ludovicianus: loro mut, nphr(n type 

n)ld. 

Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott.: 9ok' 

vakas, nphr(n4d of n5); Io9bol 9ak', nphr(n 

type n). 

Phloeoceastes guatemalensis: kalpintero mut, 

nphr(agn type n)5. 

Phoebe helicterifolia (Meissn.) Mez: k'osos te9, 


Pholiata sp.: ceceval taki-te 1 ?, nphr(natt & n/aj 

& ncpd/); k'os k'anal yuy, nphr(aj & nphr/aj 

& n/). 

Phoradendron nervosum Oliver: k'anal nok'ol 

sik'ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); muk'ta nok'ol 

sik'ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); muk'tik 

nok'ol sik'ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); nok'ol 

sik'ol, nphr(x & n)le. 

Phragmites communis Trin.: lah tama, 

nphr(n4e of n5); 9aneil 9ah, nphr(natt & n); 

vinik 9ah, nphr(n type n). 

Phyllanthus grandifolius L.: eahal k'ol-k'os, 

nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); k'ol-k'os, n(x & 

ncpd)la; k'ol-k'os moletik, nphr(n/x & 

ncpd/ of n); sakil k'ol-k'os, nphr(aj & n/x 

& ncpd/). 

Phyllanthus mcvaughii Webster: eahal to, 

nphr(aj & n); posil cin, nphr(n of n); ve9el 

sak-c'ut mut, nphr: n4d of nphr(n/aj & 


Phyllanthus sp.: ton k'ail, nphr(n type n). 

Phylloporus sp.: k'anal kusumal cikin-ib, nphr: 

aj & nphr(natt & n/n of ncpd/); sakil p'oko- 

•)ok, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd4f/). 

Phyllotopsis sp.: k'anal kusumal cikin-ib, nphr: 

aj & nphr(natt & n/n of ncpd/).

Phymosia 

Physalis 

Phytolacca 

Piaya 

Picramnia 

Pilotrichella 

Pinaropappus 

Pinguicula 

Pinus 

Piper 

Pipilo 

Piptadenia 

Piqueria 

Pisonia 

Phymosia rosea (DC.) Kearney: e'oban, n. 

Physalis nicandroides Sehlecht.: muk'ta sakil 

cicol c'o, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/); pueul cicol, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Physalis philadelphica Lam.: bae'i cicol, 

nphr(aj & n); cicol c'o, nphr(n of n); pahal 

cicol, nphr(aj & n); pueul cicol, nphr(aj 

& n)5. 

Physalis sp.: cicol c'o, nphr(n of n); cicol moletik, 

nphr(n of n); cicol to, nphr(n type n); 

muk'ta pueul cicol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/). 

Phytolacca octandra L.. maruc litah, nphr(n 

type n)la; maruc e'i'Jlel 9ob, nphr(nphr/n 

type n/ type n); sakil rob, nphr(aj & n)5; 

sakil sat 9ob, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

Phytolacca rugosa A. Br. & Bouche: 'Job, nla; 

eahal 9ob, nphr(aj & n)5; eahal sat lob, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); sat lob, nphr(n 

of n). 

Piaya cayana: e'eha'?, nle. 

Picramnia letramera Turcz.: k'os" lik'al pom 

e*unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

muk'ta pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/); ventes mol, nphr(n of n). 

Pilotrichella rigida (C. M.) Besch.: k'anal 

eon-toal to, nphr: aj & nphr(natt/n of 

ncpd/ & n). 

Pinaropappus roseus Less.: k'os klavel, nphr(aj 

& n); posil cakal, nphr(n of n); sak-vayan 

klavel, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). 

Pinguicula moranensis HBK.: posil 9eal, 

nphr(n of n). 

Pinus chiapensis (Martinez) Andresen.: nukul 

pat, nphr(n type n). 

Pinus michoacana Martinez: sakil âhan toh, 


Pinus monlezumae Lamb.: lik'al 9ahan toh, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); bae'i toh, nphr(aj 

& n); hayal pat toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ 

type n); pimil pat lahan toh, nphr(nphr/aj 

& n/ type nphr/n type n/); pimil pat toh, 


Pinus oaxacana Mirov: bae'i toh, nphr(aj & 

n); hic'il ?anal toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type 

n); pimil pat toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type 

n); vinik ?ahan toh, nphr(n type nphr/n 

type n/); yihil 9anal toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ 

type n). 

Pinus oocarpa Scheide: 7ahan toh, nphr(n type 

n)le; hic'il 9anal toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type 

n); yihil lanal toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type 

n). 

Pinus pseudoslrobus Lindl.: bae'i toh, nphr(aj 

& n); hayal pat toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type 

n); hic'il 9anal toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type 

n). 

Piper sp.: mumun, nla. 

Pipilo erythropthalmus: lik'al k'ovis, nphr(aj & 

n)5; k'ovis, nle. 

Pipladenia biuncifera Ben la.: 9it'is suk, nphr(n4f 

of n5); c'is TOlnob, nphr(n type n); sakil no\nob, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Piqueria trinervia Cav.: i!i£ik'uy, nle; k'os 

eahal cicik'uy, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Pisonia macranthocarpa Donn. Sm.: krus i'ls, 


Pitangus 

Pitcairnia 

Pithecellobium 

Pithecoctenium 

Pituophis 

Plantago 

Platanus 

Platymiscium 

Pleurotus 

Pluchea 

Plumeria 

Pluteus 

Podilymbus 

Poeppigia 

Pogonatum 

Polioptila 

Polistes 

Polyclathra 

Polygala 

Polygonum 

Polymnia 


Pitangus sulphuratus: c'ituri 1 ), n5. 

Pitcairnia breedlovei L. B. Smith: •mma? 9ec\ 

nphr(aj & n)5; c'is 9ec', nphr(n type n). 

Pitcairnia kanvinskyana Schult.: oaneil lumai 

•>ec\ nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/). 

Pitcairnia purpusii L. B. Smith: c'is 9aneil 9ec\ 

nphr(n type nphr/natt & n/). 

Pitcairnia sp.: luma") 9ec', nphr(aj & n)5. 

Pithecellobium arboreum (L.) Urb.: cenek' to, 


Pithecellobium sp.: c'is voy cih to, nphr: n type 


Pilhecoclenium echinatum (Jacq.) Schum.: Tusub 

9ak', nphr(n4f type n5); can-eelav 9ak', 

nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n); cukob citom 

9ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); husob-bail, 

n(n & rpncpd); husob-bail 9ak', nphr(n/n & 

rpncpd/ type n). 

Pituophis lineaticollis: cih-con, n(aj & n)5. 

Plantago alismatifolia Pilger: 9ok' e')9, nphr(n4d 

of n5); posil sep', nphr(n of n). 

Plantago hirtella HBK.: 9ok" e"K nphr(n4d of 

n5); 9ok' e'n e'iilel, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ 

type n); pocahtik 9anal e'i'Jle!, nphr(nphr/aj 

& n/ type n); posil k'ok', nphr(n of n); posil 

mahbenal, nphr(n of n). 

Plantago major L.. Ian tet, nphr(x type n). 

Platanus chiapensis Standl.: hac'ub te 1 ), nphr(n 

type n). 

Platymiscium dimorphandrum Donn. Sm.: lumpisera, 

n. 

Pleurotus sp.: sak-'Jitah, n(aj & ncpd)le. 

Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass.: eahal sitit, nphr(aj & 

n); sakil sitit, nphr(aj & n); sitit, n5. 

Plumeria alba L.: sakil patas mcim, nphr(aj & 


Plumeria rubra L.: eahal patas nicim, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); k'anal patas nicim, nphrfaj 

& nphr/n type n/); moraro patas nicim, 


Pluleus cen/inus (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Kummer: 

•)ik'al cecev, nphr(aj & n); sakil ceceval tulan, 


Podilymbus podiceps: heak-coy, agn(tv & 

ncpd). 

Poeppigia procera Presl.: molino lei, nphr(n 

type n). 

Pogonatum flexuosum (C. M.) Broth.: eon-teial 

balamil, nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n); k'os 

sansan, nphr(aj & n); k'os sansanil balamil, 


Polioptila albi/oris: pic' mut, nphr(x type n)5. 

Polioptila caerulea: e'inil mut, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Polistes sp.: TOvispo, nle; cak-lakan te 1 ), 

nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n)le. 

Polyclathra cucumerina Bertol.: c'um-te9 oak', 

nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n); senebal pos, 


Polygala costaricensis Chodat.: posil cuvah, 

nphr(n of n)5; yasal nic e'iilel, nphr(nphr/aj 

& n/ type n). 

Polygonum punctatum Ell.: 9at nab, nphr(n4f 

of n5); kokcon nic nab, nphr(n type nphr/n 

of n/); yail e'iflel, nphr(aj & n). 

Polymnia maculala Cav,: bik'it k'ail, nphrfaj &

562 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 P/Q 

Polypodium 

Polypogon 

Polyporus 

Polystichum 

Popilius 

Portulaca 

Potos 

Pouteria 

Pouteria 

Pouzolzia 

Pres Ionia 

Prionosciadium 

Priva 

Procyon 

Prunella 

n); k'os k'ail, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta k'ail, 

nphr(aj & n); muk'ta sun, nphr(aj & n). 

Polypodium angustifolium tar. amphostenon 

(Kunze ex Klotzsch) Hieron: 9ik'al kilahtik 

eib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Polypodium angustifolium Sw.: eibal c'ut te9, 

nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/); kilahtik eib, 

nphr(aj & n); sakil kilahtik eib, nphr(aj & 


Polypodium munchii Christ: eibal k'it-tei, 

nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). 

Polypodium xalapense (Fee) Christ: sakil kilahtik 

eib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Polypogon elongatus HBK.: 9akan hobel, nphr(n 

type n)5. 

Polypogon semiverticillata (Forsk.) Hyl.: ve")el 

t'ul, nphr(n of n). 

Polyporus pergamenus Fries: eahal kusumal 

k'a'Moh, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & 

ncpd/). 

Polyporus sp.\ kusumal balamil, nphr(natt & 

n); k'anal kusum. nphr(aj & n): sakil kusumal 

k'a9-toh, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & 

ncpd/); sakil kusumal taki-te 1 ?, nphr: aj & 


Polyporus versicolor L. ex. Fries: kusumal 9it'is 

9on te9, nphr: natt & nphr(n4f of nphr/n type 

n/); kusumal pat toh, nphr(natt & nphr/n 

of n/). 

Polystichum distans Fourn.: eahal .eib, nphr(aj 

& n). 

Polystichum pallidum Fourn.: muk'ta eib, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Popilius sp.: canul k'a'i-te'?, nphr(n of n/aj & 

ncpd/)5. 

Portulaca oleracea L.: bertulaka, n5. 

Portulaca oleracea L.. eahal tranhero 'Ms-ak', 

nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). 

Polos flatus: 9uyuh, n5. 

Pouteria campechiana: k'anas-te9, nphr(x & 

ncpd)la; nooci?, nld. 

Pouteria mammosa (L.) Cronq.: ha9as, nld. 

Pouzolzia cf. purpusii Brandeg.: sakil cil habnal, 


Prestonia mexicana A. DC. vel. aff.: sulub vakas 

9ak', nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 

Prestonia sp.: 9at karnero 9ak', nphr: nphr(n4d 

of n5) type n; 9at vakas 9ak', nphr: nphr(n4d 

of n5) type n. 

Prionosciadium nelsoni C. & R.: muk'ta ?ama 

cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). 

Priva aspera HBK.: 9ik'al pom e'unun, nphr(aj 

& nphr/n of n/)5; eahal pom e'unun, nphr(aj 

& nphr/n of n/); muk'ta eahal pom e'unun, 

nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk'ta 

pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); puh- 

9akan pom e'unun, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type 

nphr/n of n/); ve9el k'ovis, nphr(n of n). 

Priva lappulacea (L.) Pers.: 9ik'al nap'ap' e*i9lel, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k'os nap'ap' e'iilel, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); nap'ap' e*i9lel, 

nphr(aj & n)le; yasal nap'ap' e'i9lel, nphr(aj 


Procyon lotor: me9el con(l), nphr(n type n)le; 

napac, nle. 

Prunella vulgaris L.: 9arvahaka e'iilel, nphr(n 

Prunus 

Psaltriparus 

Pseudobombax 

Pseudomyrmex 

Psidium 

Psilocybe 

Psilorhinus 

Psittacanthus 

Psychotria 

Ptilogonys 

Punica 

Pyllophaga 

Pyrogocorypha 

Pyrus 

Quassia 

Quercus 

type n); bot'-hol e^lel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type n); bot'-hol nicim, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type n); posil sep', nphr(n of n); yasal nic 

e'iilel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

Prunus armeniaca L.: kaslan turasnu, nphr(aj & 

n)la. 

Prunus capuli Cav.: bae'i cis-te9, nphr(aj & n/x 

& ncpd/); lobalal cis-te9, nphr(aj & n/x & 

ncpd/). 

Prunus domestica L.: 9ik'9ik'-lo9an sirvela, 

nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); eahal sirvela, 

nphr(aj & n); k'anal sirvela, nphr(aj & n); 

sakil sirvela, nphr(aj & n). 

Prunus persica (L.) Stokes: bae'i sakil turasnu, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); bae"i turasnu, 

nphr(aj & n); karirat, nld; karirat turasnu, 

nphr(n type n); k'anal karirat, nphr(aj & n); 

k'anal prisku9, nphr(aj & n); k'os merokotom, 

nphr(aj & n); luranko, nla; luranko 

turasnu, nphr(n type n); sakil prisku9, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Prunus serolina Ehrh.: eahal cis-te9, nphr(aj & 

n/x & ncpd/); cis-te9, n(x & ncpd)la; sakil 

Io9balal cis-te9, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & 

ncpd/). 

Psaltriparus minimus: e'irin mut, nphr(n type 

n)5. 

Pseudobombax eliipticum (HBK.) Dugand: mail 

te9, nphr(n type n). 

Pseudomyrmex ferruginea: canul cohcoh, 


Psidium guajava L.: kaslan potov, nphr(aj & n); 

k'os potov, nphr(aj & n); potov, nia; te9tikil 

potov, nphr(natt & n). 

Psidium guineense Sw.: bae'i potov, nphr(aj & 

n); potov, nia; sakil potov, nphr(aj & n). 

Psilocybe sp.: k'os k'anal 9at ka9, nphr: aj & 


Psilorhinus mexicanus: 9ik'-mut, n(aj & ncpd)5; 

ma9-sat mut, nphr(n/aj ncpd/ type n)5. 

Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don: k'anal 

nok'ol sik'ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); k'os 

nok'ol sik'ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); nok'ol 

sik'ol, nphr(x & n)le; nok'ol sik'ol h9ik'al, 

nphr(nphr/x & n/ of agn). 

Psychotria sp.: 9it'is sakil kanela te9, nphr: n4f 

of nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); posil pat ka9, 

nphr(n of nphr/n of n/); sakil kanela te9, 


Ptilogonys cinereus: 9ulis"pipi9, n5; p'okoyo9, 

n5; tok-hol mut, nphr(aj & ncpd)5; t'ok-hol 


Punica granatum L.: granada, n. 

Pyllophaga sp.: kumum, nle. 

Pyrogocorypha sp.: koci9, nla. 

Pyrus communis L.: bae'i peles, nphr(aj & n)5; 

kaslan peles, nphr(aj & n)la; peron, n. 

Q 

Quassia amara L.: can-eelav 9ak', nphr(n/num 

& ncpd/ type n); te9-9ak', n(aj & ncpd). 

Quercus acatenangensis Trel.: £ikin-ib, n(n of 

ncpd)5; hayal pat cikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & 

n/ type n/n of ncpd/). 

Quercus candicans Nee: pi mil pat cikin-ib, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of ncpd/); sap-

Q/R SCIENTIFIC NAMES 563 

Rana 

Randia 

Ranunculus 

Rapanea 

Raphanus 

Rattus 

Rauvolfia 

Renauldia 

Rhamnus 

Rhodophyllus 

Rhus 

Rhynchelytrum 

yok, n(aj & ncpd)5. 

Quercus crassijolia H. & B.: bae'i te9, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

Quercus mexicana H. & B.: pimil pat cikin-ib, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of ncpd/). 

Quercus peduncular is Nee: bae'i te9, nphr(aj & 

n)5; k'eves tulan, nphr(n type n). 

Quercus polymorpha Benth.: e'oe'op, n5; c'ulul 

lana] cikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of 

ncpd/); k'eves tulan, nphr(n type n). 

Quercus rugosa Nee: 'Jik'al tulan, nphr(aj & n); 

eahal tulan, nphr(aj & n); hayal pat tulan, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k'an-tulan, n(aj 

& ncpd); sakil tulan, nphr(aj & n). 

Quercus segoviensis Liebm.: k'eves" tulan, 

nphr(n type n); tulan. nla. 

R 

Rana pipiens: me9 vc, nphr(n of n)5; rana, nle. 

Randia aculeata L.: 9it'is boc, nphr(n4f of n5); 

boc pukuh, nphr(n4d of n5); eimai c'is, 

nphr(n type n); c'is to, nphr(n type n)le; 

k'ib to, nphr(n type n); posil tanal 9eal, 

nphr(n of nphr/n of n/); yasal c'is te9, 


Ranunculus geoides HBK.: k'ohom(l), n; posil 

cuvah, nphr(n of n)5; posil sep', nphr(n of 

n). 

Rapanea juergensenii Mez: tilil, nla. 

Rapanea myricoides (Schlecht.) Lundell: c'ulul 

9anal te?, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); sulal na, 


Raphanus sativus L.: 

?alavanus, nphr(n 

9alavanus, nphrfaj 

muk'ta 9alavanus, 

9alavanus, nld; c'is 

type n); k'os kaslan 

& nphr/n type n/); 

nphr(aj & n); muk'ta 

kaslan 9alavanus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/); natikil 9alavanus, nphr(aj & n); sakil 

lalavanus, nphr(aj & n). 

Rattus rattus: karansa c'o, nphr(n type n)5; 

merikano c'o, nphr(aj & n)le.* 

Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.: lie sulem, nphr(n4d of 

n5); ve?el kulahtei, nphr(n of n); ve9el mut, 

nphr(n of n). 

Renauldia mexicana (Mitt.): k'anal eon-te9al 

te?, nphr: aj & nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n). 

Rhamnus discolor (Donn. Sm.) Rose: hamal 9anal 

te?, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); muk'ta 

bak te?, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); ve9el ku- 

Iahte9, nphr(n of n). 

Rhamnus nelsonii Rose: 9ahoh to, nphr(n type 

n); Io9bol hes te9, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). 

Rhodophyllus sp.: 9ik'al bililus, nphr(aj & n). 

Rhus schiedeana Schlecht.: c'ulul 9anal te9, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); pah-9ul, n(aj & 

ncpd) Id. 

Rhus terebinthifolia S. & C: k'os pah-9ul, 

nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); pah-9ul, n(aj & 

ncpd)ld; pah-9ul 9ak', nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ 

type n); posil 9eal, nphr(n of n); sakil k'os' 

pah-9ul, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). 

Rhynchelytrum roseum (Nees) Stapf & Hubb.: 

eahal hobel, nphr(aj & n); eahal nii hobel, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); c'is hobei, 

nphr(n type n); k'os eahal hobel, nphr(aj & 

Rhynchosia 

Riiynchospora 

Ricinus 

Rondeletia 

Rorippa 

Rosa 

Rubus 

Ruellia 


Rhynchosia discolor Mart. & Gal.: k'anal pek' 

me9el, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pek' meêl, 

nphr(n of n). 

Rhynchosia longeracemosa Mart. & Gal.: 

macita 9ak', nphr(n type n). 

Rhynchospora ciliata (Vahl.) Kukenthal: sakil 

krus hobel, nphrlaj & nphr/n type n/). 

Ricinus communis L.: oit'is c'upak' te9, nphr(n4f 

of nphr/n type n/); eahal c'upak' te9, nphr(aj 

& nphr/n type n/); c'upak' te9. nphr(n type 

n); muk'ta c'upak' te9, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/(; sakil c'upak' te9, nphrlaj & 


Rondeletia sp.: bae'i kanelo, nphr(aj & n); 

k'ask'as nicim, nphr(aj & n); tut nicim, 


Rorippa nastunium-aquaticum L.. hero, nla; 

vok vo9, nphr(n of n). 

Rorippa X sterilis Airy Shaw: bero, nla. 

Rosa banksiae R. Br.: k'os k'anal rosa, nphr(aj 


Rosa chinensis Jacq.: eahal rosa, nphrlaj & n); 

e'unbalal 9ik'9ik'-lo9an rosa, nphr: aj & 

nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); e'unbalal sakil 

rosa, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta 

sakil ros"a, nphrlaj & nphr/aj & n/); sakvayan 

rosa, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); sakvilan 

e'unbalal rosa. nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & 

nphr/aj & n/); sak-vilan rosa, nphr(aj/aj & 

Ucpd/ & n). 

Rosa sp.: eahal rosa, nphr(aj & n); e'unbalal 

bik'tal eahal rosa, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/ 

aj & n/); k'os eahal rosa, nphrlaj & nphr/aj 

& n/); k'os sak-vayan eahal rosa, nphr: aj 

& nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); 

makom rosa. nphr(n type n|; sak-pak'an 

rosa, nphr: ajlaj & P, P2cpd & n). 

RubusadenolrichusSchlecht.: makom, nla; makom 

vet, nphrln of n); tanal makom, nphrfaj 

& n). 

Rubus coriifolius Liebm.: kaslan makom, 

nphr(aj & n); tusum makom, nphrfn type n). 

Rubus eriocarpus Liebm.: soto-cak, n(aj & 

ncpd) la. 

Rubus fagifolius S. & C c'ail makom. nphrlaj & 

n). 

Rubus humistraius Steud.: eahal makom, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Rubus irasuensis Liebm.: bae'i makom. nphrlaj 

& n); pahal makom, nphrfaj & n). 

Rubussapidus Schlecht.: kaslan makom, nphr(aj 

& n). 

Rubus sp.: muk'ta kaslan makom, nphrfaj & 


Rubus trilobus Ser.: nuk' cih, nphr(n of n)ld. 

Ruellia hookeriana (Nees) Hemsl.: yasal kampana 

e'iilel, nphrlaj & nphr/n type n/). 

Ruellia inundata HBK.: eun-hol e'i9lel, nphr(n/ 

aj & ncpd/ type n); teneun. n; teneun e'i9lel, 

nphr(n type n); teneun pos, nphr(n type n). 

Ruellia megasphaera Lindau: k'ask'as e'i9lel, 

nphrlaj & n). 

Ruellia nudifhra (Engelm. & Gray) Urban: 

yasal kampana e'iilel, nphrlaj & nphr/n


Rumex 

Russelia 

Russula 

Ruta 

Sabal 

Saccharum 

Sageretia 

Salix 

Salmea 

Salvia 

type n/). 

Ruellia puberula (Leonard) Thorp & Barkley: 

9ok' e?\i, nphr(n4d of n5). 

Rumex obiusifotius ssp. oblusifolius L.: pocahtik 

?ana] cr'i'Jlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); posil 

?eal, nphr(n of n). 

Russelia sarmenlosa Jacq.: eahal k'ask'as e'i'Jlel, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k'ask'as cr*i7lel, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Russula flava (Romell) Romell: k'anal yuy 

cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Russula sp.\ 9ik'-lo9an yuy cauk, nphr(aj/aj & 

Ucpd/ & nphr/n of n/); 9ik'al bililus, nphr(aj 

& n); eahal yuy cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/); ceceval bae'i te?, nphr(natt & nphr/aj 

& n/); k'anal p'oko-9ok, nphr(aj & n/aj & 

ncpd4f/); sakil yuy cauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

of n/); yuyal cikin-ib, nphr(natt & n/n of 

ncpd/). 

Ruta graveolens L.: lula, nla. 

Sabal sp.\ bae'i palma, nphr(aj & n); palma, 

nld. 

Saccharum officinarum L.: eahal vale9, nphr(aj 

& n); sakil vale?, nphr(aj & n). 

Sageretia elegans (HBK.) Brogn.: 9os-9u, n(num 

& ncpd)le. 

Salix bonplandiana HBK.: sakil tok'oy, nphr(aj 

& n). 

Salix chilensis Mol.: kilahtik tok'oy, nphr(aj & 

n); sakil tok'oy, nphr(aj & n). 

Salix taxifolia HBK.: k'os tok'oy, nphr(aj & n). 

Salmea scandens (L.) DC: 9it'is k'an-9ic, 

nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/); k'os sakil 

k'an-?ic, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/aj & 

ncpd/). 

Salvia cacaliaefolia Benth.: 9itah 9antivo, 

nphr(n4d of n5); muk'ta 9uc'ul vo9, nphr(aj & 


Salvia chiapensis Fern.: eahal pom e'unun, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k'os eahal pom 


n/); pom e'unun, nphr(n of n)5. 

Salvia cinnabarina M. & G.: bik'it eahal pom 

e'unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

eahal pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Salvia coccinea Juss: pom e'unun, nphr(n of 

n)5. 

Salvia excelsa Benth.: eahal pom e'unun, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk'ta eahal pom 


n/); muk'ta pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

of n/); pom e'unun, nphr(n of n)5; sakil 

pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Salvia holwayi Blake: muk'ta eahal pom 

e'unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

muk'ta pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/); muk'ta posil k'ok', nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/); pom e'unun, nphr(n of n)5. 

Salvia lavanduloides Benth.: bakal e*i9lel, 

nphr(n type n); posil 9obal, nphr(n of n)5; 

posil hik'ik'ul ?obal, nphr(n of nphr/aj & 

n/); yasal eukum e"i7lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/). 

Salvia misella Kunth: 9alavena e"i?lel, nphr(n 

Sambucus 

Sanvitalia 

Saracha 

Sarcoramphus 

Sarcostemma 

Satureja 

Saurauia 

Sayornis 

Scardafella 

Sceloporus 

Schizocarpon 

Schizophyllum 

type n); k'os nap'ap' e'iilel, nphr(aj & nphr/ 

aj & n/); nap'ap' e'rtlelj nphr(aj & n)le. 

Salvia polystachya Ort.: 9ik'al pom e'unun, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5; c'is pom e'unun, 

nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); k'os "?ik'al pom 


n/); muk'ta lik'al pom e'unun, nphr: aj & 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); ventes" mol, 

nphr(n of n); yasal pom e'unun, nphr(aj & 


Salvia purpurea Cav.: ?ik'a] pom e'unun, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5; buluk' sat e'i'Jlel, 

nphr(n/x & n/ type n); eahal pom e'unun, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk'ta yasal pom 


n/); yasal pom e'unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/). 

Salvia rubiginosa Benth.: yasal pom e'unun, 


Salvia sp.\ misto, nld. 

Salvia tilliaefolia Vahl.: 9ik'al pom e'unun, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5; buluk' sat e'i^lel, 

nphr(n/x & n/ type n); c'ail e'i'Jlel, nphr(aj 

& n); k'os yasal pom e'unun, nphr: aj & 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); nocleb buluk' sat, 

nphr(x & n,). 

Salvia urica Epl.: nocleb e'unun, nphr(n of n); 

yas-9ulan pom e'unun, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & 

nphr/n of n/); yasal nic e'iilel, nphr(nphr/ 

aj & n/ type n); yasal pom e'unun, nphr(aj 

& nphr/n of n/). 

Sambucus mexicana Presl: "?ik'al sutas cihil te9, 

nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/); bae'i 

cihil te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); cihil te9, 

nphr(aj & n); sakil cihil te9, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); sakil sutas cihil te9, nphr: aj 

& nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/). 

Sanvitalia procumbens Lam.: k'os saho?, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Saracha procumbens (Cav.) R. & P.: cicol c'o, 

nphr(n of n). 

Sarcoramphus papa: rey sulem, nphr(n type 

n)le. 

Sarcostemma bilobum H. & A.: pohov 9ak', 

nphr(n type n); sakil k'an-ak' 9ak', nphr: aj & 


Satureja brownii (Sw.) Briq.: bik'it yas-fel, 

nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); bik'tal yas-£el, 

nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); k'os habnal, 

nphr(aj & n); k'os yas-cel, nphr(aj & n/aj & 

ncpd/); posil cuvah, nphr(n of n)5; posil 

k'ok', nphr(n of n); yas-cel, n(aj & ncpd). 

Satureja mexicana (Benth.) Briq.: Culelal 

nicim, nphr(n type n). 

Saurauia oreophila Hemsl.: 9it'is ?ahoh, 

nphr(n4f of n5); te9 la, nphr(n type n). 

Saurauia scabrida Hemsl.: 9aho9 te9, nphr(n 

type n); te9 la, nphr(n type n). 

Sayornis nigricans: 9ik'al mut, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Scardafella inca: pulivok, nld; soltaro mut, 

nphr(n type n)5; toltora, n5. 

Sceloporus malachitkus: 9okoe, nle. 

Schizocarpon attenuatum Cogn. et Rose ex 

Rose: k'anal 6'um-te 1 ? c'o, nphr: aj & 


Schizophyllum commune Fr.: sakil kusum,

Schkuhria 

Schoenocaulon 

Schrankia 

Scirpus 

Sciurus 

Sclerocarpus 

Scleroderma 

Scutellaria 

Sechium 

Sedum 

Selaginella 

Selenicereus 

Senecio 

Serjania 

Sesbania 

Setaria 

Setophaga 

Sialia 

Sicyos 

nphr(aj & n). 

Schkuhria anthemoidea (DC.) Coult.: voitus 

e'illel, nphr(n type n). 

Schoenocaulon officinale (S. & C.) Gray: k'asib 

hobel, nphr(n type n). 

Schrankia leplocarpa DC: k'os leb soe', nphr(aj 

& nphr/n of n/); nicim c'o, nphr(n of n). 

Scirpus calijornicus (C. A. Meyer) Steudel: 

9aneil puh, nphr(natt & n); puh 9oy balamil, 

nphr(n type nphr/n4e of n5/); vinik puh, 


Scirpus validus Vahl.: 9oy vinahel, nphr(n4e of 

n5); puh, nla. 

Sciurus deppei: eahal cue, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Sciurus griseoflavius: yasal cue, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Sclerocarpus uniserialis tar. jrutescens (Brandeg.) 

Feddema: k'os c'is saho9, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); k'os saho9, nphr(aj & n). 

Scleroderma sp.: muk'ta colcol be, nphr(aj & 


Scutellaria chalicophila Loesen.: va9ahtik 

cak'ak', nphr(aj & n). 

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.: c'um-te"), n(n & 

ncpd)la; k'os sakil c"um-te9, nphr: aj & 

nphr(aj & n/n & nepd/); muk'ta sakil 

c'um-te9, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/n & 

nepd/); sakil eop-c'um-te9, nphr: aj & n(aj 

& nepd/n & nepd/); t'aras c"um-te9, 

nphr(aj & n/n & nepd/); yasal 

eop-c'um-te9, nphr: aj it n(aj & nepd/n & 

nepd/); yasal c'um-te 1 ?, nphr(aj & n/n & 

nepd/). 

Sedum gudtemalensis Hemsl.: k'os pimil 9anal, 


Sedum praealtum DC: pimil 9anal, nphr(aj & 

n)la. 

Selaginella pallescens (Presl.) Spring: sansanil 

ton, nphr(natt & n). 

Selenicereus sp.: ne bolom, nphr(n of n). 

Senecio hartwegii Benth.: k'os" k'anal ton k'ail, 

nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

Senecio kermesinus Hemsl.: k'os k'an-9ic 9ak', 

nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n). 

Senecio salignus DC: bae'i cilkat, nphr(aj & n); 

tilkat, n5; k'os cilkat, nphr(aj & n). 

Senecio ihomasii Klatt: k'os suil 9itah, nphr(aj & 


Senecio uspantanensis (Coult.) Greenm.: 9ic"ak 

mut te9, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); c'ulul 

9anal te9, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

Serjania lobulata Standl. & Steyerm.: sakil 

cukob citom 9ak', nphr: aj &. nphr(nphr/n 

of n/ type n). 

Serjania sp.: k'os pek' me9el, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); sakil pek' me9el, nphr(aj & 


Sesbania emerus (Aubl.) Urban: punyal e'iflel, 


Seiaria geniculala (Lam.) Beauv.: 9isim be hobel, 

nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ type n); eukum 

hobel, nphr(n type n); pec'ahtik eahal hobel, 


Setophaga picta: eahal katal, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Sialia sialis: kere-Tucul, nphr(x & ncpd)5. 

Sicyos microphyllus HBK.: eop-fum-te-? c"o, 

nphr: aj & nphr(n/n & nepd/ of n); c'um-te9 


Sida 

Siegesbeckia 

Sigmodon 

Simsia 

Sisyrinchium 

Sitophilus 

Smilacina 

Smilax 

Sobralia 

Solarium 

9ak', nphr(n/n & nepd/ type n). 

Sicyos sp.: c'um-te9 c'o, nphr(n/n & nepd/ of n). 

Sida acuta Burm.: muk'ta sat mes, nphr(aj & 



Sida alba L.: k'anal sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

of n/). 

Sida rhombifolia L.: hic'il 9anal pak' cak, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n of n/); k'anal 

pak' cak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k'anal 

sat mes, nphrfaj & nphr/n of n/); k'os sat 

mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pak' cak, 

nphr(n of n); pak' cak e'i9lel, nphr(nphr/n 

of n/ type n); sat mes, nphr(n of n). 

Siegesbeckia jorullensis HBK.: k'os k'ail, 

nphr(aj & n); nap'ap' e'i7lel, nphr(aj & n)!e. 

Sigmodon hispidus saluratus: citom c'o, nphr(n 

type n)ld. 

Simsia amplexicaulis (Cav.): c'is saho9, nphr(n 

type n); muk'ta k'anal saho9, nphr(aj & nphr/ 

aj & n/): muk'ta saho9, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta 

saho 1 ) e I i9lel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 

saho, nla; sakil saho9, nphr(aj & n). 

Simsia foetida Blake: eahal saho9, nphr(aj & n); 

c'is saho9, nphr(n type n); k'anal saho9, 

nphr(aj & n); saho9, nla. 

Simsia sanguinea A. Gray: k'os pilis, nphr(aj & 

n). 

Sisyrinchium anguslissimum (Rob. & Greenm.) 

Greenm. & Thomps.: pec'ahtik hobel, 

nphr(aj & n); pec'e-9ok e'i9lel, nphr(n/aj & 

nepd/ type n); pec'e-9ok hobel. nphr(n/aj & 

nepd/ type n). 

Sisyrinchium convolutum Nocca: k'anal 

pec'e-9ok hobel. nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & 

nepd/ type n); pec'e-9ok, n(aj & nepd); 

pec"e-9ok e'i9lel, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n); 

pec'e-9ok hobel, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ type n). 

Sisyrinchium scabrum: pec'ahtik hobel, nphr(aj 

& n); pec"e-9ok nic nab, nphr(n/aj & nepd/ 


Sisyrinchium linctorium HBK.: k'anal 

pec'e-9ok, nphr(aj & n/aj & nepd/). 

Sitophilus ordinarius: canul 9isim, nphr(n of n)5. 

Sitophilus zeamais: canul 9isim, nphr(n of n)5. 

Smilacina paniculala Mart. & Gal.: caynail 

e"i9lel, nphr(natt & n). 

Smilacina scilloidea Mart. & Gal.: 9at e"i9 e"i9lel, 

nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. 

Smilax jalapensis Schlecht.: 9ik'al e'usub, 

nphr(aj & n); t'ut' 9ak', nphr(n type n); t'ut'ak 

9ak', nphr(n type n). 

Smilax mollis H. & B.: k'os" k'anal t'ut' 9ak\ 

nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); t'ut' 

9ak\ nphr(n type n). 

Sobralia decora Batem.: 9it'is c'ib, nphr(n4f of 

n5). 

Solanum aff. douglasii Dunal: 9unen mu, 


Solanum a/igerum Schlecht.: sat pukuh(l), 

nphr(n of n). 

Solanum arrazolense Coult. & Donn. Sm.: muk'ta 

dicol c'o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Solanum brachyslachys Mart. & Gal.: sakil tuil 

te9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sat pukuh(l), 

nphr(n of n); tuil te9, nphrfaj & n)le.


Sonchus 

Sorex 

Sorghum 

Spilanthes 

Spilogale 

Spinus 

Spiraea 

Spiranthes 

Solatium cervantesii Lag.: sat pukuh(l), nphr(n 

of n). 

Solatium dulcamaroides Dunal: hic'il yasal pek' 

me'Jel, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Solatium erianthum D. Don.: hik'ik' to, nphr(aj 

& n); moy to, nphr(n type n); vietikal moy 

te9, nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). 

Solatium hernandezii M. & S.: k'us-pevul, n(aj & 

ncpd)5. 

Solatium hispidum Pers.: k'us-pevul, n(aj & 

ncpd)5; muk'ta k'us-pevul, nphr(aj & n/aj & 

ncpd/); sakil k'us-pevul, nphr(aj & n/aj & 

ncpd/). 

Solatium mammosum L.: cucu9, nla. 

Solatium millense Dunal: bik'it sak-nic to, 

nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); 

k'us-pevul, n(aj & ncpd)5; sak-nic te9, 


Solatium nigrum L.: 9unen mu, nphr(aj & n)1a. 

Solatium nodiflorum Jacq.: 9unen mu, nphr(aj & 

n)la; c'ail 9unen mu, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/); totikil Tunen mu, nphr(natt & nphr/aj 

& n/). 

Solatium oaxacanum Dunal: sakil 9ic'ak mis, 


Solatium somniculentum Kunze: sakil 9ic hoh, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); yasal 9ic hoh, 


Solatium sp.: e'itesob holol, nphr(n of n); cicol 

9ak', nphr(n type n). 

Solatium tuberosum L.: bae'i 9is-ak", nphr(aj & 

n/x & ncpd/); eahal tranhero 9is-ak", nphr: aj 

& nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); sakil tranhero 

?is-ak\ nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). 

Solatium verbascifolium L.: hik'ik' to, nphr(aj & 

n); kampana e'iilel, nphr(n type n). 

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill: c'is cikario, nphr(aj & 

n). 

Sonchus oleraceus L.: cikario, nla; c'is cikario, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Sorex sp.: hlut'ieh-be c'o, agn: nphr(n/tv & 


Sorghum vulgare Pers.: tukum h'Jik'al, nphr(n of 

agn)5. 

Spilanthes americana (L. f.) Hieron.: cak'ak', 

n5; cak'ak' e*i9lel, nphr(n type n); k'anal nic 

posil k'ok', nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n 

of n/); k'os cak'ak', nphr(aj & n); k'os 

k'anal saho9, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); posil 

sal-e'i9, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/). 

Spilanthes ocymifotia (Lam.) A. H. Moore: 

c'inin e^lel, nphr(aj & n); vac' to e'iolel, 


Spilogale angustifrons: k'os poyoy, nphr(aj & 

n)ld. 

Spinus nolatus: c'ikc'ik, n5; k'anal e'irin mut, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/)5; k'anal c'ivil mut, 


Spiraea cantoniensis Lour.: *>it'is pomos, 


Spiranlhes auraniiaca (Llave & Lex.) Hemsl.: 

k'anal pec'e-9ok, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); 

k'anal tub cil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); 

nicim rios, nphr(n4f of n5). 

Spiranthes cinnabarina (Llave & Lex.) Hemsl.: 

Spondias 

Sporobolus 

Stachys 

Stelgidopteryx 

Stemmadenia 

Stenophysa 

Sterculia 

Stereum 

Stevia 

Stigmaphyllon 

Stillingia 

Stipa 

Streptoprocne 

Stru than thus 

9ok' vakas', nphr(n4d of n5); 9uc"ul voal ton, 

nphr(nphr/x type natt/) type n; k'os tub cil, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); nicim hoh, nphr(n 

of n). 

Spiranthes hemichrea Lindl.: 9at e'i9 e'rilel, 

nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. 

Spondias mombin L.: 9at citom po9on, nphr: 

nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5) type n; hovos, n5; te- 

9tikal po9on, nphr(natt & n). 

Spondiaspurpurea L.: bae'i po9on, nphr(aj & n); 

k'anal po9on, nphr(aj & n); yas"al po9on, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Sporobolus poiretii (Roem. & Schult.) Hitchc: 

9akan hobel, nphr(n type n)5. 

Stachys coccinea Jacq.: 9it'is 9ik'al pom e'unun, 

nphr: n4f of nphrfaj & nphr/n of n/); ten 9uc, 


Stachys radkans Epl.: eoeil habnal, nphr(aj & 

n). 

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis: haval 9ek'el, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

Stemmadenia obovata (H. & A.) Schum.: coc, 

nla. 

Stemmadenia sp.: coc, nla. 

Stenophysa nitens Philippi: posil cuvah, nphr(n 

of n)5; puyal 9uk'um, nphr(natt & n)5. 

Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) Karst.: kastanya, n. 

Stereum hirsutum Fries: k'anal kusum, nphr(aj 

& n). 

Stereum sp.: k'anal kusumal k'a9-te9, nphr: aj & 


Stevia connata Lag.: meshob e'i'Mel, nphr(n type 

n). 

Stevia lucida Cav.: e'akob-bail pos, nphr(n/n & 

rpncpd/ type n); e'akob bak, nphr(n of n); 

c'a-te9 pos, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n); 

muk'ta c'a-te9, nphrfaj & n/x & ncpd/); 

nap'ap' e"i9lel, nphr(aj & n)le; nap'ap' posil 

9ik', nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Stevia polycephala Bertol.: bae"i c"a-te9, nphr(aj 

& n/x & ncpd/); bik'it c'a-to, nphr(aj & n/x 

& ncpd/); e'akob-bail, n(n & rpncpd); 

e'akob-bail e'i9lel, nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ 

type n); c'a-te9, n(x & ncpd)la; c'ail pos, 

nphr(aj & n)5; posil 9ik', nphr(n of n). 

Stevia rhombifolia HBK... 9ak'ubal 9us, 

nphr(n4d of n5); c'a-te9 ka9, nphr(n/x & 

ncpd/ of n); c'ail e'i9lel, nphr(aj & n); sakil 

nic tfv>\e\, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

Stevia serrata Cav.: sakil c'a-te 1 ) ka9, nphr: aj & 

nphr(n/x & ncpd/ of n); sakil nic e"i9lel, 


Sligmaphyllon ellipticum (HBK..) Juss.: 

cab-oak', n(aj & ncpd). 

Stigmaphyllon humboldtiana Juss.: pepen 9ak\ 


Stillingia acutifolia (Benth.) Hemsl.: 9ahval te9, 


Stipa ichu (Ruiz & Pavon) Kunth: ne cu£ hobel, 


Streptoprocne zonaris: haval lek'el, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

Struthanthus marginatus (Desr.) Blume: nok'ol 

sik'ol, nphr(x & n)le. 

Struthanthus tacanensis Lundell: nok'ol sik'ol,

S/T SCIENTIFIC NAMES 567 

Styrax 

Suillus 

Sylvilagus 

Symphoricarpus 

Symplocos 

Synardisia 

Syngonium 

Tabanus 

Tabebuia 

Tacoma 

Tagetes 

Talinum 

Tamandua 

Tamanndus 

Tangavius 

Tapirus 

Taraxacum 

Tax odium 

nphr(x & n)le. 

Styrax argenteus Presl: muk'tik bak te?, 


Suillus sp.: eahal yuyal k'a9-te9, nphr: aj & 

nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/); k'anal sekub t'ul, 


Sylvilagus floridanus: t'ul, nle. 

Symphoricarpus microphyllus Kunth: posil 

t'ahel(l), nphr(n of vn). 

Symplocos limoncilla H. & B.: muk'ta pasamum, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Symplocos sp.: 9ah-te9 kotora, nphr(n4d of n5). 

Symplocos vernicosa L. Wms.: muk'ta 

pasamum, nphr(aj & n); sakil lik'al te9, 


Synardisia venosa (Mast.) Lundell: bae"i k'os, 

nphr(aj & n); k'os, nla. 

Syngonium podophyllum Schott.: ''ok' vakas, 


Tabanus sp.: koc, nle. 

Tabebuia pentaphylla (L.) Hemsl.: 9ah-te9 te9, 

nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). 

Tacoma stans (L.) HBK.: 9it'is k'an-to, 

nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/5). 

Tagetes elongata Willd.: kelem vo9tus, nphr(n 

type n)ld; k'anal kelem voitus, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); k'os kelem vo9tus, nphr(aj 

& nphr/n type n/); k'os vo9tus, nphr(aj & 

n); vo9tus 9ulo9, nphr(n of n); vcnus c'o, 

nphr(n of n). 

Tagetes erecta L.: ealial kaslan vo9tus, nphr(aj 

& nphr/aj & n/); eahal kelem vo9tus, nphr(aj 

& nphr/n type n/); eahal vo9tus, nphr(aj & 

n); eeb vctus, nphr(n type n); krem vo9tus, 

nphr(n type n); k'anal 9aneil voitus, nphr(aj 

& nphr/natt & n/); k'anal kelem vo9tus, 

nphrtaj & nphr/n type n/); k'anal poean, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Tagetes jilifolia Lag.: eie e'iflel, nphr(n type 

n); sakil mac'ul, nphr(aj & n). 

Tagetes lucida Cav.: bae"i eie, nphr(aj & n); 

eie(l), nla; eieal ?ul, nphr(natt & n); eieil 

9ul, nphr(natt & n); k'os eie, nphr(aj & n); 

muk'ta eie, nphr(aj & n). 

Tagetes nelsonii Greenm.: eis cauk, nphr(n of 

n)5. 

Tagetes schiedeana Less.: eieal 9ul, nphr(natt & 

n); stentehal eie, nphr(natt & n). 

Talinum paniculalum (Jacq.) Gaertn.: muk'ta 

bertulaka, nphr(aj & n). 

Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd.: bilil 9itah, 

nphr(aj & n); k'os bilil ?itah, nphr(aj & nphr/ 

aj & n/); ve9el cih, nphr(n of n). 

Tamandua tetradactyla: e'ue'un-cab, n(tv & 

ncpd)5. 

Tamanndus indica L.: tamarin, nla. 

Tangavius aeneus: kaslan bak mut, nphr(aj & 

nphr/ aj & n/)5. 

Tapirus bairdii: eemen, n5. 

Taraxacum officinale Webb.: pue'taob savon 

k'osetik, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ of n); tubtaob 

savon k'osetik, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of 

n/). 

Taxodium mucronatum Ten.: k'isis, n5. 

Tayassu 

Tecoma 

Tectaria 

Tephrosia 

Ternstroemia 

Thalictrum 

Thamnophis 

Thelypteris 

Thevetia 

Thryothorus 

Thuidium 

Thymus 

Tigridia 

Tillandsia 

Tithonia 

Tayassu pecari: te9tikal citom, nphr(natt& n)la. 

Tayassu lajacu: hhuyinom, n5; te9tikal citom, 

nphr(natt & n)Ia. 

Tecoma stans (L.) HBK.: k'anal pueu! cih, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk'ta pueul cih, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pueul cih, nphr(n 

of n); pueul cih te9, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type 

n). 

Tectaria heracleifolia (Willd.) Underw. var.: 

eib habnal, nphr(n type n). 

Tephrosia cinerea (L.) Pers. vel. aff.: 9olnob £'o, 


Ternstroemia lepezapole S. & C: 9it'is' tilil, 

nphr(n4f of n5); k'os"os te, nphr(n type n)5. 

Thalictrum guatemalense C. DC. & Rose: 9ama 

cauk, nphr(n4f of n5); 9o9lol lama cauk, 

nphr(n type nphr/n4f of n5/); eis cauk, 

nphr(n of n)5; k'os lama cauk, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n4f of n5/); tuturu, n. 

Thamnophis sp.: 9akusa con, nphr(n type n)5. 

Thelypteris kunthii (Desv.) Morton: sakil 9ok 

eib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). 

Thevetia ovata (Cav.) A. DC: coc, nla; coc te9, 

nphr(n type n); maneana to, nphr(n type n); 

muk'ta coc, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta coc te9, 


Thryothorus modestus: k'ok'-sat mut, nphr(n/aj 


Thuidium delicatulum (Hedw.) Mitt.: eon-te9al 

balamil, nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n); nicim 

ninyo, nphr(n4d of n5). 

Thymus vulgaris: tomio, nla. 

Tigridia hallbergii Molseed: 9it*is koyoy, 

nphr(n4f of n5); hok'leb vonon, nphr(n of n); 

te9tikal hoi koy, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/). 

Tigridiapavonia DC: hoi koy, nphr(n of n); k'os" 

koykoy, nphr(aj & n); ve9el mut, nphr(n of n). 

Tigridia sp.: sakil hoi koy, nphr(aj & nphr/n of 

n/). 

Tillandsia butzii Mez: 9uma9 9ec', nphr(aj & 

n)5; k'os eahal 9aneil 9ec', nphr: aj & nphr(aj 

& nphr/natt & n/). 

Tillandsia capitata Griseb.: k'os 9uma9 9ec', 


Tillandsia fasciculata Sw.: 9ec' 9antivo, nphr(n4f 

of n5); 9uma9 9ec', nphr(aj & n)5; k'os vohton 

9ec', nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

Tillandsiaguatemalensis L. B. Smith.: baeM ">£&', 

nphr(aj & n); bik'tal 9ec', nphr(aj & n); krus 

lec 1 , nphr(n type n)le; k'os 9ec', nphr(aj & n). 

Tillandsia ponderosa L. B. Smith: vohton 9ec', 


Tillandsia rodrigueziana Mez: c'is 9ec", nphr(n 

type n). 

Tillandsia seleriana Mez: k'os vohton 9ec\ 


Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.: eon-te9, n(n of 

ncpd)5. 

Tillandsia vicenlina Stand!.: 9uma9 lei', nphr(aj 

& n)5. 

Tillandsia violacea Baker: eahal kilon 9ec", 

nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); sakil kilon 9ec', 


Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray: k'anal 

k'ail, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta sakil k'ail, nphr(aj 

& nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta sun, nphr(aj & n);

568 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY / NUMBER 19 T/V 

Tityra 

Toumefortia 

Tradescentia 

Trametes 

Trema 

Tremella 

Trichilia 

Tricholoma 

Tridax 

Trifolium 

Trigona 

Trimorphodon 

Tripogandra 

Tripsacum 

Triticum 

Tritonia 

Triumfetta 

ton k'ail, nphr(n type n). 

Tithonia rolundifo/ia (Mill.) Blake: muk'ta nicim 

san-lukas, nphr: aj & nphr(n4f of n/aj & 

ncpd/)5. 

Tithonia scaberrima Benth.: sun, n5. 

Tithonia lubaeformis (Jacq.) Cass.: k'anal sun, 

nphr(aj & n); k'os sun, nphr(aj & n); muk'ta 

sun, nphr(aj & n): muk'ta ton k'ail, nphr(aj 

& nphr/n type n/); sun, n5. 

Tilyra semifasciata: hovos, n5. 

Toumefortia sp.: tuil tei, nphr(aj & n)le. 

Toumefortia volubilis L.: maneana 9ak', nphr(n 

type n). 

Tradescentia crassifolia Cav.: e'emeni 1 ), n5. 

Trametes sp.: k'anal posil t'ahel, nphr(aj & 


Trema micrantha (L.) Blume: 9it'is cis-to 9ak', 

nphr: n4f of nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n); k'os 

vas te">, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); nukul 

pat to, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n); sakil 

cis-tei 9ak', nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ 

type n); sakil vas to, nphr(aj & nphr/x type 

n/); vas" 9ak', nphr(x type n); vas to, nphr(x 

type n). 

Tremella sp.: c'em sok, nphr(x type n). 

Trichilia cuneata Radlk.: iit'is" sal-te9, nphr(n4f 

of n/aj & ncpd/). 

Trichilia glabra L.: tuil te^, nphr(aj & n)le. 

Trichilia hirta L.: iit'is" hovos. nphr(n4f of n5); 

•>it'is sal-tei, nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/). 

Trichilia sp.: lit'is tempis', nphr(n4f of n5): po- 

•>on to, nphr(n type n). 

Tricholoma sp.: ceceval san-antres, nphr(natt & 

n/aj & ncpd/)5; k'os bililus', nphr(aj & n); 

k'os sakil k'abis" toh, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & 


Tridax procumbent L: cak'ak". n5; posil yerva, 

nphr(n of n). 

Trifolium amabile HBK.: k'os" pieak', nphr(aj & 

n); pieak'. nle; pieak' citom, nphr(n of n). 

Trifolium repens L.: muk'ta pieak', nphr(aj & n): 

pieak', nle. 

Trifolium rhomboideum Schauer: c'aben vet, 

nphr(n of n). 

Trigona sp.: ton pom, nphr(n type n)le. 

Trimorphodon biscutatus: iak' con, nphr(n type 

n)5. 

Tripogandra angustifolia (Rob.) Woods.: k'os 

eahal e'emenio, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Tripogandra disgrega (Kunth) Woods.: bik'it 

e'emeni 1 ), nphr(aj & n); e'emeni'), n5; k'os 

eahal e'emeni 1 ?, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

k'os e'emeni 1 ), nphr(aj & n); k'os sakil 

e'emenp, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). 

Tripogandra elongata (G. F. W. Meyer) Woods.: 

e'emeni'? e'WIel, nphr(n type n). 

Tripogandra sp.: Wlol e'emeni9, nphr(n type n). 

Tripsacum lanceolatum Rupr. ex Fourn.: hobelal 

9avarto, nphr(natt & n). 

Tripsacum laxum Nash: cob oantivo, 

nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5); k'os eahal simoi, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); simo9, nle. 

Triticum aestivum L.: triko, nla. 

Tritonia crocosmiiflora Nichols.: ''it'is bukaro, 

nphr(n4f of n); k'os" bukaro, nphrfaj & n). 

Triumfetta dumetorum Schlecht.: bik'it 9uc' 

Trixis 

Troglodytes 

Trogon 

Tropidodipsis 

Turbina 

Turdus 

Turitella 

Turnera 

Tylomys 

Typha 

Tyrannus 

Uroeyon 

Urtica 

Ustulina 

Vaccinium 

Valeriana 

Verbena 

mas", nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); k'anal 

9uc' mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); k'oS 

9uc' mas, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). 

Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq.: •Jak' c'o, nphr(n4d 

of n5); 9ak'ob pee', nphr(n of n)5; 9uc' mas, 

nphr(n4d of n5); k'os 9uc' mas, nphr(aj & 


Triumfetta sp.: "me" mas, nphr(n4d of n5). 

Triumfetta speciosa Seem.: 9uc' mas, nphr(n4d 

of n5). 

Trixis nelsonii Greenm.: k'os k'an-9ic, nphr(aj & 

n/aj & ncpd/). 

Troglodytes musculus: k'ok'-sat mut, nphr(n/aj 


Trogon citreolus: k'ak'et mut, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Trogon mexicanus: k'ak'et mut, nphr(aj & n)5. 

Tropidodipsis sp.: kantela con, nphr(n type n)5. 

Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf.: k'os pek' me9el, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil pek' meêl, 


Turdus assimilis: meui mut, nphr(x type n)5. 

Turdus grayi: kaslan c'is-tot, nphr(aj & n/aj & 

ncpd/)5. 

Turdus infuscatus: lik'al c'is"-tot, nphr(aj & n/aj 

& ncpd/)5. 

Turdus rufitorques: c'is-tot, nphr(aj & ncpd)le, 

Turitella?: 9at nab, nphr(n4f of n5). 

Turnera ulmifolia L.: muk'ta sat mes, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); pueul cih e'i^lel, nphr(nphr/n 

of n/ type n): sakil sat mes, nphr(aj & 


Tylomys bullaris: cue c'o, nphr(n type n)la. 

Typha domingensis Pers.: •Janeil puh, nphr(natt 

& n). 

Typha latifolia L.: faneil puh, nphr(natt & n). 

Tyrannus melancholicus: cMturi 1 ), n5. 

Tyrannus verticalis: c'iturii, n5; pahal pil, 


u 

Uroeyon cinereoargenteus: vet, n5. 

Urtica urens L.: bae'i la, nphr(aj & n); kilkil la, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Ustulina sp.: sakil t'ot", nphrfaj & n). 

Vaccinium confertum HBK.. k'os Wha-teies, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Valeriana densiflora var. densiflora Benth.: îk'al 

voy mula, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); voy mula, 

nphr(n of n). 

Valeriana densiflora Benth.: sakil voy mula, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); voy mula, nphr(n of 

n). 

Valeriana scandens L.: 9ic'ak mut Wk', 

nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); eahal puyu 1 ), 

nphr(aj & n). 

Valeriana sorbifolia HBK.: bik'it nic nab, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk'ta voy mula, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); voy mula, nphr(n 

of n). 

Valeriana urticaefolia HBK.: fit'is voy mula, 

nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/); muk'ta voy mula, 


Verbena Carolina L.: 9alavena e'i9lel, nphr(n 

type n); pern k'ulub, nphr(x & n); sakil pak'

v/z SCIENTIFIC NAMES 569 

Verbesina 

Veraonia 

Vespula 

Viburnum 

Vicia 

Vigna 

Viguiera 

cak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Verbena littoralis HBK..: pern k'ulub, nphr(x & 

n); tan e*i?lel, nphrfaj & n). 

Verbesina cj. perymenioides Sch. Bip.: nam-to 

mol, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). 

Verbesina crocata (Cav.) Less.: k'anal poean, 

nphr(aj & n); muk'ta k'an-9ic, nphrfaj & n/aj 

& ncpd/); poeik nicim, nphr(aj & n). 

Verbesina gigantoides Rob.: eahal nam-te 1 ) 

mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); 

muk'ta nam-te 1 ) mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj 

& ncpd/ of n); nam-te9 mol, nphr(n/aj & 

ncpd/ of n); sakil nam-tei mol, nphr: aj & 

nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); yasal nam-te 1 ? 

mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). 

Verbesina neriifolia Hems].: k'os" sak-paran te9, 

nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); muk'ta 

k'an-9ic, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). 

Verbesina perymenioides Sch. Bip.: hic'il 9anal 

sun, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k'anal poean 

te9, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); muk'ta 

k'an-9ic, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); muk'ta 

sak-paran to, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & 

ncpd/ & n). 

Verbesina turbacensis HBK..: eahal nam-to 

mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); 

sakil nam-te9 mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & 

ncpd/ of n); sakil solom, nphr(aj & n). 

Verbesina virgala Cav.: sakil nam-tei mol, 

nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). 

Vernonia deppeana Less.: sakil sitit, nphr(aj & 

n); sitit, n5. 

Vernonia oaxacana Sch. Bip.: sitit, n5. 

Vespula sp.: 9akov, nla; canul 9akov, nphr(n of 

n)5; muyan mod, nphr(impv/iv/ & n)le. 

Viburnum eiatum Benth.: Lisbon, nld; 9it'is kahve 

te9, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); 

pasamum. n; pasamum to, nphr(n type n). 

Viburnum hartwegii Benth.: Warn te9, nphr(n 

type n); hic'il 9anal to, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ 

type n); sak-nic to, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type 

n)5. 

Viburnum jucundum Morton: eoe-ni9 to, 


Viburnum mendax Morton: k'os eoe-ni9 to, 


Vicia faba L.. eahal havas, nphr(aj & n); sakil 

havas, nphr(aj & n); tanhero havas, nphr(aj & 

n)5. 

Vigna sinensis (L.) Endl.: k'os" •Wk'al kantela 

cenek', nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type 

n/). 

Vigna unguiculala (L.) Wolp.: 9ik'-soman 'Jibes, 

nphr: aj(aj & P; lik'al kantela cenek', 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); 9ik'al slumil 

kantela cenek', nphr: aj & nphr(natt & 

nphr/n type n/); kantela cenek', nphr(n 

type n)la; k'os 9ik'al kantela cenek', nphr: 

aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk'ta 

9ik'al cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta 

kantela cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); 

sakil kantela cenek', nphr(aj & nphr/aj & 

n/). 

Vigna vexillata (L.) Rich.: te'Hikal kantela 

cenek', nphrfnatt & nphr/n type n/). 

Viguiera dentala (Cav.) Spreng.: 9ok ne sibak, 

Villadia 

Vinca 

Viola 

Vitis 

Vriesea 

Waltheria 

Wigandia 

Wilsonia 

Wimmeria 

Woodwardia 

Xanthosoma 

Xanthoura 

Xerocomus 

Ximenia 

Xiphocolaptes 

Xylaria 

Xylocopa 

Xylosma 

Yucca 

Zantedeschia 

Zanthoxylum 

nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/); eahal sun, 

nphr(aj & n); pilis', nle; pilis e'i9lel, nphr(n 

type n); pilis" to, nphr(n type n); sakil pilis, 

nphr(aj & n). 

Villadia sp.: posil cm, nphr(n of n). 

Vinca major L.: bioleta, nld. 

Viola nannei Polak.: bioleta, nld; kucara nic 

nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). 

Vitis bourgaeana Planch.: e'usub, n; e'usub 9ak', 

nphr(n type n); k'os sakil e'usub, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); k'os voel 9inatab, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n of n/); sakil e'usub, nphr(aj & n). 

Vitis liliifolia H. & B.. e'usub. n; voel linatab, 

nphr(n of n): ve9el vokoto, nphr(n of n). 

Vriesea werckleana Mez: 9aneil 9ec', nphr(natt 

& n)5. 

w 

Waltheria americana L.: k'anal sat mes, nphr(aj 

& nphr/n of n/); muk'ta sat mes, nphr(aj & 


nphr/n of n/); sat mes. nphr(n of n). 

Wigandia kunthii Choisy: con la, nphr(n type 

n); k'an-9ic la, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); la, 

nle; la ka9, nphr(n of n); muk'ta la, nphr(aj 

& n); muk'tik la, nphr(aj & n). 

Wilsonia pusilla: c'ikc'ik, n5. 

Wimmeria pubescens Radlk.: 9it'is brasil, 

nphr(n4f of n); 9it'is kanela te9, nphr(n4f of 

nphr/n type n/); bik'it kanela te9, nphrfaj 

& nphr/n type n/); eahal te9, nphr(aj & n); 

kanela te9, nphr(n type n); pinto te9, 

nphrfaj & n); potosoara, n. 

Woodwardia spinulosa Mart. & Gal.: muk'ta 

eib, nphr(aj & n). 

Xanthosoma mexicanum Liebm.: k'os pok'ok', 

nphrfaj & n); pok'ok', nle. 

Xanthourayncas: hes, nld. 

Xerocomus subtomentosus (L. ex Fr.) Quel.: 

homoc"-9ut sekub t'ul, nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/ 


Ximenia americana L.: po9on c'is, nphrfn type 

n). 

Xiphocolaptes promeropirhyncus: tuktuk, nle. 

Xylaria sp.: 9isim cih, nphr(n4d of n5); sulub 

cih, nphrfn of n). 

Xylocopa sp.: 9ik'al vonon, nphrfaj & n)5. 

Xylosma albidum Lundell: 9akit, n5; c'it, n; 

yasal c'it, nphrfaj & n). 

Xylosma flexuosum (HBK.) Hemsl.: 9isim bolom, 


Yucca elephantipes Regel: 9oy vinahel, nphr(n4e 

of n5); ci met, nphrfn type n); ci vet, nphrfn 

of n); kaslan tok'oy, nphrfaj & n)5. 

Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng.: kartuco, 

nla; kartuco nicim, nphr(n type n). 

Zanthoxylum culantrillo HBK.: 9ic"ak mis, 


Zanthoxylum foliosum Donn. Sm.: 9ic'ak mis.


Zea 


Zea mays L.: ba9yi e'unubil, nphr(aj & n); ba9yi 

k'on, nphr(aj & n); bik'it k'ob-e'i9, nphr(aj & 

n/n & ncpd/); bik'it k'on 9isim, nphr(aj & 

nphr/n type n/); bik'it masanil 9is"im, 

nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); bik'it pinto 

9isim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); bik'it sakil 

9isim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); eahal 9isim, 

nphr(aj & n); e'akal k'on, nphr(aj & n); 

cimpo 9isim, nphr(x type n); cimpo k'on, 

nphr(x type n); cis-te9 9isim, nphr(n/x & 

ncpd/ type n); cis-teo k'anal 9isim, nphr: 

n(x & ncpd) type nphr(aj & n); c'ic'el 

hc'ul-totik 9isim, nphr: nphr(n4d of agn/aj 

& ncpd/) type n; hic'il bakal, nphr(aj & n); 

k'anal 9isim, nphr(aj & n); k'anal cimpo 

9isim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); k'ob-e*i9, 

n(n & ncpd); k'ob-e'i9 9isim, nphr(n/n & 

ncpd/ type n); k'os eahal 9isim, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); k'os cimpo 'nsim, nphr(aj & 

nphr/x type n/); k'os sakil cimpo 9isim, 

nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); masanil 9isim, 

nphr(natt & n); muk'ta 9ik'al 9isim, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta ?ivriro 9isim, nphr(aj 

& nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta k'anal ''isim, nphr(aj 

& nphr/aj & n/); muk'ta k'on, nphr(aj & n); 

muk'ta masanil 9isim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & 

n/ type n); muk'ta sakil 9isim, nphr(aj & 

nphr/aj & n/); napalu, x; napalu 9isim, 

nphr(x type n); paca, nld; pimil sat, nphr(aj 

& n); pinto 9isim, nphr(aj & n); pinto cimpo 

9isim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); povlano 

9isim, nphr(aj & n); rokame ''isim, nphr(x 

type n); sak-vayan k'anal ''isim, nphr(aj/aj & 

Zephyranthes 

Zexmenia 

Zinnia 

Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); sakil 'tis'ini, nphr(aj 

& n); sakil cimpo ''isim, nphr(aj & nphr/x 

type n/); sakil k'ob-e'i 1 ?, nphr(aj & n/n & 

ncpd/); sakil pinto cimpo 'risim, nphr: aj & 

nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); sakil ton 9isim, 

nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakramentual 

•Msim, nphr(natt & n); ton "Jisim, nphr(n type 

n). 

Zephyranthes aff. brevipes Stand!.: sakil nic 

hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil nicim 

hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). 

Zephyranthes brevipes Standl.: 9ik'9ik'-lo''an 

nicim hoh, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n of 

n/). 

Zephyranthes cahnata Herb. vel. aff.: 9ik'''ik'- 

Io9an nicim hoh, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & 


Zexmenia frulescens (Mill.) Blake: bik'it top'ol, 

nphr(aj & n); k'os petet te9, nphr(aj & nphr/n 

type n/); k'os top'ol, nphr(aj & n); k'os 

top'ol tc, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). 

Zexmenia strigosa (DC.) Sch. Bip.: c'is sahoâl 

te9tik, nphr(n type nphr/natt & n/); muk'ta 

saho9, nphr(aj & n). 

Zinnia elegans L.: eahal 9olonal nicim, nphr(aj 

& nphr/natt & n/); eahal c'is nicim, nphr(aj 

& nphr/n type n/); eahal nicim ta 9olon 9osil, 

nphr(nphr/aj & n/ & prep & nphr/n 

type n/); nicim san-lukas, nphr(n of n/aj & 

ncpd/): nicim san-lukas, nphr(n4f of n/aj & 

ncpd/5); vo9tus, nla. 

Zinnia peruviana L.. 9it'is eahal krisantema, 

nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/): nicim san-lukas, 

nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/).

Atlas

lae'am vo9 1 3A 92 

Wain vo 1 ? 1 3B 116 

9ac' 9eskwcla 1 6B 515 

9ac' be 1 5A 405 

?ac' be I 6C 555 

iac' canob vun 1 6B 515 

9ac" krus 1 3A 68 

9ac" vo9 1 9C 697 

•>ac" vo9 3 IB 913 

9ac"eltik 1 4A 267 

•>ah-tei 3 4B 985 

9ah-te9tik 5 4A 66 

9ahan toh 1 8B 644 

9ahan toh 3 IB 904 

9ahan tohtik 1 3C 205 

9ahistik 1 7D619 

lahtik 3 4B 977 

9ahtik ta yolon c'ib 3 1C 933 

9akovtik I 4B 301 

lak'ol mukenal 1 3B 129 

9ak'ol ravol 1 2A 13 

9ak'ol ti9 be 1 3B 162 

lak'olal vo9 I 9C 701 

9alavenail vo9 I 4B 287 

lalavenail voi 1 5B 427 

•Jalku*) 3 2C 957 

9alku9 e'en 1 8D 682 

•Jaltamira 5 5B 190 

•Jamataltik 5 4B 128 

9amatenango 5 3A 25 

9amerika 5 5B 201 

9amuston 5 4B 117 

9ana hobeltik 1 5C 451 

9aneil ton 1 2A 8 

•>an


be-o9al k'ak'et te9 1 8C 653 

be-09al lorn 9ae'am 1 5A 388 

be-cml mohon tulan 1 4B 311 

be-o?al mukenal 1 6A 490 

be-o9al na mastik 4 3B 1040 

be-09al pera 1 8C 652 

be-o9al sak-c'en 1 5B 420 

be-o?al taâl hom 1 8C 650 

be-o?al va?al ton 1 4B 284 

be-09al ya?al smail 1 5B 426 

be-o9al yaleb taiv 1 4B 319 

be-o?al yav pus 1 4B 321 

be-o?al yi9al 4 3A 1032 

be-o9al yolon e'en 1 5A 404 

be skwenta eobol tohtik 1 6A 474 

be skwenta nab 1 6A 486 

be sbat skwenta 7ik*al vo?tik 1 6A 487 

be sbat skwenta yut yi?il I 6A 481 

be s"bat ta e'unbal citik 1 10C 782 

beka caci? 5 3B 51 

belel 9ac' ?asyento 4 6C 1059 

belel ?alku? 3 2C 953 

belel lamuston 4 4C 1051 

belel wa 3 IB 926 

belel ?ik'al voi I 8B 641 

belel lis-ak'tik I 5B42I 

belel lolon 1 8D 684 

belel ->olon 9osil 1 5C 444 

belel ?olon losil yu?un hya?al e'i?etik 1 9C 

723 

belel ion te? 1 4A 255 

belel 9uk'um 1 10B 746 

belel 9uk'um k-'ak'eb 3 5C 1006 

belel luk'um trapic 4 6C 1061 

belel bik'it nic 4 3B 1037 

belel brasilya 5 2B 9 

belel c'ohbil tohtik 1 3B 132 

belel habnaltik 1 7B 602 

belel kelem ton 1 11C 821 

belel kolonya kastanya 4 3C 1046 

belel koral ton 1 9C 713 

belel koyoral 1 10C 781 

belel k'a?-homtik 1 7B 592 

belel k'anal 9isimtik 1 6C 544a 

belel k'ulebal 1 9C 714 

belel lorio 1 IOC 777 

belel mankotik I 10C 791 

belel milame? 4 4C 1050 

belel mukenal I 6B 513 

belel mukenal 1 4A 235 

belel na cih 1 4A 264 

belel na sulemtik 1 10C 764 

belel nantayapa 4 5B 1053 

belel nibak 1 8B 639 

belel nic te?tik 1 4D 383 

belel pahal cis'-te9 1 4C 337 

belel paste? 3 IB 923 

belel pat 9osiltik I 6C 544a 

belel pee toh 1 6A 485 

belel plan 4 4C 1052 

belel p'ih 1 6B 529 

belel saiob s'antik I 7B 593 

belel sak-c'en 3 IB 909 

belel sak-hol ton 1 10C 803 

belel-san-pegro 4 3C 1047 

belel san-pegro 4 4C 1049 

belel san-si'gro 3 3B 967 

belel soktom 1 9C 722 

belel soktom 1 10C 777 

belel sompreron 4 6C 1057 

belel tulanil voi 1 6C 545 

belel vunal 4 6D 1062 

belel ya9al citom 1 10C 768 

belel yawl hutub 1 6C 553 

belel yav ten 1 4D 373 

belen 5 3B 47 

bentita 5 5B 169 

betanya 5 5B 177 

bik'it 9ah-te9tik 1 8D 686 

bik'it 9ik'al vo? 1 7A 591 

bik'it 9uk'um 1 10B 740 

bik'it ba coko9 1 4A 231 

bik'it hoyihel 1 8B 642 

bik'it karmen 5 4B 120 

bik'it krus 1 3A 59 

bik'it k'on lum 1 6C 552 

bik'it mukenal 1 3B 118 

bik'it nab 5 4A 59 

bik'it nab 5 5B 207 

bik'it nail e'en 3 IB 894 

bik'it potovtik 1 9D 733 

bik'it soral 1 6B 530 

bik'it toe' 1 3C 211 

bik'it va9al ton 1 4A 273 

bik'it vo 1 ) 1 3C 215 

bik'it yasal e'en ta 9ibestik 3 5B 994 

bistik ta ba soktik 3 5C 1012 

biyaermosa 5 5B 189 

bokeron 5 4B 152 

bolom ton 1 3A 53 

bolom ton 1 7D 632 

botil cenek'tik 1 7D 618 

botiltik 1 10B 750 

briyante 5 4C 160 

burbucal vo? 1 3A 57 

burero 2 7C 881 

buro e'en 2 7C 879 

buro vie 4 ID 1020 

busul ton 1 9A 689 

bwelta be ta taki-iuk'um 1 4B 316 

bwelta be yu'un sa9ob santik 1 8B 640 

bwelta c'ib 3 2C 955 

eahal 9uk'um 2 5C 865 

eahal e'en 1 8C 664 

eahal e'en 1 1 IB 813 

eahal k'at'is 1 4A 245 

eahal k'at'is" 1 6B 504 

eahal k'at'is" 1 7B 601 

eahal lumtik 1 2A 5 

eahal mutut 1 8D 687 

eahal mutut 1 IOC 770 

eahal poso 5 4A 60 

eahal tan 1 7B 595 

eahal te9tik 1 9C 724 

eahal te9tik c'ieb yisim cih 1 4D 366 

eahal yemel 1 4B 327 

eeleh tontik 1 4C 343 

eeleh tontik 1 4C 357 

eeleh tontik sul-vo9 1 4C 342 

eemen vie 1 4A 232 

eibtik ta va?al ton 1 8C 661 

eibtik ta yak'ol ya?al e^? I 8C 669 

eibtikal vo9 1 4A 224 

eie ta yak'ol sna 9antun lopis 1 3A 111 

eis cauktik 1 4A 251 

eo?optik 1 3B 186 

eob-tahal 5 3A 25 

eoh lum 2 6C 874 

eon-te9 te9tik 1 4B 305 

eon-te? vie 1 7D 628 

e'ahal e'en 5 5B 171 

e-ahal nab 1 3B 135 

e'ahom pik" 2 4C 848 

e'akal cik'ob tan I 5B 424 

e'akav 9uk'um 2 5C 867 

e"anal vo9 1 3B 156 

e'el k'ak'eb 3 5C 1004 

e'i?leltikal voi 1 10C 799 

e"otan krus 3 2B 950 

e'ub 1 6A 483 

e'ubal lum 1 10C 797 

e"ubal lumtik 1 4D 374 

e'uiltasob voi 1 3A 65 

e'unbaltik yu?un cakan pom 4 2C 1030 

e'unob trigotik 1 4C 363 

ca?-pee tel 1 3B 131 

caci? 5 4B 83 

eahal totik 1 2B 25 

eahal te?tik 1 2B 29 

eahal te9tik 1 5D 459 

cak koko?ontik 1 6C 557 

cak mok 1 3B 187 

cak mok 1 4D 378 

cak moktik 3 IB 911 

cak noktik 1 2B 50 

cak te9tik 1 4B 329 

cak toh 3 1A 891 

cakan pom 4 2C 1028 

cameb baka 1 9C 717 

cameb cihtik 1 3B 185 

cameb k'ol-hol 1 4B 281 

cameb mal hili-ât 1 2B 34 

cameb mok-hol 1 4B 281 

camik 5 IB 1 

canob vun 1 3A 66 

canob vun ta 9elan vo9 3 IB 895 

canob vun ta bik'it hoyihel 1 8B 643 

canob vun ta caynatik 1 7C 609 

canob vun ta cikin-ibal VO9 1 9C 727 

canob vun ta hok' e'enom 1 8D 679 

canob vun ta muk'ta hok' 1 10C 788 

£anob vun ta na cih 1 3B 192 

canob vun ta naben cauk 1 6B 534 

canob vun ta paste? I 4C 359 

canob vun ta pat ?osil 1 4B 290 

canob vun ta seelehtik 1 3B 166 

canob vun ta sek'emtik 1 8C 667 

canob vun ta yaleb taiv 1 5B 428 

capob vob 1 3B 117 

cayal vo9 1 10C 804 

cenek'ultik 5 4A 71 

ei9il vo9 1 6C 542 

ci?il 9uk'um 5 4B 93 

cicoltik 1 4D 384 

cih-conal vo9 1 4A 255 

cih-conal vo? 1 8C 671 

cihil te?tik 5 4A 69 

cihil tctikal vo9 1 3A 91

cikin e'en 1 9C 704 

cikin-ibal vo? 1 9D 728 

cikin-ibtik ta belel 9olon ?osil 1 7D 624 

eikin-ibtik ta sbelel k'ailtik 1 7D 621 

iik'ob ?ak'altik 1 2B 25 

cik'ob met 1 4B 318 

cik'ob tan 1 4B 315 

cik'ob tantik 1 6B 501 

cik'ob tantik 1 7D 623 

dis-te? e'en 1 5C 452 

cis-te?tik 1 4C 338 

civero 5 4A 64 

coko9 2 3C 842 

conob lo?bol 4 ID 1023 

coreadero 2 1 ID 890 

iw> tulan 1 6D 578 

cucal vo9 1 9C 721 

cuklebal ton ta yok sak-e'en 1 2B 23 

cukul sokomtik 1 4A 248 

cukul tontik 1 4A 262 

cukul yut pee* 1 6B 500 

cukultik 1 3B 125 

c'a-te?tik 1 4C 335 

c'abentik 5 4B 124 

c'ah tontik 1 5 A 401 

c'ail postik 2 6C 869 

c'ayeb ->ib ta siukun 3 2D 963 

e'en ?ana 4 3C 1044 

e'en lok'il 1 4A 240 

e'en ?ok'il 1 5C 447 

e'en cih 1 8C 648 

e'en cihal vo? 1 9B 694 

e'en cilo? 2 4C 860 

e'en hiik'al 1 3B 123 

e'en htuk'avil 1 4A 237 

e'en novilyo 4 3C 1045 

e'en ta k'am-soc' 1 4C 345 

e'en ta p'ih 1 5B 438 

e'entik ta ya?al smail 1 5B 422 

c'entikal vo? 1 4D 371 

e'entikal vo? 1 7C 611 

c'ib 3 2C 956 

c'ibtik 1 6D 588 

c'ibtik ta sokon bolom ton 1 7D 631 

c'iS ta luk'um 1 4B 278 

c'istikal vo? I 3A 56 

c'is'tikal vo? 1 4D 368 

c'istikil vo? 1 3A 56 

c'ivit ta na cih 1 3C 201 

c'ohol vo? 1 3A 98 

c'ohol vo? 1 4B 294 

c'ohon tak'in 1 10B 745 

c'ul-ton 1 5A 412 

c'ut e'entik 1 4A 261 

dolores 5 5B 188 

fmka saus 5 4A 68 

haiabtik 5 4B 85 

habnal i'ea 3 2B 949 

habnaltik 1 6B 498 

habnaltik 1 7B 603 

hap ?osil I 6B 516 

havob te? 3 IB 900 

hc'ul-me?tik 1 6B 506 

h£'ul-me?tik valalupa ta sokon muk'ta be 1 

6B 517 

hec krus 1 4C 364 

ATLAS 575 

hec k'anal lumtik 1 4D 377 

hec mok 3 2B 943 

hec s'?ukun 1 4A 258 

hec toe' 1 3C 202 

hec tontik 3 2B 944 

hecal vo? 1 10C 769 

hecobal bik'it ni£ 4 3C 1043 

heriko 5 4C 157 

hipleb ?akov 1 9C 710 

hipleb bolom 1 9C 707 

hobel 5 4A 54 

hobel ha 5 4A 72 

hobeltik 3 IB 914 

hok' c'enomal vo? J 9D 731 

hok' p'uyumal vo? 1 8C 655 

hok' sal 3 5B 997 

hok'leb bolom 1 9C 707 

hok'leb kantela 3 IB 892 

hok'ob him 2 1C 833 

hok'ob lum ta e'entik 1 7B 604 

hok'ob lumal p'in 3 4B 975 

hok'ob yi? 1 4B 285 

hok'ob yi* 1 6B 528 

hoi ba k'o 1 4A 230 

hoi bolom 3 5C 1002 

hoi rnusul vie 1 3A 60 

hoi na ?icin 1 4A 227 

hoi na civo 1 11C 816 

hoi na k'is 3 4C 991 

hoi ni-o? 2 2C 839 

hoi san-kistoval 1 3A 83 

hoi sisil vie 1 3A 112 

hoi sk'uk' to 1 7C 613 

hoi tal ?ohov 1 9D 732 

hoi tohtik 1 2B 44 

hoi tontik 1 4C 357 

hoi tontik 1 6C 541 

hoi tontik 1 6D 579 

holom na 2 4C 856 

horn 3 IB 912 

hom cih 1 8C 651 

homal 9alavenatik 1 4B 287 

homal 9osil 1 4C 355 

homal 9osil 1 6A 493 

homal 9osil 1 6C 572 

homal 9osil ta poloe"tik 1 6D 583 

hovo 5 4B 112 

hoyo e'en 1 4A 257 

hulian 5 5B 214 

husob k'ob co9 1 3B 178 

huteb cauk 1 12A 828 

kaheahel hirasnutik 1 6B 502 

kahvetik ta yolon vo9 ta •nbestik 3 5B 998 

kail 5 2B 15 

kalvario 1 3 A 100 

kalvario 1 12A 827 

kalvario 3 IB 907 

kalvario skrus hvakinetik 1 6C 544 

kampamento 9okote 1 1 IB 812 

kampana d'en 1 7B 593 

kampana e'en 3 IB 893 

kampana £'en 3 4B 983 

kampanatik 1 9C 711 

kampo 1 3A 109 

kampo grande 5 4A 70 

kampo santo 2 9B 887 

kampor 1 2A 11 

kandelaryo 5 3B 45 

kantelaria 5 5B 211 

kanya kastiya 5 2B 17 

kanyita 2 9B 889 

karisal 5 4A 65 

karisal 5 4B 90 

karmelito 5 3A 26 

kasa rayo 5 5B 212 

kasa vyeha 5 5B 194 

kasail vo9 1 8D 677 

kavesa 9awa 5 4B 150 

kavilto I 3A 67 

kayehon ta muk'ta 9on te9 3 IB 920 

kelem ton 1 3C 220 

kelem ton 1 11C 825 

kinta 1 1A 4 

koko9ontik 1 5C 448 

kolmena 1 11B 811 

kolonya 9inas 9ayento 1 10B 749 

kolonya bente 5 4B 131 

kolonya santa-fe 5 4B 143 

kolonya yok e'i? 5 4A 67 

komem papyan 1 3B 194 

komitan 5 2A 3 

konkorya 5 3C 52 

konsepsyon 5 4B 91 

koral buro 1 4C 355 

koral e'en 3 1C 932 

koral ton 1 9C 706 

koral ton 1 10C 766 

koral ton ta belel 9ac' lum 4 ID 1025 

koral vakastik 1 3C 200 

kotol c'is 1 4A 236 

kotol tulan 3 2B 942 

koyol 5 4B 145 

koyoral 1 11C 824 

kranado 5 2B 16 

kranatatik I 7D 626 

kranatatik 1 8C 675 

kranatatik 3 1C 928 

krus ?uc 1 3A 81 

krus cikito 5 5B 202 

krus mucik 1 3A 85 

krus ninyo 1 7C 606 

krus ta 9o9lol be 3 IB 912 

krus ta ba 9uk'um 1 3A 71 

krus ta ba e'uiltasbil vo9 1 3A 71 

krus ta ba toe' 1 3C 213 

krus ta ba tontik 1 7C 606 

krus ta ba yocob 1 3C 209 

krus ta belel 9uk'um 1 9C 705 

krus ta belel p'ih 1 5B 435 

krus ta eoh lum 2 6C 873 

krus ta e'en h9ik'al 1 4B 283 

krus ta Pen ta yolon nab 1 10C 753 

krus ta hap 9osil 1 6B 512 

krus ta lorn e'en 1 5B 437 

krus ta mes toh 1 11A 809 

krus ta minas 1 3B 146 

krus ta seeleh 1 4A 265 

krus ta shol hc'ul-me9tik 1 6B 503 

krus ta sok'on 1 3B 130 

krus ta ti9 be 1 IOC 759 

krus ta toh 1 3C 199 

krus ta volol tontik 1 4C 336


knis ta yak'ol e'en h">ik'al 1 4B 283 

krus ta yak'o! nen ton 1 3A 104 

krus ta yak'ol sna h9ernantisetik 1 4B 323 

krus ta yaleb taiv 1 4B 320 

krus ta yelav htek-lum 1 4B 288 

krus ta yok 9ae > am 1 3A 59 

krusal be 2 2C 836 

krusal be 3 4B 977 

krusal be 9ic"ob 9ipal 1 4C 357 

krusal be scikin smok hvaltoletik 1 4C 361 

krusal be ta cameb hcamu9 1 4B 281 

krusero be 1 6A 475 

krusila 5 4B 102 

kunul bak 3 2B 940 

kupasmi 5 5B 195 

kupihano 5 4B 116 

kupiya 5 5B 197 

kus'ulil vo7 1 IOC 779 

k'ailtik 1 7D 625 

k'ak'et krus 1 3C 213 

k'ak'et krus 1 4C 358 

k'am-s'oc' 1 2B 30 

k'am-s'oc' 3 2B 946 

k'am-soc" ta ba kampana e'en 1 7B 594 

k'an-te9 1 5A 385 

k'an-te9 1 5A411 

k'anal 9isimtik 1 4A 233 

k'anal lumtik 1 4B 274 

k'anal lumtik 1 4B 299 

k'anal lumtik 1 4D 374 

k'anal lumtik 1 8C 658 

k'anal lumtik 1 8D 685 

k'anal lumtik 3 IB 903 

k'anal lumtik 3 2C 951 

k'anal ton 1 8C 664 

k'anal ton 1 IOC 762 

k'anob cih moletik 1 1 IB 813 

k'atalbe 1 3B 119 

k'atal be 1 6D 580 

k'atal be 1 8D 684 

k'atal be 2 4C 863 

k'atal be 3 IB 924 

k'atal be 3 4B 986 

k'atal be belel sok'on 1 3B 173 

k'atal be sk'ot ta setel ton 1 4B 303 

k'atal betik ta shelavel s"9ukun 3 ID 939 

k'atal betik yav hom 3 4B 980 

k'at'is 1 5D 460 

k'at'is" ta tulan 1 4B 277 

k'at'is"tik 1 6C 574 

k'elob 9osil 1 5B 432 

k'eves" 1 4A 250 

k'ol-k'ostik 3 IB 898 

k'olo-mas"tik 1 3B 198 

k'olo-mas'tik 1 5B 430 

k'olo-mastik 1 6B 505 

k'on lum I 6C 550 

k'onk'on lum 1 6C 550 

k'os' 9asyento 1 12C 831 

k'os vo9 1 3B 178 

k'os' vo9 I 10C 784 

k'uk' e'en 1 7C 613 

k'ulebal 1 10C 790 

k'ulebal santa-ros"a 1 10C 778 

k'ulebal yolon eahal mutut 1 10C 773 

la mesiya 5 2B 8 

lac-cikin 2 4C 851 

laguna 5 4B 147 

laha tendiro 5 3B 49 

Iahca-vo9 4 2C 1029 

lamleb vakas" 4 1C 1016 

la usa vie 1 2A 12 

lansa vie 5 4B 86 

latikil vo? 1 8C 673 

lek'ob 9ae > am ka9 1 5A 402 

limatik 5 4B 114 

limetonal vo9 I 6C 548 

limon 5 2A 4 

limon 5 3B 41 

limos hoi 5 3A 24 

kwboltik 1 10C 793 

Io9ob cih 1 10C 758 

lowbtik 1 3A 57 

lok' santo 1 5D 462 

lok'eb sue' 1 3B 191 

lok'em hc'ul-me9tik 1 5A 386 

lok'esob ton ta na cih 1 4B 322 

lolores 5 4B 109 

lom e'en 1 9C 708 

lorn e'en 3 IB 908 

lom e'en 3 IB 910 

lom e'entik 1 4B 286 

lom e'entik 1 10C 755 

lomal tohtik 4 3B 1036 

lomol cihil te?tik 1 4D 375 

lomol simo9 1 11C 820 

lomol sokom 1 4A 241 

lopis matyo 5 5B 181 

lorio 1 11C 822 

los 9altos de heriko 5 4C 153 

los 9orkones 5 2B 20 

lucleb s'ulem 1 6A 478 

lucul ton krus 1 7C 607 

lukumtik 1 2B 25 

lum cak vo9 1 IOC 798 

macal vo9 1 8D 676 

macita 1 5A 403 

madronal 5 3A 28 

mahbil ta cauk vinik 1 IOC 792 

mahob cenek' 4 1C 1015 

mahob pepen 1 4A 239 

maluko 5 4B 149 

manko 1 10B 742 

manko ta se"el ti9 tontik 3 5C 1005 

mankornal ton 4 6C 1056 

mankornal tulan 1 4B 329 

mankotik 1 6A 465 

mankotik 1 10B 742 

mankotik 5 4B 127 

marimpa e'en 4 1C 1017 

markanton 5 3B 31 

martil 1 3A 54 

matamoro 5 4B 77 

matanika 5 5B 183 

matastik 1 9C 719 

merikoal vo 1 IOC 794 

mersel 5 4B 79 

mes te9tik 1 3B 155 

mes totik ta yolon yav sna coto 1 3B 175 

mes te'nik ta pat ti9 be 1 3B 176 

mesia 5 4B 92 

miei-ton 5 4A 53 

minas 1 3B 129 

minas 4 6C 1060 

minas ta yak'ol tok'oyal vo9 1 3B 137 

minas yu9un karvon 1 3B 194 

mis'ik' balamil 1 3A 70 

mis'ik' pom 3 2C 958 

mit'mit' e'en 2 6C 871 

moc te9 1 4A 244 

mohon 1 3B 161 

mohon 1 4B 313 

mohon se"el sna 9ulo9etik 1 2B 31 

mol cikin-ib ta 9ak'ol ravol 1 3A 108 

mol cik'ob tan 1 4B 309 

mol k'at'is- 1 6B 519 

mol k'ulebal 1 9C 716 

mol toh 1 3B 199 

mol tulan 1 4B 296 

mol tulan 2 6C 870 

montahiltik 5 3B 50 

monte hi'mba 5 4B 129 

monte riko 5 5B 191 

mueob ton 1 6B 525 

muhural 1 12C 830 

mukenal 1 6C 569 

mukenal 1 9C 700 

mukenal 1 10B 752 

mukenal ta c'istik 1 3C 204 

mukenal vo9 1 3C 217 

mukenal yu9un hok' e'enom 1 8C 674 

mukenal yuiun pee toh 1 6A 484 

mukenal yu9un yaleb taiv 1 5B 434 

mukob tuento 1 4D 367 

muk'ta 9ah-te?tik 1 8D 681 

muk'ta 9ok'oc 1 10C 800 

muk'ta 9uk'um 1 10B 736 

muk'ta ba coko9 1 4A 229 

muk'ta ba k'o 2 7C 878 

muk'ta baeî te9 1 4B 313 

muk'ta be-o9 2 4C 862 

muk'ta cikin-ib 1 6B 507 

muk'ta c'is 1 6A 477 

muk'ta kannen 5 4B 127A 

muk'ta krus 1 3A 61 

muk'ta mutut 1 11C 819 

muk'ta nab 3 ID 938 

muk'ta nab 5 5B 180 

muk'ta nic 5 4A 74 

muk'ta poso 3 4B 978 

muk'ta potovtik 1 8D 688 

muk'ta slomleh 1 5C 454 

muk'ta slomleh 1 5D 458 

muk'ta te9 1 2A 9 

muk'ta te9 1 4B 329 

muk'ta te9 se"akinaheb hnupunel 1 4D 369 

muk'ta toe' 1 3C 206 

muk'ta toh 1 6B 497 

muk'ta ton 1 3A 64 

muk'ta ton 2 8B 883 

muk'ta tulan 1 3B 169 

muk'ta vie 1 2B 16 

muk'ta vie 1 6B 506 

muk'ta vie 1 7C 613 

muk'ta vie 5 4A 63 

muk'ta vie 5 4A 73 

muk'ta vo9 1 3A 103 

muk'ta vo9 1 8D 678

muyel kampanatik 1 9C 709 

muyeltilc k'anal lumtik 3 IB 915 

na 9ik' 1 10B 744 

nacivo 1 1IC 817 

na hoh 1 3A 52 

na kaslan I 6B 522 

na mastik 1 11C 818 

na sulemtik 1 IOC 757 

na ta pit 1 10D 806 

na volov 1 6A 489 

na vonon 1 IOB 747 

nab 3 IB 902 

nab ta lansa vie 1 2A 10 

nab ta naben cauk I 6C 540 

nab ta pahal cis-te? 1 4C 349 

nab ta s9ukun 3 ID 937 

nab ta sul-vo9 1 4C 351 

nab ta yut smok 9amalis 3 IB 916 

nacoh 5 3B 33 

nail e'en 1 10B 748 

nail e'en 1 IOC 765 

nail e'en ta s-mkun 3 2D 962 

nail e'en ta yolon muk'ta be 1 IOC 754 

nail tei ta yok sak-e'en 1 2B 28 

nakleb 9ok 2 4C 849 

nantaburi9 5 5B 173 

nantalum 5 4B 111 

nantamuhu9 5 4B 119 

nantayapa 5 5B 176 

nantayuei 5 4B 118 

naranhail voi I 10C 795 

naranhatik 3 1C 931 

narsiso 5 5B 206 

natihocob 3 3B 968 

natiholom 5 4B 89 

natil stenteh 1 6A 494 

nativirat 5 4C 163 

ne kotomtik ta yelav sak-e'en 1 2B 32 

nekeb vie 1 2B 17 



neleh eon-te9 I 7C 606 

nen ton 1 3A 99 

ni-nab 9ae"am I 4A 234 

ni-nab mk'um 1 5A 386 

ni-nab 9uk'um 2 4C 859 

ni-nab cak tan 1 4A 246 

ni-nab cilo9 1 3A 107 

ni-nab coke 1 4A 228 

ni-nab k'ak'eb I 7D 634 

ni-nab silcil 9uk'um 4 2C 1029 

ni-nab vo9 1 10C 787 

ni-nab vo9tik 1 4B 297 

ni-nab yuk'umal cakan pom 4 2C 1027 

nibak 2 9B 886 

nic nabtik 1 3B 148 

noeve ?era 5 5B 208 

noevo leon 5 4B 75 

noktik I 2B 49 

noktikil 9uk'um 1 3C 202 

nuhul e'en 1 3A 53 

nukul pattik 1 6C 564 

nupob 9ornamentu 1 3A 97 

nupob ?omamentu 1 5A 390 

nupob 9oraamentu 1 6B 520 

nupob wnamentu 1 6C 575 

ATLAS 577 

nupob 9ornamentu ta yak'ol sna mol kasya 1 

6B 518 

nupob-bail kms 1 10C 789 

nupob k'u9ul 1 3A 71 

nupob nicim 1 9C 704 

nupob nicim 1 10C 790 

pac'al yi9tik 1 3B 142 

pah-9ulal vo9 1 9B 693 

pahal be 1 3B 181 

pahal be 1 4C 337 




pale ton 1 3C 214 

paral 5 4C 154 

paste9al vo9 1 4D 371 

paso de £iapa 5 5B 186 

paso yu9un san-antonyo 5 5B 172 

pat 9ahtik 3 1C 934 

pat 9apas 1 7D 620 

pat 9era 1 6C 551 

pat 9osil 1 4B 300 

pat 9osil 1 9C 703 

pat 9osil 3 IB 896 

pat betik 2 4C 852 

pat c'ohbil tohtik 1 2B 20 

pat hoi bolom 3 5C 1003 

pat kalvario 1 3A 101 

pat k'at'is 1 5D 457 

pat k'at'is" 1 5D 461 

pat moktik 3 IB 901 

pat mol na 1 3B 184 

pat sakil e'en 1 6C 570 

pat sk'uk' te9 1 7C 614 

pat te9al 9uk'um 1 10B 737 

pat te9al 9uk'um 1 10B 741 

pat teitik 1 10C 774 

pat ti9 be ta yosil 9aleman 1 3B 176 

pat tihob tak'in 1 6C 560 

pat ton 1 3 A 93 

pat tontik I 4B 276 

pee toh 1 6A 488 

pee-tik 1 6B 499 

peskaria 9uk'um 1 11C 823 

petoktik 1 3C 223 

pila 2 8A 882 

pinola 5 3A 27 

plan 5 4B 96 

planta 2 7C 880 

poblason 5 2B 19 

poketal vo9 1 4B 294 

poko9 be 1 6A 482 

poko9 na 9iskipula 1 3A 74 

pok'eb 3 4B 971 

pomal vo9 1 10C 796 

popol ton 1 3A 95 

portin 3 IB 922 

portin 3 5C 1000 

portiyo 5 3B 46 

porvenir 5 2B 14 

potosin 1 3 A 78 

prudensya 5 2B 5 

puhtik 1 4B 291 

pulatual vo9 1 12B 829 

pum-lahan ?uk'um 2 3C 841 

pus e'en 1 5B 441 

pus e'en 1 6C 547 

pus e'en 3 IB 921 

puyal voi 1 3B 190 

puyal vo9 1 4B 286 

pwente kolgante 5 5B 179 

pwerto 9okote I I IB 810 

pwe'rto mehiko 5 4B 123 

p'aheb turn hkaslan 1 7D 616 

p'ehel ton 1 8C 656 

p'ih e'en 1 5B 438 

p'llisal vo9 1 7D 636 

rancero 5 3B 37 

ranco-aleh'sa 5 4B 144 

ranco noevo 5 5B 192 

ranco san-antonyo 5 4B 151 

ranco san-matyu9 5 4C 164 

ranco vispo 5 4B 133 

rayo 9alparo 5 4B 134 

rekreo 5 4B 113 

rekwerdo 5 4B 100 

resalc'en 1 11C 814 

ribera del lamatal 5 5B 199 

no dorado 5 4C 159 

no san-agustin 5 4B 106 

rosario 1 11A 807 

rosario 5 3A 21 

royo de 9eskai'do 5 5B 187 

royo ranco noevo 5 4B 135 

sa9ob c'ib 1 5B 422 

sak-be 1 5A 393 

sak-be 2 5C 868 

sak-e'en 1 2B 21 

sak-e'en 1 5 A 414 

sak-e'en 1 5B 423 

sak-e'en 1 6C 539 

sak-e'en 1 1 IB 811 

sak-e'en 3 IB 918 

sak-hol ton 1 10C 805 

sak-lum 2 4C 847 

sak-lum 5 5B 170 

sakil e'en 1 2B 21 

sakil krus I 3A 59 

sakil na 1 3A 94 

sakil ros'a 1 4C 362 

sakil ton 1 3B 164 

sakil tontik 1 2B 41 

sakil tontik 1 7D 627 

sakil vo9 1 11A 808 

saksak-krus 2 9B 888 

sakwalpa 5 4A 57 

san-antonyo 3 3D 970 

san-antonyo 5 4B 141 

san-bisente 5 2B 13 

san-bisente 5 4B 126 

san-fihenyo 5 4C 155 

san-fransisko 5 5B 210 

san-hwakin 5 4B 84 

san-hwakin 5 4B 125 

san-hwan 5 4B 142 

san-hwani'to 5 3B 34 

san-kaytan 5 4B 81 

san-kistoval 1 3A 76 

san-lukas'4 ID 1022 

san-luis 5 3B 40 

san-markus 5 4B 140 

san-markus 5 5B 210


san-marsel 5 4B 104 

san-martin 5 4B 148 

san-mikulas 5 3 A 23 

san-pekro 5 4B 105 

san-si'gro 3 4B 976 

san-tiego 5 3B 32 

san-tukas"4 ID 1022 

santa-elena 5 3B 44 

santa-krus 5 4B 122 

santa-krus 5 5B 193 

santa-loi'sa 5 3B 30 

santa-lusia 5 4B 82 

santo 9aryo 5 2B 18 

santo te? 1 4A 243 

santo tomas 5 4B 138 

sap-yoktik 1 8D 683 

sapotal 5 5B 203 

sat vo9 5 4B 101 

satin tik 1 4D 367 

sba slo?bol maltil boc 1 6A 471 

sba ya9al heoeiletik 1 4A 274 

sba yav scob ?antun lopis 1 2B 29 

sba yosil 9anima 9alkalte 1 6A 467 

sba yosil mol petul k'obyos 1 4C 346 

sbe-o9al cenek' te9tik 1 6A 473 

sbe-oial sak-c'en 1 5A 408 

sbe-o9al sak-lum 2 5C 868 

sbe-cal sak-puk'an vo9 1 6A 476 

sbe-o9al yosil 9anima mol ceho 1 5A 406 

sbe-09al sna sunka9 1 5A 403 

sbe ska 1 ) hhili-9atetik 1 3B 149 

sbelel hecal vo9 1 10C 776 

sbelel sna hc'ul-me9tik 1 5A 400 

sbelel sna hc'ul-me9tik 2 4C 854 

sbelel stenteh lum 2 4C 853 

sbelel yaial hpee tohetik 1 6B 495 

seeleh 9ik'al lumtik 1 5B 431 

seeleh ba TOntik 3 IB 925 

seeleh mes teitik 3 1B 897 

seeleh mohon 1 4C 340 

seeleh te9tik 1 4C 346 

seeleh tohtik 1 3B 121 

seeleh vov citik 1 2C 51 

seelehtik 1 3B 170 

seelehtik 1 3B 190 

se"el habnaltik ta sk'uk' let 1 7D 617 

se'el vo9 ta 9ibestik 3 4B 986 

scameb mol koneho 1 3B 120 

sc'ak sba belel Warn I 9A 690 

sc'ak sba belel habnaltik 1 7B 600 

sc'ak sba belel kokoontik 1 6C 544 

sc'ak sba belel na cih 1 3B 151 

sc'ak sba sbe hpintoletik I 4C 337 

sepel stenteh 2 3C 845 

sepel ton 1 8C 668 

sero bankil 5 4B 136 

sero berde 5 4B 139 

setel hobel 4 5B 1054 

setel ton 1 3B 141 

setel ton 1 3B 152 

setel ton 1 6C 558 

seyo vola 5 4B 130 

shecobal p'ilisal von 1 7D 633 

shecobal sna hruisetik 1 4C 340 

shelavel sna mol manvel 9ok'il 1 3B 138 

shomal 3 2B 941 

shomal k'am-s'oc'tik 1 6D 586 

shomal sa9ob c'ibtik 1 6D 587 

shomal ta yolon sna hrominetik 3 5C 1001 

shomal turasnutik 1 6D 582 

shomal ya9al smail 1 5B 430 

shomal yolon tenal vo"> 3 5C 1007 

sikil 9uk'um 5 4B 103 

silensyo 5 4B 108 

simyento krus 1 8C 672 

sip 5 4A 61 

sitittik I 10C 761 

sk'a? ravol k'ohco9 1 3A 102 

skahve hrominetik 3 5B 995 

skalvario h9eraantisetik 1 4B 325 

skalvario hcikin-ibal vo9 1 9C 725 

skalvario hlorio 1 11C 817 

skalvario hsek'emtik 1 8C 666 

skalvario muk'ta hoyihel 1 8C 647 

skrus lalbmoetik 1 3A 89 

skrus fanima mol 9antun vet 1 3A 80 

skrus 9anima mol manvel k'obyos 1 3A 79 

skrus cep k'olo-mas" 1 4B 314 

skrus hburoetik 1 3A 75 

skrus hirociletik 1 4A 260 

skrus hciloetik 1 6B 535 

skrus hmartinisetik 1 6B 526 

skrus maryan ?ok'il 1 3A 90 

skrus mekoetik 1 3A 90 

skrus mol markus tan hoi 1 3B 197 

skrus mol nisyo 1 3A 90 

skrus mol petul buro 1 3A 87 

skrus mol sarate 1 3A 86 

skrus s"un buro 1 3B 172 

skrus tan hoi 1 3A 84 

sk'a9-na 9iskipula 1 3A 74 

sk'a->-ravol k'ohco9 1 3A 102 

slomleh 9ac'eltik 1 4B 297 

slomleh hvaltoletik 1 4C 356 

slomleh krus mol I 4D 365 

slomleh slok' c'ail ta e'en 1 4D 376 

slomleh turn 1 4D 370 

slomleh turesnutik 1 5D 456 

slomleh yosil 9anima palas k'obyos 1 5C 446 

smukenal h9elan vo9 1 3C 218 

smukenal hnaben cauk 1 6B 521 

smukenal hpasto 1 3C 219 

smukenal hsek'emtik 1 8C 657 

smukenal hyaâl eêtik 1 9C 712 

sna eanku9 2 4C 861 

sna kusul rios' 1 5 A 391 

sna maystro ta sek'emtik 1 8C 667 

snup sba be ta cikin-ib 1 6C 554 

sokoltenango 5 2B 7 

soktom 5 5B 185 

somprerito 5 5B 204 

sompreron 4 6C 1058 

soral buro 1 3B 165 

soral moktik 2 2C 835 

soraltik 3 IB 917 

sportin soltero 3 5C 1000 

stenteh 1 4B 304 

stenteh e"ubal lum 1 10C 801 

stenteh lum 1 6A 469 

stenteh yaleb taiv 1 IOC 802 

sti9 be pelis 1 3A 96 

sti9 sbe mol lukas" eoeil 1 3B 136 

st'inleh tohtik 1 2B 43 

sucyapa 5 5B 213 

suron ton 1 5B 425 

sutut to 1 5A 407 

suytik 3 2B 945 

sam-pilpe 5 4A 55 

santikil vo9 ta vietik 3 2C 952 

s"9ec' ta koyoral 1 9C 722 

s-9oc belel ba e'en 1 IOC 763 

s'9oc belel kranado 5 3B 38 

s9oc belel ne kotomtik 1 2B 38 

s"9oc belel pat tohtik 1 7B 598 

s - 9oc belel san-lukas" 4 ID 1021 

s-9oc belel tiT nail e'en 1 4B 324 

s9oc belel turasnutik 1 3B 160 

s9oc sbe skaro 9aleman 1 2B 50 

S-mkun 3 ID 935 

s9ukun k'eves 1 4A 254 

s"bat belel muk'ta nab 3 ID 936 

sbat belel pat vie 1 6B 510 

sbat belel s'oktik 3 5C 1005 

Sila ton 3 IB 919 

sila ton 3 2C 959 

s'is'ib tontik 1 4B 279 

sis'ib tontik 1 5A 409 

skankreh 5 4B 110 

sk'ehi belel 9ae'am 1 4A 244 

sk'ehi belel 9apas ta sna mol 9iyen 1 6B 511 

sk'ehi belel vo9-bie 1 4A 244 

sic'ehp'uh belel k'on lum 1 6C 549 

sk'elvan vinik 2 4C 855 

sk'ot ta sila ton 3 2C 953 

sk'uk' te9 1 7C 612 

Slok' be ta cic te? 2 4C 854 

slok' pahal vo9 ta cak loboltik ta sok 1 6A 

466 

slok' sbe hbarioetik 1 4A 238 

slok' vo9 e'en ta 9ik'al lum 1 4A 263 

slok' yo?on ton 2 3C 840 

smuy sbelel shol hc'ul-me9tik 1 6B 508 

sohol eietik 1 3A 109 

s"ok 1 6A 467 

sokon na 9ik' 1 6C 565 

s'okon sakil e'en 1 2B 26 

sokon yav scob kuk 1 2B 43 

sokon yek'lal ka9 tulan 1 2B 42 

s"oktik 3 5C 1010 

sul vo9 1 4C 347 

Sus" vo9 1 10B 743 

s'utio 5 4B 99 

syal belel pahal be 1 6D 589 

syal bik'it be sk'ot ta san-lukas 3 2D 965 

t slok' 9uk'um ta Io9boltik ta e'ub 1 6A 492 

t slok' 9uk'um ta yolon 9is-ak'tik 1 5B 419 

ta9al eele-pat 1 7B 597 

ta9al horn 1 7C 608 

taki-9uk'um 1 4B 317 

taki-9uk'um 1 9C 698 

taki-be-09 1 10B 735 

taki-be-o9 5 5B 168 

taki-be-09 ta belel 9a£' lum 4 ID 1024 

tanke yuûn sue' 1 3B 191 

teleb 9anima 1 9C 718 

tenel cikin-ibtik 3 2D 961 

tenob tak'in 1 5A 410 

teopiska 5 3 A 24

til be 1 5A 387 

ti? be belel htek-lum 1 3B 163 

ti7 be ka9 1 4D 380 

ti9 be ta nab I 3B 140 

ti9 be ta yak'ol bik'it nic 4 3B 1039 

ti9 c'olivtik 1 4B 275 

ti9 naetik 1 5A 390 

ti 1 ) nail e'en 1 5B 440 

ti9 tohtik MAI 

ti9 tohtik 1 9C 695 

ti-J tohtik ta ba soktik 3 5C 1009 

ti9 tontik 1 3A 101 

til vo9 I 4B 293 

tihera 1 2A 6 

tihi-nuk'al vo9 1 3B 133 

tohtik ta yolon s'oktik 3 5C 1014 

tohtikal w> 1 7C 611 

tohtikal vo9 1 8C 662 

tohtikil vo9 1 5C 447 

tok'oyal vo9 1 3B 133 

ton k'ail 1 5C 445 

tonaladito 5 3B 36 

ton e'ikin 1 2B 15 

top'olil vo9 1 9C 726 

trapic 5 4A 74 

tuil vo9 4 4B 1048 

tulanil vo9 1 5C 455 

tulanka 5 3A 22 

tulantik 3 1B 899 

turasnutik 1 3B 147 

turesnutik 1 7C 605 

tusnuk' te9tik 4 1C 1019 

tusta 5 5B 198 

tuttik 1 6C 556 

tuttik 1 8C 645 

tuttikal 9uk'um 1 6C 563 

tuvo9 2 5C 866 

tyera blanka 5 2B 12 

tyera blanka 5 3B 43 

tyera pintado 5 3B 42 

t'aht'ah be 1 4A 260 

t'el tohtik 1 3B 183 

vafal sokom 2 4C 864 

va9al ton 1 3C 220 

va?al ton 1 4B 280 

vaial ton 1 5C 449 

va9al ton 1 6B 509 

va9al ton 1 8C 663 

vac k'ulebal 1 IOC 780 

vakatenango 5 3A 29 

vakas ton 1 3A 69 

vakas ton 1 3C 216 

valalupa 5 2B 11 

valalupa 5 4B 97 

ventana I 2A 7 

ventana e'en 5 3B 48 

vieil naben cauk I 6B 503 

vieil naben cauk 1 6B 506 

viya las rosas 5 3A 27 

vispera 5 4B 115 

vo9-c'oh vo9 1 3A 105 

vo9 skwenta sok 1 6A 464 

VO9 ta 9alavenatik 1 3B 171 

vo9 ta 9elan vo? 3 IB 905 

vo9 ta •Jibestik 3 5B 996 

vo 1 ) ta 9ik'al lumtik 1 5B 427 

ATLAS 579 

vo9 ta cikin-ibal vo9 1 9D 728 

vo9 ta c'is 1 3B 179 

vo9 ta muk'ta vie 1 2B 27 

vo9 ta natil stenteh 1 6A 491 

vo9 ta nic te9tik 4 3B 1038 

vo9 ta paste9 1 4D 371 

vo9 ta puhtik 1 3B 143 

VO9 ta p'lh 1 5B 442 

vo9 ta sak-lum 2 4C 846 

vo ta sok'on 1 3B 143 

vo9 ta sokon musul vie 1 3A 62 

vo9 ta S9ukun 3 2D 964 

vo9 ta sul-vo9 1 4C 350 

vo9 ta toh 1 8D 678 

vo9 ta tulan 1 4B 277 

vo9 ta ya9al sulem 1 6A 491 

vo9 ta yaleb taiv 1 5B 433 

vo9 ta yut e'en 1 8D 680 

vok'eb see' I 12B 829 

vok'em tenel te9 5 4A 58 

vok'ob s'okom 1 3A 113 

volol 9on te9tik 1 4A 247 

volol tontik ta ba pok'eb 1 6D 581 

vom e'en 1 4C 353 

vom c'enal vo9 1 4D 372 

vuk-vo9 1 8A 638 

vuku-moc 1 10C 775 

vunal 5 4B 119 

vus ton 1 3B 189 

vus ton 5 4B 98 

yaâhvil I 2A 7 

ya9al 9ac' mcel 1 9C 699 

ya9al 9akus" 1 8D 685 

ya9al 9alyas 1 4A 225 

ya9al 9ana 1 5A 403 

ya9al 9anima 1 4A 225 

ya9al 9antel 1 IOC 783 

ya9al 9antun tontik 1 6B 524 

ya9al 9uc 1 3A 77 

ya'al bik'it hoyihel 1 8C 645 

ya9al buro 1 3A 62 

yaial e?'n 1 9C 720 

ya9al cep teratol 1 4B 289 

ya9al cep tuluk' 1 6B 527 

ya9al citom 1 10C 767 

yaial colol 1 7D 635 

ya9al h9ernantisetik 1 4B 331 

ya9al h9esetik 1 4C 333 

ya9al h9ik'al ta pat muk'ta vie 1 2A 14 

yaâl h9okoeetik 1 4B 331 

ya9al h9ok'iletik 1 4A 267 

ya9al hbulucetik I 6B 538 

ya9al heoeiletik 1 4A 269 

ya9al heuetik I 6B 536 

ya9al hcaynaetik 1 7C 613 

ya9al he'oetik 1 3B 174 

ya9al hes 1 3B 126 

ya9al hhobelahel 1 3C 208 

ya9al hkokovetik 1 4B 307 

ya9al hkomisetik 1 4B 307 

ya9al hkulantuetik I 3B 193 

ya9al hk'ak'et te9 1 8C 654 

ya9al hk'obyosetik 1 4C 332 

ya9al hk'oetik 1 4B 295 

ya'al hk'on lumetik I 6C 548 

ya9al hme9tik fiepa 1 3B 178 

ya9al hmin 1 8C 646 

ya9al hmu£iketik 1 3B 177 

ya9al hnuhetik 1 3B 150 

ya9al hrominetik 1 3B 124 

ya?al hsan-antonyo 3 3C 969 

ya9al hsan-tukas" me9el 1 9C 699 

ya9al hsek'emtik 1 7C 611 

ya9al hsimyento krusetik 1 8D 676 

ya9al hsisiletik 1 6B 537 

ya9al hsoktom 2 3C 844 

ya9al hsakrisetik 1 6B 533 

ya9al hs'utetik 1 4B 293 

ya9al hteratoletik 1 4B 292 

yaial htontobetik 1 3B 139 

yaâl htontobetik 1 4B 331 

ya9al htuluk'etik 1 4B 310 

ya9al hutub 1 6C 559 

ya9al hvieetik 1 6B 532 

ya9al ka9 1 3B 157 

ya9al ka9 1 7C 610 

ya9al ka9 ta e'el 9is-ak'tik 1 4A 272 

ya9al kulahtei 1 5D 463 

ya9al lantu 1 4D 383 

ya9al lores 3 4B 972 

ya9al manvel romin 1 3B 143 

yaâl markus hoyihel 1 8C 649 

yaâl maryan pat 9osil 1 6B 531 

ya9al me9el I 4B 292 

ya9al mol mikel 9ok'il 1 4A 268 

ya9al mol sap vaskes 1 9D 729 

ya9al sap kalvarioetik 1 8C 665 

ya9al s'mail 1 5B 429 

ya9al spavav 3 4B 973 

ya9al sulem 1 6B 496 

ya9al teles' 9ac'eltik 1 4A 266 

ya9al vakas 1 6B 514 

ya9al vakas 2 8C 885 

ya9am ton 2 2C 838 

yae'am ka9 2 7C 877 

yah-te9 kotom 3 4B 974 

yak'ob e'ub 1 5B 417 

yak'ol oeklisya 1 6D 577 

yak'ol 9is-ak'tik 1 5A 415 

yak'ol habnal e'en 3 2B 948 

yak'ol kampana e'en 3 4B 981 

yak'ol k'eves 1 4A 253 

yak'ol naetik 1 5A 384a 

yak'ol vo9 sna mol kirivin 1 5B 436 

yak'ol yav scob komis 1 2B 33 

yalavenatik 5 2A 2 

yaleb vo9 1 3C 210 

yalel e'albil te9 2 4C 857 

yalel cikin-ibtik 2 4C 850 

yas-tinintik 1 4B 312 

yas'al 9osil 1 5 A 395 

yas'al e'en 3 4B 982 

yas'al krus 4 ID 1026 

yav 9asyento 1 10B 734 

yav 9eklis"ya 1 10B 751 

yav 9eklis'ya 1 1IC 826 

yav 9era ta p'ih 1 5B 439 

yav 9is"im 1 10B 738 

yav c'ivit 2 4C 858 

yav horn 1 3B 182 

yav horn 1 4D 379 

yav koral 3 4C 993


yav k'a9-k'o 1 6A 468 

yav lobol 1 IOC 756 

yav lok'ob-bail 1 8C 660 

yav mailtik 3 2D 960 

yav mulino I 3B 195 

yav na ta nab 1 10B 749 

yav nab I 2A 10 

yav nab 1 3B 180 

yav nab I 4A 226 

yav nab 2 2C 837 

yav nab ta yolon sna cep tontob 1 4C 352 

yav nabtik 1 4B 306 

yav naetik 1 4C 341 

yav naetik 1 5 A 413 

yav naetik 1 10C 760 

yav pus 1 4B 328 

yav pus 3 4C 988 

yav rikotik 1 3B 191 

yav san-hose 5 4B 76 

yav scob hpulanetik 1 2B 22 

yav scob komis 1 2B 35 

yav scob krus 1 3B 158 

yav scob krus mol I 2B 40 

yav scob pelis 1 3B 159 

yav shorn scih hravoletik 12B 19 

yav sna fanima kalo 1 6A 475 

yav sna 9anima mol sun 9okoe 1 4A 249 

yav sna cak ves v 4 6B 1055 

yav sna coto 1 3B 168 

yav sna hcamu9 I 6D 585 

yav sna hmak-sik 1 2B 47 

yav sna hmuk'ta hok' 1 10B 749 

yav sna mol lol eo9optik 1 2B 46 

yav sna mut 3 4B 975 

yav sue' 1 7B 596 

yav teltel na I 5A 410 

yav ten 1 4D 382 

yav ti"? be skwenta yut yi9tl 1 6A 472 

yek'lal ka9 tulan 1 2B 36 

yelav sna mol cep koneeres 1 3B 115 

yemeltik 1 3A 63 

yemeltik ta na cih 1 4B 327 

yemenal vo9 I 6C 568 

yi?al yu-mn belel bik'it nic 4 3B 1033 

yic'ob ->ik' Inik'al 1 3B 127 

yic'ob 9ip 9anima 1 3B 138 

yic'ob ?ip lanima 1 3B 144 

yic'ob 9ip hc'ul-totik ta toe' 1 3C 213 

yoceb vo9 1 10C 771 

yocob I 6C 540 

yocob I 10C 758 

yocob ta bik'it toe' 1 3C 211 

yocob ta muk'ta toe' 1 3C 207 

yok 9on te9tik 3 1C 929 

yok 9ontik 3 1C 929 

yok musul vie 1 3A 64 

yok ni-09 2 3C 843 

yok sakil e'en 1 2B 24 

yok sakil e'en 1 6C 571 

yok sisil vie I 3A 106 

yok vie ta tihob tak'in 1 6C 561 

yokinaheb nab 1 3B 134 

yokyok vietik ta 9apas 1 7C 615 

yol te9 krus I 4C 334 

yolon e'en 1 5A 398 

yolon e'en 1 5A 399 

yolon e'en 5 4B 80 

yolon mukenal 1 6A 480 

yolon natil stenteh 1 6A 487 

yolon sna 9antun 9iyen 1 6B 507 

yolon sna mol hwan 1 5B 437 

yolon sna hrominetik 3 5C 999 

yolon yav scob kuk 1 2B 45 

yolon yek'lal ka9 tulan 1 2B 39 

yosil maltil romin I 4A 242 

yosil maryan k'obyos 1 5B 443 

yosil maystro 1 6D 584 

yosil mol 9okoe ta 9ana hobeltik 1 5C 453 

yosil mol hili-9at 1 4B 308 

yosil mol hilverto 4 7C 1063 

yosil mol k'o 1 4A 259 

yosil yakan c'o 1 3B 167 

yuk'umal 9acote 5 5B 184 

yuk'umal ouctik 5 5B 166 

yuk'umal bik'it nic 4 3B 1042 

yuk'umal briyante 5 4C 161 

yuk'umal e'aheb 1 10B 741 

yuk'umal kayahon 5 5B 196 

yuk'umal krus 9alto 5 5B 167 

yuk'umal k'ak'eb 3 5C 1011 

yuk'umal k'elob 9osil 5 4B 94 

yuk'umal laha 5 5B 165 

yuk'umal makoyta 5 4C 158 

yuk'umal matanika 5 5B 171 

yuk'umal milame 5 4B 95 

yuk'umal nantaburh 5 5B 178 

yuk'umal nantayapa 5 5B 182 

yuk'umal pit 5 5B 175 

yuk'umal san-matyu9 5 4C 162 

yuk'umal san-torenso 5 4B 78 

yuk'umal santo rominko 5 5B 209 

yuk'umal toe' 1 3C 203 

yuk'umal vunal 5 4B 107 

yuk'unaheb hs'utetik 1 4B 298 

yut e'en 1 7D 622 

yut mohon 1 4B 330 

yut yi9al 1 7A 590 

yut yoso9-k'otik 1 1A 3

Maps

1 IA ti-J tohtik 

2 IA 9icin ton 

3 IA yut yoso?-k'otik 

4 IA kinta 

5 2A eahal lumtik 

6 2A tihera 

7 2A ventana 

7 2A ya?ahvil 

8 2A ?aneil ton 

9 2A muk'ta let 

10 2A nab ta lansa vie 

10 2A yav nab 

11 2A kampor 

12 2A lansa vie 

13 2A ?ak'ol ravol 

14 2A ya?al h?ik'al ta pat muk'ta vie 

15 2B ton e'ikin 

16 2B muk'ta vie 

17 2B nekeb vie 

18 2B ba sak-c'en ta muk'ta vie 

19 2B yav shorn scih hravoletik 

20 2B pat c'ohbil tohtik 

21 2B sak-c'en 

21 2B sakil e'en 

22 2B yav scob hpulanetik 

23 2B cuklebal ton ta yok sak-c'en 

24 2B yok sakil e'en 

25 2B canal te?tik 

25 2B cik'ob ?ak'altik 

25 2B lukumtik 

26 2B sokon sakil e'en 

27 2B vo? ta muk'ta vie 

28 2B nail te? ta yok sak-i'en 

29 2B cahal te?tik 

29 2B sba yav scob ?antun lopis 

30 2B k'am-s*oc' 

31 2B mohon se"el sna ?ulo?etik 

32 2B ne kotomtik ta yelav sak-c'en 

33 2B yak'ol yav scob komis 

34 2B cameb mal hili-9at 

35 2B yav scob komis 

36 2B yek'lal ka? tulan 

37 2B ba ne kotomtik 

38 2B s"?o£ belel ne kotomtik 

39 2B yolon yek'lal ka? tulan 

40 2B yav scob krus mol 

41 2B sakil tontik 

41 2B ?ik'al lumtik 

42 2B s'okon yek'lal ka? tulan 

43 2B st'inleh tohtik 

43 2B sokon yav scob kuk 

44 2B hoi tohtik 

45 2B yolon yav scob kuk 

46 2B yav sna mol lol eo?optik 

47 2B yav sna hmak-sik 

48 2B be-o?al •risbontik 

49 2B noktik 

50 2B cak noktik 

50 2B s?oc sbe skaro ?aleman 

51 2C seeleh vov citik 

52 3A na hoh 

53 3A bolom ton 

53 3A nuhul i'ea 

KEY FOR MAP ONE 

54 3A martil 

55 3A ?internado 

56 3A c'istikal vo? 

56 3A c'istikil vo? 

57 3A burbucal vo? 

57 3A Io7obtik 

58 3A ?era 

59 3A bik'it krus 

59 3A krus ta yok ?ae"am 

59 3A sakil krus 

60 3A hoi musul vie 

61 3A muk'ta krus 

62 3A vo? ta soko'n musul vie 

62 3A ya?al buro 

63 3A yemeltik 

64 3A muk'ta ton 

64 3A yok musul vie 

65 3A e'uiltasob vo? 

66 3A canob vun 

67 3A kavilto 

68 3A lac' krus 

69 3A vakas ton 

70 3A misik' balamil 

71 3A krus ta ba e'uiltasbil vo? 

71 3A krus ta ba ?uk'um 

71 3 A nupob k'u?ul 

72 3A ?eklisya 

73 3A ?iskipula 

74 3A poko? na iiskipula 

74 3A sk'a?-na ?iskipula 

75 3A skrus hburoetik 

76 3A san-kistoval 

77 3A ya?al ?ud 

78 3A potosin 

79 3A skrus ?anima mol manvel 

k'obyos 

80 3A skrus ?anima mol ''antun vet 

81 3A krus ?uc 

82 3A ?isbontikal vo? 

83 3A hoi san-kistoval 

84 3A skrus tan hoi 

85 3A krus mucik 

86 3A skrus mol sarate 

87 3A skrus mol petul buro 

88 3A ?ik'al nab 

89 3A skrus ?albinoetik 

90 3A skrus maryan ?ok'il 

90 3A skrus mekoetik 

90 3A skrus mol nisyo 

91 3A cihil te?tikal vo? 

92 3A ?ae'am vo? 

93 3A pat toh 

94 3A sakil na 

95 3A popol ton 

96 3A sti? be pelis 

97 3A nupob ?ornamentu 

98 3A c'ohol vo? 

99 3A nen ton 

100 3A kalvario 

101 3A pat kalvario 

101 3A ti? tontik 

102 3A sk'a? ravol k'ohco? 

102 3A sk'a?-ravol k'ohco') 

(582) 

103 3A muk'ta VO7 

104 3A krus ta yak'ol nen ton 

105 3A vo?-c'oh voi 

106 3A yok sisil vie 

107 3A ni-nab cilo? 

108 3A mol cikin-ib ta ?ak'ol ravol 

109 3A kampo 

109 3A s'ohol eietik 

110 3 A be-o? ta ba ravoltik 

111 3A eie ta yak'ol sna ?antun lopis 

112 3A hoi sisil vie 

113 3A vok'ob sokom 

114 3B ba ravoltik 

115 3B yelav sna mol cep koneeres 

115 3B ?unen te?tik 

116 3B ?ae'am vo7 

117 3B capob vob 


118 3B bik'it mukenal 

119 3B k'atal be 

120 3B scameb mol koneho 

121 3B seeleh tohtik 

122 3B ba e'en 

123 3B e'en Inik'al 

124 3B ya9al hrominetik 

125 3B cukultik 

126 3B ya?al hes 

127 3B yic'ob ?ik' hîk'al 

128 3B ?ic'ob lipal 

129 3B minas 

129 3B ?ak'ol mukenal 

130 3B krus ta sok'on 

131 3B ca?-pec te-? 

132 3B belel c'ohbil tohtik 

133 3B tihi-nuk'al vo7 

133 3B tok'oyal vo 1 ) 

134 3B yokinaheb nab 

135 3B e"ahal nab 

136 3B stiT sbe mol lukas eoeil 

137 3B minas ta yak'ol tok'oyal vo 

138 3B shelavel sna mol manvel "?ok'il 

138 3B yic'ob ?ip fanima 

139 3B ya?al htontobetik 

140 3B ti") be ta nab 

141 3B setel ton 

142 3B pac'al yittik 

143 3B vo ta puhtik 

143 3B vo ta sok'on 

143 3B ya7al manvel romin 

144 3B yic'ob 7ip 9anima 

145 3B "?isbontik yak'ol sna manvel 

sarate 

146 3B krus ta minas 

146 3B ?unen krus 

147 3B turasnutik 

148 3B nic nabtik 

149 3B sbe ska-? hhili-iatetik 

150 3B ya?al hnuhetik 

151 3B sc'ak sba belel na cih 

152 3B setel ton 

153 3B 7ik'al lumtik 

154 3B ba nic nabtik 

154 3B ba turasnutik 

155 3B mes tcrtik 

156 3B e"anal vo 

157 3B yawl ka 1 ? 

158 3B yav scob krus 

159 3B yav sdob pelis 

160 3B sloe belel turasnutik 

161 3B mohon 

162 3B 9ak'ol ti? be 

163 3B ti9 be belel htek-lum 

164 3B sakil ton 

165 3B soral buro 

166 3B canob vun ta seelehtik 

167 3B yosil yakan c'o 

168 3B yav sna coto 

169 3B muk'ta tulan 

170 3B scelehtik 

171 3B vo-? ta ?alavenatik 

172 3B skrus §un buro 

173 3B k'atal be belel sok'on 

174 3B yaial he'oetik 

175 3B mes te?tik ta yolon yav sna 

coto 

176 3B mes te7tik ta pat ti? be 

176 3B pat ti? be ta yosil ?aleman 

177 3B ya?al hmuciketik 

178 3B hus'ob k'ob co? 

178 3B k'os vo? 

178 3B ya?al hme?tik cepa 

179 3B vo? ta c'is 

180 3B yav nab 

181 3B pahal be 

182 3B yav hom 

183 3B t'el tohtik 

184 3B pat mol na 

185 3B cameb cihtik 

186 3B eo?optik 

187 3B cak mok 

188 3B ?olon ti? be 

189 3B vus" ton 

190 3B puyal vo7 

190 3B seelehtik 

191 3B lok'eb s'uc' 

191 3B tanke yu?un sue' 

191 3B yav rikotik 

192 3B canob vun ta na cih 

193 3B ya?al hkulantuetik 

194 3B komem papyan 

194 3B minas yu?un karvon 

195 3B yav mulino 

197 3B skrus mol markus tan hoi 

198 3B k'olo-mastik 

199 3C krus ta toh 

199 3B mol toh 

200 3C koral vakastik 

201 3C c'ivit ta na cih 

202 3C hec toi' 

202 3C noktikil ?uk'um 

203 3C yuk'umal toe' 

204 3C mukenal ta c'istik 

205 3C ?ahan tohtik 

206 3C muk'ta tod' 

207 3C yocob ta muk'ta toe' 

208 3C ya?al hhobelahel

209 3C krus ta ba yocob 

210 3C yaleb vo9 

211 3Cbik'it toe 1 

211 3C yocob ta bik'it to£' 

212 3C 9ik'al naU e'en 

213 3C k'ak'et krus 

213 3C krus ta ba toe' 

213 3C yic'ob 9ip hc'ul-totik ta toe' 

214 3C pale ton 

215 3C bik'it vo9 

216 3C vakas ton 

217 3C mukenal vo9 

218 3C smukenal h">elan vo9 

219 3C smukenal hpaste? 

220 3C kelem ton 

220 3C vaial ton 

221 3C 9avan e'en 

222 3C 9aneil ton 

223 3C petoktik 

224 4A dbtikal vo9 

225 4A ya9al 9alyas 

225 4A ya9al 9anima 

226 4A yav nab 

227 4A hoi na -ncin 

227 4A 9olon mukenal 

228 4A ni-nab coko9 

229 4A muk'ta ba coko9 

230 4A hoi ba k'o 

231 4A bik'it ba coko? 

232 4A eemen vie 

233 4A k'anal 9isimtik 

233 4A 9eratik 

234 4A ni-nab 9ae"am 

235 4A belel mukenal 

236 4A kotol c'is" 

237 4A e'en htuk'avil 

238 4A slok' sbe hbarioetik 

239 4A mahob pepen 

240 4A e'en 9ok'il 

241 4A lomol sokom 

242 4A yosil malti] romin 

243 4A santo te9 

244 4A moc te9 

244 4A sk'ehi belel vo9-bie 

244 4A sk'ehi belel 9ae"am 

245 4A eahal k'at'is" 

246 4A ni-nab cak tan 

247 4A volol ion te9tik 

248 4A cukul sokomtik 

249 4A yav sna 9anima mol sun 9okoe 

250 4A k'eves' 

250 4A 9uk'um ta yolon S9ukun 

251 4A eis cauktik 

252 4A 9ik'al lumal krus 

253 4A yak'ol k'eves 

254 4A s"9ukun k'eves" 

255 4A belel 9on te9 

255 4A cih-conal VO9 

256 4A be-o9al eis cauktik 

257 4A hoyo e'en 

258 4A hec s"9ukun 

259 4A yosil mol k'o 

260 4A skrus heoeiletik 

260 4A t'aht'ah be 

261 4A £'ut e'entik 

262 4A cukul tontik 

263 4A be-09al 9ik'al lum 

ATLAS 

263 4A slok vo9 c en ta 9ik'al lum 

264 4A belel na cih 

265 4A krus ta seeleh 

266 4A ya9al teles 9ac'eltik 

267 4A ya9al h9ok'iletik 

267 4A 9ac'eltik 

268 4A ya9al mol mikel 9ok'il 

269 4A yaial hcoeiletik 

270 4A ba 9ik'al lum 

271 4A 9ik'al lumtik 

272 4A ya9al ka9 ta e"el 9is-ak'tik 

273 4A bik'it va9al ton 

274 4B k'anal lumtik 

274 4A sba ya9al heoeiletik 

275 4B ti9 c'olivtik 

276 4B pat tontik 

277 4B k'at'is' ta tulan 

277 4B vo9 ta tulan 

278 4B c'is' ta 9uk'um 

279 4B sisib tontik 

280 4B va9al ton 

281 4B cameb k'ol-hol 

281 4B cameb mok-hol 

281 4B kmsal be ta cameb hcamu? 

282 4B be-o9 ta 9ah-te9 

283 4B krus ta e'en h9ik'al 

283 4B krus ta yak'ol e'en h9ik'al 

284 4B be-o?al va9al ton 

285 4B hok'ob yi9 

286 4B lom e'entik 

286 4B puyal vo9 

287 4B homal lalavenatik 

287 4B 9alavenail vo9 

288 4B krus ta yelav htek-lum 

289 4B ya9al cep teratol 

290 4B canob vun ta pat 9osil 

291 4B puhtik 

292 4B ya9al hteratoletik 

292 4B ya9al me9el 

293 4B ti9 vo9 

293 4B ya9al hsutetik 

294 4B c'ohol vo9 

294 4B poketal vo9 

295 4B ya9al hk'oetik 

296 4B mol tulan 

297 4B ni-nab vo9tik 

297 4B slomleh 9ac'eltik 

298 4B yuk'unaheb hs'utetik 

299 4B k'anal lumtik 

300 4B pat 9osil 

301 4B 9akovtik 

302 4B be-o9 ta yolon sna mol k'o 

303 4B k'atal be sTc'ot ta setel ton 

304 4B stenteh 

305 4B eon-te9 teitik 

306 4B yav nabtik 

307 4B ya9al hkokovetik 

307 4B ya9al hkomisetik 

308 4B yosil mol hili-9at 

309 4B mol cik'ob tan 

310 4B ya9al htuluk'etik 

311 4B be-09al mohon tulan 

312 4B yas"-tinintik 

313 4B mohon 

313 4B muk'ta bac"i te? 

314 4B skrus cep k'olo-mas 

315 4B dik'ob tan 

316 4B bwelta be ta taki-9uk'um 

317 4B taki-9uk'um 

318 4B cik'ob met 

319 4B be-o9al yaleb taiv 

320 4B krus ta yaleb taiv 

321 4B be-o9al yav pus 

322 4B lok'esob ton ta na cih 

323 4B krus ta yak'ol sna h9ernantisetik 

324 4B s9oc belel ti9 nail d'en 

325 4B skalvario h9ernantisetik 

326 4B be-o9al c'a-tenik 

327 4B yemeltik ta na eih 

327 4B eahal yemel 

328 4B yav pus 

329 4B cak te9tik 

329 4B mankornal tulan 

329 4B muk'ta te? 

330 4B yut mohon 

331 4B ya?al htontobetik 

331 4B ya9al h9emantisetik 

331 4B ya9al h9okoeetik 

332 4C ya9al hk'obyos'etik 

333 4C ya9al h9esetik 

334 4C yol te9 krus 

335 4C c'a-te9tik 

336 4C krus ta volol tontik 

337 4C belel pahal cis-te9 

337 4C pahal be 

337 4C sc'ak sba sbe hpintoletik 

338 4C cis-te9tik 

339 4C ba moktik 

340 4C shecobal sna hruisetik 

340 4C seeleh mohon 

341 4C yav naetik 

342 4C eeleh tontik sul-vo9 

343 4C eeleh tontik 

344 4C ba nab homal stentehtik 

345 4C e'en ta k'am-soc' 

346 4C sba yosil mol petul k'obyos 

346 4C seeleh te9tik 

347 4C sul vo9 

348 4C ba vo9 

349 4C nab ta pahal cis-te9 

350 4C vo9 ta sul-vo9 

351 4C nab ta sul-vo9 

352 4C yav nab ta yolon sna cep tontob 

353 4C vom e'en 

354 4C 9anei] ton ta yolon pahal cis-te9 

355 4C homal 9osil 

355 4C koral buro 

356 4C slomleh hvaltoletik 

357 4C hoi tontik 

357 4C krusal be 9ic'ob 9ipal 

357 4C eeleh tontik 

358 4C k'ak'et krus 

359 4C canob vun ta paste9 

360 4C 9aneil ton 

361 4C krusal be scikin smok hvaltoletik 

362 4C sakil rosa 

363 4C e"unob trigotik 

364 4C hec krus 

365 4D slomleh krus mol 

366 4D eahal te9tik c'ieb yisim cih 

367 4D mukob tuento 

367 4D satintik 

368 4D c'is'tikal vo9 

369 4D muk'ta te? se'akinaheb hnupunel 

583


370 4D slomleh turn 

371 4D c'entikal vo9 

371 4D pasteial vo9 

371 4D vo? ta paste? 

372 4D vom c'enal vo9 

373 4D belel yav ten 

374 4D k'anal lumtik 

374 4D e*ubal lumtik 

375 4D lomol cihil te?tik 

376 4D slomleh slok" c'ail ta e'en 

377 4D hec k'anal lumtik 

378 4D cak mok 

379 4D yav hom 

380 4D til be ka9 

381 4D ba yav ten 

382 4D yav ten 

383 4D belel nic te9tik 

383 4D yawl lantu 

384 4D cicoltik 

384a 5A ba htek-lum 

384a 5A yak'ol naetik 

385 5A k'an-te9 

386 5A lok'em hc'ul-me9tik 

386 5A ni-nab ?uk'um 

387 5A ti9 be 

388 5A be-oial lom ?ae'am 

389 5A be-o9 skwenta yak'ol 9ae'am 

390 5A nupob ?ornamentu 

390 5A ti? naetik 

391 5A sna kusul rios" 

392 5A be-o?al k'a?-krus 

393 5A sak-be 

394 5A be-09 ta yolon sak-be 

395 5A yasal ?osil 

396 5A be-o? skwenta yasal 9osil 

397 5A be-o?al ?oven ion 

398 5A yolon e'en 

399 5A yolon e'en 

400 5A sbelel sna hc"ul-me9tik 

401 5A c'ah tontik 

402 5A lek'ob ?ae"am ka? 

403 5A macita 

403 5A sbe-09al sna sunka? 

403 5A ya9al 9ana 

404 5A be-o9al yolon e'en 

405 5A 9ac' be 

406 5A sbe-o9al yosil 9anima mol ceho 

407 5A sutut te9 

408 5A sbe-o9al sak-e'en 

409 5A sisib tontik 

410 5A tenob tak'in 

410 5A yav teltel na 

411 5A k'an-te? 

412 5A c'ul-ton 

413 5A yav naetik 

414 5A sak-e'en 

415 5B ba 9is-ak'tik 

415 5A yak'ol ?is-ak'tik 


417 5B yak'ob e'ub 

418 5B ?is-ak'tik 

419 5B t slok' 9uk'um ta yolon 9is-ak'tik 

420 5B be-o?al sak-e'en 

421 5B belel 9is-ak'tik 

422 5B e'entik ta ya9al simail 

422 5B saiob c'ib 

423 5B sak-e'en 

424 5B e"akal cik'ob tan 

425 5B suron ton 

426 5B be-o9al ya9al smail 

427 5B vo9 ta 9ik'al lumtik 

427 5B 9alavenail VO9 

428 5B canob vun ta yaleb taiv 

429 5B ya9al smail 


430 5B shomal ya9al smail 

431 5B seeleh 9ik'al lumtik 

432 5B k'elob 9osil 

433 5B vo9 ta yaleb taiv 

434 5B mukenal yu9un yaleb taiv 

435 5B krus ta belel p'ih 

436 5B yak'ol vo9 sna mol kirivin 

437 5B krus ta lom e'en 

437 5B yolon sna mol hwan 

438 5B e'en ta p'ih 

438 5B p'ih e'en 

439 5B yav 9era ta p'ih 

440 5B ti9 nail e'en 

441 5B pus e'en 

442 5B VO9 ta p'ih 

443 5B yosil maryan k'obyos 

444 5C belel 9olon 9osil 

445 5C ton k'ail 

446 5C slomleh yosil 9anima palas k'obyos 

447 5C e'en 9ok'il 

447 5C tohtikil vo9 

448 5C koko9ontik 

449 5C va9al ton 

450 5C 9oven e'en 

451 5C 9ana hobeltik 

452 5C cis-te? e'en 

453 5C yosil mol ?okoe ta 9ana hobeltik 

454 5C muk'ta slomleh 

455 5C tulanil vo9 

456 5D slomleh turesnutik 

457 5D pat k'at'is 

458 5D muk'ta slomleh 

459 5D cahal te?tik 

460 5D k'at'is' 

461 5D pat k'at'is 

462 5D lok' santo 

463 5D ya?al kulahte9 

464 6A vo? skwenta sok 

465 6A mankotik 

466 6A slok' pahal vo9 ta cak Io9boltik ta sok 

467 6A sba yosil 9anima 9alkalte 

467 6A s"ok 

468 6A yav k'a9-k'o 

469 6A stenteh lum 

470 6A ba yut yi?il 

471 6A sba slo9bol maltil boc 

472 6A yav ti? be skwenta yut yi?il 

473 6A sbe-o?al cenek' te?tik 

474 6A be skwenta eobol tohtik 

475 6A krusero be 

475 6A yav sna 9anima kalo 

476 6A sbe-o9al sak-puk'an vo9 

477 6A muk'ta c'is 

478 6A lucleb sulem 

479 6A 9uk'um ta e"ub 

480 6A yolon mukenal 

481 6A be sbat skwenta yut yi?il 

482 6A poko? be 

483 6A e'ub 

484 6A mukenal yu?un pee toh 

485 6A belel pee toh 

486 6A be skwenta nab 

487 6A be sbat skwenta ?ik'al vo9tik 

487 6A yolon natil stenteh 

488 6A pee toh 

489 6A na volov 

490 6A be-09al mukenal 

491 6A vo? ta natil stenteh 

491 6A vo9 ta ya9al sulem 

492 6A t slok' 9uk'um ta lo?boltik ta e'ub 

493 6A homal ?osil 

494 6A natil stenteh 

495 6B sbelel ya?al hpee tohetik 

496 6B ya?al sulem 

497 6B muk'ta toh 

498 6B habnaltik 

499 6B pee"tik 

500 6B cukul yut pee" 

501 6B cik'ob tantik 

502 6B kaheahel turasnutik 

503 6B krus ta shol hc'ul-me?tik 

503 6B viei] naben cauk 

504 6B eahal k'at'is" 


506 6B hc'ul-me?tik 

506 6B muk'ta vie 

506 6B vieil naben cauk 

507 6B muk'ta cikin-ib 

507 6B yolon sna ?antun 9iyen 

508 6B smuy sbelel shol hc'ul-me?tik 

509 6B va?al ton 

510 6B sbat belel pat vie 

511 6B sk'ehi belel 9apas ta sna mol ?iyen 

512 6B krus ta hap 9osil 

513 6B belel mukenal 

514 6B ya9al vakas" 

515 6B 9ac' canob vun 

515 6B 9aC 9eskwela 

516 6B hap ?osil 

517 6B hd'ul-me9tik valalupa ta sokon muk'ta 

be 

518 6B nupob 9ornamentu ta yak'ol sna mol 

kasya 

519 6B mol k'at'is" 

520 6B nupob ?ornamentu 

521 6B smukenal hnaben cauk 

522 6B na kaslan 

523 6B ba k'o yav sna mol cus 

524 6B ya?al 9antun tontik 

525 6B mueob ton 

526 6B skrus hmartinisetik 

527 6B ya?al cep tuluk' 

528 6B hok'ob yi9 

529 6B belel p'ih 

530 6B bik'it soral 

531 6B ya9al maryan pat ?osil 

532 6B ya9al hvieetik 

533 6B ya?al hsakrisetik 

534 6B £anob vun ta naben cauk 

535 6B skrus hciloetik 

536 6B ya9al heuetik 

537 6B ya9al hsisiletik 

538 6B ya?al hbulucetik 

539 6C sak-e'en 

540 6C nab ta naben cauk 

540 6C yoôb

541 6C hoi tontik 

542 6C ci?il vo9 

543 6C ba yocob 

544 6C kalvario skrus hvakinetik 

544 6C sc'ak sba belel koko?ontik 

544a 6C belel k'anal ?isimtik 

544a 6C belel pat ?osiltik 

545 6C belel tulanil vo? 

546 6C ?ok'oc ton 

547 6C pus £'en 

548 6C hmetonal vo? 

548 6C ya'al hk'on lumetik 

549 6C sk'ehp'uh belel k'on lum 

550 6C k'on lum 

550 6C k'onk'on lum 

551 6C pat ?era 

552 6C bik'it k'on lum 

553 6C belel ya?al hutub 

554 6C snup sba be ta cikin-ib 

555 6C ?ac' be 

556 6C tuttik 

557 6C cak koko?ontik 

558 6C setel ton 

559 6C ya?al hutub 

560 6C pat tihob tak'in 

561 6C yok vie ta tihob tak'in 

562 6C ?olon setel ton 

563 6C tuttikal ?uk'um 

564 6C nukul pattik 

565 6C sokon na ?ik' 

566 6C ba hok'ob lumal p'in 

567 6C baba c'entik 

568 6C yemenal vo? 

569 6C mukenal 

570 6C pat sakil e'en 

571 6C yok sakil e'en 

572 6C homal ?osil 

573 6C ba vie ta ba sakil e'en 

574 6C k'at'istik 

575 6C nupob ?ornamentu 

576 6C ?eklisya ta ?apas 

577 6D yak'ol ?eklis"ya 

578 6D cu? tulan 

579 6D hoi tontik 

580 6D k'atal be 

581 6D volol tontik ta ba pok'eb 

582 6D shomal lurasnutik 

583 6D homal ?osil ta poloe'tik 

584 6D yosil maystro 

585 6D yav sna hcamu? 

586 6D shomal k'am-soc'tik 

587 6D shomal sa?ob c'ibtik 

588 6D c'ibtik 

589 6D syal belel pahal be 

590 7A yut yi?al 

591 7A bik'it ?ik'al vo? 

592 7B belel k'a?-homtik 

593 7B belel sa?ob santik 

593 7B kampana e'en 

594 7B k'am-soc' ta ba kampana e'en 

595 7B eahal tan 

596 7B yav sue' 

597 7B ta?al eele-pat 

598 7B s"?oc belel pat tohtik 

598 7B ?ic'ob ?ipal 

599 7B ?aneil ton 

600 7B sc'ak sba belel habnaltik 

ATLAS 

601 7B eahal k'at'is" 

602 7B belel habnaltik 

603 7B habnaltik 

604 7B hok'ob lum ta c'entik 

605 7C turesnutik 

606 7C krus ninyo 

606 7C krus ta ba tontik 

606 7C neleh eon-te? 

607 7C lucul ton krus 

608 7C ta?al hom 

609 7C canob vun ta caynatik 

610 7C ya?al ka? 

611 7C e'entikal vo? 

611 7C tohtikal vo 

611 7C ya?al hsek'emtik 

612 7C sk'uk' te? 

613 7C hoi slc'uk' to 

613 7C k'uk' e'en 

613 7C muk'ta vie 

613 7C ya?al hcaynaetik 

614 7C pat sk'uk' to 

615 7C yokyok vietik ta ?apas 

616 7D p'aheb turn hkaslan 

617 7D se*el habnaltik ta sk'uk' te? 

618 7D botil cenek'tik 

619 7D ?ahistik 

620 7D pat 'Japas 

621 7D cikin-ibtik ta sbelel k'ailtik 

622 7D yut e'en 

623 7D cik'ob tantik 

624 7D cikin-ibtik ta belel ?olon ?osil 

625 7D k'ailtik 

626 7D kranatatik 

627 7D sakil tontik 

628 7D eon-te? vie 

629 7D be-o?al eon-te? vie 

630 7D ba yut e'en 

631 7D c'ibtik ta sokon bolom ton 

632 7D bolom ton 

633 7D shecobal p'ilisal vo? 

634 7D ni-nab k'ak'eb 

635 7D ya?al colol 

636 7D p'ilisal vo? 

637 7D ba ni-nab k'ak'eb 

638 8A vuk-vo? 

639 SB belel nibak 

640 8B bwelta be yu'un sa?ob santik 

641 8B belel 9ik'al vo9 

642 8B bik'it hoyihel 

643 8B canob vun ta bik'it hoyihel 

644 8B 9ahan toh 

645 8C tuttik 

645 8C ya'al bik'it hoyihel 

646 8C ya9al hmin 

647 8C skalvario muk'ta hoyihel 

648 8C e'en cih 

649 8C ya9al markus hoyihel 

650 8C be-09al hoyihel 

650 8C be-o?al ta9al hom 

651 8Chom cih 

652 8C be-o?al pera 

653 8C be-o?al k'ak'et te9 

654 8C ya9al hk'ak'et te9 

655 8C hok' p'uyumal vo9 

656 8C p'ehel ton 

657 8C smukenal hsek'emtik 

658 8C k'anal lumtik 

585 


660 8C yav lok'ob-bail 

661 8C eibtik ta va9al ton 

662 8C tohtikal vo9 

663 8C va9al ton 

664 8C k'anal ton 

664 8C eahal e'en 

665 8C ya9al sap kalvarioetik 

666 8C skalvario hsek'emtik 

667 8C danob vun ta sek'emtik 

667 8C sna maystro ta sek'emtik 

668 8C sepel ton 

669 8C eibtik ta yak'ol ya9al e*i? 


671 8C cih-conal vo? 

672 8C simyento krus 

673 8C latikil vo? 

674 8C mukenal yu?un hok* c'enom 

675 8C kranatatik 

676 8D macal vo? 

676 8D ya9al hsimyento krusetik 

677 8D kas'ail vo9 

678 8D muk'ta vo? 

678 8D vo? ta toh 

679 8D canob vun ta hok' c'enom 

680 8D vo9 ta yut e'en 

681 8D muk'ta ?ah-te9tik 

682 8D 9alku? e'en 

683 8D sap-yoktik 

684 8D belel ?olon 

684 8D k'atal be 

685 8D k'anal lumtik 

685 8D ya?al ?akus 

686 8D bik'it ?ah-te?tik 

687 8D eahal mutut 

688 8D muk'ta potovtik 

689 9A busul ton 

690 9A sc'ak sba belel ?ae*am 

691 9B ?ik'al vo9 

692 9B ?ik'-usal vo? 

693 9B pah-?ulal vo? 

694 9B e'en cihal vo? 

695 9C ti? tohtik 

696 9C ?ual vo? 

697 9C 9ac' vo? 

698 9C taki-?uk'um 

699 9C ya?al hsan-tukas me?el 

699 9C ya?al ?ac' me?el 

700 9C mukenal 

701 9C ?ak'olal vo? 

702 9C ?eklis'ya ta muk'ta hok' 

703 9C pat ?osil 

704 9C cikin e'en 

704 9C nupob nicim 

705 9C krus ta belel ?uk'um 

706 9C koral ton 

707 9C hipleb bolom 

707 9C hok'leb bolom 

708 9C lom e'en 

709 9C muyel kampanatik 

710 9C hipleb ?akov 

711 9C kampanatik 

712 9C smukenal hya?al e'i?etik 

713 9C belel koral ton 

714 9C belel k'ulebal 

715 9C ?epal ?ok'oe 

716 9C mol k'ulebal

586 

717 9C cameb baka 

718 9C teleb ?anima 

719 9C matastik 

720 9C ya?al irt? 

721 9C cucal vo? 

722 9C belel soktom 

722 9C s?ec" ta koyoral 

723 9C belel ?olon ?osil yu?un hya?al e'i?etik 

724 9C eahal te?tik 

725 9C skalvario hcikin-ibal vo? 

726 9C top'olil voi 

727 9C canob vun ta cikin-ibal vm 

728 9D cikin-ibal vo? 

728 9D vo? ta cikin-ibal vo? 

729 9D ya?al mol sap vaskes 

730 9D ?ontik 

731 9D hok' c'enomal vo? 

732 9D hoi tal ?ohov 

733 9D bik'it potovtik 

734 10B yav ?asyento 

735 10B taki-be-o? 

736 10B muk'ta ?uk'um 

736 10B ?uk'um ta c'uc'tik 

737 I0B pat te?al ?uk'um 

738 10B yav ?is"im 

739 10B ?okote 

740 10B bik'it ?uk'um 

741 10B pat te?al •mk'um 

741 10B yuk'umal e"aheb 

742 10B manko 

742 10B mankotik 

743 10B sus vo? 

744 10B na ?ik' 

745 10B c'ohon tak'in 

746 10B belel •Mk'um 

747 10B na vonon 

748 10B nail i'ea 

749 10B kolonya ?inas ?ayento 

749 10B yav na ta nab 

749 10B yav sna hmuk'ta hok' 

750 10B botiltik 

751 10B yav ?eklisya 

752 10B mukenal 

753 IOC krus ta e'en ta yolon nab 


754 IOC nail e'en ta yolon muk'ta be 

755 IOC loin d'entik 

756 IOC yav lo?bol 

757 IOC na sulemtik 

758 IOC lo?ob cih 

758 IOC yocob 

759 IOC krus ta ti? be 

760 10C yav naetik 

761 10C sitittik 

762 10C k'anal ton 

763 IOC s?oc belel ba e'en 

764 IOC belel na sulemtik 

765 10C nail e'en 

766 10C koral ton 

767 IOC ya?al citom 

768 IOC belel ya?al citom 

769 IOC hecal vo 

770 IOC eahal mutut 

771 IOC yoceb vo? 

771 IOC ?ic'ob yipal 


773 IOC k'ulebal yolon eahal mutut 

774 IOC pat te?tik 

775 10C vuku-moc 

776 10C sbelel hecal vo? 

777 10C belel lorio 

777 10C belel soktom 

778 10C k'ulebal santa-ros'a 

779 IOC kus"ulil vo? 

780 IOC vac k'ulebal 

781 10C belel koyoral 

782 IOC be sbat ta eûnbal citik 

783 IOC ya?al mantel 

784 10C k'os" vo? 

785 10C ?ok'oc 

786 10C ba c'enal ?ok'oc 

787 10C ni-nab vo? 

788 10C canob vun ta muk'ta hok' 

789 IOC nupob-bail krus 

790 IOC k'ulebal 

790 IOC nupob nicim 

791 10C belel mankotik 

792 10C mahbil ta cauk vinik 

793 IOC lo?boltik 

794 10C merikoal vo? 

795 10C naranhail vo? 

796 10C pomal vo? 

797 10C e*ubal lum 

798 10C lum cak vo? 

799 10C e"i?leltikal vo? 

800 10C muk'ta ?ok'oc 

801 IOC stenteh e'ubal lum 

802 10C stenteh yaleb taiv 

803 IOC belel sak-hol ton 

804 10C cayal vo? 

805 IOC sak-hol ton 

806 10D na ta pit 

807 11A rosario 

808 11A sakil vo? 

809 11A krus ta mes toh 

810 1 IB pwerto ?okote 

811 1IB kolmena 

811 11B sak-e'en 

812 1 IB kampamento ?okote 

813 1 IB k'anob cih moletik 

813 1 IB eahal e'en 

814 UC resal e'en 

815 11B ba hobeltik 

816 11C hoi na civo 

817 11C na civo 

817 11C skalvario hlorio 

818 1IC na mas'tik 

819 11C muk'ta mutut 

820 11C lomol simo? 

821 11C belel kelem ton 

822 11C lorio 

823 11C peskaria ?uk'um 

824 11C koyoral 

825 11C kelem ton 

826 11C yav ?eklisya 

827 12A kalvario 

828 12A huteb cauk 

829 12B pulatual vo? 

829 12B vok'eb see' 

830 12C muhural 

831 12C k'os' ?asyento 

832 13B ?erahe ta yok vieil soktom

12 

^62 «76I .760 

7904 78 9,788 *\ _ 

91 795/®$ 702.V00 

NZ98 -7Q7>K T 701 •703 — 

7 ' 5 ' VW-^^KZJ 1 -^ 

\Cikln-ib 

•587 ,.•" 

•588,'*' 

.520 .519 \5I8 

524 523 - 

,: MAP 1.-—Zinacantan (central sector, including Muk'ta Hok'). 

384 • f' 383 

.267/: 

• 2/3 

L 

. 293. '29^29' 

"-,•54 ,53 .52 

M£W=&?&? 

paved road 

unpaved road 

-.j old carriage road 

:' | lake 

• 

o 

trail 

approximate hamlet boundaries 

river or stream 

D

KEY FOR 

MAP TWO 

833 1C hok'ob him 

834 ID be dihtik 

835 2C soral moktik 

836 2C krusal be 

837 2C yav nab 

838 2C ya9am ton 

839 2C hoi ni-o? 

840 3C slok* yo?on ton 

841 3C pum-lahan ?uk'um 

842 3C coko? 

843 3C yok ni-o? 

844 3C ba ravoltik 

844 3C yawl hsoktom 

845 3C sepel stenteh 

846 4C vew ta sak-lum 

847 4C sak-lum 

848 4C e'ahom pik' 

849 4C nakleb 9ok 

850 4C yalel cikin-ibtik 

851 4C lac-cikin 

852 4C pat betik 

853 4C sbelel stenteh lum 

854 4C sbelel sna hc'ul-menik 

854 4C slok' be ta cic to 

855 4C slc'elvan vinik 

856 4C holom na 

857 4C yalel e'albil te 1 ? 

858 4C yav c'ivit 

859 4C ni-nab •mk'um 

860 4C e'en Silo-) 

861 4C sna eanku? 

862 4C muk'ta be-o? 

863 4C k'atal be 

864 4C va?al sokom 

865 5C eahal ?uk'um 

866 5C tow 

867 5C e'akav 9uk'um 

868 5C sak-be 

868 5C sbe-oâl sak-lum 

869 6C c'ail pos'tik 

870 6C mol tulan 

871 6C mit'mit' e'en 

872 6C 9ok'il totik 

873 6C krus ta eoh lum 

874 6C eoh lum 

875 6C ba vale?ttk 

876 7C ba •mk'um 

877 7C yae'am ka? 

878 7C muk'ta ba k'o 

879 7C buro e'en 

880 7C planta 

881 7Cburero 

882 8A pila 

883 8B muk'ta ton 

884 8B ba stenteh 

885 8C ya9al vakas 

886 9B nibak 

887 9B kampo santo 

888 9B saksak-krus 

889 9B kanyita 

890 HDcoreadero 

I 

II 

II 10 

I 

/*890 

/ \x 

I 

10 8 

8 

I 

7 

I 

• 882 

>876 

-878 

9 \ —• J 

—••"880 

6 

I 

•88. 

869 \67\ 

•^873 

\ 

\ 

..,.875 

MAP 2.—Zinacantan (northern sector, Salinas and trail to Ixtapa). 

865. 

4 

I 

2 

I 

Map 2 

_ _ _ _ paved road 

1 I 

unpaved road 

, old carriage road 

trail 


——— river or stream 

0 IKm. 

I 

1 

N A 

0 

D 

B

KEY FOR MAP THREE 

891 1A cak toh 

892 IB hokieb kantela 

893 IB kampana e'en 

894 IB bik'it nail e'en 

895 IB canob vwn ta 9elan vo9 

896 IB pat ?osil 

897 IB sceleh mes te?tik 

898 IB k'ol-k'ostik 

899 IB tulantik 

900 IB havob te? 

901 IB pat moktik 

902 IB nab 

903 IB k'anal lumtik 

904 IB 9ahan toh 

905 IB vo9 ta 9elan vo9 

906 IB ba vo9 

907 IB kalvario 

908 IB lom e'en 

909 IB belel sak-e'en 

910 IB lom e'en 

911 IB cak moktik 

912 IB hom 

912 IB krus ta w)lol be 

913 IB ?ac' vo? 

914 IB hobeltik 

915 IB muyeltik k'anal lumtik 

916 IB nab ta yut smok 9amalis 

917 IB soraltik 

918 IB sak-e'en 

919 lBsila ton 

920 IB kayehon ta muk'ta 9on te? 

921 IB pus e'en 

922 IB portin 

923 IB belel paste? 

924 IB k'atal be 

925 IB ba ?on te9tik 

925 IB seeleh ba 9ontik 

926 IB belel ?era 

927 IB ?o?lol ?ontik 

928 1C kranatatik 

929 1C yok ?on te?tik 

929 1C yok ?ontik 

930 1C ?era 

931 1C naranhatik 

932 1C koral e'en 

933 1C 9ahtik ta yolon c'ib 

934 IC pat 9ahtik 

935 ID s"?ukun 

936 ID sbat belel muk'ta nab 

937 ID nab ta s?ukun 

938 ID muk'ta nab 

939 ID k'atal betik ta shelavel s?ukun 

940 2B kunul bak 

941 2B shomal 

942 2B kotol tulan 

943 2B hec mok 

944 2B hec tontik 

945 2B suytik 

946 2B k'am-soc' 

947 2B bantera tulan 

948 2B yak'ol habnal e'en 

949 2B habnal e'en 

950 2B e'otan krus 

951 2C k'anal lumtik 

952 2C santiki] vo? ta vietik 

953 2C belel ?alku9 

953 2C sk'ot ta sila ton 

954 2C ba c'ib 

955 2C bwelta c'ib 

956 2C c'ib 

957 2C ?alku9 

957 2C ?avanebal 

958 2C misik' pom 

959 2C s'ila ton 

960 2D yav mailtik 

961 2D tenel cikin-ibtik 

962 2D nail e'en ta s?ukun 

963 2D c'ayeb ?ib ta s?ukun 

964 2D vo? ta S9ukun 

965 2D syal bik'it be sk'ot ta san-lukas 

966 2D ba vie 

967 3B belel san-si'gro 

968 3B nauhocob 

969 3C ya?al hsan-antonyo 

970 3D san-antonyo 

971 4B pok'eb 

972 4B ya?al lores 

973 4B ya?al spavav 

974 4B yah-te? kotom 

975 4B hok'ob lumal p'in 

975 4B yav sna mut 

976 4B san-sigro 

977 4B krusal be 

977 4B 9ahtik 

978 4B muk'ta poso 

980 4B k'atal betik yav horn 

981 4B yak'ol kampana e'en 

982 4B yasal e'en 

983 4B kampana e'en 

984 4B 9ontik 

985 4B ?ah-te? 

986 4B k'atal be 

986 4B se'el vo? ta ?ibestik 

987 4B be-o?al 9ahtik 

988 4C yav pus 

989 4C ?ok'od ton 

990 4C be-09al hoi na k'is 

991 4C hoi na k'is 

992 4C ?ocel tontik 

993 4C yav koral 

994 5B bik'it yasal e'en ta 9ibestik 

995 5B skahve hrominetik 

996 5B vo9 ta ?ibestik 

997 5B hok' sal 

998 5B kahvetik ta yolon vo? ta ?ibestik 

999 5C yolon sna hrominetik 

1000 5C portin 

1000 5C sportin soltero 

1001 5C shomal ta yolon sna hrominetik 

1002 5C hoi bolom 

1003 5C pat hoi bolom 

1004 5C e"el k'ak'eb 

1005 5C manko ta se'el ti? tontik 

1005 5C s-bat belel s'oktik 

1006 5C belel 9uk'um k'ak'eb 

1007 5C shomal yolon tenal vo? 

1008 5C 9ocel tontik ta ba soktik 

1009 5C ti? tohtik ta ba soktik 

1010 5C soktik 

1010 5C ?uk'umaltik 

1011 5C yuk'umal k'ak'eb 

1012 5C bistik ta ba s'oktik 

1013 5C 9iko9 

1014 5C tohtik ta yolon soktik 

9 

I 

. __. _ paved road 

— unpaved road 

— trail 


i—- - river or stream 

o 

L 

8 

I Km. 

J 

I 

6 

I I 

5 4 

MAP 3.—Zinacantan (southeastern sector, including northern edge of Virtik). 

,r ( .899 I 

•94l"\905 904 / 902 * 

944 

9^ 

903 

* Z 

908* •90^911 

' '9,0 '909 

9I5 .9I8 

920* 

.•891 

0 

I 

I 

0

KEY FOR MAP FOUR 

1015 1C mahob cenek' 

1016 1C lamleb vakaS 

1017 1C marimpa e'en 

1018 1C W?lol vie 

1019 1C tusnuk' tettik 

1020 ID buro vie 

1021 ID s?oc belel san-lukas" 

1022 ID san-lukas 

1022 ID san-tukas 

1023 ID conob lo?bol 

1024 ID taki-be-o 1 ) ta belel nat' lum 

1025 ID koral ton ta belel 9ac' lum 

1026 ID yasal krus 

1027 2C ni-nab yuk'umal cakan pom 

1028 2C cakan pom 

1029 2C lahca-vo? 

1029 2C ni-nab sikil 9uk'um 

1030 2C e'unbaltik yu-ran cakan pom 

1031 2C ?unin hiphip ba k'o ta ni-nab sikil 9uk'um 

1032 3A be-09al yi?al 

1033 3B yml yu9un belel bik'it nic 

1034 3B ?anob 

1035 3B be-o9al 9anob 

1036 3B lomal tohtik 

1037 3B belel bik'it nic 

1038 3B voi ta nic tenik 

1039 3B ti? be ta yak'ol bik'it nic 

1040 3B be-o?al na maStik 

1041 3B ?asyento yu9un bik'it nieS 

1042 3B yuk'umal bik'it nic 

1043 3C hecobal bik'it nic 

1044 3C £'en 9ana 

1045 3C e'en novilyo 

1046 3C belel kolonya kastanya 

1047 3C belel san-pegro 

1048 4B tuil vo? 

1049 4C belel san-pegro 

1050 4C belel milame 1 ) 

1051 4C belel ?amuston 

1052 4C belel plan 

1053 5B belel nantayapa 

1054 5B setel hobel 

1055 6B yav sna cak ves 

1056 6C mankomal ton 

1057 6C belel sompreron 

1058 6C sompreron 

1059 6C belel nc' wsyento 

1060 6C minas 

1061 6C belel 9uk'um trapic 

1062 6D belel vunal 

1063 7C yosil mol hilverto 

7 

I 

Map 4 

unpaved road 

trail 

— — — river or stream 

0 IKm. 

N 

I 

IO2O 

I 

0 

0 

B

1 IB camik 

2 2A yalavenatik 

3 2A komitan 

4 2A limon 

5 2B prudensya 

6 2B 9unyon 

7 2B sokoltenango 

8 2B la mesiya 

9 2B belel brasilya 

10 2B balan 

11 2B valalupa 

12 2B tyera blanka 

13 2B san-bisente 

14 2B porvenir 

15 2B kail 

16 2B kranado 

17 2B kanya kastiya 

18 2B santo 9aryo 

19 2B poblason 

20 2B los 9orkones 

21 3A rosario 

22 3A tulanka 

23 3A san-mikulas 

24 3A limos hoi 

24 3A teopiska 

25 3A eob-tahal 

25 3A ?amatenango 

26 3A karmelito 

27 3A pinola 

27 3A viya las rosas 

28 3A madronal 

29 3A vakatenango 

29 3A •Jawakatenango 

30 3B santa-loisa 

31 3B markanton 

32 3B san-tiego 

33 3B nacoh 

34 3B san-hwani'to 

35 3B 9awa bendito 

36 3B tonaladito 

37 3B rancero 

38 3B S-JOC belel kranado 

39 3B 9arenal 

40 3B san-luis 

41 3B limon 

42 3B tyera pintado 

43 3B tyera blanka 

44 3B santa-elena 

45 3B kandelaryo 

46 3B portiyo 

47 3B belen 

48 3B ventana e'en 

49 3B laha tendiro 

50 3B montahiltik 

51 3B beka caci9 

52 3C konkorya 

53 4A mid-ton 

54 4A hobel 

55 4A sam-pilpe 

56 4A 9isbontik 

57 4A sakwalpa 

58 4A vok'em tenel te? 

59 4A bik'it nab 

60 4A eahal poso 

61 4A sip 

62 4A ?ik'al nab 

63 4A muk'ta vie 

64 4A civero 

65 4A karisal 

66 4A 9ah-te'?tik 

67 4A kolonya yok tfit 

68 4A fihka saus 

69 4A cihil totik 

70 4A kampo grande 

71 4A cenek'ultik 

72 4A hobel ha? 

73 4A muk'ta \ie 

74 4A muk'ta nic 

74 4A trapic 

75 4B noevo leon 

76 4B yav san-hose 

77 4B matamoro 

78 4B yuk'umal san-torenso 

79 4B mersel 

80 4B yolon e'en 

81 4B san-kaytan 

82 4B santa-lusia 

83 4B caci? 

84 4B san-hwakin 

85 4B ha?astik 

86 4B lansa vie 

87 4B 9uli?al vo? 

88 4B 9oha blanka 

89 4B natiholom 

90 4B karisal 

91 4B konsepsyon 

92 4B mesia 

93 4B ci"?il ?uk'um 

94 4B yuk'umal k'elob 9osil 

95 4B yuk'umal milame 

96 4B plan 

97 4B valalupa 

98 4B vus ton 

99 4B sutio 

100 4B rekwerdo 

101 4B sat vo? 

101 4B ?6ho de ?awa 

102 4B krusila 

103 4B sikil •mk'um 

104 4B san-marsel 

105 4B san-pekro 

106 4B no san-agustin 

107 4B yuk'umal vunal 

108 4B silensyo 

KEY FOR MAP FIVE 

109 4B lolores 

110 4B skankreh 

111 4B nantalum 

112 4B hovo 

113 4Brekreo 

114 4B limatik 

115 4B vispera 

116 4B kupihano 

117 4B ?amuston 

118 4B nantayuei 

119 4B nantamuhu? 

119 4B vunal 

120 4B bik'it karmen 

121 4B ?eradura 

122 4B santa-krus 

123 4B pwerto mehiko 

124 4B c'abentik 

125 4B san-hwakin 

126 4B san-bisente 

127 4B mankotik 

127a 4B muk'ta karmen 

128 4B 9amataltik 

129 4B monte himba 

130 4B seyo vola 

131 4B kolonya bente 

132 4B 9angostura 

132 4B 9ankostura 

133 4B ranco vi'spo 

134 4B rayo ?alparo 

135 4B royo ranco noevo 

136 4B sero bankil 

137 4B 9aurora 

138 4B santo tomas 

139 4B sero berde 

140 4B san-markus 

141 4B san-antonyo 

142 4B san-hwan 

143 4B kolonya santa-fe 

144 4B ranco-aleh'sa 

145 4B koyol 

146 4B 9eskalera 

147 4B laguna 

148 4B san-martin 

149 4B maluko 

150 4B kavesa 9awa 

151 4B ranco san-antonyo 

152 4B bokeron 

153 4C los 9altos de heriko 

154 4C paral 

155 4C san-fihenyo 

156 4C 9el 9alto de hesus 

157 4C heriko 

158 4C yuk'umal makoyta 

159 4C no dorado 

160 4C briyante 

161 4C yuk'umal briyante 

162 4C yuk'umal san-matyu 1 ? 

163 4C nativirat 

164 4C ranco san-matyu9 

165 5B yuk'umal laha 

166 5B yuk'umal 9uctik 

167 5B yuk'umal krus 9alto 

168 5B taki-be-09 

169 5B bentita 

170 5B sak-lum 

171 5B yuk'umal matanika 

171 5B e'ahal e'en 

172 5B paso yu?un san-antonyo 

173 5B nantaburi 1 ) 

174 5B "?uk'um trapic 

175 5B yuk'umal pit 

176 5B nantayapa 

177 5B betanya 

178 5B yuk'umal nantaburi? 

179 5B pwente kolgante 

180 5B muk'ta nab 

181 5B lopis matyo 

182 5B yuk'umal nantayapa 

183 5B matanika 

184 5B yuk'umal 9acote 

185 5B soktom 

186 5B paso de ciapa 

187 5B royo de 9eskai'do 

188 5B dolores 

189 5B biyaermosa 

190 5B 9altamira 

191 5B monte riko 

192 5B ranco noevo 

193 5B santa-krus 

194 5B kasa vyeha 

195 5B kupasmi 

196 5B yuk'umal kayahon 

197 5B kupiya 

198 5B tus'ta 

199 5B ribera del ?amatal 

200 5B 9el ganyote 

201 5B 9amerika 

202 5B krus cikito 

203 5B sapotal 

204 5B somprerito 

205 5B 9uk'um cukiyaka 

206 5B narsiso 

207 5B bik'it nab 

208 5B noeve 9era 

209 5B yuk'umal santo rominko 

210 5B san-fransisko 

210 5B san-markus 

211 5B kantelaria 

212 5B kasa rayo 

213 5B sucyapa 

214 5B hulian 

215 6B 96ho de 9awa 

I 

5 

fcij, 

4 

I 

_V 54 Hobel 

48»J?° 149* 

.152 • 152 — -».i' •-. 

/ l54.-_> 

^./^r ^ • 

72* »7I 

x 4>v^Hlf - 79 * 77 8/-— 

I ^ |,I65 i ,88 94, 1 9(Sj ,87 i I 86 % 

J ^ 1 'I 6 167 * I^? 95# A loKjL, -93 * 92 if « 91 * 

,96-|9W .?95 '90.94 |9V89,88 125 1.6, I2*S

UNATTESTED GENERIC PLANT NAMES 

?ahan e'i?lel /Vo?-bk/ 

?ahan te? /Naben Cauk/ 

yahan h?ik'al /Caynatik/ 

?akan te? /Vo?-bk/ 

9ak' yasal vo /Pat ?Osil/ 

yak' hnibak /Pat ?Osil/ 

9alverha /Na Gih, Pat ?Osil, Vo?-bk, ?Elan Vo?/ 

yec' hoh /Caynatik, Pat ?Osil/ 

yic e'i? /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom/ 

yic'ak katu9 /Pat ?Osil/ cf. yic'ak mis. 

yic'ak masu? /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom/ cf. yic'ak mis 

yon cue /Paste 1 ?/ 

?orkana /?Elan Vo?/ 

yu mamal /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom/ 

?un-te? /?Elan Vo?/ 

?uva /Pat ?Osil/ 

bak-hulan te? /Caynatik, Vo?-bk, ?Elan Vo?/ 

barbasko /Na Cih, Pat ?Osil, ?Apas, Paste 1 ?/ 

beltura e'i?lel /Caynatik, Sek'emtik, Vo?-bk, 9Elan Vo 1 ?/ 

boka 9itah /Caynatik, Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom, 

Sek'emtik, Vo^-bLe, ?Elan VoV cf. mikulas 9itah 

bue' hobel /Vo9-bLe/ 

eukeuk hobel /Caynatik/ 

e'akvaneh pos /Pat 9Osil/ 

g'omol /?Apas, Vo?-bie, 9Elan Vo?/ 

cak-te? /?Elan Vo 1 ?/ 

cak ves /Vo^-bie/ 

cin te? /Muk'ta Hok', Sek'emtik, Pat 9Osil, Vo^-bk, 9Elan 

Vo 1 ?/ 

cinkuya /Pat *?Osil, ''Apas, Vo?-bk, "?Elan Vo 1 ?/ cf. cin-hol 

k'eves 

cue âk' /Caynatik, Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom, Sek'emtik 

"?Apas, Vo"?-bie/ 

horn 9akan /Htek-lum, Caynatik, Sek'emtik, 9Apas, 

Vo?-bie, Paste 1 ?/ 

kabenal e'i?lel /Vo9-bk/ 

kacimpa te? /Htek-lum/ 

kacumpa te9 /Hok' C'enom/ 

kapulin /9Apas/ cf. ciste9 

Io9san pos /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom, Vo9-bk/ 

kovana te9 /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom, Sek'emtik, Na Cih, 

Naben Cauk, Vo*?-bk, ?Elan Vo9/ cf. kanela te9 

kranata cue /9Apas/ 

kulis 9itah /Caynatik, Muk'ta Hok/, Hok' C'enom, 

Sek'emtik, Pat ?Osil, Naben Cauk, 9Apas, Vo9-bk, 9Elan 

Vo?/ 

Appendix 

587 

lirio /Pat 9Osil/ 

lucamaria /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom, Sek'emtik, Pat 

9Osil, Naben Cauk, ?Apas, Vo?-bk/ 

mahava ?ak' /Caynatik, Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom, 

Sek'emtik, Pat ?Osil, Naben Cauk, Vo?-bk/ 

maneana cue /Sek'emtik/ 

mangal te? /Vo?-bk/ 

maraviya /Vo?-bk/ 

mataraton /?Apas, Paste?/ cf. milob c'o 

milo /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom/ 

mistura pos /Pat ?Osil/ 

moy ?itah /Caynatik, Vo?-bk/ 

na sinic te? /Pat 9Osil, Vo?-bk/ 

nampina te? /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom, Sek'emtik, 

Naben Cauk, Vo?-bk/ 

namta te? /?Apas/ 

nanta /?Apas/ 

nilo /Vo?-bk/ 

nococ e'i?lel /Vo?-bk/ 

pah sip /Vo?-bk/ 

palopinto /Na Cih, Paste?/ 

pansuro te? /Naben Cauk/ 

petet mas /Caynatik, Sek'emtik, Vo?-bk/ 

pi /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom, Sek'emtik/ 

pinya te? /Caynatik, Vo?-bk/ 

pirik' nicim /Naben Cauk/ 

poco te? /Na Cih, Pat ?Osil, Vo?-bk, ?Elan Vo?/ 

pomom e'i?lel /Vo?-bk/ 

preno te? /Pat ?Osil/ 

pucleb ninyo /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom/ cf. eon-te?al 

balamil 

ratonero /Naben Cauk/ 

sak-sat /?Elan Vo?/ 

salya hobel /Pat ?Osil, Naben Cauk, ?Apas, Vo?-bie, 

?Elan Vo?/ 

santo te? /Pat ?Osil/ 

saus /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom, Sek'emtik, Pat ?Osil, 

Naben Cauk, Vo?-bk/ cf. k'isis 

savus /Caynatik, ?Apas, ?Elan Vo?/ 

sekarovel /Naben Cauk/ 

sanil ?isim /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom/ cf. pik' san 

serep ?anal e'i?lel /Vo?-bk/ 

sinic te? /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom, Pat ?Osil, Vo?-bk/ 

sulem ?ak' /Caynatik, Vo?-bk/ 

sulem pos /Vo?-bk/ 

sulem te? /Paste?/ 

tak'ol te? /Vo9-bk/ 

tano /?Elan Vo?/


stenteh hobel /Caynatik, Pat 9Osil, Naben Cauk/ 

tenten hobel /Pat 9Osil, Naben Cauk, Vo9-bie/ 

vako 9ak' /Htek-lum, Naben Cauk, 9Apas/ 

yas-eeluel /9Apas/ 

yuka /9Apas/ cf. ein-te9 

yuka9 /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom, Na Cih, Naben Cauk, 

Vo9-bLe, 9Elan Vo9/ cf. ein-te9 

UNATTESTED SPECIFIC PLANT NAMES 

sonso 9ec' /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom cf. 9uma9 9ec' 

sot ?ec' /Vo9-bie/ 

yat vakas cenek' /Na Cih, Pat ?Osil/ 

cin-kul k'eves /Na Cih, Paste 1 ?/ cf cin-hol k'eves 

yat citom pasak' /Pat 9Osil/ 

ninyo pasak' /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom/ 

simaron po9on /Htek-lum, Caynatik, Pat 9Osil, 9Apas, 

Vo9-bk/ cf. te9tikil po9on 

UNATTESTED VARIANT PLANT NAMES 

9aho /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom/ cf. 9aho9 te9 

9akus e'i^lel /Paste 1 ?/ cf. 9akusa e'i^lel 

yak' ?uc /Vo9-bk/ cf. h9ak'-9uc 

9alfaho /Vo9-bk/ cf. 9alpaho 

9arvensa /Paste9/ cf. karvensa 

9elomonis /Caynatik, Hok' C'enom, Sek'emtik/ cf 

9elamonis 

beltoraka /Caynatik, Hok' C'enom, Naben Cauk, 9Apas, 

Vo9-bk, Paste9, 9Elan Vo9/ cf belturaka 

eima /Na Cih/ cf. eima9 

e'elel te9 /Pat 9Osil, 9Apas, 9Elan Vo9/ cf. e'erel 

e'emeni /Caynatik, Naben Cauk/ cf. e'emeni9 

e'usub /Muk'ta Hok'/ cf. e'usub 

capaneko 9ak' /Muk'ta HokV cf. ciapaneko 9ak' 

cic-te9 /Muk'ta Hok', Vo9-bie, 9Elan Vo9/ cf cis-te9 

cikaryo /Paste9/ cf. cikario 

frasil /Vo9-bk/ cf. prasil • 

kahvel /Caynatik, Hok' C'enom, Paste9, 9£ian Vo9/ cf. 

kahve 

kastansia /Sek'emtik/ cf. kastanya 

kervehaca /Sek'emtik, 9Elan Vo9/ cf. kevrahaca 

konciyerva /Vo9-bie/ cf. kontiyerva 

k'ayil /Caynatik, Sek'emtik/ cf. k'ail 

k'oro te9 /Naben Cauk/ cf. k'orok' te9 

malok /Pat 9Osil, 9Elan Vo 1 ?/ cf. maluk 

maneaniya /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom/ cf. maiueanilya 

margarita /Naben Cauk, Vo9-bie/ cf. markarita 

mololinyo /Pat 9Osil, Paste9, 9Elan Vo9/ cf. molino te9 

mustesya /Na Cih, Pat 9Osil, 9Apas, Vo9-bie/ cf. mustisya 

nanci9 /Sek'emtik, Pat 9Osil, Vo9-bie, 9Elan Vo9/ cf. 

nanei9 

noci /Caynatik, Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom, Sek'emtik, Pat 

9Osil, Naben Cauk, 9Apas, Vo9-bie, 9Elan Vo9/ cf 

no^ci 9 

papayusa /Sek'emtik, Pat 9Osil/ cf. papausa 

pasamun /Pat 9Osil, 9Apas, Vo9-bie, 9 Elan Vo9/ cf 

paiamum 

patasete nicim /Pat 9Osil/ cf. patas nicim 

pimyenta te9 /Vo9-bie/ cf. pimenta te9 

pulin vo9 /Caynatik/ cf. pulun vo9 

ravano /Na Cih/ cf. 9alavanus 

rimponis /Hok' C'enom/ cf. nimpronis 

sanaoria /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom/ cf. sanoria 

sanorya /Naben Cauk/ cf. sanoria 

silo /Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom/ cf. sila 

sancia /Paste9/ cf. santia 

senobal /Na Cih, Paste9, 9Elan Vo9/ cf. senebal pos 

simo /Sek'emtik, Na Cih, 9Elan Vo9/ cf. simo9 

turesno /Muk'ta Hok'/ cf. turasnu 

turesnu /Hok' C'enom/ cf. turasnu 

t'erel te9 /Vo9-bLe/ cf. e'erel 

vamoc /Caynatik, Muk'ta Hok', Hok' C'enom, Na Cih, 

Pat 9Osil/ cf. vamuc

References 

Acheson, Nicholas A. 

1972. The Black-man of Zinacantan: A Central American Leg- 

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Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzo- Blom, Frans 

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Berlin, Heinrich 

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City: Instituto Nacional

k'usi yepal li yo kee, 

li yo htiê, 

kahval, 

mi h-p'el sa van yec, 

mi h-p'el sa van mu yecuk, 

mi h-p'el sa van mu hna^be smelol, 

mi h-p'el sa van mu hna^be stohol, 

k'u sêlan iheak ta vun, 

iheak ta e'ib, 

ti yo k'ope, 

ti yo rasone, 

c'ul-pertonaluk, 

c'ul-lesensyauk, 

t anicim ba, 

t anicim sat, 

kahval. 

EPILOGUE 

U.S. Government Printing Office: 1975 0—524-167 

This is the sum of my humble mouth, 

My humble lips, 

My Lord, 

If there be one word true. 

And another word false, 

If its nature I misread, 

If its essence I misread, 

As I put to paper, 

As I put in writing, 

The lordly word, 

The lordly thought, 

May there be holy pardon, 

And divine forgiveness, 

Before Thy beauteous face, 

Before Thy beauteous eyes, 


R.M.L.

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