Edible and poisonous mushrooms of Canada
Edible and poisonous mushrooms of Canada
Edible and poisonous mushrooms of Canada
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
edible <strong>and</strong> <strong>poisonous</strong><br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Canada</strong><br />
•V- *!i<br />
^^ ,,,.>.<br />
1^ Agriculture<br />
<strong>Canada</strong>
edible<br />
<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>poisonous</strong><br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Canada</strong>
COVER : The Morchella esculenta (left) <strong>and</strong> Amanita muscaria (right) are detail<br />
from drawings by Henry Jackson. They are part <strong>of</strong> a collection <strong>of</strong> the<br />
National Gallery <strong>of</strong> <strong>Canada</strong> arid were donated to the Gallery by Dr. Naomi<br />
.Jackson Groves.
'<br />
'>t
Digitized by the Internet Archive<br />
in 2011 with funding from<br />
Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Agri-Food <strong>Canada</strong> - Agriculture et Agroalimentaire <strong>Canada</strong><br />
http://www.archive.org/details/edible<strong>poisonous</strong>mOOgrov<br />
i<br />
I
edible<br />
<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>poisonous</strong><br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Canada</strong><br />
J. WALTON GROVES<br />
Addendum by S. A. Redhead<br />
Biosystematics Research Institute<br />
Ottawa, Ontario<br />
Research Branch<br />
Agriculture <strong>Canada</strong><br />
Publication 1112<br />
1979
©Minister <strong>of</strong> Supply <strong>and</strong> Services <strong>Canada</strong> 1979<br />
Available in <strong>Canada</strong> through<br />
Authorized Bookstore Agents<br />
<strong>and</strong> other bookstores<br />
or by mail from<br />
Canadian Government Publishing Centre<br />
Supply <strong>and</strong> Services <strong>Canada</strong><br />
Hull, Quebec, <strong>Canada</strong> Kl A 0S9<br />
Catalogue No. A43-1 1 12/1979 <strong>Canada</strong>: $12.95<br />
ISBN 0-660-10136-X Other countries: $15.50<br />
Price subject to change without notice<br />
Ottawa, 1962<br />
Reprinted 1972<br />
Revised 1975, 1979<br />
Reprinted 1981<br />
I
CONTENTS<br />
Page<br />
Acknowledgments x<br />
Introduction 1<br />
Parts <strong>of</strong> a mushroom 3<br />
Collecting <strong>mushrooms</strong> 10<br />
Food value <strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> 11<br />
Mushroom poisoning 11<br />
Identification 14<br />
Nomenclature 19<br />
Classification 21<br />
Basidiomycetes 22<br />
Fungi 23<br />
Key to the genera <strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> 29<br />
Cantharellus 32<br />
Lactarius ; 37<br />
Russula 60<br />
Amanita 77<br />
Amanitopsis 88<br />
Limacella 93<br />
Lepiota , 94<br />
Cystoderma 1 00<br />
Armillaria 100<br />
Pleurotus 102<br />
Clitocybe 107<br />
Leucopaxillus 1 22<br />
Tricholoma 1 24<br />
Melanoleuca 1 30<br />
Hygrophorus 131<br />
Laccaria 145<br />
Xeromphalina 146<br />
Mycena 147<br />
Collybia 149<br />
Marasmius 158<br />
Lentinus 1 60<br />
Panus 161<br />
Schizophyllum 1 64<br />
Trogia 1 64<br />
Pluteus 1 65<br />
Volvariella 167<br />
Entoloma 1 69<br />
Leptonia 171<br />
Nolanea 1 72<br />
Clitopilus 177<br />
1 79<br />
Phyllotopsis<br />
Cortinarius 179<br />
Inocybe 183<br />
Pholiota<br />
184<br />
Vll
Page<br />
Phaeolepiota 190<br />
Flammula 1 90<br />
Hebeloma 191<br />
Conocybe 192<br />
Naucoria 197<br />
Tubaria 197<br />
Crepidotus 198<br />
Paxillus 199<br />
Agaricus 200<br />
Stropharia 204<br />
Naematoloma 206<br />
Psathyrella 208<br />
Coprinus 209<br />
Panaeolus 217<br />
Pseudocoprinus 218<br />
Gomphidius 219<br />
Boletaceae 220<br />
Boletinellus 223<br />
Boletinus 223<br />
Boletus 224<br />
Gyroporus 225<br />
Leccinum 226<br />
Strobilomyces 228<br />
Suillus 228<br />
Tylopilus 230<br />
Xerocomus 231<br />
Polyporaceae 237<br />
Ganoderma 238<br />
Polyporus 238<br />
Hydnaceae 240<br />
Hydnum 24<br />
Clavariaceae 242<br />
Clavaria 242<br />
Thelephoraceae 244<br />
Craterellus 244<br />
Tremellales 245<br />
Pseudohydnum 245<br />
Phlogiotis 246<br />
Auricularia 246<br />
Dacrymyces 246<br />
Gasteromycetes 247<br />
Mutinus 248<br />
Dictyophora 248<br />
Phallus 249<br />
Cyathus 249<br />
Geastrum 250<br />
Calvatia 250<br />
Bovista 25<br />
Lycoperdon 252<br />
Vlll<br />
1
Page<br />
Ascomycetes 257<br />
Morchella 258<br />
Verpa 258<br />
Gyromitra 259<br />
Hehella 260<br />
Peziza 261<br />
Sarcoscypha 261<br />
Urnula 261<br />
Hypomyces 262<br />
Technical key to the genera <strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> 263<br />
General bibliography 270<br />
References for selected groups 271<br />
Abbreviations <strong>of</strong> names <strong>of</strong> authors 308<br />
Glossary 309<br />
Index 312<br />
Addendum 321<br />
Nomenclatural <strong>and</strong> taxonomic update 323<br />
IX
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS<br />
Many people have been generous with their co-operation <strong>and</strong> assistance in<br />
the preparation <strong>of</strong> this book. I would especially like to thank Dr. A. H. Smith<br />
<strong>of</strong> the University <strong>of</strong> Michigan who has read much <strong>of</strong> the manuscript, supplied<br />
some <strong>of</strong> the photographs, <strong>and</strong> made many helpful suggestions. Mrs. Sheila C.<br />
Thomson, who was formerly employed in this section, gave invaluable assist-<br />
ance during the early stages <strong>of</strong> preparation by aiding with identifications <strong>and</strong><br />
preparation <strong>of</strong> descriptions. Parts <strong>of</strong> the manuscript were read by colleagues<br />
Dr. Mildred Nobles <strong>and</strong> Dr. Ruth Macrae. My wife. Dr. Naomi Groves,<br />
read the entire manuscript <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>fered many valuable suggestions. Mr. Henry<br />
A. C. Jackson kindly gave permission to use his painting <strong>of</strong> Amanita caesarea<br />
as a frontispiece.<br />
Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for permission to use<br />
their photographs.<br />
Dr. A. H. Smith — Figures 52, 56, 64, 79, 145, 155, 160, 198, 255, 266,<br />
274, 302, 340, 351, 361, 388, 395.<br />
Mr. K. A. Harrison, Kentville, N.S. — Figures 124, 156, 180, 182, 196,<br />
262,291, 332, 335, 353.<br />
Dr. <strong>and</strong> Mrs. B. T. Denis, Quebec City — Figures 105, 107, 110, 112,<br />
342, 343, 344, 347, 348, 349.<br />
Dr. Maria Pantidou, Ottawa — Figures 317, 319, 324.<br />
National Museum <strong>of</strong> <strong>Canada</strong> — Figures 90, 91, 92, 126, 127, 128, 303,<br />
304, 327, 328, 329, 384, 386, 387, 400.<br />
Bio-Graphic Unit, <strong>Canada</strong> Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture — Figures 174,<br />
175, 396,397.
INTRODUCTION<br />
Mushrooms appeal to different people in different ways. The biologist is<br />
attracted by the variety <strong>of</strong> species, their place in the economy <strong>of</strong> nature <strong>and</strong><br />
their interrelations with other plants <strong>and</strong> animals; the artist or photographer<br />
delights in their infinite variety <strong>of</strong> form <strong>and</strong> color; the medical research worker<br />
may look to them hopefully as a possible source <strong>of</strong> new drugs; but to most<br />
people the quality that first arouses interest in them is their use as food. In<br />
Roman times edible <strong>mushrooms</strong> were renowned as a delicacy <strong>and</strong> today in<br />
some parts <strong>of</strong> the world they constitute an important part <strong>of</strong> the food supply<br />
<strong>of</strong> the people.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the questions <strong>of</strong>ten asked a mycologist is "How do you tell an<br />
edible mushroom from a <strong>poisonous</strong> one?" It would seem that the questioner<br />
expects some simple test or rule <strong>of</strong> thumb by which an instantaneous diagnosis<br />
can be made. It is curious that this attitude toward <strong>mushrooms</strong> should exist<br />
because it is not manifested toward other plants. People rarely ask how to tell<br />
an edible berry from a <strong>poisonous</strong> one nor do they expect to be given a simple<br />
test to distinguish between edible <strong>and</strong> <strong>poisonous</strong> leaves.<br />
Although several reasons for this attitude might be suggested, perhaps<br />
one may be connected with the comparatively late development <strong>of</strong> precise<br />
knowledge <strong>of</strong> the structure <strong>and</strong> life history <strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>and</strong> other fungi. For<br />
a long time even botanists did not look upon the fungi as plants in themselves<br />
but regarded them as a sort <strong>of</strong> excrescence on decaying vegetable matter. Their<br />
apparently sudden appearance <strong>and</strong> disappearance <strong>of</strong>ten late in the season<br />
without visible seeds or means <strong>of</strong> reproduction, their frequent association with<br />
decaying organic matter, their vivid colors, fantastic shapes, <strong>and</strong> in some in-<br />
stances their <strong>poisonous</strong> properties, caused them to be regarded as objects <strong>of</strong><br />
mystery <strong>and</strong> sometimes even to be associated with the supernatural.<br />
One common superstition concerned the fairy rings, those dark green<br />
circles in the grass where <strong>mushrooms</strong> appear. We now know that these are<br />
caused by the circular growth outward <strong>of</strong> the fungus in the soil, but they were<br />
once believed to mark the spot where the fairies held their midnight revels.<br />
Another well-known example <strong>of</strong> magical power attributed to a fungus<br />
occurs in Alice in Wonderl<strong>and</strong> where a bite <strong>of</strong> one side <strong>of</strong> a certain mushroom<br />
would make you grow taller <strong>and</strong> a bite <strong>of</strong> the other side would make you grow<br />
shorter, so that by a httle judicious nibbhng it was possible to adjust oneself to<br />
any desired dimension.<br />
Mycologists take a more reahstic <strong>and</strong> less fanciful view <strong>of</strong> the <strong>mushrooms</strong><br />
but to most people these are still a very unfamiliar <strong>and</strong> somewhat mysterious<br />
group <strong>of</strong> organisms, <strong>and</strong> perhaps it is because <strong>of</strong> this background <strong>of</strong> mystery<br />
that some magical test is expected to distinguish good <strong>mushrooms</strong> from bad.<br />
Actually there is only one test to find out whether a mushroom or any<br />
other plant is <strong>poisonous</strong> <strong>and</strong> that is to eat it. If it makes you sick or kills you it<br />
is <strong>poisonous</strong>, <strong>and</strong> it is mainly through such human experience that we have<br />
built up our knowledge <strong>of</strong> which plants are edible <strong>and</strong> which <strong>poisonous</strong>.<br />
1
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
Throughout man's process <strong>of</strong> becoming civiUzed he has probably at some time<br />
or another tried eating everything that looked edible. From the records <strong>of</strong><br />
experience <strong>of</strong> other people in trying fungi we know that certain species are<br />
<strong>poisonous</strong> <strong>and</strong> that certain other species are edible <strong>and</strong> desirable, just in the<br />
same way that we know that certain berries are <strong>poisonous</strong> <strong>and</strong> others are<br />
edible. The edible qualities <strong>of</strong> a good many species <strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> are still<br />
unknown <strong>and</strong> reports about some species are conflicting.<br />
Conflicting reports may arise from a variety <strong>of</strong> reasons. Sometimes illness<br />
arising from some other cause is wrongfully attributed to <strong>mushrooms</strong>. It is a<br />
common practice to fry <strong>mushrooms</strong> in butter but the use <strong>of</strong> too much butter<br />
may cause illness <strong>and</strong> the <strong>mushrooms</strong> be blamed, or some other dish eaten at<br />
the same meal as the <strong>mushrooms</strong> may be the real cause <strong>of</strong> the illness. Some-<br />
times misidentification <strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> may occur <strong>and</strong> the wrong species be<br />
blamed for causing illness. Apparently allergy may also be involved <strong>and</strong> some<br />
species may sicken certain individuals but not others. It is possible, too, that<br />
certain geographic races <strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> may produce poisons <strong>and</strong> other races<br />
may not. Possibly a species may be edible when it is young <strong>and</strong> fresh <strong>and</strong> may<br />
become <strong>poisonous</strong> when it is overmature <strong>and</strong> has started to decay. On the<br />
other h<strong>and</strong>, the method <strong>of</strong> preparation or cooking may destroy a <strong>poisonous</strong><br />
substance that is present in the uncooked specimen.<br />
Any one <strong>of</strong> these reasons may result in reports at one time that a mushroom<br />
is edible <strong>and</strong> at another time that it is <strong>poisonous</strong>, but until there is clear-<br />
cut <strong>and</strong> convincing evidence that a species is edible, it should be regarded with<br />
suspicion.<br />
Thus any rules about eating <strong>mushrooms</strong> resolve themselves into one bit <strong>of</strong><br />
common sense — eat only the species you know <strong>and</strong> avoid all the others. Just<br />
as one can easily learn to identify a wild raspberry or blueberry <strong>and</strong> avoid<br />
unknown berries, he can learn to identify several common species <strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong><br />
such as the meadow mushroom Agaricus campestris, the chantarelle<br />
Cantharellus cibarius, the shaggy mane Coprinus comatus, the 'delicious<br />
lactarius' Lactarius deliciosus, the parasol mushroom Lepiota procera, the<br />
morel Morchella esculenta, <strong>and</strong> the giant puflfball Calvatia gigantea, to mention<br />
only a few.<br />
Unrecognized species should not be eaten, <strong>and</strong> because <strong>of</strong> the very great<br />
danger from the deadly species <strong>of</strong> Amanita, the characters <strong>of</strong> this genus should<br />
be learned <strong>and</strong> its species avoided. However, by collecting <strong>and</strong> studying<br />
different species the number that can be identified <strong>and</strong> eaten will gradually<br />
increase. Some people will be satisfied to know a very few species; others will<br />
want to try different ones. Obviously one should proceed cautiously when<br />
trying any species for the first time because <strong>of</strong> the possibility <strong>of</strong> allergic reac-<br />
tions, but by making certain that amanitas are avoided <strong>and</strong> by using only<br />
species that have been identified <strong>and</strong> are known to be edible, one may enjoy<br />
many tasty mushroom dishes in safety.<br />
Although much <strong>of</strong> the interest in <strong>mushrooms</strong> arises from their use as<br />
food, other aspects also attract the collector. The wide variety they exhibit in
INTRODUCTION<br />
form <strong>and</strong> color, the great number <strong>of</strong> species that occur, <strong>and</strong> their interesting<br />
relationships with other plants <strong>and</strong> types <strong>of</strong> habitat are all features that invite<br />
further study.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the things that adds to the interest <strong>of</strong> mushroom collecting is the<br />
fact that one may visit the same locahty time after time <strong>and</strong> continue to find<br />
different species. Some <strong>of</strong> the common ones will be found repeatedly <strong>of</strong> course,<br />
but something different is likely to be found at any time under varying weather<br />
conditions. Some species seem to produce fruiting bodies only rarely, perhaps<br />
only once in several years, so that there is always the possibility <strong>of</strong> coming<br />
upon a rare <strong>and</strong> unusual species, even on famihar ground.<br />
Mushrooms are also interesting from the st<strong>and</strong>point <strong>of</strong> their place in the<br />
economy <strong>of</strong> nature. One <strong>of</strong> their chief functions is to aid in the breakdown <strong>of</strong><br />
dead organic material <strong>and</strong> to return the essential elements to the soil. When<br />
this function is appreciated, their frequent association with decay is understood<br />
<strong>and</strong> any feeling <strong>of</strong> repulsion toward them disappears. Some <strong>of</strong> the species are<br />
found only with certain trees where they form associations with the tree roots<br />
that are termed 'mycorrhiza.' Some trees cannot thrive without the presence <strong>of</strong><br />
their fungus associate. Attention has also been directed in recent years to the<br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong> as a possible source <strong>of</strong> antibiotic substances that might prove<br />
useful in medicine. Investigations are being carried out to see if the hallucino-<br />
genic <strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>of</strong> Mexico might prove to be a source <strong>of</strong> a non-habit-<br />
forming tranquilizing drug that would be valuable in neuropsychiatric re-<br />
search. Investigation <strong>of</strong> the <strong>mushrooms</strong> from these <strong>and</strong> similar angles is only<br />
beginning.<br />
It should be realized that in our mushroom flora we have many more<br />
species that must be omitted from a book <strong>of</strong> this nature than can be included.<br />
Consequently, caution must be exercised in making identifications. If the<br />
characters <strong>of</strong> a particular specimen under examination do not agree in all<br />
respects with the description, there is a good chance that the mushroom may<br />
be a species not in the book, hence for safety's sake it should not be eaten.<br />
PARTS OF A MUSHROOM<br />
Most people have a general idea <strong>of</strong> what a mushroom is, but the term has<br />
never been precisely defined <strong>and</strong> has diff^erent meanings to different people.<br />
Perhaps the most generally accepted usage is to apply the term mushroom to a<br />
fungus fruiting body with a more or less evident stalk, bearing an exp<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
cap at the apex, with a series <strong>of</strong> thin, radiating, gill-like or blade-Hke structures<br />
on the lower surface <strong>of</strong> the cap. Some would consider that only one or two<br />
species such as the meadow mushroom <strong>and</strong> cultivated mushroom are true<br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong>, whereas others would call almost any large fleshy fungus a mushroom.<br />
From a scientific st<strong>and</strong>point it is probably best to use the term mushroom<br />
to apply to the whole group <strong>of</strong> gill-bearing fungi <strong>and</strong> it is used in that sense in<br />
this book.
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
In classifying fungi or other plants, botanists try to group together those<br />
forms that are thought to be closely related, <strong>and</strong> in general it is beUeved that<br />
the fungi bearing gills, or more properly lamellae, are more closely related /to<br />
each other than to those not bearing lamellae. The species bearing lamellae are<br />
grouped by mycologists in a family, the Agaricaceae, <strong>and</strong> therefore the use <strong>of</strong><br />
the term mushroom for these fungi gives it a popular meaning roughly equiva-<br />
lent to the family Agaricaceae.<br />
'Toadstool' is another popular term that is frequently used <strong>and</strong> it too<br />
means different things to different people. To some it means any fungus except<br />
the field mushroom or cultivated mushroom, to others it is any inedible or<br />
<strong>poisonous</strong> fungus. Scientifically the term has no meaning at all since species<br />
related closely in a botanical sense may be either edible or <strong>poisonous</strong>. We can<br />
avoid confusion by dropping the term 'toadstool' altogether <strong>and</strong> speaking only<br />
<strong>of</strong> edible <strong>and</strong> <strong>poisonous</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong>.<br />
The structure that we call a mushroom is in reality only the fruiting body<br />
<strong>of</strong> the fungus. The vegetative part <strong>of</strong> the plant consists <strong>of</strong> a system <strong>of</strong> branching<br />
threads <strong>and</strong> cord-like str<strong>and</strong>s that ramify through the soil, manure, or other<br />
material on which the fungus may be growing. This vegetative part is called<br />
Pileus<br />
Lamellae<br />
Partial Ve<br />
becom<br />
Stipe<br />
Volva<br />
Figure 1 . Diagram <strong>of</strong> a section <strong>of</strong> an amanita illustrating the principal parts <strong>of</strong> a mushroom.<br />
Young plant on left, mature plant on right.
PARTS OF A MUSHROOM<br />
the mycelium ; it is used by commercial mushroom growers to plant their beds<br />
<strong>and</strong> is commonly called mushroom spawn. After a period <strong>of</strong> growth <strong>and</strong><br />
accumulation <strong>of</strong> food reserves <strong>and</strong> under favorable conditions <strong>of</strong> temperature<br />
<strong>and</strong> moisture, the mycelium will produce the fruiting structure that we call the<br />
mushroom.<br />
The principal parts <strong>of</strong> a mushroom are illustrated by a diagram represent-<br />
ing a section through an amanita (Figure 1). The fruiting body consists <strong>of</strong> a<br />
stem-like part called the stipe, which supports an exp<strong>and</strong>ed, umbrella-shaped<br />
cap or pileus. On the under side <strong>of</strong> the pileus are the gills or lamellae. In some<br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong>, particularly those occurring on wood, the stipe may be lacking<br />
<strong>and</strong> the pileus is then said to be sessile (Figure 10, p. 5). The pileus is usually<br />
8<br />
10<br />
11 12 13<br />
14 15 16<br />
Figures 2-9. Diagrams illustrating various terms used to describe the shape <strong>of</strong> the pileus: 2,<br />
conical; 3, convex; 4, campanulate; 5, umbonate; 6, plane; 7, umbilicate; 8, depressed;<br />
9, infundibuliform.<br />
Figure 10. Diagram illustrating a sessile fruiting body; the stipe is lacking. In this instance the<br />
fruiting body is represented as growing on a tree trunk.<br />
Figures 11-16. Diagrams illustrating various terms used to describe the attachment <strong>of</strong> the<br />
lamellae: 11, free; 12, adnexed; 13, adnate; 14, sinuate; 15, decurrent; 16, seceding.
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
circular but may vary from being somewhat irregular to fan-shaped or ear-<br />
shaped, or sometimes shelf-like. The lamellae radiate from the stipe to the<br />
margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus <strong>and</strong> may vary from their typical form as one or more<br />
series <strong>of</strong> knife-blade-like structures to scarcely more than slight folds on the<br />
under surface <strong>of</strong> the pileus.<br />
In some <strong>mushrooms</strong> the young plant is at first completely enclosed in a<br />
sheath <strong>of</strong> tissue called the universal veil or volva. As growth proceeds, the<br />
volva is torn open <strong>and</strong> the young mushroom emerges, leaving remnants <strong>of</strong> the<br />
volva as a sheath surrounding the base <strong>of</strong> the stipe. This universal veil or volva<br />
is not present in all <strong>mushrooms</strong> but is an important character to look for in<br />
recognizing the dangerous genus Amanita. Two types <strong>of</strong> volva are found in<br />
Amanita. In one type, such as is found in A. virosa, the volva tears across the<br />
top <strong>and</strong> remains as a loose, cup-like sheath around the base <strong>of</strong> the stipe. In the<br />
other type, as in A. muscaria, the sheath is not loose but more or less grows<br />
together with the rest <strong>of</strong> the tissue <strong>of</strong> the fruit body. As the fruit body grows,<br />
the volva tears around the margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus rather than across the top.<br />
Part is left adhering to the surface <strong>of</strong> the pileus where it becomes torn into<br />
patches as the pileus exp<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> part remains attached to the base <strong>of</strong> the<br />
stipe where it may form a series <strong>of</strong> rings or patches on the stipe or form a<br />
boot-hke cup closely adhering to the base. This second type <strong>of</strong> volva is more<br />
difficult to recognize in the field <strong>and</strong> careful examination should be made to<br />
determine whether or not it is present.<br />
In some kinds <strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> the lamellae in the young stage are enclosed<br />
by a layer <strong>of</strong> tissue that extends from the margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus to the stipe. This<br />
tissue is known as the partial veil <strong>and</strong> it usually tears around the margin <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pileus as the latter exp<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> remains attached to the stipe where it forms a<br />
ring or annulus. It may sometimes tear at the stipe <strong>and</strong> remain attached to the<br />
margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus, which would then be described as appendiculate. Some<br />
genera such as Amanita have both a universal veil <strong>and</strong> a partial veil, others such<br />
as Agaricus may have only the partial veil, <strong>and</strong> in yet others such as Clitocybe<br />
both the universal veil <strong>and</strong> partial veil may be absent.<br />
The presence <strong>of</strong> a partial veil is frequently used as a character to distinguish<br />
genera <strong>and</strong> its presence is usually indicated by the occurrence <strong>of</strong> the annulus<br />
in the mature fruit body. Care must be taken in determining this character<br />
because in some species the annulus is very delicate <strong>and</strong> may soon disappear.<br />
It is advisable to examine young specimens to determine whether or not an<br />
annulus is present.<br />
The pileus, lamellae, stipe, volva, <strong>and</strong> annulus constitute the principal<br />
parts <strong>of</strong> a mushroom that can be seen with the naked eye. Their variations in<br />
form, color, texture, surface covering <strong>and</strong> so on are all important in the recog-<br />
nition <strong>of</strong> species. Other characters can be observed only with the microscope,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the research taxonomist is coming to place more <strong>and</strong> more reliance on<br />
these microscopic characters both as a means <strong>of</strong> distinguishing between similar<br />
species <strong>and</strong> also <strong>of</strong> providing characters that indicate relationships between<br />
species or groups <strong>of</strong> species.
PARTS OF A MUSHROOM<br />
For the purpose <strong>of</strong> this book relatively little emphasis is being placed on<br />
microscopic characters but some mention <strong>of</strong> them must be made in order to<br />
underst<strong>and</strong> the function <strong>of</strong> the mushroom fruiting body. A mushroom repro-<br />
duces by means <strong>of</strong> spores <strong>and</strong> the fruiting bodies are organs developed to<br />
promote the dissemination <strong>of</strong> the spores.<br />
Spores <strong>of</strong> very varied forms are produced by fungi in general but in the<br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong> they usually consist <strong>of</strong> a single, minute cell, rarely more than 1 /50<br />
milhmeter or 0.0008 inch in length <strong>and</strong> usually much smaller. They are too<br />
small to be seen singly by the naked eye but in mass appear as a white or<br />
colored powder. Their size, shape, <strong>and</strong> surface markings, if any, are important<br />
in identifying species but these features can be seen only with the microscope.<br />
The measurements <strong>of</strong> spores are usually expressed in /x (microns). One m<br />
(micron) equals one one-thous<strong>and</strong>th <strong>of</strong> a milhmeter. Thus when we say a spore<br />
is 10m in length we mean 10/1000 or 1 /lOO <strong>of</strong> a milhmeter in length <strong>and</strong> since a<br />
milhmeter is about 1 /25 <strong>of</strong> an inch, it would take 2500 such spores to equal<br />
one inch.<br />
Minute objects such as these are measured by placing a glass disk marked<br />
with a scale in the eyepiece <strong>of</strong> the microscope. The scale can be carefully cali-<br />
brated with a special slide that is ruled very accurately in tenths <strong>and</strong> hun-<br />
dredths <strong>of</strong> a milhmeter. It is then easy to calculate what each division on the<br />
eyepiece scale measures <strong>and</strong> the spores can be measured directly in ordinary<br />
shde mounts.<br />
20 ^ 21 ^22 "23 '<br />
24<br />
^?<br />
25 26 27 2829 30 31 32 33 34 35 36<br />
Figures 17-24. Semidiagrammatic drawings illustrating some types <strong>of</strong> cystidia: 17, fusiformlanceolate;<br />
18, flask-shaped; 19, capitate-encrusted; 20, horned; 21, ventricose-fusiform<br />
22, clavate with projections at the apex; 23, cylindric, obtuse with mucronate tip; 24, ninepin-shaped<br />
(lecythiform).<br />
Figures 25-36. Semidiagrammatic drawings illustrating various types <strong>of</strong> spores: 25, globose;<br />
26, ovoid; 27, ellipsoid; 28, ellipsoid-fusiform; 29, cylindric; 30, allantoid; 31, ellipsoid with<br />
truncate apex; 32, longitudinally striate; 33, angular; 34, tuberculate; 35, reticulate; 36,<br />
echinulate.<br />
;
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
When a spore germinates it puts forth a slender thread called a hypha.<br />
This thread grows rapidly, develops cross walls or septa <strong>and</strong> becomes many-<br />
celled, then branches repeatedly, producing a mat <strong>of</strong> hyphae termed the<br />
mycelium. This is the vegetative part <strong>of</strong> the fungus from which the fruiting<br />
body or mushroom arises. The mushroom is composed <strong>of</strong> hyphae consisting<br />
<strong>of</strong> interwoven, branched, septate threads, although in some groups such as<br />
Lactarius <strong>and</strong> Russula there are also globular cells termed sphaerocysts in the<br />
tissue.<br />
The structure <strong>of</strong> the lamellae is <strong>of</strong> special interest because it is here that<br />
the spores are produced. If a section <strong>of</strong> a lamella is examined it is seen to be<br />
roughly wedge-shaped or triangular. The spores are produced on the outer<br />
surface in a definite layer called the hymenium whereas the central part is<br />
composed <strong>of</strong> more or less interwoven hyphae <strong>and</strong> is called the trama (Figure<br />
42, p. 9). The hymenium consists <strong>of</strong> basidia, paraphyses, <strong>and</strong> sometimes<br />
cystidia. The basidia are the cells on which the spores are produced; each one<br />
has four little stalks at its apex <strong>and</strong> a spore develops on the tip <strong>of</strong> each stalk.<br />
Between the basidia there are cells somewhat similar in shape but lacking the<br />
stalks <strong>and</strong> never producing spores. These are the paraphyses. Their function is<br />
apparently to hold the basidia far enough apart that their slightly sticky spores<br />
will not become entangled <strong>and</strong> prevented from shooting forth. In some <strong>mushrooms</strong><br />
there are also specialized cells <strong>of</strong> varying shape <strong>and</strong> size that project<br />
from the hymenium <strong>and</strong> are called cystidia. They may be rounded, pointed,<br />
thick- or thin-walled, sometimes encrusted, <strong>and</strong> variously shaped, but they are<br />
usually constant for each species. Cystidia may also occur on the surface <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pileus or on the stipe. Their exact function is still uncertain but when present<br />
they can be <strong>of</strong> great assistance in the identification <strong>of</strong> the species.
Figures 37-40. Semidiagrammatic drawings illustrating various types <strong>of</strong> basidia: 37, basidium<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agaricaceae (a spore, b sterigma, c basidium); 38, basidium <strong>of</strong> Tremellaceae with longitudinal<br />
septa; 39, deeply forked basidium <strong>of</strong> Dacrymycetaceae ; 40, basidium <strong>of</strong> Auriculariaceae<br />
with transverse septa.<br />
Figure 41. Semidiagrammatic drawing <strong>of</strong>: a ascus containing ascospores, b paraphysis.<br />
Figure 42. Diagram illustrating a small section <strong>of</strong> the lamella <strong>of</strong> a mushroom: a cystidium,<br />
b paraphyses, c basidium, d trama.<br />
Figure 43. Diagram <strong>of</strong> a transverse section <strong>of</strong> an apothecium: a hymenium composed <strong>of</strong> asci<br />
<strong>and</strong> paraphyses, b hypothecium, c stipe.<br />
Figure 44. Diagram <strong>of</strong> a transverse section <strong>of</strong> a perithecium: a ostiole, b perithecial wall, c asci<br />
<strong>and</strong> paraphyses.
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
COLLECTING MUSHROOMS<br />
The equipment required for collecting <strong>mushrooms</strong> is relatively simple. A<br />
basket, preferably a wide <strong>and</strong> fairly deep one, a sharp knife, <strong>and</strong> a supply <strong>of</strong><br />
paper or plastic bags <strong>and</strong> waxed paper are about all the essentials. A good<br />
h<strong>and</strong> lens with a magnification <strong>of</strong> 10 to 14 diameters is desirable, <strong>and</strong> also a<br />
pencil <strong>and</strong> notebook if one wishes to take notes in the field. Details <strong>of</strong> location,<br />
habitat, whether or not associated with particular trees <strong>and</strong> so on are best<br />
noted down on the spot, <strong>and</strong> it is well to note such characters as color, taste,<br />
odor, etc., in the field. If the specimens are collected carefully <strong>and</strong> examined<br />
promptly, detailed notes can be made after returning from the collecting trip,<br />
but it is important that accurate data about the specimens be obtained as soon<br />
as possible.<br />
The method <strong>of</strong> collecting will vary slightly depending on the purpose for<br />
which the specimens are collected. Those intended for study <strong>and</strong> identification<br />
should be gathered very carefully. It is important to collect the whole fruiting<br />
body including the base <strong>of</strong> the stipe, <strong>and</strong> in order to obtain this it may be neces-<br />
sary to dig the mushroom. The fruit bodies may be placed separately in paper<br />
bags, preferably first wrapped in waxed paper. This is best done by laying the<br />
specimen on a sheet <strong>of</strong> waxed paper, rolling the paper into a cylinder, <strong>and</strong><br />
twisting the ends. The cylinders can then be stacked in the basket or placed in<br />
a large paper bag without danger <strong>of</strong> the specimens being damaged or the<br />
collections mixed.<br />
If the specimens are to be photographed great care must be taken to avoid<br />
damaging them <strong>and</strong> it is advisable to keep them st<strong>and</strong>ing upright in the col-<br />
lecting basket.<br />
Collections <strong>of</strong> different species should be kept separate. Specimens that<br />
look the same <strong>and</strong> are growing in clusters or very closely associated may be<br />
assumed to be the same species, but this is not a safe assumption for specimens<br />
growing singly <strong>and</strong> scattered over an area <strong>of</strong> several square yards. This is<br />
especially true in genera such as Russula, Cortinarius, <strong>and</strong> Inocybe where<br />
specimens that look very similar may have quite different microscopic<br />
characters. It is bad practice to put different <strong>mushrooms</strong> in the same basket<br />
unwrapped. One fruit body may shed spores on to the lamellae <strong>of</strong> another<br />
fruit body <strong>of</strong> a different species <strong>and</strong> so create much confusion.<br />
Whenever possible, a number <strong>of</strong> fruit bodies <strong>of</strong> the same species, including<br />
very young stages, should be collected. Overmature specimens or those badly<br />
infested with insect larvae are best discarded. Such specimens should certainly<br />
be discarded if the collection is intended to be used for food.<br />
Perhaps the most satisfactory way <strong>of</strong> working is to collect in the morning<br />
<strong>and</strong> examine the specimens in the afternoon. However, if this is not possible,<br />
most <strong>of</strong> the larger fleshy forms can be kept satisfactorily overnight, especially<br />
if stored in a cool place, but delicate forms such as species <strong>of</strong> Coprinus will not<br />
keep overnight <strong>and</strong> must be examined at once.<br />
When the collector is certain that he knows an edible species <strong>and</strong> can<br />
10
MUSHROOM POISONING<br />
recognize it in the field he may then proceed to collect it for food. For this<br />
purpose it is advisable to cut <strong>of</strong>f the stem well above ground level to avoid<br />
getting dirt in the specimens, but one should always be certain that the specimen<br />
is not an Amanita <strong>and</strong> that there is no volva buried in the ground. Young,<br />
sound specimens should be chosen <strong>and</strong> overmature ones discarded. Cut the<br />
fruit bodies in two <strong>and</strong> if the flesh shows tunnel-like pinholes indicating in-<br />
festation with insect larvae these specimens should be discarded also.<br />
When <strong>mushrooms</strong> are being collected for food keep the species separate.<br />
Species diff'er in texture <strong>and</strong> some may require longer cooking than others.<br />
Those <strong>of</strong> similar texture can be cooked together satisfactorily but if one makes<br />
a practice <strong>of</strong> keeping each species separate when collecting, he is more likely to<br />
examine each fruit body more carefully <strong>and</strong> is less likely to collect a <strong>poisonous</strong><br />
one by mistake.<br />
FOOD VALUE OF MUSHROOMS<br />
Mushrooms have long been esteemed for their pleasant flavor but the<br />
question has <strong>of</strong>ten been raised as to whether or not they possess any nutritive<br />
value as well, <strong>and</strong> contradictory statements as to their food value have ap-<br />
peared from time to time. Several chemical analyses <strong>of</strong> the composition <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong> have been published <strong>and</strong> these provide good evidence that <strong>mushrooms</strong><br />
are indeed a valuable source <strong>of</strong> food.<br />
Figures vary to some extent with diff'erent species <strong>and</strong> diff^erent analyses<br />
but in general the water content is about 89 per cent, protein 3 per cent, fat<br />
0.4 per cent, carbohydrates 6 per cent, <strong>and</strong> minerals about 1 per cent. Although<br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong> do not compare with meat as a source <strong>of</strong> protein <strong>and</strong>, some <strong>of</strong><br />
the protein appears to occur in an indigestible form, they are good sources <strong>of</strong><br />
such minerals as iron <strong>and</strong> copper.<br />
Mushrooms have been found to be high in vitamin C, ascorbic acid,<br />
niacin <strong>and</strong> pantothenic acid. These vitamins are well retained during cooking<br />
<strong>and</strong> in canned or dried <strong>mushrooms</strong>.<br />
In contrast, the calorie value <strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> is low, roughly 30 calories<br />
per 100 grams or about one-quarter pound, but the calorie value will, <strong>of</strong> course,<br />
be increased if they are cooked in excess fat.<br />
In general it seems safe to say that in addition to their value as flavor,<br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong> compare favorably with most vegetables as to nutritive value <strong>and</strong><br />
vitamin content.<br />
MUSHROOM POISONING<br />
The fear <strong>of</strong> mushroom poisoning is so great among many people that it<br />
arouses a feeling <strong>of</strong> dread <strong>of</strong> all <strong>mushrooms</strong>. This attitude is justified to a con-<br />
siderable extent because <strong>of</strong> the high percentage <strong>of</strong> fatalities among cases <strong>of</strong><br />
poisoning by amanitas, <strong>and</strong> unless a person can recognize the genus Amanita<br />
he is well advised to avoid unknown <strong>mushrooms</strong>. No case <strong>of</strong> mushroom<br />
11
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
poisoning should ever be regarded lightly <strong>and</strong> medical assistance should be<br />
sought at once.<br />
The following summary <strong>of</strong> mushroom poisoning is mainly taken from<br />
the account by Pilat (1954) who considered that there are at least seven dif-<br />
ferent types <strong>of</strong> mushroom poisoning.<br />
Unquestionably the most dangerous type <strong>of</strong> poisoning is caused by <strong>mushrooms</strong><br />
in the Amanita phalloides group. A. phalloides itself is a greenish oUve<br />
species with radiating blackish fibrils on the pileus. It apparently does not<br />
occur in <strong>Canada</strong>, but our white A. virosa is equally deadly. Ramsbottom (1953)<br />
estimated that 90 per cent <strong>of</strong> the recorded deaths from fungus poisoning have<br />
been caused by species <strong>of</strong> this group. The folly <strong>of</strong> the superstition that a mushroom<br />
that peels is safe is well illustrated here because these Amanita species<br />
peel readily. The <strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>of</strong> the A. phalloides group are so deadly that<br />
even small amounts may prove fatal. The danger is increased by the fact that<br />
there is apparently no unpleasant taste <strong>and</strong> no symptoms are manifested until<br />
8 to 12 hours, or sometimes even longer, after the <strong>mushrooms</strong> are eaten. By<br />
this time the poison has been absorbed into the blood stream <strong>and</strong> the usual<br />
procedures such as pumping out the stomach are <strong>of</strong> no avail.<br />
The general symptoms <strong>of</strong> this type <strong>of</strong> poisoning are severe abdominal<br />
pains, vomiting, cold sweats, diarrhea <strong>and</strong> excessive thirst. After persisting for<br />
some time the symptoms usually subside for a while <strong>and</strong> then recur more<br />
intensely; the liver is affected as well as the nervous system. There may be<br />
delirium, deep coma, <strong>and</strong> finally death. The patient suffers great pain.<br />
Early investigations on the nature <strong>of</strong> the poison showed that there were at<br />
least two <strong>poisonous</strong> substances in A. phalloides. One <strong>of</strong> these was destroyed by<br />
heat but the other was not, <strong>and</strong> this latter was responsible for most <strong>of</strong> the<br />
poisoning cases. It was called amanita toxin <strong>and</strong> later study has shown that<br />
this is a complex <strong>of</strong> three substances, a;-amanitine, /?-amanitine, <strong>and</strong> phalloi-<br />
dine. All <strong>of</strong> these are very <strong>poisonous</strong>.<br />
Although in cases <strong>of</strong> poisoning by this group <strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> the percent-<br />
age <strong>of</strong> fatahties is very high, three methods <strong>of</strong> treatment have been used with<br />
some apparent success.<br />
A serum has been produced at the Institut Pasteur in Paris by immunizing<br />
horses <strong>and</strong> it is said to give good results if injected hypodermically or intra-<br />
venously <strong>and</strong> used early. However because <strong>of</strong> the rare <strong>and</strong> sporadic occurrence<br />
<strong>of</strong> this type <strong>of</strong> poisoning, supplies <strong>of</strong> fresh serum are not readily available.<br />
The second method is to give injections <strong>of</strong> glucose in normal saline. This<br />
treatment is based on the fact that in Amanita poisoning there is a pronounced<br />
lowering <strong>of</strong> blood sugar with consequent damage to the liver <strong>and</strong> kidneys <strong>and</strong><br />
the injections may help to restore the amount <strong>of</strong> sugar <strong>and</strong> modify the effects<br />
<strong>of</strong> the poison. Normal saline alone has also been used. It is better to give these<br />
hypodermically than by mouth because vomiting is usually associated with<br />
this type <strong>of</strong> poisoning.<br />
The third method sounds fantastic but some success has been claimed for<br />
it. It is based on the idea that the gastric juices <strong>of</strong> a rabbit will neutralize the<br />
12
MUSHROOM POISONING<br />
poison <strong>of</strong> the Amanita. It is recommended that the stomachs <strong>of</strong> three rabbits<br />
<strong>and</strong> the brains <strong>of</strong> seven be chopped up finely <strong>and</strong> made into a paste or pellets<br />
<strong>and</strong> eaten raw by the patient. Sugar or jam can be added to make it more<br />
palatable, <strong>and</strong> the sugar itself may be beneficial. This method has received<br />
some pubhcity in the press but it is difficult to know whether or not it is really<br />
effective.<br />
The second type <strong>of</strong> poisoning is caused by species such as Amanita muscaria<br />
<strong>and</strong> A. pantherina <strong>and</strong> is believed to be due to a substance called mycoatropine.<br />
The symptoms usually appear soon after eating the <strong>mushrooms</strong>,<br />
within one-half to four hours. The most characteristic symptoms are nervous<br />
excitement, hallucinations <strong>and</strong> behavior suggesting alcohohc intoxication.<br />
This may be followed by coma <strong>and</strong> sometimes death, although the percentage<br />
<strong>of</strong> recovery from this type <strong>of</strong> poisoning is much greater than with the A. phal-<br />
loides type. A. pantherina is considered to be more dangerous than A. muscaria.<br />
Treatment consists in the administration <strong>of</strong> emetics <strong>and</strong> purgatives to<br />
clean out the digestive tract <strong>and</strong> then in treating the delirium with chloral<br />
hydrate or potassium bromide <strong>and</strong> providing a heart stimulant.<br />
The third type <strong>of</strong> poisoning is due to the substance called muscarine <strong>and</strong> is<br />
caused by some Inocybe species <strong>and</strong> Clitocybe dealbata. Amanita muscaria also<br />
contains muscarine but its main effects are now befieved to be due to mycoa-<br />
tropine. The symptoms <strong>of</strong> muscarine poisoning are pr<strong>of</strong>use sweating, vomiting,<br />
diarrhea, pains in the stomach, distortion <strong>of</strong> vision <strong>and</strong> slowing down <strong>of</strong> the<br />
heart. Death rarely occurs in this type <strong>of</strong> poisoning <strong>and</strong> if it does it is due to the<br />
effect on the heart. Atropine is an antidote for muscarine poisoning.<br />
A fourth type <strong>of</strong> poisoning may be caused by Entoloma lividum <strong>and</strong> a few<br />
other species. It is a violent gastrointestinal disturbance usually occurring<br />
within one to two hours after the <strong>mushrooms</strong> have been eaten. The symptoms<br />
include vomiting, diarrhea, acute pain <strong>and</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>use perspiration. The symptoms<br />
may persist for a long time <strong>and</strong> make the patient very weak. Not much<br />
appears to be known about the poison involved.<br />
The fifth type <strong>of</strong> poisoning is caused by some <strong>of</strong> the acrid species <strong>of</strong><br />
Russula <strong>and</strong> Lactarius. It has the effect <strong>of</strong> a very violent purgative <strong>and</strong> causes<br />
vomiting <strong>and</strong> stomach pains. It is claimed that the <strong>poisonous</strong> substances can be<br />
removed from these <strong>mushrooms</strong> by boiling them in several changes <strong>of</strong> water,<br />
but these species are not recommended as food.<br />
The sixth type is the poisoning caused by some Discomycetes <strong>and</strong> beheved<br />
to be due to helvellic acid. The most important fungus in this group is Gyro-<br />
mitra esculenta <strong>and</strong> reports about this fungus are very contradictory. There<br />
seems to be no doubt that many people eat this species frequently, apparently<br />
without any harm. On the other h<strong>and</strong> there are well-authenticated cases <strong>of</strong><br />
poisoning <strong>and</strong> even <strong>of</strong> deaths caused by it. It would appear that the danger is<br />
greatest with overmature or sHghtly decomposed specimens, but danger cer-<br />
tainly exists <strong>and</strong> on no account can this fungus be recommended as food.<br />
Finally there is a peculiar type <strong>of</strong> poisoning that has been said to be<br />
associated with Coprinus species eaten at the same time that alcohol has been<br />
13
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
consumed. It is apparently not dangerous, but in about twenty minutes to two<br />
hours the face may become very red <strong>and</strong> then violaceous <strong>and</strong> the color may<br />
spread to the neck <strong>and</strong> body. The tip <strong>of</strong> the nose <strong>and</strong> the ear lobes remain pale.<br />
There is a sensation <strong>of</strong> heat <strong>and</strong> the pulse beat becomes very rapid. The symptoms<br />
disappear in a short time <strong>and</strong> apparently there are no ill effects.<br />
There has been some controversy about this type <strong>of</strong> poisoning. Child<br />
(1952) described experiments in which Coprini were fed to a person with <strong>and</strong><br />
without alcohol <strong>and</strong> no effects were observed, but when Panaeolus campanulatus<br />
was eaten by itself the type <strong>of</strong> symptoms described above appeared. He<br />
suggested that the reports <strong>of</strong> poisoning caused by a combination <strong>of</strong> Coprinus<br />
<strong>and</strong> alcohol might be due rather to accidental inclusion <strong>of</strong> Panaeolus with the<br />
Coprinus. However his experiments were rather limited in scope <strong>and</strong> European<br />
mycologists still insist that these symptoms have appeared in well-authenti-<br />
cated cases where there was no possibility <strong>of</strong> a misidentification <strong>of</strong> Panaeolus.<br />
The question may be regarded as still open but it would probably be advisable<br />
to avoid eating Coprinus <strong>and</strong> consuming alcohol at the same time.<br />
In any case <strong>of</strong> mushroom poisoning, medical assistance should be summoned<br />
immediately. As a first-aid measure the stomach <strong>and</strong> intestines should<br />
be emptied by inducing vomiting or administering purgatives or an enema.<br />
Parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> vomited up, or the remains <strong>of</strong> the dish eaten should be<br />
preserved so that the species responsible for the poisoning can be identified. If<br />
any fresh <strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>of</strong> the original gathering remain they would be still more<br />
useful for this purpose.<br />
IDENTIFICATION<br />
At first, <strong>mushrooms</strong> may all look rather similar but as we observe them<br />
more closely <strong>and</strong> become more interested in them, differences <strong>and</strong> similarities<br />
are perceived <strong>and</strong> more <strong>and</strong> more species are recognized. Some people will be<br />
content with learning to identify a few common species, others will want to<br />
know more <strong>and</strong> may even want to make a special study <strong>of</strong> some groups or<br />
genera.<br />
Correct identification, then, becomes a matter <strong>of</strong> observing carefully the<br />
characters possessed by the fungus, comparing them with descriptions <strong>and</strong><br />
illustrations or with other specimens, <strong>and</strong> assessing the value <strong>of</strong> differences <strong>and</strong><br />
similarities observed. There is no rigid concept or set <strong>of</strong> rules by which one can<br />
say whether or not an observed difference represents a real difference between<br />
species or simply variation among individuals <strong>of</strong> the same species. Size <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pileus <strong>and</strong> length <strong>of</strong> the stipe, for example, are characters that are usually<br />
fairly constant within limits for any particular species, but some individuals<br />
may be found in which these or other characters may far exceed the ordinary<br />
limits. Colors may fade, heavy rains may wash scales <strong>of</strong>f the pileus, a delicate<br />
annulus may disappear very early, <strong>and</strong> so on. On the other h<strong>and</strong>, spore color<br />
is a very constant character as are many <strong>of</strong> the microscopic characters.<br />
No single book contains descriptions <strong>of</strong> all the known species <strong>of</strong> mush-<br />
14
IDENTIFICATION<br />
rooms <strong>and</strong> no one person can, with certainty, identify every mushroom he<br />
finds. Much remains to be learned about the species comprising our mushroom<br />
flora, <strong>and</strong> for the amateur the identification <strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>of</strong>fers a chal-<br />
lenge <strong>and</strong> an interest that he can pursue as far as he wishes.<br />
Probably the most usual way for a beginner to start learning to identify<br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong> is by association with some more experienced collector who can<br />
point out the common species <strong>and</strong> the characters by which they are recognized.<br />
This is a good way for the beginner to start <strong>and</strong> it <strong>of</strong>ten results in arousing his<br />
interest <strong>and</strong> curiosity to the point where he will want to be able to identify<br />
other species for himself.<br />
At this point the necessity for consulting books on <strong>mushrooms</strong> will<br />
become apparent <strong>and</strong> these books usually contain keys, descriptions <strong>and</strong><br />
illustrations to aid in identification. A key is a guide to identification that is<br />
constructed by presenting a choice between two characters or groups <strong>of</strong><br />
characters. The student decides which <strong>of</strong> the characters is possessed by the<br />
fungus under study, <strong>and</strong> by ehminating the species not possessing the charac-<br />
ters, he eventually narrows the choice to one species. Difficulties may arise<br />
because the characters are not clear-cut, or the specimen is inadequate to show<br />
all the characters, or the species under investigation is not found in the key<br />
being used. It is sometimes impossible to decide with certainty which choice<br />
should be made <strong>and</strong> both will have to be followed up until a definite ehmina-<br />
tion can be made.<br />
Some keys are designed to show relationships so that related forms key<br />
out close to each other but, since relationships are indicated by similarities, <strong>and</strong><br />
ehminations are usually made by noting differences, keys <strong>of</strong> this type are <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
difficult to use in making identifications. The keys in this book are intended<br />
primarily to aid in identification <strong>and</strong> are not designed to indicate relationships.<br />
When a specimen keys out it should then be compared with the detailed<br />
description <strong>of</strong> the species <strong>and</strong>, if possible, with good illustrations. It is not<br />
recommended that identification <strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> be attempted by simply comparing<br />
the specimens with illustrations . Undoubtedly many correct identifica-<br />
tions <strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> have been made in this way but there are so many species<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> that are superficially similar in appearance that this method is<br />
likely to lead to serious errors.<br />
In making an identification <strong>of</strong> a species, the first thing that must be<br />
determined is the color <strong>of</strong> the spores. This can best be seen in a spore deposit<br />
or spore print (Figure 45). To obtain a spore print cut <strong>of</strong>f the stipe close to the<br />
pileus, lay the pileus on a piece <strong>of</strong> white paper with the lamellae downward <strong>and</strong><br />
leave it for several hours. Better results will be obtained if it is covered with a<br />
glass or dish <strong>of</strong> some sort to protect it from air currents. Some people have<br />
used black paper in order to better show up white spore deposits, but pale<br />
cream, pale pink, or Hlac spores may appear to be white if deposited on black<br />
paper, <strong>and</strong> since white spores can always be seen on white paper if viewed at an<br />
angle, only white paper should be used. Satisfactory spore prints <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong><br />
the firmer species can be obtained in the field by cutting <strong>of</strong>f the stipe, laying the<br />
15
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
pileus on a piece <strong>of</strong> white paper with the lamellae down, wrapping it carefully<br />
in waxed paper, <strong>and</strong> laying it flat on the bottom <strong>of</strong> the basket. A good spore<br />
deposit may be obtained by the time one returns from the collecting trip.<br />
If the spore deposit is white to yellow, the amyloid reaction <strong>of</strong> the spores<br />
should be determined. This reaction is determined by placing some <strong>of</strong> the<br />
spores on a glass slide <strong>and</strong> adding a drop <strong>of</strong> a solution (Meizer's Reagent)<br />
made up <strong>of</strong> 1.5 grams potassium iodide, 0.5 grams iodine, 20 grams distilled<br />
water <strong>and</strong> 20 grams chloral hydrate. If the spores turn gray-blue to blackish<br />
blue they are amyloid <strong>and</strong> if there is no reaction they are nonamyloid. The<br />
reaction can be observed with the microscope if one is available, or, if not, it<br />
can be seen by simply holding the sHde over white paper. The reaction should<br />
be noted within a few minutes <strong>of</strong> making the test <strong>and</strong> it is more reliable if<br />
tested on spores that have first been dried. A few species, particularly in<br />
Lepiota, will give a falsely amyloid or pseudoamyloid reaction <strong>and</strong> the color<br />
will be reddish brown.<br />
This reaction is <strong>of</strong> considerable importance in taxonomic work. For<br />
example, the genus Leucopaxillus contains some species that were formerly in<br />
Clitocybe <strong>and</strong> some that were in Tricholoma. These are beheved to form a<br />
natural group <strong>and</strong> can be recognized by the amyloid reaction <strong>of</strong> the spores. In<br />
16<br />
'0$m!^iii<br />
Figure 45. Spore print <strong>of</strong> a mushroom.
IDENTIFICATION<br />
this instance the reaction is used to dehmit a genus. Sometimes it is not con-<br />
sidered to indicate a difference <strong>of</strong> generic rank but is useful in distinguishing<br />
species. For example Amanita flavoconia <strong>and</strong> A. frostiana have been confused<br />
at times but they can readily be separated by this reaction since the spores <strong>of</strong><br />
A. flavoconia are amyloid <strong>and</strong> those <strong>of</strong> A. frostiana are not.<br />
Notes should then be taken on the color <strong>and</strong> size <strong>of</strong> the fruit bodies,<br />
whether or not the surface is smooth, hairy, scaly, etc., <strong>and</strong> whether or not it is<br />
dry, viscid, or hygrophanous. This latter term describes a condition in which<br />
the flesh absorbs moisture <strong>and</strong> becomes darker, taking on a watery appear-<br />
ance, <strong>and</strong> then fades considerably on drying. It is <strong>of</strong>ten a useful field character<br />
when one has become famihar with the characteristic appearance. The odor<br />
<strong>and</strong> taste should be noted, although amanitas should not be tasted. If a juice<br />
or latex is present it should be tasted, <strong>and</strong> the color <strong>and</strong> any changes in color<br />
noted. It is especially important in Cortinarius to record the color <strong>of</strong> the young<br />
lamellae before the spores have matured. Features <strong>of</strong> the stipe that should be<br />
noted are the size, color, <strong>and</strong> consistency, whether or not there is an annulus or<br />
volva present, whether or not the surface is smooth, fibrillose, scaly, etc., or if<br />
it is viscid or dry.<br />
In short, the collection should be studied carefully <strong>and</strong> all the characters<br />
noted while the material is still fresh. Notes that are made in the form <strong>of</strong> a<br />
concise description are hkely to be better than those made by following a form<br />
or chart. Probably most people will make their final identifications from fresh<br />
material but if good notes are made on fresh specimens that are then carefully<br />
dried, it is <strong>of</strong>ten possible <strong>and</strong> even in some instances preferable, to make<br />
identifications from dried specimens.<br />
In preparing dried specimens it is important to dry them as quickly as<br />
possible without scorching or cooking them. A good free circulation <strong>of</strong> air is<br />
essential. Probably the best method is to spread the <strong>mushrooms</strong> on a screen or<br />
series <strong>of</strong> screens that can be suspended or placed in a frame over the source<br />
<strong>of</strong> heat.<br />
In this book relatively httle emphasis has been placed on the use <strong>of</strong><br />
microscopic characters in the identification <strong>of</strong> species. However, for those who<br />
have a microscope, the size <strong>and</strong> shape <strong>of</strong> the spores have been given through-<br />
out, <strong>and</strong> in some cases also the cystidia are described.<br />
After the specimens have been studied <strong>and</strong> their characters noted one can<br />
then attempt to identify them by using the key. The key should be used as a<br />
guide only, <strong>and</strong> when a species keys out it should be checked carefully with the<br />
description <strong>and</strong> illustrations. Mushrooms are hving organisms <strong>and</strong> show<br />
variations between individuals <strong>and</strong> between collections that have grown under<br />
different environmental conditions. The descriptions in this book are based as<br />
far as possible on normal <strong>and</strong> typical specimens <strong>and</strong> they attempt to describe<br />
the range <strong>of</strong> variation ordinarily encountered. It should be kept in mind also<br />
that the descriptions <strong>of</strong> a great many species have, <strong>of</strong> necessity, been omitted<br />
<strong>and</strong> hence a specimen that keys out to a certain species but does not agree with<br />
the description <strong>of</strong> that species should not be so identified. The chances are good<br />
that it is a species not described in this book.<br />
17
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
Suppose we have a specimen to be identified. The first choice in the key<br />
(p. 29) is based on the character <strong>of</strong> the lamellae <strong>and</strong> in this specimen they are<br />
thin, well developed <strong>and</strong> crowded, so we go to choice 2. We check the spore<br />
deposit <strong>and</strong> find it is colored, so we go to choice 25. Here there are five choices<br />
<strong>and</strong> we find our specimen has a pink spore deposit, so we go to choice 26. It<br />
has a central stipe, which takes us to choice 27, <strong>and</strong> the lamellae are free from<br />
the stipe, which carries us to 28. There is no trace <strong>of</strong> an annulus or volva, so<br />
we come to Pluteus <strong>and</strong> turn to the key to the species <strong>of</strong> this genus (p.<br />
1 65).<br />
The pileus is brown <strong>and</strong> the lamellae do not have a black edge so we arrive at<br />
Pluteus cervinus, <strong>and</strong> on comparing our specimen with the description we find<br />
it matches <strong>and</strong> we can conclude that we have identified the species.<br />
If the specimen had had a yellow pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe we would similarly<br />
have checked Pluteus admirabilis but a specimen with a yellow pileus <strong>and</strong> white<br />
stipe would have caused diflftculty. Another reference book might show that<br />
there is a species <strong>of</strong> Pluteus with a yellow cap <strong>and</strong> white stipe, P. leoninus, that<br />
is not described in this book. But it would have been wrong to assume that we<br />
had found P. admirabilis because it keyed out here, when the description <strong>of</strong><br />
P. admirabilis called for a yellow stipe <strong>and</strong> our specimen had a white one.<br />
A key thus has its limitations but if used critically <strong>and</strong> with caution it<br />
should be <strong>of</strong> great assistance in identifying the specimens collected.<br />
If other methods <strong>of</strong> identification fail it is sometimes possible to send<br />
specimens to specialists <strong>and</strong> have them identified. In the <strong>Canada</strong> Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agriculture we do not have the staff or the time available to undertake<br />
identifications on a large scale. However, for the beginner who may wish to<br />
check on the identification <strong>of</strong> some common species <strong>of</strong> which he is uncertain,<br />
or for the more advanced student who thinks he may have found some rare or<br />
unusual species <strong>of</strong> special interest, we try to provide all the assistance possible.<br />
Fresh specimens may be sent in by mail <strong>and</strong> if they are not too long in<br />
transit <strong>and</strong> are not overmature, worm-eaten, or decayed, they <strong>of</strong>ten arrive in<br />
good condition. Specimens wrapped in tissue paper or newspaper which will<br />
absorb excess moisture arrive in better condition than those wrapped in<br />
waxed paper or packed in tin cans. Under these latter conditions moisture<br />
accumulates <strong>and</strong> bacterial decay sets in. Species <strong>of</strong> Coprinus do not travel well<br />
by mail <strong>and</strong> usually arrive as an inky mess.<br />
Specimens <strong>of</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> should never be preserved in fluid or sent in for<br />
identification in fluid. They are almost impossible to identify when preserved<br />
in this way.<br />
It is much preferable when sending material in for identification to take<br />
careful notes on the fresh condition, then dry the specimens <strong>and</strong> send them in<br />
the dried condition. If properly dried they will keep indefinitely <strong>and</strong> with good<br />
notes they can be identified just about as readily as in the fresh condition.<br />
Furthermore, there is the advantage to us that if they prove to be an interesting<br />
species the dried specimens can be placed in the herbarium <strong>and</strong> become part <strong>of</strong><br />
the permanent scientific record.<br />
18
NOMENCLATURE<br />
NOMENCLATURE<br />
Undoubtedly one <strong>of</strong> the things that discourage the amateur from taking<br />
up the study <strong>of</strong> fungi is the difficulty <strong>of</strong> mastering the names. Relatively few<br />
species have common or vernacular names <strong>and</strong> attempts to create common<br />
names for them by translating the Latin names have not been very successful.<br />
In reahty the Latin names are not so difficult as w^ould first appear <strong>and</strong> after a<br />
little experience in associating them with actual specimens they become as<br />
famihar as do the Latin names <strong>of</strong> common flowers to enthusiastic gardeners.<br />
Obviously we must apply names to fungi <strong>and</strong> other plants in order to<br />
refer to them <strong>and</strong>, since fungi do not recognize national boundaries, some<br />
system <strong>of</strong> naming must be followed that can be used by scientists <strong>of</strong> all coun-<br />
tries. The system that has been adopted was devised by the Swedish botanist<br />
Carl Linnaeus in the eighteenth century <strong>and</strong> is called the binomial system <strong>of</strong><br />
nomenclature. In this system individual plants that are considered to be <strong>of</strong><br />
the same kind are grouped together to form a species, related species are<br />
placed in a genus, related genera in a family, related famihes in an order,<br />
related orders in a class, <strong>and</strong> related classes in a division. The whole hierarchy<br />
constitutes the plant kingdom.<br />
The name <strong>of</strong> any individual plant consists <strong>of</strong> two words, the name <strong>of</strong> the<br />
genus <strong>and</strong> the name <strong>of</strong> the species, the latter usually a descriptive adjective.<br />
When we name a plant in this way we are at the same time classifying it in<br />
relation to other plants. Our knowledge <strong>of</strong> the relationships <strong>of</strong> plants to each<br />
other is continually increasing so that our ideas about the classification <strong>of</strong><br />
plants change accordingly <strong>and</strong> this leads inevitably to changes <strong>of</strong> the names.<br />
Ideally, <strong>of</strong> course, one species should have one correct name, but as long<br />
as our system <strong>of</strong> classification is imperfect <strong>and</strong> the relationships <strong>of</strong> plants not<br />
fully understood, botanists will diff^er in their ideas about the classification <strong>and</strong><br />
relationships <strong>and</strong> so will diff*er in their choice <strong>of</strong> names. Furthermore, many<br />
niistakes can <strong>and</strong> do occur with resultant confusion concerning names. Some<br />
common errors <strong>of</strong> this type arise from diff'erent botanists describing the same<br />
plant under diff'erent names or describing diff'erent plants under the same<br />
name, or applying a name to a diff'erent plant from that intended by the<br />
original author. In order to settle disputes <strong>and</strong> clear up confusion <strong>of</strong> this sort,<br />
it is necessary for botanists to agree on a set <strong>of</strong> rules determining the choice <strong>of</strong><br />
a name.<br />
From time to time botanists hold an international congress <strong>and</strong> the<br />
authority <strong>of</strong> this body is generally recognized in the drawing up <strong>of</strong> a set <strong>of</strong><br />
rules <strong>of</strong> nomenclature <strong>and</strong> in making revisions deemed necessary. The <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
title <strong>of</strong> the set <strong>of</strong> rules is now the International Code <strong>of</strong> Botanical Nomenclature.<br />
The Code has nothing to do with classification. Each botanist is free to<br />
study a plant <strong>and</strong> come to a decision himself regarding its relationships with<br />
other plants, but when he has reached such a decision the Code determines the<br />
correct name to use for the plant. It is impossible to discuss the Code in any<br />
detail here, but some <strong>of</strong> the more important rules might be noted.<br />
19
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
In the first place it is necessary to have a starting point for our nomencla-<br />
ture <strong>and</strong> although for the higher plants this is Linnaeus' Species Plantarum,<br />
1753, for most <strong>of</strong> the fungi it has been decided to start with the Systerna<br />
Mycologicum published in 1821 by the Swedish mycologist E. M. Fries.<br />
In order to have any claim to recognition, a name must be validly <strong>and</strong><br />
effectively published. It is not sufficient to put a name on a specimen in a<br />
herbarium or botanic garden, or to mention it at a public meeting or refer to it<br />
in a thesis. It must be made available to botanists everywhere. Names published<br />
before the <strong>of</strong>ficial starting point are regarded as not validly published. A<br />
name must be accompanied by a description <strong>and</strong> since 1935 a name is not<br />
considered to be validly published unless it is accompanied by a Latin diagnosis.<br />
Sometimes more than one name may be vaHdly pubhshed for the same<br />
plant <strong>and</strong> in that case the earliest name is considered to be the correct one.<br />
These are, perhaps, the most important rules but there are others which,<br />
if they are not complied with, render a name illegitimate. If a name is found<br />
to be illegitimate it cannot be used <strong>and</strong> the earliest legitimate name must be<br />
chosen for the plant. If none exists, the plant must be given a new name.<br />
It is usual when writing the scientific name <strong>of</strong> a plant to give also the<br />
name <strong>of</strong> the author who proposed the name. If the species is later transferred<br />
to another genus, the name <strong>of</strong> the original author is placed in parentheses<br />
followed by the name <strong>of</strong> the author who made the transfer. This practice has<br />
sometimes been criticized as a form <strong>of</strong> self-advertisement on the part <strong>of</strong> the<br />
authors, but that is not the purpose. It is rather to supply a reference to the<br />
source <strong>of</strong> the name, thus enabling taxonomists to check on the validity <strong>and</strong><br />
legitimacy <strong>of</strong> the names <strong>and</strong> determine exactly to what plants they apply, <strong>and</strong><br />
in this way these author references are invaluable to the research taxonomist.<br />
A primary aim <strong>of</strong> the Code is, <strong>of</strong> course, to bring about stabihty <strong>of</strong> names<br />
<strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the most important means <strong>of</strong> achieving this is the use <strong>of</strong> the type<br />
concept. When an author describes a new species he is expected to designate<br />
some particular specimen as the type <strong>of</strong> that species. If he does not do so,<br />
some specimen must subsequently be chosen as the type. The name is then per-<br />
manently fixed to that specimen <strong>and</strong> when we apply the name to any other<br />
specimen we are, in effect, saying that it belongs to the same species as the<br />
type. If, as sometimes happens, it is found that a name has been applied to<br />
plants belonging to more than one species, the name must be retained for those<br />
that match the type <strong>and</strong> the others must be given another name. Sometimes an<br />
author may make an error in describing a species or misinterpret structures he<br />
has observed ; the concept <strong>of</strong> the species is then determined by the type specimen<br />
<strong>and</strong> not by what the author said about it.<br />
Similarly when a genus is established, one species is taken as the type <strong>of</strong><br />
the genus <strong>and</strong> the application <strong>of</strong> the name is determined by that species. For<br />
example, if it is considered that unrelated species may have been placed in the<br />
same genus <strong>and</strong> it is necessary to divide the old genus into two or more genera,<br />
the original name must be retained for the type species <strong>and</strong> others that may be<br />
considered congeneric with it. A good example <strong>of</strong> this is seen in the mush-<br />
20
CLASSIFICATION<br />
rooms. In his Systema Mycologicum, Fries placed nearly all the <strong>mushrooms</strong> in<br />
the genus Agaricus but he divided the genus into a number <strong>of</strong> sections such as<br />
Lepiota, Tricholoma, Pholiota, Psalliota, etc. Later authors raised these sec-<br />
tions to the rank <strong>of</strong> genera, but the old name Agaricus had to be retained for<br />
one <strong>of</strong> these sections, depending on what was considered to be the type species<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agaricus. Since the common meadow mushroom, Agaricus campestris, is<br />
taken as the type, the name Agaricus must be used for it <strong>and</strong> its close relatives.<br />
The name Psalliota, which was used by Fries for this section <strong>and</strong> by some later<br />
authors as a generic name, then becomes a synonym <strong>of</strong> Agaricus <strong>and</strong> is no<br />
longer a legitimate name.<br />
In this book a number <strong>of</strong> species may be found under unfamiliar names.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> the changes are the result <strong>of</strong> advances in our knowledge <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> con-<br />
sequent improvements in the classification. For example, it is beheved that it is<br />
a better expression <strong>of</strong> relationships to remove the species with granulose caps<br />
from Lepiota to Cystoderma, <strong>and</strong> the species with viscid caps from Lepiota to<br />
Limacella. Other changes are necessitated in order to comply with the rules<br />
rather than because <strong>of</strong> changes in our ideas <strong>of</strong> classification. Examples <strong>of</strong> these<br />
changes are the use <strong>of</strong> Agaricus rather than Psalliota, Volvariella rather than<br />
Volvaria, <strong>and</strong> Lepiota molybdites rather than L. morgani for the green-spored<br />
Lepiota. Such changes are regretted but only by careful adherence to the rules<br />
<strong>and</strong> the acceptance <strong>of</strong> changes necessitated thereby, will we eventually attain a<br />
stable nomenclature.<br />
CLASSIFICATION<br />
Fungi, the class <strong>of</strong> plants to which <strong>mushrooms</strong> belong, may be defined in<br />
a general way as plants lacking true leaves, stems, <strong>and</strong> roots, lacking chlorophyll,<br />
<strong>and</strong> reproducing by spores. They are usually divided into four main<br />
subclasses.<br />
The first <strong>of</strong> these is called the Phycomycetes. The fungi referred to this<br />
group are characterized in general by the absence <strong>of</strong> cross walls or septa in the<br />
hyphae composing the mycehum <strong>and</strong> by the production <strong>of</strong> spores within a<br />
sac, usually a more or less swollen cell, termed a sporangium. The Phycomy-<br />
cetes include forms such as the common bread mold, the potato-bhght fungus,<br />
the downy mildews, many aquatic fungi <strong>and</strong> many minute, one-celled forms.<br />
None <strong>of</strong> the Phycomycetes will be discussed in this book.<br />
The second subclass is called the Ascomycetes. In this group the hyphae<br />
have cross walls <strong>and</strong> the spores are produced in a speciahzed cell called an<br />
ascus (Figure 41, p. 9). The production <strong>of</strong> spores in the ascus is regarded as a<br />
sexual process. In the young ascus two nuclei fuse <strong>and</strong> then typically divide<br />
three times, forming eight spores which are forcibly discharged when they are<br />
mature. The asci may be produced directly on the mycehum or developed<br />
within more or less speciahzed fruiting bodies. Those Ascomycetes in which<br />
the fruiting bodies bearing the asci are structures that are closed, or that open<br />
by a narrow pore or beak, are known as Pyrenomycetes (Figure 44, p. 9);<br />
21
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
whereas those in which the asci are arranged in a layer exposed to the air are<br />
known as Discomycetes (Figure 43, p. 9). The Ascomycetes as a whole com-<br />
prise many thous<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> species including yeasts, molds, powdery mildews,<br />
ergots, numerous leaf-spotting <strong>and</strong> wood-staining fungi <strong>and</strong> many others. In<br />
this book only a very few <strong>of</strong> the larger fleshy Discomycetes, <strong>and</strong> one Pyreno-<br />
mycete, are discussed'.<br />
The third subclass is called the Basidiomycetes. In this group the hyphae<br />
also have cross walls <strong>and</strong> the spores are produced on a speciahzed cell known<br />
as the basidium (Figure 37, p. 9). In the basidium two nuclei fuse <strong>and</strong> then<br />
typically divide twice, giving rise to four nuclei, but in contrast to the Ascomycetes<br />
where the spores mature within the ascus <strong>and</strong> are discharged when<br />
mature, in the Basidiomycetes the nuclei migrate to the tips <strong>of</strong> little stalks <strong>and</strong><br />
the spores develop outside the basidium itself <strong>and</strong> are forcibly shot <strong>of</strong>f" the<br />
stalks when they are mature. Most <strong>of</strong> the fungi described in this book belong<br />
in the Basidiomycetes.<br />
The fourth subclass is known as the Fungi Imperfecti. This group is not<br />
strictly comparable to the other three since it comprises those forms in which a<br />
perfect or sexual state is unknown or lacking <strong>and</strong> reproduction takes place by<br />
vegetative means, usually by some form <strong>of</strong> asexual spore. These asexual<br />
spores are <strong>of</strong>ten called conidia <strong>and</strong> many forms that used to be grouped with<br />
the Fungi Imperfecti are now known to be conidial states <strong>of</strong> Ascomycetes,<br />
Phycomycetes, or Basidiomycetes. However there are still a great many whose<br />
perfect or sexual state is unknown <strong>and</strong> it is possible that some <strong>of</strong> these forms<br />
reproduce so efficiently with conidia alone that they have lost the ability to<br />
develop the sexual state. Hence it is necessary to retain this subclass, although<br />
it does not represent a natural grouping. None <strong>of</strong> the Fungi Imperfecti are<br />
discussed in this book.<br />
BASIDIOMYCETES<br />
The <strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>and</strong> most <strong>of</strong> the larger fungi that will be found by the<br />
amateur collector belong in the subclass Basidiomycetes <strong>and</strong> it is necessary to<br />
consider the classification <strong>of</strong> this group in a little more detail. As has been<br />
noted, the fundamental character <strong>of</strong> the group is that the spores are produced<br />
outside the mother cell rather than within it. The typical basidium is a more or<br />
less club-shaped single cell with four Httle stalks or sterigmata arising at the<br />
apex <strong>and</strong> the spores develop on the tips <strong>of</strong> these stalks (Figure 37, p. 9).<br />
When mature, the spores are forcibly discharged from the sterigmata by the<br />
pressure <strong>of</strong> surface tension <strong>of</strong> a drop <strong>of</strong> water that is excreted from the tip <strong>of</strong><br />
the sterigma below the spore. This is the type <strong>of</strong> basidium found in most <strong>of</strong> the<br />
larger fleshy fungi such as the agarics, boletes, hydnums, clavarias, <strong>and</strong><br />
polypores.<br />
The basidia are arranged in a definite layer in the fruiting body in such a<br />
way that the spores can be discharged into the open air. This layer is called the<br />
hymenium <strong>and</strong> these fungi are further divided into families based on the shape<br />
22
FUNGI<br />
<strong>of</strong> the hymenium. In the Agaricaceae, or <strong>mushrooms</strong>, the hymenium covers<br />
the surface <strong>of</strong> thin blades or gill-Hke structures termed lamellae which are<br />
more or less radially arranged on the under surface <strong>of</strong> the pileus. In the Hyd-<br />
naceae it covers the surface <strong>of</strong> tooth-like structures. In the Boletaceae the<br />
hymenium lines the inner surface <strong>of</strong> tubes <strong>and</strong> the fruiting body is s<strong>of</strong>t, fleshy,<br />
<strong>and</strong> mushroom-like whereas in the Polyporaceae it also hnes the surface <strong>of</strong><br />
tubes but the fruiting body is tough, corky to leathery, or woody. In the<br />
Clavariaceae it is smooth <strong>and</strong> covers the entire fruiting body; whereas in the<br />
Thelephoraceae it is also smooth but the fruiting body is more or less dif-<br />
ferentiated into an upper, sterile surface, <strong>and</strong> a lower, fertile surface.<br />
The above brief account is an outline <strong>of</strong> the traditional basis for dis-<br />
tingiiishing these famihes <strong>of</strong> Basidiomycetes but as a result <strong>of</strong> recent studies <strong>of</strong><br />
microscopic structure, chemical reactions, cultural characters <strong>and</strong> so on,<br />
modern taxonomists are pretty generally agreed that it is not a satisfactory<br />
classification from a scientific st<strong>and</strong>point. For example, Lenzites has lamellae<br />
but is obviously much more closely related to the polypores than to the other<br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Gomphidius has lamellae but is apparently more closely<br />
related to the boletes than to the <strong>mushrooms</strong>. Many other examples could be<br />
given. However, for the purpose <strong>of</strong> this book the traditional classification is<br />
quite satisfactory.<br />
In the Gasteromycetes or puffballs, the basidia are produced in a closed<br />
fruiting body <strong>and</strong> not arranged in a hymenium. The spores are not forcibly<br />
discharged into the air but are disseminated by wind, rain, <strong>and</strong> insects.<br />
Other groups <strong>of</strong> Basidiomycetes may exhibit variations in the form <strong>and</strong><br />
structure <strong>of</strong> the basidium itself. In the Auriculariaceae the basidium becomes<br />
transversely septate, the cross walls forming four cells from each <strong>of</strong> which a<br />
sterigma arises (Figure 40, p. 9). In the Tremellaceae the basidium becomes<br />
longitudinally septate <strong>and</strong> the walls are at right angles ; consequently four cells<br />
are formed, from each <strong>of</strong> which a sterigma arises (Figure 38, p. 9). In the<br />
Dacrymycetaceae the basidium becomes deeply divided or forked with sterigmata<br />
at the apices <strong>of</strong> the forks (Figure 39, p. 9).<br />
One large group <strong>of</strong> Basidiomycetes is not discussed in this book. This<br />
group consists <strong>of</strong> the rusts <strong>and</strong> smuts, which live as parasites on other plants<br />
<strong>and</strong> in which the basidium has cross walls <strong>and</strong> is produced directly on germina-<br />
tion <strong>of</strong> a speciahzed, thick-walled resting spore rather than in a fruit body.<br />
The above classification may be presented briefly as follows<br />
FUNGI<br />
Phycomycetes — hyphae lacking cross walls; spores borne in sporangia<br />
Ascomycetes — hyphae with cross walls; spores produced in asci<br />
Plectomycetes — asci produced directly on the mycehum<br />
Pyrenomycetes — asci produced in a closed fruiting body or perithecium<br />
Discomycetes — asci produced in an apothecium, a fruiting body with<br />
an exposed fruiting surface<br />
:<br />
23
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
Basidiomycetes — hyphae with cross walls; spores produced on a basidium<br />
Hemibasidiomycetes — basidia produced directly on germination <strong>of</strong> a<br />
resting spore (the rusts <strong>and</strong> smuts)<br />
Eubasidiomycetes — basidia usually produced in a fruiting body, not<br />
on germination <strong>of</strong> a resting spore<br />
Tremellales — basidia septate or deeply forked ; fruiting bodies<br />
usually more or less gelatinous<br />
Auriculariaceae — basidia transversely septate<br />
Tremellaceae — basidia longitudinally septate<br />
Dacrymycetaceae — basidia deeply divided, forked<br />
Hymenomycetales — basidia one-celled, arranged in a hymenium;<br />
fruiting bodies fleshy to membranous to<br />
leathery or woody<br />
Agaricaceae — hymenium covering lamellae<br />
Hydnaceae — hymenium covering teeth<br />
Boletaceae — hymenium lining tubes ; fruit body s<strong>of</strong>t <strong>and</strong><br />
fleshy<br />
Polyporaceae — hymenium lining tubes ; fruit body tough,<br />
corky, leathery, or woody<br />
Clavariaceae — hymenium smooth, covering entire fruiting<br />
body<br />
Thelephoraceae — hymenium smooth ; fruiting body differenti-<br />
ated into sterile <strong>and</strong> fertile surfaces<br />
Gasteromycetales — basidia one-celled, borne in a closed fruiting<br />
body, not arranged in a hymenium<br />
Phallaceae — spore mass slimy, evil smeUing, at maturity<br />
raised on a stalk-like receptacle<br />
Lycoperdaceae — spore mass powdery, remaining enclosed by<br />
the peridium<br />
Nidulariaceae — fructification a cup-shaped or vase-shaped<br />
structure containing several peridioles (hard,<br />
egg-like bodies) within which the spores are<br />
produced<br />
Fungi Imperfecti — fungi lacking sporangiospores, ascospores, or basidio-<br />
24<br />
46. Cantharellus cibarius.<br />
48. C. clavatus.<br />
50. C tubaeformis.<br />
52. C. multiplex.<br />
54. L. affinis.<br />
spores; no sexual organs present, reproduction by vegeta-<br />
tive spores<br />
Figures 46-55<br />
47. C. cinnabarinus.<br />
49. C. floccosus.<br />
51. C umbonatus.<br />
53. Lactarius camphoratus.<br />
55. L. affinis.
26<br />
.1"<br />
"^<br />
57. Lac tar ills deliciosus.<br />
59. L. controversHS.<br />
61. L. helvus.<br />
63. L. lignyotus.<br />
65. L. indigo.<br />
I<br />
A ••<br />
^ .<br />
^s,^B»^<br />
Figures 57-66<br />
<<br />
58. L. deliciosus.<br />
60. L. g rise us.<br />
62. L. hygrophoroides.<br />
64. L. trivialis<br />
66. L. indigo.<br />
3<br />
&«<br />
tl^
28<br />
Figure 67. Lactarius deceptiviis.<br />
Figure 68. Russula delica.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF MUSHROOMS<br />
GENERA OF MUSHROOMS<br />
1. Lamellae fold-like, thick on edge, forked Cantharellus<br />
1. Lamellae well developed, crowded to distant but not fold-like 2<br />
2. Spore deposit white 3<br />
2. Spore deposit colored 25<br />
3. Lamellae free from stipe 4<br />
3. Lamellae attached to stipe 6<br />
4. Volva <strong>and</strong> annulus present Amanita<br />
4. Volva present; annulus absent Amanitopsis<br />
4. Volva absent; annulus present 5<br />
5. Pileus viscid Limacella<br />
5. Pileus not viscid Lepiota<br />
6. Annulus present 7<br />
6. Annulus not present 8<br />
7. Cuticle <strong>of</strong> cap granulose to warty Cystoderma<br />
7. Cuticle smooth or scaly but not granulose Armillaria<br />
8. Fruit body s<strong>of</strong>t <strong>and</strong> fleshy, not reviving when moistened 9<br />
8. Fruit body tough, corky to leathery, more or less reviving<br />
when moistened 21<br />
9. Stipe excentric, lateral, or absent Pleurotus<br />
9. Stipe central 10<br />
10. Lamellae <strong>of</strong> waxy consistency 11<br />
10. Lamellae not waxy 12<br />
11. Spores smooth Hygrophorus<br />
11. Spores echinulate Laccaria<br />
12. Trama <strong>of</strong> fruit body composed <strong>of</strong> both filamentous <strong>and</strong> globular<br />
cells; texture brittle; lamellae stiff <strong>and</strong> easily broken; spores<br />
amyloid 13<br />
12. Trama <strong>of</strong> filamentous cells only; lacking above combination<br />
<strong>of</strong> characters '.<br />
14<br />
13. Milky juice present Lactarius<br />
13. Milky juice absent Russula<br />
14. Stipe cartilaginous in texture, different from the pileus 15<br />
14. Stipe fleshy or fibrous, somewhat similar to the pileus in<br />
consistency or tougher 17<br />
15. Stipe somewhat horny in consistency; lamellae decurrent Xeromphalina<br />
15. Stipe not horny; lamellae adnate to adnexed 16<br />
16. Margin <strong>of</strong> pileus incurved; pileus becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed Collybia<br />
16. Margin <strong>of</strong> pileus straight; pileus usually somewhat bell-shaped Mycena<br />
17. Lamellae decurrent 18<br />
17. Lamellae not decurrent 19<br />
18. Spores amyloid Leucopaxillus<br />
18. Spores not amyloid Clitocybe<br />
19. Spores not amyloid Tricholoma<br />
19. Spores amyloid 20<br />
29
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
20. Pileus hygrophanus; lamellae with harpoonlike cystidia Melanoleuca<br />
20. Pileus rarely hygrophanous, usually dull colored, large <strong>and</strong> fleshy;<br />
lamellae without harpoonlike cystidia Leucopaxillus<br />
21. Lamellae split along edge Schizophyllum<br />
21. Lamellae not split along edge 22<br />
22. Lamellae serrate-torn on edge Lentinus<br />
22. Lamellae not serrate-torn on edge 23<br />
23. Lamellae crisped, thick Trogia<br />
23. Lamellae entire 24<br />
24. Stipe central; pileus membranous to somewhat fleshy, reviving Marasmius<br />
24. Stipe excentric, lateral, or wanting; pileus tough, fleshy-leathery<br />
to corky Panus<br />
25. Spore deposit greenish see Lepiota molybdites<br />
25. Spore deposit lilac to grayish lilac Pleurotus<br />
(see Laccaria ochropurpurea)<br />
25. Spore deposit pinkish 26<br />
25. Spore deposit yellowish to rusty or brown 33<br />
25. Spore deposit purplish to purple-brown or blackish 45<br />
26. Stipe lateral or lacking Phyllotopsis<br />
26. Stipe central 27<br />
27. Lamellae free from the stipe 28<br />
27. Lamellae attached to the stipe 29<br />
28. Volva present; annulus lacking Volvariella<br />
28. Both annulus <strong>and</strong> volva lacking Pluteus<br />
29. Lamellae decurrent CUtopilus<br />
29. Lamellae adnate to adnexed 30<br />
30. Lamellae sinuate 31<br />
30. Lamellae not sinuate 32<br />
31. Spores angular Entoloma<br />
31. Spores not angular, slightly rough Tricholoma<br />
32. Margin at first incurved; pileus convex Leptonia<br />
32. Margin at first straight; pileus usually more or less conical to<br />
campanulate Nolanea<br />
33. Stipe excentric, lateral or wanting Crepidotus<br />
33. Stipe central 34<br />
34. Veil composed <strong>of</strong> cobweb-like filaments; spore deposit dark brown Cortinarius<br />
34. Veil membranous or lacking 35<br />
35. Annulus present 36<br />
35. Annulus lacking 37<br />
36. Pileus with a mealy-granulose surface Phaeolepiota<br />
36. Surface <strong>of</strong> pileus smooth or scaly, not mealy-granulose Pholiota<br />
37. Lamellae separating readily from the pileus trama Paxillus<br />
37. Lamellae not separating readily from the pileus trama 38<br />
38. Trama <strong>of</strong> pileus composed <strong>of</strong> filamentous <strong>and</strong> globose cells; spores amyloid 39<br />
38. Trama <strong>of</strong> pileus filamentous; spores not amyloid 40<br />
30
GENERA OF MUSHROOMS<br />
39. Milky juice present Lactarius<br />
39. Milky juice lacking Russula<br />
40. Stipe fleshy to fibrous 41<br />
40. Stipe cartilaginous 43<br />
41. Growing on wood; lamellae usually bright colored,<br />
yellow to rusty Flammiila<br />
41. Growing on the ground; lamellae dull brownish to pallid 42<br />
42. Pileus viscid, smooth Hebeloma<br />
42. Pileus more or less fibrillose to silky or scaly, or splitting Inocybe<br />
43. Lamellae decurrent Tubaria<br />
43. Lamellae not decurrent 44<br />
44. Pileus convex to plane; margin at first incurved Naucoria<br />
44. Pileus more or less conical; margin straight;<br />
cuticle composed <strong>of</strong> vesiculose cells Conocybe<br />
44. Fruiting bodies fairly large, white, staining brown;<br />
spores pale yellow see Collybia maculata<br />
45. Lamellae waxy, decurrent Gomphidiiis<br />
45. Lamellae not decurrent 46<br />
46. Lamellae deliquescing Coprinus<br />
46. Lamellae not deliquescing 47<br />
47. Annulus present 48<br />
47. Annulus lacking 50<br />
48. Lamellae free from the stipe Agaricus<br />
48. Lamellae attached to the stipe 49<br />
49. Lamellae mottled Panaeolus<br />
49. Lamellae not mottled Stropharia<br />
50. Cuticle <strong>of</strong> pileus filamentous Naematoloma<br />
50. Cuticle <strong>of</strong> pileus composed <strong>of</strong> vesiculose cells 51<br />
51. Pileus plicate-striate <strong>and</strong> paraphyses coprinoid Pseudocoprinus<br />
51. Not with above combination <strong>of</strong> characters 52<br />
52. Lamellae mottled Panaeolus<br />
52. Lamellae not mottled Psathyrella<br />
31
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
CANTHARELLUS<br />
Cantharellus is an important genus for the mycophagist because many <strong>of</strong><br />
the species are large <strong>and</strong> conspicuous, <strong>and</strong> fairly easily recognized without<br />
much danger <strong>of</strong> being confused with <strong>poisonous</strong> species. The chanterelle,<br />
C. cibarius, is one <strong>of</strong> the species frequently used <strong>and</strong> highly recommended for<br />
food <strong>and</strong> should be on the Hst <strong>of</strong> every amateur collector.<br />
The genus is characterized by the thick, fold-like lamellae which are<br />
decurrent, usually distant <strong>and</strong> more or less forked. The stipe is continuous<br />
with the pileus <strong>and</strong> there is no veil. In some species the lamellae are poorly<br />
developed <strong>and</strong> little more than wrinkles. The genus then approaches Craterellus<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Thelephoraceae in which the hymenium is smooth. Cantharellus clava-<br />
tus, in which the lamellae are mere wrinkles, has been placed in Craterellus by<br />
some authors. On the other h<strong>and</strong>, in species in which the lamellae are better<br />
developed <strong>and</strong> less fold-like, the genus approaches Clitocybe. Cantharellus<br />
umbonatus with well-formed lamellae is hkely to be sought in Clitocybe, <strong>and</strong><br />
Clitocybe aurantiaca has been called Cantharellus aurantiacus by many authors.<br />
For those who are interested in the problems <strong>of</strong> relationships, it may be<br />
noted that modern taxonomists tend to the view that Cantharellus, as here<br />
constituted, does not comprise a natural group <strong>of</strong> species. For example,<br />
C. multiplex, with its pecuhar warted spores, has been made the type <strong>of</strong> a new<br />
genus, Polyozellus; <strong>and</strong> C. umbonatus, with amyloid spores, has been made the<br />
type <strong>of</strong> a new genus, Cantharellula. Although it is evident from modern taxonomic<br />
studies that these <strong>and</strong> other species are not closely related to C. cibarius,<br />
which is the type species <strong>of</strong> Cantharellus, it seems preferable to retain Can-<br />
tharellus in the more traditional sense for the purpose <strong>of</strong> this book. If Can-<br />
tharellus were to be used in the strict sense for only those species closely<br />
related to C. cibarius, it might be considered to be more closely related to the<br />
Clavariaceae than to the Agaricaceae.<br />
Key<br />
1. Fruiting bodies entirely red C. cinnabarinus<br />
1. Fruiting bodies not entirely red 2<br />
2. Fruiting bodies more or less yellow to brown 3<br />
2. Fruiting bodies not yellow 5<br />
3. Fruiting bodies large, vase-shaped, yellowish, with reddish<br />
or reddish orange scales C. floccosus<br />
3. Fruiting bodies not as above 4<br />
4. Fruiting bodies bright chrome-yellow to egg-yellow, firm, fleshy C cibarius<br />
4. Fruiting bodies brownish yellow to ochraceous brown, thin, pliant;<br />
lamellae drying grayish C. tubaeformis<br />
5. Fruiting bodies gray, usually with a small umbo; lamellae well developed,<br />
white; flesh reddening when wounded C umbonatus<br />
5. Fruiting bodies purplish flesh color to blackish 6<br />
6. Growing in dense cespitose masses; spores nearly globose, warty C. multiplex<br />
6. Usually separate to gregarious or sometimes slightly cespitose;<br />
32<br />
spores narrow-ellipsoid, wrinkled C. clavatus
CANTHARELLUS<br />
CANTHARELLUS CIBARIUS Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 46, page 25; Figure 411, page 295<br />
Chanterelle<br />
piLEUS 1-4 in. broad, fleshy, firm, convex or sometimes top-shaped,<br />
becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> then depressed in the center, <strong>of</strong>ten irregularly wavy<br />
or lobed, chrome-yellow to egg-yellow, fading in age, slightly fibrillose to<br />
glabrous, not striate, dry. flesh firm, whitish to yellowish, taste mild to somewhat<br />
peppery, odor fruity or sometimes lacking, lamellae decurrent, distant,<br />
forked, thick, blunt on the edge, narrow, yellow, stipe 2-3 in. long, I/2-I in.<br />
thick, narrower toward the base, solid, glabrous, concolorous with the pileus<br />
or paler, spores elhptical, smooth, tinged yellowish in mass, 8-1 1 X 4-6 /x.<br />
Scattered or in groups, or sometimes in small clusters, on the ground in<br />
open woods, either coniferous or deciduous. July-Sept.<br />
Not many <strong>mushrooms</strong> are sufficiently well known to possess a common<br />
name but this species, which is highly prized as food, especially in Europe, has<br />
many names in diff'erent languages <strong>of</strong> which the best known is the chanterelle.<br />
The European plants are said to have a fruity odor resembling apricots <strong>and</strong>,<br />
although this appears to be sometimes lacking in North American chanterelles,<br />
they are none the less desirable for the table. Because <strong>of</strong> its firm texture this<br />
species may require longer cooking than some <strong>of</strong> the more tender ones.<br />
It is an important mushroom, for it occurs fairly commonly, is widely<br />
distributed, <strong>and</strong> is sufficiently distinctive in appearance that it is not likely to<br />
be confused with any other species. It is one that the beginner may easily learn<br />
to recognize <strong>and</strong> collect with confidence. Care should be taken to distinguish<br />
between this species <strong>and</strong> the <strong>poisonous</strong> Clitocybe illudens, which is somewhat<br />
similar in color but has thin, close to crowded lamellae, <strong>and</strong> usually grows in<br />
large clusters. Clitocybe aurantiaca is another species <strong>of</strong> doubtful reputation<br />
that might be confused with it, but it is more orange in color <strong>and</strong> also has<br />
thin, close lamellae.<br />
Cantharellus subalbidus Smith & Morse is a western species that is similar<br />
in stature <strong>and</strong> appearance to C. cibarius but it is whitish in color <strong>and</strong> the<br />
spores are white rather than yellowish.<br />
CANTHARELLUS CINNABARINUS Schw. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 47, page 25<br />
PILEUS Yz-lVi<br />
becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed-depressed, <strong>of</strong>ten irregular, cinnabar-red, fading when old<br />
in. broad, rarely larger, fleshy, firm, convex, obtuse<br />
or on drying, glabrous, margin <strong>of</strong>ten wavy or lobed. flesh ;thin, whitish, red-<br />
dish at the surface, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae long-decurrent, distant,<br />
forked, thick, blunt on the edge, narrow, varying from red to yellowish or<br />
in. thick, equal or tapering downward,<br />
pinkish, stipe %-] 1/2 in. long, Y^-Va<br />
sometimes compressed at the apex, tough, fleshy, solid or sometimes stuff'ed,<br />
33
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
smooth, concolorous with the pileus or paler, spores white or faintly pink in<br />
mass, oblong-elliptical, smooth, (7) 8-10 (11) X 3.5-5 /n.<br />
July-Oct.<br />
Scattered or in groups in open deciduous woods or along roadsides.<br />
This is the only Cantharellus that is entirely red, <strong>and</strong>, although it fades<br />
considerably on exposure to wind <strong>and</strong> sun, it is not hkely to be confused with<br />
any other species. It is said to be common in some locaHties but has only<br />
rarely been collected in the Ottawa district.<br />
CANTHARELLUS CLAVATUS Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 48, page 25<br />
PILEUS 1-4 in. broad, occasionally larger, fleshy, firm, top-shaped, obconic,<br />
or becoming depressed <strong>and</strong> cup-shaped with a flaring margin, usually irregular<br />
<strong>and</strong> lobed, purplish flesh color to greenish yellow, surface cottony to slightly<br />
scaly. FLESH firm, rather tough, thick, whitish, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae<br />
long-decurrent, rather distant, narrow <strong>and</strong> ridge-form, forking, flesh color to<br />
pale purplish umber, stipe Yi-^ in. long, )4-% in. thick, gradually exp<strong>and</strong>ing<br />
into the pileus, usually tapering downward, solid, purpHsh flesh color to pallid,<br />
white-floccose below, spores pale ochraceous in mass, narrow-elliptical to<br />
cylindrical, wrinkled, 10-14 X 4-6 m-<br />
In groups or clusters on the ground in coniferous woods. July-Sept.<br />
The shape <strong>and</strong> color <strong>of</strong> this species are highly distinctive although when<br />
growing luxuriantly it might be confused with C. multiplex. The size <strong>and</strong> shape<br />
<strong>of</strong> the spores provide a certain <strong>and</strong> easy way to distinguish these two.<br />
The lamellae are sometimes very narrow <strong>and</strong> poorly developed <strong>and</strong> for<br />
this reason some authors have placed this fungus in Craterellus <strong>of</strong> the Thelephoraceae,<br />
but usually they are suflRciently well developed that it would seem<br />
to be better placed in Cantharellus.<br />
C. pseudoclavatus Smith is a western species that is very similar to C. cla-<br />
vatus but has smooth spores. C brevipes Peck is also close to C. clavatus but<br />
has larger spores, 13-16 X 5-6 ix.<br />
CANTHARELLUS FLOCCOSUS Schw. <strong>Edible</strong> for most people<br />
Figure 49, page 25<br />
PILEUS 2-4 in. broad, sometimes broader, deeply funnel-shaped, vaseshaped<br />
or trumpet-shaped, 3-6 in. high, firm, yellowish at first, becoming<br />
reddish or orange, floccose-scaly, the scales more or less reddish to reddish<br />
orange, margin sometimes wavy, flesh white or whitish, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild.<br />
LAMELLAE long-dccurrcnt, close to subdistant, narrow <strong>and</strong> ridge-form, blunt<br />
on the edge, forked, ochraceous or reddish yellow, stipe short, exp<strong>and</strong>ing into<br />
the pileus, J/2-I in. thick, glabrous, pale ochraceous, whitish at base, at first<br />
solid, becoming hollow, the base sometimes abruptly narrowed <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten deep<br />
34
CANTHARELLUS<br />
in the ground, spores ochraceous in mass, elliptical, smooth, 11-15 (21) X (6)<br />
6.5-7.5 (8) fjL.<br />
In groups on the ground in coniferous woods. July-Oct.<br />
This mushroom with its large, brightly colored, vase-shaped fruiting<br />
bodies is one <strong>of</strong> the most striking fungi to be found in the woods. It is not<br />
hkely to be confused with any other species, although there is a western<br />
species, C. kauffmannii Smith, that is somewhat similar in stature <strong>and</strong> also has<br />
scales on the pileus. The scales on C. kauffmannii, however, are brownish <strong>and</strong><br />
never yellow or orange.<br />
This fungus should not be eaten in quantity unless small amounts are<br />
first tested. Although it is usually considered edible <strong>and</strong> very good, there is<br />
some evidence that it may cause illness in certain individuals.<br />
CANTHARELLUS MULTIPLEX Underw.<br />
Figure 52, page 25<br />
PILEUS Yx-^Vi in. broad, fleshy-pHant, somewhat fan-shaped to funnel-<br />
shaped, purphsh to black, drying black, surface uneven, rough, margin irregu-<br />
lar, lobed or contorted, more or less inroUed, paler to vinaceous brown.<br />
FLESH brittle, purplish, taste mild, odor aromatic, lamellae long-decurrent,<br />
distant, narrow <strong>and</strong> ridge-form, <strong>of</strong>ten connected by cross veins <strong>and</strong> somewhat<br />
net-hke, ashy gray, stipe J/2-I Vi in. long, Vs-Vi in. thick, central or excentric,<br />
more or less fused irregularly toward the base, equal or tapering downward,<br />
solid, concolorous with pileus, black at the base, glabrous, <strong>of</strong>ten somewhat<br />
grooved above, spores white, irregularly warted, subglobose, 4-6 X 3.5-5 ju-<br />
Densely clustered, arising from a compact, blackish base <strong>and</strong> growing in<br />
masses on the ground in coniferous woods. July-Oct.<br />
Judging from the pubhshed reports, this rare <strong>and</strong> striking fungus has<br />
seldom been collected in North America. In the herbarium at Ottawa there are<br />
several collections including a part <strong>of</strong> the original or type collection. There are<br />
also two specimens from Japan. Those who are interested in looking for rare<br />
species should keep a special watch for this one.<br />
In many respects, notably the warted spores, it differs from all other<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Cantharellus, <strong>and</strong> Murrill has erected a new genus, Polyozellus, for it.<br />
However, for our purpose it seems preferable to leave it in Cantharellus.<br />
It might be confused with luxuriant forms <strong>of</strong> C. clavatus but the spores<br />
will distinguish it at once.<br />
We have no information concerning its edibility.<br />
CANTHARELLUS TUBAEFORMIS Fr. Doubtful<br />
Figure 50, page 25<br />
PILEUS %-2 in. broad, at first convex <strong>and</strong> obtuse, becoming depressed,<br />
sometimes nearly infundibuliform, usually not perforated at the center but<br />
may become so in age, brownish yellow to yellowish ochraceous, minutely<br />
35
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
silky-hairy, margin irregular <strong>and</strong> wavy, flesh thin, whitish ochraceous, odor<br />
<strong>and</strong> taste none, lamellae decurrent, distant, narrow, ridge-form, blunt on the<br />
edge, forked, at first yellowish ochraceous, becoming grayish at maturity.<br />
STIPE 1-2)^ in. long, V8~!4 ^^- thick, equal, glabrous, brownish yellow to<br />
ochraceous, whitish at the base, soHd or stuffed, sometimes hollow in age.<br />
SPORES creamy white in mass, ovoid to subglobose or broadly elliptical, smooth,<br />
7-10.5 X 6-8 (9) fx.<br />
In groups on the ground in swampy places, usually among sphagnum.<br />
July-Sept.<br />
Kauffman thought that the specific name tubaeformis was misleading<br />
because the stipe in this species is sohd <strong>and</strong> not tube-hke. However, the name<br />
is derived from tuba, a trumpet, <strong>and</strong> refers to the shape <strong>of</strong> the pileus rather<br />
than to the stipe. It is not so deeply trumpet-shaped as C. floccosus <strong>and</strong> is a<br />
thinner, more pHant, <strong>and</strong> less brightly colored plant.<br />
Considerable uncertainty exists concerning the taxonomy <strong>and</strong> nomen-<br />
clature <strong>of</strong> this <strong>and</strong> related species. There appear to be four similar but probably<br />
distinct fungi which have been called respectively, C. tubaeformis Fr., C. in-<br />
fundibuliformis Fr., C. lutescens Fr., <strong>and</strong> Craterellus lutescens Pers. ex Fr.<br />
The Craterellus is a rather bright yellow species with a smooth or slightly<br />
wrinkled hymenium, <strong>and</strong> when it dries the pileus becomes gray to blackish <strong>and</strong><br />
the hymenium pale yellow. The spores are 9-12 X 7-8.5 /x. Cantharellus<br />
lutescens is yellowish orange to brownish ochre. The lamellae are relatively<br />
well formed, orange-buff in young specimens, more grayish in older ones, <strong>and</strong><br />
becoming gray when dried. The spores are (9) 10-12 (13) X 6-8.5 (10) /x.<br />
C. tubaeformis <strong>and</strong> C. infundibuliformis are not so brightly colored <strong>and</strong><br />
have slightly smaller, more subglobose spores. The spores <strong>of</strong> C. infundibuli-<br />
formis are said to be tinged yellowish to salmon in mass whereas those <strong>of</strong><br />
C. tubaeformis are whitish to cream. This seems to be the principal difference<br />
between the two species, although the stipe <strong>of</strong> C. tubaeformis is said to be solid<br />
at first, becoming hollow in age, whereas the stipe <strong>of</strong> C. infundibuliformis is<br />
hollow from the first. These fungi need further study to determine whether or<br />
not the differences are constant <strong>and</strong> sufficiently great to warrant regarding<br />
them as distinct species. If they should prove to be variations <strong>of</strong> the same<br />
fungus, C. tubaeformis would be the correct name <strong>of</strong> the species.<br />
Apparently there is a fungus occurring in the western United States that<br />
has a yellow spore deposit <strong>and</strong> grows on wood. This may be the true C. in-<br />
fundibuliformis or may perhaps be an undescribed species. If this proves to be<br />
C. infundibuliformis probably all the material <strong>of</strong> the eastern form occurring in<br />
swamps is C tubaeformis.<br />
CANTHARELLUS UMBONATUS Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 51, page 25<br />
PILEUS 54-1 1/2 ill- broad, pliant, at first convex or topshaped, becoming<br />
plane to depressed, usually with a small umbo, bluish gray, gray-brown, or<br />
36
LACTARIUS<br />
blackish gray, smooth or sHghtly flocculose, margin even or wavy, flesh thin,<br />
white, <strong>of</strong>ten changing to reddish when wounded or in age, taste <strong>and</strong> odor mild.<br />
LAMELLAE slightly dccurrcnt, forked, close, narrow, blunt on edge but not<br />
ridge-form, white or stained reddish, stipe 1-3 in. long, Ys-Ya in. thick, equal<br />
or sHghtly tapering upward, whitish or pale gray, usually slightly silky, stuffed<br />
or sohd. SPORES white, smooth, fusiform to fusiform-elliptical, narrow, (8) 10-<br />
12 (14) X 3-4 (5) M.<br />
In groups among moss, usually Polytrichum. July-Oct.<br />
On account <strong>of</strong> the relatively thin, close lamellae, this species is rather<br />
difficult to place at first, <strong>and</strong> the beginner is inclined to look for it in Clitocybe.<br />
Once it is recognized as a Cantharellus, however, it is easy to identify <strong>and</strong> will<br />
not be confused with any other species in this genus. The grayish, umbonate<br />
pileus, the reddening <strong>of</strong> the flesh <strong>and</strong> lamellae, <strong>and</strong> the habitat among mosses<br />
are all distinctive characters. It is said to be edible but because <strong>of</strong> its small size<br />
is not Hkely to tempt many.<br />
Singer has considered the amyloid spores <strong>and</strong> well-formed lamellae <strong>of</strong><br />
this species to be sufficiently distinct to separate it from Cantharellus <strong>and</strong> he<br />
has made it the type <strong>of</strong> a new genus Cantharellula. Other species that Singer<br />
has included in Cantharellula are Clitocybe ectypoides Peck <strong>and</strong> C. cyathiformis<br />
(Bull, ex Fr.) Kummer.<br />
LACTARIUS<br />
The principal distinguishing character <strong>of</strong> Lactarius is the presence <strong>of</strong> a<br />
latex or milky juice. This latex can best be demonstrated by cutting or breaking<br />
the lamellae or flesh <strong>of</strong> young specimens. It is sometimes difficult to demon-<br />
strate in old specimens or under very dry conditions, but the apex <strong>of</strong> the stipe<br />
where it meets the lamellae is a good place to try. A few other <strong>mushrooms</strong> do<br />
have a latex but they do not resemble Lactarius in stature. Lactarius species<br />
have a characteristic, rather stiff stature <strong>and</strong> brittle texture that results from<br />
the tissue <strong>of</strong> the fruit body being composed <strong>of</strong> many large, round cells termed<br />
sphaerocysts, as well as the usual filamentous hyphae found in other <strong>mushrooms</strong>.<br />
The spores are invariably ornamented with more or less prominent<br />
warts <strong>and</strong> spines or with a raised network. This ornamentation is strongly<br />
amyloid, <strong>and</strong> the pattern <strong>of</strong> the ornamentation as observed under very high<br />
magnification is important in critical identification <strong>of</strong> species. The spores<br />
should be measured in side view since those seen in end view will appear to<br />
be globose.<br />
These characteristic spores <strong>and</strong> the presence <strong>of</strong> sphaerocysts in the tissues<br />
are features that distinguish the genera Lactarius <strong>and</strong> Russula from all other<br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>and</strong> these two genera are sometimes placed in a separate family,<br />
37
.<br />
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
the Russulaceae. Lactarius is, <strong>of</strong> course, distinguished from Russula by the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> the latex.<br />
Lactarius is an important <strong>and</strong> interesting genus for the amateur collector.<br />
There are many species <strong>and</strong> they may be found over a long period throughout<br />
the summer <strong>and</strong> fall. Many <strong>of</strong> the species are large <strong>and</strong> attractive <strong>and</strong> a great<br />
many can be identified with reasonable certainty from macroscopic characters.<br />
In collecting Lactarii it is important to note the color <strong>of</strong> the latex <strong>and</strong> any<br />
color changes that occur when the latex is exposed to the air, <strong>and</strong> whether or<br />
not these changes occur slowly or rapidly. The taste <strong>of</strong> the latex is also an<br />
important character, <strong>and</strong> this may be ascertained simply by touching the latex<br />
with the tip <strong>of</strong> the tongue. It may be mild or acrid <strong>and</strong> burning or sometimes<br />
astringent. Sometimes the burning sensation develops slowly. The color <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe, <strong>and</strong> whether or not these are viscid, should be noted.<br />
Although Lactarius is usually classified among the white-spored genera,<br />
many <strong>of</strong> the species have colored spores <strong>and</strong> it is advisable to obtain a spore<br />
print in making identifications. The color <strong>of</strong> the spore deposit is considered to<br />
be a constant character <strong>and</strong> valuable in determination <strong>of</strong> species.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> the species such as L. deliciosus are well known to be <strong>of</strong> excellent<br />
quality for eating, but others are doubtful. It is probably better to avoid all<br />
those with an acrid taste even though some are said to be harmless after cook-<br />
ing. L. rufus has been reported to be <strong>poisonous</strong> <strong>and</strong> since there are a number <strong>of</strong><br />
reddish forms that might be confused with it, these should be tried very<br />
cautiously, <strong>and</strong> all acrid, reddish fruit bodies should be discarded. Species in<br />
which the latex turns lilac should also be avoided. In Lactarius, as in other<br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong>, the species should be determined before any are used as food.<br />
Key<br />
1. Latex colored from the first 2<br />
1 Latex white at first, unchanging or becoming colored on exposure to the air 4<br />
2. Latex blue L. indigo<br />
2. Latex not blue 3<br />
3. Latex orange-red or carrot-colored L. deliciosus<br />
3. Latex dark crimson-red L. subpurpureus<br />
4. Latex white at first, changing color on exposure to the air,<br />
at least on the bruised flesh 5<br />
4. Latex white, unchanging 13<br />
5. Latex changing to lilac or violet 6<br />
5. Latex not changing to lilac or violet 7<br />
6. Pileus glabrous, brownish gray L. uvidus<br />
6. Pileus tomentose, especially on margin, dull yellow L. representaneus<br />
7. Latex changing to yellow 8<br />
7. Latex not changing to yellow 10<br />
8. Pileus glabrous, grayish to tawny reddish L. chrysorheus<br />
8. Pileus tomentose, especially toward margin 9<br />
38
LACTARIUS<br />
9. Pileus yellow; stipe scrobiculate spotted L. scrobiculatus<br />
9. Pileus white; stipe not scrobiculate L. resimus<br />
10. Latex drying greenish or gray-green on the bruised flesh 11<br />
10. Latex not drying greenish 12<br />
11. Spore deposit yellowish L. trivialis<br />
11. Spore deposit white L. mucidus<br />
12. Latex slowly becoming pinkish on the bruised flesh;<br />
pileus dark brown, velvety L. lignyotus<br />
12. Latex causing gray to nearly black stains on the lamellae;<br />
pileus olive-umber L. necator<br />
13. Pileus viscid 14<br />
13. Pileus not viscid 15<br />
14. Pileus glabrous, yellowish L. affinis<br />
14. Pileus tomentose, pinkish L. torminosus<br />
15. Fruiting body with strong, aromatic odor, especially noticeable on drying 16<br />
15. No aromatic odor when fresh or on drying 17<br />
16. Pileus dark brownish red; latex white L. camphoratus<br />
16. Pileus tawny gray to pale tan; latex watery or whey-like L. helvus<br />
17. Taste mild 18<br />
17. Taste acrid 19<br />
18. Pileus glabrous L. subdulcis<br />
18. Pileus pruinose-velvety; gills distant L. hygrophoroides<br />
19. Taste mild at first, sometimes slowly becoming acrid or slightly bitter L. subdulcis<br />
19. Taste definitely acrid 20<br />
20. Pileus glabrous 21<br />
20. Pileus not glabrous 22<br />
21. Pileus ashy gray, darker in center L. cinereus<br />
21. Pileus reddish L. rufus<br />
22. Pileus gray, usually less than XVi inches broad L. griseus<br />
22. Pileus not gray, larger 23<br />
23. Pileus reddish, minutely silky at first, soon glabrous L. rufus<br />
23. Pileus white or whitish 24<br />
24. Pileus with a cottony roll on the margin L. deceptivus<br />
lA. Pileus without a cottony roll on the margin 25<br />
25. Lamellae crowded, becoming pinkish; taste slowly acrid L. controversus<br />
25. Lamellae subdistant, becoming creamy yellowish; taste very acrid L. vellereus<br />
LACTARIUS AFFINIS Peck Not recommended<br />
Figures 54, 55, page 25<br />
PILEUS 2-6 in. broad, fleshy, firm, at first convex-umbilicate, then becom-<br />
ing exp<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> depressed in the center, yellowish or ochraceous yellow,<br />
39
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
sometimes slightly flesh-tinted, glabrous, viscid, not zoned, margin at first<br />
inrolled, becoming arched, flesh white, firm, fairly thick, latex white, un-<br />
changing, acrid, lamellae adnate to decurrent, close to subdistant, rather<br />
broad, forked near the base, whitish to creamy yellowish, stipe 1-3 )/2 in. long,<br />
!^-% ^^- thick, equal, glabrous, viscid, concolorous with pileus or slightly<br />
paler, sometimes spotted, stuffed, becoming hollow, spores broadly ellipsoid<br />
to subglobose, whitish, 7.5-10 X 6.5-8.5 m» ornamented with warts joined by<br />
b<strong>and</strong>s or heavy lines to form a fairly complete reticulum.<br />
On the ground in mixed woods, usually sohtary, sometimes in groups.<br />
July-Oct.<br />
The pileus, lamellae <strong>and</strong> stipe are all more or less the same color <strong>and</strong> this,<br />
together with the broad subdistant lamellae <strong>and</strong> acrid latex, characterizes the<br />
species. L. insulsus (Fr.) Fr. is more orange in color <strong>and</strong> the pileus is dis-<br />
tinctly zoned.<br />
LACTARIUS CAMPHORATUS (Bull, ex Fr.) Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 53, page 25<br />
pileus 1/^-1 14 in. broad, convex, <strong>of</strong>ten umbonate, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
<strong>and</strong> at length depressed, fulvous to dark brownish red, dry, glabrous, not<br />
zoned, sometimes slightly wrinkled <strong>and</strong> uneven, margin at first inrolled,<br />
becoming arched, flesh thin, firm, fragile, tinged the color <strong>of</strong> the pileus or<br />
paler, odor fragrant <strong>and</strong> aromatic, especially on drying, latex white, mild, in<br />
dry weather <strong>of</strong>ten scant, lamellae adnate to slightly decurrent, close, rather<br />
narrow, whitish to flesh colored, becoming reddish brown, stipe 1/2-2 in.<br />
long, 1/8-% ii^- thick, equal, glabrous to pruinose, spongy-stuffed, colored like<br />
the pileus or paler, spores subglobose, white, mostly 6.5-8.5 X 5.5-7.5 /it,<br />
ornamented with fairly coarse warts, separate or more or less confluent form-<br />
ing short ridges, or some joined by lines, sometimes partly reticulate.<br />
Sept.<br />
It grows on the ground or on very rotten wood in mixed woods. July-<br />
L. camphoratus is a fairly common species <strong>and</strong> is reported by Kauffman<br />
to be edible. The characteristic odor <strong>of</strong> this species is not <strong>of</strong> camphor as the<br />
name might suggest. It is similar to the odor <strong>of</strong> L. helvus. It is sometimes very<br />
faint in fresh specimens <strong>and</strong> becomes more pronounced on drying. L. rufus is<br />
similar in color but is larger, has acrid latex, <strong>and</strong> lacks the odor. L. camphora-<br />
tus might also be confused with L. subdulcis but the latter is usually paler<br />
colored <strong>and</strong> also lacks the odor.<br />
LACTARIUS CHRYSORHEUS Fr. Suspected<br />
Figure 81, page 47<br />
PILEUS 2-3 in. broad, fleshy, at first convex, usually umbonate but varying<br />
to umbilicate, then becoming plane to depressed, grayish flesh colored to<br />
40
LACTARIUS<br />
tawny reddish or fulvous, glabrous, viscid when moist, somewhat or not at all<br />
zoned, margin inrolled at first, then spreading, flesh fairly thick, white, stain-<br />
ing yellow from the latex, odor strong <strong>and</strong> pungent, latex at first white,<br />
changing to sulphur yellow, slowly acrid, sometimes bitter at first, lamellae<br />
adnate to slightly decurrent, close, rather narrow, whitish to yellowish, becom-<br />
ing reddish brown in age or when bruised, some forked near the stipe, stipe<br />
1-3 in. long, ^4-1/4 in. thick, equal, glabrous to shghtly hairy at base, con-<br />
colorous with pileus or paler, stuffed, becoming hollow, spores broadly ellip-<br />
soid to subglobose, 6-9 X 5-7 /z, ornamented with fairly high spines <strong>and</strong> warts<br />
which may be separate, or form short ridges, or be joined by b<strong>and</strong>s or lines to<br />
form a partial reticulum.<br />
It grows on the ground, usually in coniferous woods. July-Oct.<br />
This reddish species with bitter to acrid, white latex that very quickly<br />
changes to bright yellow is fairly common. There has been some doubt as to<br />
whether it should be referred to L. chrysorheus or L. theiogalus Fr. According<br />
to recent illustrations by Wakefield <strong>and</strong> Dennis (1950) <strong>and</strong> Neuh<strong>of</strong>f (1956)<br />
L. theiogalus is a smaller <strong>and</strong> more reddish brown fungus.<br />
LACTARIUS CINEREUS Peck Not recommended<br />
Figure 56, page 26<br />
PILEUS %-2i/2 in. broad, at first convex, umbiHcate, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
<strong>and</strong> depressed to infundibuliform, ashy gray, darker in the center, glabrous,<br />
viscid, not zoned or occasionally slightly so, margin at first inrolled, then<br />
spreading, flesh thin, white, latex white, unchanging, acrid, lamellae<br />
adnate, close, narrow, white, some forking near the stipe, not becoming<br />
spotted from bruising, stipe 1-2 in. long, V^-V?, in. thick, equal or tapering<br />
upward, glabrous, tomentose at base, concolorous with the pileus, spongy,<br />
becoming hollow, spores white, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, 6-8 X 5-6 /x,<br />
ornamented with separate or more or less confluent warts, <strong>and</strong> a few lines but<br />
scarcely reticulate.<br />
In groups on the ground in mixed woods. July-Sept.<br />
There are several grayish species with acrid latex that are not easy to<br />
separate. In L. cinereus the lamellae do not become spotted or stained from<br />
bruising, <strong>and</strong> the spore deposit is white. L. trivialis (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr. has a<br />
yellowish spore deposit, <strong>and</strong> the lamellae become stained grayish green to<br />
brownish. The lamellae also become stained in L. varius Peck, L. mucidus<br />
Burl., <strong>and</strong> L. parvus Peck. The latter is a small species with spores about the<br />
size <strong>of</strong> those in L. cinereus, but the pileus is soon dry. L. varius <strong>and</strong> L. mucidus<br />
have large spores, about 8-10 /x long, but diff^er from each other in the structure<br />
<strong>of</strong> the cuticle <strong>of</strong> the pileus. In L. mucidus the cuticle is composed <strong>of</strong> elongated,<br />
very gelatinous hyphae <strong>and</strong> is very viscid, whereas in L. varius the cuticle is<br />
composed <strong>of</strong> interwoven, subgelatinous hyphae <strong>and</strong> is soon dry. These species<br />
are not recommended as food.<br />
41
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
LACTARIUS CONTROVERSUS (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr. Not recommended<br />
Figure 59, page 27<br />
PILEUS 3-8 in. broad, umbilicate, becoming depressed <strong>and</strong> then infundi-<br />
buliform, whitish or flesh colored, stained with brownish or flesh- colored<br />
spots, indistinctly zoned toward the margin, viscid, slightly tomentose, margin<br />
at first inrolled, then elevated, flesh firm, white or slightly flesh colored.<br />
LATEX white, unchanging, slowly acrid, lamellae shghtly decurrent, crowded,<br />
narrow, whitish to pink flesh colored, stipe l-U/^ in. long, J4-1 in. thick,<br />
equal or tapering slightly toward the base, shghtly floccose-pubescent, white<br />
or slightly stained, soHd, sometimes excentric. spores nearly white or shghtly<br />
flesh tinted, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, 5-7.5 X 4-5.5 m, ornamented<br />
with a few heavy b<strong>and</strong>s forming a partial reticulum, <strong>and</strong> some separate warts.<br />
In groups in moist woods, associated with aspens. Aug.-Oct.<br />
This is a very large species with flesh colored lamellae <strong>and</strong> brownish to<br />
pinkish stains on the pileus. The spots on the pileus are sometimes not very<br />
conspicuous, but the pink lamellae are a distinctive feature. The edible quali-<br />
ties <strong>of</strong> this fungus are not known but it is not recommended because <strong>of</strong> the<br />
acrid latex.<br />
LACTARIUS DECEPTIVUS Peck Doubtful<br />
Figure 67, page 28<br />
PILEUS 2-6 in. broad, firm, at first convex-umbilicate <strong>and</strong> becoming<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed-depressed to subinfundibuliform, white or with rusty stains, dry,<br />
not zoned, glabrous except the margin which is covered by a cottony roll <strong>of</strong><br />
tomentum <strong>and</strong> more or less inrolled, finally more or less elevated, flesh white,<br />
rather thick, firm, latex white, unchanging, acrid, lamellae adnate to shghtly<br />
decurrent, close to subdistant, rather broad, some forked, white or creamy<br />
yellow. STIPE 1-3 in. long, %-l Yz in. thick, stout, equal, pubescent to tomentose,<br />
white, sohd. spores white, broadly eUipsoid to subglobose, 9-12 (14) X<br />
7-9 (10) M, ornamented with low to medium, separate, scattered warts.<br />
It grows singly or in groups on the ground in woods, usually at the edges<br />
<strong>of</strong> bogs <strong>and</strong> on boggy ground. July-Sept.<br />
The most striking feature <strong>of</strong> this mushroom is the cottony roll on the<br />
margin. This will distinguish it from L. vellereus, which it closely resembles.<br />
Mature specimens in which the cottony roll on the margin has largely dis-<br />
appeared are easily confused with L. vellereus. The larger spores <strong>of</strong> L. decep-<br />
tivus will distinguish them. Specimens in which the latex is scanty or not<br />
evident might be confused with Russula delica.<br />
It is said that the acrid taste disappears on cooking <strong>and</strong> that it is edible,<br />
but there is danger <strong>of</strong> confusing mature specimens with L. vellereus, which<br />
has been reported <strong>poisonous</strong>.<br />
42
LACTARIUS<br />
LACTARIUS DELICIOSUS (L. ex Fr.) Gray <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 57, 58, page 27; Figure 412, page 295<br />
Delicious Lactarius<br />
PILEUS 2-5 in. broad, fleshy, firm, at first convex-umbilicate, then exp<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
<strong>and</strong> depressed in the center, reddish orange, <strong>of</strong>ten with brighter, con-<br />
centric zones, fading to grayish or gray-green, glabrous, viscid when moist,<br />
margin at first inrolled, then arched <strong>and</strong> spreading, flesh whitish, stained<br />
orange when broken <strong>and</strong> then becoming greenish, latex orange, reddish<br />
orange, or carrot colored, mild, lamellae adnate-decurrent, close, rather<br />
narrow, bright orange, becoming greenish when bruised, stipe 1 J/2-4 in. long,<br />
1/2-% in. thick, equal or narrowed at the base, pruinose to glabrous, colored<br />
like the pileus or paler, <strong>of</strong>ten with orange spots, stuff*ed, becoming hollow.<br />
SPORES faintly yellowish, subglobose, 8-10.5 X 7-8.5 /x, ornamented with lines<br />
<strong>and</strong> ridges forming a more or less complete reticulum, a few separate warts.<br />
It grows scattered or in groups on the ground under conifers in moist<br />
woods or boggy places. July-Oct.<br />
The 'dehcious lactarius' is one <strong>of</strong> the more important edible <strong>mushrooms</strong>.<br />
It is easily recognized by the orange latex <strong>and</strong> the color. The greenish stains<br />
that develop on the broken flesh are somewhat unattractive in appearance but<br />
do not aff'ect the edible quahties. It is <strong>of</strong> good flavor <strong>and</strong> can <strong>of</strong>ten be found in<br />
abundance.<br />
In the past this species has been confused with a very similar one recently<br />
recognized by Dr. A. H. Smith, L. thyinos, which can be distinguished by its<br />
viscid stipe, <strong>and</strong> more strongly decurrent <strong>and</strong> more distant lamellae. The two<br />
species can be recognized in the field with a little experience but since both are<br />
edible, critical determination is <strong>of</strong> no importance to those collecting them for<br />
food. The western species, L. sanguifluus Fr., might also be mistaken for<br />
L. deliciosus but can be distinguished by its dark blood-red to purplish red<br />
latex. L. sanguifluus is also edible.<br />
LACTARIUS GRISEUS Peck Not edible<br />
Figure 60, page 27<br />
PILEUS 1/2-1 Vi in. broad, rather flaccid, at first convex, becoming deeply<br />
depressed to infundibuliform, smoky gray, usually darker at center, not zoned,<br />
dry, tomentose, the hairs forming small, erect points, margin incurved at first,<br />
then arched, flesh white, thin, latex white, unchanging, slowly acrid, lamellae<br />
adnate to decurrent, close to subdistant, rather broad, white, then cream<br />
to yellowish, stipe 1/2-2 in. long, 1 /16-3/16 in. thick, equal, glabrous, whitish<br />
or grayish, paler than the pileus, stuff'ed then hollow, spores ellipsoid to<br />
subglobose, white, 6-8.5 X 5-6. 5)u, ornamented with a nearly complete reticulum<br />
<strong>of</strong> heavy b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> occasional separate warts.<br />
Usually in groups on very rotten wood or on the ground. July-Sept.<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> its small size <strong>and</strong> acrid taste it is <strong>of</strong> no value as food, but it is a<br />
43
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
rather common species <strong>and</strong> will <strong>of</strong>ten be found by the collector. The gray<br />
color, small size, <strong>and</strong> tomentose pileus distinguish it.<br />
LACTARIUS HELVUS (Fr.) Fr.<br />
Figure 61, page 27<br />
PILEUS 1-4 in. broad, rather fragile, convex at first, becoming plane to<br />
depressed, sometimes slightly umbonate, tawny gray, fading to pale tan, dry,<br />
minutely floccose-fibrillose, not zoned, margin at first inrolled, then spreading.<br />
FLESH watery whitish, odor strong, fragrant <strong>and</strong> aromatic, especially noticeable<br />
<strong>and</strong> persistent on drying, latex watery to whitish, unchanging, mild or very<br />
sHghtly acrid, lamellae sHghtly decurrent, close, narrow, whitish, then<br />
yellowish flesh color, stipe 1 1/2-3 in. long, or sometimes longer, Y^-Yz in. thick,<br />
equal, pruinose above to finely hairy at base, concolorous with the pileus,<br />
stuffed, then hollow, spores broadly eUipsoid to subglobose, 6-8.5 X 5-6 )u,<br />
ornamented with a broken reticulum <strong>of</strong> b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> ridges or fine fines, a few<br />
separate warts.<br />
On the ground or in sphagnum, usually in swampy woods. Aug.-Sept.<br />
This is a rather common species. It is remarkable for the strong odor,<br />
which is very pronounced in dried specimens <strong>and</strong> persists for a long time. Its<br />
edible qualities are not known.<br />
LACTARIUS HYGROPHOROIDES B. & C. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 62, page 27<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, rather firm <strong>and</strong> brittle, at first convex to plane,<br />
slightly depressed in the center, then becoming deeply depressed to somewhat<br />
funnel-shaped, tawny reddish to yellowish, surface dry, pruinose-velvety,<br />
smooth to more or less rugose, margin inrolled, then spreading, flesh rather<br />
thin, whitish, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, latex white, unchanging, mild, copious.<br />
LAMELLAE adnatc to sHghtly decurrent, distant, broad, whitish to cream colored.<br />
STIPE %-2 in. long, Y4-Y2 ^^- thick, equal, rather short, minutely velvety to<br />
glabrous, more or less concolorous with the pileus, solid, spores white,<br />
broadly ellipsoid, 8-10 X 6-7.5 ju, ornamented with low warts <strong>and</strong> ridges,<br />
some separate but mostly joined by fine lines.<br />
Scattered or in groups, usually in deciduous woods. July-Aug.<br />
The bright reddish-brown color <strong>and</strong> distant lamellae are the principal<br />
distinguishing characters <strong>of</strong> this species. L. volemus is similar in color but the<br />
lamellae are close.<br />
44<br />
Figures 69-78<br />
69. Lactarius necator. 70. L. necator.<br />
71. L. representaneus. 72. L. representaneus.<br />
73. L. resimus. 74. L. scrobiculatus.<br />
75. L. rufus. 76. L. rufus.<br />
77. L. subpurpureus. 78. L. subpurpureus.
F gures 80-89<br />
80. Lac tar ins suhdulcis. 81. L. chrysorheus.<br />
82. L. torminosus. 83. L. inucidus<br />
84. L. uvidiis. 85. L. vellereus.<br />
86. Russula alutacea. 87. R. alutacea.<br />
88. R. aurantiolutea. 89. R. aurantiolutea<br />
O<br />
a<br />
<br />
Cifl
90 V 92<br />
Figures 90-92, Amanita caesarea. 90, mature plant, note loose membranous volva;<br />
91, section <strong>of</strong> young plant before volva has ruptured showing outline <strong>of</strong> young<br />
fruiting body within the volva; 92, young plants showing ruptured volva with<br />
young fruiting body emerging.<br />
48<br />
93. Russula densifolia.<br />
95. R. emetica.<br />
97. R.jallax.<br />
99. R. joetens.<br />
101. R. lutea.<br />
Figures 93-102<br />
94. R. densifolia.<br />
96. R. emetica.<br />
98. R.flava.<br />
100. R.fragilis.<br />
102. R. nigricans.<br />
I<br />
I
Figures 103-104. Amanita muscaria. 103, mature plant, note volva adhering to<br />
base <strong>of</strong> stipe in irregular rings <strong>and</strong> patches; 104, series <strong>of</strong> specimens illustrating<br />
the tearing <strong>of</strong> the volva to leave patches on the pileus <strong>and</strong> base <strong>of</strong> the stipe, <strong>and</strong><br />
the tearing <strong>of</strong> the partial veil to form the annulus.<br />
105. Russula abietina.<br />
107. R. chamaeleontina.<br />
109. R. Integra.<br />
111. R. xerampelina.<br />
113. Tricholoma pessundatum.<br />
50<br />
Figures 105-114<br />
106. R. aeruginea.<br />
108. R. decolorans.<br />
110. R. mariae.<br />
112. Pleurotus serotinus.<br />
114. Marasmius siccus.<br />
104<br />
I
Figure 115. Amanita virosa: one young fruiting body emerging from the volva <strong>and</strong><br />
two mature plants. Note pure white color, membranous volva forming a sheath<br />
around the base <strong>of</strong> the stipe, <strong>and</strong> annulus hanging loosely around the stipe.<br />
52
LACTARIUS<br />
LACTARIUS INDIGO (Schw.) Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 65, 66, page 27<br />
PILEUS 2-5 in. broad, at first convex, slightly umbilicate, becoming plane,<br />
depressed in the center, finally infundibuhform, indigo blue, fading <strong>and</strong><br />
becoming paler with a silvery-gray appearance, zoned with concentric darker<br />
blue rings, glabrous, sHghtly viscid, margin at first inrolled, becoming arched<br />
<strong>and</strong> elevated, flesh blue, becoming greenish in age. latex dark blue, mild.<br />
LAMELLAE adnatc-dccurrcnt, close, moderately broad, blue, becoming greenish<br />
in age. stipe 1-2 in. long, y8-% in. thick, equal, glabrous, concolorous with<br />
pileus or paler, sometimes bluish, spotted, stuffed, becoming hollow, spores<br />
yellowish, broadly eUipsoid to subglobose, 7.5-9.5 X 6-7.5 )u, ornamented<br />
with a nearly complete reticulum <strong>of</strong> light to heavy b<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> occasional<br />
separate warts.<br />
Grows on the ground in woods. July-Sept.<br />
This species is not common but when found cannot be mistaken for<br />
anything else. No other species has dark-blue latex.<br />
LACTARIUS LIGNYOTUS (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr. Suspected<br />
Figure 63, page 27<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, convex to plane, sometimes centrally depressed,<br />
usually umbonate, dark chocolate brown or sooty brown, evenly colored, dry,<br />
azonate, pruinose-velvety, the margin even to wavy <strong>and</strong> sometimes plicate.<br />
FLESH white, slowly becoming pinkish when wounded, latex white, slowly<br />
turning reddish, mild to shghtly acrid, lamellae adnate to decurrent, sub-<br />
distant, broad, white then creamy to yellowish buff, the edges sometimes<br />
brown, stipe 1J4-3J/2 in. long, Ys-Ys in. thick, equal, pHcate at the apex,<br />
pruinose-velvety, concolorous with pileus, stuffed, spores yellowish in mass,<br />
subglobose, 8-10 X 7.5-9 ju, ornamented with high, heavy b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> ridges<br />
forming a nearly complete reticulum.<br />
It grows on the ground, usually in conifer woods, especially in bogs.<br />
July-Oct.<br />
Reports concerning the edibility <strong>of</strong> this species have varied. Some people<br />
have said it is very good, others that it is <strong>poisonous</strong>. It should be tried cau-<br />
tiously if at all, <strong>and</strong> is probably best avoided.<br />
The dark brown, velvety pileus <strong>of</strong> this fungus is very striking in appear-<br />
ance. The reddish stains develop slowly <strong>and</strong> are not conspicuous. It might be<br />
confused with L. fuliginosus Fr., which is paler, has a shorter stipe not pHcate<br />
at the apex, <strong>and</strong> slightly smaller spores. L. gerardii Peck looks similar from<br />
the upper surface but can readily be recognized by its very distant lamellae.<br />
53
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
LACTARIUS MUCIDUS Burl. Not recommended<br />
Figure 83, page 46<br />
piLEUS 1-3 in. broad, at first convex, umbilicate, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>and</strong><br />
depressed to infundibuliform, grayish, putty-colored at margin to brownish in<br />
center, viscid, glabrous, not zoned, margin inrolled at first, then spreading.<br />
FLESH white, not firm, thin, latex white, drying greenish gray to bluish gray,<br />
acrid, lamellae adnate, close to subdistant, rather narrow, some forked,<br />
white, staining greenish gray, sometimes with a tinge <strong>of</strong> bluish when wounded.<br />
STIPE %-2 in. long, 14-^8 J^i. thick, equal or tapering upward, slightly viscid,<br />
glabrous or somewhat rivulose-wrinkled, colored like the pileus or paler,<br />
stuffed becoming hollow, spores white, ellipsoid to subglobose, 7.5-10 X 6-8 m,<br />
ornamented with a coarse reticulum <strong>of</strong> lines <strong>and</strong> b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> a few separate<br />
warts.<br />
On the ground, usually in conifer woods. July-Oct.<br />
This is close to L. trivialis but is somewhat darker in color <strong>and</strong> the spores<br />
are smaller. The color change <strong>of</strong> the latex is slow <strong>and</strong> must be checked care-<br />
fully or the fungus might be confused with L. cinereus. The spores <strong>of</strong> the latter<br />
are a little smaller. L. varius Pk. is scarcely viscid. It can be distinguished<br />
microscopically by the structure <strong>of</strong> the cuticle <strong>of</strong> the pileus. In L. mucidus the<br />
cuticle is composed <strong>of</strong> elongated, gelatinized hyphae, whereas in L. varius it is<br />
composed <strong>of</strong> much interwoven, very slightly gelatinized hyphae.<br />
The edible qualities are not known but it is not recommended because <strong>of</strong><br />
the acrid latex.<br />
LACTARIUS NEGATOR (Pers. ex Fr.) Lundell Not recommended<br />
Figures 69, 70, page 45<br />
PILEUS 2-6 in. broad, firm, at first convex, umbilicate, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
<strong>and</strong> depressed in the center, olive brown to umber, darker on disk, not zoned,<br />
glabrous or with agglutinated fibrils, viscid when moist, margin at first yellowvillose.<br />
FLESH firm, thick, whitish, latex white, unchanging, acrid, lamellae<br />
slightly decurrent, narrow, crowded, pale yellow, becoming black when<br />
bruised, gray on drying, stipe 1-214 in- long. Vi-^ in. thick, equal, glabrous,<br />
viscid when moist, colored like the pileus or paler, <strong>of</strong>ten with darker spots,<br />
stuffed or hollow, spores yellowish to cream colored, ellipsoid to subglobose,<br />
7-9 X 5.5-7 M, ornamented with a nearly complete reticulum <strong>of</strong> fairly heavy<br />
lines <strong>and</strong> occasional separate warts.<br />
It grows on the ground, singly or in groups, in mixed woods. July-Sept.<br />
This is an extremely unattractive mushroom, although it is said to be<br />
eaten in Europe. The acrid latex <strong>and</strong> repellent colors will probably deter most<br />
people from eating it. It was formerly known as L. turpis (Weinm.) Fr. but<br />
this name is illegitimate under the present rules <strong>of</strong> nomenclature.<br />
It might be confused with L. atroviridis Peck which has more green in the<br />
color <strong>of</strong> the pileus <strong>and</strong> has a rough, scabrous surface.<br />
54
LACTARIUS<br />
LACTARIUS REPRESENTANEUS Britz. Not recommended<br />
Figures 71, 72, page 45<br />
PILEUS 3-6 in. broad, convex becoming plane, dull yellow, viscid, tomen-<br />
tose, not zoned, margin at first inrolled <strong>and</strong> strongly tomentose. flesh firm,<br />
whitish, becoming HIac. latex very abundant, at first white, then watery,<br />
finally becoming lilac, slightly acrid, lamellae adnate, sHghtly decurrent,<br />
close, moderately broad, dull yellowish, staining lilac when bruised, stipe<br />
2-2 Vi in. long. %-l )4<br />
in. thick, equal, glabrous, pruinose at the apex, tomen-<br />
tose at the base, yellowish with brighter spots, hollow, spores white, broadly<br />
eUiptic to subglobose, 9-11 X 7.5-9 /x, ornamented with a broken reticulum<br />
<strong>of</strong> fairly heavy b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> a few separate warts or short ridges.<br />
On the ground in moist woods, singly or in groups. Aug.-Sept.<br />
This species is not common but it is a very striking fungus with the<br />
yellow, hairy, viscid pileus <strong>and</strong> the abundant latex which becomes hlac-colored.<br />
The spotted stipe is also a striking character. L. speciosus Burl, is similar but<br />
has a zoned pileus <strong>and</strong> appears to be a more southern plant. The edible qualities<br />
<strong>of</strong> L. representaneus are not known but it is not recommended because <strong>of</strong> the<br />
acrid taste <strong>and</strong> also because other species in which the latex turns hlac such as<br />
L. uvidus are reported to be <strong>poisonous</strong>.<br />
LACTARIUS RESIMUS Fr. Not edible<br />
Figure 73, page 45<br />
PILEUS 2-5 in. broad, deeply depressed to infundibuliform, white becoming<br />
tinged with yellow, not zonate or faintly so near the margin, viscid when moist,<br />
glabrous in the center, margin inrolled, then spreading, whitish tomentose.<br />
FLESH firm, white, strong odor when fresh, latex white at first, changing to<br />
sulphur-yellow, acrid, lamellae whitish to pale cream, close, decurrent, some<br />
forked near the stipe, stipe 1-1 )/2 in. long, Y%-Y^<br />
in. thick, whitish with<br />
yellowish stains or spots, equal, glabrous or pruinose above, stuff'ed becoming<br />
hollow. SPORES broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, white, 5.5-8 X 4.5-6 ju?<br />
ornamented with a broken reticulum <strong>of</strong> rather heavy b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> lines <strong>and</strong><br />
occasionally a few separate warts.<br />
On the ground associated with aspens. July-Sept.<br />
This is a rather large white species with a hairy margin <strong>and</strong> acrid latex that<br />
turns yellow very quickly. No information regarding its edibihty is available<br />
but it is not recommended because <strong>of</strong> the acrid latex.<br />
LACTARIUS RUFUS (Scop, ex Fr.) Fr.<br />
Figures 75, 76, page 45<br />
Poisonous<br />
PILEUS 1 )/^-4 in. broad, convex becoming depressed to infundibuhform,<br />
umbonate, bay-red to rufous, not fading, dry, not zoned, at first minutely<br />
55
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
flocculose-silky, soon glabrous, margin at first inrolled. flesh thin, rather s<strong>of</strong>t,<br />
whitish, tinged pink, odor none, latex white, unchanging, very acrid, lamel-<br />
lae sHghtly decurrent, close, narrow, ochraceous, becoming rufous, sometimes<br />
forked, stipe 2-3 V2 ^^' long» Va-Vi<br />
^^- thick, equal, dry, glabrous to pruinose<br />
or hairy at the base, colored like the pileus or paler, stuffed, then hollow.<br />
SPORES broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, white 7-9 X 5-7 n, ornamented with<br />
fairly heavy b<strong>and</strong>s forming a nearly complete reticulum, some separate warts<br />
<strong>and</strong> short ridges.<br />
On the ground in conifer woods, especially in spruce bogs. July-Sept.<br />
Reported to be <strong>poisonous</strong>. It can be confused with L. subdulcis but is<br />
usually larger <strong>and</strong> more strongly acrid.<br />
LACTARIUS SCROBICULATUS (Scop, ex Fr.) Fr. Poisonous<br />
Figure 74, page 45<br />
PILEUS 2-6 in. broad, at first convex, becoming depressed to infundibuli-<br />
form, pale yellow to ochraceous yellow, sometimes reddish yellow, varying<br />
from azonate to conspicuously zonate, viscid, more or less tomentose espe-<br />
cially toward the margin, becoming glabrous or nearly so in old specimens,<br />
margin at first inrolled, then spreading, flesh firm, white becoming yellow<br />
when wounded, latex white, changing quickly to sulphur-yellow, acrid.<br />
lamellae adnate to shghtly decurrent, crowded, rather narrow, sometimes<br />
forking near the stipe, whitish or yellowish, stipe 1-3 in. long, J^-1 in. thick,<br />
equal, glabrous, colored like the pileus or paler, with brighter colored, depressed<br />
spots, hollow. SPORES white, broadly elHpsoid to subglobose, 7-9 X<br />
6-7.5 ju, ornamented with a few heavy b<strong>and</strong>s forming a wide, broken reticulum<br />
with separate warts or short ridges in the spaces.<br />
In groups on the ground in moist woods, usually in coniferous woods.<br />
Aug.-Sept.<br />
The most distinctive characters <strong>of</strong> this species are the hairy margin <strong>and</strong><br />
the prominent depressed spots on the stipe. It is not common but is a striking<br />
species when found.<br />
LACTARIUS SUBDULCIS (Bull, ex Fr.) Gray <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 80, page 47<br />
PILEUS %-2 in. broad, at first convex, becoming depressed to infundi-<br />
buliform, <strong>of</strong>ten papillate, brownish red to pale tan or reddish fulvous, not<br />
fading, dry, glabrous, not zoned, margin at first inrolled, then spreading.<br />
FLESH firm, whitish or tinged fulvous, odor none, latex white, unchanging,<br />
mild or slowly becoming acrid to bitterish, lamellae adnate to decurrent,<br />
sometimes forked, close, rather narrow, whitish to yellowish flesh color or<br />
stained fulvous, stipe 1-2% in. long, Vg-/^ in. thick, equal or sHghtly tapering<br />
upward, glabrous or pubescent toward the base, colored like the pileus or<br />
56
LACTARIUS<br />
paler, stuffed, becoming hollow, spores broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, white,<br />
7-10 X 6-8 )u, ornamented with fine to medium, separate warts, verrucose.<br />
In groups on the ground in woods, swamps, or wet places. June-Oct.<br />
There are a number <strong>of</strong> small reddish species that are easily confused <strong>and</strong><br />
the exact identity <strong>of</strong> L. subdulcis is not clear. Among the collections so labeled<br />
in the herbarium at Ottawa there are two distinct species, one with spores<br />
about 7-10 X 6-8 /u that are ornamented with warts <strong>and</strong> spines not forming<br />
a network, <strong>and</strong> the other with spores 5.5-8 X 5-6 /x <strong>and</strong> ornamented with a<br />
network <strong>of</strong> b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> ridges. Apparently the former is the true L. subdulcis.<br />
It is reported to be edible but there is considerable danger <strong>of</strong> confusing<br />
it with the <strong>poisonous</strong> L. rufus. The latter is usually larger but small specimens<br />
might easily be taken for L. subdulcis. L. rufus is strongly acrid.<br />
LACTARIUS SUBPURPUREUS Peck <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 77, 78, page 45<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, fleshy, convex-umbilicate, then exp<strong>and</strong>ed, depressed<br />
to nearly infundibuliform, colors mixed <strong>and</strong> variable, dark red to hydrangea-<br />
pink, zoned with pink <strong>and</strong> spotted with green, with a grayish luster, fading,<br />
glabrous, slightly viscid when moist, margin at first inrolled, then arched,<br />
pruinose. flesh whitish to pinkish, staining red, especially near the lamellae.<br />
LATEX dark crimson, mild, lamellae slightly decurrent, subdistant, mod-<br />
erately broad, dark red, fading, becoming greenish in age. stipe 1-2)4 in.<br />
long, 14- V2 in. thick, equal, glabrous, hairy at the base, colored like the pileus,<br />
spotted with dark red, stuffed, then hollow, spores broadly ellipsoid to sub-<br />
globose, yellowish, 8-11 X 7-9 m, ornamented with heavy b<strong>and</strong>s forming a<br />
nearly complete reticulum, a few separate warts <strong>and</strong> ridges.<br />
It grows in moist woods, apparently associated with hemlock. July-Sept.<br />
This is not a common species but it is a very striking one because <strong>of</strong> the<br />
dark red latex <strong>and</strong> the variegated colors <strong>of</strong> the pileus. The latex <strong>of</strong> L. deliciosus<br />
is more orange-red.<br />
LACTARIUS TORMINOSUS (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Gray Poisonous<br />
Figure 82, page 47<br />
PILEUS IV2-4 in. broad, fleshy, firm, at first convex, depressed in the<br />
center, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed to nearly infundibuliform, pale yellowish buff to<br />
rosy flesh color, <strong>of</strong>ten with more deeply colored zones, viscid, glabrous at the<br />
center, the margin inrolled <strong>and</strong> persistently covered with long whitish tomen-<br />
tum. FLESH firm, white to pale flesh colored, latex white, unchanging, very<br />
acrid, lamellae decurrent, close, narrow, whitish to yellowish or at length<br />
tinged faintly pinkish, some forked near the stipe, stipe l-lVi in. long, Vi-Va<br />
in. thick, equal or slightly tapering downward, glabrous or pruinose, paler than<br />
57
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
the pileus, sometimes faintly yellowish spotted, stufTed, becoming hollow.<br />
SPORES white, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, 7-10 X 5.5-8 n, ornamented<br />
with heavy b<strong>and</strong>s forming a fairly complete reticulum, a few separate warts or<br />
short ridges.<br />
It grows on the ground in woods. July-Sept.<br />
This species may be confused with L. cilicioides Fr. which is also reported<br />
to be <strong>poisonous</strong>. The latter is <strong>of</strong>ten more white but may be as deeply colored as<br />
L. torminosus. They can be distinguished with certainty by the spores which<br />
are smaller in L. cilicioides.<br />
LACTARIUS TRIVIALIS (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr. Suspected<br />
Figure 64, page 26<br />
PILEUS 2-6 in. broad, fleshy, at first convex, becoming plane or somewhat<br />
depressed, the margin decurved, then becoming arched, color variable, livid<br />
gray to smoky gray, usually tinted lilac or purplish, fading to pallid, sometimes<br />
pinkish brown on the disk, viscid, not zoned, flesh pallid, rigid-fragile, thick.<br />
LATEX white, acrid, slowly staining the flesh <strong>and</strong> lamellae dingy grayish green.<br />
LAMELLAE adnate to short decurrent, close, narrow to moderately broad, some<br />
forked, creamy yellowish, staining grayish green or brownish when bruised or<br />
in age. stipe 1 Vi-A in. long, Vj-Va in. thick, equal, surface even or somewhat<br />
wavy, concolorous with the pileus or paler, especially at the apex, hollow.<br />
SPORES yellowish, broadly ellipsoid, 9-12 X 8-10 ji, ornamented with fairly<br />
high warts joined by lines <strong>and</strong> ridges to form a partial reticulum.<br />
In groups or scattered on the ground in coniferous or deciduous woods.<br />
Aug.-Oct.<br />
This species can be distinguished from the other species <strong>of</strong> the L. cinereus<br />
group by the yellowish spore deposit.<br />
LACTARIUS UVIDUS (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr. Poisonous<br />
Figure 84, page 47<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, firm, convex becoming plane, depressed at the<br />
center, sometimes with a slight umbo, brownish gray, tinged with lilac, viscid,<br />
glabrous, usually not zonate but sometimes faintly spotted or zoned, margin<br />
inrolled at first, finally spreading, flesh white, becoming lilac when wounded.<br />
LATEX white, changing quickly to lilac or violet, acrid <strong>and</strong> bitterish, lamellae<br />
adnate to slightly decurrent, close, rather narrow, whitish to yellowish, quickly<br />
becoming lilac when bruised, stiff 1 '/2-3 in. long, '4-J/2 ^^- thick, equal or<br />
nearly so, glabrous or tomentose at the base, viscid, whitish to yellowish,<br />
stuffed, becoming hollow, spores broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, white,<br />
rather variable in size, 7-12 X 6-8.5 n, ornamented with rather high spines <strong>and</strong><br />
warts, separate or more or less joined by lines <strong>and</strong> ridges forming a partial<br />
reticulum.<br />
58
LACTARIUS<br />
On the ground usually in low wet places, <strong>of</strong>ten among moss. July-Sept.<br />
The species most likely to be confused with this is L. maculatus Peck<br />
which is usually larger, <strong>and</strong> has a zonate pileus <strong>and</strong> spotted stipe.<br />
LACTARIUS VELLEREUS (Fr.) Fr. Suspected<br />
Figure 85, page 47<br />
PILEUS 2-5 in. broad, convex, umbihcate, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> deeply<br />
depressed to subinfundibuhform, white or whitish, tinged yellowish in places,<br />
dry, velvety to the touch, minutely tomentose under a lens, not zoned, margin<br />
at first inrolled, becoming elevated, flesh white, firm, thick, latex white,<br />
unchanging or becoming creamy yellowish, finally staining the lamellae <strong>and</strong><br />
flesh brownish, very acrid, lamellae adnate to shghtly decurrent, subdistant<br />
to distant, fairly broad, some forked, whitish becoming cream colored to<br />
yellowish, staining brownish when bruised, stipe Yi-l in. long, Yi-^Va in.<br />
thick, equal or tapering downward, somewhat pruinose-velvety, white or<br />
whitish, solid, spores elHpsoid, white, 7.5-9.5 X 5-6.5 m, ornamented with<br />
very fine, low, separate warts, nearly smooth.<br />
On the ground in mixed woods, usually in groups <strong>and</strong> sometimes abun-<br />
dant. July-Sept.<br />
It is most hkely to be confused with mature specimens <strong>of</strong> L. deceptivus in<br />
which the cottony roll on the margin has more or less disappeared. It can be<br />
distinguished from L. deceptivus with certainty by the spores, which in the<br />
latter are larger <strong>and</strong> have more prominent markings on the walls.<br />
A similar large white species, L. piperatus (L. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray, has very<br />
narrow, densely crowded, forked lamellae, <strong>and</strong> the pileus is not tomentose.<br />
It is very acrid. This species is reported as common in some parts <strong>of</strong> the<br />
United States but there are no Canadian specimens in the herbarium at<br />
Ottawa. L. pergamenus (Sw.) Fr. which is regarded by some as simply a<br />
variety <strong>of</strong> L. piperatus has very narrow, close lamellae.<br />
L. subvellereus Peck is a less common species with a more southern dis-<br />
tribution. The lamellae are closer than in L. vellereus <strong>and</strong> remain narrow.<br />
59
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
RUSSULA<br />
Russula is similar to Lactarius in having sphaerocysts present in the tissue<br />
<strong>of</strong> th« fruiting body <strong>and</strong> in the broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, rough-walled,<br />
amyloid spores, but differs in the absence <strong>of</strong> a latex. The rather stiff stature <strong>and</strong><br />
brittle texture that characterize these two genera are difficult to describe in<br />
words but are soon easily recognized in the field.<br />
Russula is one <strong>of</strong> the largest <strong>and</strong> most important genera <strong>of</strong> the <strong>mushrooms</strong>.<br />
It is also one <strong>of</strong> the most difficult genera in which to make accurate identifica-<br />
tions <strong>of</strong> species although it has been studied intensively by many mycologists.<br />
One reason for this is that there appear to be a great many species that are very<br />
similar <strong>and</strong> differ only in small characters so that many misidentifications<br />
have occurred <strong>and</strong> different authors will be found applying the same name to<br />
different fungi. Another reason is that Russula species frequently occur only<br />
singly <strong>and</strong> sporadically <strong>and</strong> it is difficult to study the range <strong>of</strong> variation <strong>of</strong> a<br />
species; consequently there is considerable difference <strong>of</strong> opinion as to the<br />
species limits in the genus.<br />
Although Russula is usually classified among the white-spored genera,<br />
the color <strong>of</strong> the spore deposit varies in different species from pure white to<br />
cream, pale yellow, pale ochre or bright ochre. The exact color <strong>of</strong> the spore<br />
deposit is very important in the identification <strong>of</strong> species <strong>of</strong> Russula <strong>and</strong> a good<br />
deposit should be obtained from every collection. The spores, as in Lactarius,<br />
are typically broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, strongly amyloid, <strong>and</strong> ornamented<br />
with warts, spines, or a network <strong>of</strong> ridges, <strong>and</strong> the pattern <strong>of</strong> ornamentation is<br />
important in critical determination <strong>of</strong> the species. The attachment <strong>of</strong> the<br />
lamellae varies from adnexed to adnate or sHghtly decurrent <strong>and</strong> one section <strong>of</strong><br />
the genus is characterized by having the lamellae alternately long <strong>and</strong> short.<br />
The pileus is <strong>of</strong>ten brightly colored in shades <strong>of</strong> red, yellow, purple, green,<br />
or bluish, although there are some species with dull colors <strong>of</strong> white or brown.<br />
They may be dry or viscid, glabrous or pruinose to tomentose, <strong>and</strong> the margin<br />
may be more or less tuberculate-striate. The taste varies in different species<br />
from mild to acrid, bitter, nauseous, etc., <strong>and</strong> this should be noted in fresh<br />
specimens since it is an important character to aid in distinguishing species.<br />
Some authors claim that all russulas are edible <strong>and</strong> that the acrid taste<br />
disappears on cooking. However, we do not recommend eating the acrid<br />
species <strong>and</strong> they should be tried very cautiously if at all. One species, R. vesi-<br />
catoria Burl., described from Florida <strong>and</strong> also known on the west coast, is<br />
reported to cause blistering <strong>of</strong> the lips <strong>and</strong> tongue when tasted. Also species<br />
like R. foetens, which have a very unpleasant odor <strong>and</strong> taste, should certainly<br />
be avoided.<br />
Only a few <strong>of</strong> the commoner species are described here. The collector will<br />
find many others that he will be unable to identify with this book.<br />
60
^<br />
Key<br />
RUSSULA<br />
1. Lamellae alternating long <strong>and</strong> short 2<br />
1. Lamellae equal 5<br />
2. Flesh becoming black in age or when wounded 3<br />
2. Flesh unchanging, fruit body white R. delica<br />
3. Flesh first reddening, then blackening 4<br />
3. Flesh blackening without any intermediate reddening R. sordida<br />
4. Lamellae broad, subdistant R. nigricans<br />
4. Lamellae narrow, very crowded R. densifolia<br />
5. Spore deposit white or cream 6<br />
5. Spore deposit yellow 13<br />
6. Taste mild 7<br />
6. Taste acrid 9<br />
7. Pileus green or greenish to brownish on disk R. aeruginea<br />
I. Pileus red or brownish red 8<br />
8. Pileus dark crimson to maroon, sometimes paler to yellowish, dry;<br />
stipe usually red R. mariae<br />
8. Pileus dull brownish red, drying greenish toward margin;<br />
stipe white staining yellowish to brownish at base R. vesca<br />
9. Lamellae forked throughout; pileus pinkish to purplish becoming<br />
olivaceous or greenish R. variata<br />
9. Lamellae equal, or forked rarely or only near the base 10<br />
10. Pileus yellowish to brownish yellow; odor fetid R. foetens<br />
10. Pileus more or less red, no odor 11<br />
II. Pileus uniformly red or fading to whitish 12<br />
11. Pileus red on margin, olivaceous to purplish in center, small R. fallax<br />
12. Pileus mostly l-2Vi in. broad; flesh white under the pellicle R. fragilis<br />
12. Pileus mostly 2-5 in. broad; flesh red under the pellicle R. emetica<br />
13. Taste acrid 'T.Z.. 14<br />
13. Taste mild 17<br />
14. Pileus yellow to orange R. aurantiolutea<br />
14. Pileus red 15<br />
15. Spores deep ochraceous; margin <strong>of</strong> pileus striate;<br />
stipe <strong>of</strong>ten tinged red R. tenuiceps<br />
15. Spores pale yellow, margin even or very slightly striate 16<br />
16. Pileus large, bright, shining, red to purplish red or orange-red, fragile;<br />
taste slightly acrid; stipe <strong>of</strong>ten tinged reddish R. paludosa<br />
16. Pileus medium size, rosy red, rather firm; taste very acrid;<br />
stipe never red R- veternosa<br />
17. Pileus yellow 18<br />
17. Pileus not yellow 19<br />
18. Lamellae becoming gray on drying R- flava<br />
18. Lamellae unchanging R- lutea<br />
61
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
19. Lamellae becoming gray on drying 20<br />
19. Lamellae unchanging 21<br />
20. Pileus orange-red to red, no odor R. decolorans<br />
20. Pileus purplish red to olivaceous; fishy odor on drying R. xerampelina<br />
21. Spores ochraceous yellow 22<br />
21. Spores pale yellow 24<br />
22. Pileus mostly more than 2 in, broad R. alutacea<br />
22. Pileus mostly less than 2 in. broad 23<br />
23. Pileus purplish to greenish, disk darker R. abietina<br />
23. Pileus reddish to purplish, disk paler R. chamaeleontina<br />
24. Pileus mostly more than 2 in. broad R. Integra<br />
lA. Pileus mostly less than 2 in. broad R. puellaris<br />
RUSSULA ABIETINA Peck <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 105, page 51<br />
PILEUS 1-21/2 in. broad, fleshy, thin, fragile, convex, becoming plane or<br />
slightly depressed, color variable, dull purple, greenish purple, or olive-green,<br />
the center always darker, sometimes nearly black, the margin paler to grayish,<br />
viscid, glabrous, with a separable pellicle, margin tuberculate-striate. flesh<br />
white, rather fragile, mild, lamellae whitish becoming pale yellow, narrowed<br />
toward the stipe, somewhat rounded behind <strong>and</strong> nearly free, subdistant, equal.<br />
STIPE 1-2J/2 in. long, )4-!/2 in. thick, equal or shghtly tapering upward, gla-<br />
brous, white, stuffed or hollow, spores bright yellowish ochraceous, subglo-<br />
bose, about (7) 8-10 (11) X (6) 7-9 (9.5) m, ornamented with warts that are<br />
mostly separate, or some confluent forming short ridges, a few joined by<br />
fine Hnes.<br />
Gregarious under balsam fir. Aug.-Oct.<br />
R. abietina is a small species with ochraceous spores, mild taste, <strong>and</strong><br />
variable colors, usually more or less mixed purplish <strong>and</strong> greenish. R. chamae-<br />
leontina Fr. is similar but usually more reddish, tending to fade to yellowish in<br />
the center <strong>and</strong> has slightly smaller spores. Other somewhat similar species are<br />
R. gracilis Burl., which has yellow spores but is acrid, R.fallax sensu Kauff^m.,<br />
which has white spores <strong>and</strong> is also acrid, <strong>and</strong> R. puellaris Fr., which is mild but<br />
has pale yellow spores.<br />
RUSSULA AERUGINEA Lindbl. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 106, page 51<br />
PILEUS 1 J/2-3 in. broad, at first moderately firm, becoming fragile, convex<br />
becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> slightly depressed in the center, dull green, dark<br />
green, or smoky green, darker in the center <strong>and</strong> sometimes tinged brownish,<br />
paler on the margin, viscid when wet, slightly pruinose to pruinose-velvety<br />
when dry, the peUicle separable only on the margin, margin even or becoming<br />
62
RUSSULA<br />
slightly tuberculate-striate in age. flesh thick on the disk, becoming thin at the<br />
margin, white or greenish, ashy under the pellicle, mild, lamellae narrowly<br />
adnate to nearly free, close to subdistant, narrow, equal or with a few short<br />
ones, white, becoming cream colored, stipe 1 )/2-2 in. long, i4-J/2 in. thick,<br />
nearly equal or slightly tapering downward, glabrous, white, firm to spongy-<br />
stuffed. SPORES creamy white, subglobose, 7-9 X 5.5-7 m, ornamented with<br />
rather low, mostly separate warts <strong>and</strong> a few fine lines.<br />
Gregarious or solitary on the ground in coniferous or mixed woods.<br />
July-Sept.<br />
The green color, mild taste <strong>and</strong> creamy white spore deposit are the<br />
important field characters <strong>of</strong> this species. It is somewhat viscid when wet but is<br />
soon dry <strong>and</strong> more or less pruinose to minutely velvety. R. virescens Fr. is a<br />
green species with white spores <strong>and</strong> mild taste <strong>and</strong> the cuticle tending to<br />
become cracked on the margin. R. olivascens Fr. has yellow spores.<br />
RUSSULA ALUTACEA (Pers. ex Schw.) Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 86, 87, page 47<br />
PILEUS 3-6 in. broad, firm, convex, becoming depressed, dull red or dark<br />
reddish purple, sometimes fading to greenish, glabrous, viscid when wet,<br />
pellicle somewhat separable, margin even at first, becoming tuberculate-<br />
striate. FLESH firm, white, mild, lamellae rounded behind, adnexed, nearly<br />
free, subdistant, fairly broad, ochraceous to tan colored, equal, stipe 2-4 in.<br />
long, Yi-l )4 in. thick, equal or nearly so, glabrous, white or tinged reddish,<br />
solid. SPORES ochraceous yellow, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose (7) 8-10<br />
(11) X (6) 7-9 M, ornamented with rather prominent separate warts <strong>and</strong> spines.<br />
Usually sohtary on the ground in frondose or mixed woods. Aug.-Sept.<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> the species about which authors do not agree concerning<br />
its identity. The name is used here for a medium to large, dull-reddish or<br />
purphsh species usually with more or less red on the stipe, a mild taste, <strong>and</strong><br />
ochraceous spore deposit.<br />
RUSSULA AURANTIOLUTEA Kauffm. Doubtful<br />
Figures 88, 89, page 47<br />
PILEUS 2-4 in. broad, thin, fragile, at first convex, becoming plane to<br />
slightly depressed, yellowish in the center to more orange on the margin,<br />
glabrous, viscid, peUicle separable to the disk, margin even, becoming slightly<br />
tuberculate-striate. flesh white, yellowish under the pellicle, acrid, lamellae<br />
narrowly adnate, close to subdistant, broad in front becoming narrower<br />
toward the stipe, yellow, <strong>of</strong>ten forked near the base, stipe 1 )/2-4 in. long,<br />
Va-Va<br />
in. thick, equal or nearly so, glabrous, white, spongy-stuffed, spores<br />
ochraceous yellow, subglobose, (6) 7-8 (9) X 5.5-7.5 /x, ornamented with<br />
warts joined by heavy b<strong>and</strong>s.<br />
63
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
Solitary or scattered in mixed woods. July-Sept.<br />
This is a yellow to orange species with ochraceous spores <strong>and</strong> acrid taste<br />
in which the lamellae <strong>and</strong> stipe do not turn gray on drying. Its edible quahties<br />
are not known but it is not recommended because <strong>of</strong> the acrid taste.<br />
RUSSULA CHAMAELEONTINA Fr. sensu Kauffm. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 107, page 51<br />
PILEUS %-2 in. broad, thin, fragile, plane or depressed, variable in color,<br />
red to purpHsh or hlac, fading to yellowish, especially on the disk, glabrous,<br />
viscid, pellicle separable, margin even, becoming somewhat tuberculate-<br />
striate. flesh thin, fragile, white, mild, lamellae adnexed to almost free, close<br />
to crowded, rather narrow, equal or a few forked, ochraceous yellow, stipe<br />
%-2 in, long, i4-!4 in. thick, equal or sHghtly tapering upward, glabrous or<br />
sHghtly marked with lines, white, spongy-stuffed becoming hollow, spores<br />
ochraceous, subglobose, 7-9 (10) X 5.5-7.5 /x, ornamented with rather promi-<br />
nent warts <strong>and</strong> spines, mostly separate or occasionally confluent or joined by<br />
fine hnes.<br />
Sohtary or gregarious on the ground in coniferous or mixed woods.<br />
Aug.-Sept.<br />
Considerable confusion exists in the Hterature concerning this species <strong>and</strong><br />
it may be a collective species including several recognizable forms. In general,<br />
a small Russula with ochraceous spore deposit, mild taste, <strong>and</strong> variable colors<br />
with some tendency to fade to yellowish, would probably be referred here.<br />
RUSSULA DECOLORANS Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 108, page 51<br />
piLEUS 2-5 in. broad, firm, at first globose, becoming plane to shghtly<br />
depressed, orange-red, Hght red, or salmon colored, the disk usually ochre,<br />
glabrous, shghtly viscid, the pellicle partly separable, margin even, becoming<br />
shghtly striate when old. flesh at first firm, becoming fragile in age, white,<br />
becoming ashy in age or when wounded, mild, lamellae adnexed, close,<br />
moderately broad, at first white, becoming pale yellowish, ochraceous, becom-<br />
ing ashy gray on drying, some forked at the base, equal or with a few short<br />
ones. STIPE 2-4 )/2 in. long, J/2-I<br />
ii^- thick, equal or nearly so, smooth or some-<br />
what wrinkled with fine hnes, white, becoming ashy in age or when bruised,<br />
sohd or spongy, spores subglobose, pale ochraceous yellow, 10-13 X 8-10 m><br />
ornamented with high, separate warts <strong>and</strong> spines, some joined by fine fines.<br />
Sept.<br />
Sohtary or scattered on the ground in coniferous or mixed woods. July-<br />
This is a large orange-red species particularly characterized by the lamellae<br />
<strong>and</strong> stipe changing to ashy gray when dried or in age.<br />
64
RUSSULA<br />
RUSSULA DELICA Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 68, page 28<br />
PILEUS 3-6 in. broad, fleshy, firm, at first convex <strong>and</strong> umbilicate, becoming<br />
deeply depressed to infundibuliform, dull white or with rusty-brown stains,<br />
glabrous or very finely hairy, dry, margin at first involute, becoming arched,<br />
not striate, flesh compact, firm, white or whitish, not changing color when<br />
bruised, mild to slowly <strong>and</strong> slightly acrid, lamellae adnate-decurrent, sub-<br />
distant, alternating long <strong>and</strong> short, few forked, white or whitish, sometimes<br />
greenish on edge, stipe %-2 in. long, j/^-% in. thick, short, stout, equal or<br />
tapering downward, white, not turning blackish when bruised, usually with a<br />
pale green zone at the apex, glabrous to subtomentose. spores subglobose,<br />
white in mass, rough 8.5-11 X 7-9 n, ornamented with rather coarse warts,<br />
mostly joined by fine lines or forming short ridges, partly reticulate.<br />
Gregarious on the ground in conifer or frondose woods. July-Oct.<br />
At first sight this species suggests a Lactarius, but it has no latex. It is<br />
fairly common <strong>and</strong> is <strong>of</strong>ten found pushing up earth or old leaves <strong>and</strong> partly<br />
concealed by them. The greenish zone at the apex <strong>of</strong> the stipe, though <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
inconspicuous, can be observed by turning the fruit body in the fight <strong>and</strong> it<br />
makes a good field character. Collectors on the west coast should beware <strong>of</strong> a<br />
species resembling R. delica but smaller <strong>and</strong> with the lamellae equal, not<br />
alternating long <strong>and</strong> short. This is R. vesicatoria Burl, <strong>and</strong> it is excruciatingly<br />
acrid <strong>and</strong> may cause blistering <strong>of</strong> the lips <strong>and</strong> tongue if tasted.<br />
Another characteristic Russula <strong>of</strong> the west coast is R. crassotunicata<br />
Singer which is found growing under devil's-club <strong>and</strong> is a white species that<br />
stains brown. It is slightly acrid <strong>and</strong> its edible quafities appear to be unknown.<br />
RUSSULA DENSIFOLIA (Seer.) Gill. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 93, 94, page 49<br />
PILEUS 2-4 in. broad, convex-umbificate becoming depressed to subin-<br />
fundibuliform, firm <strong>and</strong> rigid, dull whitish at first, becoming smoky brown,<br />
slightly viscid, glabrous, margin even, flesh thick, firm, white, slowly turning<br />
reddish then black when cut or bruised, mild to slowly <strong>and</strong> shghtly acrid.<br />
LAMELLAE adnatc to shghtly decurrent, close to crowded, rather narrow,<br />
whitish or grayish, when bruised becoming reddish then black, stipe 1%lyi<br />
in. long, 1/^-1 in. thick, equal or tapering below, glabrous, whitish, becom-<br />
ing reddish then black when bruised, soHd. spores broadly ellipsoid, white,<br />
7-9 (10) X 5.5-8.5 /z, ornamented with fine warts which are joined by a network<br />
<strong>of</strong> fine fines.<br />
Usually s<strong>of</strong>itary or gregarious on ground in woods from July-Sept.<br />
This species is distinguished from R. nigricans principally by the close to<br />
crowded lamellae <strong>and</strong> from R. sordida by the appearance <strong>of</strong> red color in the<br />
wounded flesh before it becomes black. The color change is sometimes slow<br />
<strong>and</strong> the red color is transitory so it must be watched for carefully.<br />
It is said to be edible but is unattractive in appearance.<br />
65
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
RUSSULA EMETICA (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Pers. ex S. F. Gray Suspected<br />
Figures 95, 96, page 49<br />
piLEUS 2-4 in. broad, fleshy, firm at first, soon becoming fragile, convex,<br />
becoming plane or slightly depressed, rosy red to blood-red, sometimes fading<br />
to white, viscid when wet, glabrous, shining, pelhcle separable, margin strongly<br />
tuberculate-striate. flesh white, red under the pellicle, very acrid, lamellae<br />
slightly adnexed to free, close to subdistant, rather broad, narrowed behind,<br />
white, stipe 1 )/2-3 in. long, )/2-% in. thick, nearly equal, smooth, white or<br />
tinged red, spongy-stuff'ed. spores white, subglobose, (7) 8-10 X (6) 7-8.5<br />
(9)<br />
ju, ornamented with fairly high warts <strong>and</strong> spines, more or less joined by<br />
fine lines to form a partial reticulum.<br />
Scattered to gregarious on the ground or on very rotten wood. July-Oct.<br />
This species is very close to R.fragilis <strong>and</strong> some authors consider these to<br />
be varieties or subspecies. R. emetica is usually a little larger, the flesh is red<br />
under the cuticle rather than white, <strong>and</strong> the spores seem to be slightly larger<br />
with slightly higher ornamentation.<br />
The taste is very acrid <strong>and</strong> although some have claimed that this taste<br />
disappears on cooking <strong>and</strong> that the species is edible, it is not recommended.<br />
RUSSULA FALLAX sensu Kauffm. Suspected<br />
Figure 97, page 49<br />
PILEUS 1-21/2 in. broad, thin, fragile, plane or sHghtly depressed, usually<br />
rose or flesh colored on the margin, with an ohvaceous zone surrounding the<br />
disk which is usually much darker <strong>and</strong> purplish, viscid, glabrous, pellicle<br />
separable, the margin striate, flesh white, or tinged like the peUicle under the<br />
surface, acrid, lamellae adnexed, subdistant, narrow, white, stipe 1-2 in.<br />
long, )4-/4 ir^- thick, equal, cylindrical or somewhat compressed <strong>and</strong> with<br />
minute longitudinal wrinkles, white, spongy-stuff'ed to hollow, spores white,<br />
subglobose, 6-8 X (4.5) 5-7 m» ornamented with warts that are more or less<br />
joined by lines <strong>and</strong> ridges to form a nearly complete reticulum.<br />
Solitary or gregarious on mossy ground in the woods, or among sphag-<br />
num. July-Sept.<br />
This little species with its characteristically colored pileus, white spores,<br />
<strong>and</strong> very acrid taste is fairly common. It is related to the fragilis-emetica com-<br />
plex. It is probably not the true R. fallax Cke. but is the species Kauff'man<br />
described under that name.<br />
It is not recommended for eating because <strong>of</strong> the acrid taste.<br />
RUSSULA FLAVA Rom. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 98, page 49<br />
PILEUS 2-3 in. broad, rather fragile, at first convex, becoming plane or<br />
slightly depressed, dull yellow or golden yellow, sometimes becoming ashy in<br />
age, viscid when moist, glabrous, pellicle separable, margin even or slightly<br />
66
RUSSULA<br />
Striate when old. flesh white, becoming ashy gray when old, mild, lamellae<br />
adnexed, close, moderately broad, narrowed behind, at first white, becoming<br />
pale yellow <strong>and</strong> finally ashy gray in age or in drying, stipe 2-3 in. long, 1/2-<br />
% in. thick, equal or nearly so, smooth or with a fine network <strong>of</strong> lines, at first<br />
white, becoming ashy gray in age, spongy-stuffed, spores pale yellow, subglobose,<br />
8-10(11) X 7.5-9 M, ornamented with rather fine warts that are more<br />
or less joined by fine lines forming a partial reticulum.<br />
SoHtary or scattered on the ground in conifer or mixed woods. July-Sept.<br />
The most characteristic feature <strong>of</strong> this species is the change to ashy gray<br />
<strong>of</strong> the flesh <strong>and</strong> lamellae in age or on drying. The bright yellow color, mild<br />
taste <strong>and</strong> pale yellow spore deposit are also distinguishing characters. It is<br />
probably the same as R. clar<strong>of</strong>lava W.B. Grove, <strong>and</strong>, if so, this would be the<br />
correct name since it was published earher.<br />
RUSSULA FOETENS Pers. ex Fr. Not edible<br />
Figure 99, page 49<br />
pileus 21/2-5 in. broad, at first firm, becoming fragile, at first nearly<br />
globose, exp<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>and</strong> becoming plane to slightly depressed, yellowish or<br />
dingy ochraceous, glabrous, viscid, peUicle separable part way to the disk,<br />
margin widely <strong>and</strong> coarsely tuberculate-striate. flesh thin, rather fragile,<br />
dingy white, yellowish under the pelHcle, taste acrid, odor strong, resembhng<br />
bitter almonds, then fetid, lamellae adnexed, rather close, broad, at first<br />
whitish, becoming yellowish with age <strong>and</strong> dingy when bruised, exuding drops<br />
<strong>of</strong> water when young, some forked, stipe 1-3 in. long, I/2-I in. thick, equal or<br />
nearly so, smooth, white or dingy brown in age or when bruised, stuffed,<br />
becoming hollow, spores white, subglobose, 8.5-10 X 8-9 m, ornamented<br />
with coarse, separate spines.<br />
Gregarious on the ground in mixed woods. July-Sept.<br />
The dingy colors <strong>and</strong> unpleasant odor make this an extremely unattractive<br />
fungus. It is not recommended as an edible species, but is not hkely to be<br />
eaten anyway, because <strong>of</strong> its unpleasant taste.<br />
There is a group <strong>of</strong> species somewhat similar to R. foetens. R. foetentula<br />
Peck has pale yellow spores <strong>and</strong> red stains on the stipe. R. pectinata Fr. has<br />
different spore ornamentation. R. granulata Peck is smaller, lacks the odor<br />
<strong>and</strong> has granules on the pileus, <strong>and</strong> R. pectinatoides Peck lacks the granules, is<br />
mild or sHghtly acrid <strong>and</strong> has whitish spores. R. ventricosipes Peck has pronounced<br />
red stains on the stipe <strong>and</strong> grows in s<strong>and</strong>. In this species the taste is<br />
slowly acrid <strong>and</strong> the spores are pale ochraceous.<br />
RUSSULA FRAGILIS (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr. Suspected<br />
Figure 100, page 49<br />
PILEUS 1-2 in. broad, thin, fragile, at first convex, becoming plane or<br />
shghtly depressed, rosy red to pale red, fading to whitish, glabrous, viscid,<br />
67
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
pellicle separable, margin tuberculate-striate. flesh white, not red under the<br />
pellicle, thin, fragile, very acrid, lamellae adnexed, close to crowded, ventri-<br />
cose, white, stipe 1-2 in. long, Ya-Yz in. thick, equal, smooth, white, spongystuffed<br />
to hollow, fragile, spores white, subglobose, 7-9 X 6-8 m, ornamented<br />
with moderately high warts, more or less joined by lines <strong>and</strong> ridges to form a<br />
partial reticulum.<br />
Scattered on the ground in woods. July-Sept. Common.<br />
See the notes on R. emetica for a comparison with this species.<br />
RUSSULA INTEGRA (L. ex Vitt.) Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 109, page 51<br />
pileus 2-5 in. broad, at first firm, soon becoming fragile, convex becoming<br />
plane or sHghtly depressed, color variable, rather dingy or sordid, from buff<br />
to reddish brown to dark, dull red, fading, glabrous, viscid when wet, pellicle<br />
separable, margin becoming coarsely tuberculate-striate. flesh white, mild.<br />
lamellae adnexed, nearly free, distant, broad, white becoming pale yellow.<br />
stipe 1V2-2J4 ill- long, Vz-^<br />
^^- thick, tapering upward to nearly equal,<br />
sometimes ventricose, smooth, white, spongy-stuffed, fragile, spores pale<br />
yellow, subglobose, 7-9 X 5.5-7 /x, ornamented with low to medium separate<br />
warts, some more or less confluent or joined by fine lines.<br />
Gregarious on the ground in woods. Aug.-Sept.<br />
The exact identity <strong>of</strong> R. Integra appears to be somewhat in doubt but this<br />
is believed to be the same fungus that was described by Kauffman under this<br />
name. It is a medium-sized, dull red species <strong>and</strong> has a pale yellow spore<br />
deposit <strong>and</strong> mild taste. The stipe is never red.<br />
RUSSULA LUTEA (Huds. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 101, page 49<br />
PILEUS 1-21/2 in. broad, thin, fragile, plane or shghtly depressed, bright<br />
yellow to golden yellow, glabrous, viscid, pellicle separable, margin even,<br />
becoming slightly striate when old. flesh white, thin, fragile, mild, lamellae<br />
free, subdistant, rather narrow, broader at the front, bright ochraceous.<br />
STIPE 1-2 in. long, about 14-/4 in. thick, equal or slightly tapering upward,<br />
smooth, white, spongy-stuffed becoming hollow, spores ochraceous, globose,<br />
8.5-10 X 7.5-9 /x, ornamented with moderately coarse warts, mostly separate<br />
or some confluent forming short ridges.<br />
Usually solitary on the ground in mixed woods. Aug.-Sept.<br />
This species is fairly easily recognized with its bright yellow pileus <strong>and</strong><br />
deep ochraceous lamellae <strong>and</strong> spores.<br />
68<br />
Figures 116-125<br />
116. Russula paludosa. 117. R. paludosa.<br />
118. R.variata. 119. R.variata.<br />
120. R. vesca. 121. R. vesca.<br />
122. R. tenuiceps. 123. Amanita ftavoconia.<br />
124. A. bruntiescens. 125. A. citrina.
Figures 126-128. Lepiota americana. 126, mature fruiting body; 127, young fruiting<br />
body; 128, section <strong>of</strong> young fruiting body.<br />
129. Amanita frostiana.<br />
131. A. gemmata.<br />
133. A. muscaria.<br />
135. A. porphyria.<br />
137. A. rubescens.<br />
70<br />
Figures 129-138<br />
130. A. frostiana.<br />
132. A. gemmata.<br />
134. A. muscaria.<br />
136. A. porphyria.<br />
138. A. rubescens.
RUSSULA<br />
RUSSULA MARIAE Peck <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 110, page 51<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, firm, convex, becoming plane or slightly depressed,<br />
dark reddish purple, dark crimson or maroon colored, sometimes paler to<br />
slate violet or yellowish when shaded, dry, pruinOse-velvety, margin usually<br />
even, sometimes becoming striate when old. flesh white or reddish under the<br />
peUicle, becoming sticky when cut or h<strong>and</strong>led, mild or very slightly acrid.<br />
LAMELLAE adnatc, close to subdistant, rather narrow, somewhat broader in<br />
front, white, becoming yellowish in age. stipe 1 )/2-3 in. long, 1/2-1 in. thick,<br />
equal or tapering downward, pruinose, usually white at each end <strong>and</strong> rosy red<br />
to purphsh red in the middle, occasionally entirely white, spongy-stuffed.<br />
SPORES whitish to faintly yellowish, subglobose, 7-9 (10) X (5.5) 6-7.5 (8.5) ju,<br />
ornamented with a more or less complete network <strong>of</strong> b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> ridges, <strong>and</strong> a<br />
few separate warts.<br />
Gregarious on the ground in woods. July-Oct.<br />
This is a beautiful species with purplish red pilei <strong>and</strong> stipes, cream-colored<br />
spore deposit, <strong>and</strong> mild taste. The pileus is dry <strong>and</strong> minutely velvety.<br />
RUSSULA NIGRICANS (Bull.) Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 102, page 49<br />
PILEUS 3-6 in. broad, firm, at first convex <strong>and</strong> umbilicate, becoming<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> infundibuliform, whitish, becoming smoky umber to blackish,<br />
glabrous, slightly viscid when moist, margin incurved at first, not striate.<br />
FLESH firm, whitish, changing to reddish <strong>and</strong> then black when wounded, mild to<br />
slowly acrid, lamellae adnexed, rounded or narrowed behind, subdistant to<br />
distant, broad, alternating long <strong>and</strong> short, whitish, changing to reddish then<br />
black when bruised, stipe %-2]/^ in. long, J^-l in. thick, stout, equal, glabrous,<br />
whitish at first, becoming smoky brown with age, changing to reddish then<br />
black when bruised, solid, spores white, subglobose 7-9 X 6-8 ju, ornamented<br />
with a network <strong>of</strong> fine fines joining low warts.<br />
Gregarious or solitary on the ground in conifer or frondose woods. July-<br />
Sept.<br />
The pronounced blackening <strong>of</strong> the flesh <strong>and</strong> lamellae <strong>of</strong> this species make<br />
it rather unattractive but it is said to be edible. The reddening <strong>of</strong> the flesh when<br />
wounded must be watched for carefully. It is distinguished from R. densifolia<br />
by the broad, subdistant lamellae.<br />
RUSSULA PALUDOSA Britz.<br />
Figures 116, 117, page 69<br />
PILEUS 3-5 in. broad or sometimes larger, convex, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>and</strong><br />
depressed in the center, deep blood-red to red-purple or red-orange sometimes<br />
73
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS'OF CANADA<br />
fading to yellowish, somewhat shining, glabrous, viscid, margin slightly<br />
striate-tuberculate. flesh white, rather fragile, acrid, lamellae white to<br />
creamy yellow, broad, subdistant, nearly free, stipe 3-4 in. long, y2-\ in. thick,<br />
nearly equal or slightly narrowed above, white or washed with pinkish, spongy.<br />
SPORES pale yellow, subglobose, 9-12 X 8-10 /u, ornamented with prominent<br />
warts <strong>and</strong> spines, a few joined by fine lines, not reticulate.<br />
Singly or gregarious in wet places or among sphagnum. July-Sept.<br />
A large <strong>and</strong> showy species differing from R. emetica in the pale yellow<br />
spore deposit <strong>and</strong> less acrid taste. Some authors say the taste is mild <strong>and</strong> there<br />
is some doubt as to whether the forms with mild taste might be considered a<br />
distinct species, R. rubrotincta (Pk.) Burl. Specimens labeled as having a mild<br />
taste seem to be identical microscopically with the acrid forms. The edges <strong>of</strong><br />
the lamellae are said to be sometimes red near the margin. Its edible qualities<br />
are not known.<br />
RUSSULA PUELLARIS Fr.<br />
PILEUS l-lj/^ in. broad, thin, fragile, convex, becoming plane or slightly<br />
depressed, variable in color, bluish black, purplish, or yellowish, usually<br />
darker or brownish in the center, viscid, glabrous, pelHcle separable, margin<br />
tuberculate-striate. flesh white or becoming watery translucent, tinged like<br />
the surface under the pellicle, fragile, mild, lamellae narrowly adnate to<br />
adnexed, close, narrowed toward the stipe, white, becoming pale yellow, stipe<br />
1-2 in. long, J4-!/2 ^^- thick, equal or tapering upward, glabrous, white, usually<br />
with yellowish stains toward the base especially when old, stuffed or hollow,<br />
s<strong>of</strong>t <strong>and</strong> fragile, spores pale yellow, subglobose, rough, (7) 8-10 (11) X (6)<br />
7.5-9 M, ornamented with medium to high warts <strong>and</strong> spines, some joined by<br />
fine Hnes or confluent forming short ridges, partly reticulate.<br />
Gregarious on the ground in moist woods. Aug.-Oct.<br />
This species is distinguished from R. abietina <strong>and</strong> R. chamaeleontina by<br />
the pale yellow spore deposit. The yellowish stains that develop in the stipe are<br />
also a distinguishing character. It is probably edible but is a small, fragile<br />
species not likely to be gathered for food.<br />
RUSSULA SORDIDA Peck <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 79, page 46<br />
PILEUS 2-6 in. broad, firm, convex, depressed in the center, whitish becom-<br />
ing smoky with age, dry, glabrous, margin at first incurved, not striate, flesh<br />
firm, whitish, when bruised quickly becoming blackish without first turning<br />
reddish, mild to slightly <strong>and</strong> slowly acrid, lamellae adnate to sHghtly decur-<br />
rent, close, rather narrow, alternating long <strong>and</strong> short, white becoming blackish<br />
in age or on drying, stipe 1-2 in. long, J^-l in. thick, equal, white becoming<br />
black when bruised, soHd. spores white, oblong-ellipsoid, (7) 8-10 (1 1) X 5.5-<br />
7.5 M, ornamented with fine, low, separate warts, nearly smooth.<br />
74
RUSSULA<br />
Solitary or gregarious on the ground. Said to be associated with hemlocks.<br />
July-Aug.<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> the pronounced blackening <strong>of</strong> the flesh this is an unattractive<br />
species but it is reported to be edible. It is distinguished from R. densifolia <strong>and</strong><br />
R. nigricans by the direct change <strong>of</strong> the wounded flesh to black without any<br />
reddening.<br />
R. sordida appears to be very close to R. albonigra (Krombh.) Fr. <strong>of</strong><br />
Europe <strong>and</strong> may be the same species.<br />
RUSSULA TENUICEPS Kauff'm. Not edible<br />
Figure 122, page 69<br />
PILEUS 2 1/2-4 J/2 in. broad, fragile, convex, becoming plane to sHghtly<br />
depressed, rosy red to blood-red, sometimes uniformly colored, usually whitish<br />
spotted or with orange blotches, viscid, glabrous, sometimes with minute<br />
wrinkles, pellicle separable, margin striate, flesh white, red under the pellicle,<br />
very fragile in mature plants, acrid, sometimes slowly, lamellae adnexed to<br />
free, close to crowded, narrow, white, becoming yellow-ochraceous. stipe<br />
2-3 1/2 in. long, %-l in. thick, nearly equal or ventricose, smooth or marked<br />
with fine Hnes, white or rosy tinged, spongy-stuff'ed. spores yellow-ochraceous,<br />
subglobose, rough (6) 6.5-8.5 (9) X 5.5-8 /x, ornamented with medium high<br />
to low warts usually separate or sometimes confluent into short ridges or with<br />
a few fine lines, very slightly reticulate.<br />
Gregarious on the ground in mixed woods. July-Sept.<br />
This is a red species with ochraceous spores <strong>and</strong> acrid taste. There does<br />
not appear to be any information concerning its edibihty but it is considered<br />
doubtful because <strong>of</strong> the acrid taste.<br />
RUSSULA VARIATA Banning <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 118, 119, page 69<br />
PILEUS l-SYi in. broad, fleshy, firm, at first convex, exp<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>and</strong> becom-<br />
ing depressed to nearly infundibuliform, reddish purple or brownish purple,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten mixed with olive or green, or sometimes entirely greenish, viscid, gla-<br />
brous, pelhcle separable on the margin, margin not striate, sometimes with the<br />
peUicle cracking, flesh white or grayish under the pellicle, mild to slowly acrid.<br />
LAMELLAE adnate to slightly decurrent, close to crowded, narrow, forking two<br />
or three times, white, stipe 1 1/4-3 in. long, I/2-I in. thick, equal or nearly so,<br />
smooth, white, solid, spores white, subglobose, (7) 8-10 (1 1) X (6) 7-8.5 (9) /x,<br />
ornamented with low, separate warts <strong>and</strong> a few fine lines.<br />
Gregarious on the ground in woods. July-Sept.<br />
This species is close to R. cyanoxantha Fr. <strong>and</strong> is sometimes regarded as a<br />
variety <strong>of</strong> it. It diff'ers in the forked lamellae <strong>and</strong> slightly acrid taste.<br />
75
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
RUSSULA VESCA Fr.<br />
Figures 120, 121, page 69<br />
piLEUS 1 %-4 in. broad, convex-umbilicate becoming rather deeply de-<br />
pressed, sometimes plane, rather firm, brownish red with a tinge <strong>of</strong> purphsh,<br />
drying to dull olive-green toward margin <strong>and</strong> brownish red in center, viscid,<br />
glabrous or slightly pruinose, margin slightly striate-tuberculate. flesh firm,<br />
whitish or tinged brownish or violet under cuticle, mild, lamellae white to<br />
cream, close to crowded, rather narrow to moderately broad, some forked,<br />
adnate. stipe 1 )/^-3 in. long, 1/2-1 )4<br />
in. thick, nearly equal, glabrous, slightly<br />
wrinkled, white, staining yellowish to brownish at the base, solid, spores<br />
oblong, white, 6-8 (9) X 5-6 (7) )u, ornamented with low, fine, separate warts<br />
<strong>and</strong> some fine lines.<br />
On the ground in mixed woods. July-Sept.<br />
This is a rather dull reddish brown species sometimes drying greenish,<br />
with lamellae close to crowded, mild taste <strong>and</strong> white spore deposit. R. brun-<br />
neola Burl, is probably the same species. The mild taste would suggest that it is<br />
probably edible but definite information about it appears to be lacking.<br />
RUSSULA VETERNOSA Fr. sensu Kaufifm. Not edible<br />
PILEUS 2-3 in. broad, fleshy, convex, becoming plane or sHghtly depressed,<br />
rosy red or flesh colored, fading to whitish or yellow on the disk, viscid when<br />
wet, glabrous, pellicle separable only on the margin, margin even or slightly<br />
striate, flesh white, reddish under the pellicle, very acrid, lamellae adnate,<br />
close, narrow, some short ones present, at first white becoming straw colored.<br />
stipe 2-3 in. long, )/i-% in. thick, equal, smooth, white, fragile, stuff'ed or<br />
hollow. SPORES pale yellowish, subglobose, 7-9 (10) X 6-8 Mj ornamented with<br />
moderately high warts <strong>and</strong> spines, separate or more or less joined by Hnes <strong>and</strong><br />
ridges but scarcely reticulate.<br />
Scattered or gregarious on the ground in frondose woods. Aug.-Sept.<br />
Different authors seem to have different ideas about this species <strong>and</strong> there<br />
is considerable doubt as to what R. veternosa really is. This is beHeved to be the<br />
same fungus as that described by Kauflfman under this name.<br />
It is a species with the pileus red, paler on the disk, acrid taste <strong>and</strong> pale<br />
yellow spore deposit. The stipe is never red. Definite information concerning<br />
its edibility appears to be lacking but it is not recommended because <strong>of</strong> the<br />
acrid taste.<br />
RUSSULA XERAMPELINA (Schaeff*. ex Seer.) Fr. Suspected<br />
Figure 111, page 51<br />
PILEUS 2-4 in. broad, firm, convex, becoming plane or shghtly depressed,<br />
colors variable, more or less reddish purple on the margin to olive green in the<br />
center, or colors mixed with brownish purple or olivaceous, dry, glabrous to<br />
76
AMANITA<br />
pruinose, pellicle scarcely separable, margin even, flesh white, pinkish under<br />
the peUicle, taste mild, odor disagreeable, somewhat fishy in age or on drying.<br />
LAMELLAE adncxcd, close to subdistant, narrowed behind, some forked, whitish<br />
to cream colored, stipe 1 1/2-3 in. long, 1/2-1 in. thick, equal or nearly so,<br />
smooth or slightly wrinkled, white or reddish becoming dingy olivaceous<br />
yellow when h<strong>and</strong>led or in age, solid or somewhat spongy, spores pale yellow,<br />
subglobose, (7) 8-10 (1 1) X (5.5) 6-8.5 (9) m, ornamented with rather promi-<br />
nent, separate warts <strong>and</strong> spines.<br />
Scattered on the ground in woods. Aug.-Oct.<br />
The principal distinguishing characters <strong>of</strong> this species are the unpleasant<br />
fishy odor <strong>and</strong> the pronounced graying <strong>of</strong> the lamellae on drying. The odor<br />
may not be detected in fresh specimens until they have begun to dry. The<br />
colors <strong>of</strong> the pileus are variable <strong>and</strong> the species is easier to identify from dried<br />
material than fresh because <strong>of</strong> the characteristic graying <strong>of</strong> the lamellae.<br />
R. squalida Peck has a similar odor <strong>and</strong> the spores are very similar. The<br />
lamellae also become gray on drying but the pileus dries to an olivaceous or<br />
greenish color rather than the vinaceous red <strong>of</strong> R. xerampelina. R. serissima<br />
Peck seems to be very similar to R. squalida, mainly differing in having larger<br />
spores.<br />
AMANITA<br />
For anyone interested in eating <strong>mushrooms</strong>, Amanita is the most impor-<br />
tant <strong>of</strong> all the genera because it is here that the deadly <strong>poisonous</strong> species belong.<br />
It is absolutely essential for the beginner to learn the diagnostic characters <strong>of</strong><br />
this genus <strong>and</strong> avoid it. It is true that some Amanita species are edible, but until<br />
these species are known beyond any possibility <strong>of</strong> doubt, no Amanita should be<br />
eaten.<br />
Amanita is characterized by the combination <strong>of</strong> three principal characters:<br />
white spore deposit <strong>and</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> both annulus <strong>and</strong> volva. The lamellae are<br />
typically free from the stipe but in a few species they may be narrowly attached<br />
or attached by a line. The stipe separates readily from the pileus.<br />
The annulus is formed from a layer <strong>of</strong> tissue extending from the stipe to<br />
the margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus <strong>and</strong> enclosing the lamellae during the button stage.<br />
As the pileus exp<strong>and</strong>s, this layer <strong>of</strong> tissue tears apart around the margin <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pileus <strong>and</strong> remains adhering to the stipe as a more or less definite ring. If this<br />
layer <strong>of</strong> tissue is delicate, the ring may be poorly formed <strong>and</strong> easily rubbed <strong>of</strong>f<br />
or evanescent, hence great care should be taken before deciding that an annulus<br />
is absent.<br />
The volva is, perhaps, the most important character <strong>and</strong> it is also the one<br />
most easily missed by careless collecting. It is a layer <strong>of</strong> tissue completely enclosing<br />
the young button, which at this stage may resemble a puffball. How-<br />
ever, if it is cut open the outline <strong>of</strong> the young mushroom can be seen (Figure<br />
77
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
91, p. 48). The true puffballs are homogeneous within. As the pileus exp<strong>and</strong>s,<br />
the volva becomes torn. This may occur in different ways. In some species it<br />
tears across the top <strong>and</strong> the mushroom emerges leaving the volva as a loose<br />
membranous sheath enclosing the base <strong>of</strong> the stipe (Figure 90, p. 48). In other<br />
species it may tear around the margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus <strong>and</strong> part <strong>of</strong> it remains on the<br />
surface <strong>of</strong> the pileus as warts or patches whereas the remainder more or less<br />
tightly encloses the base <strong>of</strong> the stipe, sometimes forming a series <strong>of</strong> irregular<br />
rings <strong>and</strong> patches or sometimes appearing as a more or less evident collar<br />
(Figure 103, p. 50). In some species the volva is friable <strong>and</strong> powdery <strong>and</strong> tends<br />
to disappear. The volva is <strong>of</strong>ten buried in the ground <strong>and</strong> in order to identify<br />
them correctly it is necessary to collect Amanita species very carefully, making<br />
certain to get the base <strong>of</strong> the stipe.<br />
In spite <strong>of</strong> the interest <strong>of</strong> many students in this genus, the identity <strong>of</strong> a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> the species is still in doubt. It is thus advisable to avoid all species<br />
<strong>of</strong> the genus when collecting for the table.<br />
Key<br />
1. Pileus white or whitish 2<br />
1. Pileus not predominantly white 4<br />
2. Volva forming ragged scales <strong>and</strong> rings on the stipe;<br />
spores nonamyloid white form <strong>of</strong> A. muscaria<br />
2. Volva not as above; spores amyloid 3<br />
3. Fruiting body entirely pure white; volva forming a loose sac-like<br />
sheath enclosing the bulb A. virosa<br />
3. Pileus tinged greenish yellow; volva usually adnate to the bulb<br />
but separable at the margin A. citrina<br />
4. Pileus brown, reddish brown, or yellow-brown 5<br />
4. Pileus not predominantly brown 10<br />
5. Wounds in flesh <strong>and</strong> stipe staining brown or reddish 6<br />
5. Wounds not conspicuously staining 8<br />
6. Bulb abrupt, exp<strong>and</strong>ed cup-shaped, depressed-marginate, firm,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten splitting vertically; spores globose A. brunnescens<br />
6. BulS clavate or ovoid, not as above, spores ellipsoid 7<br />
7. Yellow tones present in pileus, warts, or annulus A. flavorubescens<br />
7. No yellow tones present; entire fruit body reddening A. rubescens<br />
8. Annulus gray; bulb not collared; spores amyloid A. porphyria<br />
8. Annulus white; bulb with a collar; spores nonamyloid 9<br />
9. Pileus with creamy margin, brownish disk, very large A. velatipes<br />
9. Pileus yellowish to dark brown with white warts, usually rather small A. pantherina<br />
10. Pileus orange or red, at least on the disk 11<br />
10. Pileus yellow or paler, lacking orange or red tones 14<br />
11. Lamellae clear yellow; volva loose, sac-like A. caesarea<br />
11. Lamellae white or cream; volva not sac-like 12<br />
78
AMANITA<br />
12. Volva powdery; pileus nonstriate; spores amyloid A. flavoconia<br />
12. Volva not powdery; pileus striate; spores nonamyloid 13<br />
13. Pileus large; volva ragged, in rings <strong>and</strong> scales on the stipe A. muscaria<br />
13. Pileus usually small; volva a small white boot with a slight collar A. frostiana<br />
14. Pileus not striate at margin 15<br />
14. Pileus conspicuously striate at the margin 16<br />
15. Pileus pale greenish yellow; bulb abruptly globose A. citrina<br />
15. Pileus deeper yellow to yellow-brown; bulb clavate or<br />
tapering down A. ftavorubescens<br />
16. Lamellae clear yellow; volva loose, sac-like A. caesarea<br />
16, Lamellae white or cream; volva not loose <strong>and</strong> sac-like 17<br />
17. Volva forming ragged rings <strong>and</strong> scales on the stipe;<br />
pileus color lacking brown tones A. russuloides<br />
17. Volva closely enclosing bulb <strong>and</strong> with a more or less free, collared margin 18<br />
18. Pileus creamy yellowish or buff, lacking brown tones, usually small ... A. gemmata<br />
18. Pileus with brown tones 19<br />
19. Pileus with creamy margin, brownish disk, very large, fragile A. velatipes<br />
19. Pileus yellowish to dark brown with white warts,<br />
usually rather small A. pantherina<br />
AMANITA BRUNNESCENS Atk. Poisonous<br />
Figure 124, page 69<br />
PILEUS 1 54-4 (5) in. broad, convex, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, <strong>of</strong>ten with a<br />
broad obtuse umbo, dark brown, smoky brown, or olive-brown, paler on the<br />
margin, usually somewhat streaked with innate fibrils, viscid, decorated with<br />
whitish or pallid brownish, floccose warts or patches which may disappear,<br />
sometimes faintly striate on the margin, flesh thin except on the margin,<br />
white, tending to stain reddish brown, odor faint, lamellae free or almost so,<br />
creamy white, close, rather broad, narrowing toward the stipe, with many<br />
short lamellulae interspersed, stipe 3-6 in. long, i/4-% in. thick, with an<br />
abrupt, hard, marginate bulb whose margin splits longitudinally in a very<br />
characteristic manner, equal or tapering upward above the bulb, stuffed with<br />
a pith, subglabrous or minutely scurfy, white, staining reddish brown from<br />
the base upward, annulus large, membranous, collapsing against the stipe,<br />
white or pallid, staining reddish brown, volva dingy white to pallid brownish,<br />
breaking up into membranous-floccose fragments, some <strong>of</strong> which may cling to<br />
the pileus or bulb margin, usually leaving no trace on the bulb, spores amyloid,<br />
smooth, white, globose, 7-9 (10) /x-<br />
In groups or scattered, on the ground in woods. July-Sept.<br />
Bruises <strong>and</strong> wounds <strong>of</strong> the pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe stain reddish brown. The mar-<br />
ginate bulb <strong>and</strong> globose spores distinguish this species from A. rubescens.<br />
However, it is very easy to confuse these two species, <strong>and</strong>, as one is <strong>poisonous</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> the other edible, a mistake might be serious. A. brunnescens var. pallida<br />
Krieger is a whitish form which Singer has called Amanita aestivalis.<br />
79
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
AMANITA CAESAREA (Scop, ex Fr.) Pers. ex Schw. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Frontispiece; Figures 90, 91, 92, page 48<br />
piLEUS 2-4 in. broad or larger, fleshy, hemispherical, bell-shaped, or con-<br />
vex, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to nearly plane, sometimes obtusely umbonate, deep reddish<br />
orange on the disk, shading to bright yellow on the margin, or entirely clear<br />
yellow with disk slightly deeper in color, smooth, viscid, glabrous, prominently<br />
striate on the margin, flesh thin, white or tinged yellowish, odor faint, lamel-<br />
lae free or attached by a line, close to crowded, moderately broad, yellow.<br />
STIPE 3-8 in. long, J4-/4 in. thick, scarcely bulbous, subequal or tapering<br />
toward the apex, hollow, glabrous or slightly floccose-scaly below the annulus,<br />
yellow. ANNULUS s<strong>of</strong>t, membranous, yellow to orange, hanging down loosely<br />
around the stipe, volva thick, white, membranous, at first encasing the entire<br />
fruit body to form a structure the size <strong>and</strong> shape <strong>of</strong> a hen's egg, spHtting open<br />
at the apex as the stipe elongates <strong>and</strong> the pileus pushes up through, <strong>and</strong> finally<br />
encasing the base <strong>of</strong> the stipe as a loose, free-margined sac. spores nonamyloid,<br />
smooth, white, oval, 8-9.5 (11.5) X 6-7.5 (8) fi.<br />
Oct.<br />
Solitary or in groups or large fairy rings on the ground in woods. July-<br />
This mushroom is southern in distribution <strong>and</strong> seems to be rare as far<br />
north as <strong>Canada</strong>. There are specimens in the herbarium at Ottawa from Elgin<br />
County in Ontario <strong>and</strong> from Kentville, Nova Scotia. It is also said to occur in<br />
abundance around Quebec City.<br />
A. caesarea is said to be a fine edible mushroom, but anyone collecting it<br />
for food should first be very certain <strong>of</strong> its correct identification. The <strong>poisonous</strong>,<br />
A. muscaria has similar colors on the pileus but can readily be distinguished if<br />
a careful examination is made <strong>of</strong> the volva <strong>and</strong> other characters such as the<br />
color <strong>of</strong> the lamellae, stipe, <strong>and</strong> annulus.<br />
AMANITA CITRINA (Schaeff.) S. F. Gray Suspected<br />
Figure 125, page 69<br />
PILEUS 1.5-3.5 in. broad, convex becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, pale lemon-yellow<br />
or almost white, viscid when moist, decorated with appressed, friable, whitish<br />
or dingy buff, volval patches which may disappear, nonstriate on the margin.<br />
FLESH rather thin, white, lamellae free or sHghtly attached, close, moderately<br />
broad, creamy white, floccose on the edges, stipe 3-5 in. long, Va-Vi<br />
in. thick,<br />
equal or tapering slightly toward the apex, whitish, entirely glabrous or slightly<br />
scurfy at the base, stuffed or hollow, with a rather s<strong>of</strong>t, globose bulb, annulus<br />
creamy yellow or whitish, fragile, membranous, collapsing against the stipe.<br />
VOLVA whitish to dingy buff, membranous, more or less adnate to the s<strong>of</strong>t bulb<br />
but usually separable at the margin, occasionally exceeding the bulb margin<br />
slightly. SPORES amyloid, smooth, white, globose, 7-9 m-<br />
Solitary or scattered on the ground in woods. Aug. -Oct. Fairly common,<br />
at least in Eastern <strong>Canada</strong>.<br />
80
AMANITA<br />
This mushroom has been known in North America as A. mappa, but the<br />
correct name is A. citrina. Bruises on the pileus, lamellae, <strong>and</strong> stipe tend to stain<br />
reddish brown. It has been reported as non<strong>poisonous</strong> but is better avoided.<br />
AMANITA FLAVOCONIA Atk. Possibly <strong>poisonous</strong><br />
Figure 123, page 69<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, convex, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to almost plane, sometimes<br />
broadly umbonate, brilliant orange to bright yellow, the entire pileus more or<br />
less unicolorous, usually paling slightly toward the margin, smooth, viscid,<br />
with scattered, very friable, floccose or granular-powdery patches <strong>of</strong> the bright<br />
yellow volva, soon becoming glabrous, nonstriate on the margin, occasionally<br />
becoming faintly short-striate in places in age. flesh thin except on the disk,<br />
white or tinged yellow next to the pellicle, odor not distinctive, lamellae free<br />
or almost so, white or creamy, <strong>of</strong>ten yellow on the edges, close, moderately<br />
broad, stipe 2-5 in. long, V^-Vi in. thick, equal or tapering upward from the<br />
oval to clavate-bulbous base, stuffed, then hollow, white or pale yellow,<br />
pruinose above the annulus, minutely scurfy below, usually with a few friable,<br />
yellow, volval fragments clinging to it. annulus membranous, creamy to<br />
yellow. VOLVA entirely bright yellow, very friable, floccose to granular-powdery<br />
present on the pileus in scattered friable warts, a few fragments usually clinging<br />
to the stipe but most remaining in the soil when the fruit body is collected.<br />
spores smooth, white, ovoid, amyloid, 7-9 (10) X (4.5) 5-6 (7) m-<br />
Fairly common at least in Eastern <strong>Canada</strong>, scattered or in groups on the<br />
ground in woods. June-Sept.<br />
The two orange-yellow species most hkely to be confused with this one,<br />
A. muscaria <strong>and</strong> A. frostiana, are both conspicuously striate, <strong>and</strong> both have<br />
nonamyloid spores. A. flavoconia has much more brilhant coloring than<br />
A.flavorubescens <strong>and</strong> the base <strong>of</strong> the stipe does not stain reddish.<br />
AMANITA FLAVORUBESCENS Atk. Suspected<br />
Figure 142, page 89<br />
PILEUS fleshy, 1 1/^-4 in. broad, convex to campanulate or broadly gibbous,<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ing, hght yellow to deep, dull yellow, or tinged olive-yellow, <strong>of</strong>ten dingy<br />
yellow-brown to umber on the disk, bruising brown to reddish brown, smooth,<br />
slightly viscid, decorated with small, very floccose warts which vary in color<br />
from brilhant ochre-yellow to dingy buff", nonstriate, or in places faintly striate<br />
on the margin, flesh thin except on the disk, white or tinged yellow, bruising<br />
reddish, lamellae moderately broad to rather narrow, free or attached by a<br />
line, close, creamy white, stipe 2-55/2 in. long, y^-\ in. thick, equal or tapering<br />
upward, sHghtly swollen at the base to form an oval-clavate bulb, occasionally<br />
tapering below the bulb, stuffed or hollow, white or tinged yellow above,<br />
staining reddish toward the base, pruinose or minutely floccose, sometimes<br />
bearing a few bright yellow volval fragments, annulus membranous, fragile,<br />
81
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
yellowish on the lower surface, creamy white with a yellow margin on the upper<br />
surface, striate, volva on the bulb thick, membranous, sordid buff, staining<br />
reddish, usually forming a neat appressed boot so tightly appressed as to be<br />
inconspicuous <strong>and</strong> overlooked, occasionally leaving rings <strong>of</strong> dingy tissue on<br />
the stipe above the bulb, present on the pileus in dingy buff, floccose warts, or<br />
(especially in young buttons) in bright yellow, floccose fragments, a few <strong>of</strong><br />
which may cling to the stipe or annulus but which seem to be lacking from the<br />
bulb except perhaps around its margin, spores smooth, white, amyloid, ellip-<br />
soid, 7.5-9 (10) X 5.5-6.5 ^l.<br />
Solitary or in groups on the ground in woods. June-Sept.<br />
This seems to be a rather rare Amanita^ although it may not be uncommon<br />
in certain localities. The combination <strong>of</strong> reddening stipe base, lack <strong>of</strong> any<br />
orange-red coloring in the pileus, <strong>and</strong> amyloid, ellipsoid spores will distinguish<br />
it from other yellowish species. The warts frequently disappear from the pileus,<br />
leaving it glabrous. The thick white flesh <strong>of</strong> the bulb may pull apart into slight<br />
scales or rings as the mushroom grows.<br />
AMANITA FROSTIANA Peck Not edible<br />
Figures 129, 130, page 71<br />
PILEUS X-lYi in. broad, convex, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to plane, deep orange or<br />
reddish orange on the disk, <strong>of</strong>ten changing to clear yellow on the margin,<br />
conspicuously striate, viscid, bearing scattered, friable-floccose warts which<br />
are usually yellow or more rarely whitish with a few bright yellow fragments<br />
clinging to them, flesh thin, white, tinged yellow beneath the cuticle, odor not<br />
distinctive, lamellae free, moderately broad, close, white or tinged creamy<br />
yellow, at times yellow-marginate. stipe 2-4 J/2 in. long, about i/i in. thick,<br />
subequal or tapering upward above the small, oval or subglobose bulb, stuffed,<br />
becoming hollow, white or pale yellow, subglabrous. annulus fragile, mem-<br />
branous, <strong>of</strong>ten yellow, volva on the bulb forming a Httle white boot with a<br />
free collar at the margin, usually with few to many bright yellow friable frag-<br />
ments clinging to the bulb <strong>and</strong> stipe base, on the pileus either entirely yellow<br />
<strong>and</strong> friable, or at times white-floccose with a few bright yellow friable frag-<br />
ments adhering, spores nonamyloid, smooth, white, subglobose to globose,<br />
apiculate, 7.5-9.5 X 7-9 /x-<br />
rare.<br />
Solitary or in groups on the ground in mixed woods. July-Sept. Rather<br />
This species is easily confused with both A. muscaria <strong>and</strong> A. flavoconia,<br />
although it differs from both in its globose spores <strong>and</strong> the collared white boot<br />
on the bulb. From A. muscaria it also differs in its small stature <strong>and</strong> the yellow<br />
friable warts on the pileus. The nonamyloid spores <strong>and</strong> the prominent stria-<br />
tions on the pileus margin are further characters that separate it from A.flavo-<br />
conia.<br />
It is said to be non<strong>poisonous</strong> but the danger <strong>of</strong> confusing it with A. mus-<br />
caria is too great <strong>and</strong> it should be avoided at all times.<br />
82
AMANITA<br />
AMANITA GEMMATA (Fr.) Gill. Doubtful<br />
Figures 131, 132, page 71<br />
PILEUS %-2J4<br />
in. broad, at first ovoid to convex, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to plane,<br />
slightly depressed in center, occasionally subumbonate, smooth, viscid, gla-<br />
brous or with floccose-membranous, whitish warts on the disk, pale creamy<br />
yellow on the margin, more dingy yellowish to buff on the disk, margin con-<br />
spicuously striate, flesh s<strong>of</strong>t, fragile, thin, white or tinged creamy yellow, odor<br />
not distinctive, lamellae free, close, broad in comparison to the flesh, creamy<br />
white, edge minutely flocculose. stipe 2-4 in. long, Ys-Vs in. thick, nearly<br />
equal or tapering upward shghtly, with a small, round to oval bulb about<br />
*/4-% in. diam. at the base, whitish, finely pruinose at the apex, subglabrous<br />
to appressed-floccose or appressed-fibrillose below, stuffed becoming hollow.<br />
annulus white, membranous, fragile, evanescent or sometimes remaining<br />
attached to the margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus. volva adnate to the bulb, at first with a<br />
slight free margin forming a collar at the top <strong>of</strong> the bulb, this later disappearing<br />
<strong>and</strong> leaving a slightly torn bulb margin, spores white, subglobose to globose,<br />
nonamyloid, 7-10 (11) X 7-9.5 m-<br />
Singly or gregarious on the ground in mixed woods. June-Sept.<br />
This is a rather small, creamy yellowish to buff colored Amanita. The<br />
annulus is very fragile <strong>and</strong> may disappear very soon so that one would be<br />
inclined to look for the species in Amanitopsis. It might be confused with<br />
A. russuloides.<br />
Konrad <strong>and</strong> Maublanc assert that they have eaten this species <strong>and</strong> that it<br />
is edible; however it cannot be recommended.<br />
AMANITA MUSCARIA Fr. Deadly <strong>poisonous</strong><br />
Figures 103, 104, page 50; 133, 134, page 71<br />
Fly Agaric<br />
PILEUS 3-8 in. broad, hemispherical, becoming convex, then exp<strong>and</strong>ed,<br />
viscid when fresh, striate on the margin, blood-red to scarlet, orange, or yellow,<br />
or sometimes white, darkest on the disk, adorned with thick floccose to pyra-<br />
midal warts which are whitish or tinged buff or straw-yellow, flesh white or<br />
creamy, moderately thick on the disk, thinning to a line at the margin, tinged<br />
yellow under the cuticle, odor not distinctive, lamellae free but reaching the<br />
stipe, close to crowded, rather broad, white or creamy, <strong>of</strong>ten minutely floccose<br />
on the edges, stipe 4-8 in. long, V2-% in. thick, equal or tapering upward<br />
above the clavate bulb, stuffed, whitish or tinged yellow, subglabrous above,<br />
lacerate-scaly toward the base from the remains <strong>of</strong> the torn volva. annulus<br />
large, membranous, white to yellowish, volva whitish or tinged buff or straw<br />
color, broken up into rings <strong>of</strong> shaggy scaliness on bulb <strong>and</strong> base <strong>of</strong> stipe, in<br />
thick warts on the pileus. spores nonamyloid, smooth, white, ellipsoid, 8-1 1 X<br />
6-8 M.<br />
On the ground in scattered groups or large colonies, sometimes in fairy<br />
rings, along roadsides <strong>and</strong> in open woods. July-Oct.<br />
83
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
This <strong>poisonous</strong> Amanita is fairly common <strong>and</strong> widely distributed. The<br />
ragged volval scales on the stipe are very characteristic but the scales on the<br />
pileus may become washed <strong>of</strong>f by rains. On the west coast <strong>of</strong> North America<br />
the form with reddish pileus seems to be the common one; while in the East the<br />
pileus tends to be yellow to orange. A white form is sometimes found. For a<br />
comparison with A.frostiana <strong>and</strong> A.flavoconia, see the notes on those species.<br />
See also the notes on A. velatipes.<br />
AMANITA PANTHERINA (DC. ex Fr.) Seer. Deadly <strong>poisonous</strong><br />
PILEUS 2-4 in. broad, convex at first, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed to nearly plane,<br />
viscid, surface covered with whitish, pyramidal warts which later may fall <strong>of</strong>f<br />
or be washed <strong>of</strong>f, typically smoky brown in color but varying to yellowish<br />
brown or olive-brown, sometimes quite yellowish, margin striate, flesh<br />
whitish, thick in center to thin at margin, odor not distinctive, lamellae<br />
white, free or attached by a line at first, close to crowded, with 1-2 tiers <strong>of</strong><br />
lamellulae. stipe 2^/2-4 in. long, %-% in. thick, swollen at the base, white,<br />
silky above the annulus, fibrillose below, stuffed, annulus median or superior,<br />
floccose-membranous, fibrillose below, margin yellowish to grayish brown.<br />
VOLVA closely adhering to the bulb as a sheath with a free collar, sometimes<br />
leaving a few concentric rings <strong>of</strong> volval tissue on the stipe, forming whitish<br />
warts on the pileus. spores white, smooth, nonamyloid, broadly ellipsoid to<br />
ovoid, (8) 9-11 (12) X 6.5-8 }x.<br />
Under conifers apparently only along the west coast. May-Nov.<br />
This is a very <strong>poisonous</strong> mushroom <strong>and</strong> according to Smith (1949)<br />
it has caused more deaths in Europe than A. muscaria, which usually receives<br />
more publicity. All <strong>of</strong> the records in our herbarium are from British Columbia<br />
except one, which is from the Yukon. A. pantherina may not occur in eastern<br />
North America but it has been included because <strong>of</strong> its very <strong>poisonous</strong> properties.<br />
It is reported to be variable in color, typically brown but sometimes<br />
varying to yellow. Yellow forms may be confused with A. muscaria but the<br />
collar-like margin <strong>of</strong> the volva should distinguish it. A. velatipes is paler,<br />
larger, <strong>and</strong> more fragile.<br />
AMANITA PORPHYRIA (A. & S. ex Fr.) Seer. Suspected<br />
Figures 135, 136, page 71<br />
PILEUS 1-2 )/2 ir^- broad, convex, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, sometimes broadly<br />
subumbonate, brown to gray-brown or muddy brown, smooth, viscid, usually<br />
bearing a few remnants <strong>of</strong> the friable, gray volva, nonstriate, tending to remain<br />
for a long time decurved on the margin, flesh thin, white, odor not distinctive.<br />
LAMELLAE free, close, moderately broad, creamy white, stipe 2-41/2 in. long,<br />
Va-Vi<br />
bulb, <strong>of</strong>ten patterned with innate gray flecking on a white background.<br />
ANNULUS thin, membranous, ashy gray, collapsing against the stipe. Volva<br />
84<br />
in. thick, equal or tapering upward above the rather s<strong>of</strong>t, subglobose
AMANITA<br />
pallid or grayish on the bulb, usually separable at the margin, <strong>of</strong>ten leaving a<br />
few friable, gray patches on the pileus, <strong>and</strong> around the stipe base, spores<br />
amyloid, smooth, white, globose, 7-9 /z.<br />
Sohtary or in groups <strong>of</strong> several on the ground in woods. Aug.-Oct.<br />
Infrequent.<br />
The brown pileus, ashy gray annulus <strong>and</strong> s<strong>of</strong>t, globose bulb are the dis-<br />
tinguishing marks <strong>of</strong> this species. A. tomentella Krombh. is said to differ in the<br />
densely powdery, gray coating <strong>of</strong> the pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe. A form answering to<br />
the description <strong>of</strong> A. tomentella is occasionally collected <strong>and</strong> seems distinct<br />
from the usually glabrous A. porphyria. Whether or not this is a variation <strong>of</strong><br />
A. porphyria is a question. A. porphyria <strong>of</strong>ten bears a few fragments <strong>of</strong> gray<br />
pulverulence on the pileus <strong>and</strong> occasionally it has a rather large powdery<br />
volval patch. A. spreta Peck is another brown to umber species in which the<br />
stipe is equal throughout <strong>and</strong> not bulbous at the base.<br />
AMANITA RUBESCENS (Pers. ex Fr.) Gray <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 137, 138, page 71<br />
PILEUS 2-6 in. broad, at first ovoid, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to convex or with a broad<br />
obtuse umbo, variable in color, usually dingy reddish or dull reddish brown,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten with muddy brown or olive-umber shades present, shghtly viscid,<br />
adorned with numerous, floccose, grayish or dirty pinkish scales which are<br />
readily washed <strong>of</strong>f, nonstriate or the extreme margin indistinctly striate.<br />
FLESH thin, s<strong>of</strong>t, white, staining reddish, odor not distinctive, lamellae free or<br />
scarcely attached, close to crowded, moderately broad, narrowing toward the<br />
stipe, dingy white, staining reddish, stipe stout, sometimes slightly excentric,<br />
3-8 in. long, )4-% in. thick, swollen at the base, subequal or tapering up-<br />
ward, stuffed, subglabrous to minutely fibrillose, staining dingy pink to<br />
reddish, annulus large, membranous, fragile, collapsing against the stipe,<br />
dingy white or pale greenish yellow, staining pinkish, volva fragile, gray,<br />
tinged sordid reddish, breaking up into scales on the pileus, usually lacking<br />
or almost so on the stipe base as most <strong>of</strong> the fragments remain in the soil.<br />
spores amyloid, smooth, white, ellipsoid, 7-9 (10) X 5-7 }i.<br />
Sohtary or scattered, on the ground in woods. July-Sept.<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> the edible species <strong>of</strong> Amanita, but the danger <strong>of</strong> confusing<br />
it with the <strong>poisonous</strong> A. brunnescens is great. Wounds <strong>and</strong> bruises in A. rubescens<br />
stain a sordid reddish color, while in A. brunnescens the stains are more<br />
reddish brown. A. brunnescens has a marginate bulb <strong>and</strong> globose spores.<br />
A. flavorubescens also stains reddish, but the dull yellow coloring, especially<br />
in the pileus margin, should distinguish it.<br />
AMANITA RUSSULOIDES Peck<br />
Figures 140, 141, page 89<br />
Poisonous<br />
PILEUS 1-2 1/2 in. broad, convex, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to plane, prominently striate<br />
on the margin, smooth, viscid, pale straw-yellow to yellowish buff, paler on<br />
85
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
the margin, occasionally bearing a few whitish volval fragments, flesh thin,<br />
white. LAMELLAE free or almost so, close to crowded, not broad, white or<br />
creamy, stipe 2-4 (5) in. long, Y^-Va in. thick, tapering upward slightly above<br />
the clavate bulb, white or pallid, annulus membranous, collapsed against the<br />
stipe, sometimes disappearing, volva white or pallid, in ragged rings <strong>and</strong><br />
fragments up the stipe, resembling the volva <strong>of</strong> A. muscaria. spores smooth,<br />
white, nonamyloid, ellipsoid, 8-10.5 (11.5) X 5.5-7.5 /x.<br />
Scattered, on the ground in open places. July-Sept. Infrequent to rare.<br />
This Peck species, which is infrequently collected, has been relegated by<br />
most authors to the long list <strong>of</strong> synonymy with A. junquillea <strong>and</strong> A. gemmata.<br />
However, it does not belong in that group. As Peck himself says, "The bulb is<br />
ovate <strong>and</strong> the volva fragile <strong>and</strong> easily broken into fragments. Its nearest<br />
relationship is with A. [Agaricus] muscarius. . . . ''A. russuloides can be distin-<br />
guished by its small stature, its straw colored, striate pileus, its muscaria-type<br />
volva, <strong>and</strong> its nonamyloid, ellipsoid spores.<br />
A. russuloides may be confused with A. gemmata but the latter is more<br />
creamy yellow in color <strong>and</strong> it has globose spores, an evanescent annulus <strong>and</strong><br />
an inconspicuous volva that is <strong>of</strong>ten marked only by a slight torn hne around<br />
the margin <strong>of</strong> the bulb. It lacks the ragged volval fragments on the stipe that<br />
are characteristic <strong>of</strong> A. russuloides.<br />
Definite information regarding its edibility appears to be lacking but it<br />
should be avoided.<br />
AMANITA VELATIPES Atk. Doubtful<br />
Figure 143, page 89<br />
PILEUS large, 3-5 Yi in. broad, fleshy, ovoid in the button stage, later con-<br />
vex <strong>and</strong> finally broadly exp<strong>and</strong>ed, striate on the margin, in age grooved-striate<br />
or somewhat tuberculate-striate, smooth on the disk, viscid, creamy yellow,<br />
usually darkening to brownish or umber on the disk <strong>and</strong> paUng to cream on<br />
the margin (or, according to Atkinson, at times entirely hair-brown), deco-<br />
rated with thick, dingy white, floccose warts, flesh moderately thick on the<br />
disk, thinning to a line at the margin, white, tinged yellowish beneath the<br />
cuticle, odor faint, lamellae free, broad, elliptical, crowded, creamy white,<br />
slightly floccose on the edges, with many shorter, truncate lamellulae <strong>of</strong> varying<br />
lengths present, stipe stout, 5-8 in. long, Y^-\ in. thick, subequal or tapering<br />
upward slightly, clavate-bulbous, stuff'ed with a pith or becoming hollow<br />
within, dry, creamy white, minutely pruinose at the apex, annulus large,<br />
membranous, creamy white, median, collapsed against the stipe, volva thick,<br />
membranous, dingy white, tightly booting the clavate bulb but with a more or<br />
less free, thick margin, sometimes leaving one or two rings <strong>of</strong> tissue on the<br />
stipe above the bulb, scattered in thick, dingy white, floccose warts on the<br />
pileus. spores nonamyloid, smooth, white, ellipsoid, 8-10 X 6-7 m-<br />
Scattered or in groups on the ground in open woods, or in grassy places<br />
at the edge <strong>of</strong> woods. July-Sept.<br />
86
AMANITA<br />
This large Amanita, with its pale yellowish color, has been mistaken at<br />
first glance for a faded A. muscaria by more than one collector. Plate 6 in<br />
Giissow <strong>and</strong> Odell labeled A. muscaria is undoubtedly A. velatipes. However,<br />
the complete lack <strong>of</strong> any orange-red coloring, even in buttons, <strong>and</strong> the neat<br />
volval boot on the stipe will distinguish it. The booted stipe has caused some<br />
people to call this mushroom A. cothurnata Atk., <strong>and</strong> certainly these two are<br />
very closely related. The type specimens <strong>of</strong> both these Atkinson species have<br />
been examined. A. cothurnata is a small slender mushroom, pure white or with<br />
a very faint tinge <strong>of</strong> color on the disk, <strong>and</strong> with shghtly broader spores which<br />
are thus more broadly ovoid than ellipsoid in shape.<br />
Amanita glabriceps Peck, which has elliosoid <strong>and</strong> not globose spores as<br />
stated by Peck, is a later synonym.<br />
There is no information concerning the edibihty <strong>of</strong> this species but it<br />
should be left alone.<br />
AMANITA VI ROSA Lam. ex Seer. Deadly <strong>poisonous</strong><br />
Figures 115, page 52; 291, page 193<br />
Destroying Angel<br />
PILEUS 2-5 in. broad, at first ovoid, becoming convex <strong>and</strong> finally ex-<br />
p<strong>and</strong>ed, nonstriate, pure white, at times becoming faintly discolored on the<br />
disk, viscid, glabrous, rarely bearing a patch <strong>of</strong> volval membrane, flesh s<strong>of</strong>t,<br />
white, thin except on the disk, developing a disagreeably sweet odor, lamel-<br />
lae free or reaching the stipe by a line, close to crowded, fairly broad, white,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten minutely flocculose on the edges, stipe 3-8 in. long, |4-% ii^- thick,<br />
swollen at the base to a clavate or oval bulb, equal above or tapering upward,<br />
smooth or appressed-fibrillose, sometime floccose, white, stuffed within.<br />
ANNULUS large, white, membranous, hanging skirt-like near the apex <strong>of</strong> the<br />
stipe or clinging in shreds to the pileus margin, volva white, membranous,<br />
sac-like, loosely encasing the bulb <strong>and</strong> stipe base, usually extending up the<br />
stipe well beyond the bulb, spores amyloid, smooth, white, subglobose varying<br />
to ovoid or elHpsoid, (8) 9-10.5 (12) X (7) 8-9.5 (10) /z.<br />
Solitary or scattered on the ground in woods, sometimes on lawns beneath<br />
trees. July-Oct. Frequent.<br />
This is the most deadly <strong>poisonous</strong> <strong>of</strong> our wild <strong>mushrooms</strong>. Everyone<br />
collecting <strong>mushrooms</strong> should learn to recognize it. The distinguishing marks<br />
are the pure white color <strong>of</strong> all parts, the presence <strong>of</strong> annulus <strong>and</strong> sac-like volva,<br />
the free lamellae <strong>and</strong> the white spore print. The volva may be left in the ground<br />
<strong>and</strong> overlooked if the mushroom is pulled carelessly. The danger <strong>of</strong> mistaking<br />
A. virosa for the edible Lepiota naucina is great, <strong>and</strong> a mistake could be fatal.<br />
The folly <strong>of</strong> applying simple popular 'tests' to determine the edibility <strong>of</strong> a<br />
mushroom is well illustrated here. The pileus o^ A. virosa peels readily, <strong>and</strong> yet<br />
many people use this peehng test as a pro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> edibility.<br />
A. verna (Lam. ex Fr.) Pers. ex Vitt. is said to differ in having truly ellip-<br />
87
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
soid spores. In the collections <strong>of</strong> A. virosa in the herbarium at Ottawa, spores<br />
vary from globose to ellipsoid. Most specimens have at least some eUipsoid<br />
spores <strong>and</strong> a few have a considerable number <strong>of</strong> truly ellipsoid spores, but<br />
always mixed with globose ones. It does not seem possible in our collections to<br />
separate two species on the basis <strong>of</strong> spore shape or other characters. Since<br />
globose spores predominate, it seems best to use the name A. virosa for our<br />
species.<br />
A. bisporigera Atk. seems to be identical with A. virosa except for the<br />
2-spored basidia. Size is not a distinguishing feature as A. bisporigera can vary<br />
from very large to very small.<br />
A. virosa has been mistakenly called A. phalloides in North America. The<br />
true A. phalloides, however, is a greenish species native to Europe, which has<br />
not yet been found in <strong>Canada</strong> but may possibly occur in Cahfornia.<br />
Amanita aestivalis Singer is not a synonym <strong>of</strong> A. virosa but <strong>of</strong> A, brun-<br />
nescens var. pallida Krieger. It would key to this place in the above key but it<br />
has a marginate bulb which bruises reddish brown, <strong>and</strong> its volva is not loose<br />
<strong>and</strong> sac-like.<br />
AMANITOPSIS<br />
Species <strong>of</strong> Amanitopsis are white-spored. They have the lamellae free from<br />
the stipe, <strong>and</strong> possess a volva but no annulus. They are very similar to species<br />
<strong>of</strong> Amanita in appearance <strong>and</strong> stature, differing only in the absence <strong>of</strong> an<br />
annulus, <strong>and</strong> some authors do not regard them as generically distinct from<br />
Amanita. The name Amanitopsis has been <strong>of</strong>ficially conserved against the<br />
earlier name Vaginata.<br />
It is not a large genus <strong>and</strong>, except for the varieties <strong>of</strong> Amanitopsis vaginata,<br />
the species are not commonly collected. None are known to be <strong>poisonous</strong> but<br />
because <strong>of</strong> their great similarity to Amanita <strong>and</strong> the danger <strong>of</strong> mistaking an<br />
Amanita that may have lost its annulus for an Amanitopsis, the amateur<br />
should avoid using these species as food until he is thoroughly familiar with<br />
them.<br />
88<br />
Figures 140-149<br />
140. Amanita russuloides. 141. A. russuloides.<br />
142. A. flavorubescens. 143. A. velatipes.<br />
144. Amanitopsis vaginata. 145. Armillaria imperialis.<br />
146. A.mellea. 147. Limacella glischra.<br />
148. L. illinita. 149. Lepiota acutaesquamosa.
Figure 150, Lepiota naucina. Note that the base <strong>of</strong> the stipe is somewhat bulbous<br />
but no volva is present, also note the rather stiff annulus which st<strong>and</strong>s out from<br />
the stipe.<br />
151. Lepiota brunnea.<br />
153. L. cristata.<br />
155. Pleurotus applicatus.<br />
157. P. subpalmatus.<br />
159. C clavipes.<br />
90<br />
Figures 151-160<br />
152. L. clypeolaria.<br />
154. Cystoderma cinnabarinum.<br />
156. P. porrigens.<br />
158. Clitocybe aurantiaca.<br />
1 60. C. decora.
Figures 161-163. Lepiota procera. 161, two immature fruiting bodies; 162, mature<br />
fruiting body; 163, young fruiting body after the partial veil has torn <strong>and</strong> formed<br />
92<br />
the annulus. Note the furfuraceous stipe.
LIMACELLA<br />
AMANITOPSIS VAGINATA Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 144, page 89<br />
PILEUS 2-4 in. broad, s<strong>of</strong>t <strong>and</strong> fleshy, at first ovate, becoming campanulate<br />
or convex, then plane, umbonate, occurring in three color forms — white,<br />
(var. alba Sacc), tawny, (var. fulva Sacc.), or grayish, (var. livida Pk.), surface<br />
glabrous or occasionally bearing fragments <strong>of</strong> the volva, margin grooved-<br />
striate. flesh white, lamellae free, not close, moderately broad, whitish.<br />
STIPE 3-7 in. long, about )4 in. thick, tapering slightly towards the apex, base<br />
not bulbous, extending some distance into the ground, stuffed, becoming<br />
hollow, surface glabrous or somewhat mealy, whitish, annulus lacking.<br />
VOLVA ample, white, membranous, mostly underground, encasing the base <strong>of</strong><br />
the stipe <strong>and</strong> usually collapsed against it. spores smooth, white, globose,<br />
8-10 M.<br />
Solitary or scattered, on the ground in woods. June-Sept. Fairly common.<br />
<strong>Edible</strong> but not to be confused with specimens <strong>of</strong> Amanita from which the<br />
annulus has disappeared, especially the <strong>poisonous</strong> Amanita spreta Pk. whose<br />
stipe also lacks a bulb.<br />
It seems probable that the three color varieties mentioned above are good<br />
autonomous species. They seem to be entirely distinct without intermediate<br />
forms. Amanitopsis inaurata (Seer.) Fayod has a gray volva <strong>and</strong> large spores.<br />
LIMACELLA<br />
Limacella is a small genus <strong>and</strong> most <strong>of</strong> the species are rather rare. They<br />
were formerly placed in Lepiota, but constitute a fairly well-marked, related<br />
group that seems worthy <strong>of</strong> generic rank. The fundamental character separat-<br />
ing them from Lepiota is the microscopic structure <strong>of</strong> the trama <strong>of</strong> the lamellae,<br />
but they can usually be recognized in the field by the viscid pileus; the stipe,<br />
too, is <strong>of</strong>ten viscid. The lamellae are free or in one species shghtly attached<br />
<strong>and</strong> an annulus is present. The North American species have been studied by<br />
Helen V. Smith (1945) <strong>and</strong> she recognized twelve species. Two species may be<br />
found fairly <strong>of</strong>ten in the Ottawa district.<br />
There does not appear to be much information on the edibihty <strong>of</strong> Lima-<br />
cella species, but since the genus is generally considered to be closely related to<br />
Amanita, they are probably best avoided or tried very cautiously.<br />
LIMACELLA GLISCHRA (Morg.) Murr.<br />
Figure 147, page 89<br />
PILEUS %-2^/2 in. broad, convex or subumbonate, slimy-viscid, yellowbrown<br />
to reddish brown, flesh white, thick, s<strong>of</strong>t, lamellae free, close to<br />
crowded, white, broad, stipe 2-3 in. long, V8-!4 in. thick, equal or nearly so,<br />
93
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
glutinous, colored like the pileus, cottony at the base, solid, annulus slight,<br />
evanescent, glutinous-fibrillose. spores white, subglobose, 4-6 X 4-5 ^i.<br />
Usually singly or scattered on ground in woods. Aug. -Oct.<br />
The rather bright colored, thick gluten covering both pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe,<br />
together with the white spores <strong>and</strong> free lamellae characterize this species.<br />
L. glioderma (Fr.) Earle is also brown but is darker <strong>and</strong> the stipe is not viscid.<br />
LIMACELLA ILLINITA (Fr.) Earle<br />
Figure 148, page 89<br />
PILEUS 1 %-2)/2 in. broad, at first ovoid becoming campanulate to plane or<br />
subumbonate, glutinous, viscid, glabrous, white, sometimes yellowish on the<br />
disk. FLESH white, thin, s<strong>of</strong>t, no taste, lamellae free, close, moderately broad,<br />
white. STIPE 2-31/2 in. long, V^-V^ in. thick, equal or tapering upward slightly,<br />
white, glutinous below annulus, silky above, stuffed to hollow, annulus<br />
fibrillose, evanescent, spores white, subglobose to broadly elHpsoid, smooth,<br />
5-6 X 4-5.5 11.<br />
Singly to gregarious on the ground in woods. Sept.-Oct.<br />
The very glutinous white pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe, <strong>and</strong> the free lamellae distin-<br />
guish this species. Sometimes the gluten is so copious that it drips from the<br />
pileus. A form is sometimes found in which the gluten on the stipe becomes<br />
pinkish or red <strong>and</strong> this has been described as L. illinita var. rubescens H. V.<br />
Smith.<br />
LEPIOTA<br />
The genus Lepiota contains a great many species including some <strong>of</strong> the<br />
largest <strong>and</strong> most important edible species. It has white spores <strong>and</strong> lamellae<br />
free from the stipe. An annulus is present, but the volva is lacking. The stipe is<br />
a different texture from the flesh <strong>of</strong> the pileus <strong>and</strong> separates readily from it. An<br />
exception to the spores being white is found in Lepiota molybdites where they<br />
are greenish.<br />
It is an important genus for those who are interested in <strong>mushrooms</strong> as<br />
food. L. procera is one <strong>of</strong> the finest edible species we have <strong>and</strong> L. brunnea <strong>and</strong><br />
L. americana are also very good. However, the occurrence <strong>of</strong> the <strong>poisonous</strong><br />
L. molybdites, which might be mistaken for either L. procera or L. brunnea if<br />
spore prints are not taken, makes it important that the characters <strong>of</strong> the<br />
species be examined closely.<br />
Careful identification is particularly important in the case <strong>of</strong> L. naucina.<br />
This beautiful white species, which occurs commonly in lawns <strong>and</strong> meadows,<br />
is edible itself but has probably been indirectly responsible for many deaths<br />
from mushroom poisoning because <strong>of</strong> people mistaking the deadly <strong>poisonous</strong><br />
94
LEPIOTA<br />
Amanita virosa for it. For this reason no one should eat L. naucina or any pure<br />
white mushroom until he is absolutely certain he knows <strong>and</strong> can recognize<br />
A. virosa.<br />
As with most <strong>of</strong> the older genera <strong>of</strong> agarics, modern investigators tend to<br />
spHt Lepiota into a number <strong>of</strong> smaller genera composed <strong>of</strong> groups <strong>of</strong> closely<br />
related species. Two <strong>of</strong> these segregated genera have been recognized here,<br />
Limacella including the viscid species formerly placed in Lepiota, <strong>and</strong> Cystoderma<br />
including the species with granulose covering <strong>of</strong> the pilei <strong>and</strong> with the<br />
lamellae attached to the stipe.<br />
Key<br />
1. Spore print green L. molybdites<br />
1. Spore print white 2<br />
2. Pileus glabrous, white; lamellae faintly pinkish in age L. naucina<br />
2. Pileus more or less scaly 3<br />
3. Annulus movable, fruiting bodies very large 4<br />
3. Annulus not movable, fruiting bodies small to medium 5<br />
4. Stipe glabrous, striate, turning reddish when wounded;<br />
fruiting body about as broad or broader than tall L. brunnea<br />
4. Stipe furfuraceous, not reddening when wounded; fruiting body<br />
much taller than broad L. procera<br />
5. Stipe glabrous 6<br />
5. Stipe clothed with a floccose or filamentous sheath, sometimes scaly 7<br />
6. Stipe equal, mostly less than Va, in. thick L. cristata<br />
6. Stipe bulbous or ventricose, mostly Va in. or more thick;<br />
whole fruiting body staining reddish when bruised or in age L. americana<br />
7. Scales <strong>of</strong> pileus erect, wart-like; spores 7-9 ju long L. acutaesquamosa<br />
7. Scales <strong>of</strong> pileus more or less appressed, patch-like;<br />
spores 10-6 ^ long L. clypeolaria<br />
LEPIOTA ACUTAESQUAMOSA (Weinm.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 149, page 89<br />
PILEUS 2-5 in. broad, convex exp<strong>and</strong>ing to almost plane, obtuse or<br />
broadly umbonate, bright tawny, tomentose, covered with erect, beaked or<br />
squarrose, tawny brown scales which gradually fall <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> leave tawny, fibril-<br />
lose, scar-hke patches with paler flesh showing between, flesh not very thick,<br />
s<strong>of</strong>t, white. LAMELLAE free, very crowded, unforked, moderately broad, white,<br />
pruinose on the edge, minutely saw-toothed, stipe 2-4 in. long, about )4 ii^-<br />
thick, bulbous at base, equal or tapering slightly to the apex, dingy white,<br />
covered with a dense cottony-fibrillose sheath, stuffed or hollow, annulus<br />
white, with brownish scales on the lower surface, membranous, hanging loosely<br />
around the stipe, sometimes disappearing, spores smooth, white, long-ellip-<br />
soid, 7-9 X 2.5-3 /z.<br />
95
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
In groups, on the ground or on decayed wood in woods, gardens, green-<br />
houses. Aug.-Sept.<br />
It can be recognized by its bright tawny color <strong>and</strong> spiny scales. L. friesii<br />
Lasch is similar but with forking lamellae.<br />
LEPIOTA AMERICANA Peck <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 126, 127, 128, page 70<br />
PILEUS 1-4 in. or more broad, at first subglobose or ovoid, becoming<br />
conic-exp<strong>and</strong>ed, convex, or broadly exp<strong>and</strong>ed, with more or less striate<br />
margin, dull reddish brown, breaking up into large scales except on the umbo<br />
<strong>and</strong> exposing the whitish flesh beneath, flesh thin, white, reddening where<br />
bruised, gradually turning pinkish brown with age, taste mild, lamellae free,<br />
close, moderately broad, narrowing toward the stipe, white, turning red where<br />
bruised, in dried specimens a smoky cocoa-brown color, stipe central, sepa-<br />
rable, 2-5 in. long, <strong>of</strong>ten with a decided swelHng at the base or just above the<br />
base, varying above from moderately stout to very slender, stuffed, glabrous,<br />
white, bruising reddish, annulus fairly ample, sometimes disappearing.<br />
spores smooth, white, broadly oval, 7-9 (11) X 5.5-6 (7) m, many shghtly<br />
inequilateral.<br />
SoHtary or in clusters, on the ground in grassy places. Rare. Aug.-Oct.<br />
The tendency <strong>of</strong> the entire fruiting body to redden where h<strong>and</strong>led or in<br />
age is characteristic. In dried specimens the entire fruiting body is a smoky<br />
cocoa-brown color. Another distinctive character is that the stipe is usually<br />
broader above the base <strong>and</strong> tapers both up <strong>and</strong> down.<br />
LEPIOTA BRUNNEA Farlow & Burt <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 151, page 91<br />
PILEUS 3-7 in. or more broad, thick, s<strong>of</strong>t, ovoid, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to convex,<br />
then plane, brown to smoky brown, cracking (except on disk) into concentric<br />
rings <strong>of</strong> large, coarse, persistent scales whose outer edges become reflexed.<br />
FLESH beneath cuticle whitish, darkening to smoky color or reddish on expo-<br />
sure to air. LAMELLAE free but not remote from the stipe, broad, crowded, dull<br />
whitish, darkening on drying, stipe stout, central, 2-6 in. or more long, up to<br />
1 in. thick, with a large underground bulb at the base, silky-striate to fibrillose-<br />
striate, smoky brown, paler above the annulus, becoming reddish where<br />
wounded, hollow, easily separable from pileus. annulus large, thick, flaring,<br />
persistent, smoky brown on the lower surface, whitish on the upper surface,<br />
fixed becoming free <strong>and</strong> movable, spores smooth, white, variable in size <strong>and</strong><br />
shape, eUipsoid to subglobose, inequilateral, obhquely apiculate, <strong>of</strong>ten trun-<br />
cate, (7.5) 9.5-11 X (4.5) 5.5-7 /z.<br />
Sohtary or in small clusters on the ground in open grassy places, laneways,<br />
etc. Sept.-Oct.<br />
96
LEPIOTA<br />
L. brunnea is distinguished from L. procera by its stout stature, dingy<br />
coloring, striate stipe, <strong>and</strong> thick recurving scales as well as by the spores.<br />
The <strong>poisonous</strong> L. molybdites is very similar in size <strong>and</strong> stature. If L. brun-<br />
nea is being collected for food, a spore print should be obtained to make certain<br />
the spores are white. The spores <strong>of</strong> L. molybdites are green.<br />
L. brunnea is very close to L. rachodes (Vitt.) Quel, (sometimes spelled<br />
rhacodes or racodes by different authors). The characters by which L. brunnea<br />
is said to differ are the darker brown color, striate stipe, <strong>and</strong> less remote<br />
lamellae. The most important <strong>of</strong> these characters would seem to be the striate<br />
stipe, <strong>and</strong> most European illustrations <strong>of</strong> L. rachodes do not show a striate<br />
stipe, although there is a suggestion <strong>of</strong> it in Cooke's Plate 22 in Illustrations <strong>of</strong><br />
British Fungi. There are two European specimens labeled L. rachodes from<br />
Engl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Norway in the herbarium at Ottawa <strong>and</strong> in these the stipes<br />
appear to be identical with those <strong>of</strong> dried specimens <strong>of</strong> L. brunnea from<br />
<strong>Canada</strong> in which the stipe was known to be striate when fresh. On the other<br />
h<strong>and</strong>, A. H. Smith's photograph in Mushrooms in their Natural Habitats,<br />
Reel 21, No. 142, shows specimens with smooth nonstriate stipes. Since the<br />
species commonly collected around Ottawa does have a striate stipe we are<br />
referring it to L. brunnea until more information is available. From the st<strong>and</strong>point<br />
<strong>of</strong> edibihty the problem is <strong>of</strong> no significance because both L. brunnea <strong>and</strong><br />
L. rachodes are edible but it is very important to distinguish the <strong>poisonous</strong><br />
L. molybdites.<br />
LEPIOTA CLYPEOLARIA (Bull, ex Fr.) Kummer Suspected<br />
Figure 152, page 91<br />
PILEUS 1-2 in. broad, at first ovate or acorn-shaped, coated with a thin<br />
layer <strong>of</strong> yellowish-buff or brownish tissue, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to campanulate-convex,<br />
the outer tissue being drawn apart into scales which range in color from<br />
creamy white to ochraceous or brown <strong>and</strong> which vary from appressed or<br />
floccose patches to somewhat squarrose, brown-tipped scales, the exposed flesh<br />
between the scales creamy white, fibrillose, the disk umbonate or obtuse,<br />
smooth, brownish, in age the pileus becoming nearly plane, the scaliness<br />
partly or almost entirely disappearing, margin <strong>of</strong>ten ragged with fragments <strong>of</strong><br />
veil, sometimes striate, flesh thin, s<strong>of</strong>t, white, lamellae free, close, moderately<br />
broad, white, edges somewhat floccose. stipe 1 ]/^-4 in. long, about Y^ in.<br />
thick, tapering slightly upward, hollow, whitish, silky-fibrillose, sheathed with<br />
white or creamy yellow, cottony fibrils which may partly disappear, annulus<br />
white, floccose, disappearing, spores smooth, white, variable in size <strong>and</strong> shape,<br />
subfusiform to ellipsoid, <strong>of</strong>ten slightly beaked or curved at one end, 10-16<br />
(18) X 4-6 /x.<br />
In groups, on the ground in open woods or fields. Aug.-Oct.<br />
Suspected <strong>of</strong> being <strong>poisonous</strong>.<br />
L. cristata may be somewhat similar in size <strong>and</strong> coloring but it has a<br />
glabrous stipe <strong>and</strong> quite different spores.<br />
97
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
LEPIOTA CRISTATA (A. & S. ex Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 153, page 91<br />
PILEUS 1/4-2 in. broad, at first ovate, becoming campanulate-convex, then<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed, umbonate, cuticle reddish tan, intact on the umbo, elsewhere<br />
broken up into scales which become finer toward the margin <strong>and</strong> tend to<br />
disappear, leaving exposed the white surface beneath, margin sometimes<br />
striate, flesh thin, fleshy, white, odor rather unpleasant, taste mild, lamellae<br />
free, close to crowded, rather narrow, white, edges finely crenulate. stipe<br />
slender, equal, 1-2 in. long, about J/g in. thick, glabrous or slightly fibrillose,<br />
sometimes striate, stuff'ed or hollow, whitish or tinged lilac or pinkish brown.<br />
annulus s<strong>of</strong>t, white, tending to disappear, spores white, irregular <strong>and</strong> variable,<br />
elliptical, wedge-shaped, or angular, 5.5-7 (8) X 3-4 /x.<br />
On the ground, usually in groups, in open grassy places. June-Oct.<br />
The glabrous stipe <strong>and</strong> the small wedge-shaped spores easily separate this<br />
species from L. clypeolaria. The odor <strong>of</strong> L. cristata was described as 'fishy'<br />
by Krieger (1936). Apparently the odor varies from strong to weak or absent<br />
under diff'erent conditions.<br />
LEPIOTA MOLYBDITES (G. Meyer ex Fr.) Sacc. Poisonous<br />
Figure 139, page 72<br />
PILEUS 3-1 1 in. broad, sometimes even larger, at first subglobose, exp<strong>and</strong>ing<br />
to convex, sometimes slightly umbonate, buff colored, soon breaking up<br />
(except on disk) to form irregular patchy scales which tend to disappear, whitish<br />
between the scales, flesh thick, firm, white, lamellae free, remote from the<br />
stipe, close, broad, at first white, becoming dull green, stipe 4-8 in. or more<br />
long, up to 1 1/2<br />
in. thick at the swollen base, tapering somewhat toward the<br />
apex, fibrous-stuff'ed, stout <strong>and</strong> firm, glabrous, grayish white or tinged with<br />
brown, annulus large, thick, firm, somewhat floccose, movable, spores<br />
smooth, subelhptical, bright to dull green in mass, 9-12 X 6-8 m-<br />
In large colonies, sometimes in fairy rings. On the ground in grassy places<br />
<strong>and</strong> open woods. Aug.-Sept.<br />
L. molybdites is <strong>poisonous</strong>, at least to some people, <strong>and</strong> should be avoided<br />
as food. The danger <strong>of</strong> mistaking it for L. brunnea or L. rachodes is great. A<br />
spore print should be obtained first, if either <strong>of</strong> the latter two species is to be<br />
eaten. The green spore print <strong>of</strong> L. molybdites will distinguish it. The flesh <strong>of</strong><br />
L. molybdites is said to redden sHghtly on bruising. This species tends to be<br />
southerly in distribution but has been collected near Ottawa. It has been<br />
generally known under the name <strong>of</strong> L. morgani Peck. Some authors place it in<br />
a separate genus, Chlorophyllum.<br />
LEPIOTA NAUCINA (Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong>: Use caution<br />
Figure 150, page 90<br />
PILEUS 2-4 in. broad, s<strong>of</strong>t, fleshy, at first subglobose, becoming hemi-<br />
spherical, then exp<strong>and</strong>ed-convex, white or somewhat smoky, in age darkening<br />
98
LEPIOTA<br />
to buff or leather color, smooth, dry, glabrous, or occasionally with the cuticle<br />
cracking into scales, flesh s<strong>of</strong>t, white, thick, thinning toward the margin,<br />
odor <strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive, lamellae free, close, rather broad, <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
rounded behind, white, gradually taking on a pinkish tinge with age, finally<br />
darkening to pinkish brown, stipe stout, 2-4 in. long, up to J/2 in. in diameter,<br />
subequal or tapering upward from the swollen base, smooth, glabrous, pruinose<br />
above the ring, white, stuffed to hollow, easily separable, annulus<br />
median to superior, thick, white, rolling back upon itself to form a stiff, collar-<br />
hke ring on the stipe, persistent, becoming movable in age. spores smooth,<br />
white, oval to ellipsoid, shghtly inequilateral, 7-9 X 5-6 m-<br />
In scattered colonies on the ground in grassy places, common. Aug. -Oct.<br />
This species is edible, but is not recommended for food because <strong>of</strong> the<br />
danger <strong>of</strong> confusing it with the deadly Amanita virosa. In A. virosa the annulus<br />
is pendent <strong>and</strong> skirt-like. In Lepiota naucina the annulus is rolled <strong>and</strong> collar-<br />
Hke. If Amanita virosa is carelessly collected, the volva may be left behind <strong>and</strong><br />
its presence overlooked, thus increasing the danger <strong>of</strong> mistaking it for a<br />
Lepiota. The two species can be distinguished with certainty by the spores.<br />
LEPIOTA PROCERA (Fr.) S. F. Gray <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 161, 162, 163, page 92<br />
Parasol Mushroom<br />
pileus 3-9 in. broad, or sometimes larger, at first subglobose or egg-<br />
shaped, becoming campanulate, then plane, umbonate, cuticle reddish tan<br />
except on the disk, soon breaking up into more or less concentric rings <strong>of</strong><br />
scales which are larger <strong>and</strong> more scattered toward the margin <strong>and</strong> tend to<br />
disappear, exposing the finely fibrillose, white surface beneath, flesh s<strong>of</strong>t,<br />
white, thick, thinning toward the margin, lamellae free, remote from the<br />
stipe, close to crowded, broad, ventricose, white, floccose on the edge, stipe<br />
tall <strong>and</strong> slender, 6-12 in. or more long, tapering upward from a bulbous base,<br />
Va-Vi<br />
iri- thick at the apex, white, silky-fibrillose, covered with fine, brown,<br />
floccose or fibrillose scales, sometimes with several brown rings <strong>of</strong> scaliness<br />
near the annulus, hollow, easily separable from the pileus. annulus large <strong>and</strong><br />
flaring, thick, s<strong>of</strong>t, movable, spores smooth, white, oval, 14-18 X 9-12 /x.<br />
Sohtary or in groups, on the ground in grassy places <strong>and</strong> open woods.<br />
July-Sept.<br />
L. procera is taller <strong>and</strong> more slender in stature than either L. brunnea or<br />
L. molybdites. Its nonstriate, floccose stipe will separate it from L. brunnea <strong>and</strong><br />
its white spore print from L. molybdites.<br />
L. procera is one <strong>of</strong> the largest <strong>of</strong> our <strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>and</strong> is frequently called<br />
the Parasol Mushroom. As long as care is taken to distinguish it from the<br />
green-spored L. molybdites, it is not likely to be confused with any other<br />
<strong>poisonous</strong> species <strong>and</strong> it is one <strong>of</strong> the most desirable <strong>mushrooms</strong> for the<br />
table.<br />
99
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
CYSTODERMA<br />
Cystoderma is characterized by having white spores, lamellae attached to<br />
the Stipe, a more or less distinct annulus, <strong>and</strong> a granulose covering <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pileus. Cystoderma species suggest Lepiota in general appearance <strong>and</strong> were<br />
formerly placed in that genus but are now separated from it because the lamel-<br />
lae are not free. Cystoderma is distinct from Armillaria in the granulose cov-<br />
ering <strong>of</strong> the pileus <strong>and</strong> it forms a natural group that is easily recognized in the<br />
field.<br />
They are mostly small species unlikely to interest the mycophagist but<br />
they are usually attractive in appearance. As far as we know, none are poison-<br />
ous. The species are distinguished to a large extent by microscopic characters.<br />
Smith & Singer (1945) have published a good monograph on the genus in<br />
which they recognized fourteen species <strong>and</strong> a few more have been added since.<br />
CYSTODERMA CINNABARINUM (Alb. & Schw. ex Seer.) Fayod <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 154, page 91<br />
PILEUS 1-21/2 in. broad, at first ovoid, then exp<strong>and</strong>ed-convex to plane,<br />
finely granular-scaly with bright cinnamon to brownish orange or rusty brown<br />
particles, pallid between the scales, darkest on the disk, margin incurved at<br />
first, sometimes with fragments <strong>of</strong> the annulus clinging to it. flesh thin,<br />
whitish or stained rusty near the surface, lamellae at first adnate to the stipe<br />
but later separating from it, white or creamy, close to crowded, not broad.<br />
STIPE short <strong>and</strong> stout, 1-2 in. long, about )4-in. thick, equal or slightly thickened<br />
at the base, coated up to the annulus with mealy-granular, cinnamon<br />
particles, above the annulus paler <strong>and</strong> glabrous, annulus shght, disappearing.<br />
SPORES minute, eUipsoid, smooth, white, nonamyloid, 3.5-5 X 2.5-3 ju. CY-<br />
STiDiA with spear-shaped tips.<br />
Singly or in small groups on the ground in woods. Sept.-Oct.<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> the largest species <strong>of</strong> the genus <strong>and</strong> is a very attractive <strong>and</strong><br />
beautiful mushroom. It is reported to be edible. C. granulosum (Batsch ex Fr.)<br />
Fayod <strong>and</strong> C. amianthinum (Scop, ex Fr.) Fayod are also fairly common<br />
species that are somewhat similar in appearance <strong>and</strong> a microscope is required<br />
to identify them with certainty. C. amianthinum has amyloid spores <strong>and</strong> C<br />
granulosum lacks cystidia on the lamellae.<br />
ARMILLARIA<br />
Armillaria is generally used to include the species that have an annulus,<br />
white spores, <strong>and</strong> lamellae attached to the stipe. No volva is present. It is<br />
generally agreed among taxonomists that the genus as so understood includes<br />
several groups <strong>of</strong> unrelated species but there is not agreement as to the most<br />
suitable way <strong>of</strong> splitting the genus in order to bring out the relationships. It<br />
therefore seems preferable to use it in the broad sense at present.<br />
100
ARMILLARIA IMPERIALIS (Fries in Lund) Quel.<br />
Figure 145, page 89<br />
ARMILLARIA<br />
PILEUS 3-8 in. broad, very large <strong>and</strong> firm, at first convex, becoming<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed, whitish to smoky gray with innate darker fibrils near margin,<br />
glabrous, slightly viscid, sometimes becoming cracked on the disk, margin<br />
decurved, strongly inrolled at first, flesh white, thick, no odor, strong taste.<br />
LAMELLAE dccurrcnt, white to yellowish white, drying brownish, close, rather<br />
narrow, stipe 2-4 in. long, Yi-l in. thick, equal, concolorous with pileus or<br />
more yellowish, floccose to scaly, sohd. annulus double, the outer ring mem-<br />
branous, concolorous with pileus, the inner ring more filamentous, whitish,<br />
somewhat evanescent, spores hyahne, smooth, oblong-ellipsoid, 11-15 X<br />
5-6 (7) M.<br />
On ground under conifers, single or gregarious. Aug.-Sept.<br />
This is a large, massive mushroom whose fruit bodies develop slowly <strong>and</strong><br />
persist for a long time. It is rather rare but is a very striking fungus when found.<br />
A. ventricosa (Peck) Peck is another large species with a double annulus.<br />
It is perhaps a httle smaller than A. imperialis, whiter in color, <strong>and</strong> has smaller<br />
spores 9-12 (15) X 4.0-5.5 m-<br />
There does not seem to be any information regarding the edibihty <strong>of</strong> these<br />
species but a somewhat similar large species is said to be used extensively for<br />
food by the Japanese on the west coast <strong>of</strong> the United States. This is Armillaria<br />
ponderosa (Peck) Sacc. <strong>and</strong> is as large as A. imperialis but paler in color, with<br />
smaller spores, <strong>and</strong> only a single annulus. This species is also known to occur<br />
in the East but is less common than A. imperialis.<br />
The species with oblong-ellipsoid spores, double veil, <strong>and</strong> decurrent<br />
lamellae have been placed by some authors in a separate genus, Catathelasma.<br />
ARMILLARIA MELLEA (Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 146, page 89<br />
Honey Mushroom<br />
pileus 1 1/4-4 in. broad, at first acorn-shaped to hemispherical with in-<br />
rolled margin, then convex or exp<strong>and</strong>ed, sometimes subumbonate, yellow-<br />
brown, yellow-buff or rusty tinged, minutely scaly, especially on the disk, with<br />
buff to brown or blackish tufts <strong>of</strong> fibrils, becoming striate on the margin.<br />
flesh thin except on the disk, white to rusty tinged, odor mild to slightly un-<br />
pleasant, taste mild or slightly acrid <strong>and</strong> unpleasant, lamellae adnate or<br />
subdecurrent, fairly close to subdistant, moderately broad, white or creamy,<br />
staining rusty brown, stipe 2-6 in. long, !4-% iri- thick, subequal or broaden-<br />
ing below into a clavate base, stuffed, then hollow, finely fibrillose to fibrillosescaly,<br />
paler than the pileus, becoming rusty stained, paler at apex, annulus<br />
white or tinged brown, fibrillose-membranous, subpersistent or evanescent.<br />
SPORES smooth, white, broadly oval, obliquely apiculate, 7.5-9.5 X 5-6.5 ^l.<br />
101
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
July-Oct.<br />
In dense clusters around the base <strong>of</strong> living trees <strong>and</strong> old stumps, common.<br />
This is perhaps the only really common species <strong>of</strong> Armillaria. It is widely<br />
distributed <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten occurs in considerable abundance. It is rather variable<br />
<strong>and</strong> may confuse the amateur at first, but it has a characteristic appearance that<br />
is difficult to describe though soon recognized. The colors may vary consid-<br />
erably <strong>and</strong> the annulus may be somewhat evanescent.<br />
Another feature <strong>of</strong> this fungus is the presence <strong>of</strong> tough, black str<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong><br />
mycelium which may be found under the bark <strong>of</strong> the tree or stump from which<br />
it is growing. These str<strong>and</strong>s, sometimes called 'shoe strings' are more properly<br />
termed rhizomorphs.<br />
The unpleasant taste <strong>of</strong> this fungus when raw disappears on cooking <strong>and</strong><br />
the species is widely used as food. Smith recommends it as being very good but<br />
suggests that younger stages should be selected.<br />
PLEUROTUS<br />
The genus Pleurotus has been used to include those species with excentric<br />
or lateral stipes, or lacking stipes altogether, <strong>and</strong> having a white spore deposit.<br />
However, in P. sapidus the spore deposit is lilac tinged <strong>and</strong> in P. subpalmatus<br />
it is pinkish. The genus corresponds to Claudopus in the pink-spored group<br />
<strong>and</strong> Crepidotus in the brown-spored group.<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> the species occur on decaying wood <strong>and</strong> they vary in size from<br />
very minute to very large. Some species might be mistaken for Clitocybe but<br />
the most closely related forms are to be found in Panus <strong>and</strong> Lentinus. It is now<br />
generally recognized that Pleurotus, Panus, <strong>and</strong> Lentinus are all artificial genera,<br />
<strong>and</strong> modern authors tend to redistribute the species <strong>of</strong> all three among a num-<br />
ber <strong>of</strong> other genera. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kummer, which may be<br />
the same as P. sapidus Kalchbr., is regarded as the type species <strong>of</strong> Pleurotus.<br />
No <strong>poisonous</strong> species are known in Pleurotus.<br />
Key<br />
1. Pileus with excentric to central stipe 2<br />
1. Pileus sessile or with lateral stipe 3<br />
2. Pileus at first whitish, becoming tan, smooth P. ulmarius<br />
2. Pileus reddish tan to pinkish, veined P. subpalmatus<br />
3. Pileus tiny, usually much less than 1 inch across 4<br />
3. Pileus larger, usually more than 1 inch across 5<br />
4. Pileus pure white P. c<strong>and</strong>idissimus<br />
4. Pileus gray to blackish P. applicatus<br />
5. Pileus olivaceous to yellow-brown P. serotinus<br />
5. Pileus white or whitish 6<br />
102
PLEUROTUS<br />
6. Pileus thin, fragile, sessile P. porrigens<br />
6. Pileus thick, fleshy; lamellae decurrent on the lateral stipe P. sapidus<br />
PLEUROTUS APPLICATUS (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Figure 155, page 91<br />
PILEUS less than 54<br />
in. broad, s<strong>and</strong>-color to pinkish gray, darkening to<br />
nearly black, growing from the underside <strong>of</strong> logs, etc., sessile, resupinate, at<br />
first almost cyhndrical, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to deep cup-shaped, then saucer-shaped,<br />
somewhat irregular in outline because <strong>of</strong> the excentric to lateral attachment,<br />
coarsely pruinose, margin inrolled. flesh thin, gelatinous, lamellae radiating<br />
from a central point, subdistant, rounded behind, moderately broad, thick,<br />
with bluntly rounded edges, s<strong>and</strong>-color to dark gray, densely pruinose, alter-<br />
nate lamellae short, stipe lacking, or sometimes with the thickened flesh at the<br />
point <strong>of</strong> attachment prolonged into a stubby, stipe-Hke base, densely pruinose<br />
to white-mycehoid at the base, spores smooth, white, subglobose, 4-5 n in<br />
diameter.<br />
In groups on decaying wood. Aug.-Oct.<br />
This tiny mushroom is not common <strong>and</strong> will <strong>of</strong>ten be overlooked because<br />
<strong>of</strong> its small size <strong>and</strong> its occurrence on the underside <strong>of</strong> logs <strong>and</strong> planks. When<br />
dry it tends to fold up <strong>and</strong> appears as a small blackish spot on the wood, which<br />
at first glance, would not be taken for a mushroom. However, when moistened<br />
<strong>and</strong> exp<strong>and</strong>ed, the numerous fruiting bodies with their radiating lamellae form<br />
rather a pretty sight. It is obviously not closely related to other species that<br />
have been placed in Pleurotus <strong>and</strong> is not hkely to be confused with any <strong>of</strong> them.<br />
Trogia crispa Fr. may also be found on the underside <strong>of</strong> branches, growing<br />
resupinate at times, but it is larger <strong>and</strong> the upper surface is reddish tan to<br />
yellowish in color.<br />
PLEUROTUS CANDIDISSIMUS B. & C.<br />
Figure 174, page 110<br />
PILEUS pure white, thin, s<strong>of</strong>t, V8-% ^^- broad, laterally attached, sessile or<br />
almost so but never resupinate, white-mycelioid at the point <strong>of</strong> attachment,<br />
semicircular to shell-shaped or fan-shaped in outline, at first convex with<br />
inrolled margin, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to nearly plane, with a s<strong>of</strong>t powdery appearance to<br />
the surface, somewhat radiately wrinkled in dried specimens, flesh thin, white,<br />
membranous, stipe absent or insignificant, lateral, minutely tomentose, whit-<br />
ish. LAMELLAE reaching the point <strong>of</strong> attachment or (if stipe is present) subdecurrent,<br />
distant or subdistant, broad, narrowing toward each end, creamy<br />
white, with edges fimbriate, spores white, smooth, globose, 4-6 /x in diameter.<br />
In scattered colonies on decaying wood. July-Sept.<br />
Several small white species <strong>of</strong> Pleurotus have been described, <strong>of</strong> which<br />
this one appears to be the most common. It has a somewhat chalky appearance<br />
<strong>and</strong> is very delicate, soon becoming shriveled.<br />
103
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
PLEUROTUS PORRIGENS (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Figure 156,'page 91<br />
piLEUS sessile, laterally attached, elongated, ^/2-3 in. long, up to 2 in.<br />
broad, at first resupinate with inrolled margin, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to almost plane, or<br />
depressed toward the base, narrowing toward the base, variable in shape,<br />
mostly fan-shaped to ear-shaped, white, watery <strong>and</strong> sUghtly striate on the<br />
margin when moist, varying from almost glabrous at the margin to densely<br />
tomentose at the base, sometimes lobed on the margin, flesh thin, white,<br />
fragile, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae mostly reaching the point <strong>of</strong> attach-<br />
ment, close, rather narrow, Hnear, white or cream, in some specimens showing<br />
a certain amount <strong>of</strong> forking near the base, stipe lacking, base somewhat white-<br />
mycelioid. spores smooth, white, subglobose to broadly ovoid, 5-7.5 X 5-6 /z.<br />
In overlapping, shelving clusters, on decaying wood <strong>of</strong> conifers. Sept.-<br />
Nov.<br />
A number <strong>of</strong> whitish species <strong>of</strong> Pleurotus that may key out here are<br />
known. From our herbarium records, P. porrigens appears to be the most common,<br />
but the others are <strong>of</strong>ten difficult to distinguish <strong>and</strong> some can be determined<br />
only by microscopic characters.<br />
The fruiting bodies <strong>of</strong> one group <strong>of</strong> species, including P. porrigens, are<br />
resupinate when very young but soon become reflexed, whereas those <strong>of</strong><br />
another group are never resupinate. Among the resupinate forms, P. albo-<br />
lanatus Pk. in Kauffm. differs in having a gelatinous layer <strong>of</strong> tissue in the<br />
pileus, <strong>and</strong> is more hairy. P. porrigens appear slightly hairy when dry, especially<br />
toward the base, but P. albolanatus is decidedly hairy alL over <strong>and</strong> is a larger,<br />
firmer plant. Among the nonresupinate forms, P. petaloides Fr. is a brownish'<br />
mushroom with sHghtly smaller spores <strong>and</strong> also has cystidia on the lamellae.<br />
P. porrigens lacks cystidia. P. spathulatus (Fr.) Peck has ovoid-eUipsoid spores.<br />
Panus angustatus Berk, is another species that might be confused with this<br />
group. It is tougher in consistency, has cystidia on the lamellae, <strong>and</strong> has a<br />
gelatinous layer <strong>of</strong> tissue in the pileus.<br />
PLEUROTUS SAPIDUS Kalchbr.<br />
Figure 186, page 112<br />
Oyster Mushroom<br />
<strong>Edible</strong><br />
PILEUS firm to pliant, fleshy, white to ashy or brownish, 2-8 in. broad or<br />
sometimes larger, fan-shaped to shell-shaped or elongated, usually marginate<br />
behind, sometimes more or less circular <strong>and</strong> nearly centrally stipitate, convex,<br />
sometimes depressed toward the stipe, smooth, moist, glabrous or minutely<br />
tomentose toward the stipe, margin thin, inrolled, faintly striate when moist,<br />
sometimes lobed <strong>and</strong> wavy, flesh thick, white, s<strong>of</strong>t when young, becoming<br />
tougher with age, odor <strong>and</strong> taste agreeable, lamellae broad, white or whitish,<br />
close to subdistant, decurrent, extending down the stipe in vein-like lines with<br />
varying amounts <strong>of</strong> converging <strong>and</strong> branching at the base, stipe very short,<br />
104
PLEUROTUS<br />
usually lateral or almost lacking, occasionally excentric to nearly central,<br />
stout, firm <strong>and</strong> solid, sometimes hairy at the base, spores smooth, tinged lilac<br />
in heavy deposits, oblong, 7-10 (12) X 3-4 jjl.<br />
Usually growing in overlapping shelving clusters on wood <strong>of</strong> deciduous<br />
trees. May-Oct. Common.<br />
The name 'oyster mushroom' has been applied to this species because <strong>of</strong><br />
the shape <strong>of</strong> the pileus, which <strong>of</strong>ten suggests a shell. It is edible, but authors<br />
disagree as to its quahty. The manner <strong>of</strong> cooking is important if this species is<br />
to be fully appreciated. It is recommended that this mushroom be cut in pieces,<br />
which are then dipped in seasoned beaten egg, rolled in bread or cracker<br />
crumbs <strong>and</strong> fried in hot fat.<br />
Many authors have tried to distinguish Pleurotus sapidus from P. ostreatus<br />
(Fr.) Kummer on the basis <strong>of</strong> the color <strong>of</strong> the spore deposit. The spore print <strong>of</strong><br />
P. sapidus was said to be hlac-tinted <strong>and</strong> that <strong>of</strong> P. ostreatus white. However,<br />
we have been unable to find any specimen in which the lilac color did not show<br />
up in a good spore deposit. This has also been the experience <strong>of</strong> other collectors<br />
in North America <strong>and</strong>, although it is possible that a similar white-spored spe-<br />
cies occurs in Europe, it is either absent or very rare in North America. P.<br />
subareolatus Peck is somewhat similar in appearance <strong>and</strong> has a white spore<br />
deposit but larger spores. If it should prove to be universally true that all the<br />
forms with small spores have a Hlac-tinted spore deposit, P. sapidus will<br />
become a synonym <strong>of</strong> P. ostreatus, which is the older name.<br />
The amount <strong>of</strong> development <strong>of</strong> the stipe is variable <strong>and</strong> might lead to<br />
possible confusion with some forms <strong>of</strong> Pleurotus ulmarius, but the decurrent<br />
lamellae <strong>and</strong> cylindric spores will distinguish it readily.<br />
It has been claimed that successive crops <strong>of</strong> fruit bodies may be obtained<br />
by watering a log on which they are known to occur.<br />
PLEUROTUS SEROTINUS (Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 1 1 2, page 5 1 ; Figure 413, page 296<br />
PILEUS compact, 1-3 in. broad, typically more or less semicircular in out-<br />
line, varying to kidney-shaped, convex with inrolled margin, exp<strong>and</strong>ing somewhat,<br />
varying from densely tomentose to almost glabrous, shmy-viscid when<br />
moist, muddy olivaceous or yellow-green to dull shades <strong>of</strong> yellow-brown or<br />
reddish, flesh thick, white, firm, odor <strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive, lamellae<br />
narrowly adnate, <strong>of</strong>ten showing a sharp fine <strong>of</strong> demarcation between the end <strong>of</strong><br />
the lamellae <strong>and</strong> beginning <strong>of</strong> tomentum on stipe, thin, close, narrowing in<br />
front <strong>and</strong> behind, whitish to yellowish tan. stipe soHd, stubby, i/i-% in. long,<br />
up to % in. thick, laterally attached, continuous with peUicle <strong>of</strong> the pileus on<br />
the upper surface, densely tomentose below or partially dotted with minute,<br />
dark brown scales, yellowish, spores smooth, white, narrowly oblong, some<br />
slightly curved, 4-6 X 1-1.5 /*• cystidia up to 28/x long, about 12 /x broad at<br />
widest point, narrowing slightly toward the apex <strong>and</strong> considerably toward the<br />
base, sac-Hke.<br />
105
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
Solitary, or more <strong>of</strong>ten in overlapping clusters, on wood <strong>of</strong> deciduous<br />
trees. Aug.-Nov. Fairly common.<br />
It is most likely to be confused with Phyllotopsis nidulans, but the greenish<br />
or olive tints in the pileus distinguish it. In addition, the spore print <strong>of</strong> P. sero-<br />
tinus is white whereas in P. nidulans it is pinkish. It is sometimes found late in<br />
the fall. It is said to be edible but seems rather tough.<br />
PLEUROTUS SUBPALMATUS (Fr.) Gill.<br />
Figure 157, page 91<br />
PILEUS 1-2% in. broad, fleshy, convex to plane, flesh-colored to brick-red,<br />
glabrous, the cuticle gelatinous <strong>and</strong> forming coarse reticulations on the surface.<br />
FLESH reddish, fairly thick, lamellae adnate, close, rather broad, sometimes<br />
forked, pinkish, stipe J^-IJ^ in. long, V^-Y^ in. thick, excentric, usually<br />
curved, equal, fibrillose, reddish, spores pinkish in mass, subglobose, echinu-<br />
late, 5-7 X 4.5-6.5 /x.<br />
Usually on fallen logs, occasionally on st<strong>and</strong>ing trees, singly or gregarious,<br />
rare. June-Sept.<br />
There is no information concerning the edible qualities <strong>of</strong> this mushroom<br />
but it is so rare that it is not <strong>of</strong> any importance as an edible species in any case.<br />
It is not a good Pleurotus. The pinkish, spiny spores <strong>and</strong> the peculiar, gelati-<br />
nous, reticulated cuticle separate it sharply from other species <strong>of</strong> this genus. It<br />
has been made the type <strong>of</strong> a new genus, Rhodotus by Maire.<br />
PLEUROTUS ULMARIUS (Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 187, page 112<br />
pileus firm, compact, 2-6 in. broad, convex with inrolled margin, exp<strong>and</strong>-<br />
ing to nearly plane, varying from fairly regular in shape with near-central<br />
stipe to irregular with strongly excentric stipe, white to dull buff" becoming<br />
darker with age, sometimes tinged with yellow or reddish brown shades, moist,<br />
glabrous, flesh thick, white, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae sinuate-adnexed<br />
becoming rounded or notched at the stipe, close to subdistant, broad, white or<br />
whitish, stipe firm, stout, solid, 1-3 in. long, up to % in. thick, sometimes<br />
swollen at the base, <strong>of</strong>ten curving to bring the pileus into upright position,<br />
whitish, varying from glabrous to densely tomentose. spores white, smooth,<br />
broadly ovoid to subglobose, 5.5-8 X 4.5-6 /x.<br />
Solitary or in clusters on wood <strong>of</strong> deciduous trees, especially elm. Sept.-<br />
Nov.<br />
According to Kauff'man, the pileus may at times be somewhat tomentose.<br />
In robust specimens the surface sometimes cracks to form a network pattern.<br />
This is the large white mushroom commonly seen in late fall, <strong>of</strong>ten high up<br />
in a tree, arising from a wound or branch stub. The fruiting bodies do not decay<br />
very quickly <strong>and</strong> sometimes persist until after snowfall. P. ulmarius is edible<br />
but inclined to be tough, especially in older specimens, <strong>and</strong> requires careful<br />
106
CLITOCYBE<br />
cooking. According to Singer (1951) the European P. ulmarius is a different<br />
fungus <strong>and</strong> the North American species is really P. tessulatus (Bull, ex Fr.) Gill.<br />
Considerable variation may occur in the size <strong>and</strong> position <strong>of</strong> the stipe:<br />
from central to decidedly excentric or almost lateral. Plants <strong>of</strong> the latter type<br />
might be confused with P. ostreatus, but the attachment <strong>of</strong> the lamellae will<br />
distinguish them <strong>and</strong>, if a microscope is available, the size <strong>and</strong> shape <strong>of</strong> the<br />
spores will provide a sure diagnostic character. Another species was described<br />
by Peck as Pleurotus elongatipes, which differs from P. ulmarius chiefly in hav-<br />
ing a stuffed to hollow stipe <strong>and</strong> sHghtly smaller spores. It seems to be rare but<br />
has probably been confused with P. ulmarius. This makes no difference from<br />
the st<strong>and</strong>point <strong>of</strong> edibihty.<br />
CLITOCYBE<br />
Species <strong>of</strong> Clitocybe are mostly white-spored, with decurrent lamellae, <strong>and</strong><br />
lack a volva <strong>and</strong> annulus. In some species the spores are pinkish buff or pale<br />
yellowish in a good deposit, but these species would not likely be looked for in<br />
the yellow-spored group. The stipe is fibrous, more or less similar to the pileus<br />
in texture <strong>and</strong> not separating readily from it. In this respect as well as in the<br />
attachment <strong>of</strong> the lamellae they differ from Collybia, in which the stipe is more<br />
cartilaginous in texture than the pileus <strong>and</strong> separates readily.<br />
It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between Clitocybe <strong>and</strong> Tricholoma<br />
<strong>and</strong> the attachment <strong>of</strong> the lamellae is the principal distinguishing character. In<br />
Clitocybe the lamellae are typically decurrent to adnate whereas in Tricholoma<br />
they are more or less sinuate to emarginate or adnexed, but since the attachment<br />
may vary to some extent at different stages <strong>of</strong> maturity <strong>and</strong> in individual<br />
fruiting bodies, a clear-cut distinction is not always easy.<br />
Other genera that might be confused with Clitocybe are Cantharellus,<br />
Laccaria, Leucopaxillus <strong>and</strong> Omphalina. Cantharellus differs in having blunt-<br />
edged, more or less fold-like, forking lamellae, although species Hke Cantha-<br />
rellus umbonatus <strong>and</strong> Clitocybe aurantiaca make sharp separation difficult.<br />
Laccaria has globose, spiny spores <strong>and</strong> lamellae <strong>of</strong> waxy consistency. Some<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Leucopaxillus have the form <strong>and</strong> stature <strong>of</strong> a Clitocybe but differ in<br />
having rough-walled, amyloid spores. Omphalina includes a group <strong>of</strong> small,<br />
umbiUcate species with decurrent lamellae <strong>and</strong> cartilaginous stipes. The size <strong>of</strong><br />
the fruiting body <strong>and</strong> the texture <strong>of</strong> the stipe seem to be the principal characters<br />
distinguishing them from Clitocybe but it seems almost impossible to make a<br />
clear-cut separation. No species <strong>of</strong> Omphalina are described here.<br />
Clitocybe is a fairly large genus <strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong> the species, especially the<br />
small whitish forms are difficult to identify. Only a few <strong>of</strong> the commoner <strong>and</strong><br />
more striking species are described here. Most <strong>of</strong> the species appear to be<br />
edible but information is lacking concerning several species <strong>and</strong> at least two,<br />
C. illudens <strong>and</strong> C. dealbata, are known to be <strong>poisonous</strong>.<br />
107
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
Key<br />
1. Fruiting bodies with strong anise odor;<br />
pileus greenish, bluish, or white C odora<br />
1. Fruiting bodies not with odor <strong>of</strong> anise 2<br />
2. Pileus <strong>and</strong> lamellae yellow or yellowish 3<br />
2. Pileus <strong>and</strong> lamellae not yellow 6<br />
3. Pileus glabrous, growing in dense clusters C. illudens<br />
3. Pileus not glabrous 4<br />
4. Pileus deeply depressed to infundibuliform;<br />
lamellae subdistant C. ectypoides<br />
4. Pileus convex to slightly depressed; lamellae crowded 5<br />
5. Pileus minutely scaly; lamellae yellow C. decora<br />
5. Pileus fibrillose to subtomentose; lamellae orange C. aurantiaca<br />
6, Fruiting bodies white or whitish 7<br />
6. Fruiting bodies not white 9<br />
7. Fruiting bodies in notable cespitose clusters C. multiceps<br />
7. Fruiting bodies occurring singly or gregarious, small 8<br />
8. Fruiting bodies convex, or slightly depressed, grayish white C. dealbata<br />
8. Fruiting bodies deeply depressed to<br />
infundibuliform, buff-white C. adirondackensis<br />
9. Pileus <strong>and</strong> lamellae gray C. cyathiforme<br />
9. Pileus <strong>and</strong> lamellae not gray 10<br />
10. Pileus obtuse, grayish brown; stipe clavate C. clavipes<br />
10. Pileus deeply depressed to infundibuliform 11<br />
11. Pileus buff-white, usually less than 2 in. broad C adirondackensis<br />
11. Pileus reddish tan fading to dingy white,<br />
108<br />
usually more than 2 in. broad C. infundibulijormis<br />
Figures 164-173<br />
164. Clitocybe illudens. 165. C. illudens.<br />
166. C. ectypoides. 167. C. infundibulijormis.<br />
168. C. odora. 169. Tricholoma aurantium.<br />
170. Leucopaxillus giganteus. 171. L. giganteus.<br />
111. L. laterarius. 173. L. laterarius.
109
Figure 174. Pleurotus c<strong>and</strong>idissimus. Figure 175. Panus operculatus.<br />
176. Tricholoma flavovirens.<br />
178. T. irinum.<br />
1 80. T. resplendens.<br />
182. T. saponaceum.<br />
184. T. vaccinum.<br />
110<br />
Figures 176-185<br />
177. T. flavovirens.<br />
179. T. personatum.<br />
181. T. rutilans.<br />
183, T. sejimctum.<br />
185. T. terreum.
Ill
Figure 186. Pleiirotiis sapidiis. Figure 187. Pleurotus ulmariiis.<br />
188. Melanoleuca alb<strong>of</strong>lavida.<br />
190. Hygrophoriis borealis.<br />
192. H. chrysodon.<br />
194. H. conicus.<br />
196. H. marginatus.<br />
112<br />
Figures 188-197<br />
189. M. melaleuca.<br />
191. H. cantharellus.<br />
193. H. chrysodon<br />
195. H. flavescens.<br />
197. //. miniatus.
113
Figures 199-208<br />
199. Hygrophorus nitidus. 200. H. nitidus.<br />
201. H. olivaceoalbus. 202. H. oHvaceoalbus<br />
203. H. pratensis. 204. H. psittacinus.<br />
205. H. pudorinus. 206. H. speciosus.<br />
207. H. puniceus. 208. H. puniceus.<br />
114<br />
•2<br />
00<br />
On<br />
(U<br />
u<br />
p<br />
60
115
116<br />
•^A-r<br />
CM<br />
CD<br />
fN<br />
CLITOCYBE ADIRONDACKENSIS (Pk.) Sacc.<br />
Figure 198, page 114<br />
CLITOCYBE<br />
PiLEUS 1-2 in. broad, thin, pliant, somewhat funnel-shaped with depressed<br />
disk <strong>and</strong> elevated, decurved margin, dull whitish at first, then tinged buff, some-<br />
times darkening to a dingy buff-brown, glabrous, not hygrophanous, slippery-<br />
smooth when moist, margin even, flesh thin, white, lamellae decurrent, close<br />
to crowded, very narrow <strong>and</strong> tapering toward each end, whitish, stipe 1-1 % in.<br />
long, about J/g in. thick, straight, equal or shghtly swollen at the base, pruinose,<br />
concolorous with the pileus or paler, stuffed, becoming hollow, spores smooth,<br />
white, oval, apiculate, 4-6 X 2.5-3.5 n.<br />
Scattered, on the ground among debris. Aug.-Oct.<br />
The paUid color, rubbery-pliant consistency, <strong>and</strong> shppery, smooth pileus<br />
are characteristic. It is a small species, not hkely to be collected for food, <strong>and</strong><br />
its edible qualities are not known.<br />
CLITOCYBE AURANTIACA (Fr.) Studer Doubtful<br />
Figure 158, page 91<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, fleshy, pliant, convex to plane, becoming depressed<br />
in age, orange-yellow to brownish orange, fibrillose to subtomentose, some-<br />
times nearly smooth, margin at first involute, then elevated <strong>and</strong> somewhat<br />
wavy. FLESH s<strong>of</strong>t, thick in the center, thin on the margin, yellowish, odor <strong>and</strong><br />
taste mild, lamellae decurrent, crowded, forked, thin, narrow, bright orange<br />
to salmon-tinged, stipe 1-2 in. long, ^4-^2 i^i- thick, tapering upward, min-<br />
utely tomentose, pale orange, varying to brownish or pale yellowish, spongy<br />
within, sometimes hollow.' spores white, elliptical, smooth, 5-7 X 3-4 /jl.<br />
Gregarious on the ground or rotten wood, in both coniferous <strong>and</strong> fron-<br />
dose woods. July-Oct.<br />
This species has long been known as Cantharellus aurantiacus. The forked<br />
lamellae suggest Cantharellus but in other respects it is not closely related to<br />
other Cantharellus species. Some authors consider it better placed in Clitocybe<br />
although Singer (1951) considers it to be more closely related to Paxillus <strong>and</strong><br />
treats it <strong>and</strong> one other southern species in the genus Hygrophoropsis.<br />
It varies considerably in color from pale yellow to dark brown, but the<br />
crowded, forked, orange lamellae are distinctive.<br />
There have been conflicting reports in the hterature concerning its edi-<br />
bility, some maintaining that it is <strong>poisonous</strong> <strong>and</strong> others that they have eaten it<br />
quite safely. In view <strong>of</strong> this doubt it is not recommended or should be tried<br />
only with caution, although Singer (1951) states that its edibility has been<br />
established.<br />
117
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
CLITOCYBE CLAVIPES (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 159, page 91 ; Figure 414, page 296<br />
PILEUS %-2% in. broad, fleshy, convex becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, <strong>of</strong>ten obtusely<br />
umbonate, sometimes centrally depressed, drab grayish brown, smooth<br />
<strong>and</strong> glabrous, extreme margin tending to remain incurved for some time.<br />
FLESH white, thick at the disk, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae decurrent, sub-<br />
distant, white or yellowish, broadest in the center, narrowing toward the ends.<br />
STIPE stout, %-2i/2 in. long, 14-% in. thick at the apex, broadening downward<br />
into a clavate-bulbous base i/4-l in. thick, concolorous with the pileus, white<br />
<strong>and</strong> somewhat spongy within, spores smooth, white, ellipsoid, 6-8 X 3.5-5 /x.<br />
In groups or occasionally in clusters <strong>of</strong> two or three on the ground in<br />
woods, <strong>of</strong>ten under conifers. July-Oct. Fairly common.<br />
The broadly clavate, gray-brown stipe <strong>and</strong> the subdistant lamellae are the<br />
distinguishing marks <strong>of</strong> this Clitocybe.<br />
Clitocybe nebularis (Fr.) Kummer is a large cloudy-gray species with<br />
crowded lamellae. It is apparently more common on the west coast than in the<br />
East <strong>and</strong> collectors in the West are hkely to find it. It may reach 6 inches in<br />
diameter. Kauffman reported it to be edible although he noted that some<br />
European authors had considered it dangerous. There are no collections <strong>of</strong><br />
this species from Eastern <strong>Canada</strong> in the herbarium.<br />
CLITOCYBE CYATHIFORMIS (Bull, ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
PILEUS %-2 in. broad, at first convex, soon umbilicate-depressed to in-<br />
fundibuliform, smoky brown when moist becoming more grayish when dry,<br />
hygrophanous, glabrous or innately fibrillose, margin even, inrolled. flesh<br />
thin, grayish, rather watery, taste mild, lamellae decurrent, narrow, close to<br />
subdistant, grayish brown, stipe 1-2 in. long, V8-!4 in. thick, equal or tapering<br />
upward, brownish or grayish, fibrillose, tomentose at base, spongy-stuff'ed.<br />
SPORES smooth, white, eUiptical-ovate, 7.5-10.5 X 5.0-6.5 ju-<br />
Singly or gregarious on rotten wood. Aug.-Sept.<br />
The gray lamellae are the most striking character <strong>of</strong> this species, <strong>and</strong> a<br />
spore print is required to make certain <strong>of</strong> the color <strong>of</strong> the spores. Clitopilus<br />
noveboracensis Pk. is somewhat similar in appearance but has pink spores, a<br />
farinaceous odor, <strong>and</strong> a bitter taste. The spores <strong>of</strong> C. cyathiformis are amyloid<br />
<strong>and</strong> Singer has on this account removed it from Clitocybe <strong>and</strong> placed it in the<br />
genus Cantharellula along with Cantharellus umbonatus <strong>and</strong> Clitocybe ec-<br />
typoides.<br />
CLITOCYBE DEALBATA (Sow. ex Fr.) Kummer Poisonous<br />
Figures 210, 211, page 116<br />
PILEUS Yx-X Yi<br />
in. broad, rarely larger, thin, hygrophanous, convex, ob-<br />
tuse, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to plane, sometimes depressed, pallid, whitish when dry, pale<br />
118
CLITOCYBE<br />
grayish brown when moist, smooth, glabrous, margin tending to remain in-<br />
curved. FLESH thin, whitish, odor none, taste mild or slightly astringent.<br />
LAMELLAE aduate-decurrent, fairly close, narrow, broadest in the center,<br />
narrowing to each end, whitish to pallid, stipe short, %-l 14 in. long, about<br />
Vg in. thick, sometimes excentric, equal or nearly so, straight or curved, tough,<br />
subfibrillose, pruinose, concolorous with pileus, solid, spores smooth, white,<br />
elUpsoid, 4-5 X 2.5-3 /x.<br />
Solitary or scattered in grass on lawns, etc. Aug.-Oct.<br />
This <strong>poisonous</strong> little mushroom is dangerous because <strong>of</strong> its habit <strong>of</strong><br />
growing in or near rings <strong>of</strong> Marasmius oreades, which is <strong>of</strong>ten collected for<br />
food. The color <strong>of</strong> the pileus is somewhat similar in the two species although<br />
the Clitocybe is whiter, but a glance at the lamellae will quickly distinguish<br />
the two.<br />
Clitocybe morbifera Pk. <strong>and</strong> C. sudorifica Pk. appear to be synonyms <strong>of</strong><br />
C. dealbata. C. rivulosa (Ft.) Kummer is a closely related species more pinkish<br />
in color <strong>and</strong> it is also said to be <strong>poisonous</strong>.<br />
CLITOCYBE DECORA (Fr.) Gillet <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 160, page 91<br />
PILEUS 1-21/2 in. across, convex becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, finally plane or<br />
depressed at disk, surface moist, yellow to ochre or brownish ochre, sometimes<br />
with a slight olive cast, covered with very minute gray to dark brown fibrillose<br />
scales which are dense on the disk <strong>and</strong> more scattered toward the margin,<br />
margin thin, incurved, tomentose. flesh rather thin, firm, yellow, odor <strong>and</strong><br />
taste mild, lamellae mostly decurrent with a narrow tooth, sometimes merely<br />
adnate or adnexed, seceding readily, close, moderately broad except for decur-<br />
rent portion on stipe, yellow, <strong>of</strong>ten with alternate lamellae short, stipe 1 1/2-<br />
2 1/2 in. long, Ys-Ys in. thick, subequal, yellow, subglabrous to slightly fibrillose-<br />
scaly, becoming hollow, spores smooth, white, broadly oval, 6-7.5 X 4-5 m.<br />
Single, in small clusters <strong>of</strong> several, or in groups, on decaying coniferous<br />
wood. June-Oct.<br />
The attachment <strong>of</strong> the lamellae is not typical for the genus Clitocybe, <strong>and</strong><br />
the color <strong>of</strong> the lamellae might lead one to look for it in Flammula. A spore<br />
print should be obtained.<br />
This species is considered to be closely related to Tricholoma rutilans (Fr.)<br />
Kummer, <strong>and</strong> has been called Tricholoma decorum by Quelet. Singer places<br />
both these species in a new genus, Tricholomopsis.<br />
CLITOCYBE ECTYPOIDES Pk.<br />
Figure 166, page 109<br />
pileus %-2 in. broad, rather thin, broadly umbilicate, approaching<br />
funnel-form, watery, gray-buff to yellow-buff, virgate with brown or dark<br />
119
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
brown fibrils, usually slightly punctate with minute dark scales, margin even.<br />
FLESH rather thin, tinged the color <strong>of</strong> the pileus. lamellae decurrent, occasion-<br />
ally forking, subdistant, narrow, tapering at each end, yellowish, stipe %-2 in.<br />
long, about J/g in. thick, equal or tapering slightly upward or downward, con-<br />
colorous with pileus or paler, densely tomentose at base, less tomentose to<br />
subglabrous upward, solid when young, <strong>of</strong>ten becoming hollowed by grubs.<br />
SPORES smooth, white, ellipsoid, 7-9 X 4-5 ii.<br />
In groups or small clusters on decaying logs. July-Sept.<br />
The subdistant, forking lamellae in this species might lead one to look for<br />
it in Cantharellus. The spores are amyloid, <strong>and</strong> Singer has placed this species<br />
in the genus Cantharellula along with Cantharellus umbonatus. The minute,<br />
dark scales in the center <strong>of</strong> the pileus are a valuable diagnostic character.<br />
CLITOCYBE ILLUDENS Schw. Poisonous<br />
Figures 164, 165, page 109<br />
Jack-o'-lantern<br />
pileus 2-41/2 in. broad (large specimens reaching 8 inches), sometimes<br />
irregularly lobed especially in crowded situations, at first shallow-convex with<br />
umbonate disk <strong>and</strong> inrolled margin, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed-convex with de-<br />
pressed disk, the umbo sometimes persisting within the depression, bright<br />
orange-yellow, smooth, at first moist, becoming dry, more or less innately<br />
fibrous-streaked, pellicle rather tough, separable, margin at length elevated<br />
<strong>and</strong> wavy but with the extreme edge remaining incurved, flesh very thin<br />
except on the disk, fibrous-pithy, tinged orange, drying whitish, continuous<br />
with the context <strong>of</strong> the stipe, odor strong, sweetish, pleasant, lamellae un-<br />
equally long-decurrent, close, rather narrow for so large a mushroom, narrow-<br />
ing at each end, occasionally forking, brittle, orange-yellow, either brighter or<br />
paler than the pileus, phosphorescent in the dark, stipe stout, tough, 3-8 in.<br />
long, y8-% in. thick, tapering at the base, <strong>of</strong>ten twisted <strong>and</strong> contorted, central<br />
or sHghtly excentric, soHd, surface finely white-pruinose at first, smooth <strong>and</strong><br />
dry, fibrillose, tinged pinkish orange, spores creamy white, smooth, globose,<br />
4-5 M-<br />
In dense clusters at base <strong>of</strong> old stumps, sometimes from buried wood.<br />
July-Sept.<br />
This mushroom is remarkable for its phosphorescent properties. Although<br />
apparently not common in <strong>Canada</strong>, its bright colors <strong>and</strong> its habit <strong>of</strong> growing in<br />
large clusters make it very conspicuous when it is present. Over 100 fruiting<br />
bodies may grow in a single cluster. The odor apparently varies, as it is reported<br />
as unpleasant by some authors.<br />
It is sometimes mistaken for Armillaria mellea or Cantharellus cibarius.<br />
The much brighter colors <strong>and</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> an annulus should distinguish it easily<br />
from A. mellea <strong>and</strong> the crowded narrow lamellae <strong>and</strong> the habit <strong>of</strong> growing in<br />
120
CLITOCYBE<br />
dense clusters separate it from C. cibarius. Neither A. mellea nor C. cibarius is<br />
phosphorescent, but old or dried-out specimens <strong>of</strong> Clitocybe illudens will not<br />
show this character either, so that it cannot be rehed on by itself as a certain<br />
means <strong>of</strong> identifying C. illudens.<br />
It is not considered to be a deadly <strong>poisonous</strong> mushroom but will certainly<br />
cause more or less severe illness in most people if it is eaten. The flavor is said<br />
to be good so that this is no guide to its <strong>poisonous</strong> properties.<br />
CLITOCYBE INFUNDIBULIFORMIS (Schaeff. ex. Fr.) Quel. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 167, page 109<br />
PILEUS l%-2% in. broad, at first convex with subumbonate disk, later<br />
becoming depressed on the disk <strong>and</strong> finally funnel-shaped, reddish tan, becom-<br />
ing faded, finely silky, margin thin, flesh white, thin on the margin, thicker on<br />
the disk, odor <strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive, lamellae decurrent, close, not very<br />
broad, tapering to each end, thin, whitish, stipe 1 )/2-3 in. long, J4-)4 in. thick,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten slightly larger at the base, elsewhere subequal, white-mycelioid at the<br />
base, glabrous upward, concolorous with pileus or pallid, spores smooth,<br />
white, ovoid to ellipsoid or subpyriform, obliquely apiculate, 5-8 X 3-4 //,<br />
with many smaller immature spores present.<br />
Solitary or in groups on the ground in woods. July-Oct. Fairy common.<br />
This is the type species <strong>of</strong> Clitocybe^ <strong>and</strong> illustrates well the characteristics<br />
<strong>of</strong> the genus. It is a fairly common species occurring throughout a long period<br />
<strong>of</strong> the growing season. The color may fade to nearly white. C. gibba (Fr.)<br />
Kummer is probably the correct name for this species.<br />
CLITOCYBE MULTICEPS Pk. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 209, page 116<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad or larger, convex, sometimes irregular in outline<br />
when growing in a crowded cluster, whitish, <strong>of</strong>ten tinged with gray or buff,<br />
moist, glabrous, margin thin, flesh white, thick on disk, lamellae adnate to<br />
short-decurrent, or slightly sinuate, close, moderately broad in center, narrow-<br />
ing to each end, whitish, stipe 2-5 in. long, V^-Vi in. thick, stout, subequal or<br />
tapering upward slightly, pruinose at apex, elsewhere subglabrous to fibrillose-<br />
scaly, whitish, soHd within, central or slightly excentric in crowded clusters.<br />
SPORES smooth, white, globose, 5-7 ju broad.<br />
In clusters, <strong>of</strong>ten densely crowded, on the ground in grassy places or open<br />
woods. July-Oct.<br />
Kauffman reports this mushroom to be edible but does not recommend it<br />
very highly. GUssow <strong>and</strong> Odell also describe it as rather insipid.<br />
Clitocybe cartilaginea Bres. is somewhat similar in habit but is darker in<br />
color, gray to brown, <strong>and</strong> has a cartilaginous cuticle.<br />
121
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
CLITOCYBE ODORA (Bull, ex Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 168, page 109<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, convex with margin incurved at first, becoming<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed, varying in color from bluish green or grayish green to whitish,<br />
tinged green or entirely lacking the green tints, smooth <strong>and</strong> glabrous, flesh<br />
white, thin toward the margin, odor sweet, fragrant, sometimes faint, lamel-<br />
lae broadly adnate to subdecurrent or short-decurrent, close, moderately<br />
broad, white to creamy yellowish or tinged green, stipe 1-3 in. long, V8-!4 in.<br />
thick, equal or sHghtly thickened at the base, whitish to pallid, concolorous,<br />
pruinose above, white-mycelioid at base, becoming hollow, spores smooth,<br />
white, oval, 6-8 X 4-5 /x.<br />
Solitary or in clusters <strong>of</strong> 2 or 3, on the ground in woods, <strong>of</strong>ten attached to<br />
leaves <strong>and</strong> debris. July-Oct.<br />
The greenish colors <strong>and</strong> the fragrant odor <strong>of</strong> anise are the distinguishing<br />
marks <strong>of</strong> this species, but the greenish color is sometimes entirely lacking <strong>and</strong><br />
the fruiting bodies may then be white. A smaller <strong>and</strong> thinner species C. fra-<br />
grans (Sow. ex Fr.) Kummer has a similar odor.<br />
LEUCOPAXILLUS<br />
Leucopaxillus is rather difficult to define in such a way that the amateur<br />
collector can readily recognize the genus by the gross appearance, but it is<br />
fairly easy to determine by microscopic characters. It includes Clitocybe-like or<br />
Tricholoma-WkQ species with rough-walled spores that turn blue in iodine.<br />
These species are mostly whitish or dull colored, with fairly large to large pilei<br />
<strong>and</strong> fleshy stipes. The attachment <strong>of</strong> the lamellae varies from decurrent to<br />
sinuate. Unless a microscope is available the beginner will have some difficulty<br />
at first in recognizing a Leucopaxillus <strong>and</strong> will be inclined to look in Clitocybe<br />
or Tricholoma.<br />
Singer & Smith (1943) published a monograph on the genus <strong>and</strong> recog-<br />
nized twelve species. Some <strong>of</strong> the species they included in Leucopaxillus were<br />
formerly known as Clitocybe gigantea (Fr.) Quel., Tricholoma laterarium<br />
(Pk.) Sacc, T. tricolor Peck, Clitocybe albissima (Peck) Sacc, <strong>and</strong> as varieties<br />
<strong>of</strong> the latter, C. piceina Peck, C. subhirta Peck, <strong>and</strong> Tricholoma lentum (Post in<br />
Romell) Sacc.<br />
LEUCOPAXILLUS ALBISSIMUS (Pk?) Sing.<br />
var. PICEINUS (Peck) Singer & Smith <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 222, page 134<br />
PILEUS 2-4 in. broad, sometimes larger, convex becoming plane or nearly<br />
so, dry, glabrous to slightly fibrillose, especially toward the margin, whitish to<br />
122
LEUCOPAXILLUS<br />
cream, or pale tan on the disk, margin inrolled at first, sometimes irregular <strong>and</strong><br />
ribbed, flesh white, firm, rather thick, taste bitter <strong>and</strong> disagreeable, odor<br />
unpleasant, lamellae short-decurrent with anastomosing lines at apex <strong>of</strong><br />
stipe, narrow, close to subdistant, whitish to yellowish in age, separating readily<br />
from the context, stipe 1 1/4-3 Vi in. long. J4-1 in. thick, at first bulbous <strong>and</strong><br />
tapering upward, then elongating <strong>and</strong> becoming nearly equal, white or tinged<br />
buff, glabrous or fibrillose to strigose toward the base, solid, spores white,<br />
elHpsoid, rough, amyloid, 5.5-8 X 4.5-5 ju-<br />
Usually gregarious to single on beds <strong>of</strong> needles in conifer woods. Aug.-<br />
Oct.<br />
The bitter taste, anastomosing ridges at the apex <strong>of</strong> the stipe <strong>and</strong> the<br />
development <strong>of</strong> yellowish colors distinguish this variety. L. albissimus var.<br />
albissimus is pure white. The fruit bodies persist a long time without decaying.<br />
It has been reported edible in spite <strong>of</strong> the bitter taste.<br />
LEUCOPAXILLUS GIGANTEUS (Fr.) Sing. *<br />
Figures 170, 171, page 109<br />
<strong>Edible</strong><br />
PILEUS 4-12 in. or more broad, at first convex to plane, then becoming<br />
depressed <strong>and</strong> finally infundibuHform, dry or sHghtly moist, glabrous to<br />
slightly pubescent at the margin, whitish to buff or tan, margin at first inrolled,<br />
then spreading <strong>and</strong> becoming ribbed, sometimes splitting, flesh white or<br />
whitish, thick, firm becoming s<strong>of</strong>ter, taste mild, lamellae slightly decurrent,<br />
crowded, at first whitish, darkening with age, narrow to moderately broad,<br />
separable from the context, stipe 1 %-3 in. long, %-2 in. thick, short, stout,<br />
swollen at the base, glabrous, white or colored Hke the pileus, solid, spores<br />
white, ellipsoid, nearly smooth, slightly amyloid, 5.5-8 X 3-5.5 m.<br />
Singly or in small groups on the ground in woods or open places. Aug.-<br />
Oct.<br />
This species is remarkable because <strong>of</strong> the large size it sometimes reaches<br />
but smaller specimens may be recognized by the color, crowded lamellae <strong>and</strong><br />
short stipe.<br />
L, tricolor (Pk.) Kiihner is another species that reaches considerable size,<br />
sometimes exceeding 12 inches in diameter. It is yellowish to pale tan, dry <strong>and</strong><br />
unpohshed, sometimes appearing matted-fibrillose, <strong>and</strong> usually more or less<br />
ribbed or grooved on the margin. The lamellae are close to crowded <strong>and</strong><br />
separate readily from the pileus. They are whitish to yellowish when fresh but<br />
on drying change to vinaceous or purplish. Kauffman called this fungus<br />
Clitocybe maxima. Its edible quahties appear to be unknown.<br />
LEUCOPAXILLUS LATERARIUS (Peck) Singer & Smith Not edible<br />
Figures 172, 173, page 109<br />
PILEUS 2-4 in. broad or sometimes larger, convex to plane, sometimes<br />
umbonate, dry, shghtly fibrillose to scurfy, white to faintly pinkish, sometimes<br />
123
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
yellowish on the disk, margin inrolled, slightly ridged, flesh white, thick, firm,<br />
taste very bitter, odor farinaceous to disagreeable, lamellae adnate to sinuate,<br />
decurrent by lines, narrow, crowded, white to pale cream, stipe 1 )/2-4 in. long,<br />
14-% ill- thick, nearly equal or enlarged at the base, white, at first pruinose to<br />
finely tomentose, becoming fibrillose, solid, spores white, subglobose to<br />
globose, slightly rough, amyloid, 3.5-5.5 X 3.5-4.5 m-<br />
Gregarious to subcespitose on the ground in frondose woods. June-Oct.<br />
The bitter taste, non-anastomosing, close, narrow lamellae, <strong>and</strong> ridged or<br />
ribbed margin are characteristic <strong>of</strong> this species. It is fairly common, <strong>and</strong> will<br />
attract the collector because <strong>of</strong> its size, but it has a very unpleasant taste.<br />
TRICHOLOMA<br />
Tricholoma is a large genus <strong>and</strong> the species are <strong>of</strong>ten difficult to identify.<br />
Usually they are fairly large forms growing on the ground <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten appearing<br />
late in the season. The genus is characterized by the white spores, fleshy stipes,<br />
lamellae adnexed to sinuate <strong>and</strong> frequently notched at the stipe, <strong>and</strong> the lack<br />
<strong>of</strong> a volva or annulus. The type species <strong>of</strong> the genus is T. flavovirens (Fr.)<br />
Lundell. Some <strong>of</strong> the species included here, such as T. personatum <strong>and</strong> T.<br />
irinum, have a creamy to dirty pinkish spore deposit <strong>and</strong> most authors now put<br />
these in the genus Lepista.<br />
Only some <strong>of</strong> the more common <strong>and</strong> easily recognized species are included<br />
here. Many <strong>of</strong> the species are edible <strong>and</strong> highly prized, but some are disagree-<br />
able in flavor <strong>and</strong> a few are known to be <strong>poisonous</strong>. Therefore, only those<br />
species that can be definitely identified <strong>and</strong> are known to be edible should<br />
be used.<br />
Key<br />
1. Pileus viscid 2<br />
1. Pileus not viscid 6<br />
2. Fruiting body white J. resplendens<br />
2. Fruiting body not white 3<br />
3. Pileus yellow or yellowish 4<br />
3. Pileus without yellow in the coloration 5<br />
4. Lamellae yellow; pileus yellowish, usually reddish on disk T. flavovirens<br />
4. Lamellae white; pileus yellowish with innate black fibrils T. sejunctum<br />
5. Stipe peronate with reddish orange scales T. aurantium<br />
5. Stipe smooth to minutely fibrillose T. pessundatum<br />
6. Lamellae yellow; pileus tomentose-scaly, purple-red T. rutilans<br />
6. Lamellae white or becoming reddish stained 7<br />
7. Lamellae stained with reddish spots; pileus<br />
fibrillose-scaly, dark reddish brown T. vaccinum<br />
7. Lamellae not reddish spotted 8<br />
124
TRICHOLOMA<br />
8. Pileus with prominent, acute umbo, gray T, subacutum<br />
8. Pileus not umbonate 9<br />
9. Pileus fibrillose to scaly, gray T. terreum<br />
9. Pileus glabrous 10<br />
10. Spore deposit white; pileus pale gray usually tinged olive;<br />
flesh turning pinkish; taste disagreeable, soapy T. saponaceum<br />
10. Spore deposit creamy to dirty pinkish 11<br />
11. Pileus <strong>and</strong> lamellae more or less tinged with blue or lavender T. personatum<br />
11. Pileus whitish to buff, no blue or lavender shades T. irinum<br />
TRICHOLOMA AURANTIA (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Ricken<br />
Figure 169, page 109<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, convex, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, slightly umbonate,<br />
reddish ochraceous to orange-red, rather bright colored, viscid, soon becoming<br />
appressed-scaly, margin floccose, glutinous, inrolled at first, flesh white,<br />
thick on disk, thin on margin, odor farinaceous, lamellae adnexed, close,<br />
white, becoming spotted with rusty brown, a few forked, stipe lYi-'^Vi in.<br />
long, y^-Yi in. thick, equal or narrowed at the base, more or less covered with<br />
rings <strong>of</strong> scales the same color as the pileus up to an obscure annular zone,<br />
white at apex <strong>and</strong> between the scales, soHd. spores white, broadly ellipsoid to<br />
ovoid, 4.5-6 X 3-4 m-<br />
Usually gregarious on the ground. Aug.-Oct.<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> the suggestion <strong>of</strong> an annulus in this species one might be<br />
incHned to look for it in Armiliaria <strong>and</strong> some authors have placed it in this<br />
genus. However, the structure <strong>of</strong> the trama <strong>of</strong> the lamellae indicates that it is<br />
more closely related to Tricholoma than to Armillaria. It is a rather bright<br />
colored species <strong>and</strong> can be recognized by the characteristic scahness on the<br />
stipe, the viscid pileus <strong>and</strong> the lamellae staining brownish. Its edible quahties<br />
are not known.<br />
TRICHOLOMA FLAVOVIRENS (Fr.) Lundell <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 176, 177, page 111<br />
PILEUS 2-4 in. broad, compact, fleshy, convex, exp<strong>and</strong>ing, sometimes<br />
obtuse on the disk, pale to bright yellow, usually stained brownish or reddish<br />
on the disk, viscid, glabrous or faintly scaly on the disk, incurved on the margin<br />
at first. FLESH white or tinged yellow, odor not distinctive, taste shghtly un-<br />
pleasant. LAMELLAE free or almost so, rounded behind, rather broad, close to<br />
crowded, sulphur-yellow, stipe stout, 1-2 1^ in. long, I4-/4 ^^- thick, equal or<br />
shghtly thickened at the base, pale yellow or white, solid, smooth or slightly<br />
scaly. SPORES smooth, white, eUipsoid, 6-7 X 4-4.5 /x.<br />
In groups, on the ground in conifer woods. Sept.-Oct.<br />
This species has been well known by the name Tricholoma equestre (Fr.)<br />
Kummer, but under the International Code <strong>of</strong> Botanical Nomenclature, T.
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
flavovirens is the correct name. It is a striking species with its bright yellow<br />
pileus <strong>and</strong> lamellae. It might be confused with T. sejunctum but the latter has<br />
usually dark radiating lines on the pileus whereas T. flavovirens tends to<br />
become stained reddish or brownish on the disk <strong>and</strong> is usually a more robust<br />
species. The lamellae <strong>of</strong> T. sejunctum are usually white or whitish but may<br />
show some yellow. T. sulphureum (Fr.) Kummer, another yellow species, is not<br />
viscid <strong>and</strong> is characterized by a disagreeable odor resembling coal tar.<br />
TRICHOLOMA IRINUM (Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 178, page 111<br />
PILEUS 1 1/2-6 in. broad, fleshy, convex becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed-plane, gla-<br />
brous, not viscid, pale alutaceous, tinged flesh color to nearly white, margin at<br />
first inrolled, then spreading, flesh thick, firm, whitish, taste mild, lamellae<br />
sinuate to adnexed, crowded, whitish or nearly the same color as the pileus.<br />
STIPE %-2 in. long, )4-% in. thick, equal or bulbous at the base, fibrillose-<br />
striate, whitish, solid, spores ellipsoid, smooth or some minutely rough, pale<br />
cream in mass, 7-9 X 3.5-4.5 /x.<br />
Usually gregarious in troops on the ground in woods or open places.<br />
Sept.-Oct.<br />
This species has the appearance <strong>and</strong> stature <strong>of</strong> T. personatum but entirely<br />
lacks the violet or lilac colors. According to Singer the true T. irinum has<br />
smooth white spores but the species described above is evidently the fungus<br />
described <strong>and</strong> illustrated by Lange <strong>and</strong> other European authors as T. irinum.<br />
The spores appear smooth under ordinary magnifications but under oil im-<br />
mersion a few seem to be minutely roughened.<br />
T. irinum may be found growing in large fairy rings in the woods. I have<br />
seen such rings 1 8, 24 feet, <strong>and</strong> one even 50 feet in diameter, forming almost<br />
perfect circles <strong>and</strong> containing hundreds <strong>of</strong> fruiting bodies. When a tree is in the<br />
way the mycelium appears to grow around each side <strong>of</strong> the tree <strong>and</strong> join up<br />
again on the other side.<br />
TRICHOLOMA PERSONATUM (Fr. ex Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 179, page 111<br />
PILEUS 2-5 in. broad, sometimes larger, at first broadly convex, becoming<br />
plane or sHghtly umbonate, glabrous, moist, becoming subviscid <strong>and</strong> water-<br />
soaked in wet weather, grayish to brownish, tinged more or less with lilac,<br />
fading to buff or whitish, margin at first inrolled, pruinose, then spreading <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong>ten wavy <strong>and</strong> irregular, flesh whitish, tinged lavender, becoming water-<br />
soaked in wet weather, taste mild, lamellae sinuate to adnexed, close to<br />
crowded, rather broad, at first blue, becoming buff-lilac to grayish buff,<br />
usually with tinge <strong>of</strong> lilac, with two or three tiers <strong>of</strong> shorter ones interspersed.<br />
STIPE 1-3 in. long, J^-1 in. thick, equal or <strong>of</strong>ten somewhat bulbous at base,<br />
solid, pale lilac or bluish, fading to paUid whitish, fibrillose-pruinose, becoming<br />
126
TRICHOLOMA<br />
glabrous, sometimes striate, spores elliptical, minutely rough, pale dirty flesh<br />
color, 7-8 X 4-5 m-<br />
Singly, in groups, or in clusters <strong>of</strong> several, on the ground, <strong>of</strong>ten under old<br />
leaves, in the woods or on decaying vegetable matter. Sept. -Oct.<br />
This species is rather common <strong>and</strong> is one <strong>of</strong> the better edible species,<br />
although it may have a disagreeable flavor if the pilei are old <strong>and</strong> water-soaked.<br />
It varies considerably in color but there is always some lilac.<br />
According to European accounts, T. personatum exhibits the blue color<br />
only in the stipe, <strong>and</strong> specimens with blue pilei <strong>and</strong> lamellae are referred to<br />
T. nudum (Bull, ex Fr.) Kummer. We have referred a smaller species with<br />
much deeper color <strong>and</strong> slightly diff'erently colored spore print to T. nudum.<br />
The exact identity <strong>of</strong> these species is somewhat in doubt but they are all edible.<br />
This group <strong>of</strong> species in which the spore print is not pure white <strong>and</strong> at least<br />
some <strong>of</strong> the spores are minutely roughened has been separated from Tricholoma<br />
as the genus Lepista.<br />
TRICHOLOMA PESSUN DATUM (Fr.) Quelet <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 113, page 51<br />
piLEUS 2-4 in. broad, at first convex becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, reddish bay to<br />
reddish brown or rufous tan, paler toward the margin to a whitish flesh color,<br />
viscid, glabrous, margin inrolled at first, flesh white, tinged reddish, firm,<br />
odor <strong>and</strong> taste farinaceous, lamellae sinuate to adnate or decurrent by a<br />
tooth, crowded, white staining reddish, stipe 1 }4-3 in. long, y^-\ in. thick,<br />
equal to shghtly bulbous <strong>and</strong> narrowed below the bulb, glabrous or with a few<br />
fibrils, whitish or becoming stained reddish brown, solid, spores white, ovoid-<br />
ellipsoid, 4.5-6 X 2.5-4 M.<br />
Gregarious, in troops under conifers. Sept.-Oct.<br />
This species is included as the representative <strong>of</strong> a group <strong>of</strong> somewhat<br />
similar species occurring with conifers, especially pines, <strong>and</strong> with reddish<br />
brown pilei <strong>and</strong> the lamellae staining reddish. From our herbarium records<br />
this appears to be the commonest species.<br />
T. flavobrunneum (Fr.) Kummer also has a farinaceous odor but the stipe<br />
is sulphur-yellow within <strong>and</strong> the lamellae are pale sulphur-yellow. T. albo-<br />
brunneum (Fr.) Kummer has a faint farinaceous odor, the pileus is minutely<br />
striate with innate fibrils, <strong>and</strong> the stipe is somewhat squamulose above.<br />
T. transmutans Peck has a farinaceous odor but the taste <strong>of</strong> the surface <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pileus is bitter. T. ustale (Fr.) Kummer lacks the farinaceous odor <strong>and</strong> the<br />
pileus is glabrous <strong>and</strong> viscid, whereas T. imbricatum (Fr.) Kummer, which<br />
also lacks the farinaceous odor, is dry <strong>and</strong> the surface <strong>of</strong> the pileus breaks up<br />
into rather coarse, more or less imbricate scales.<br />
TRICHOLOMA RESPLENDENS (Fr.) Quel. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 180, page 111<br />
PILEUS 1 1/^-3 in. broad, convex to plane, white, viscid, glabrous, flesh<br />
white, rather s<strong>of</strong>t, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae adnexed, emarginate, close,<br />
127
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
white, fairly broad, stipe 1 J/2-3 (5) in. long, 14-% ^^- thick, equal or tapering<br />
downward, glabrous, dry, white, solid or becoming hollow, spores white,<br />
elliptical, smooth 5-7 X 3.5-5 /i.<br />
Oct.<br />
Singly or gregarious on the ground, usually in hardwood forests. Aug.-<br />
This species is similar in stature to T. sejunctum but is pure white.<br />
TRICHOLOMA RUTILANS (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 181, page 11<br />
1<br />
piLEUS 1 )/2-3 in. broad, campanulate-convex, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to nearly plane,<br />
sometimes broadly umbonate, dry, covered with a dense brick-red to wine-<br />
colored tomentum which separates into tomentose scales exposing yellowish<br />
flesh between, incurved on the margin at first, flesh yellow, thin at the margin,<br />
thick at the disk, taste mild, lamellae adnate, becoming rounded at the stipe,<br />
crowded, rather narrow to moderately broad, clear yellow, floccose on the<br />
edges, stipe 2-4 in. long, Y^-Vi in. thick, equal or nearly so, stuffed in the<br />
center, becoming hollow, <strong>of</strong>ten curved, yellow, dotted with minute wine-<br />
colored tomentose scales which may partly or almost entirely disappear,<br />
yellow within, spores smooth, white, broadly ovoid, 6-7 X 3.5-5 ii.<br />
Solitary or sHghtly clustered, on conifer wood, sometimes apparently on<br />
the ground. June-Sept,<br />
It can be easily distinguished by its purple-red scales, yellow flesh <strong>and</strong><br />
lamellae, <strong>and</strong> by its habitat on wood. It is not a typical Tricholoma in many<br />
ways <strong>and</strong> has been made the type <strong>of</strong> a new genus Tricholomopsis by Singer.<br />
It might be confused with Clitocybe decora (Fr.) Gill, also growing on<br />
wood <strong>and</strong> having yellow lamellae, but the scales <strong>of</strong> the latter are blackish <strong>and</strong><br />
the attachment <strong>of</strong> the lamellae is different. C. decora has also been placed in<br />
Tricholomopsis <strong>and</strong> these two species are undoubtedly closely related.<br />
TRICHOLOMA SAPONACEUM (Fr.) Kummer Not edible<br />
Figure 182, page 111<br />
piLEUS %-3 in. broad, convex becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, variable in color, pale<br />
gray or pale brown, usually more or less tinged olive or greenish, darker on<br />
disk, glabrous or becoming cracked, not viscid, margin incurved, flesh white<br />
becoming pinkish, thick, firm, odor <strong>and</strong> taste rather soapy, disagreeable.<br />
LAMELLAE adnate, emarginate, with a decurrent tooth, subdistant, rather broad,<br />
whitish. STIPE 1 ]/2-3 in. long, ^4-% in. thick, equal to ventricose, white, becoming<br />
pinkish within, glabrous to minutely floccose, solid, spores white,<br />
elHptical to ovoid, 5.5-7 X 3.5-5 /x-<br />
Singly or gregarious on the ground in mixed woods. Aug.-Oct.<br />
The gray-green pilei, the flesh staining pink, <strong>and</strong> the very disagreeable<br />
odor <strong>and</strong> taste are the distinguishing characters <strong>of</strong> this species. Sometimes the<br />
odor is not very pronounced.<br />
128
TRICHOLOMA<br />
TRICHOLOMA SEJUNCTUM (Sow. ex Fr.) Quel. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 183, page 111<br />
PILEUS 1 14-3 in. broad, fleshy, convex becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, umbonate,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten somewhat irregular in outline, smooth, slightly viscid, white to yellowish,<br />
streaked with minute, radiating, innate, blackish fibrils, in dark specimens with<br />
the entire disk umber-brown to blackish, flesh white or tinged yellow, taste<br />
bitter to nauseous, lamellae broad, white, adnate, becoming notched at the<br />
stipe, close to moderately distant, stipe stout, 2-4 in. long, 54-/4 ^^' thick,<br />
more or less equal, <strong>of</strong>ten curved, usually solid, smooth, white to straw-colored.<br />
SPORES smooth, white, broadly ovoid, 6-7 X 4-5.5 m-<br />
In groups, on the ground in woods. Sept.-Oct.<br />
T. sejunctum diff'ers from T. flavovirens in its fibrous-streaked pileus <strong>and</strong><br />
white lamellae. Specimens with a more or less yellow tinge in the lamellae<br />
have been found <strong>and</strong> these might be T. intermedium Peck but they were growing<br />
along with typical forms <strong>of</strong> T. sejunctum <strong>and</strong> it seems more likely that this<br />
yellow color in the lamellae represents a variation rather than a distinct species.<br />
TRICHOLOMA SUBACUTUM Pk. Doubtful<br />
Figure 233, page 136<br />
PILEUS 1 1/4-3 in. broad, at first conic-campanulate with incurved margin,<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ing to broadly convex with a conspicuous acute umbo, varying in color<br />
from slate-gray or pale gray to ashy or grayish brown, sometimes blackish on<br />
the umbo, fading toward the margin, streaked with minute, radiating, dark<br />
fibrils, dry, glabrous or slightly fibrillose-scaly. flesh thin except at the umbo,<br />
white, odor not distinctive, taste somewhat acrid, lamellae adnexed, close,<br />
broad, white, stipe 2-4 in. long, y^-Vi in. thick, equal, smooth or slightly<br />
fibrillose-scaly, solid, white, spores smooth, white, broadly ovoid, 6-7.5 X<br />
4.5-5 M.<br />
In groups, on the ground in conifer woods. Sept.-Oct.<br />
Apparently there are several closely related forms similar to T. subacutum.<br />
There is some disagreement as to their edibility but none are known to be<br />
dangerously <strong>poisonous</strong>. The gray color <strong>and</strong> prominent, acute umbo are the<br />
most distinctive characters. T. virgatum (Fr.) Kummer is probably the same<br />
fungus <strong>and</strong>, if so, this would be the correct name for it.<br />
TRICHOLOMA TERREUM (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 185, page 111<br />
pileus 1-21/2 in. broad, convex to exp<strong>and</strong>ed, subumbonate, gray or<br />
mouse-colored, dry, fibrillose, becoming fibrillose-scaly to slightly floccose,<br />
with the scales concolorous or dark gray to sooty, flesh thin, fragile, white,<br />
grayish beneath the cuticle, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae adnexed, close,<br />
moderately broad, white to dingy, stipe short, 1-2 in. long, I/8-I/4 in. thick,<br />
"^<br />
129
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
equal, solid or stuffed, white or grayish, spores smooth, white, broadly ovoid,<br />
6-7.5 X 3.5-5.5 m-<br />
In groups, or clusters <strong>of</strong> several, on the ground, in open woods. July-Oct.<br />
There are a number <strong>of</strong> closely related forms in the T. terreum group that<br />
are puzzling to distinguish from one another. Just how many species or forms<br />
are involved in this complex is uncertain. The species described above is fairly<br />
common <strong>and</strong> is characterized by the gray color <strong>and</strong> fibrillose to scaly pilei.<br />
T. myomyces (Pers.) Lange is similar in appearance but has a farinaceous odor<br />
<strong>and</strong> taste <strong>and</strong> slightly smaller spores.<br />
TRICHOLOMA VACCINUM (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer Suspected<br />
Figure 184, page 111<br />
piLEUS 1 1/2-3 in. broad, convex to campanulate, sometimes subumbonate,<br />
becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, dry, covered with cinnamon-brown to dark reddish<br />
brown, appressed scales, margin tomentose, incurved at first, flesh thin<br />
except at the disk, white, staining faintly reddish, taste sHghtly disagreeable.<br />
LAMELLAE adncxcd or almost adnate, becoming sinuate, close, moderately<br />
broad, dingy white, staining reddish brown, stipe 2-3 in. long, V^-Yi in. thick,<br />
subequal, hollow, pale reddish brown, fading to whitish at the apex, fibrillose-<br />
scaly with reddish brown scales, spores smooth, white, broadly ovoid to<br />
subglobose, 5.5-6 X 4 m-<br />
In groups or sHghtly clustered on the ground under conifers. Sept.-Oct.<br />
T. vaccinum is a fairly common species, well characterized by the reddish,<br />
scaly pileus, hollow stipe, <strong>and</strong> by the lamellae staining reddish brown. Other<br />
species in which the lamellae also stain reddish brown are T. imbricatum (Fr.)<br />
Kummer, which has a less scaly pileus <strong>and</strong> solid stipe, <strong>and</strong> T. transmutans<br />
Peck, which is viscid with the surface tasting bitter. Both the latter species are<br />
reported edible but there seems to be some doubt regarding T. vaccinum.<br />
MELANOLEUCA<br />
This genus includes a group <strong>of</strong> species formerly placed in Tricholoma.<br />
The characters used to separate it from Tricholoma are mainly microscopic,<br />
being the rough-walled, amyloid spores <strong>and</strong> the harpoon-shaped cystidia on<br />
the edges <strong>of</strong> the lamellae. However, we can usually recognize a Melanoleuca in<br />
the field by its stiff stature <strong>and</strong> the texture <strong>of</strong> the stipe, which is almost carti-<br />
laginous as in Collybia.<br />
The type <strong>of</strong> the genus, M. melaleuca (Pers. ex Fr.) Murr., is a fairly<br />
common <strong>and</strong> widely distributed species. As far as is known, all the species are<br />
edible but, as with all <strong>mushrooms</strong>, they should be tried cautiously at first.<br />
130
HYGROPHORUS<br />
MELANOLEUCA ALBOFLAVIDA (Pk.) Murr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 188, page 113<br />
piLEUS 2-41/2 in. broad, at first somewhat campanulate, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to<br />
almost plane with disk <strong>of</strong>ten sHghtly obtuse or shghtly depressed <strong>and</strong> margin<br />
tending to remain decurved for a long time, smooth, moist, glabrous, dingy<br />
yellowish brown at first, becoming dingy yellowish buff to whitish, darkest on<br />
disk. FLESH white, odor <strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive, lamellae thin <strong>and</strong> crowded,<br />
moderately narrow, sinuate-adnexed, white to dingy, stipe rather tall <strong>and</strong><br />
straight, giving the plant a stiff, rigid appearance, 3-7 in. long, J4-!/2 in. thick,<br />
equal, subbulbous, solid within, with a cartilaginous rind, glabrous, fibrillose-<br />
striate, whitish or tinged the color <strong>of</strong> the pileus. spores ovoid, thick-walled,<br />
minutely punctate, strongly amyloid, white, 7-10 X 4.5-5.5 /x. cystidia lanceo-<br />
late, <strong>of</strong>ten encrusted at the apex into a harpoon-like tip.<br />
Solitary or in small groups on the ground in woods. June-Sept. Fairly<br />
common.<br />
The general appearance <strong>and</strong> stature <strong>of</strong> this species <strong>and</strong> especially the subcartilaginous<br />
stipe would lead one to look for it in the genus Collybia. It was<br />
placed in Collybia by Kauffman, although it was described by Peck as a<br />
Tricholoma, <strong>and</strong> its closest relatives appear to be in the T. melaleucum group.<br />
Since this group is now separated from Tricholoma as a distinct genus, Mela-<br />
noleUca, this seems to be the proper place for this species. It is larger than<br />
M. melaleuca <strong>and</strong> paler in color.<br />
MELANOLEUCA MELALEUCA (Pers. ex Fr.) Murr. Probably edible<br />
Figure 189, page 113<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, convex, subumbonate, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to almost plane,<br />
moist, hygrophanous, smoky brown, drying much paler, smooth <strong>and</strong> glabrous,<br />
sometimes wavy on the margin, flesh thin, whitish, lamellae adnexed,<br />
notched at the stipe, close, moderately broad, white or whitish, stipe 1-3 in.<br />
long, 1/8-54 in. thick, equal or slightly swollen at the base, whitish, marked<br />
with darker fibrils, centrally stuffed, spores white, ellipsoid, rough-walled,<br />
strongly amyloid, 6-8 X 4-5 /x- cystidia lanceolate, encrusted at apex forming<br />
a harpoon-like tip.<br />
Solitary or scattered, on the ground, in woods <strong>and</strong> open places. Sept.-Oct.<br />
This species is distinguished by its rather stiff stature <strong>and</strong> rigid stipe, the<br />
strongly hygrophanous, fading pileus, <strong>and</strong> the rough-walled amyloid spores.<br />
M. brevipes (Bull, ex Fr.) Pat. is very similar but has a short stipe, less than<br />
the diameter <strong>of</strong> the pileus in height.<br />
HYGROPHORUS<br />
Hygrophorus is a large <strong>and</strong> important genus that includes some <strong>of</strong> our<br />
most beautiful <strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>and</strong> several fine edible species. The spore deposit is<br />
131
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
white <strong>and</strong> the chief distinguishing character <strong>of</strong> the genus is the texture <strong>of</strong> the<br />
lamellae. This texture is difficult to describe but is usually termed waxy, <strong>and</strong> is<br />
fairly readily recognizable with a little field experience. The lamellae are as a<br />
rule rather thick, more or less triangular in shape, <strong>and</strong> usually subdistant to<br />
distant. The attachment to the stipe varies considerably in different species<br />
from adnexed to decurrent.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> the species are brilliantly colored, scarlet to orange, yellow, or in<br />
one species bright green. Others are duller colored, brown, gray, dull viola-<br />
ceous, or white. They may be moist or dry, or both the pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe may be<br />
viscid, or only the pileus viscid.<br />
The genus Hygrophorus is divided into three sections based on the struc-<br />
ture <strong>of</strong> the trama <strong>of</strong> the lamellae. This is a character that can be determined<br />
only by making thin transverse sections <strong>of</strong> the lamellae <strong>and</strong> examining them<br />
under the microscope. In this treatment not much emphasis is laid on the<br />
structure <strong>of</strong> the trama but from a scientific st<strong>and</strong>point it is such a valuable<br />
character in making identifications when a microscope is available that it has<br />
been included in the descriptions. However, the key <strong>and</strong> descriptions are so<br />
arranged that it should be possible to identify the species described here<br />
without knowing the structure <strong>of</strong> the trama.<br />
Three types <strong>of</strong> structure may be found. In the first the trama is said to be<br />
'divergent' <strong>and</strong> in this type the hyphae form a more or less definite core in the<br />
center <strong>of</strong> the lamella <strong>and</strong> from it they curve out obliquely <strong>and</strong> rather loosely to<br />
the hymenium. The other two types are said to be 'parallel' or 'interwoven'<br />
<strong>and</strong> sometimes difficulty may be encountered in deciding whether a particular<br />
specimen has parallel trama or interwoven trama.<br />
In general there is a correlation between the structure <strong>of</strong> the trama <strong>and</strong><br />
the diameter <strong>of</strong> the hyphae. If the tramal hyphae are consistently more than<br />
7/x broad the species will usually be classified in the group with parallel hyphae,<br />
<strong>and</strong> if they are consistently less than 7 /x broad, it will be found in the group<br />
with interwoven hyphae. Those species with divergent trama are placed in the<br />
subgenus Limacium, those with interwoven trama in Camarophyllus, <strong>and</strong> those<br />
with parallel trama in Hygrocybe.<br />
Although some <strong>of</strong> the species are small, many <strong>of</strong> them are among our best<br />
edible <strong>mushrooms</strong>. Only H. conicus is considered to be dangerous <strong>and</strong> it is<br />
easily recognized by its conical shape <strong>and</strong> blackening flesh.<br />
Laccaria laccata is likely to be mistaken for a Hygrophorus but it has<br />
spiny spores.<br />
Figures 212-221<br />
212. Hygrophorus russula. 213. Mycenapura.<br />
214. Laccaria laccata. 215. L. ochropurpurea.<br />
216. Xeromphalina campanella. 217. X.campanella.<br />
218. Mycena leaiana. 219. M. leaiana.<br />
220. Collybia acervata. 221. C. acervata.<br />
132
133
Figures 223-232<br />
223. Collybia confluens. 224. C. maculata.<br />
225. C. dryophila. 226. C. dryophila<br />
134<br />
227. C. platyphylla. 228. C. tuberosa.<br />
229. C. velutipes. 230. C. velutipes.<br />
231. Marasmius oreades. 232. M. oreades.<br />
3<br />
H<br />
\<br />
135
136<br />
Figure 233. Tricholoma subacutum.
Key<br />
HYGROPHORUS<br />
1. Pileus viscid 2<br />
1. Pileus not viscid 13<br />
2. Pileus white or whitish 3<br />
2. Pileus not white 5<br />
3. Pileus with yellow granules, at least at<br />
the margin <strong>and</strong> at the apex <strong>of</strong> the stipe H. chrysodon<br />
3. Pileus not with yellow granules 4<br />
4. Pileus glutinous H. eburneus<br />
4. Pileus moist, occasionally subviscid H. borealis<br />
5. Fruiting body bright green, fading to orange, yellow,<br />
or pinkish, very viscid H. psittacinus<br />
5. Fruiting body not green 6<br />
6. Fruiting body gray-brown with tinge <strong>of</strong> olive;<br />
stipe more or less floccose-scaly H. olivaceoalbus<br />
6. Not as above 7<br />
7. Blackening when h<strong>and</strong>led; pileus conical H. conicus<br />
7. Flesh <strong>of</strong> pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe not blackening 8<br />
8. Lamellae becoming reddish spotted, close;<br />
pileus rosy red, somewhat variegated H. russula<br />
8. Lamellae not reddish spotted 9<br />
9. Pileus pale tan or pale flesh colored, <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
flushed with pink H. pudorinus<br />
9. Pileus yellow to orange or red 10<br />
10. Stipe viscid 11<br />
10. Stipe not viscid 12<br />
11. Pileus Vs-lVi in. broad, wax-yellow, fading,<br />
becoming deeply umbilicate H. nitidus<br />
11. Pileus 1-3 in. broad, bright reddish orange, fading to yellowish<br />
at margin, plane or slightly umbonate H. speciosus<br />
12. Pileus scarlet to bright red H. puniceus<br />
12. Pileus yellow to orange, never red H. flavescens<br />
13. Fruiting body white H. borealis<br />
13. Fruiting body not white 14<br />
14. Pileus becoming squamulose 15<br />
14. Pileus remaining glabrous or may be somewhat cracked in age 16<br />
15. Lamellae decurrent H. cantharellus<br />
15. Lamellae adnexed H. miniatus<br />
16. Pileus bright orange, fading to yellowish or whitish; the lamellae<br />
also orange <strong>and</strong> not fading, brighter than the pileus in age H. marginatus<br />
16. Pileus reddish brown when young, fading to tawny or buff,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten turbinate in shape H. pratensis<br />
137
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
HYGROPHORUS BOREALIS Pk. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 190, page 113<br />
PILEUS yg-l ^2<br />
in. broad, slightly fleshy, convex to obtusely subumbonate,<br />
at length slightly depressed on the disk, surface smooth, glabrous, moist,<br />
occasionally slightly subviscid, watery white to white, margin decurved,<br />
finally exp<strong>and</strong>ed, striatulate when moist, flesh thickish on the disk, white to<br />
watery, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae not very broad, arcuate, decurrent,<br />
subdistant to distant, white, trama <strong>of</strong> interwoven hyphae. stipe 1-21/2 iii-<br />
long, approximately Vs ^^- thick, equal or tapering downward, white, smooth,<br />
glabrous, stuffed, spores smooth, white, ellipsoid, 7-10 X 5-6.5 \i.<br />
In groups, on the ground in woods. Aug.-Oct.<br />
Hygrophorus niveus Fr. is said to differ from H. borealis in its thin submembranous<br />
pileus, which is decidedly viscid. H. eburneus Fr. is usually<br />
larger <strong>and</strong> is also viscid, <strong>and</strong> has the trama <strong>of</strong> the lamellae <strong>of</strong> divergent hyphae.<br />
HYGROPHORUS CANTHARELLUS Schw. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 191, page 113<br />
PILEUS y^-\ 54 in. broad, convex, with disk at first plane or shghtly<br />
depressed, usually becoming decidedly depressed to umbilicate as pileus<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>s, dry, glabrous at first but soon becoming minutely scurfy to squamu-<br />
lose, bright scarlet, fading to orange or yellowish, margin <strong>of</strong>ten regularly<br />
crisped, flesh thin, concolorous with or paler than the surface, odor <strong>and</strong><br />
taste not distinctive, lamellae decurrent to long-decurrent, subdistant, broad,<br />
yellowish or tinged orange, paler than the pileus, trama <strong>of</strong> parallel hyphae.<br />
STIPE 1 )4-3 Vi in. long, about i/g in. thick, equal or almost so, stuffed at first,<br />
becoming hollow, glabrous, more or less concolorous with pileus, paler at the<br />
base. SPORES smooth, white, broadly oval, apiculate, 8-10 X 4-6 ju-<br />
In groups on the ground in moist woods or bogs. June-Oct. Fairly<br />
common.<br />
Some authors consider this to be a variety <strong>of</strong> H. miniatus <strong>and</strong> the two<br />
species are very close but H. cantharellus has a longer, more slender stipe,<br />
decidedly decurrent lamellae, <strong>and</strong> is usually not as broad. It is a very attractive<br />
little mushroom <strong>and</strong> is reported to be edible.<br />
HYGROPHORUS CHRYSODON Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 192, 193, page 113<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, at first convex with margin incurved, becoming<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed, disk sometimes remaining obtusely subumbonate, white, viscid<br />
when fresh, sprinkled with minute, golden yellow granules, flesh s<strong>of</strong>t, white,<br />
thick at the disk, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae decurrent, broad, subdistant<br />
to distant, white, trama <strong>of</strong> divergent hyphae. stipe lJ/2-4 in. long, V^-Vi in.<br />
138
HYGROPHORUS<br />
thick, equal or tapering downward, stuffed, viscid when fresh, white, sprinkled<br />
with minute, golden yellow granules, especially toward the apex where they<br />
sometimes form a yellowish annular zone, spores smooth, white, elHpsoid,<br />
apiculate, 7-10 X 4-5 /x-<br />
In groups on the ground in woods. Sept.-Oct.<br />
The yellow granules on the pileus <strong>and</strong> at the apex <strong>of</strong> the stipe provide an<br />
easy means <strong>of</strong> recognizing this species. It is apparently more common on the<br />
west coast than in the east. It is reported to be edible although Smith <strong>and</strong><br />
Hesler (1939) report unfavorably on the flavor.<br />
HYGROPHORUS CONICUS Fr. Suspected<br />
Figure 194, page 113<br />
PILEUS 1-2 in. broad, acutely conic to obtusely conic, remaining unex-<br />
p<strong>and</strong>ed, orange-red, orange-yellow, or yellowish, <strong>of</strong>ten tinged with ohve to<br />
blackish streaks, blackening when bruised or in age, glabrous, sometimes<br />
obscurely fibrous-streaked, viscid when wet, becoming dry, margin <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
splitting as the pileus exp<strong>and</strong>s, sometimes lobed. flesh thin, tinged orange,<br />
odor <strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive, lamellae almost free, fairly close, moderately<br />
broad, broadest in center, pallid yellowish, trama <strong>of</strong> parallel hyphae. stipe<br />
1 54-35/2 ii^- long, 5/8-54 in. thick, equal, yellowish or orange-tinged, blackening<br />
where bruised, moist or dry, becotning hollow, readily splitting longitudinally,<br />
fibrillose-striate, the striations sometimes twisting around the stipe, spores<br />
smooth, white, ovoid to slightly irregular 9-13 X (4.5) 5.5-6.5 (7.5) m-<br />
In groups or singly on the ground in woods. Fairly common. June-Oct.<br />
The entire fruit body blackens with age or on h<strong>and</strong>ling or drying but<br />
traces <strong>of</strong> blackening can be found on nearly any plant, especially at the base <strong>of</strong><br />
the stipe or on the disk. The bright colors, conical shape, <strong>and</strong> twisted stipe are<br />
characteristic features. H. cuspidatus Peck is somewhat similar in color <strong>and</strong><br />
shape but does not blacken.<br />
HYGROPHORUS EBURNEUS Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 244, page 154<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, pure white, glutinous, convex or obtusely subum-<br />
bonate, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, margin at first slightly floccose <strong>and</strong> incurved,<br />
becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, in age somewhat elevated, flesh white, rather thick on<br />
the disk, odor <strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive, lamellae subdecurrent, becoming<br />
decurrent, subdistant to distant, moderately broad, narrowing toward the<br />
margin, pure white, becoming dingy with age, trama <strong>of</strong> divergent hyphae.<br />
STIPE 2-6 in. long, 5/3-% in. thick, subequal or tapering downward, stuff'ed<br />
then hollow, glutinous, pure white becoming dingy, apex dotted with minute<br />
white squamules. spores smooth, white, ellipsoid, 6-8 X 4-5.5 /x.<br />
In groups on the ground in woods. Sept.-Oct.<br />
This is a fairly common species, distinguished by the very glutinous cov-<br />
139
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
ering <strong>of</strong> both pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe. It is somewhat shiny when dry. It is usually<br />
larger than H. borealis Pk. <strong>and</strong> H. niveus Fr.<br />
HYGROPHORUS FLAVESCENS (Kauffman) Smith & Hesler <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 195, page 113<br />
PILEUS brittle-fragile, %-2'4 in. broad, convex to exp<strong>and</strong>ed-convex with<br />
decurved margin, <strong>of</strong>ten shghtly irregular in outhne, striate on the margin when<br />
moist, smooth, glabrous, viscid, shining when dry, at first bright orange, fading<br />
in streaks to bright yellow, then paler yellow, flesh thin, pale yellowish, odor<br />
<strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive, lamellae unevenly attached, mostly adnexed, varying<br />
from broad to moderately narrow, close to subdistant, thick <strong>and</strong> waxy, deep<br />
yellow to pale lemon-yellow, many shorter lamellulae present, trama <strong>of</strong><br />
parallel hyphae. stipe 1 J4-3 in. long, Y^-Yi in. thick, subequal or tapering<br />
downward, <strong>of</strong>ten compressed or grooved, hollow, waxy to the touch but not<br />
viscid, orange to yellow, usually paler than the pileus, whitish at the base.<br />
SPORES smooth, white, ellipsoid, 7-8 X 3.5-4.5 /x.<br />
In groups or scattered, on the ground in woods, fairly common. June-<br />
Sept.<br />
Kauffman described this fungus as a variety <strong>of</strong> H. puniceus but it is evi-<br />
dently a distinct species. H. chlorophanus Fr. is similar but has a viscid stipe.<br />
The stipe <strong>of</strong> H. flavescens may feel sHppery or subviscid on h<strong>and</strong>ling but it is<br />
not truly viscid. H. chlorophanus is apparently rare but H. flavescens is common<br />
<strong>and</strong> probably most specimens identified as H. chlorophanus are, in reality,<br />
H. flavescens.<br />
HYGROPHORUS MARGINATUS Pk. Not recommended<br />
Figure 196, page 113<br />
PILEUS 1/2-2 in. broad, at first obtusely conic with incurved margin,<br />
becoming more or less convex to broadly exp<strong>and</strong>ed, disk <strong>of</strong>ten tending to<br />
remain obtuse, smooth, glabrous, moist, hygrophanous, bright orange, fading<br />
gradually to pale yellowish, flesh thin, fragile, concolorous with pileus, odor<br />
<strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive, lamellae adnexed, broad, ventricose, subdistant,<br />
intervenose, bright orange, retaining this deep color, especially on the edges,<br />
after the rest <strong>of</strong> the plant has faded, trama <strong>of</strong> subparallel to interwoven hyphae.<br />
STIPE 1-3 in. long, up to 54 in. thick, subequal, <strong>of</strong>ten slightly compressed,<br />
hollow, smooth, glabrous, moist, concolorous with pileus or paler, spores<br />
smooth, white, oval, apiculate, 7-9 X 4-6 /x.<br />
In groups on ground in woods. Not common. July-Sept.<br />
The most striking character <strong>of</strong> this species is the manner in which the<br />
lamellae retain their colors after the pileus has faded. Sometimes the edges <strong>of</strong><br />
the lamellae are brighter colored but not always. Kauffman reported this<br />
species as suspected <strong>and</strong> we have no further information about it, hence it is<br />
not recommended for food.<br />
140
HYGROPHORUS<br />
HYGROPHORUS MINIATUS Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 197, page 113<br />
PILEUS %-l )/2 in. broad, slightly convex to exp<strong>and</strong>ed, with disk plane or<br />
depressed, glabrous when fresh <strong>and</strong> moist but very soon becoming minutely<br />
scurfy as pileus loses its moisture, scarlet at first, fading to orange or yellow,<br />
margin at first incurved, flesh more or less concolorous with the pileus, thin,<br />
odor <strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive, lamellae broad, subdistant, adnate to adnexed,<br />
paler than the pileus, fading to yellowish, trama <strong>of</strong> parallel hyphae. stipe<br />
1-2 in. long, about i/g in. thick, equal, glabrous or almost so, concolorous with<br />
the pileus, fading gradually to orange, then yellowish, stuffed at first, becoming<br />
hollow, spores smooth, white, oval, apiculate, 7-9 X 4-5 /x.<br />
In groups on the ground or on much-decayed logs in woods, fairly<br />
common. June-Sept.<br />
This species is rather variable in appearance <strong>and</strong> different authors have<br />
described several -varieties. The surface is not viscid <strong>and</strong> appears glabrous at<br />
first, soon becoming fibrous or scurfy to squamulose. The color is brilHant<br />
scarlet at first, soon fading to orange or yellow. The attachment <strong>of</strong> the lamellae<br />
is another variable character in this species.<br />
HYGROPHORUS NITIDUS B. & C.<br />
Figures 199, 200, page 115<br />
PILEUS %-! Vi in. broad, flattened-hemispherical to convex, with disk<br />
becoming depressed then deeply umbiHcate, smooth, glabrous, viscid when<br />
moist, clear bright yellow, fading to cream or whitish, margin striate when<br />
moist, incurved, gradually becoming elevated but with the extreme margin<br />
tending to remain decurved. flesh thin <strong>and</strong> fragile, yellowish, fading, odor <strong>and</strong><br />
taste not distinctive, lamellae arcuate-decurrent, becoming long-decurrent,<br />
moderately broad, rather distant, with a s<strong>of</strong>t, waxy appearance, yellow, usually<br />
retaining the yellow color after the pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe have faded to whitish,<br />
trama <strong>of</strong> parallel hyphae. stipe 1-3 in. long, about i/g in. thick, equal, hollow<br />
within, glabrous, viscid, concolorous with the pileus, fading, spores smooth,<br />
white, broadly oval, apiculate, 7-8 X 4-5 ju.<br />
In groups on the ground in moist woods, fairly common. July-Sept.<br />
This is a fairly common species but is too small <strong>and</strong> fragile to be <strong>of</strong> any<br />
interest as food. The most distinctive character is the pileus, which fades from<br />
bright yellow to whitish while the lamellae retain their yellow color. H. cera-<br />
ceus Fr. is similar in color but does not fade <strong>and</strong> the pileus is not umbiHcate.<br />
HYGROPHORUS OLIVACEOALBUS Fr.<br />
Figures 201, 202, page 115<br />
<strong>Edible</strong><br />
pileus 1-3 in. broad, fleshy, at first convex to campanulate with incurved<br />
margin, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed but disk sometimes remaining obtuse or broadly<br />
141
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
subumbonate, smooth, viscid, dark gray-brown on the disk, paler toward the<br />
margin, streaked with blackish fibrils beneath the viscid layer, flesh white,<br />
thickest on the disk, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae broad, white, close to sub-<br />
distant, broadly adnate to subdecurrent, trama <strong>of</strong> divergent hyphae. stipe<br />
1 Yi-^Vi in. long, i4-!/2<br />
in. thick, soHd, equal or tapering toward the base or<br />
apex, streaked up to an annular zone with dark gray fibrils under a viscid<br />
coating, white above this zone, occasionally with the fibrils on the lower part<br />
<strong>of</strong> the stipe arranged in a series <strong>of</strong> rings or b<strong>and</strong>s, spores smooth, white, oval,<br />
apiculate, 9-12 X 5-7 fi.<br />
In groups on the ground beneath conifers. Sept.-Oct.<br />
The stipe in this species has a double sheath, an outer glutinous layer <strong>and</strong><br />
an inner fuscous-fibrillose layer which breaks up into irregular b<strong>and</strong>s as the<br />
stipe elongates. H. paludosus Peck is very similar but does not have the fuscous<br />
inner sheath on the stipe, <strong>and</strong> in wet weather it develops greenish spots <strong>and</strong><br />
stains on the lamellae <strong>and</strong> upper part <strong>of</strong> the stipe. H . fuligineus Frost is darker<br />
colored <strong>and</strong> has smaller spores. H. tephroleucus Fr. is a smaller gray species<br />
with whitish fibrils on the stipe, which soon become gray.<br />
HYGROPHORUS PRATENSIS Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 203, page 115<br />
PILEUS %-3 in. broad, fleshy, convex or with a broad obtuse umbo, <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
turbinate, smooth, dry, sometimes cracking around the disk, light reddish<br />
brown fading to pinkish tan or pale tan, margin at first incurved, gradually<br />
becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, in age the margin becoming elevated <strong>and</strong> the disk somewhat<br />
depressed, flesh thick on the disk, tinged the color <strong>of</strong> the pileus, odor<br />
<strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae thick, decurrent, distant, intervenose, rather broad,<br />
narrowing toward the margin, flesh colored, trama <strong>of</strong> interwoven hyphae.<br />
stipe 1 1/2-3 in. long, 14-I/2 in. thick, equal or tapering upward or downward,<br />
stuff'ed, dry, pallid or tinged the color <strong>of</strong> the pileus. spores smooth, white,<br />
ellipsoid, 6-8 X 4-5 m-<br />
Oct.<br />
In groups on the ground in woods <strong>and</strong> open places, fairly common. July-<br />
The stipe is usually short <strong>and</strong> the pileus more or less top-shaped. It <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
grows in more open <strong>and</strong> exposed places <strong>and</strong> sometimes fades to whitish.<br />
HYGROPHORUS PSITTACINUS Fr. Not edible<br />
Figure 204, page 115<br />
pileus yg-iyg in. broad, conic-campanulate becoming convex or ex-<br />
p<strong>and</strong>ed, sometimes persistently umbonate, at first deep ohve-green to parrot-<br />
green, quickly fading on drying out to salmon color, flesh color, pinkish<br />
orange or yellowish, smooth, glabrous, sHmy-viscid <strong>and</strong> very shppery when<br />
moist, margin striate when moist, flesh thin, fragile, brittle, more or less con-<br />
colorous with the pileus. lamellae adnate, moderately broad, subdistant,<br />
142
HYGROPHORUS<br />
thick especially next to the flesh, somewhat intervenose, greenish at first, soon<br />
fading to flesh color, orange, or yellowish, trama <strong>of</strong> parallel hyphae. stipe<br />
1/4-2/4 iri- long, about i/g in. thick, equal, glabrous, sHppery-viscid, at first<br />
green, drying to flesh color or yellowish, the apex retaining the green color<br />
longest, hollow, spores smooth, white, oval, obHquely apiculate, 6-9 X 4-5 fi.<br />
In groups on the ground in grassy places <strong>and</strong> woods. July-Oct.<br />
The bright green color is unusual in <strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>and</strong> this is an attractive<br />
fungus for collectors, but is too small <strong>and</strong> sHmy to be <strong>of</strong> any interest as food.<br />
The color fades rather rapidly but traces <strong>of</strong> it can usually be found around the<br />
margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus <strong>and</strong> at the apex <strong>of</strong> the stipe. Faded specimens might be<br />
confused with H. laetus Fr., which is very variable in color <strong>and</strong> may be <strong>of</strong><br />
mixed colors, but it is not bright green <strong>and</strong> the lamellae are decurrent.<br />
HYGROPHORUS PUDORINUS Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 205, page 115<br />
The Blushing Hygrophorus<br />
pileus 1 J4-4 in. broad, fleshy, convex to somewhat campanulate with<br />
incurved margin, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed but disk tending to remain obtuse,<br />
smooth, glabrous, viscid, pale pinkish tan. flesh rather thick, firm, white or<br />
pinkish, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae not very broad, adnate to subdecur-<br />
rent, thick, subdistant, intervenose <strong>and</strong> tending to fork, whitish to cream or<br />
flesh colored, trama <strong>of</strong> divergent hyphae. stipe stout, 1 )/^-3 Yi in. long, J4-<br />
% in. thick, equal or tapering downward, solid or stuff'ed, dry, whitish or<br />
tinged the color <strong>of</strong> the pileus, somewhat fibrillose below, apex dotted with<br />
minute white flecks which become reddish as the plant dries, spores smooth,<br />
white, ellipsoid, apiculate, 7-9 X 4-5.5 /x.<br />
In groups or slightly clustered on the ground in woods. Sept.-Oct.<br />
According to Smith <strong>and</strong> Hesler (1939) there is some doubt as to whether or<br />
not this is the true H. pudorinus <strong>and</strong> there is a western species, H. fragrans<br />
Murr., which diff'ers in having the base <strong>of</strong> the stipe ochraceous <strong>and</strong> tends to<br />
stain yellow when bruised, <strong>and</strong> which in some respects seems closer to the<br />
original description <strong>of</strong> H. pudorinus.<br />
HYGROPHORUS PUNICEUS Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 207, 208, page 115<br />
pileus 1-2 J4 in. broad, at first bluntly conic with incurved margin,<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ing to convex or nearly plane, disk <strong>of</strong>ten remaining obtusely umbonate,<br />
smooth, glabrous, viscid, deep blood-red when fresh, soon becoming streaked<br />
with orange, finally fading entirely to orange, flesh thin, watery, reddish<br />
orange to yellowish, odor <strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive, lamellae adnate to<br />
adnexed, broad, subdistant, reddish orange to yellowish, trama <strong>of</strong> parallel<br />
hyphae. stipe lJ/2-314 in. long, I4-/4 in. thick, subequal or tapering at the<br />
base, stuffed then hollow, at first reddish above, fading to orange, then yellow,<br />
143
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
base paler, yellow to white, spores smooth, white, eUipsoid, apiculate, (7) 8-<br />
10 X 4.5-6 fjL.<br />
In groups on the ground in woods. July-Nov.<br />
Young, fresh specimens <strong>of</strong> this species are among the most brilhantly<br />
colored <strong>of</strong> our <strong>mushrooms</strong>. The white base <strong>of</strong> the stipe <strong>and</strong> the broad, deeply<br />
colored lamellae are also distinctive. H. coccineus Fr. is said to be similar but<br />
not viscid <strong>and</strong> is apparently very rare in North America.<br />
HYGROPHORUS RUSSULA (Fr.) Quel. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 212, page 133<br />
piLEUS 2-4 1/2 in. broad, firm, fleshy, convex or with a broad obtuse umbo,<br />
viscid when fresh, rosy red to wine color on the disk, paling toward the margin<br />
to flesh-pink or whitish, sometimes flecked with wine-colored spots, becoming<br />
very minutely areolate, especially on the disk, margin at first incurved <strong>and</strong><br />
slightly floccose, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>and</strong> finally elevated, flesh thick, firm,<br />
white to pinkish, odor <strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive, lamellae adnate to decurrent,<br />
moderately narrow, close to crowded, white then pinkish, finally spotted with<br />
purplish red stains, trama <strong>of</strong> divergent hyphae. stipe stout, 1 ^4-3 in. long,<br />
%-l in. thick, equal or tapering downward, dry, white then pinkish, solid.<br />
SPORES smooth, white, eUipsoid, 6-8 X 3.5-5 /x-<br />
Scattered or in groups on the ground in hardwoods. Sept.-Oct.<br />
This species is rather unusual in the genus because <strong>of</strong> the close to crowded<br />
lamellae <strong>and</strong> some authors have placed it in Tricholoma. However, it now<br />
seems to be generally agreed that it properly belongs in Hygrophorus. It some-<br />
times occurs late in the autumn under fallen leaves. This is considered to be<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the best edible species.<br />
H. purpurascens Schw. can be distinguished by the presence <strong>of</strong> an evanes-<br />
cent, fibrillose annulus.<br />
HYGROPHORUS SPECIOSUS Peck <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 206, page 115<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, at first subconic to campanulate, then exp<strong>and</strong>ed,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten umbonate, scarlet to orange-red, fading to yellowish near the margin<br />
but remaining red on the disk, viscid, glabrous, margin incurved at first, then<br />
spreading, flesh white, tinged orange under the pellicle, s<strong>of</strong>t, odor <strong>and</strong> taste<br />
mild. LAMELLAE dccurrcnt, distant, rather broad, thick, white to yellowish,<br />
trama <strong>of</strong> divergent hyphae. stipe 1)4-4 in. long, )4-)4 in. thick, equal or<br />
sHghtly compressed, floccose-fibrillose up to an evanescent annular zone,<br />
subglabrous above, viscid, soHd. spores broadly ellipsoid, white, smooth,<br />
8-10 X 5-6 M-<br />
, Usually gregarious in larch swamps. Sept.-Oct.<br />
This species is not common but is a very showy <strong>and</strong> beautiful fungus <strong>and</strong><br />
will certainly attract notice when it is found. It is said to be edible.<br />
144
LACCARIA<br />
LACCARIA<br />
Species <strong>of</strong> Laccaria have white or pale lilac spores, usually strongly<br />
echinulate <strong>and</strong> not amyloid. They have rather thick, somewhat waxy-looking<br />
lamellae that are usually purpHsh to flesh colored, <strong>and</strong> lack annulus <strong>and</strong> volva.<br />
They have been placed in Clitocybe but they are not closely related to this<br />
genus. They are most likely to be confused with Hygrophorus because <strong>of</strong> the<br />
waxy appearance <strong>of</strong> the lamellae but the echinulate spores will distinguish<br />
them. They might even be mistaken for the fruiting bodies <strong>of</strong> a Lactarius in<br />
which the latex had dried up, but the iodine reaction <strong>of</strong> the spores is a sure<br />
way <strong>of</strong> separating them. The spores <strong>of</strong> all Lactarius species turn blue in iodine.<br />
Laccaria species are edible but are not reputed to be <strong>of</strong> good flavor.<br />
LACCARIA LACCATA (Fr.) Berk. & Br. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 214, page 133<br />
piLEUS %-2 (3) in. broad, convex becoming plane, sometimes slightly<br />
umbilicate, glabrous at first, then scurfy to somewhat scaly, hygrophanous,<br />
variable in color, reddish brown to reddish flesh colored, fading to ochraceous<br />
or paHid, margin even or wavy to notched, flesh thin, moist, taste mild.<br />
LAMELLAE emarginate to short decurrent, broad, distant to subdistant, thick,<br />
tinged flesh color, stipe 1-4 in. long, j/g-W (%) in^- thick, equal, tough, fibrous,<br />
glabrous to scurfy, sometimes striate, sohd to stuff*ed or becoming hollow,<br />
colored Hke the pileus. spores globose, echinulate, white, 8-10 ju diam.<br />
Common in woods or open places. May-Nov.<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> our commonest fungi <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the most puzzHng to the<br />
beginner. It is very variable <strong>and</strong> is likely to be collected many times before it is<br />
recognized with certainty. The broad, distant, flesh-colored lamellae are,<br />
perhaps, the best field mark <strong>and</strong> if a microscope is available the spiny, non-<br />
amyloid spores are characteristic.<br />
L. amethystina (Bolt, ex Fr.) B. & Br. is similar in stature but the whole<br />
fruiting body is a beautiful deep violet.<br />
LACCARIA OCHROPURPUREA (Berk.) Peck <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 215, page 133<br />
PILEUS 2-4 in. broad, sometimes larger, convex to nearly plane <strong>and</strong><br />
depressed in the center, hygrophanous, minutely downy-tomentose at first,<br />
becoming glabrous, or sometimes cracking into scale-like areas, purplish<br />
brown at first, becoming tawny yellow to grayish leather colored, margin<br />
even or wavy, flesh tough, taste unpleasant, lamellae adnate to shghtly<br />
decurrent, broad, thick, distant, purple, stipe 1 Yi-^ in. long, Yi-l in. thick,<br />
variable in shape, equal or tapering either upward or downward, sometimes<br />
145
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
curved or twisted, tough <strong>and</strong> hard, solid, colored like the pileus or paler.<br />
SPORES globose, echinulate, pale lilac in mass, 8-10 m in diameter.<br />
Scattered to subcespitose in woods, open grassy places or bare soil.<br />
Aug.-Oct.<br />
The purple lamellae are characteristic <strong>and</strong> might suggest a Cortinarius<br />
but there is no veil <strong>and</strong> the spores are pale lilac. It is not as common as L.<br />
laccata.<br />
XEROMPHALINA<br />
The genus Xeromphalina includes a small group <strong>of</strong> species, most <strong>of</strong> which<br />
were formerly put in Omphalia. However, the name Omphalia is illegitimate<br />
under the International Code <strong>of</strong> Nomenclature <strong>and</strong>, furthermore, the species<br />
formerly placed there are not regarded as a taxonomic unit by modern taxono-<br />
mists. They have been divided among several genera <strong>of</strong> which Xeromphalina is<br />
one. There is some disagreement as to the exact limits <strong>of</strong> this genus but the<br />
type species is X. campanella (Fr.) Kiihner & Maire.<br />
The species <strong>of</strong> this genus have white, amyloid spores. The lamellae are<br />
adnate to decurrent <strong>and</strong> the stipes dark brown to blackish, horny in con-<br />
sistency, <strong>and</strong> with a bright-colored tomentum at the base. There is no annulus<br />
or volva. The amyloid spores provide the best character for separating Xerom-<br />
phalina from Marasmius. The species are mostly small <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> no value as food.<br />
XEROMPHALINA CAMPANELLA (Fr.) Kuhner & Maire <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 216, 217, page 133; Figure 415, page 297<br />
PILEUS 1/4-% ii^- broad, fragile, convex, exp<strong>and</strong>ing, umbiHcate, rusty<br />
orange-yellow, orange-brown, or reddish-tinged, glabrous or almost so, hygro-<br />
phanous, fading on drying, margin slightly incurved, tending to remain so,<br />
becoming striate, flesh membranous, yellowish, odor <strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive.<br />
LAMELLAE dccurrcnt, close to subdistant, rather narrow, connected by veins,<br />
yellowish, stipe slender, i/^-l I/2 in. long, ^6-^8 ii^- thick, smooth, cartilaginous,<br />
even, straight or curved, hollow, dark reddish brown, yellowish at apex,<br />
pruinose, with a hairy, orange, root-hke tuft at the base, spores smooth,<br />
white, eUipsoid to long-elHpsoid, amyloid, 6-7.5 X 2.5-3.5 ju.<br />
In clusters, <strong>of</strong>ten densely crowded, on decaying logs <strong>and</strong> stumps <strong>of</strong> conifers,<br />
common. May-Oct.<br />
This species has been reported as edible but is too small to be <strong>of</strong> much<br />
interest as food although it sometimes occurs in very large clusters. Its abun-<br />
dance, bright colors, <strong>and</strong> rather graceful stature make it a very attractive Httle<br />
mushroom <strong>and</strong> it may be found throughout the growing season.<br />
146
XEROMPHALINA TENUIPES (Schw.) Smith<br />
Figure 255, page 156<br />
MYCENA<br />
PILEUS i/^-l 1/4 (2I/2) in. broad, convex, becoming plane or broadly umbo-<br />
nate, rather variable in color, orange-brown, tinged olive or ochraceous, dry,<br />
velvety to sHghtly granulose when old, margin even or becoming slightly<br />
striate in age. flesh watery brown, pHant, no odor, lamellae adnate or decur-<br />
rent by a line, whitish soon becoming pale yellow, close, moderately broad.<br />
STIPE 1-3 in. long, Vs-Vi ii^- thick, equal or shghtly enlarged toward base, concolorous<br />
with pileus, drying more yellowish, velvety-tomentose. spores white,<br />
eUipsoid, smooth, amyloid, 7-9 X 4-5 /x.<br />
Singly or in clusters on hardwood. June-July.<br />
This species appears early in the season <strong>and</strong> is the largest species in the<br />
genus. It somewhat resembles Collybia velutipes but differs in the dry, velvety<br />
pileus <strong>and</strong> amyloid spores. There is no information concerning its edibihty but<br />
its texture seems rather tough.<br />
MYCENA<br />
Mycena is a very large genus <strong>of</strong> which the species are small <strong>and</strong> difficult to<br />
identify. Smith (1947) pubhshed a monograph <strong>of</strong> the genus in North America<br />
<strong>and</strong> recognized 232 species. With rare exceptions the species can be identified<br />
only from microscopic characters <strong>and</strong> the group is not one for the beginner.<br />
The species are all too small to be <strong>of</strong> any interest as food.<br />
As interpreted by Smith the genus includes white-spored species with<br />
cartilaginous, hollow stipes, <strong>and</strong> usually conical or convex pilei with the<br />
margin straight <strong>and</strong> appressed to the stipe when young, although some forms<br />
with incurved margins <strong>and</strong> decurrent lamellae are included. The fruit bodies<br />
are fragile, fleshy or membranous. In dehmiting the genus. Smith also placed<br />
considerable emphasis on microscopic characters.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> the species are rather attractive <strong>and</strong> brightly colored but many<br />
are small, brownish or grayish forms, all looking rather similar. Only a few <strong>of</strong><br />
the more distinctive ones are included here.<br />
MYCENA ALCALINA (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Figure 266, page 174<br />
PILEUS y^-\ in. broad, occasionally larger, fragile but pHant, ovoid in the<br />
button stage, then obtusely conic, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to conic-campanulate with the<br />
disk usually remaining obtusely umbonate, becoming long-striate on the mar-<br />
gin as the pileus exp<strong>and</strong>s, moist, when young dark grayish brown with a<br />
pruinose bloom, soon glabrous, drab grayish brown at maturity, paUid on the<br />
147
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
margin, flesh thin except on the disk, white to pallid, odor alkaline, lamel-<br />
lae ascending-adnate, moderately broad, uncrowded, white or tinged grayish,<br />
with shorter lamellae interspersed, stipe 2-3)/^ in. long, up to J/g in. thick,<br />
equal, hollow, brittle, subconcolorous with the pileus, at first with a pruinose<br />
bloom, soon glabrous, usually somewhat white-mycelioid at the base, spores<br />
smooth, white, amyloid, ovoid, 7.5-10 X 4.5-6/x. cystidia fusoid-ventricose<br />
on the sides <strong>of</strong> the lamellae, up to 60 /x long, rare to abundant; those on the<br />
edges <strong>of</strong> the lamellae varying from ventricose to clavate, sometimes with one to<br />
several fingerlike projections at the apex.<br />
In groups or in clusters <strong>of</strong> several on decaying conifers, common. May-<br />
Sept.<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> the commonest species <strong>of</strong> the genus <strong>and</strong> is a fairly typical<br />
Mycena. It may sometimes be found early in the spring. The characteristic<br />
alkaline odor is the most distinctive single character <strong>of</strong> the species, but it may<br />
vary from being quite strong to only detectable when the flesh is crushed or<br />
even occasionally apparently absent.<br />
MYCENA GALERICULATA (Fr.) S. F. Gray <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 277, page 176 ^<br />
PILEUS %-l )/2 in. broad, at first conic, becoming campanulate to ex-<br />
p<strong>and</strong>ed-umbonate, the umbo sometimes disappearing, buff'-brown on the<br />
margin, darker to umber on disk, fading, glabrous, somewhat sHppery, not<br />
viscid, margin striate, flesh grayish white to pallid, cartilaginous, odor <strong>and</strong><br />
taste slightly farinaceous, lamellae adnexed to adnate or sinuate, close to<br />
subdistant, moderately broad, whitish becoming tinged with pale pink, edges<br />
even, stipe XVi-'^Vi in. long, sometimes longer, He^Vs<br />
^^- thick, equal, gla-<br />
brous, cartilaginous, smooth or twisted-striate, grayish white, darker below to<br />
brownish at base, hollow, rooting, spores white, smooth, ellipsoid, amyloid,<br />
8-10 X 5-7 M.<br />
Usually in clusters or sometimes scattered, on rotten wood. May-Pet.<br />
Although this is a small fragile species it sometimes occurs in such large<br />
clusters that it may be <strong>of</strong> interest as food. Another common species that<br />
occurs in clusters on wood is M. inclinata (Fr.) Quel. It is more grayish in<br />
color, the margin is more or less scalloped, <strong>and</strong> the stipe has a white fibrillose<br />
coating when young that usually leaveslftecks or fibrils on the stipe as the<br />
fruiting body matures.<br />
MYCENA LEAIANA (Berk.) Sacc.<br />
Figures 218, 219, page 133<br />
PILEUS 54-1 !4 in. broad, tough, pliant, convex, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed-<br />
convex, with a slight depression on the disk, translucent-striate on the margin,<br />
smooth <strong>and</strong> very viscid, bright flaming orange, fading to yellowish orange <strong>and</strong><br />
148
COLLYBIA<br />
finally pale yellow, flesh very thin, yellowish, odor <strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive.<br />
LAMELLAE adnate, ventricose, moderately broad, close to subdistant, yellowish<br />
to pinkish-tinged with the edges bright orange, stipe %-2 in. long, about Xq in.<br />
thick, gradually tapering downward, hollow, glabrous, viscid, orange, not<br />
fading as readily as the pileus. spores smooth, white, ellipsoid, 7-9 X 5-6 /x-<br />
In clusters <strong>of</strong> few to many individuals on old logs <strong>and</strong> stumps. June-Oct.<br />
The bright orange edges <strong>of</strong> the lamellae are a distinctive field mark <strong>of</strong> this<br />
species since they retain their color after the pileus has faded to yellow. The<br />
brilliant colors <strong>of</strong> this species are certain to attract attention.<br />
MYCENA PURA (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Figure 213, page 133<br />
PILEUS 1/2-1 Vi ill- broad, convex to exp<strong>and</strong>ed, usually obtusely umbonate,<br />
smooth, glabrous, moist, hygrophanous, translucent-striate on the margin,<br />
varying in color from rosy red to violet or shades <strong>of</strong> grayish violet, sometimes<br />
nearly white, flesh moderately thick on the disk, thin on the margin, tinged the<br />
color <strong>of</strong> the pileus or whitish, odor <strong>and</strong> taste <strong>of</strong> radish, lamellae adnate to<br />
sinuate at the stipe, broad, subdistant to moderately close, interveined, vari-<br />
able in color, white or more <strong>of</strong>ten tinged the color <strong>of</strong> the pileus. stipe 1 1/2-3 in.<br />
long or longer, i/g-i/i in. thick, equal, hollow, glabrous or pruinose, con-<br />
colorous with the pileus or paler to whitish, sometimes twisted, fibrillose-<br />
striate. spores smooth, white, long-ellipsoid, 6-8 X 3.5-4 f^.<br />
SoHtary or in groups on the ground in woods. June-Oct. Common.<br />
This is a common <strong>and</strong> widely distributed species <strong>and</strong> is attractive because<br />
<strong>of</strong> its beautiful colors. It is one <strong>of</strong> the larger species <strong>of</strong> the genus but is too<br />
small to be <strong>of</strong> value as food.<br />
COLLYBIA<br />
The genus Collybia has usually been defined as comprising those species<br />
with white spores, cartilaginous stipes, the lamellae adnate to adnexed, the<br />
margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus incurved to inrolled at first, <strong>and</strong> lacking both annulus <strong>and</strong><br />
volva. However, modern taxonomists seem to be generally agreed that this<br />
concept is too broad <strong>and</strong> brings together many unrelated species. The tend-<br />
ency now is to spht the genus into several genera with Collybia dryophila as<br />
the type <strong>of</strong> Collybia in a more restricted sense. Since some <strong>of</strong> the divisions are<br />
based principally on microscopic characters <strong>and</strong> there is not yet general agreement<br />
as to precise generic limits, for the purpose <strong>of</strong> this book Collybia is<br />
retained in the older <strong>and</strong> broader sense.<br />
It is sometimes difficult to draw a distinction between Collybia <strong>and</strong><br />
Marasmius on the one h<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Collybia <strong>and</strong> Mycena on the other. The prin-<br />
cipal diff'erence between Collybia <strong>and</strong> Marasmius is in the ability <strong>of</strong> Maras-<br />
149
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
mius species to revive after drying but sometimes this distinction is not very<br />
clear-cut <strong>and</strong> Collybia confluens, for example, might equally well be placed in<br />
Marasmius. Mycena is usually distinguished by the small, more or less conic to<br />
campanulate pilei which do not become exp<strong>and</strong>ed, <strong>and</strong> also by the margin <strong>of</strong><br />
the pileus which in the young stage lies straight along the stipe rather than<br />
being incurved or inrolled as in Collybia.<br />
No <strong>poisonous</strong> species <strong>of</strong> Collybia are known <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> the larger ones<br />
are considered to be very good but many <strong>of</strong> the species are too small to be <strong>of</strong><br />
any value as food.<br />
Key<br />
1. Fruiting bodies densely cespitose, reddish brown or vinaceous brown;<br />
the stipes glabrous above, tomentose below <strong>and</strong><br />
more or less bound together C. acervata<br />
1. Fruiting bodies single, gregarious, or subcespitose 2<br />
2. Stipe deeply rooting C. radicata<br />
2. Stipe not deeply rooting 3<br />
3. Stipe glabrous 4<br />
3. Stipe velvety or tomentose to pruinose 6<br />
4. Fruiting body white becoming spotted or stained rusty brown C. maculata<br />
4. Fruiting body not white 5<br />
5. Lamellae very broad; fruiting body gray C. platyphylla<br />
5. Lamellae narrow; fruiting body reddish tan<br />
to yellowish fawn C dryophila<br />
6. Fruiting body small, usually less than Vi in. broad; stipes arising<br />
from a small sclerotium C. tuberosa<br />
6. Fruiting bodies more than V2 in, broad; stipes not arising from sclerotia 7<br />
7. Stipe velvety, dark brown to black; pileus viscid; on wood C. velutipes<br />
1 . Stipe densely whitish pubescent; pileus not viscid;<br />
usually among fallen leaves on the ground C. confluens<br />
COLLYBIA ACERVATA (Fr.) Kummer Probably edible<br />
Figures 220, 221, page 133<br />
PILEUS %-2 in. broad, convex to nearly plane, glabrous, somewhat hygrophanous,<br />
reddish brown to vinaceous brown, the margin becoming paler <strong>and</strong><br />
finally fading over all to nearly whitish, margin slightly striate when moist,<br />
sometimes wavy <strong>and</strong> irregular <strong>and</strong> becoming upturned in age. flesh thin,<br />
pallid, taste mild, lamellae free to adnexed, crowded, narrow, whitish or<br />
tinged reddish, stipe 2-4 in. or sometimes more in length, V8~!4 in. thick,<br />
equal, hollow, glabrous above, whitish tomentose below, densely cespitose<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten bound together with the white mycelium, reddish brown or vina-<br />
ceous brown, <strong>of</strong>ten darker than the pileus. spores smooth, white, nonamyloid,<br />
narrowly oblong to ellipsoid, with a prominent apiculus, 5-7 X 2-3 /x.<br />
150<br />
Densely cespitose on the ground or rotten wood. Aug.-Oct.<br />
It is reported to be edible although Smith (1949) describes the taste as
COLLYBIA<br />
bitter. The dense clusters with reddish brown stipes more or less bound to-<br />
gether toward the base are a characteristic feature <strong>of</strong> this fungus. When dried<br />
the stipes retain the reddish brown color <strong>and</strong> are darker than the pilei.<br />
Collybia familia (Pk.) Sacc. <strong>and</strong> C. abundans (Pk.) Sacc. are two other<br />
densely cespitose species which have amyloid spores <strong>and</strong> are differently colored,<br />
whitish or buff to pale brown, more gray than C. acervata, <strong>and</strong> with whitish to<br />
brownish stipes. In C. abundans the pileus is depressed in the center <strong>and</strong> in<br />
C. familia it is not. Both <strong>of</strong> these species are edible.<br />
COLLYBIA CONFLUENS (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 223, page 135<br />
PILEUS %-2 in. broad, convex to nearly plane, reddish brown to buffbrown<br />
when moist, becoming grayish to pinkish buff or whitish when dry,<br />
glabrous to pruinose, sometimes minutely subsquamulose on the disk, obtuse<br />
to subumbonate, even or striatulate on the margin when moist, flesh thin,<br />
white, rather tough, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae free, narrow, crowded,<br />
whitish, stipe 2-4 in. long, 3^6-% in. thick, equal- or nearly so, <strong>of</strong>ten com-<br />
pressed, tough, cartilaginous, reddish brown under a dense white pubescence,<br />
hollow, spores hyahne, narrow-fusoid, 6-9 X 2.5-4 /x.<br />
Cespitose or gregarious, usually among fallen leaves on the ground. July-<br />
Oct. Common.<br />
This species tends to revive when moistened, <strong>and</strong> in this way forms a<br />
connecting link between Collybia <strong>and</strong> Marasmius. It occurs rather commonly<br />
<strong>and</strong> is sometimes abundant. The densely whitish pubescent stipe is a good dis-<br />
tinguishing character. C. hariolorum Fr. is somewhat similar but is reddish on<br />
the disk, the stipe is usually shorter <strong>and</strong> it does not revive so well, tending to<br />
become s<strong>of</strong>t when moistened.<br />
COLLYBIA DRYOPHILA (Bull, ex Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 225, 226, page 135<br />
PILEUS 1-2 in. broad, rather thin <strong>and</strong> pliant, convex becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
with margin finally elevated <strong>and</strong> irregularly wavy, disk remaining slightly<br />
obtuse or becoming depressed, surface smooth, glabrous, moist when fresh,<br />
color variable, ranging from deep reddish tan to yellowish fawn, fading with<br />
age. FLESH thin, whitish, odor <strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive, lamellae adnate to<br />
adnexed, narrow, crowded, white or palHd. stipe 1 V^-lYi in. long, ^'bout J/g in.<br />
thick, cartilaginous, equal or tapering upward, <strong>of</strong>ten compressed, central or<br />
shghtly excentric, hollow within, surface smooth, glabrous, more or less con-<br />
colorous with pileus, <strong>of</strong>ten tufted with white mycehum at the base, spores<br />
smooth, white, ellipsoid, 5-7 X 3-3.5 ju-<br />
In groups or small clusters, on the ground in woods, common. June-Sept.<br />
There are several species such as C. butyracea (Bull, ex Fr.) Kummer, C.<br />
lentinoides Peck, <strong>and</strong> C. aquosa (Fr.) Kummer that are closely related to C.<br />
151
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
dryophila <strong>and</strong> sometimes difficult to distinguish. However, these are all edible<br />
species as well. C. dryophila may be found throughout the growing season <strong>and</strong><br />
is sometimes abundant.<br />
COLLYBIA MACULATA (A. & S. ex Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 224, page 135<br />
piLEUS 2-6 in. broad, rather firm, convex becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, disk tending<br />
to remain obtuse, margin at first inrolled, then decurved, becoming somewhat<br />
wavy when fully exp<strong>and</strong>ed, surface smooth, glabrous, white, spotted with<br />
rusty brown stains, in age the entire plant becoming rusty-stained, flesh<br />
white, compact, lamellae adnexed to almost free, narrow, crowded, white.<br />
stipe white, IVi-^Vi in. long, up to Yi<br />
in. thick, equal or sHghtly ventricose,<br />
the tapering base extending down some distance into the soil, cartilaginous,<br />
becoming hollow, fibrous-striate to sHghtly grooved, spores broadly oval to<br />
subglobose, smooth, yellowish, 5-7 X 4-5 ii.<br />
In groups or in clusters <strong>of</strong> 2 or 3, on the ground in woods. June-Sept.<br />
This is a fairly large white species which can be recognized by the rusty<br />
stains that develop as it matures. The spores are not pure white but have a<br />
yellowish tinge. It is reported to be edible but not <strong>of</strong> particularly good flavor.<br />
COLLYBIA PLATYPHYLLA (Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 227, page 135; Figure 416, page 297<br />
PILEUS averaging 21^-5 in. broad, occasionally up to 8 in. broad, convex<br />
to subcampanulate at first, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, disk <strong>of</strong>ten remaining obtusely<br />
umbonate or sometimes becoming sHghtly depressed, margin at first incurved,<br />
becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed or recurved, in age splitting raggedly, color drab grayish<br />
brown to brownish drab, streaked with darker innate fibrils, paling toward the<br />
margin to grayish white, surface dry or moist, smooth or slightly scurfy.<br />
FLESH thin, white, taste unpleasant, odor mild to unpleasant, lamellae white<br />
or whitish, very broad, subdistant, adnexed, becoming sinuate at the stipe.<br />
STIPE stout, 3-5 in. long or sometimes longer, %-% in. thick, equal or tapering<br />
upward slightly, white or whitish, fibrous-striate, cuticle sHghtly cartilaginous,<br />
center stuff'ed, becoming hollow, spores smooth, white, broadly oval, 7-10 X<br />
5-7 Mj immature spores smaller.<br />
Single or in groups <strong>of</strong> several, on decaying stumps <strong>and</strong> logs or in rich soil.<br />
June-Oct.<br />
C. platyphylla is edible but is <strong>of</strong>ten infested with insect larvae <strong>and</strong> the<br />
flavor is said to be strong. The gray color <strong>and</strong> very broad lamellae are dis-<br />
tinguishing characters.<br />
Figures 234-243<br />
234. Marasmius rotula. 235. M. rotula.<br />
236. M. scorodonius. 1?)1. Schizophyllum commune.<br />
238. Partus rudis. 239. P. rudis.<br />
240. Trogia crispa. 241. Pluteus admirabilis.<br />
242. P. atromarginatus. 243. P. atromarginatus.<br />
152
245. Pluteus cervinus.<br />
247. Volvariella bombycina.<br />
249. Entoloma rhodopolium.<br />
251. Leptonia asprella.<br />
253 Clitopilus abortivus.<br />
154<br />
.<br />
Figures 245-254<br />
246. P. cervinus.<br />
248. V. bombycina.<br />
250. E. salmoneum<br />
252. L. formosa.<br />
254. C. abortivus.<br />
£^5<br />
3
155
156<br />
to<br />
5<br />
o<br />
3
COLLYBIA<br />
COLLYBIA RADICATA (Fr.) Quel. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 292, page 194<br />
PILEUS 1 J4-4 in. broad, convex, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, <strong>of</strong>ten slightly umbonate,<br />
surface viscid when wet, glabrous, smooth or wrinkled around the umbo,<br />
color varying from grayish brown to grayish fawn or paUid. flesh thin except<br />
on disk, whitish, odor shght or lacking, taste mild, lamellae adnexed, <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
with fine decurrent hnes on the stipe, broad, subdistant, pure white, several<br />
tiers <strong>of</strong> shorter lamellulae not reaching the stipe, stipe tall, 2-8 in. above<br />
ground, with a long tapering root-Hke underground extension, i/^-^/z in. thick<br />
at the ground, tapering upward sHghtly, cartilaginous, stuffed, becoming<br />
hollow, surface varying from even to twisted-striate or sulcate, glabrous to<br />
densely pruinose, white at the apex, elsewhere brownish to mouse colored.<br />
spores smooth, white, broadly oval, obliquely apiculate, 14-17 X 9-11 /x.<br />
On the ground in woods, solitary or in small groups, common. June-Sept.<br />
The 'rooting' stipe <strong>and</strong> the pure white, subdistant lamellae are the field<br />
marks <strong>of</strong> this species. C longipes (Fr.) Kummer also has a long rooting stipe<br />
but is smaller with a dry, velvety pileus <strong>and</strong> brownish tomentose stipe. C.<br />
radicata exhibits a great range <strong>of</strong> variation in size <strong>and</strong> color <strong>and</strong> several vari-<br />
eties have been described. It is a very common species <strong>and</strong> sometimes may be<br />
found when other <strong>mushrooms</strong> are scarce.<br />
COLLYBIA TUBEROSA (Bull, ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
Figure 228, page 135<br />
PILEUS tiny, y%-Y% in. broad, convex to exp<strong>and</strong>ed, sometimes slightly um-<br />
bonate, white to creamy or tinged tan, surface glabrous, unpoHshed or almost<br />
chalky in appearance, flesh thin, white, lamellae adnate, or with a slight,<br />
decurrent line, distant or subdistant, rather narrow, whitish, many short ones<br />
not reaching the stipe, stipe %-% in. long, slender, fihform, surface minutely<br />
scurfy or powdery especially toward the base, glabrous at the apex, white or<br />
tinged reddish brown, hollow, attached at the base to a small reddish brown or<br />
blackish sclerotium. sclerotium 3^6~!4 in. in diameter, varying in shape from<br />
elongated to pip-shaped, spores smooth, white, ellipsoid, 4-5.5 X 2-3 /x.<br />
Oct.<br />
In groups on decayed <strong>mushrooms</strong> or occasionally on the ground. July-<br />
This tiny Httle species is <strong>of</strong> no interest as food, but it is fairly common <strong>and</strong><br />
will be encountered by any collector. It can be recognized by the small brownish<br />
sclerotia from which the fruit bodies arise. It is usually found on much-<br />
decayed <strong>mushrooms</strong>.<br />
C. cirrhata (Schum. ex Fr.) Quel, is a similar small species but does not<br />
have sclerotia; C. cookei (Bres.) Arnold has sclerotia that are yellowish <strong>and</strong><br />
more rounded than those <strong>of</strong> C. tuberosa. C. albipilata Peck is another small<br />
species growing on pine cones.<br />
157
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
COLLYBIA VELUTIPES (Curt, ex Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 229, 230, page 135; Figure 417, page 298<br />
piLEUS %-2 in. broad, convex-exp<strong>and</strong>ed, <strong>of</strong>ten slightly excentric <strong>and</strong><br />
irregular, surface glabrous, viscid, pellicle separable, color yellowish to reddish<br />
yellow or reddish brown, usually darkest on disk, flesh moderately thick,<br />
white or tinged yellow or reddish, taste mild, lamellae sinuate-adnexed,<br />
rather broad, subdistant, creamy to yellowish, edges minutely fimbriate.<br />
STIPE %-2j/2 in. long, Ys-Ya in. thick, tough, subequal or tapering slightly to<br />
base or apex, stuffed to hollow, surface densely velvety-tomentose, bright<br />
cinnamon, usually yellowish toward the apex <strong>and</strong> dark brown to blackish<br />
toward the base, spores smooth, white, long-eUiptic, obhquely apiculate,<br />
7-9 X 3-4 M.<br />
In small clusters or singly on decaying logs <strong>and</strong> stumps, <strong>and</strong> on bark <strong>of</strong><br />
living trees, chiefly in late autumn but found also in early spring or in summer.<br />
C velutipes seems to be hardy in cold weather. Fruiting bodies are sometimes<br />
found during mild spells in January <strong>and</strong> February. The reddish brown to<br />
yellowish, viscid pilei <strong>and</strong> dark velvety stipes are distinctive characters for this<br />
species.<br />
Kauffman says the peUicle should be removed from the pileus before<br />
cooking.<br />
MARASMIUS<br />
Marasmius is a large genus <strong>of</strong> white-spored <strong>mushrooms</strong>, mostly small in<br />
size, <strong>and</strong> characterized by the abiUty to shrivel up during dry periods <strong>and</strong><br />
revive again when moistened. This character is not very clear-cut <strong>and</strong> some<br />
species may readily be mistaken for Collybia or Mycena. There is no veil <strong>and</strong><br />
the stipe is <strong>of</strong> a different texture from the pileus.<br />
Many <strong>of</strong> the species are small <strong>and</strong> membranous <strong>and</strong> with the exception <strong>of</strong><br />
M. oreades are <strong>of</strong> little interest as food. Some are, however, attractive little<br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>and</strong> a few <strong>of</strong> the commoner species are included.<br />
Key<br />
1. Stipe glabrous 2<br />
1. Stipe not glabrous; pileus buff or tan colored;<br />
growing in rings in grassy places M. oreades<br />
2. Odor <strong>of</strong> garlic M. scorodonius<br />
2. Odor not <strong>of</strong> garlic 3<br />
3. Pileus ochraceous red, sulcate M. siccus<br />
3. Pileus whitish with dark umbilicus; lamellae attached<br />
158<br />
to a free collar M. rotula
MARASMIUS<br />
MARASMIUS OREADES Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 231, 232, page 135; Figure 418, page 298<br />
Fairy Ring<br />
piLEUS %-2 in. broad, rather fleshy for this genus, pliant, at first bell-<br />
shaped with slightly incurved margin, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to convex with or without a<br />
broad obtuse umbo, finally broadly exp<strong>and</strong>ed with margin elevated <strong>and</strong> disk<br />
plane or shghtly umbonate, varying from dull reddish to Hght brown or tan,<br />
fading to yellowish buff" when dry, smooth to somewhat uneven or lumpy,<br />
glabrous, margin more or less striate when moist, flesh thin at the margin,<br />
thicker on the disk, palHd <strong>and</strong> watery when moist, whitish when dry, odor faint,<br />
taste not distinctive, lamellae almost free, subdistant, somewhat interveined,<br />
rather broad, rounded behind, very thick next to the pileus, paUid whitish buff.<br />
STIPE tough, 1-2J4 in. long, about y^ in. thick, equal or tapering downward,<br />
sometimes compressed at the apex, concolorous with the pileus or paler,<br />
smooth to minutely scurfy, stuff*ed to hollow, spores smooth, white, somewhat<br />
irregular in shape, mostly slightly subfusiform, prominently apiculate,<br />
7-9 X 4-5.5 M.<br />
On the ground in lawns <strong>and</strong> grassy places, <strong>of</strong>ten in rings or arcs, common.<br />
May-Oct.<br />
This is a good edible species <strong>and</strong> can be dried for winter use. However, the<br />
collector should be careful to avoid getting fruiting bodies <strong>of</strong> the <strong>poisonous</strong><br />
Clitocybe dealbata (Figures 210, 21 1, p. 116) mixed in with his collection. The<br />
two species are likely to be found growing together, <strong>and</strong> are sufficiently similar<br />
in size <strong>and</strong> coloring to be accidentally included in the same collection. They<br />
can be distinguished readily by the lamellae, which are broad <strong>and</strong> subdistant in<br />
the Marasmius, <strong>and</strong> narrow <strong>and</strong> close to crowded in the Clitocybe. The Clito-<br />
cybe is much whiter in color as a rule but it might be mistaken for faded specimens<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Marasmius if color alone were relied upon.<br />
M. oreades is commonly known as the fairy ring mushroom from its habit<br />
<strong>of</strong> growing in circles on lawns or grassy places. The circles tend to increase in<br />
size from year to year <strong>and</strong> the grass at the periphery <strong>of</strong> the circle is usually a<br />
richer, darker green than the surrounding grass.<br />
MARASMIUS ROTULA (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Figures 234, 235, page 153<br />
pileus 1/^-1/4 in. broad, thin, tough <strong>and</strong> pliant, hemispheric to convex,<br />
unexp<strong>and</strong>ed, umbilicate, radiately grooved from disk to margin in an umbrella-<br />
hke fashion, dry, unpolished, white or whitish, darker in the depression <strong>of</strong> the<br />
disk. FLESH whitish, membranous, odor <strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive, lamellae<br />
distant or subdistant, broad, attached not to the stipe but to a free collar at<br />
the apex <strong>of</strong> the stipe, concolorous with the pileus. stipe 1/2-2 in. long, fihform,<br />
159
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
tough, shining blackish, pallid at the apex, spores smooth, white, pip-shaped,<br />
6-9 X 3-4 M-<br />
In dense groups on decaying wood <strong>and</strong> debris, common in eastern<br />
<strong>Canada</strong>. June-Oct.<br />
This attractive little species <strong>of</strong>ten occurs in great abundance in the woods.<br />
The whitish pileus with dark umbilicus <strong>and</strong> the attachment <strong>of</strong> the lamellae to a<br />
free collar are the distinctive field characters.<br />
MARASMIUS SCORODONIUS (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Figure 236, page 153<br />
PILEUS 54-% ii^- broad, phant, convex, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to plane, unpoHshed,<br />
smooth or slightly wrinkled, at first tinged reddish or tan, finally whitish.<br />
flesh thin, odor <strong>of</strong> gariic when crushed, lamellae adnate, not broad, mod-<br />
erately close, pallid, stipe 1-2 in. long, about J/fg in. thick, subequal or tapering<br />
downward, smooth, dark reddish brown to blackish at the base, paUid at the<br />
apex. SPORES smooth, white, ellipsoid, tapering to the apiculate end, 6-8 X<br />
3-4 M.<br />
In groups on twigs <strong>and</strong> debris, fairly common. June-Sept.<br />
The striking feature <strong>of</strong> this little species is its strong odor <strong>of</strong> gadic <strong>and</strong> it is<br />
sometimes used as a seasoning for roasts <strong>and</strong> gravies.<br />
MARASMIUS SICCUS (Schw.) Fr.<br />
Figure 114, page 51<br />
PILEUS 1/2-1 in. broad, at first conical, becoming campanulate, <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
depressed in the center, dry, glabrous, pinkish red to ochraceous red to rusty<br />
red, striate-sulcate to the disk, flesh membranous, mild, lamellae free to<br />
adnexed, distant, white or tinged like the pileus. stipe about 1 )^-3 in. long,<br />
very slender <strong>and</strong> thread-Hke, horny, glabrous, blackish brown, paler at apex,<br />
tubular, mycelioid at base, spores elongated, narrowed toward one end, white,<br />
smooth, 13-18 X 3-4.5 m-<br />
Gregarious in the woods on leaves, twigs <strong>and</strong> forest debris. July-Sept.<br />
Common.<br />
Although <strong>of</strong> small size this little mushroom will attract notice because <strong>of</strong><br />
its bright color <strong>and</strong> abundance. The color, deeply furrowed pilei <strong>and</strong> distant<br />
lamellae are good field characters.<br />
LENTINUS<br />
Lentinus includes a rather small group <strong>of</strong> white-spored species growing on<br />
wood <strong>and</strong> characterized by their hard, tough consistency <strong>and</strong> the serrate-torn<br />
edge <strong>of</strong> the lamellae. The stipe may be present or excentric, or lacking.<br />
160
^<br />
PANUS<br />
LENTINUS LEPIDEUS Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 303, 304, page 196<br />
PILEUS 2-6 in. broad, tough to leathery, at first hemispherical or convex<br />
with margin incurved, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to plane or nearly so, dry, whitish to dingy<br />
yellowish or drab brownish buff, decorated, especially on the disk, with brown<br />
appressed spot-like or triangular scales arranged more or less concentrically,<br />
the entire surface usually at length becoming areolate or subscaly. flesh<br />
white, firm to tough, becoming hard when old <strong>and</strong> dry, very thick on the disk.<br />
LAMELLAE variable in attachment, usually sinuate at the stipe <strong>and</strong> decurrent<br />
by narrow fines, broad, close to subdistant, white to dingy yellowish, edges<br />
saw-toothed, stipe stout, 1 1/2-4 in. long, )4-l in. thick, tapering toward the<br />
base, <strong>of</strong>ten more or less excentric <strong>and</strong> curved, especially if growing from the<br />
sides <strong>of</strong> stumps, etc., dry, s<strong>of</strong>id, very hard <strong>and</strong> tough, white, browning in age,<br />
surface varying from nearly smooth to conspicuously scaly, sometimes with<br />
brown patches similar to those on the pileus. veil membranous, covering<br />
the lamellae in young stages, leaving an annular ridge on the apex <strong>of</strong> the stipe<br />
or <strong>of</strong>ten disappearing entirely in age. spores smooth, white, long-ellipsoid,<br />
many sfightly irregular in shape, 9-12 X 4-5.5 /x-<br />
S<strong>of</strong>itary or in clusters <strong>of</strong> 2 or 3, on timbers, railway ties, fence posts,<br />
stumps, etc., usually on conifer wood, common. May-Sept.<br />
Although this species is reported to be edible when young, it soon be-<br />
comes so tough <strong>and</strong> woody that it is <strong>of</strong> no value. It is <strong>of</strong>ten found growing in<br />
dry situations such as on railway ties or old timbers <strong>and</strong> it sometimes causes<br />
serious rotting <strong>of</strong> the wood.<br />
Several other species are fairly common. L. tigrinus Fr. is a large, scaly,<br />
deeply umbificate species that is sometimes much deformed. L. cochleatus Fr.<br />
usually grows in clusters with the stipes confluent <strong>and</strong> deeply furrowed. L. vul-<br />
pinus Fr. grows in shelving clusters without stipes, <strong>and</strong> is remarkable for the<br />
very rough, coarsely hairy surface <strong>of</strong> the pileus. L. haematopus Berk, is a small<br />
species with a short blood-red stipe.<br />
PANUS<br />
The species <strong>of</strong> Panus occur on wood <strong>and</strong> have white spores, <strong>and</strong> the stipes<br />
are excentric or lateral or sometimes lacking. They differ from Pleurotus in<br />
being <strong>of</strong> tough consistency, more or less reviving when moistened, but some<br />
species might readily be mistaken for a Pleurotus. The consistency is similar to<br />
Lentinus but in Panus the edges <strong>of</strong> the lamellae are entire <strong>and</strong> even, whereas in<br />
Lentinus they are serrate-torn. Panus species are too tough to be <strong>of</strong> much value<br />
as food although some have been used to flavor soups <strong>and</strong> gravies.<br />
161
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
Key<br />
1. Stipe lateral or lacking 2<br />
1. Stipe excentric 3<br />
2. Pileus cupulate; lamellae covered by a veil when young P. operculatus<br />
2. Lamellae not covered by a veil; taste astringent P. stipticus<br />
3. Pileus densely hairy P. rudis<br />
3. Pileus glabrous or delicately tomentose to slightly scaly P. torulosus<br />
PANUS OPERCULATUS B. & C. Not edible<br />
Figure 175, page 110<br />
PILEUS 54-/4 ii^- broad, leathery, more or less pendent to convex, narrowed<br />
behind or above to a short stipelike base, brown or grayish brown, at first<br />
minutely flocculose-tomentose, becoming glabrous, margin strongly incurved,<br />
even, flesh whitish, thin, lamellae radiating from an excentric point, close,<br />
narrow, pale brown, veil a membranous tissue, covering the lamellae <strong>and</strong><br />
sphtting, leaving fragments on the margin, stipe lateral or dorsal, very short or<br />
almost wanting, about J^e-Vs ii^- ^^ diameter, concolorous with pileus. spores<br />
white, allantoid, smooth 4-5 X 1-1.5 /x.<br />
In groups on twigs <strong>of</strong> deciduous trees. Sept.-Nov.<br />
Panus salicinus Peck is very similar in appearance but lacks the veil. These<br />
two species have been discussed by Overholts (1938). They are not closely<br />
related to other species placed in Panus, but would be better placed in the<br />
genus Tectella, <strong>of</strong> which T. patellaris (Fr.) Murr. is the type. Some authors<br />
regard Panus operculatus as a synonym <strong>of</strong> Tectella patellaris, but Overholts<br />
questioned this since Fries did not describe or illustrate a veil for T. patellaris.<br />
The species is <strong>of</strong> no importance from the st<strong>and</strong>point <strong>of</strong> edibility, but it is<br />
an interesting <strong>and</strong> puzzUng form that is not very common.<br />
PANUS RUDIS Fr. <strong>Edible</strong>; tough<br />
Figures 238, 239, page 153<br />
PILEUS %-2% in. broad, depressed toward the stipe, varying in shape from<br />
vase-like with central stipe to ear-shaped with almost lateral stipe, leather color<br />
to tawny or reddish, surface with a rather coarse, velvet-hke, hairy coating,<br />
sometimes shghtly tufted, margin at first inrolled, sometimes irregularly lobed.<br />
FLESH tough, somewhat corky when dry, taste slightly bitter, odor not distinc-<br />
tive. LAMELLAE dccurrcnt on stipe, crowded, narrow, paler than the pileus.<br />
STIPE short <strong>and</strong> stout, sometimes almost lacking, equal or tapering downward,<br />
slightly excentric to almost lateral (never truly lateral), tomentose, concolorous<br />
with or paler than the pileus. spores smooth, white, ellipsoid, 5-6 X<br />
2-3 M.<br />
162<br />
Clustered on logs <strong>and</strong> stumps, common. June-Sept.<br />
This is a very common species occurring on old stumps or logs. Its tough
PANUS<br />
consistency <strong>and</strong> velvety, hairy pilei are distinctive. It is said to be edible but it is<br />
not recommended because <strong>of</strong> its tough consistency.<br />
PANUS STIPTICUS Fr. Poisonous<br />
Figures 278, 279, 280, 281, page 176<br />
piLEUS i^-l 14 iri- broad, tough <strong>and</strong> leathery, reviving when moistened,<br />
variable in shape, mostly kidney-shaped to shell-shaped, convex, with a sHght<br />
depression toward the lateral stipe, pale cinnamon-buff, fading, surface very<br />
minutely scurfy, margin entire or irregularly lobed. flesh leathery, taste very<br />
astringent, disagreeable, lamellae cinnamon color, moderately broad, close to<br />
crowded, interveined, becoming tough when dry, ending in an even Hne at the<br />
stipe. STIPE a lateral continuation <strong>of</strong> the pileus, somewhat flattened, short <strong>and</strong><br />
stubby, scarcely visible from above but distinct from below, paler than the<br />
pileus, soHd, tough, surface somewhat mealy, spores minute, smooth, white,<br />
oblong, 4-5 X 2 /i.<br />
July-Oct.<br />
In crowded, overlapping, shelving clusters, on stumps <strong>and</strong> logs, common.<br />
Panus stipticus has a very unpleasant taste <strong>and</strong> is reported to be <strong>poisonous</strong>.<br />
In addition it is remarkable for its phosphorescent properties. When fresh <strong>and</strong><br />
moist the fruiting bodies <strong>and</strong> myceHum glow in the dark, sometimes producing<br />
a ghostly eff'ect in the woods.<br />
PANUS TORULOSUS Fr. <strong>Edible</strong>; tough<br />
Figures 315, 316, page 214<br />
PILEUS 1 1/2-4 in. broad, occasionally larger, tough <strong>and</strong> leathery, plane to<br />
depressed or infundibuliform, pale tan to brownish, tinged violet or reddish<br />
when moist, glabrous, or deHcately tomentose when young, sometimes slightly<br />
scaly near the center, margin inrolled, even, lamellae decurrent, close, narrow,<br />
some forked, pale tan, <strong>of</strong>ten tinged violet when moist, stipe y^-\ in. long,<br />
14-% in. thick, short <strong>and</strong> stout, excentric to lateral or sometimes nearly<br />
central, with a fine violaceous to gray tomentum, solid, tough, spores white,<br />
eUiptical, 5.5-7 X 3-3.5 /x-<br />
Clustered or occasionally sohtary, on old stumps <strong>and</strong> logs. June-Aug.<br />
Various authors diff'er as to whether or not P. torulosus <strong>and</strong> P. conchatus<br />
Fr. are distinct. Lange (1935-40) attempts to separate them on the basis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
habit <strong>of</strong> growth. He would place the forms with regular pilei <strong>and</strong> more or less<br />
central stipes in P. torulosus, <strong>and</strong> the clustered forms with lateral stipes in<br />
P. conchatus. It will probably require cultural studies to determine whether or<br />
not these forms are diff'erent species.<br />
This fungus might be mistaken for a Clitocybe if collected when young <strong>and</strong><br />
moist. It is said to be edible, but is too tough to be <strong>of</strong> much interest from that<br />
st<strong>and</strong>point.<br />
-<br />
163
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
SCHIZOPHYLLUM<br />
The name Schizophyllum means 'split leaf <strong>and</strong> refers to the characteristic<br />
lamellae, which appear to be split along the edge <strong>and</strong> to fold back during dry<br />
weather.<br />
Only one species is known in <strong>Canada</strong> but it is rather common. It suggests<br />
a Pleurotus in habit but is very different in texture. It is tough <strong>and</strong> leathery <strong>and</strong><br />
inedible, although according to Singer the isl<strong>and</strong>ers in the Dutch East Indies<br />
<strong>and</strong> Madagascar chew the fruit bodies. The species <strong>of</strong> Schizophyllum may be <strong>of</strong><br />
some importance as wood destroyers.<br />
SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE Fr. Not edible<br />
Figure 237, page 153<br />
PILEUS i/i-l in. broad, thin, leathery-tough, densely matted-tomentose,<br />
pale grayish buff to grayish white, whitish when dry, sessile, fan-shaped to<br />
shell-shaped when laterally attached, vase-shaped exp<strong>and</strong>ing to saucer-shaped<br />
when attachment is central or excentric, margin incurved <strong>and</strong> lobed. lamellae<br />
radiating from the point <strong>of</strong> attachment, uncrowded, thick <strong>and</strong> tough,<br />
grayish white or with a faint pinkish cast, densely hairy under a lens, appearing<br />
double on the edges because <strong>of</strong> a groove running the length <strong>of</strong> the edge <strong>of</strong> each<br />
lamella, spores smooth, creamy to deep yellowish, cyhndric, about 3.5-5.5 X<br />
1-1.5 M-<br />
On dead wood, <strong>of</strong>ten with bases confluent when growing in crowded<br />
clusters, common throughout the growing season.<br />
This httle species is <strong>of</strong> no interest as food because <strong>of</strong> its small size <strong>and</strong><br />
tough, leathery consistency, but it frequently attracts attention because <strong>of</strong> its<br />
abundance. It is interesting because <strong>of</strong> the adaptations to withst<strong>and</strong> dry<br />
conditions that it exhibits. If the fungus is examined when moist it will be seen<br />
that each <strong>of</strong> the lamellae is spHt along the edge, <strong>and</strong> as the fruit body dries out,<br />
the edges curl back <strong>and</strong> roll outward, protecting the sides <strong>of</strong> the lamellae from<br />
loss <strong>of</strong> moisture, while at the same time the margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus also rolls<br />
inward <strong>and</strong> in this condition the fungus can survive considerable periods <strong>of</strong><br />
drying. When re-moistened the margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus spreads out, the lamellae<br />
unroll <strong>and</strong> the fruit body commences to shed spores again.<br />
TROGIA<br />
Only a single species <strong>of</strong> this genus occurs in <strong>Canada</strong>. It is a small, white-<br />
spored, rather tough, wood-inhabiting fungus, that tends to fold up in dry<br />
weather <strong>and</strong> to revive again when moistened. It has no stipe. The most char-<br />
acteristic feature is the lamellae which are thick, blunt on the edge, <strong>and</strong> very<br />
much crisped <strong>and</strong> irregular.<br />
164
PLUTEUS<br />
TROGIA CRISPA Fr. Not edible<br />
Figure 240, page 153; Figure 419, page 299<br />
PILEUS 1/4-% in. broad, sessile, sometimes resupinate, shell-shaped, or<br />
shelf-Hke, sometimes overlapping, incurved when dry, reviving <strong>and</strong> spreading<br />
out when moist, reddish yellow to tan colored, covered with whitish hairs<br />
when young, lamellae whitish to bluish gray, vein-like, very narrow, irregular,<br />
crisped, edges blunt, spores white, cylindric to allantoid, 3-4 X 1-1.5 fi.<br />
Crowded to scattered on dead branches <strong>of</strong> frondose trees, fairly common.<br />
May-Nov.<br />
This tiny mushroom is <strong>of</strong> no interest as food <strong>and</strong> is not very conspicuous<br />
when it is dry, but when it is moist the large clusters <strong>and</strong> beautifully crisped<br />
lamellae are sure to attract attention.<br />
PLUTEUS<br />
Pluteus includes species with a pink spore deposit, lamellae free from the<br />
stipe, <strong>and</strong> lacking both annulus <strong>and</strong> volva. The stipe is central <strong>and</strong> easily<br />
separable from the pileus. Pluteus species usually occur on old logs <strong>and</strong> stumps<br />
or on some form <strong>of</strong> decayed wood. Except for the common P. cervinus most <strong>of</strong><br />
them are too small to be <strong>of</strong> much value as food. They are typically s<strong>of</strong>t in<br />
consistency <strong>and</strong> decay rapidly.<br />
Key<br />
1. Pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe yellow <strong>and</strong> glabrous P. admirabilis<br />
1. Pileus brown 2<br />
2. Lamellae black on the edge P. atromarginatus<br />
2. Lamellae not differently colored on edge P. cervinus<br />
PLUTEUS ADMIRABILIS (Pk.) Pk.<br />
Figure 241, page 153<br />
PILEUS Yz-lYz<br />
in. broad, fleshy-pliant, campanulate when very young,<br />
becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed-campanulate to exp<strong>and</strong>ed-convex, at first subumbonate,<br />
at length slightly depressed on the disk, moist, hygrophanous, glabrous, un-<br />
polished, somewhat wrinkled especially on the disk, deep yellow, at times<br />
tinged ohve-yellow, dusky yellow around wrinkles <strong>of</strong> the disk, margin striate<br />
when moist, flesh very thin, white or whitish, dry <strong>and</strong> pithy, odor <strong>and</strong> taste<br />
not distinctive, lamellae free, close, broad, broadest next to the stipe, s<strong>of</strong>t <strong>and</strong><br />
fragile, at first very pale yellowish, becoming sordid pinkish, stipe 1-2 in. long,<br />
165
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
about J/g in. thick, equal, hollow within, fragile, spHtting readily, glabrous,<br />
moist, clear yellow, paler than the pileus. spores smooth, subglobose, 5.5-<br />
6.5 X 5-6 M, pinkish in deposits, cystidia slightly ventricose, with an elon-<br />
gated neck, obtuse at the apex, not horned.<br />
In groups or scattered, on badly decayed logs <strong>and</strong> stumps, fairly common.<br />
June-Sept.<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> the more common <strong>of</strong> the smaller species <strong>and</strong> is an attractive<br />
little mushroom. One <strong>of</strong> the most distinctive field characters is the yellow<br />
stipe. P. flav<strong>of</strong>uligineus Atk. is another small yellow species with a pinkish<br />
stipe, <strong>and</strong> P. leoninus (Fr.) Kummer has a white stipe <strong>and</strong> the pileus is not<br />
wrinkled. These species are all too small to be <strong>of</strong> value as food.<br />
PLUTEUS ATROMARGINATUS (Sing.) Kuhner <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 242, 243, page 153<br />
PILEUS \-2y2 in. broad, convex to exp<strong>and</strong>ed-convex, sometimes broadly<br />
umbonate or subumbonate, dark brown, moist, somewhat uneven, more or<br />
less fibrillose-streaked, the disk squarrose-scaly with minute upright tufts <strong>of</strong><br />
fibrils, margin not striate, flesh moderately thick on the disk, very thin on the<br />
margin, white, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae free <strong>and</strong> not quite reaching the<br />
stipe, close to crowded, moderately broad, whitish, then dingy flesh color with<br />
smoky brown edges, many shorter lamellae <strong>of</strong> various lengths interspersed.<br />
stipe 1-3 in. long, V8-!4 ii^- thick, subequal or sHghtly enlarged at the apex or<br />
base, whitish or tinged the color <strong>of</strong> the pileus, solid within, glabrous at the<br />
apex, fibrillose with smoky brown fibrils below, spores smooth, broadly ovoid,<br />
5.5-7 X 4.5-5.5 /x» dingy flesh color in spore print, cystidia fusoid-ventricose,<br />
horned at the apex.<br />
Solitary or scattered on decaying logs <strong>and</strong> stumps, not common. July-<br />
Oct.<br />
The dark edges <strong>of</strong> the lamellae which provide a good field character for<br />
this species, are caused by the dark contents <strong>of</strong> the cystidia. This species is<br />
usually smaller <strong>and</strong> darker colored than P. cervinus <strong>and</strong> has been called P.<br />
umbrosus (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer, but the latter has cystidia <strong>of</strong> a diff'erent type.<br />
PLUTEUS CERVINUS (Schaeff*. ex Seer.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 245, 246, page 155<br />
PILEUS 1 1/^-4 in. broad, fleshy, s<strong>of</strong>t, at first convex to broadly campanu-<br />
late, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to almost plane, the broad umbo either persisting or disap-<br />
pearing, smooth <strong>and</strong> glabrous to somewhat fibrillose, moist to dry, drab,<br />
varying from dull dark brown to pale dingy fawn (white in var. albus), darkest<br />
on the disk, paler toward the margin, sometimes streaked with darker innate<br />
fibrils, fading with age, margin even, flesh very thin on the margin, thicker<br />
166
VOLVARIELLA<br />
toward the disk, white, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild to somewhat disagreeable, lamel-<br />
lae close, free, broad, rounded next to the stipe, s<strong>of</strong>t, in youth whitish, then<br />
flesh-pink to flesh-tan. stipe 2-6 in. long, X^-Ys in. thick, shghtly enlarged<br />
downward, solid, smooth, whitish or tinged dingy yellow or brown, <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
bearing scattered appressed fibrils, apex at first pruinose. spores flesh-pink,<br />
smooth, broadly eUipsoid to ovoid, bluntly rounded or somewhat flattened on<br />
the ends, 5-8 X 4-6 ju, variable in size <strong>and</strong> shape, cystidia abundant, fusoid<br />
with long necks, about 60 X 14 m, bearing 2-4 short horns at the apex.<br />
Sohtary or in groups <strong>of</strong> several, on decaying stumps <strong>and</strong> logs or associated<br />
with buried wood, common, especially in hardwoods. May-Oct.<br />
This is the commonest species <strong>of</strong> the genus <strong>and</strong> is well known as a good<br />
edible mushroom. It varies considerably in size <strong>and</strong> color. P. salicinus Fr. is<br />
another brown species but usually smaller, with bluish or greenish tints<br />
toward the base <strong>of</strong> the stipe, <strong>and</strong> an unpleasant taste. P. tomentosulus Pk. may<br />
be as large as P. cervinus but is white <strong>and</strong> the pileus is floccose-tomentose. It<br />
can be distinguished microscopically by the cystidia which are not horned.<br />
P. aurantiorugosus (Trog) Sacc. is another fairly large but rare species. It is<br />
brilhantly colored, orange to reddish orange <strong>and</strong> is also known under the<br />
names P. coccineus Mass., P. aurantiacus Murr. <strong>and</strong> P. caloceps Atk.<br />
Singer (1956) discusses a large species, P. magnus McClatchie, described<br />
from Cahfornia but which he has also found in the eastern United States. This<br />
species would Hkely be mistaken for a pale P. cervinus unless examined micro-<br />
scopically. It diff'ers in the cystidia which, instead <strong>of</strong> being horned as in P.<br />
cervinus, are fusoid with a long conical point, sometimes with a few small<br />
spines along the side. So far as is known there are no Canadian records <strong>of</strong> this<br />
species but it is one that might be found in this country.<br />
VOLVARIELLA<br />
Volvariella includes species with a pink spore deposit, lamellae free from<br />
the stipe, <strong>and</strong> a volva, but no annulus. Thus it is comparable to Amanitopsis in<br />
the white-spored group. The stipe is readily separable from the pileus <strong>and</strong> the<br />
flesh is usually rather s<strong>of</strong>t. These species may be found either on wood or on<br />
the ground. They were formerly placed in Volvaria but this name cannot be<br />
maintained under the International Code <strong>of</strong> Nomenclature.<br />
It is a relatively small genus <strong>and</strong> the species are not very frequently col-<br />
lected. In the Hterature there are conflicting reports as to their edibility. It<br />
seems to be established that V. bombycina is edible, but other species <strong>of</strong> the<br />
genus are best avoided.<br />
167
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
VOLVARIELLA BOMBYCINA (Pers. ex Fr.) Sing. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 247, 248, page 155<br />
PILEUS 2-8 in. broad, at first ovate, becoming subcampanulate or convex-<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed, white <strong>and</strong> silky when young, becoming dingy or yellowish-stained,<br />
especially on the disk, at length finely fibrillose-scaly all over, cuticle separable<br />
to the disk, margin floccose, exceeding the lamellae <strong>and</strong> tending to split slightly<br />
at the edge, flesh pure white, thick on the disk, thinning toward the margin,<br />
at the extreme margin almost lacking, odor <strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive, lamel-<br />
lae free, not reaching the stipe, very crowded, very broad, whitish with a faint<br />
pink cast, becoming dingy flesh color, then brownish pink, edges somewhat<br />
uneven, stipe 3-8 in. long, %-% in. thick, sometimes thicker at the base,<br />
tapering upward, <strong>of</strong>ten curved, white, silky-shining, smooth <strong>and</strong> glabrous,<br />
soHd, no annulus. volva large, thick, membranous, sac-like, cUnging loosely<br />
around the base <strong>of</strong> the stipe, spores deep flesh color to brownish pink, smooth,<br />
ovoid, 6-8 X 5-5.5 fi.<br />
Singly or several together on trunks <strong>of</strong> living trees or on dead wood,<br />
uncommon. July-Sept.<br />
This is a very striking, although not common species. It sometimes reaches<br />
considerable size <strong>and</strong> the silky-tomentose pileus <strong>and</strong> large membranous volva<br />
are distinctive characters.<br />
VOLVARIELLA SPECIOSA (Fr.) Sing. Not edible<br />
Figures 327, 328, 329, page 216<br />
PILEUS 1 1/^-4 in. broad, at first globose to ovate, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed to<br />
plane, sHghtly umbonate, white to grayish, viscid, glabrous, margin even.<br />
FLESH thin, s<strong>of</strong>t, odor disagreeable, lamellae free, crowded, broad, narrowed<br />
toward ends, rosy flesh color, stipe 2-6 in. long, |/2-54 in. thick, equal or<br />
shghtly enlarged at base, at first minutely hairy, becoming glabrous, tomentose<br />
at base, white, soHd. volva large, white, somewhat lobed. spores pink, ellip-<br />
soid, smooth, 14-20 X 9-12 m-<br />
SoHtary or in groups on manure or rich soil, sometimes in grass or field.<br />
June-July.<br />
There is a diff'erence <strong>of</strong> opinion among authors as to whether or not this<br />
species is <strong>poisonous</strong>. It might be confused with Lepiota naucina or Agaricus<br />
campestris but both these species have an annulus <strong>and</strong> no volva. V. gloiocephala<br />
is very similar but the margin is striate <strong>and</strong> the spores slightly smaller. Some<br />
authors consider it to be a variety. This species has been reported as <strong>poisonous</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong>'could very easily be confused with V. speciosa. These species should not<br />
be eaten.<br />
168
ENTOLOMA<br />
ENTOLOMA<br />
Entoloma includes the pink-spored species roughly comparable to Tri-<br />
choloma <strong>of</strong> the white-spored group. The stipe is fibrous to fleshy, sometimes<br />
splitting longitudinally very easily <strong>and</strong> there is no volva or annulus. The<br />
lamellae are sinuate-adnate to adnexed, sometimes seceding. The spores are<br />
more or less angular (Figure 33), varying from eUiptical to spherical in general<br />
outline <strong>and</strong> sometimes almost square.<br />
There is no very clear-cut distinction between the genera Entoloma,<br />
Leptonia, Nolanea, Eccilia, <strong>and</strong> the section <strong>of</strong> Clitopilus including species with<br />
angular spores. Many authors believe that they should be combined into one<br />
genus but this raises some difficult nomenclatural problems. Some authors<br />
have placed these species in the genus Rhodophyllus but this name is illegitimate<br />
because it was pubhshed after some <strong>of</strong> the other generic names mentioned<br />
above, <strong>and</strong> it is also <strong>of</strong> questionable validity because <strong>of</strong> its similarity to the<br />
name <strong>of</strong> the algal genus Rhodophyllis. Of the names listed above, Entoloma<br />
is the earliest, but there is also the older generic name Acurtis to be taken into<br />
account. This name was based on the so-called 'abortive' fruit bodies <strong>of</strong> Clito-<br />
pilus abortivus <strong>and</strong> for a long time was disregarded because it was considered<br />
to be based on an abnormality. However, it has recently been shown that these<br />
fruit bodies produce normal basidia <strong>and</strong> spores <strong>and</strong> there is good reason to<br />
consider them to be a normal structure in the life cycle <strong>of</strong> the fungus. If this is<br />
so, then Acurtis will be the correct name for this group <strong>of</strong> species, but so far<br />
this name has not been taken up by mycologists <strong>and</strong> to use either Acurtis or<br />
Entoloma would require the creation <strong>of</strong> a good many new combinations. Thus,<br />
until either Acurtis is accepted or Entoloma <strong>of</strong>ficially conserved, it is thought<br />
preferable to use the other generic names rather than make new combinations<br />
in a book <strong>of</strong> this type.<br />
None <strong>of</strong> these genera is <strong>of</strong> any importance as food. In fact some <strong>of</strong> the<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Entoloma are known to be <strong>poisonous</strong> <strong>and</strong> this whole group should be<br />
avoided. This genus provides a good illustration <strong>of</strong> the danger <strong>of</strong> attempting<br />
to lay down general rules regarding edibihty. It has <strong>of</strong>ten been said that any<br />
mushroom that is pink underneath is good to eat, but Entoloma <strong>and</strong> its rela-<br />
tives provide a whole group <strong>of</strong> species with pink lamellae, <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> these<br />
species are definitely known to be <strong>poisonous</strong>, <strong>and</strong> others are suspected.<br />
ENTOLOMA GRISEUM Pk.<br />
PILEUS 114-3 in. broad, at first firm, becoming fragile, campanulate-<br />
convex to nearly plane, grayish brown, more umber when moist, shghtly<br />
hygrophanous, glabrous, with a delicate separable peUicle, margin even,<br />
decurved, wavy, flesh thin, easily splitting, odor <strong>and</strong> taste farinaceous, lamel-<br />
lae adnexed, close to subdistant, moderately broad, at first grayish white,<br />
slowly becoming flesh colored, stipe 1-3 in. long, X^-Vs<br />
in. thick, equal or<br />
169
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
nearly so, silky-fibrillose, whitish or grayish, stuffed to hollow, spores pink,<br />
angular, 7-9 X 6.5-8 /x-<br />
SoHtary or in groups on the ground in the woods. July-Oct.<br />
E. sericeum is close to this species but is smaller, <strong>and</strong> has a dark brown<br />
pileus with an umbo.<br />
ENTOLOMA RHODOPOLIUM (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Figure 249, page 155<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, firm, campanulate, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed to nearly<br />
plane, hygrophanous, umber brown or smoky brown when moist, fading to<br />
pale brownish gray, silky-shining when dry, glabrous, not viscid but the sur-<br />
face slightly slippery, margin even, wavy, flesh whitish, spHtting easily, taste<br />
mild, lamellae adnate, becoming emarginate, subdistant, broad, whitish at<br />
first, becoming deep rose, stipe 11/^-4 in. long, V^-Vi in. thick, equal or<br />
tapering up or down, sometimes curved, white, glabrous, somewhat floccose<br />
at apex, stuffed then hollow, easily spHtting longitudinally, spores rosy pink,<br />
angular, 8-10.5 X 7-9 m-<br />
SoHtary, in groups, or in clusters <strong>of</strong> two or three, on the ground in mixed<br />
or deciduous woods. July-Oct.<br />
The pileus <strong>of</strong> this species is almost cartilaginous in texture <strong>and</strong> this charac-<br />
ter together with the white stipe <strong>and</strong> rosy spores <strong>and</strong> lamellae form its dis-<br />
tinguishing characters. In E. griseum the stipe is more grayish <strong>and</strong> the spore<br />
color is not so bright.<br />
ENTOLOMA SALMON EUM Peck<br />
Figure 250, page 155<br />
PILEUS 1/4-1 1/2 (2) in. broad, fragile, conical to campanulate, with a sHght<br />
umbo or papilla, rosy salmon to orange-salmon, becoming more brownish in<br />
age, glabrous at first, the older ones appearing sHghtly fibrillose-tomentose,<br />
margin straight, even, becoming upturned in age. flesh very thin, lamellae<br />
adnexed, subdistant, broad, narrowed at ends, yellowish salmon to pinkish<br />
salmon, stipe 2-3 in. long, j/fe-^ i^- thick, equal, glabrous, pruinose at the<br />
apex, concolorous, hollow, spores pink, 4-angled, nearly square, 11-13 ^<br />
measured diagonally.<br />
In groups, usually among mosses in damp woods. July-Sept.<br />
This is a beautiful <strong>and</strong> deHcate species. It can easily be confused with<br />
Hygrophorus amoenus (Lasch) Quel, which is similar in coloring <strong>and</strong> stature<br />
but has smooth, white spores. E. cuspidatum Peck is somewhat similar in<br />
stature but is yellow <strong>and</strong> has a prominent papilla in the center <strong>of</strong> the pileus.<br />
170
LEPTONIA<br />
LEPTONIA<br />
This genus includes a group <strong>of</strong> rather small, pink-spored species closely<br />
related to Entoloma. The genus is distinguished from Entoloma principally on<br />
the character <strong>of</strong> the stipe, which is cartilaginous in texture rather than fleshy-<br />
fibrous, but the distinction here is not very clear-cut. The spores are angular,<br />
as in Entoloma. The margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus is incurved when young so that at<br />
maturity it is usually exp<strong>and</strong>ed rather than conical or campanulate. The pileus<br />
is usually umbilicate or centrally depressed. The lamellae are adnate to adnexed<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten seceding. The genus is distinguished from Nolanea principally by the<br />
margin being inrolled when young, <strong>and</strong> from Eccilia by the attachment <strong>of</strong> the<br />
lamellae.<br />
The species are mostly small <strong>and</strong> not well known. They are <strong>of</strong> no value as<br />
food but some <strong>of</strong> them are attractively colored. Usually they grow on the<br />
ground, occasionally on rotten wood or among sphagnum.<br />
LEPTONIA ASPRELLA (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Figure 251, page 155<br />
PILEUS 1/2-1 Va in. broad, fleshy, convex, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, umbiHcate,<br />
gray-brown to umber, hygrophanous, somewhat scaly in the umbilicus, then<br />
fibrillose to glabrous, silky-shining when dry, margin striate, <strong>of</strong>ten splitting.<br />
FLESH whitish, thin, fragile, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae adnate to adnexed<br />
or with a decurrent line, whitish or grayish white, then becoming pink, sub-<br />
distant, He-H i^- broad, stipe 1^-3 in. long, H6~V8 i^^- thick, cyhndric to<br />
somewhat compressed, sometimes twisted, glabrous, smoky brown with a<br />
bluish cast, white mycehoid at base, hollow, spores pink, angular, more or<br />
less elongated, 9-13 X 6-8 m-<br />
Singly or in groups on the ground in woods. June-Sept.<br />
The bluish stipe <strong>and</strong> the brown pileus which is striate <strong>and</strong> hygrophanous<br />
are the most distinctive characters <strong>of</strong> this species. L. serrulata (Fr.) Quel, is<br />
distinguished by the black serrulate margin <strong>of</strong> the lamellae. L. placida (Fr.)<br />
Quel, is a dark bluish species usually occurring on rotten wood, with a scaly<br />
pileus <strong>and</strong> dark squamules on the stipe. L. lampropoda (Fr.) Quel, occurs on<br />
the ground <strong>and</strong> has a bluish black pileus <strong>and</strong> smooth bluish stipe.<br />
LEPTONIA FORMOSA (Fr.) Quel.<br />
Figure 252, page 155<br />
PILEUS Ys-lYz<br />
waxy-yellowish to grayish yellow, covered with small blackish scales especially<br />
in. broad, fleshy, convex-umbilicate, becoming plane,<br />
in umbihcus, margin striate, becoming somewhat phcate in older specimens,<br />
FLESH thin, grayish or faintly yellowish, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae adnate,<br />
sometimes with a shght decurrent tooth, broad, subdistant, tinged yellow,<br />
171
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
nearly white at first, becoming flesh-colored, stipe 1 )/2-2!/2 in- long ^6"!^ in.<br />
thick, equal, smooth, somewhat striate, yellow, white-mycelioid at base, hollow,<br />
central, spores pink, angular, 10-12 X 6-7 fi.<br />
Singly or in groups in swampy woods. Aug.-Sept.<br />
A rather distinctive species in which the whole plant is more or less<br />
yellowish <strong>and</strong> the pileus is scaly.<br />
NOLANEA<br />
Nolanea includes a group <strong>of</strong> species with angular pink spores, closely<br />
related to Leptonia. In the young fruiting bodies the margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus is<br />
straight on the stipe rather than inrolled <strong>and</strong> the mature pileus is usually more<br />
or less conical to campanulate. This is the principal distinction from Leptonia<br />
although in Nolanea the pileus is usually umbonate or papillate whereas in<br />
Leptonia it is umbilicate or depressed. The lamellae are adnate to adnexed,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten seceding. The cartilaginous stipe distinguishes it from Entoloma.<br />
The species are not well known <strong>and</strong> are small <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> no value as food.<br />
The one described here is fairly common.<br />
NOLANEA MAMMOSA (Fr.) Quel.<br />
pileus J/^-1 1/2 in. broad, conic to campanulate, umbonate, slightly hygro-<br />
phanous, umber when moist, becoming grayish brown to fuscous, innately<br />
fibrillose <strong>and</strong> shining when dry, margin decurved. flesh thin, brownish to<br />
whitish, odor <strong>and</strong> taste <strong>of</strong> rancid meal, lamellae adnate, seceding, subdistant,<br />
broad, at first pale gray, then becoming pinkish, edges <strong>of</strong>ten uneven, stipe<br />
2-31/2 in. long, Jf6~% in- thick, equal, sometimes compressed, glabrous,<br />
pruinose at the apex, brownish gray, hollow, spores pink, angular, 9-11 X<br />
6-7 M-<br />
In groups on the ground in woods or grassy places. July-Sept.<br />
N. fuscogrisella Peck is somewhat similar but is usually smaller; it has<br />
smaller spores, <strong>and</strong> the lamellae are at first white rather than gray. N. papillata<br />
Bres. is also very close to A^. mammosa <strong>and</strong> is separated principally on the<br />
basis <strong>of</strong> smaller size <strong>and</strong> closer lamellae.<br />
Ill<br />
Figures 256-265<br />
256. Clitopilus orcellus. 257. Cortinarius collinitus.<br />
258. Phyllotopsis nidulans. 259. P. nidulans.<br />
260. Cortinarius armillatus. 261. C semisanguineus.<br />
262. Inocybe fastigiata. 263. Cortinarius violaceus.<br />
264. Inocybe geophylla. 265. f^holiota acericola.
173
267. Pholiota aurivella.<br />
269. F. caperata.<br />
271. P- marginata.<br />
273. P- fiammans.<br />
275. P- squarrosoides.<br />
174<br />
268. P. aurivella.<br />
270. F. caperata.<br />
272. F. marginata.<br />
21 A. P. spectabilis.<br />
276. Flammula spumosa.<br />
I
175
176<br />
^<br />
yj/s^^^<br />
119<br />
Figure 277. Mycena galericulata.<br />
Figures 278-281. Panus stipticus.
CLITOPILUS<br />
CLITOPILUS<br />
Clitopilus, as used here, corresponds roughly in the pink-spored group to<br />
Clitocybe in the white-spored group. The forms included have pink spores, the<br />
lamellae are broadly adnate to decurrent, <strong>and</strong> a volva <strong>and</strong> annulus are lacking.<br />
The stems are fleshy-fibrous, more or less similar in texture to the pileus <strong>and</strong><br />
not separating from it readily.<br />
The species included in the genus are probably not all closely related. The<br />
type species is Clitopilus prunulus (Scop, ex Fr.) Kummer in which the spores<br />
are marked with longitudinal ridges (Figure 32). Some students consider that<br />
only those species with longitudinally ridged spores are true Clitopilus species.<br />
The species with angular spores are probably more closely related to Entoloma.<br />
Kauff'man recognized eleven species in Michigan.<br />
Key<br />
1. Spores longitudinally ridged C orcellus<br />
1. Spores angular or nearly smooth 2<br />
2. Pileus usually more than 2 in. broad, gray, usually accompanied<br />
by whitish abortive fruit bodies C abortivus<br />
2. Pileus usually less than 2 in. broad 3<br />
3. Spores strongly angular, taste <strong>and</strong> odor farinaceous;<br />
pileus not marked with concentric lines C. albogriseus<br />
3. Spores smooth or very slightly angular, taste bitter; pileus with<br />
more or less concentric brownish lines C. noveboracensis<br />
CLITOPILUS ABORTIVUS Berk. & Curt. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 253, 254, page 155; Figure 420, page 300<br />
PILEUS 2-4 in. broad, at first convex, becoming plane to depressed, gray to<br />
grayish brown, dry, at first delicately silky, becoming glabrous, margin at first<br />
inrolled, becoming wavy to lobed. flesh white, rather fragile, odor <strong>and</strong> taste<br />
farinaceous, lamellae decurrent, close, rather narrow, at first grayish then<br />
becoming pink, stipe 1-3 in. long, V^-Vi in. thick, nearly equal, minutely<br />
floccose, grayish, paler than the pileus to whitish, solid, fibrous, spores pink,<br />
elongated, angular 8-10 X 5-7 m-<br />
In groups or sometimes in clusters, around stumps, or on rotten or buried<br />
wood. Sept.-Oct.<br />
This fungus is remarkable in that some <strong>of</strong> the fruiting bodies frequently do<br />
not develop normally but form malformed whitish structures that at first sight<br />
would be taken for puffballs. These abortive fruiting bodies may be globoid or<br />
depressed or very irregular in shape. The abortive fruit bodies may be found<br />
alone or associated with normal fruit bodies. Both the abortive <strong>and</strong> normal<br />
forms are said to be edible.<br />
177
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
CLITOPILUS ALBOGRISEUS Peck <strong>Edible</strong><br />
piLEUS )/2-l in. broad, convex at first, becoming plane <strong>and</strong> depressed to<br />
umbilicate, pale gray, glabrous to slightly tomentose at the center, margin<br />
inrolled, odor <strong>and</strong> taste farinaceous, lamellae adnate to decurrent, close,<br />
rather broad, at first grayish, becoming pinkish, stipe Y2-I in. long, He-^ i^-<br />
thick, equal, glabrous, pale gray, whitish at base, solid, spores pink, elongated,<br />
angular, 9.5-12 X 6-8 m-<br />
On the ground in mixed woods, in groups or solitary. July-Sept.<br />
This small species is fairly common. It is reported to be edible but is too<br />
small to be <strong>of</strong> any importance from that st<strong>and</strong>point. C subplanus Peck is very<br />
close but is said to lack the farinaceous odor. C. micropus Peck is supposed to<br />
have slightly smaller spores, shorter stipe, <strong>and</strong> a more silky pileus. Some <strong>of</strong> our<br />
specimens have rather short stipes, <strong>and</strong> pilei that are not entirely glabrous, but<br />
they have the larger spores <strong>of</strong> C. albogriseus.<br />
CLITOPILUS NOVEBORACENSIS Peck Doubtful<br />
Figure 340, page 234<br />
pileus %-2 in. broad, at first convex, becoming plane or slightly depressed,<br />
ashy gray to whitish, somewhat zoned toward the margin, concentrically<br />
rivulose, glabrous, margin inrolled. flesh thin, white, taste bitter, odor farina-<br />
ceous. LAMELLAE dccurrent, crowded, narrow, ashy gray to pinkish flesh<br />
colored, stipe 1-2 in. long, H6~!4 in. thick, nearly equal, pruinose to minutely<br />
tomentose, white-tomentose at base, colored hke the pileus or paler, stuff'ed,<br />
becoming hollow, spores pink, ovoid, very shghtly angular, nearly smooth,<br />
4-6 X 3.5-4.5 /i.<br />
Usually in groups on the ground in woods. July-Oct.<br />
This species might be mistaken for Clitocybe cyathiformis (Bull, ex Fr.)<br />
Kummer, which is similar in coloring <strong>and</strong> stature. The pink spores <strong>and</strong> con-<br />
centrically rivulose pileus distinguish the Clitopilus, which appears to be the<br />
more common <strong>of</strong> the two.<br />
CLITOPILUS ORCELLUS (Bull, ex Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 256, page 173<br />
PILEUS 1-2 in. broad, sometimes larger, convex at first, becoming plane to<br />
depressed, grayish white to buff" or faintly yellowish, slightly viscid, silky,<br />
margin inrolled, undulate or lobed. flesh white, rather thick, odor <strong>and</strong> taste<br />
farinaceous, lamellae decurrent, close, narrow, white, becoming pinkish.<br />
STIPE 1-2 in. long, V^-Vi in. thick, nearly equal or sometimes slightly swollen<br />
in the middle, somewhat floccose-fibrillose, white, solid, sometimes excentric.<br />
SPORES pinkish, fusiform, longitudinally striate or ridged, 9-1 1 X 5-6 m-<br />
Solitary or in groups on the ground in open woods. July-Oct.<br />
This fungus may not be distinct from C. prunulus (Scop, ex Fr.) Kummer.<br />
The latter is not viscid, <strong>and</strong> has subdistant lamellae, but the viscidity <strong>of</strong> C<br />
orcellus is not very pronounced. Both species have longitudinally ridged spores.<br />
178
PHYLLOTOPSIS<br />
CORTINARIUS<br />
The genus Phyllotopsis is based on the fungus that has been commonly<br />
known as Claudopus nidulans (Pers. ex Fr.) Karst. However, this species is<br />
obviously not closely related to the type species <strong>of</strong> Claudopus, C. byssisedus<br />
(Pers. ex Fr.) Gill., <strong>and</strong> should not be placed in the same genus. It seems to be<br />
more closely related to Pleurotus, especially P. serotinus (Fr.) Kummer, but the<br />
spores are colored. It has also been placed in Partus because <strong>of</strong> the tough con-<br />
sistency but the spore color excludes it here also. Sometimes the spore color<br />
has been interpreted as ochre <strong>and</strong> it has been placed in Crepidotus but the<br />
color seems to be more pink than ochre.<br />
The tomentose pileus, lack <strong>of</strong> stipe, tough consistency, colored lamellae, <strong>and</strong><br />
small, cyHndric-allantoid pinkish spores are the chief characters <strong>of</strong> the genus.<br />
One other species, P. subnidulans (Overholts) Singer, has been described<br />
<strong>and</strong> is said to differ in having globose spores.<br />
PHYLLOTOPSIS NIDULANS (Pers. ex Fr.) Singer Not edible<br />
Figures 258, 259, page 173; Figure 421, page 300<br />
PILEUS 1/^-3 in. broad, rather tough, sessile, attached laterally or some-<br />
times narrowed behind to a stem-like base, nearly circular to reniform or<br />
fan-shaped, sometimes laterally confluent forming a shelf up to 6 in. long,<br />
convex, bright yellow, fading to buff, densely tomentose-hairy, margin<br />
strongly inrolled, odor pungent, disagreeable when fresh or sometimes lacking.<br />
LAMELLAE adnatc, close, rather narrow, bright orange-yellow, stipe lacking,<br />
but there may be a tomentose base next to the lamellae, spores flesh pink in<br />
mass, allantoid, smooth, 6-8 X 3-4 /i.<br />
In groups or clusters on decaying logs <strong>of</strong> both deciduous <strong>and</strong> coniferous<br />
trees. June-Oct.<br />
The pecuhar, pungent odor <strong>of</strong> this species is a good means <strong>of</strong> recognizing<br />
it when it is present, but sometimes it appears to be very faint or lacking.<br />
CORTINARIUS<br />
Cortinarius is a very large <strong>and</strong> difficult genus containing several hundred<br />
species. The spores are dark brown or rusty brown. The principal distinguish-<br />
ing character <strong>of</strong> the genus is the cortina or veil which covers the lamellae in the<br />
young stages. It is composed <strong>of</strong> loose silky hyphae that suggest a cobweb. If<br />
copious, the veil may remain as a ring or annular zone on the stipe, or it may<br />
disappear quite early. The typical rough spores <strong>and</strong> rusty brown spore deposit<br />
are diagnostic when the cortina has disappeared. An outer, universal veil may<br />
also be present <strong>and</strong> may leave a sheath or several annular zones on the stipe.<br />
In one section <strong>of</strong> the genus the cortina is glutinous.<br />
179
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
In mature fruit bodies the lamellae are usually dark brown, but in young<br />
ones they may be <strong>of</strong> different colors such as white, yellow, olivaceous, or lilac,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the color <strong>of</strong> the young lamellae is very important in the identification <strong>of</strong><br />
species. In a great many Cortinarii it is necessary to have a series <strong>of</strong> stages from<br />
young buttons to mature plants before the species can be identified. Micro-<br />
scopic characters, especially the size <strong>and</strong> shape <strong>of</strong> the spores, are also important<br />
in distinguishing species.<br />
Kauffman (1932) has given the most complete account <strong>of</strong> the North<br />
American species. He recognized seven sections <strong>of</strong> the genus as follows<br />
1<br />
.<br />
Myxacium, in which both the pileus <strong>and</strong> the stipe are viscid<br />
2. Bulbopodium, in which only the pileus is viscid <strong>and</strong> the stipe is furnished<br />
with a marginate bulb;<br />
3. Phlegmacium, in which the pileus is viscid <strong>and</strong> if the stipe is bulbous the<br />
bulb is not marginate;<br />
4. Inoloma, in which the pileus is neither viscid nor hygrophanous but is<br />
usually fibrillose or scaly, <strong>and</strong> the stipe rather stout <strong>and</strong> usually clavate-<br />
bulbous;<br />
5. Dermocybe^ in which the pileus is neither viscid nor hygrophanous, but is<br />
usually silky, <strong>and</strong> the stipe rather slender;<br />
6. Telamonia, in which the pileus is hygrophanous <strong>and</strong> a universal veil is<br />
present<br />
;<br />
7. Hydrocybe, in which the pileus is hygrophanous <strong>and</strong> a universal veil is<br />
lacking.<br />
Cortinarius is a genus which, in general, should be avoided by the amateur<br />
who is collecting for the table. Some <strong>of</strong> the species are known to be deadly <strong>and</strong><br />
some are unpleasant to the taste. In addition, the difficulty <strong>of</strong> determining the<br />
species accurately is so great that they are best left alone.<br />
Only a very few <strong>of</strong> the commoner <strong>and</strong> more striking species that are not<br />
likely to be confused with others are described here.<br />
CORTINARIUS ALBOVIOLACEUS (Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 341, page 235<br />
PILEUS 1-2 ]/2 in. broad, fleshy, at first campanulate, then convex <strong>and</strong><br />
broadly umbonate, at first pale violaceous, soon becoming silvery-white <strong>and</strong><br />
shining, usually slightly violaceous tinged, surface dry, appressed-silky, margin<br />
decurved. flesh tinged violet, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae adnate to emargi-<br />
nate or slightly decurrent, close, rather broad, at first pale violet, finally<br />
becoming cinnamon-brown, stipe n/2-3 in. long, V^-Vi in. thick near the<br />
apex, becoming thicker below <strong>and</strong> somewhat clavate, usually sheathed by a<br />
thin, whitish, universal veil, violaceous in the upper part <strong>and</strong> beneath the veil,<br />
spongy-stuffed, spores brown, elliptical, slightly rough, 6.5-10 X 4.5-6.0 ju.<br />
180<br />
In groups on the ground in mixed woods. Aug.-Oct.<br />
;<br />
:
CORTINARIUS<br />
This species is fairly common <strong>and</strong> can be recognized by the silvery-shining<br />
appearance with the slight violet tinge, which is especially noticeable in the<br />
stipe <strong>and</strong> young lamellae.<br />
CORTINARIUS ARMILLATUS (Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 260, page 173<br />
piLEUS 2-5 in. broad, fleshy, convex becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed to plane, tawny<br />
reddish to brick-red, moist, innately fibrillose, margin decurved, becoming flat<br />
in age. flesh rather thin, paUid, somewhat spongy, odor shghtly <strong>of</strong> radish,<br />
taste mild, lamellae adnate, sometimes sinuate, broad, distant, at first pale<br />
cinnamon, then dark rusty brown, stipe about IVi-^Vi<br />
in. long, %-% in.<br />
thick at the apex, up to 1 Yi in. thick below, clavate, brownish or reddish<br />
brown, with several orange-red or cinnabar-red b<strong>and</strong>s from the universal veil,<br />
soHd. SPORES brown, eUipsoid, rough, 10-13 X 7-8 m-<br />
Solitary or in groups on the ground in coniferous woods. Usually Aug.-<br />
Sept.<br />
The distinguishing character <strong>of</strong> this species is the series <strong>of</strong> red b<strong>and</strong>s on<br />
the stipe, <strong>and</strong> it is not Hkely to be confused with any other species. C. haematochelis<br />
(Bull.) Fr. has a single red b<strong>and</strong> on the stipe instead <strong>of</strong> several, but some<br />
authors regard this as only a form <strong>of</strong> C. armillatus.<br />
CORTINARIUS COLLIN ITUS Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 257, page 173<br />
PILEUS 1 1/4-3 in. broad, fleshy, convex to plane, variable in color, usually<br />
yellowish to orange-yellow, sometimes whitish when young <strong>and</strong> sometimes<br />
with lilac tints near the margin, very viscid when moist, the margin at first<br />
incurved, finally becoming upturned, flesh whitish to pale yellowish buff*;<br />
odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae adnate with a tooth, close, fairly broad, at first<br />
pale violet or paUid, when mature becoming dull reddish brown, stipe about<br />
21/2-41/2 in. long, %-l i/i in. thick, equal or tapering shghtly at the base,<br />
spongy-stuff'ed, covered with the pale violaceous or whitish, viscid, universal<br />
veil which cracks transversely leaving thick, irregular b<strong>and</strong>s or patches, at first<br />
whitish then becoming stained rusty or yellowish especially toward the base,<br />
with the cortina forming a collapsed ring above, <strong>and</strong> the apex <strong>of</strong> the stipe<br />
white <strong>and</strong> silky, spores rusty brown, almond-shaped, rough, 11-15 X 7-8.5 /u.<br />
Usually in groups on the ground in either coniferous or deciduous<br />
woods. Aug.-Oct.<br />
This species was described by Kauff*man under the name Cortinarius<br />
mucifluus Fr. but, according to the International Rules <strong>of</strong> Nomenclature,<br />
C. collinitus is the correct name. It is a fairly easy species to recognize because<br />
<strong>of</strong> the very viscid pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe, the pale-yellowish colors, <strong>and</strong> the whitish<br />
patches on the stipe. It shows considerable variation in the amount <strong>of</strong> lilac<br />
181
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
color present on the stipe, young lamellae, <strong>and</strong> pileus, <strong>and</strong> several varieties <strong>and</strong><br />
forms have been recognized on this basis. The collections in the herbarium <strong>of</strong><br />
the Plant Research Institute can be placed in two groups depending on spore<br />
size. In one group the spores are as noted above, <strong>and</strong> Smith (1944) considers<br />
this to be the typical form. In the other group the spores are smaller, 10-13 X<br />
6-7.5 M, <strong>and</strong> Smith would call these C. collinitus v. trivialis (Lange) Smith.<br />
CORTINARIUS SEMISANGUINEUS (Fr.) Gillet Probably edible<br />
Figure 261, page 173<br />
PILEUS %-2i/2 in. broad, fleshy, campanulate-convex, subumbonate, in<br />
age becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, tawny yellow to cinnamon-yellow, silky to delicately<br />
fibrillose-scaly, margin even, sometimes sphtting in age. flesh yellowish white,<br />
odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae adnate to sHghtly decurrent, close to crowded,<br />
narrow, blood-red. stipe l-lYi in. long, Vg-W ii^- thick, equal, yellow, tawnyfibrillose,<br />
soHd. spores brown, elliptical, nearly smooth, shghtly rough under<br />
high magnification, 5-8 X 3.5-5.0 m-<br />
In groups in moist swamps or sphagnum. Aug.-Oct.<br />
This is a typical member <strong>of</strong> the section Dermocybe, <strong>and</strong> is recognized by<br />
the combination <strong>of</strong> blood-red lamellae <strong>and</strong> yellowish pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe. In<br />
C cinnabarinus Fr. the pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe as well as the lamellae are blood-red.<br />
C. croce<strong>of</strong>olius Peck has bright orange lamellae <strong>and</strong> C. cinnamomeus Fr. has<br />
yellow lamellae. C. semisanguineus appears to be the commonest species <strong>of</strong><br />
the group in the Ottawa district at least. Members <strong>of</strong> this group are probably<br />
all edible but there does not seem to be much definite information about them<br />
available.<br />
CORTINARIUS VIOLACEUS (L.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 263, page 173<br />
PILEUS 2-5 in. broad, fleshy, convex, obtuse, finally becoming plane or<br />
sHghtly umbonate, dark violet, sometimes metallic shining, covered with small<br />
erect tufts or scales, margin fibrillose or fringed, flesh thick, firm, violet-gray<br />
to dark violet, not turning purple when bruised, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamel-<br />
lae adnate, becoming adnexed, broad, subdistant, dark violet, stipe 21/2-5 in.<br />
long, %-l in. thick above, wider below, clavate to bulbous, fibrillose, dark<br />
violet, violaceous within, spores rusty cinnamon, broadly eUipsoid, rough,<br />
12-17 X 7-10 M.<br />
Singly or scattered on the ground in coniferous forests. Aug.-Oct.<br />
This species is not very common but has been included because it is one <strong>of</strong><br />
the most strikingly beautiful <strong>of</strong> the <strong>mushrooms</strong>. The dark violet colors <strong>and</strong><br />
erect scales are very characteristic. It is considered to be the type species <strong>of</strong> the<br />
genus Cortinarius<br />
182<br />
.
INOCYBE<br />
INOCYBE<br />
The genus Inocybe is a large one but it is not <strong>of</strong> much interest to the<br />
amateur collector. Most <strong>of</strong> the species are small <strong>and</strong> can be identified only by<br />
the use <strong>of</strong> microscopic characters. Only a few species become large enough to<br />
attract the attention <strong>of</strong> the mycophagist, <strong>and</strong> these are best left alone. Some <strong>of</strong><br />
the species are known to be <strong>poisonous</strong> <strong>and</strong> the amateur collector is well advised<br />
to avoid the entire genus.<br />
The spores are ochre-brown in mass <strong>and</strong> may be rough or smooth or more<br />
or less angular or tuberculate (Figure 34). Many species have cystidia on the<br />
lamellae <strong>and</strong> the characters <strong>of</strong> the cystidia <strong>and</strong> spores are important in the<br />
determination <strong>of</strong> species. The pileus is usually conic to campanulate <strong>and</strong> more<br />
or less fibrillose or scaly, sometimes silky <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten splitting radially. The<br />
colors are usually rather dull, mostly shades <strong>of</strong> grown, gray, or ochre, although<br />
there are a few species more distinctively colored.<br />
INOCYBE FASTIGIATA (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Quel.<br />
Figure 262, page 173<br />
PILEUS %-2i4 in. broad, at first conic-campanulate, then more or less<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed, umbonate, splitting readily on the margin, varying in color from<br />
tawny to ochraceous or dull yellowish, innately fibrillose-streaked, soon becoming<br />
conspicuously long-rimose with streaks <strong>of</strong> paler color showing as the<br />
cuticle becomes rimose. flesh white, rather thin except at the umbo, lamellae<br />
adnexed, moderately broad, close, pallid, then grayish oHve, finally brown-<br />
ish. STIPE 1-21/4 in. long, Vg-i/i in. thick, equal, fibrillose, white or tinged the<br />
color <strong>of</strong> the pileus. spores ellipsoid to somewhat bean-shaped, smooth, dull<br />
ochre-brown, 9-12 X 5-6 (7) Mj cystidia lacking.<br />
In groups on the ground in woods <strong>and</strong> on lawns beneath trees. June-Oct.<br />
This species has been included because it is one <strong>of</strong> the more common<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Inocybe <strong>and</strong> will Hkely be found by anyone collecting <strong>mushrooms</strong>.<br />
The ochraceous colors, radiating fibrils, prominent umbo, <strong>and</strong> spHtting <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pileus are distinctive features.<br />
INOCYBE GEOPHYLLA (Sow. ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
Figure 264, page 173<br />
PILEUS 1/2-1 1/2 in. broad, at first subconic to campanulate, with incurved<br />
margin, then exp<strong>and</strong>ed-campanulate to nearly plane with a small umbo per-<br />
sisting, white, dry, radiately fibrillose-silky, splitting readily on the margin.<br />
FLESH white, thin except on the umbo, lamellae adnate to adnexed, mod-<br />
erately broad, close, whitish to grayish, finally pale clay-colored, stipe %-1 Yi<br />
in. long, about i/g in. thick, equal, soHd, silky-fibrillose, concolorous with the<br />
pileus. spores smooth, pale brown, ellipsoid, sHghtly inequilateral, 7-9.5 X<br />
4.5-5.5 M- cystidia ventricose, fusoid, about 40-55 X 10-20 m-<br />
183
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
In groups on the ground in woods, occasionally on lawns beneath trees,<br />
fairly common. July-Oct.<br />
This is an interesting little species that is entirely white but has brown<br />
spores. The lamellae become pale clay-colored in age. It is a common species<br />
<strong>and</strong> can be recognized easily.<br />
Inocybe lilacina (Boud.) Kauffm. is very similar except for its color, <strong>and</strong><br />
some authors regard it as merely a variety <strong>of</strong> /. geophylla. Its pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe<br />
are lilac colored at first but soon fade. It is frequently found associated with<br />
/. geophylla.<br />
PHOLIOTA<br />
Pholiota is an important genus for the mycophagist because it includes a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> good edible species that are fairly large <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten occur in large<br />
clusters providing abundant material for food. However, as in other genera,<br />
some care must be taken to identify the species correctly because at least one<br />
is known to be <strong>poisonous</strong>. Some <strong>of</strong> the species are important as wood des-<br />
troyers.<br />
The genus includes those species that have rusty brown or ochre-brown<br />
spores, lamellae attached to the stipe, <strong>and</strong> a membranous annulus but no<br />
volva. They may be found either on wood or on the ground. Some <strong>of</strong> the<br />
species are markedly scaly but others are smooth.<br />
The North American species have been pretty well known since the excel-<br />
lent monograph by Overholts (1927). He recognized 56 species <strong>and</strong> a few have<br />
been added since then. However, recent authors tend to divide Pholiota into<br />
several genera, with P. squarrosa (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer as the type <strong>of</strong> Pholiota<br />
in the narrower sense.<br />
Many <strong>of</strong> the characters used in distinguishing these genera are based on<br />
microscopic structures not readily determined by the amateur collector, hence<br />
for the purposes <strong>of</strong> this book it is considered preferable to use the genus in the<br />
wider, more traditional sense.<br />
Key<br />
1. Occurring on the ground 2<br />
1. Occurring on wood or sawdust 3<br />
2. Pileus whitish to cream, glabrous; spores smooth with<br />
truncate apex P. vermiflua<br />
2. Pileus ochraceous buff to cinnamon-buff, unevenly wrinkled, at<br />
first with fine whitish fibrils or with a hoary bloom;<br />
spores large, rough-walled P. caperata<br />
3. Pileus glabrous at all stages 4<br />
3. Pileus scaly or becoming so 5<br />
184
PHOLIOTA<br />
4. Pileus cinnamon-brown, fading; spores rough, ellipsoid P. marginata<br />
4. Pileus yellowish buff or paler; spores smooth with a<br />
truncate apex (Figure 31, page 7) P. acericola<br />
5. Pileus viscid 6<br />
5. Pileus not viscid 7<br />
6. Edge <strong>of</strong> lamellae white-crenulate; spores 11-14 jli long P. albocrenulata<br />
6. Edge <strong>of</strong> lamellae even, not white; spores 7-9 fx long P. aurivella<br />
7. Stipe fibrillose; taste bitter; spores rough, 7-9 ju long P. spectabilis<br />
7. Stipe squarrose-scaly; taste not bitter; spores smooth, less than 6 jli long 8<br />
8. Pileus bright golden yellow to orange; scales<br />
s<strong>of</strong>t <strong>and</strong> floccose P. flammans<br />
8. Pileus dull colored, cinnamon-buff to tawny; scales stiff P. squarrosoides<br />
PHOLIOTA ACERICOLA Peck<br />
Figure 265, page 173<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, fleshy, at first convex with an inrolled margin,<br />
becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, at times broadly subumbonate, nonstriate, smooth, glabrous,<br />
slightly hygrophanous, pale watery brownish to yellow-buff* when<br />
moist, unpolished <strong>and</strong> paler when dry. flesh white, rather thin except on the<br />
disk. LAMELLAE adnatc, sinuate to slightly subdecurrent on the stipe, moderately<br />
broad, close, paUid, sometimes with a purpHsh tint, then dull brown<br />
from the spores, stipe 2-4 in. long, V^-Yi in. thick, equal or enlarged at the<br />
base, stuff'ed within, glabrous to fibrillose-striate, paUid, usually with strings<br />
<strong>of</strong> whitish mycelium at the base, annulus persistent, ample, membranous,<br />
white or pallid, tending to be remote from the apex, spores dull brown,<br />
smooth, ovoid with a truncate apex, 8.5-10.5 X 5-6.5 /x. cystidia flask-shaped<br />
to ventricose, occasionally divided at the tip to form two or three blunt<br />
projections.<br />
Single or in groups on decaying stumps <strong>and</strong> logs, occasionally on the<br />
ground, rather common. June-Sept.<br />
This species is most likely to be confused with P. praecox. The latter<br />
usually grows on the ground in open grassy places <strong>and</strong> P. acericola usually is<br />
on rotten wood but is sometimes found on the ground in woods. The white<br />
mycehal str<strong>and</strong>s at the base <strong>of</strong> the stipe <strong>of</strong> P. acericola are a helpful distin-<br />
guishing character. The slightly purpHsh cast <strong>of</strong> the lamellae is another field<br />
character to watch for.<br />
The edible qualities <strong>of</strong> this species are not known but it might be confused<br />
with the <strong>poisonous</strong> P. autumnalis. If a microscope is available they can easily<br />
be distinguished by the spores. P. acericola is usually a taller, more slender<br />
plant, paler <strong>and</strong> more yellowish in color.<br />
185
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
PHOLIOTA ALBOCRENULATA Peck<br />
Figure 351, page 236<br />
PILEUS 1-4 in. broad, fleshy, at first convex or campanulate, becoming<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed, nonstriate, margin <strong>of</strong>ten appendiculate with veil fragments, very<br />
viscid, ochre-brown to tawny or chestnut, decorated with darker appressed<br />
scales which on drying become faded <strong>and</strong> subsquarrose. flesh moderately<br />
thick, whitish, odor not distinctive, taste unpleasant, lamellae sinuate-adnate<br />
to subdecurrent, broad, close to subdistant, at first grayish, becoming rusty<br />
brown, white-crenulate on the edge, stipe 2-5 in. long, Ys-Yz in. thick, equal or<br />
sHghtly enlarged at the base, <strong>of</strong>ten curved, pallid or tinged yellow or brown<br />
below, white-floccose at the apex, sparsely to densely scaly up to the annulus<br />
with squarrose or fibrillose scales, annulus slight, ragged, disappearing, <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
clinging in fragments to the pileus margin <strong>and</strong> failing to form a ring on the<br />
stipe. SPORES smooth, brown, inequilateral, subfusiform, 11-14 X 6-7 /x.<br />
Solitary or in groups <strong>of</strong> several, on stumps <strong>and</strong> logs, <strong>and</strong> on trunks <strong>of</strong><br />
living trees, especially maple. June-Sept.<br />
The white-crenulate edge <strong>of</strong> the lamellae is the most striking single<br />
character <strong>of</strong> this species. The fruiting bodies are darker colored than those <strong>of</strong><br />
P. aurivella <strong>and</strong> usually are not in clusters. The scales on the pileus are rather<br />
easily rubbed <strong>of</strong>f or washed <strong>of</strong>f. The large spores will also distinguish it readily<br />
from similar species. Its edible quahties are not known.<br />
PHOLIOTA AURIVELLA (Batsch ex Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 267, 268, page 175<br />
PILEUS 1 1/2-4 in. broad or sometimes larger, fleshy-pliant, hemispheric to<br />
convex with inrolled margin at first, becorriing exp<strong>and</strong>ed, smooth, viscid when<br />
moist, yellow to tawny, darkest on the disk, concentrically spotted with darker<br />
squamules which in age become appressed <strong>and</strong> sometimes wash <strong>of</strong>f in wet<br />
weather, margin even, somewhat appendiculate. lamellae adnate or sinuate<br />
at the stipe, broad, close, paUid yellowish, then rusty brown, stipe stout, cen-<br />
tral or excentric, 1 1/^-4 in. long, Y^-Yi in. thick, subequal, ^olid or stuffed,<br />
viscid in wet weather, more or less concolorous with the pileus, somewhat<br />
squamulose-scaly below the annulus, <strong>of</strong>ten curved, annulus slight, yellowish,<br />
disappearing, spores smooth, eUipsoid, rusty brown, 7-9 X 4-5 y..<br />
Solitary or in clusters on stumps <strong>and</strong> logs <strong>of</strong> deciduous trees, fairly common.<br />
Aug.-Oct.<br />
This species is well known in North American literature under the name<br />
<strong>of</strong> Pholiota adiposa (Fr.) Kummer, but it now appears that the true P. adiposa<br />
is a European species with smaller spores than those <strong>of</strong> our fungus. P. aurivella<br />
is fairly common <strong>and</strong> can be recognized by the rather bright colored, scaly,<br />
viscid pileus. The viscid layer should be peeled before cooking.<br />
Collectors on the west coast are likely to confuse this species with P. squar-<br />
roso-adiposa Lange. This latter species occurs in large clusters, <strong>of</strong>ten on alder,<br />
186
PHOLIOTA<br />
<strong>and</strong> has pale yellow, viscid caps with darker scales, <strong>and</strong> a dry, very scaly stipe.<br />
It has smaller spores than P. aurivella <strong>and</strong> can be distinguished from P. adiposa<br />
by the dry stipe.<br />
PHOLIOTA CAPERATA (Fr.) Kummer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 269, 270, page 175; Figure 422, page 301<br />
PILEUS 2-4 in. broad, fleshy, convex then exp<strong>and</strong>ed, sometimes subumbo-<br />
nate, glabrous or at first with fine whitish fibrils <strong>and</strong> thin patches <strong>of</strong> whitish<br />
bloom, usually more or less uneven to wrinkled, cinnamon-buff" to ochraceous<br />
buff", paler on the margin or evenly colored, flesh thick, white, lamellae<br />
adnate to adnexed, broad, close, <strong>of</strong>ten transversely marked with Hght <strong>and</strong> dark<br />
b<strong>and</strong>s, at. first palHd, then brown from the spores, stipe 2J/2-5 in. long, 54"!^<br />
in. thick, equal, soHd, pallid, glabrous to subfibrillose, at times somewhat<br />
scurfy with minute white floccules at the apex, annulus large, membranous,<br />
remote from the apex, volva usually not evident, sometimes leaving a few<br />
traces at the base <strong>of</strong> the stipe, spores rusty brown, rough, broadly ovoid, in-<br />
equilateral in one view, tapering to one end, 11-16 X 7-10 ju. or varying larger.<br />
Solitary to scattered, on the ground in woods, fairly common. July-Oct.<br />
This species is fairly common <strong>and</strong> is an easy one to recognize. The color,<br />
the uneven surface <strong>and</strong> somewhat hoary appearance <strong>of</strong> the pileus, <strong>and</strong> the<br />
large membranous annulus are quite distinctive. The spores are more Hke those<br />
<strong>of</strong> Cortinarius than Pholiota <strong>and</strong> the presence <strong>of</strong> a rudimentary volva is also a<br />
character distinguishing it from other species <strong>of</strong> Pholiota. Most modern au-<br />
thors separate this species from Pholiota <strong>and</strong> put it in the genus Rozites.<br />
PHOLIOTA FLAMMANS (Batsch ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
Figure 273, page 175<br />
PILEUS 1-2 in. broad or occasionally larger, campanulate or convex with<br />
inrolled margin at first, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, bright golden yellow or tinged<br />
orange, covered when young with a dense coating <strong>of</strong> dry, lemon-yellow floc-<br />
cules, even on the margin, appendiculate. flesh rather thin, yellow, lamellae<br />
adnate or with a shght decurrent tooth, close, not broad, yellow at first, then<br />
somewhat rusty from the spores, stipe 1-3 in. long, Vg-^ ^^- thick, subequal,<br />
stuffed or hollow, yellow, densely coated up to the annular zone with lemon-<br />
yellow floccules or squarrose scales, annulus yellow, ragged, disappearing.<br />
spores minute, elHpsoid, smooth, 3-6 X 2-3 /x-<br />
SoHtary or in clusters <strong>of</strong> several, on stumps <strong>and</strong> logs, rare. Aug.-Sept.<br />
This species is rare but is included because <strong>of</strong> its striking appearance. The<br />
bright colors <strong>and</strong> scaly pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe make it attractive. The very small<br />
spores are also a distinctive character. There is no information regarding its<br />
edibihty.<br />
P. kaujfmaniana Smith is a species occurring on the Pacific Coast that is<br />
similar in appearance to P.flammans but has viscid pilei.<br />
187
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
PHOLIOTA MARGINATA (Batsch ex Fr.) Quel. Dangerous<br />
Figures 271, 272, page 175<br />
PILEUS %-3 in. broad, fleshy, convex to plane or slightly depressed, some-<br />
times slightly umbilicate, dark cinnamon-brown, hygrophanous, fading to<br />
yellowish buff or ochraceous orange, glabrous, margin even or slightly striatu-<br />
late, extending somewhat beyond the lamellae, flesh thin, concolorous with<br />
the pileus, odor <strong>and</strong> taste none (Overholts says farinaceous), lamellae adnate<br />
to slightly decurrent, subdistant, moderately broad, Ys-Va in., at first yellowish<br />
brown, becoming darker <strong>and</strong> concolorous with the pileus. stipe %-2 in. long,<br />
Vs-Vs<br />
the annulus, hollow, concolorous with pileus or paler, annulus somewhat<br />
fibrillose <strong>and</strong> sometimes disappearing, spores brown, elHpsoid, at first smooth<br />
ill- thick, equal or shghtly enlarged near apex, fibrillose, pruinose above<br />
finally slightly rough, 7-10 X 4.5-6 /z.<br />
On rotten wood. May-Oct.<br />
There are several small species with smooth pilei that resemble P. margi-<br />
nata. This group <strong>of</strong> species probably belongs in Galerina rather than Pholiotay<br />
<strong>and</strong> while P. marginata itself may be edible, the group as a whole is dangerous<br />
because it contains species known to be <strong>poisonous</strong>. P. autumnalis Peck is hke<br />
P. marginata but is viscid <strong>and</strong> thi^ species is definitely known to be <strong>poisonous</strong>.<br />
P. marginella Peck {Kuehneromyces vernalis (Pk.) Sing. & Sm.) is similar to<br />
P. marginata in gross appearance but has smaller, smooth spores <strong>and</strong> lacks<br />
cystidia on the lamellae. P. unicolor is said to differ in having a more persistent<br />
annulus <strong>and</strong> a thinner stipe, <strong>and</strong> in drying a brighter color. There is a species<br />
occurring on lawns on the Pacific Coast that belongs in this complex <strong>and</strong> is also<br />
definitely known to be <strong>poisonous</strong>. This species has been described as Galerina<br />
venenata Smith. It is said to be up to 1 J4<br />
iii- broad, glabrous, moist, hygro-<br />
phanous, cinnamon-brown, fading to dingy yellowish white, with a farinaceous<br />
odor <strong>and</strong> taste but the taste slowly becomes bitter <strong>and</strong> disagreeable. The stipe<br />
is brownish <strong>and</strong> has a thin apical annulus. Its occurrence on lawns makes this<br />
a very dangerous species. All <strong>of</strong> these small species with smooth pilei should be<br />
avoided as food.<br />
PHOLIOTA SPECTABILIS (Fr.) Gill. Not edible<br />
Figure 274, page 175<br />
PILEUS 1 1/2-4 in. broad, convex becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed to nearly plane, rather<br />
bright colored, buff-yellow to tawny orange, dry, glabrous at first, becoming<br />
fibrillose to fibrillose-scaly, margin even, sometimes wavy, incurved at first.<br />
FLESH yellowish, thick, taste bitter, lamellae adnate to adnexed with a decur-<br />
rent tooth, crowded, narrow to moderately broad, yellow becoming rusty<br />
reddish, stipe 1 1/^-6 in. long, 54-1 in. thick, nearly equal to ventricose or en-<br />
larged at base, concolorous or darker below the annulus, more yellow above,<br />
fibrillose below the annulus, pruinose to floccose above, solid, sometimes very<br />
hard, annulus superior, membranous, persistent, yellowish, spores rusty<br />
brown, elHpsoid, rough-walled, 7-9 X 4.5-6 ^i.<br />
188
PHOLIOTA<br />
Singly to cespitose on stumps or trunks or sometimes from buried wood.<br />
June-Oct.<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> the bitter taste this species is not recommended as an edible<br />
fungus although it is not known to be <strong>poisonous</strong>. However, it is likely to<br />
attract attention because <strong>of</strong> its size <strong>and</strong> bright colors. It is similar in color to<br />
Phaeolepiota aurea but lacks the granulose covering <strong>of</strong> the pileus <strong>of</strong> the latter.<br />
PHOLIOTA SQUARROSOIDES (Pk.) Saccardo <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 275, page 175<br />
PILEUS 1--3 in. broad, at first subglobose with inrolled margin, becoming<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed-convex or broadly subumbonate, even on the margin, <strong>of</strong>ten appendi-<br />
culate, densely squarrose-scaly with dry, coarse, tawny scales, between the<br />
scales whitish to cinnamon-buff <strong>and</strong> viscid, flesh whitish, moderately thick on<br />
the disk, odor <strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive, lamellae sinuate-adnate, moderately<br />
broad, close, palHd, then brown from the spores, stipe stout, 1 1/^-4 in. long or<br />
longer, about J4 iii- thick, equal, stuffed, pallid, brownish toward the base,<br />
scaly up to the annulus with recurved tawny squamules, white at the apex.<br />
ANNULUS paUid, fibrillose-torn, <strong>of</strong>ten disappearing, spores smooth, brown,<br />
ellipsoid 4-6 X 3-4 ju.<br />
In dense clusters on deciduous wood. Aug.-Sept.<br />
P. squarrosoides is fairly common <strong>and</strong> frequently occurs in large clusters<br />
providing plenty <strong>of</strong> material for a meal. It is not Hkely to be confused with any<br />
<strong>poisonous</strong> species.<br />
Pholiota squarrosa, a similar species, is a yellower fungus, with a dry<br />
pileus <strong>and</strong> slightly larger spores. It is also edible but may have an unpleasant<br />
taste when old.<br />
PHOLIOTA VERMIFLUA Peck <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 362, page 254<br />
PILEUS Y^-lVi in. broad, occasionally larger, firm, fleshy, subhemispher-<br />
ical, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, even on the margin, at times appendiculate with veil<br />
fragments, creamy whitish or tinged yellowish, smooth, glabrous, moist to sub-<br />
viscid, almost shining when dry, becoming areolate-cracked on the disk, flesh<br />
white, moderately thick on the disk, thin toward the margin, odor mild, taste<br />
mild to slightly unpleasant, lamellae adnexed to sinuate-adnate or with a<br />
sHght decurrent tooth, seceding, rather broad, close, pallid at first, then pale<br />
grayish brown, finally dark brown with edges white, alternate lamellae short.<br />
STIPE 1 14-4 in. long, usually swollen at the apex up to 54- ^/^ in. thick, tapering<br />
downward, sometimes subequal, solid or with a narrow tubule, at the apex<br />
whitish <strong>and</strong> minutely scurfy, below the annulus glabrous <strong>and</strong> concolorous with<br />
the pileus. annulus disappearing or persistent, small, membranous, white,<br />
staining brown from spore deposit, spores smooth, ovoid, thick-walled, sHghtly<br />
189
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
inequilateral, truncate at one end, dark brown, 10-14 X 6-8 m- cystidia pear-<br />
shaped or subglobose, scattered or scarce.<br />
In groups in lawns, cultivated fields, <strong>and</strong> grassy places in open woods.<br />
May-Aug.<br />
This species <strong>of</strong>ten appears early in the season in May or June on lawns or<br />
in gardens. It is most likely to be confused with P. praecox (Pers.) Fr. which<br />
can be separated with certainty by the spores, which are mostly less than 10 /*<br />
long. Both species are edible.<br />
PHAEOLEPIOTA<br />
This genus has been separated from Pholiota on the basis <strong>of</strong> the mealy-<br />
granulose covering <strong>of</strong> the pileus. It is best characterized as a brown-spored<br />
Cystoderma <strong>and</strong> only the one species is known.<br />
PHAEOLEPIOTA AUREA (Mattuschka ex Fr.) Maire ex Suspect<br />
Konr. & Maubl.<br />
Figure 373, page 256<br />
PILEUS 2-6 in. broad, convex to plane, slightly umbonate, dry, with a<br />
granulose, powdery covering that is easily rubbed <strong>of</strong>f, ochraceous yellow to<br />
golden yellow, or ochraceous tawny, margin incurved at first, somewhat ap-<br />
pendiculate. flesh thick, yellowish, odor none, taste mild, lamellae adnexed,<br />
rounded behind, close, broad, light buff to ochraceous buff or cinnamon.<br />
STIPE 1 1/2-5 in. long, !/2-% ii^- thick, enlarged at the base, concolorous or<br />
Hghter than the pileus, granular-scurfy below the annulus, glabrous above,<br />
stuffed, sometimes becoming hollow, annulus large, pendulous, membranous,<br />
dark buff below, lemon color above, disappearing in old plants, spores pale<br />
ochraceous buff, ovoid to elongate-ovoid, smooth or sometimes sHghtly rough<br />
in age, 9-12 X 4-6 m-<br />
Singly or gregarious on the ground. Sept.<br />
This is a rare but very striking fungus. It appears to be western in its dis-<br />
tribution. It has the appearance <strong>of</strong> a large Cystoderma with brown spores.<br />
FLAMMULA<br />
The genus Flammula includes species with ochre spores, fleshy to fibrous,<br />
central stipes, lamellae usually rather bright colored, <strong>and</strong> an annulus usually<br />
lacking although sometimes a trace <strong>of</strong> one may be found. Most <strong>of</strong> the species<br />
occur on wood although there are a few exceptions.<br />
They are distinguished from Pholiota by the lack <strong>of</strong> an annulus, from<br />
Hebeloma by the brighter lamellae <strong>and</strong> spores <strong>and</strong> from Naucoria by the<br />
fibrous stipe.<br />
190
HEBELOMA<br />
The Species are not very well known <strong>and</strong> are difficult to identify. Many <strong>of</strong><br />
them have a bitter or unpleasant taste <strong>and</strong> the genus is not one to attract<br />
amateur collectors. They are not recommended for eating although there is no<br />
evidence that they are <strong>poisonous</strong>. Only the one species, F. spumosa (Fr.)<br />
Kummer, which is one <strong>of</strong> the commonest <strong>of</strong> the genus, is described here.<br />
FLAMMULA SPUMOSA (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Figure 276, page 175<br />
piLEus %-2 in. broad, convex then exp<strong>and</strong>ed, smooth, glabrous, viscid<br />
when moist, pale sulphur-yellow except on the disk which is fulvous-tinged,<br />
margin even, flesh thin, tinged yellowish, lamellae adnate to shghtly sinuate<br />
or decurrent by a tooth, moderately broad, close, pallid yellowish, then ochre-<br />
brown. STIPE 1-21/2 in. long, V8-!4 in. thick, equal, stuffed or becoming hollow,<br />
fibrillose, yellowish above, stained brownish toward the base, veil fibrillose,<br />
yellowish, disappearing, spores smooth, ellipsoid, ochre-brown (6) 7-8 (9) X<br />
4-4.5 (5) M- CYSTiDiA numerous, fusoid-ventricose.<br />
In groups on decaying wood or on the ground in woods, fairly common.<br />
July-Oct.<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> the commonest species <strong>of</strong> the genus <strong>and</strong> is principally<br />
characterized by the sulphur-yellow to greenish yellow margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus<br />
<strong>and</strong> the fulvous to tawny disk.<br />
HEBELOMA<br />
Hebeloma includes a group <strong>of</strong> rather poorly known brown-spored species.<br />
They have viscid pilei, adnexed or emarginate lamellae, <strong>and</strong> a volva <strong>and</strong> annu-<br />
lus are lacking but some species have a fibrillose veil. The spores are dull<br />
colored in mass, alutaceous or dull brown, never bright rust-colored as in<br />
Inocybe or Cortinarius, <strong>and</strong> the colors <strong>of</strong> the pileus are usually somewhat dull<br />
also.<br />
The species are not well known <strong>and</strong> are difficult to identify. Some <strong>of</strong> the<br />
species are known to be <strong>poisonous</strong> <strong>and</strong> none are recommended as food. It is a<br />
genus to be avoided by the amateur. Only one species is described here.<br />
HEBELOMA SINAPIZANS (Fr.) Gillet Not edible<br />
Figure 384, page 282<br />
PILEUS 21/2-4J/2 in. broad, fleshy, firm, convex, obtuse, margin even,<br />
inrolled at first, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, glabrous, viscid, pinkish buff" to cinnamon.<br />
FLESH thick, compact, odor <strong>and</strong> taste <strong>of</strong> radish or mustard, lamellae<br />
adnexed, broad, close, pallid then pale brownish from the spores, stipe white,<br />
'^Vi-^Vi in. long, 1/2-1 in. thick, subequal, stuff'ed then hollow, white-floccosescaly,<br />
especially toward the apex, spores large, rough, almond-shaped, inequi-<br />
lateral, brown, 11-13 (13.5) X 7-8 (8.5) m-<br />
191
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
Scattered or in groups on the ground in woods, uncommon. Sept.-Oct.<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> the largest <strong>of</strong> the hebelomas <strong>and</strong> has been included as a<br />
representative <strong>of</strong> the genus. The floccose-scaly stipe <strong>and</strong> broad lamellae<br />
together with the large size are the distinguishing characters. Definite information<br />
as to its edibihty is lacking but it is not recommended since other members<br />
<strong>of</strong> the genus are known to be <strong>poisonous</strong>.<br />
CONOCYBE<br />
Conocybe includes a group <strong>of</strong> small, fragile, Mycena-\\kt <strong>mushrooms</strong> with<br />
rusty brown spores. They were formerly included in the genus Galera but this<br />
name cannot be used under the International Code <strong>of</strong> Nomenclature because<br />
the name had been given earlier to a genus <strong>of</strong> flowering plants. The old genus<br />
Galera has been divided into two genera based on the structure <strong>of</strong> the cuticle.<br />
In Conocybe the cuticle is cellular <strong>and</strong> in Galerina it is filamentous. The species<br />
are unimportant as food because they are so small <strong>and</strong> fragile <strong>and</strong> they are<br />
difficult to identify. One species is included here because it is commonly found<br />
on lawns <strong>and</strong> is fairly easily recognized.<br />
CONOCYBE CRISPA (Longyear) Singer<br />
Figure 385, page 283<br />
PILEUS Yi-l Va in. broad, conic to campanulate, sometimes slightly umbonate,<br />
striate to rugulose, glabrous, atomate, whitish buff", more brownish on<br />
disk when moist, flesh thin, membranous, lamellae adnexed, close to sub-<br />
distant, narrow, crisped <strong>and</strong> interveined, ferruginous brown, stipe 1 y^-2> in.<br />
long, about i/fg in. thick, white, or tinged ochraceous, equal, shghtly bulbous at<br />
base, hollow, spores ellipsoid to ovoid, rather variable, smooth, rusty brown,<br />
11-16(18) X 8-12 M-<br />
Gregarious on lawns <strong>and</strong> grassy places. June-July (Sept.).<br />
The distinctive character <strong>of</strong> this species is the crisped lamellae. A similar<br />
species in which the lamellae are not crisped is also common on lawns. It has<br />
been generally known as Galera tenera Fr., but according to Smith (1949) the<br />
true G. tenera is rare <strong>and</strong> the common species that has been called G. tenera is,<br />
in reality, Conocybe lactea (Lange) Metrod. Although this species is, perhaps,<br />
more common than G. crispa it was thought desirable to choose the latter as a<br />
representative <strong>of</strong> this group because it could be identified with more certainty.<br />
All the species <strong>of</strong> this group are too small <strong>and</strong> fragile to be <strong>of</strong> any value as food.<br />
Figures 282-291<br />
282. Naucoria semiorbicularis. 283, Paxillus involutus.<br />
284. P. atrotomentosus. 285. P. atrotomentosus.<br />
286. Agaricus campestris. 287. A.haemorrhoidarius.<br />
288. A. diminutivus. 289. A. diminutivus.<br />
290. A. silvicola. 291. A. silvicola <strong>and</strong> Amanita virosa.<br />
192
193
293. Crepidotus fulvotomentosus.<br />
295. S. hornemannii.<br />
297. 5". semiglobata,<br />
299. Psathyrella c<strong>and</strong>olleana.<br />
301. Coprinus comatus.<br />
194<br />
Figure 292. Colly bia radicata.<br />
Figures 293-302<br />
294. Stropharia coronilla.<br />
296. S. hornemannii.<br />
298. Naematoloma capnoides.<br />
300. P. c<strong>and</strong>olleana.<br />
302. C. quadrifidus.
^ ,^^3^<br />
195
196<br />
Figures 303-304. Lentinus lepideus.<br />
303<br />
1304
NAUCORIA<br />
TUBARIA<br />
Naucoria includes a group <strong>of</strong> small, brown-spored species that are not<br />
well known. The spores are ochre-brown to rusty brown. The stipe is subcartilaginous<br />
<strong>and</strong> there is no annulus. They grow either on the ground or on wood,<br />
occasionally on dung. Because <strong>of</strong> their small size they are <strong>of</strong> no value as edible<br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>and</strong> not much is known about their edibihty. Only one rather common<br />
species is described here.<br />
NAUCORIA SEMIORBICULARIS (Bull.) Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 282, page 193<br />
piLEUS 54-1 in. broad, hemispherical to convex, smooth, glabrous, viscid<br />
when moist, dull yellowish varying to tan or tinged reddish brown, unicolorous<br />
or darker on the disk, margin even, flesh thin, paUid. lamellae adnate,<br />
broad, close, paUid, then dull brown from the spores, edges paUid. stipe 1-21/2<br />
in. long, up to i/g in. thick, subequal or slightly thickened at the base, stuffed,<br />
glabrous to minutely fibrillose, concolorous or paler than the pileus. spores<br />
smooth, thick-walled, ovoid, inequilateral in one view, dull brown (10.5)<br />
11-13.5 (15) X 7.5-8 {9) IX.<br />
In groups on the ground in grassy places, common. May-Sept.<br />
This species is common on lawns <strong>and</strong> grassy places, appearing after rains<br />
throughout most <strong>of</strong> the season. The small size, yellowish tan color, brown<br />
spores <strong>and</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> an annulus are its distinguishing characters.<br />
TUBARIA<br />
Tubaria is a small genus <strong>of</strong> poorly known species. They are small brownspored<br />
forms with decurrent lamellae <strong>and</strong> fragile, cartilaginous stipes. The<br />
species are mostly rather rare, <strong>and</strong> are <strong>of</strong> no interest to those collecting <strong>mushrooms</strong><br />
for food.<br />
One species is included here because it is one <strong>of</strong> the earliest <strong>mushrooms</strong> to<br />
appear in the spring <strong>and</strong> for that reason may attract attention.<br />
TUBARIA FURFURACEA (Pers. ex Fr.) Gill.<br />
pileus %-! in. broad, occasionally larger, fleshy, convex to plane or<br />
slightly depressed, cinnamon-brown, hygrophanous, fading to buff or pinkish<br />
buff, long-striate on the margin when moist, sometimes with whitish patches<br />
from the veil, appressed-fibrillose to glabrous on the disk, flesh thin, watery<br />
brownish, no odor, taste mild, lamellae close to subdistant, broad, adnate to<br />
197
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
slightly decurrent, concolorous with pileus. stipe about %-l y^<br />
ii^- long, <strong>and</strong><br />
about '/g in. thick, equal or slightly enlarged at the base, fibrillose, concolorous<br />
with pileus or slightly paler, hollow, spores ellipsoid, flattened shghtly on one<br />
side, pale ochraceous in mass, smooth, 7-9 X 4-5.5 \i.<br />
Growing singly or in groups on sticks <strong>and</strong> debris in the woods. May-Oct.<br />
This is a rather common little brown mushroom with broad lamellae <strong>and</strong><br />
a fibrillose pileus, <strong>of</strong>ten found early in the spring. T. pellucida (Bull, ex Fr.)<br />
Gill, is similar but has smaller spores, 5.5-7 X 4-5 ju.<br />
CREPIDOTUS<br />
Crepidotus corresponds to Pleurotus <strong>of</strong> the white-spored group <strong>and</strong> in-<br />
cludes those species with ochre-brown to rusty spore deposit <strong>and</strong> in which the<br />
stipe is excentric, lateral, or lacking. The lamellae may be whitish in young<br />
fruiting bodies but become brown as the spores mature. Most <strong>of</strong> the species<br />
occur on decayed wood <strong>and</strong> they are mostly rather small <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> no importance<br />
as food.<br />
CREPIDOTUS FULVOTOMENTOSUS Peck <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 293, page 195<br />
PILEUS V^-21/2 in. broad, convex becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, sessile, laterally<br />
attached, <strong>of</strong>ten semicircular or kidney-shaped in outline, margin incurved at<br />
first, striatulate when moist, surface coated when young with a dense tawny<br />
tomentum, which, as the pileus exp<strong>and</strong>s, becomes separated into tawny, fibril-<br />
lose scales, exposing the paler ground color beneath, flesh thin, pliant, paUid<br />
or tinged yellowish, lamellae radiating from the lateral point <strong>of</strong> attachment,<br />
moderately broad, close, pallid then dull ochre-brown, edges white, stipe<br />
lacking, the pileus attached to the substrate at a lateral point, spores ovoid,<br />
slightly inequilateral in one pr<strong>of</strong>ile, dull ochre-brown, 7.5-9 (10) X 5-6 m-<br />
In groups on decaying hardwood, common. May-Oct.<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> the larger species <strong>of</strong> the genus <strong>and</strong> can be recognized by the<br />
tawny scales on the pileus. C. calolepis (Fr.) Karst. also has a brown tomentum<br />
but has smaller spores. C. dorsalis Peck is reddish yellow <strong>and</strong> has globose<br />
spores. C. versutus Peck has a white tomentum. C. mollis Peck is glabrous <strong>and</strong><br />
somewhat gelatinous, <strong>and</strong> C. haerens Peck is viscid. C. malachius B. & C. has<br />
globose spores <strong>and</strong> broad lamellae, <strong>and</strong> C applanatus (Fr.) Kummer has glo-<br />
bose spores <strong>and</strong> narrow lamellae. These five species are all white or whitish.<br />
C. cinnabarinus Peck is bright scarlet <strong>and</strong> more common in the West.<br />
The genus is not important as far as food is concerned but several <strong>of</strong> the<br />
species are fairly common <strong>and</strong> will be encountered by the collector.<br />
198
PAXILLUS<br />
PAXILLUS<br />
Paxillus includes species with ochre-yellow spores, the stipe more or less<br />
excentric, <strong>and</strong> the lamellae easily separable from the flesh <strong>of</strong> the pileus. The<br />
lamellae are usually more or less decurrent <strong>and</strong> anastomose on the stipe, some-<br />
times becoming poroid. In this respect they show relationship with the Boleta-<br />
ceae <strong>and</strong> some authors consider that they should be placed in this family. It is a<br />
relatively small genus <strong>and</strong> we have two fairly common species, neither <strong>of</strong> which<br />
is recommended as food.<br />
PAXILLUS ATROTOMENTOSUS (Batsch ex Fr.) Fr. Not recommended<br />
Figures 284, 285, page 193<br />
PILEUS 2-5 in. broad, occasionally larger, tough, convex at first, becoming<br />
plane to depressed, rusty brown to blackish brown, appressed-tomentose, dry,<br />
margin inrolled. flesh white, firm, rather thick, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamel-<br />
lae adnate-decurrent, easily separable from the pileus, close, rather narrow,<br />
forked <strong>and</strong> anastomosing on the stipe, yellowish tawny, stipe excentric to<br />
lateral, 1-3 in. or more long, )/2-l 54 in. thick, stout, straight or curved, en-<br />
larged toward base, rooting, covered with a dense, blackish brown, velvety<br />
tomentum, soHd. spores yellow, oval, smooth, 5-7 X 3-4 y..<br />
Singly or clustered on old logs or stumps or from buried wood. July-Sept.<br />
The blackish tomentose stipe is a very distinctive character <strong>of</strong> this species.<br />
It is reported to be edible but tough <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> poor flavor.<br />
PAXILLUS INVOLUTUS (Batsch ex Fr.) Fr. Not recommended<br />
Figure 283, page 193<br />
PILEUS 2-5 in. broad, at first convex, becoming exp<strong>and</strong>ed, then depressed,<br />
yellowish brown to reddish brown or olive-brown, with darker spots, downytomentose,<br />
becoming smooth, margin persistently inrolled <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten somewhat<br />
ridged, flesh pale yellowish, becoming brownish when bruised, thick.<br />
LAMELLAE dccurrcnt, easily separable from the pileus, crowded, broad, forked<br />
<strong>and</strong> anastomosing on the stipe, olive-yellow, becoming brown when bruised.<br />
stipe 1 1/^-3 in. long, j/^-l )4 in. thick, equal or tapering slightly downward,<br />
sometimes enlarged at the base, glabrous, colored like the pileus or paler,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten streaked or spotted with darker brown, solid, central or excentric.<br />
spores yellowish brown, elliptical, smooth, 7-9 X 4-5.5 /z.<br />
July-Oct.<br />
Sohtary or in groups on the ground in woods or at the base <strong>of</strong> stumps.<br />
This is an unattractive plant because <strong>of</strong> the rather dingy colors <strong>and</strong> the<br />
brown stains that develop. Some authors maintain that it is edible but as there<br />
are reports that it has caused poisoning in Europe, it is not recommended. It is<br />
fairly common <strong>and</strong> easily recognized by the inrolled margin <strong>and</strong> the close,<br />
decurrent, yellowish lamellae that separate readily from the pileus.<br />
199
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
AGARICUS<br />
Agaricus is one <strong>of</strong> the most important genera for those who are interested<br />
in <strong>mushrooms</strong> as food. It includes both the common cultivated mushroom <strong>and</strong><br />
the meadow mushroom, which is probably the wild mushroom most frequently<br />
eaten, at least in English-speaking countries.<br />
The genus is characterized by the purple-brown spores, presence <strong>of</strong> an<br />
annulus, <strong>and</strong> free lamellae. The stipe is a different texture from the pileus <strong>and</strong><br />
separates readily from it. The genus is relatively clear-cut <strong>and</strong> it is compara-<br />
tively easy to recognize an Agaricus but many <strong>of</strong> the characters used to dis-<br />
tinguish species seem to intergrade <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> the species are difficult to<br />
identify.<br />
Agaricus is usually regarded as one <strong>of</strong> the safest genera to use as food, <strong>and</strong><br />
critical identification <strong>of</strong> the species is not very important from this st<strong>and</strong>point.<br />
However, A. xanthodermus Genev. has been reported to cause illness in some<br />
people, <strong>and</strong> Smith reported that a form <strong>of</strong> A. arvensis Fr. found growing in a<br />
swamp in Michigan caused illness. A. placomyces Pk. <strong>and</strong> A. hondensis Murr.<br />
have also been reported to cause illness on occasion. Hence, with Agaricus<br />
species as with any other mushroom, unfamiliar species should be tried cauti-<br />
ously at first.<br />
The name Psalliota has frequently been used for this genus but under the<br />
International Code <strong>of</strong> Nomenclature Agaricus is the correct name.<br />
According to Smith (1949) there are about 70 species o{ Agaricus in North<br />
America. There have been two recent studies <strong>of</strong> the European species by<br />
Moller (1950, 1952) <strong>and</strong> Pilat (1951) but they do not include all the North<br />
American species.<br />
Key<br />
1. Pileus small, less than Wi in. broad A. diminutivus<br />
1. Pileus mostly 2 in. or more broad 2<br />
2. Flesh quickly turning red when broken A. haemorrhoidarius<br />
2. Flesh not reddening when broken 3<br />
3. Growing in fields, pastures, open places or lawns 4<br />
3. Growing in the woods 5<br />
4. Annulus double, lamellae narrow A. edulis<br />
4. Annulus single A. campestris<br />
5. Pileus scaly with brown to black fibrils A. placomyces<br />
5. Pileus smooth, white, disk turning yellowish when bruised A. silvicola<br />
AGARICUS CAMPESTRIS Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 286, page 193<br />
Meadow Mushroom<br />
PILEUS 1 1/2-3 in. broad, fleshy, firm, convex, somewhat flattened, becom-<br />
ing nearly plane, white, sometimes tinged brownish when old, at first silky,<br />
becoming dehcately fibrillose-scaly or glabrous, the margin extending beyond<br />
200
AGARICUS<br />
the lamellae <strong>and</strong> usually fringed with veil remnants, flesh white, thick, firm,<br />
not changing color when bruised, odor <strong>and</strong> taste pleasant, lamellae free,<br />
crowded, rather narrow, at first pink, becoming gradually purple-brown <strong>and</strong><br />
finally black, stipe 1-2 in. long, Ys-Ys in. thick, equal or sometimes narrowed<br />
below, white, silky above the annulus, becoming brownish below, slightly<br />
fibrillose to glabrous, stuffed, annulus thin, single, sometimes evanescent or<br />
remaining attached to the margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus. spores dark chocolate-brown,<br />
elHpsoid, smooth, 5.5-7.5 X 3.5-4.5 fx; basidia four-spored.<br />
It grows singly or in groups in grassy places, lawns, pastures, fields, etc.<br />
It is usually found in the fall but sometimes occurs in the spring.<br />
The meadow mushroom is probably the best known <strong>of</strong> all the wild species<br />
<strong>and</strong> for some people it is the only true mushroom, all other species being<br />
regarded as unsafe to eat. About the only danger in connection with this<br />
mushroom is that the button stage may be collected carelessly <strong>and</strong> a young<br />
Amanita virosa gathered by mistake. In most cases the habitat is suflftciently<br />
different to prevent such errors, since the Agaricus is usually found in open<br />
fields <strong>and</strong> the Amanita in the woods. Nevertheless the danger is sufficiently<br />
great that button stages should not be used unless the collector is certain that<br />
he can distinguish between Agaricus <strong>and</strong> Amanita at this stage <strong>and</strong> that no<br />
universal veil is present.<br />
The cultivated mushroom was for a long time considered to be a form or<br />
variety <strong>of</strong> the meadow mushroom but it is now recognized as a distinct species,<br />
Agaricus hortensis Cke. The spores, basidia, <strong>and</strong> cystidia are different in the<br />
two species, <strong>and</strong> A. campestris grows in grassl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> will not grow under the<br />
same conditions as A. hortensis. However, the two species are so similar in<br />
appearance that an acquaintance with the cultivated species will enable one to<br />
recognize A. campestris in the field.<br />
A. arvensis Fr., the field mushroom or horse mushroom, is a larger,<br />
more robust species with a flatter pileus. The spores are larger also. Larger<br />
specimens <strong>of</strong> A. campestris might be confused with it but this is unimportant<br />
since both are edible, although Smith reported that specimens <strong>of</strong> what he<br />
considered to be a variety <strong>of</strong> this species growing in a swamp <strong>and</strong> to which he<br />
gave the name A. arvensis var. palustris, caused illness.<br />
AGARICUS DIMINUTIVUS Peck <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 288, 289, page 193<br />
pileus %-1 1/4 in. broad, fragile, convex becoming plane, whitish or gray-<br />
ish, more brownish on disk, silky-fibrillose, the fibrils more or less reddish or<br />
pinkish to reddish brown, flesh thin, whitish, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae<br />
free, close to crowded, moderately broad, at first whitish, finally dark purplish<br />
brown, stipe 1-2 in. long, ^6"% in. broad, equal or sHghtly bulbous at base,<br />
whitish, glabrous or somewhat fibrillose, stuffed, then hollow, annulus dehcate,<br />
whitish, persistent, spores purple-brown, ellipsoid, smooth, about 5-6 X<br />
3-3.5 M.<br />
201
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
Usually single, occasionally in groups, among grass or moss. One collec-<br />
tion in our herbarium is on wood. Aug.-Sept.<br />
This is an attractive but rather delicate species, usually too small to be <strong>of</strong><br />
any interest as food but said to be edible. Several other small species have been<br />
recognized but they are not well known. A. auricolor Krieger is yellow with<br />
yellow floccose patches on the stipe below the annulus, A. micromegethus Peck<br />
is merely white fibrillose below the annulus, <strong>and</strong> the stipe <strong>of</strong> A. comptuliformis<br />
Murr. is glabrous below the annulus.<br />
AGARICUS EDULIS (Vitt.) Moeller & J. Schaeffer <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 343, page 235<br />
PILEUS 1 )^-4 in. broad or sometimes larger, firm, fleshy, at first broadly<br />
convex to hemispherical, somewhat depressed on the disk, exp<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>and</strong> becoming<br />
plane, white or whitish to slightly yellowish when old, glabrous to<br />
slightly silky, the margin at first incurved <strong>and</strong> exceeding the lamellae, flesh<br />
thick, firm, white, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae free, crowded, narrow, at<br />
first pink, then purple-brown to blackish brown, stipe l-P/^ (2) in. long,<br />
J/2-1 in. thick, short, stout, equal, glabrous or somewhat scurfy above the<br />
annulus, white, solid, annulus double, usually about midway up the stipe.<br />
SPORES purplish brown to chocolate-brown, broadly eUipsoid to subglobose,<br />
smooth, 5-6 X 4-5 ju-<br />
Singly or in groups, usually in cities along pavements or on lawns or some-<br />
times in barren areas where the soil is packed hard. June-Oct.<br />
This species has been better known in North America as A. rodmani Peck<br />
but A. edulis seems to be the correct name for it. The rather squatty stature,<br />
double annulus, <strong>and</strong> firm flesh are the principal characters <strong>of</strong> this species. It is<br />
a fine edible mushroom <strong>and</strong> usually appears in towns <strong>and</strong> cities where it is<br />
probably collected by mistake for Agaricus campestris.<br />
AGARICUS HAEMORRHOIDARIUS Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 287, page 193<br />
PILEUS 2-4 in. broad, fleshy, at first subglobose to ovoid, exp<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>and</strong><br />
becoming campanulate-convex or finally plane, fibrillose-scaly, vinaceous<br />
brown to grayish brown, flesh white, quickly turning to blood-red when cut or<br />
bruised, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae free, crowded, moderately broad, at<br />
first whitish, then pinkish, finally purple-brown, stipe 2-5 in. long, V^-Vi in.<br />
thick, equal or bulbous at the base, somewhat fibrillose to glabrous, whitish<br />
becoming brownish, stuff'ed, then hollow, annulus large, conspicuous, white,<br />
persistent, spores purple-brown, ellipsoid, smooth, 5-7 X 3-4 /x-<br />
In groups or scattered, sometimes in small clusters, on the ground in<br />
mixed woods. July-Oct.<br />
The outst<strong>and</strong>ing character <strong>of</strong> this species is the almost instantaneous<br />
change to blood-red in the color <strong>of</strong> the flesh when fresh specimens are broken<br />
or bruised. Other species also exhibit this color change but it is usually slower.<br />
202
AGARICUS<br />
AGARICUS PLACOMYCES Peck Probably edible for most people<br />
Figure 344, page 235<br />
PILEUS 2-5 in. broad, rather fragile, at first broadly ovate, becoming con-<br />
vex <strong>and</strong> finally plane, whitish beneath the blackish brown, fibrillose scales, the<br />
disk blackish brown from the unbroken fibrillose covering, flesh white or<br />
sHghtly yellowish under the cuticle, sometimes becoming pinkish, thin, odor<br />
sHght to somewhat disagreeable, taste mild, lamellae free, crowded, rather<br />
narrow to moderately broad, at first white to grayish, becoming pink <strong>and</strong> then<br />
purple-brown, stipe 2 1/2-5 in. long, !4-!/^ in. thick, tapering upward, more or<br />
less bulbous at the base, glabrous, whitish, sometimes staining yellow, stuffed<br />
becoming hollow, annulus large, conspicuous, double, whitish above, the<br />
lower layer cracking into brownish patches, spores chocolate-brown, ellipsoid,<br />
smooth, 5-6 X 3.5-4 jjl.<br />
Solitary or in groups or sometimes in clusters in mixed woods. June-Sept.<br />
The scaly pileus, large annulus, <strong>and</strong> tapering, somewhat bulbous stipe are<br />
the chief distinguishing characters <strong>of</strong> this species. There have been occasional<br />
reports <strong>of</strong> it causing illness so that it should be tried with caution at first.<br />
AGARICUS SILVICOLA (Vitt.) Sacc. <strong>Edible</strong> for most people<br />
Figures 290, 291, page 193<br />
PILEUS 2)/2-6 in. broad, moderately firm, at first convex, exp<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>and</strong><br />
becoming plane, white or creamy white, staining yellow on the disk when<br />
bruised, somewhat silky-fibrillose. flesh moderately thick, brittle, white,<br />
becoming yellow when bruised, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae free, crowded,<br />
narrow to moderately broad, at first whitish, then pink <strong>and</strong> finally blackish,<br />
brown, stipe 3-6 in. long, J4-% in. thick, equal or tapering upward sHghtly,<br />
with an abrupt bulb at the base, or bulb lacking <strong>and</strong> base flattened, somewhat<br />
silky to glabrous, creamy white, staining yellow when bruised, stuff'ed then<br />
hollow, annulus large, double, smooth above with the lower layer cracking<br />
<strong>and</strong> forming yellowish patches which may disappear, spores purpHsh brown<br />
to chocolate-brown, elhpsoid, smooth, 5-6.5 X 3-4.5 m-<br />
SoHtary or in groups, occasionally in clusters <strong>of</strong> two or three, usually<br />
growing in the woods. July-Sept.<br />
This species is edible although it should be tried with caution as occa-<br />
sional cases <strong>of</strong> illness in individuals have been reported. The remarks relative<br />
to the dangers <strong>of</strong> using button stages in A. campestris apply with much greater<br />
force to A. silvicola because it grows in much the same habitat as Amanita<br />
virosa.<br />
A. silvicola is rather variable in size from a slender plant to a very robust<br />
form easily confused with A. arvensis. Usually the slender forms have an<br />
abrupt, flattened bulb at the base <strong>of</strong> the stipe but this character may vary also.<br />
The annulus is large <strong>and</strong> conspicuous. Agaricus abruptibulbus Peck is con-<br />
sidered to be a synonym.<br />
203
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
STROPHARIA<br />
Stropharia includes the species that have purple-brown spores, an annulus,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the lamellae attached to the stipe. Usually the pileus is viscid. It differs<br />
from Naematoloma in possessing an annulus <strong>and</strong> might be confused with that<br />
genus if the annulus has disappeared.<br />
It is not a large genus. About 35 species are known from North America<br />
but only a few are common, <strong>and</strong> the species are sometimes difficult to identify.<br />
Some are suspected <strong>of</strong> causing poisoning <strong>and</strong> the genus should be avoided by<br />
amateurs.<br />
Key<br />
1. Pileus bright green, fading to yellow S. aeruginosa<br />
1. Pileus never green 2<br />
2. Growing on dung; pileus yellow, hemispherical S. semiglobata<br />
2. Not on dung 3<br />
3. Pileus mostly more than 2 in. broad, brownish or smoky purplish;<br />
stipe squarrose-scaly S. hornemannii<br />
3. Pileus less than 2 in. broad, yellowish; stipe smooth or<br />
slightly fibrillose S. coronilla<br />
STROPHARIA AERUGINOSA (Curt, ex Fr.) Quel. Reported <strong>poisonous</strong><br />
Figures 386, 387, page 283<br />
PILEUS %-2 in. broad, fleshy, campanulate-convex, becoming plane,<br />
slightly umbonate, viscid, at first bright green from the thick gluten, fading<br />
slowly to yellowish, sometimes with white scales near the margin, becoming<br />
glabrous, flesh whitish to bluish, s<strong>of</strong>t, lamellae adnate, close, broad, at first<br />
whitish, then grayish, finally chocolate-brown, slightly purplish, the edges<br />
white <strong>and</strong> minutely flocculose. stipe 1 54-3 in. long, J/g-yg in. thick, equal,<br />
viscid, scaly to fibrillose below the annulus, bluish green, hollow, annulus<br />
evanescent, spores dark brown, sHghtly purplish, eUipsoid, smooth, 7-9.5 X<br />
4-5 M.<br />
It occurs in the woods or sometimes in gardens. Sept.-Oct.<br />
This is a striking <strong>and</strong> beautiful species when it is young <strong>and</strong> fresh but the<br />
bright green color fades with age. It is said to be common in Europe but has<br />
only been collected occasionally in the Ottawa district.<br />
STROPHARIA CORONILLA (Bull, ex Fr.) Quel. Suspected<br />
Figure 294, page 195<br />
pileus %-2 in. broad, convex to nearly plane, pale yellow to whitish or<br />
buff to pale ochre-yellow, glabrous, moist to slightly sticky, flesh white, s<strong>of</strong>t,<br />
fairly thick, odor shghtly unpleasant, lamellae adnate, rounded behind, Hlac-<br />
204
STROPHARIA<br />
flesh color becoming purplish black, close, moderately broad, edge white-<br />
fimbriate. stipe short, 3/^-1 V2 in. long, Ys-Vi in. thick, equal, white, dry, floc-<br />
culose above the annulus, fibrillose below, becoming smooth, stuffed to<br />
hollow. ANNULUS membrauous, distant from apex, persistent, striate on upper<br />
side. SPORES purple-brown, elHpsoid, smooth, 7-9 X 4.5-5 /x.<br />
Gregarious to scattered on lawns or grassy places. Aug.-Oct.<br />
This small species is not common but because <strong>of</strong> its occurrence on lawns<br />
<strong>and</strong> the fact that it is suspected <strong>of</strong> being <strong>poisonous</strong> it has been included. It<br />
might be mistaken for an Agaricus but the lamellae are not free from the stipe.<br />
STROPHARIA HORNEMANNII (Fr.) Lund. & Nannf. Not recommended<br />
Figures 295, 296, page 195<br />
piLEUS 1-5 in. broad, fleshy, firm, convex to plane, sometimes sHghtly<br />
umbonate, viscid, glabrous or with some white floccose scales at the margin at<br />
first, brownish or smoky reddish brown, to purplish brown, becoming ohve-<br />
brown near the margin <strong>and</strong> more yellowish brown on the disk, margin inrolled<br />
when young, then decurved <strong>and</strong> sometimes elevated, flesh whitish to watery<br />
buff" or yellowish, thick, thin on margin, odor sHght, taste somewhat disagree-<br />
able. LAMELLAE adnatc with a decurrent tooth, close, broad, pale grayish then<br />
becoming dull purple-brown, some shorter, stipe 2-5 in. long, i4-% in. thick,<br />
equal or nearly so, whitish to yellowish, stuff'ed becoming hollow, covered<br />
with white, fibrillose or floccose scales below the annulus, glabrous <strong>and</strong> silky<br />
above, annulus at first erect, then pendant, white to brownish, spores elHp-<br />
soid, smooth, purple-brown in mass, 11-13 X 5.5-7 ju-<br />
It usually is soHtary or in groups in mixed woods. Sept. <strong>and</strong> Oct.<br />
This species can be recognized by the large size, scaly stipe, <strong>and</strong> dull-<br />
brown color, <strong>of</strong>ten with a smoky purpHsh tinge. It has been known under the<br />
name Stropharia depilata (Pers. ex Fr.) Quel. It is one <strong>of</strong> the largest <strong>and</strong> most<br />
conspicuous species <strong>of</strong> the genus. Although there does not seem to be any<br />
definite information regarding its edibility, it is not recommended because<br />
some <strong>of</strong> the Stropharia species are under suspicion as causing poisoning.<br />
STROPHARIA SEMIGLOBATA (Fr.) Quel. Not recommended<br />
Figure 297, page 195<br />
PILEUS I/2-I Yi in. broad, fleshy, hemispherical, finally convex to nearly<br />
plane, bright fight yellow, fading to dull yellow, sometimes with an oHve tinge,<br />
glabrous, very viscid, margin even, flesh thick on disk to thin on margin, pale<br />
watery yellowish, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae adnate, close to subdistant,<br />
broad, at first ohve-gray, becoming purplish brown, stipe 2-4)/^ in. long,<br />
V%-H%<br />
in. thick, equal or sHghtly enlarged at the base, stuff'ed becoming hollow,<br />
viscid below the annulus, slightly fibrillose above, whitish to pale yellowish.<br />
205
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
ANNULUS delicate, whitish, <strong>of</strong>ten evanescent, spores purple-brown, ellipsoid,<br />
smooth, 15-20 X 8.5-11 m-<br />
It occurs singly or in groups on the dung <strong>of</strong> cattle <strong>and</strong> horses. June-Sept.<br />
The veil in this species is very delicate <strong>and</strong> frequently tears in such a way<br />
that no annulus is formed, or the annulus may be very evanescent. The most<br />
striking characters are the yellow color, viscid pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe, hemispherical<br />
pileus, <strong>and</strong> the habitat on dung. KautTman attempted to separate the forms<br />
that become convex to plane as S. stercoraria Fr. but they seem to be too close<br />
to be recognized as distinct species. It has been reported edible but, in general,<br />
Stropharia species should be avoided.<br />
NAEMATOLOMA<br />
The best-known species <strong>of</strong> this genus were formerly placed in the genus<br />
Hypholoma but Smith (1951) has pointed out that the old genus Hypholoma<br />
was composed <strong>of</strong> diverse elements <strong>and</strong> under the International Code <strong>of</strong> No-<br />
menclature Naematoloma should be the correct name for the group <strong>of</strong> species<br />
typified by A^. sublateritium (Fr.) Karst.<br />
Naematoloma thus includes a rather small group <strong>of</strong> species with purplebrown<br />
to dull cinnamon-brown spores. The pileus is usually rather bright<br />
colored <strong>and</strong> may or may not be viscid. The lamellae vary from adnexed to<br />
adnate or subdecurrent <strong>and</strong> the color <strong>of</strong> the young lamellae is sometimes im-<br />
portant in distinguishing species. The stipe may be thick <strong>and</strong> fleshy to fibrous-<br />
tough, or slender <strong>and</strong> cartilaginous.<br />
Naematoloma is distinguished from Stropharia by the presence <strong>of</strong> an<br />
annulus in the latter. However, the distinction is not clear-cut because a veil is<br />
sometimes present in Naematoloma but usually remains attached to the margin<br />
<strong>of</strong> the pileus; in some <strong>of</strong> the dung-inhabiting species o{ Stropharia the annulus<br />
is evanescent.<br />
Naematoloma is also very close to Psilocybe <strong>and</strong> can only be separated<br />
with certainty from this genus by microscopic characters. A characteristic type<br />
<strong>of</strong> cystidium called a gloeocystidium is present in the lamellae <strong>of</strong> Naematoloma<br />
but absent in Psilocybe (see Addendum).<br />
Only two <strong>of</strong> the larger species <strong>of</strong> Naematoloma are described here <strong>and</strong><br />
both are considered to be edible. Many <strong>of</strong> the other species are quite small <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> no value as food, <strong>and</strong> N.fasciculare (Fr.) Karst., which has been reported to<br />
be <strong>poisonous</strong>, is not likely to be eaten because <strong>of</strong> its very bitter taste.<br />
NAEMATOLOMA CAPNOIDES (Fr.) Karst. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 298, page 195<br />
pileus Y2-2 in. broad, firm, convex, exp<strong>and</strong>ing to plane, sometimes<br />
slightly umbonate, brightly colored, orange-reddish or yellowish brown on the<br />
206
NAEMATOLOMA<br />
disk, paler <strong>and</strong> more yellowish on the margin, glabrous or at first slightly<br />
fibrillose, the margin inrolled at first <strong>and</strong> appendiculate with fibrils <strong>of</strong> the veil.<br />
FLESH whitish, fairly thick, firm, taste mild, lamellae adnate-seceding, close,<br />
rather narrow to moderately broad, at first whitish to grayish, becoming<br />
purple-brown, stipe 2-3 in. long, sometimes longer, Y^-Ys in. thick, equal or<br />
sHghtly enlarged at the base, sHghtly fibrillose up to the faint annular zone,<br />
yellowish above, rusty brown below, hollow, spores purple-brown, ellipsoid,<br />
smooth 6-7.5 X 3.5-4.5 /x.<br />
In clusters on wood <strong>of</strong> conifers. August to November <strong>and</strong> occasionally in<br />
May.<br />
This species is usually a little smaller <strong>and</strong> more orange to tawny than<br />
A'^. sublateritium. It might be confused with N. fasciculare (Fr.) Karst. but in<br />
the latter the lamellae are at first pale yellow <strong>and</strong> become greenish to olive-<br />
green. A'^. fasciculare also has an intensely bitter taste <strong>and</strong> has been reported to<br />
be <strong>poisonous</strong>.<br />
NAEMATOLOMA SUBLATERITIUM (Fr.) Karst. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 342, page 235; Figure 423, page 301<br />
Brick-top<br />
piLEUS 1-3 in. broad, firm, fleshy, convex-exp<strong>and</strong>ed, sometimes with a<br />
slight obtuse umbo, brick-red on the disk, paler on the margin to whitish,<br />
glabrous on disk to more or less whitish to yellowish-fibrillose on the decurved<br />
margin, flesh thick, firm, whitish or becoming yellowish in age or when<br />
bruised, no odor, taste mild to slightly bitter, lamellae adnate, close to<br />
crowded, narrow, at first whitish or in some collections yellow, then becoming<br />
gray or olive-gray <strong>and</strong> finally purple-brown, stipe 2-4 in. long, V^-Yi in. thick,<br />
equal, whitish above to reddish brown below, the veil leaving a fibrillose<br />
annular zone <strong>and</strong> the surface more or less fibrillose below this, soHd. spores<br />
purple-brown, eUipsoid, smooth, 6-7.5 X 3-4 ju-<br />
It grows in dense clusters or occasionally in groups on hardwood logs,<br />
stumps, or roots, common. Aug.-Nov.<br />
This species is commonly known as the brick-top mushroom because <strong>of</strong><br />
the brick-red color <strong>of</strong> the pileus. It is common <strong>and</strong> rather variable. One form<br />
with bright yellow lamellae in the young <strong>mushrooms</strong> has been called Hypho-<br />
loma perplexum (Pk.) Sacc. but it is now generally regarded as merely a form <strong>of</strong><br />
the brick-top. Partly to nearly completely sterile fruiting bodies may be found.<br />
In European hterature it has been reported <strong>poisonous</strong> but North Ameri-<br />
can mycophagists seem to be unanimous in claiming it to be edible.<br />
207
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
PSATHYRELLA<br />
Psathyrella is now used to include a large group <strong>of</strong> species formerly dis-<br />
tributed throughout other genera such as Hypholoma, Psilocybe, Psathyra,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Stropharia. The spore color is typically purple-brown but may vary from<br />
pinkish to brick-red, dark brown, or blackish. They are mostly small, fragile<br />
species that can be identified only by microscopic characters <strong>and</strong>, in general,<br />
they are <strong>of</strong> no value as food.<br />
Of the other dark-spored genera, Coprinus differs from Psathyrella by its<br />
deliquescing lamellae, Panaeolus by its mottled lamellae, <strong>and</strong> Pseudocoprinus<br />
by its plicate-striate pileus <strong>and</strong> the presence <strong>of</strong> paraphyses <strong>of</strong> the. type found<br />
in Coprinus. The remaining genera, Agaricus, Stropharia, Naematoloma, <strong>and</strong><br />
Psilocybe are all distinguished from Psathyrella by the structure <strong>of</strong> the cuticle<br />
which in them is composed <strong>of</strong> filamentous hyphae but in Psathyrella is com-<br />
posed <strong>of</strong> pear-shaped to vesiculose cells arranged in a palisade layer.<br />
PSATHYRELLA CANDOLLEANA (Fr.) Smith <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 299, 300, page 195<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, sometimes larger, fragile, at first oval, then conic to<br />
convex, finally more or less umbonate with the margin upturned, buff or honey<br />
colored, fading to whitish or creamy, hygrophanous, at first with some whitish<br />
flocci, then glabrous <strong>and</strong> atomate, margin thin, <strong>of</strong>ten splitting, sometimes a<br />
dirty violet color, <strong>of</strong>ten appendiculate with white fragments <strong>of</strong> the veil, flesh<br />
thin, white, fragile, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae adnate, crowded, narrow,<br />
at first whitish to grayish, then purplish, finally purple-brown, stipe 2-4 in.<br />
long, V8~!4 ill- thick, equal, smooth, somewhat mealy at the apex, white,<br />
hollow, rigid <strong>and</strong> easily splitting lengthwise, annulus membranous, some-<br />
times remaining attached to the margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus, usually evanescent.<br />
spores purple-brown, eUipsoid, smooth, 7-8.5 X 4-5 m-<br />
Common in lawns, fields <strong>and</strong> occasionally in woods. June-Sept.<br />
This is a common species on lawns <strong>and</strong> grassy places, sometimes occurring<br />
in considerable abundance after rains. It may be found throughout the growing<br />
season. The pilei are rather thin <strong>and</strong> fragile but they are <strong>of</strong> good flavor <strong>and</strong><br />
anyone interested in <strong>mushrooms</strong> as food should become acquainted with this<br />
species.<br />
P. c<strong>and</strong>olleana was formerly in the genus Hypholoma <strong>and</strong> H. appendicula-<br />
tum Fr. <strong>and</strong> H. incertum Peck are synonyms. The buff color, appendiculate<br />
margin, rather cartilaginous, hollow stipe, <strong>and</strong> the series <strong>of</strong> color changes <strong>of</strong> the<br />
lamellae as the spores mature are its distinguishing characters. Sometimes the<br />
pileus ghstens as if small particles <strong>of</strong> mica were scattered on the surface.<br />
PSATHYRELLA HYDROPHILA (Fr.) Smith Suspected<br />
Figure 388, page 284<br />
Pileus %-2i/2 in. broad, fragile, campanulate-convex, becoming nearly<br />
plane with a sHght umbo, watery cinnamon-brown to chestnut-brown, fading<br />
208
COPRINUS<br />
to ochraceous buff, hygrophanous, glabrous, or with silky white fibrils espe-<br />
cially at the margin, margin somewhat striate when moist, flesh thin, fragile,<br />
brownish, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae adnate-seceding, crowded, narrow,<br />
at first grayish brown, then purpHsh brown to dark brown, stipe 1-2^2 in. long,<br />
in. thick, equal, white, glabrous or somewhat fibrillose, somewhat<br />
Vs-Va<br />
pruinose at the apex, hollow, spHtting easily, spores purple-brown, ellipsoid,<br />
smooth, 4-6 X 2.5-3.5 )u.<br />
Cespitose to densely gregarious on very rotten wood. July-Sept.<br />
This is a fairly common species <strong>and</strong> usually occurs in large clusters on<br />
rotten wood. It is typical <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> small, fragile, reddish brown species<br />
placed in this genus. They are difficult to identify accurately <strong>and</strong> must be<br />
studied microscopically. Kauffman hsted this species as suspected <strong>and</strong>, with the<br />
exception <strong>of</strong> P. c<strong>and</strong>olleana above, this whole group is best avoided as food.<br />
PSATHYRELLA VELUTINA (Fr.) Sing. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 389, page 285<br />
piLEUS 1 1/4-3 in. broad, convex to convex-campanulate, then plane <strong>and</strong><br />
obtusely umbonate, tawny brown or yellowish brown, darker in center, hygro-<br />
phanous, fading to buff-brown, appressed-fibrillose, becoming fibrillose-scaly,<br />
margin not striate but <strong>of</strong>ten fringed or appendiculate from the veil, <strong>and</strong> spHt-<br />
ting. FLESH watery brownish, thick, odor <strong>and</strong> taste earthy, lamellae adnate,<br />
close to crowded, broad, at first yellowish, then dark purple-brown, the edges<br />
white-flocculose <strong>and</strong> beaded with drops <strong>of</strong> moisture in wet weather, stipe 1-3<br />
in. long, y%-Y^ in. thick, equal, fibrillose or somewhat floccose-scaly up to the<br />
annulus, whitish above, brownish below, hollow, annulus evanescent, fibril-<br />
lose, whitish at first, becoming blackish from the spores, spores dark purple-<br />
brown, ovoid-eUipsoid, rough, 9-12 X 7-8 ju-<br />
In clusters, scattered, or solitary, along roadsides or in the woods. July-<br />
Sept.<br />
The tendency for the lamellae to become beaded with drops <strong>of</strong> moisture is<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the noteworthy characters <strong>of</strong> this species which has also been known as<br />
Hypholoma lachrymabundum (Fr.) Quel. The rough spores are also a distin-<br />
guishing character.<br />
COPRINUS<br />
Species <strong>of</strong> the genus Coprinus are commonly known as 'inky caps' because<br />
the lamellae <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten the flesh <strong>of</strong> the pileus dissolve into an inky fluid at<br />
maturity. This characteristic <strong>and</strong> the black color <strong>of</strong> the spore deposit are<br />
the principal distinguishing features <strong>of</strong> the genus.<br />
209
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
According to Smith (1949) there are about 75 species <strong>of</strong> Coprinus known<br />
in North America. Many <strong>of</strong> these are small delicate fungi that are httle known<br />
<strong>and</strong> difficult to identify. The four species described here are the best known <strong>and</strong><br />
are fairly common <strong>and</strong> frequently used for food. The stipes are tough <strong>and</strong><br />
cartilaginous <strong>and</strong> should be discarded.<br />
When Coprinus species are gathered for food, it is important to pick<br />
young specimens <strong>and</strong> use them immediately because <strong>of</strong> this characteristic <strong>of</strong><br />
the lamellae <strong>and</strong> flesh dissolving at maturity. Specimens kept for any length <strong>of</strong><br />
time will Hkely be found to be a revolting inky mess. The appearance <strong>of</strong> these<br />
fungi in various stages <strong>of</strong> decomposition is, at first sight, likely to create a feel-<br />
ing <strong>of</strong> disgust <strong>and</strong> revulsion. To the imaginative they may suggest scenes <strong>of</strong><br />
horror <strong>and</strong> it is undoubtedly a Coprinus species that inspired the following hnes<br />
by the poet Shelley<br />
:<br />
"Their moss rotted <strong>of</strong>f* them flake by flake<br />
Till the thick stalk stuck hke a murderer's stake<br />
Where rags <strong>of</strong> loose flesh yet tremble on high,<br />
Infecting the winds that w<strong>and</strong>er by."<br />
However, when the process is understood it is found to be a remarkable<br />
<strong>and</strong> fascinating adaptation for spore dissemination. In most <strong>mushrooms</strong>, the<br />
lamellae are more or less wedge-shaped, the broad edge <strong>of</strong> the wedge being<br />
attached to the pileus. The spores mature evenly over the entire surface <strong>of</strong> the<br />
lamellae from where they fall down <strong>and</strong> are carried away by air currents. In<br />
Coprinus, however, the lamellae are not wedge-shaped, but are parallel-sided<br />
<strong>and</strong> are frequently very crowded. Consequently, if spores were matured <strong>and</strong><br />
discharged in the usual way, they would be shot onto the surface <strong>of</strong> the neigh-<br />
boring lamella <strong>and</strong> their passage into the air would be interfered with. In<br />
Coprinus the spores do not mature simultaneously over the surface <strong>of</strong> the<br />
lamellae but in a relatively narrow zone beginning first at the outer edge <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pileus <strong>and</strong> progressing gradually back toward the stipe. As the spores mature,<br />
a process <strong>of</strong> autodigestion sets in by which the lamellae <strong>and</strong> flesh are trans-<br />
formed to fluid <strong>and</strong> the edge <strong>of</strong> the pileus curls back, spreading the lamellae<br />
apart (Figure 392, p. 287), thus enabling the mature spores to be discharged<br />
into the air. The spores are disseminated by air currents as in other mush-<br />
rooms, <strong>and</strong> not by the drops <strong>of</strong> fluid, although if the fluid is examined under<br />
the microscope it will be found to contain many spores that have been acci-<br />
dentally trapped there.<br />
From time to time reports have appeared in the literature suggesting that<br />
mild poisoning may result from eating Coprinus in conjunction with alcohol<br />
consumption. Recent experiments conducted by Child (1952) have given no<br />
support to this contention. It seems probable that such reports have been<br />
based upon misidentifications <strong>of</strong> Panaeolus sphinctrinus or perhaps other<br />
Panaeolus species eaten by mistake for a Coprinus. However, other mycologists<br />
claim that there are well-authenticated cases <strong>of</strong> poisoning by Coprinus where<br />
there has been no possibility <strong>of</strong> misidentification.<br />
210
COPRINUS<br />
COPRINUS ATRAMENTARIUS (Bull, ex Fr.) Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 390, 391, page 286<br />
Inky Cap<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, occasionally larger, at first ovoid, then exp<strong>and</strong>ing to<br />
conic or campanulate, gray to brownish on disk, <strong>of</strong>ten lobed <strong>and</strong> folded, some-<br />
what silky-fibrous, smooth or sometimes squamulose, becoming tattered on<br />
the margin in age. flesh thin, lamellae free, crowded, broad, at first white,<br />
becoming black <strong>and</strong> then dissolving into an inky fluid, stipe 2-8 in. long,<br />
Ya-Ya<br />
annulus, white <strong>and</strong> silky above, hollow, annulus usually toward the base <strong>of</strong><br />
in. thick, equal or narrowed at the base, somewhat fibrillose below the<br />
the stipe, very evanescent, spores black, eUiptical, smooth, 8-11 X 5-6.5 /x-<br />
Usually in clusters on the ground or in sawdust, apparently associated<br />
with buried wood. July-Sept.<br />
This species is common <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten appears in dense clusters. It is consid-<br />
ered a very desirable edible species for the young pilei are firm <strong>and</strong> meaty.<br />
Usually the gray pilei are smooth but, especially under dry conditions, may<br />
become more or less scaly from the splitting <strong>of</strong> the cuticle. Coprinus insignis<br />
Peck is somewhat similar in appearance, but has rough spores.<br />
COPRINUS COMATUS (Mull, ex Fr.) S. F. Gray <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 301, page 195; Figures 392, 393, page 287<br />
Shaggy Mane<br />
PILEUS cyHndrical or barrel-shaped, 2-6 in. long <strong>and</strong> 1-2 in. thick, grad-<br />
ually exp<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>and</strong> becoming somewhat conical to bell-shaped, at first cov-<br />
ered with a brownish or ochraceous brown cuticle which becomes torn into<br />
shaggy scales except on the disk, exposing the white to pinkish flesh, margin<br />
becoming split <strong>and</strong> recurved, flesh thin, s<strong>of</strong>t <strong>and</strong> fragile, lamellae nearly free,<br />
very crowded, broad, at first white, becoming pinkish <strong>and</strong> then black, gradually<br />
dissolving into an inky fluid starting at the margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus. stipe 2-6 in.<br />
long, J4-% in. thick, equal or tapering upward, shghtly bulbous at the base,<br />
smooth, hollow, annulus movable, usually basal, spores black, elliptical,<br />
smooth, 13-18 X 7-8 m-<br />
Common along roadsides, in city dumps, fields, or on lawns. It may be<br />
found at any time during the growing season, but is more common in the fall.<br />
The shaggy mane is one <strong>of</strong> the most easily recognized <strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
probably one <strong>of</strong> those most frequently used for food. It might be confused with<br />
Coprinus ovatus Fr. or C. sterquilinus Fr. The former is more ovate than<br />
cyHndrical in shape <strong>and</strong> has smaller spores, whereas the latter is usually<br />
smaller, becomes more exp<strong>and</strong>ed than C. comatus, <strong>and</strong> has larger spores.<br />
Since both <strong>of</strong> these species are also edible a misidentification is <strong>of</strong> no con-<br />
sequence.<br />
211
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
COPRINUS MICACEUS (Bull, ex Fr.) Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 305, page 213<br />
Glistening Inky Cap<br />
PILEUS 1/2-2 in. broad, at first ovate to elliptical, becoming conic to cam-<br />
panulate, ochraceous tan to ochraceous brown, sometimes fading to whitish,<br />
usually darker on the disk, at first covered with minute, ghstening particles<br />
which may either persist or disappear in older specimens, strongly striate to<br />
sulcate, the striae <strong>of</strong> unequal lengths, smooth on the disk, more or less lobed<br />
<strong>and</strong> uneven on the margin, lamellae adnate-seceding, crowded, moderately<br />
broad, at first white, then purpHsh to black <strong>and</strong> dissolving into an inky fluid.<br />
STIPE 1-3 in. long, Vg-W in. thick, equal, silky,<br />
brown to black, eUipsoid to ovoid, 7-9 X 4-5 n.<br />
white, hollow, spores dark<br />
Usually in dense clusters on the ground or around old stumps. Very<br />
common <strong>and</strong> may be found throughout the growing season.<br />
This species is rather small <strong>and</strong> dehcate, but usually appears in consider-<br />
able abundance. Many householders regard it as a nuisance because they<br />
consider the masses <strong>of</strong> fruiting bodies appearing on the lawn to be unsightly.<br />
It is associated with buried wood <strong>and</strong> may continue to appear for several<br />
years in places where a tree has been removed <strong>and</strong> old roots remain in the soil.<br />
Successive crops <strong>of</strong> fruit bodies may develop throughout the growing season<br />
following wet periods.<br />
COPRINUS QUADRIFIDUS Peck <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 302, Page 195<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, at first oval, becoming campanulate to somewhat<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed, gray to grayish brown, at first covered with a tomentose-floccose<br />
veil which breaks up into flakes or scales <strong>and</strong> may disappear, margin long-<br />
striate, <strong>of</strong>ten wavy, becoming rolled back, lamellae free, crowded, broad, at<br />
first whitish, then dark purple-brown to black, stipe 1 J4-4 in. long, Ys-Vs in-<br />
thick, equal or tapering upward, white, somewhat floccose, with an evanescent<br />
basal annulus. spores black, smooth, elHpsoid, 7.5-10 X 4-5 /x.<br />
Gregarious or cespitose on rotten wood. June-Aug.<br />
This is a good edible species <strong>of</strong>ten appearing early in the season <strong>and</strong><br />
occurring on rotten wood. It diff'ers from C. atramentarius in having floccose<br />
veil patches on the pileus <strong>and</strong> in its occurrence on rotten wood. The fruit bodies<br />
arise from well-developed, root-like strings <strong>of</strong> mycehum termed rhizomorphs.<br />
Figures 305-314<br />
305. Coprinus micaceus. 306. Gomphidius glutinosus.<br />
307. Panaeolus semiovatus. 308. P. sphinctrinus.<br />
309. Boletinellus merulioides. 310. Boletinus spectabilis.<br />
311. B.cavipes. 312. B.cavipes.<br />
212<br />
313. B.pictus. 314. B.pictus.
213
214<br />
317. Gyroporus cyanescens.<br />
319. Boletus edulis.<br />
321. B. subvelutipes.<br />
323. Leccinum aurantiacum.<br />
325. L. chromapes.<br />
Figures 317-326<br />
318.<br />
320.<br />
322.<br />
324.<br />
326.<br />
G. castaneus.<br />
B. edulis.<br />
B. subvelutipes.<br />
L. subglabripes.<br />
L. chromapes.<br />
so<br />
CO<br />
CO<br />
St<br />
"a<br />
o<br />
to<br />
C Q<br />
ft.<br />
vd<br />
00
215
Figures 327-329. Volvariella speciosa. 'Ml , mature fruiting body; 328, young fruiting<br />
body; 329, immature fruiting body emerging from volva.<br />
216
PANAEOLUS<br />
PANAEOLUS<br />
Panaeolus includes a small group <strong>of</strong> black-spored species. The lamellae<br />
have a characteristic mottled or dotted appearance as a result <strong>of</strong> the spores<br />
maturing unevenly. The lamellae do not deliquesce as in Coprinus. A veil is<br />
present in some species but is usually evanescent.<br />
Species <strong>of</strong> Panaeolus should not be eaten. Some are known to be <strong>poisonous</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> to cause a form <strong>of</strong> intoxication. It is considered probable that reports <strong>of</strong><br />
poisoning by Coprinus species when taken with alcohol are sometimes based on<br />
the use <strong>of</strong> Panaeolus species that have been mistaken for Coprini.<br />
PANAEOLUS FOENISECII (Fr.) Kiihner <strong>Edible</strong>, not recommended<br />
Figure 394, page 288<br />
piLEUS 1/2-1 ^^' broad, convex or campanulate-convex, sometimes plane,<br />
fleshy, hygrophanous, variable in color, dark grayish brown or smoky brown<br />
to reddish brown, fading to dingy tan or buff, glabrous, the surface sometimes<br />
cracking into patches or scales, margin even, sometimes striate when moist.<br />
FLESH thin, watery brown, fading, odor <strong>and</strong> taste mild, lamellae adnate, then<br />
seceding, close to subdistant, broad, variegated chocolate-brown to purphsh<br />
black, stipe 1 J^-3 in. long, ^6"% ii^- thick, equal, glabrous, pruinose at the<br />
apex, pale brownish, hollow, spores somewhat almond-shaped, dark purphsh<br />
brown, rough, 12-20 X 8-10 /x-<br />
In groups or scattered on lawns <strong>and</strong> grassy places. June-Sept.<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> the commonest <strong>of</strong> the small <strong>mushrooms</strong> occurring on lawns.<br />
It may be puzzhng at first because <strong>of</strong> the great changes in color that occur as it<br />
dries out, but one soon becomes acquainted with its range <strong>of</strong> variation. Micro-<br />
scopically the large rough spores are very distinctive. It is reported to be edible,<br />
but all species <strong>of</strong> Panaeolus are best avoided.<br />
PANAEOLUS SEMIOVATUS (Fr.) Lundell Not recommended<br />
Figure 307, page 213<br />
PILEUS %-2 in. broad, occasionally larger, conic to ovoid to campanulate,<br />
not exp<strong>and</strong>ed, whitish to pale clay-colored, viscid, smooth, or becoming<br />
cracked in age. flesh fairly thick, s<strong>of</strong>t, fragile, whitish, odor <strong>and</strong> taste not<br />
distinctive, lamellae adnate, separating from the stipe, ventricose, close,<br />
broad, grayish or brown, mottled black, stipe 3-8 in. long, J4-J4 i^i- thick,<br />
equal or enlarged at the base, white to palhd buff, smooth or somewhat striate,<br />
hollow. ANNULus whitish becoming black from the spores, may be striate,<br />
membranous, attached near the middle <strong>of</strong> the stipe or slightly above, spores<br />
black, elhpsoid, smooth, 16-20 X 8-11 /x-<br />
Sohtary or in small groups on horse dung, throughout the growing season.<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> the membranous annulus some authors have placed this fungus<br />
217
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
in Stropharia <strong>and</strong> it has also been placed in a distinct genus Anellaria where it<br />
has been known as Anellaria separata (Fr.) Karst. However, it seems closely<br />
related to other Panaeolus species <strong>and</strong> many <strong>of</strong> them also have a partial veil<br />
which usually remains attached to the margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus rather than forming<br />
an annulus. Thus in this instance the presence <strong>of</strong> an annulus does not seem to<br />
be a character worthy <strong>of</strong> generic rank.<br />
Panaeolus species are generally regarded as dangerous <strong>and</strong> this species is<br />
not recommended.<br />
PANAEOLUS SPHINCTRINUS (Fr.) Quel. Poisonous<br />
Figure 308, page 213<br />
PILEUS %-2 in. broad, fragile, at first bluntly conic or nearly ovoid,<br />
becoming conic-campanulate, brownish gray or oHvaceous gray, glabrous,<br />
moist or somewhat slippery when wet, sometimes more or less areolate when<br />
dry, the margin shghtly incurved <strong>and</strong> appendiculate from fragments <strong>of</strong> the<br />
veil. FLESH thin, colored hke the surface, odor <strong>and</strong> taste not distinctive, lamellae<br />
ascending-adnate, seceding, subdistant, broad, at first grayish, becoming<br />
mottled blackish, edges white-flocculose, shorter lamellae present, stipe 2J4-<br />
5 in. long, ^6"!^ ^^- thick, equal, reddish brown with a grayish-pruinose cov-<br />
ering, hollow, striate at the apex, spores black, more or less lemon-shaped,<br />
smooth, 13-19 X 9-12 m-<br />
It grows singly or in groups, usually on cow or horse dung in pastures.<br />
May-Sept.<br />
This species is fairly common <strong>and</strong> is known to be <strong>poisonous</strong>. It produces<br />
symptoms <strong>of</strong> intoxication. It might be gathered by mistake for Coprinus<br />
atramentarius <strong>and</strong> should be carefully distinguished from that species. It was<br />
called P. campanulatus Fr. by Kauffman.<br />
P. rctiru^is Fr. (Figure 424, page 302) is similar to P. sphinctrinus but has<br />
a more wrinkled or reticulate pileus. It is also believed to be <strong>poisonous</strong>.<br />
PSEUDOCOPRINUS<br />
Pseudocoprinus includes a small group <strong>of</strong> thin, fragile species with plicate-<br />
striate pilei <strong>and</strong> black spores. They are similar to delicate Coprinus species but<br />
the lamellae do not dissolve. Because <strong>of</strong> their small size <strong>and</strong> deHcate texture,<br />
they are <strong>of</strong> no value as food, but one species is included here because it some-<br />
times appears in such abundance as to attract attention.<br />
218
GOMPHIDIUS<br />
PSEUDOCOPRINUS DISSEMINATUS (Pers. ex Fr.) Kuhner <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 395, page 288<br />
piLEUS 14-/4 ini- broad, membranous, obtusely conic to oval or campanu-<br />
late, umbonate, whitish to grayish or gray-brown with the umbo buff, scurfy,<br />
becoming glabrous, margin strongly pHcate-sulcate to the umbo, flesh thin,<br />
membranous, fragile, odor none, taste mild, lamellae adnate, subdistant,<br />
broad, ventricose, at first white, becoming gray to finally black, stipe %-1 I/2 in.<br />
long, very slender, scarcely }/(^ in. in diameter, at first minutely hairy, becoming<br />
glabrous, white, hollow, spores black or purple-black, eUipsoid, smooth, 7-10<br />
X 4-5 fi.<br />
It is common throughout the summer <strong>and</strong> fall, usually arising in clusters<br />
<strong>of</strong> numerous fruit bodies on old stumps or associated with buried wood,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten appearing in abundance on lawns.<br />
It might be taken for a Coprinus but the lamellae do not deliquesce. It can<br />
be recognized by the small size, furrowed pileus <strong>and</strong> buff umbo, <strong>and</strong> by its<br />
occurrence in extensive clusters. It is edible but so thin <strong>and</strong> fragile as to be <strong>of</strong><br />
Httle value.<br />
GOMPHIDIUS<br />
Gomphidius includes a group <strong>of</strong> species characterized by their black or<br />
blackish spores <strong>and</strong> decurrent, waxy, usually subdistant to distant lamellae.<br />
They are usually more or less slimy-viscid, sometimes with a viscid veil that<br />
may leave traces <strong>of</strong> an annulus <strong>and</strong> cause the lower part <strong>of</strong> the stipe to be<br />
viscid also. Because <strong>of</strong> the waxy lamellae they were formerly considered to be<br />
close to Hygrophorus but they are now considered to be more closely related to<br />
the boletes.<br />
At least in eastern <strong>Canada</strong>, they are generally rather rare <strong>and</strong> not much is<br />
known about their edibility. They are not attractive as food because <strong>of</strong> the<br />
shmy coating <strong>and</strong> rather watery flesh but they will certainly draw the attention<br />
<strong>of</strong> the collector by their striking <strong>and</strong> unusual appearance.<br />
Singer (1949) made a study <strong>of</strong> Gomphidius in North America <strong>and</strong> recog-<br />
nized thirteen species. Only one is described here.<br />
GOMPHIDIUS GLUTINOSUS (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Fr.<br />
Figure 306, page 213<br />
PILEUS 2-4 in. broad, convex to plane or slightly depressed, not umbonate<br />
or rarely subumbonate, glabrous, viscid to glutinous, livid purplish brown.<br />
FLESH white, unchanging when bruised, sometimes sordid or pinkish in age,<br />
219
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
taste mild to slightly acid, lamellae at first whitish, then smoky gray to black-<br />
ish, decurrent, forked, subdistant to distant, waxy in consistency, stipe 1 )4-<br />
3|/^ in. long, yg-/^ ir^- thick, nearly equal or tapered at the base, glabrous to<br />
slightly fibrillose, white to pale brownish, yellow at the base, sheathed by a<br />
viscid veil that leaves an annular Hne near the apex, spores smoky gray,<br />
cyhndric-fusoid, smooth, (15) 17-20 (22) X 5-7.5 /z.<br />
Singly or gregarious in conifer woods, usually associated with spruce.<br />
Aug.-Sept.<br />
The dark, decurrent lamellae, the brownish, slimy pileus, <strong>and</strong> the yellow<br />
base <strong>of</strong> the stipe are the principal field characters <strong>of</strong> this species. It is not known<br />
whether or not it is edible.<br />
G. maculatus (Scop, ex Fr.) Fr. is another brownish to reddish brown<br />
species with a yellow base to the stipe but it lacks the slimy veil <strong>and</strong> grows in<br />
association with larch. G. vinicolor Peck is a reddish brown to vinaceous red<br />
species found with two-needle pines. Collectors on the west coast may find<br />
G. tomentosus Murr., an ochraceous or ochraceous orange species with a fibril-<br />
lose to somewhat scaly pileus that is not viscid.<br />
BOLETACEAE<br />
The Boletaceae comprise a group <strong>of</strong> species that have the stature <strong>and</strong><br />
shape <strong>of</strong> a mushroom <strong>and</strong> are s<strong>of</strong>t <strong>and</strong> fleshy in consistency but in which the<br />
spores are produced on the sides <strong>of</strong> pores or tubes rather than on lamellae.<br />
They were formerly classified with the Polyporaceae but modern systematists<br />
are generally convinced that they are more closely related to the <strong>mushrooms</strong><br />
than to the polypores. Such genera as Gomphidius <strong>and</strong> Paxillus in the <strong>mushrooms</strong><br />
show definite relationships with the boletes.<br />
The demarcation <strong>of</strong> genera within the family Boletaceae is a matter <strong>of</strong><br />
some uncertainty at present. Traditionally three genera have been recognized<br />
in North America, Boletus, Boletinus, <strong>and</strong> Strobilomyces, but modern investi-<br />
gators have concluded that these genera are too broad <strong>and</strong>, especially in the<br />
genus Boletus, there are groups <strong>of</strong> related species sufficiently distinct to merit<br />
the rank <strong>of</strong> genera. It is considered that the splitting <strong>of</strong> the old genus Boletus<br />
into several other genera represents a distinct advance in our knowledge <strong>of</strong> the<br />
classification <strong>and</strong> relationships <strong>of</strong> this group, but since some <strong>of</strong> the characters<br />
that form the principal bases for the genera are microscopic they are not readily<br />
used in a popular work intended for those who may not have a microscope<br />
available.<br />
In addition, the distinctions between some <strong>of</strong> the genera are not based on<br />
clear-cut characters but rather on combinations <strong>of</strong> characters that may be<br />
difficult for the amateur. It is therefore proposed to present two keys. The first<br />
220
BOLETACEAE<br />
<strong>of</strong> these is a more technical key to the genera <strong>of</strong> boletes in which the species<br />
described here would fall according to the system proposed by SHpp <strong>and</strong> Snell<br />
(1944) The second is a key to the species themselves, based only on macro-<br />
scopic characters. It makes no attempt to indicate relationships but is intended<br />
only as a guide to the identification <strong>of</strong> the species.<br />
Coker <strong>and</strong> Beers (1943) <strong>and</strong> Smith (1949) consider the boletes to be one <strong>of</strong><br />
the safest groups for the amateur to try as food. To be sure, some <strong>of</strong> the species<br />
with red pore mouths are <strong>poisonous</strong> <strong>and</strong> all <strong>of</strong> these should be avoided, but<br />
they are relatively rare. Smith also advises against using species in which the<br />
flesh turns blue when cut or broken although Gyroporus cyanescens which<br />
shows this reaction to an extreme degree is reported to be edible.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the difficulties about using the boletes for food is that it is hard to<br />
find them free from insect larvae. They seem to become infested very early <strong>and</strong><br />
they need to be collected carefully, the button stages being especially desirable.<br />
It is recommended that the tubes be removed <strong>and</strong> discarded before the pilei are<br />
cooked as they are <strong>of</strong> a different consistency <strong>and</strong> tend to become sHmy.<br />
Key to the genera<br />
1. Spores globose, reticulate Strobilomyces<br />
1. Spores smooth 2<br />
2. Spores small, oblong to short-elliptical 3<br />
2. Spores long-elliptical or subfusiform, colored 4<br />
3. Spores hyaline Gyroporus<br />
3. Spores colored Boletinellus<br />
4. Tubes more or less radially arranged, not easily separable from<br />
the pileus or from each other Boletinus<br />
4. Tubes not radially arranged, easily separable from<br />
the pileus <strong>and</strong> from each other 5<br />
5. Pileus viscid <strong>and</strong> spores ellipsoid Suillus<br />
5. Pileus not viscid, or if viscid spores subfusiform 6<br />
6. Tubes <strong>and</strong> spores flesh-colored Tylopilus<br />
6. Tubes <strong>and</strong> pores not flesh-colored 7<br />
7. Stipe scabrous, rather slender, tapering upward Leccinum<br />
7. Stipe not scabrous 8<br />
8. Stipe <strong>of</strong>ten more or less bulbous when young, may be reticulate,<br />
tubes sometimes stuffed when young with red mouths Boletus<br />
8. Stipe never subbulbous, tubes not stuffed nor with red mouths Xerocomus<br />
Key to the species<br />
1. Tubes easily separable from the pileus <strong>and</strong> from each other 6<br />
1. Tubes not easily separable from the pileus or from each other 2<br />
2. Tubes arranged more or less in radial rows<br />
with veins between 3<br />
2. Tubes not arranged in radial rows, pileus with prominent,<br />
erect scales, becoming blackish Strobilomyces floccopus<br />
221
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
3. Stipe hollow Boletinus cavipes<br />
3. Stipe solid 4<br />
4. Stipe central 5<br />
4. Stipe excentric to lateral; pileus brownish;<br />
tubes greenish yellow Boletinellus merulioides<br />
5. Pileus with red scales on a yellow background;<br />
spores ochraceous brown in mass Boletinus pictus<br />
5. Pileus with gray scales on a red background;<br />
spores purple-brown in mass Boletinus spectabilis<br />
6. Parasitic on Scleroderma Xerocomus parasiticus<br />
6. Not parasitic on Scleroderma 7<br />
7. Tube mouths not differently colored from the rest <strong>of</strong> the tubes 8<br />
7. Tube mouths red; colored tomentum at base <strong>of</strong> stipe Boletus subvelutipes<br />
8. Pileus viscid 9<br />
8. Pileus not viscid 14<br />
9. Annulus present 10<br />
9. Annulus lacking 11<br />
10. Stipe dotted with gl<strong>and</strong>ules Suillus subluteus<br />
10. Stipe not dotted Suillus grevillei<br />
11. Pileus glabrous 12<br />
11. Pileus subtomentose, viscid when wet; tubes turning<br />
blue when broken Xerocomus badius<br />
12. Stipe dotted with gl<strong>and</strong>ules 13<br />
12. Stipe not dotted; fruiting bodies small,<br />
reddish brown; taste peppery Suillus piperatus<br />
13. Pileus bright yellow, <strong>of</strong>ten streaked or spotted with red;<br />
stipe slender, 14 inch or less in diameter Suillus americanus<br />
13. Pileus reddish brown, to grayish yellow or tawny; stipe stouter,<br />
usually more than Vx inch in diameter Suillus granulatus<br />
14. Stipe soon hollow 15<br />
14. Stipe solid 16<br />
15. Flesh <strong>and</strong> tubes instantly turning blue when cut Gyroporus cyanescens<br />
15. Flesh not becoming blue when cut Gyroporus castaneus<br />
16. Stipe stout, more or less reticulate 17<br />
16. Stipe slender, not reticulate 18<br />
17. Tubes white becoming pinkish, taste bitter Tylopilus felleus<br />
17. Tubes soon yellow, taste pleasant Boletus edulis<br />
18. Tubes yellow or greenish yellow 19<br />
18. Tubes whitish 20<br />
19. Pileus glabrous Leccinum subglabripes<br />
19. Pileus subtomentose, cracking Xerocomus chrysenteron<br />
20. Pileus orange or red 21<br />
20. Pileus brown to blackish Leccinum scabrum<br />
111
BOLETACEAE<br />
21. Pileus pinkish red; stipe bright yellow at base Leccinum chromapes<br />
21. Pileus orange-red to brownish orange; stipe not<br />
yellow at base Leccinum aurantiacum<br />
BOLETINELLUS MERULIOIDES (Schw.) Murr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 309, page 213<br />
PILEUS 1 1/2-5 in. broad, circular to reniform, depressed towards one side,<br />
olive-brown to yellowish brown or reddish brown, finely tomentose to gla-<br />
brous, dry, margin usually indented <strong>and</strong> inrolled, finally spreading, even.<br />
FLESH s<strong>of</strong>t but rather tough, yellowish to pinkish near the surface, sometimes<br />
turning bluish green when cut, taste mild, odor none or <strong>of</strong> raw potatoes.<br />
TUBES decurrent, strongly radiating, partly lamellate, short <strong>and</strong> wide, yellow<br />
with a greenish tinge, becoming more ochraceous in age. stipe excentric or<br />
lateral, 1/2-2 in. long, i/^-% in. thick, nearly equal or slightly swollen at the<br />
base, exp<strong>and</strong>ing into the pileus above, reticulate <strong>and</strong> yellowish above, reddish<br />
brown or olivaceous brown to blackish <strong>and</strong> short-tomentose below, solid.<br />
spores yellowish to brownish-ochraceous, eUipsoid, smooth, 7.5-10.5 X 5.5-<br />
7.5 M.<br />
On damp ground in woods or open places, usually gregarious <strong>and</strong> gen-<br />
erally associated with ash. July-Sept.<br />
This species is not likely to be confused with any other. It has been widely<br />
known also under the name Boletinus porosus (Berk.) Pk. It resembles Paxillus<br />
involutus in color <strong>and</strong> shape <strong>and</strong> shows relationships with the genus Paxillus.<br />
It is said to be edible but it is not a very attractive fungus.<br />
BOLETINUS CAVIPES (Opat.) Kalchbr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 311, 312, page 213<br />
PILEUS 1-4 in. broad or sometimes larger, broadly convex, subumbonate,<br />
tawny brown to yellowish brown, sometimes tinged reddish or purphsh, fibril-<br />
lose-squamulose. flesh yellowish, taste farinaceous to bitter, tubes decurrent,<br />
radiating, at first sulphur-yellow becoming dingy ochraceous in age. stipe 1-3<br />
in. long, 54-1/2 in. thick, enlarged below up to 1 1/2 in., usually more or less<br />
reticulate above the annulus, yellow above the annulus, concolorous with the<br />
pileus below, at first stuffed, soon hollow, annulus white to ochraceous,<br />
dehcate, evanescent, sometimes partly adhering to the margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus.<br />
spores olivaceous-ochraceous in a fresh deposit, changing to yellowish-ochra-<br />
ceous, one-celled, elHpsoid, smooth, (7) 8-10 X 3-4 m-<br />
Singly or gregarious in damp woods or swamps, associated with larch or<br />
pine. Sept. <strong>and</strong> Oct.<br />
This species is usually a rich tawny brown but one collection was a bright<br />
golden yellow. It seemed to be the same in every other respect <strong>and</strong> was growing<br />
along with typical specimens. The hollow stipe is the chief diagnostic character.<br />
223
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
BOLETINUS PICTUS Peck <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 313, 314, page 213<br />
Painted Boletc<br />
PILEUS 1 1/2-4 in. broad, convex, at first dark red, fibrillose, soon becoming<br />
squamulose, the fibrils separating into reddish scales <strong>and</strong> revealing the yellow-<br />
ish flesh beneath, dry to moist or subviscid, margin somewhat appendiculate<br />
from the veil, flesh yellow, slowly becoming reddish when bruised, tubes<br />
adnate to decurrent, at first yellowish, becoming dingy ochraceous, drying<br />
brown, more or less radiately arranged, stipe 114-3 in. long, )4-!/2 (%) Jri-<br />
thick, equal or swollen at the base, colored Hke the pileus, yellow at the apex,<br />
reddish-scaly below, annulus whitish to grayish, fairly persistent, spores och-<br />
raceous brown, eUipsoid, smooth, (7.5) 8-10 (11) X 3.0-4.0 fi.<br />
July-Oct.<br />
Singly or gregarious in woods or swamps, perhaps associated with pine.<br />
This species is sometimes called the painted boletus <strong>and</strong> is one <strong>of</strong> the more<br />
beautiful <strong>of</strong> our fungi. It is sometimes confused with B. spectabilis but the<br />
latter has gray scales on a red background in contrast to the red scales on a<br />
yellowish background <strong>of</strong> B. pictus. The spore size will separate them with<br />
certainty.<br />
BOLETINUS SPECTABILIS (Peck) Murr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 310, page 213<br />
PILEUS 1 1/2-3 in. or more broad, convex, bright red, at first covered with a<br />
red tomentum, then becoming scaly, the scales viscid, fading to grayish red,<br />
brownish, or yellowish, margin more or less appendiculate. flesh whitish to<br />
pale yellow, becoming brighter yellow when wounded, taste <strong>and</strong> odor un-<br />
pleasant. TUBES adnate to slightly decurrent, yellowish to ochraceous, drying<br />
dark brown, more or less radiately arranged, stipe 11/2-3 in. long, V^-Vi in.<br />
thick, swollen at the base or nearly equal, yellow above the annulus, red or<br />
yellowish red below, solid, annulus reddish to yellowish, double, more or less<br />
persistent, spores purpHsh brown, ellipsoid, smooth, 11-14 X 4.5-6 /x-<br />
Singly or gregarious, associated with larch in bogs. Aug.-Sept.<br />
The radiating arrangement <strong>of</strong> the tubes is less marked in this species than<br />
in other Boletinus species. It is a very showy <strong>and</strong> beautiful species. The grayish<br />
scales <strong>and</strong> larger spores separate it from B. pictus. B. paluster Peck is somewhat<br />
similarly colored but is smaller <strong>and</strong> has strongly radiating, decurrent pores,<br />
<strong>and</strong> smaller spores.<br />
BOLETUS EDULIS Bull, ex Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 319, 320, page 215<br />
<strong>Edible</strong> Boletus (Cepe, Steinpilz)<br />
PiLEUS 21/2-6 in. broad, sometimes larger, convex to nearly plane, variable<br />
in color, yellowish brown or tawny brown to fight buff or grayish red, margin<br />
224
BOLETACEAE<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten paler, glabrous, dry to subviscid when wet. flesh white or yellowish,<br />
sometimes pinkish, unchanging, taste sweet <strong>and</strong> nutty, tubes adnexed to<br />
nearly free, depressed around the stipe, at first white <strong>and</strong> stuffed, becoming<br />
greenish yellow, stipe 2)/2-6 in. long, J^-1 1/4 in. thick, equal or swollen at the<br />
base up to 2j4 in., reticulate, sometimes for the entire length, sometimes only<br />
at the apex, whitish to yellowish or brownish, soHd. spores oHvaceous brown<br />
to ochraceous brown, ellipsoid-fusiform, smooth, 13-18 (21) X 4-6 ju.<br />
Solitary or gregarious on the ground in woods <strong>and</strong> open places. June-Oct.<br />
B. edulis is one <strong>of</strong> the best edible fungi but it is difficult to find it free from<br />
insect larvae in eastern <strong>Canada</strong>. In Europe it is a very well-known species <strong>and</strong><br />
has a good many common names such as cepe <strong>and</strong> Steinpilz. In some parts <strong>of</strong><br />
central Europe special trains used to <strong>and</strong> may still run from the cities in the<br />
right season for people to go to the country <strong>and</strong> collect this bolete. It can be<br />
shced <strong>and</strong> dried <strong>and</strong> retains its rich, nutty flavor when used in gravies or stews.<br />
BOLETUS SUBVELUTIPES Peck Dangerous<br />
Figures 321, 322, page 215<br />
piLEUS 1 54-5 in. broad, convex, yellowish brown to reddish or dark<br />
brown, sometimes paler or olivaceous toward the margin, at first somewhat<br />
velvety-tomentose, becoming glabrous, flesh yellow, changing to blue when<br />
wounded, taste mild, tubes adnexed, depressed around the stipe, red at the<br />
mouths, elsewhere yellow, becoming blue when wounded, stipe 2-4% in. long,<br />
V2-1 54 in. thick, equal or tapering upward, sometimes bulbous at the base,<br />
more or less furfuraceous to nearly glabrous, with a red or yellow, coarsely<br />
hairy tomentum at the base, reddish brown above, yellow at the apex, solid.<br />
SPORES yellowish, elHpsoid-fusiform, smooth, 12-17 X 4.5-6 /x.<br />
Usually sohtary or gregarious on the ground in mixed woods. July-Sept.<br />
In several species the mouths <strong>of</strong> the tubes are red <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> these are<br />
known to be <strong>poisonous</strong>. The species in this group are rather difficult to identify<br />
<strong>and</strong> no species with red tube mouths should be eaten. This species, with the<br />
furfuraceous, nearly equal stipe <strong>and</strong> colored tomentum at the base appears to<br />
be the commonest one.<br />
GYROPORUS CASTANEUS (Bull, ex Fr.) Quel. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 318, page 215<br />
PILEUS 1-2% in. broad, convex to nearly plane, chestnut-brown to reddish<br />
brown, sometimes paler to cinnamon, dry, minutely velvety-tomentose, margin<br />
becoming upturned, flesh white, unchanging or sometimes brownish, mild.<br />
TUBES depressed around the stipe, at first white, becoming cream to yellow,<br />
<strong>and</strong> becoming brownish when bruised, stipe 1-2 in. long, 54-% in. thick,<br />
tapering upward or nearly equal, concolorous, velvety-tomentose, hollow.<br />
SPORES yellow, broadly ellipsoid, smooth, (7) 8.5-11 (13) X (4) 5-6 (7) ji.<br />
225
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
Singly or gregarious on the ground in woods or open places. July-Sept.<br />
This species is easily recognized by the chestnut-brown, tomentose pileus<br />
<strong>and</strong> stipe, the eUipsoid spores, whitish to yellowish tubes, <strong>and</strong> hollow stipe.<br />
GYROPORUS CYANESCENS (Bull, ex Fr.) Quel. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 317, page 215<br />
PILEUS 1 1/2-4 in. broad, convex to nearly plane, pale yellowish to buff or<br />
tan, coarsely floccose-tomentose, dry, margin incurved, flesh whitish, in-<br />
stantly turning blue when wounded <strong>and</strong> darkening to nearly black, mild.<br />
TUBES free, depressed around stipe, whitish, becoming yellowish, instantly<br />
turning blue when wounded, stipe 2-3 in. long, Y^-l in. thick, tapering up,<br />
ventricose or irregularly swollen, tomentose, concolorous with pileus, in-<br />
stantly turning blue when wounded, stuffed, becoming hollow, spores yellow,<br />
oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, 8-10 (11) X 4.5-6 ju.<br />
Singly or gregarious on the ground in woods <strong>and</strong> open places. July-Sept.<br />
This species is easily recognized by the pale, tomentose pileus <strong>and</strong> the im-<br />
mediate change to blue <strong>of</strong> all parts <strong>of</strong> the fruit body when wounded. In spite <strong>of</strong><br />
the unattractive appearance from this reaction it is reported to be edible <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
good flavor.<br />
LECCINUM AURANTIACUM (Bull.) S. F. Gray <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 323, page 215<br />
PILEUS 1 1/2-6 in. broad, convex, reddish orange to orange-yellow or<br />
reddish brown, dry, minutely tomentose to fibrillose-squamulose, rarely gla-<br />
brous, margin appendiculate. flesh white or whitish to pinkish, at times turning<br />
shghtly blue when cut, finally becoming grayish to blackish, firm, taste mild,<br />
TUBES adnate to adnexed, becoming free, dirty white to gray, stipe 2-6 in. long,<br />
1/^-2 in. thick, tapering upward to nearly equal, more or less scabrous to<br />
squamulose, the projections at first whitish, then reddish brown, finally<br />
blackish, solid, sometimes changing to blue-green at base when cut. spores<br />
brown, ellipsoid-fusiform, smooth, 11-17 X 3.5-5 fi.<br />
Solitary or gregarious on the ground, usually associated with birch or<br />
poplar. June-Oct.<br />
The scabrous stipe, orange pileus, <strong>and</strong> appendiculate margin are the dis-<br />
tinguishing characters. It is <strong>of</strong>ten very firm <strong>and</strong> hard, especially when young.<br />
It is one <strong>of</strong> our commonest boletes.<br />
LECCINUM CHROMAPES (Frost) Sing. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 325, 326, page 215<br />
PILEUS 1 J/2-4 (5) in. broad, convex to nearly plane, pinkish red, sometimes<br />
brownish or buff in older specimens, dry, slightly tomentose, margin thick.<br />
flesh white or faintly pink, unchanging, mild, tubes depressed at the stipe,<br />
226
BOLETACEAE<br />
nearly free, whitish to flesh colored, somewhat brownish in age. stipe 2-4 in.<br />
long, y8-% iri- thick, equal or tapering upward, sometimes narrowed at the<br />
base, whitish, more or less washed with rose, bright chrome-yellow at the<br />
base, scabrous-dotted, spores pinkish brown, oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, 10-14<br />
(16) X 3.5-5.5 /x.<br />
Usually singly on the ground in woods. June-Sept.<br />
This species is not common but is one <strong>of</strong> our most beautiful boletes <strong>and</strong> is<br />
easily recognized by the rosy pileus <strong>and</strong> the bright yellow base <strong>of</strong> the stipe.<br />
LECCINUM SCABRUM (Bull, ex Fr.) S. F. Gray <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 330, page 233<br />
PILEUS 2-5 in. broad, convex to plane, minutely velvety to glabrous,<br />
slightly viscid when wet, color variable, usually some shade <strong>of</strong> brown, from<br />
paUid to tawny brown, grayish brown, or blackish brown, flesh whitish, un-<br />
changing or occasionally becoming shghtly pinkish to grayish, not blackening,<br />
taste mild, tubes depressed at the stipe <strong>and</strong> free or nearly so, whitish becoming<br />
hght brownish, darkening when bruised, stipe 3-5 in. long, ^2-% ii^- thick,<br />
tapering upward to nearly equal, whitish or grayish, with blackish, scabrous<br />
dots, soHd, sometimes turning blue at the base when cut. spores brown, ellip-<br />
soid-fusiform, smooth, (14) 15-19 (21) X 5-7 /u.<br />
Singly or gregarious on the ground in woods or open places. July-Oct.<br />
This is probably our commonest bolete although Singer has recently<br />
shown that two species have been confused under this name. He has described<br />
the second species as Leccinum oxydabile (Sing.) Sing. The two are very similar<br />
in appearance <strong>and</strong> can be separated with certainty only by microscopic<br />
characters. If a form is collected in which the flesh turns red when cut it is<br />
probably L. oxydabile. The latter has slightly larger spores <strong>and</strong> the structure <strong>of</strong><br />
the cuticle <strong>of</strong> the pileus is diff'erent. In L. scabrum the cuticle is composed <strong>of</strong><br />
slender, filamentous hyphae but in L. oxydabile there are some much broader<br />
hyphae <strong>and</strong> chains <strong>of</strong> short cells.<br />
A whitish form is sometimes found that Singer calls L. scabrum ssp.<br />
niveum (Figure 331, p. 233) but which others have regarded as a good species.<br />
It has smaller spores than the typical form <strong>and</strong> sometimes has greenish tints<br />
in the pileus. It can be distinguished from the whitish L. albellum (Pk.) Sing, by<br />
the structure <strong>of</strong> the cuticle which in the latter also has chains <strong>of</strong> short cells.<br />
Duller-colored specimens <strong>of</strong> L. aurantiacum may also be mistaken for<br />
L. scabrum, but can be distinguished by their smaller spores <strong>and</strong> the appendicu-<br />
late margin <strong>of</strong> their pilei.<br />
LECCINUM SUBGLABRIPES (Peck) Sing. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 324, page 215<br />
pileus 1 14-3 J/2 in. broad, convex to plane, yellowish brown to reddish<br />
brown or chestnut, glabrous, dry, with a shghtly projecting, sterile margin.<br />
227
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
FLESH pale yellowish, unchanging, mild to sHghtly acid, tubes adnate, becoming<br />
depressed around the stipe, bright yellow becoming greenish yellow to olive.<br />
STIPE 1 Yz-^Yz<br />
in. long, !4-% in. thick, equal or shghtly tapering upward, nar-<br />
rowed at the base, yellowish with reddish stains, somewhat yellowish furfuraceous,<br />
solid, spores oHve-brown, eUipsoid-fusiform, smooth, (11) 12-14(16) X<br />
(3) 3.5-4.5 (6) M.<br />
Sept.<br />
Singly or gregarious on the ground in frondose or mixed woods. June-<br />
This is a fairly common species <strong>and</strong> differs from the other Leccinums in<br />
having yellow tubes. However, the slender, furfuraceous stipe, <strong>and</strong> other<br />
characters seem to indicate that it is more closely related to Leccinum than to<br />
Boletus.<br />
STROBILOMYCES FLOCCOPUS (Vahl ex Fr.) Karst. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 348, page 235; Figure 425, page 302<br />
pileus 2-5 in. broad, hemispherical to convex, dry, covered with large,<br />
thick, erect, floccose, blackish brown scales, margin thick <strong>and</strong> irregular, appen-<br />
diculate with scales <strong>and</strong> veil fragments, flesh whitish, soon reddening <strong>and</strong><br />
becoming black when wounded, mild, tubes at first whitish, changing color<br />
like the flesh, adnate, depressed at the stipe, mouths rather large, angular.<br />
STIPE 2-5 in. long, i4-% in. thick, nearly equal or somewhat enlarged at base,<br />
colored like the pileus, floccose-tomentose from the remains <strong>of</strong> the veil, solid.<br />
SPORES black in mass, globose, reticulate, 9-12 X 9-10 /x.<br />
Usually occurring singly on the ground or attached to rotten wood in<br />
frondose or mixed woods. July-Sept.<br />
This species has been known under the name Strobilomyces strobilaceus<br />
(Scop, ex Fr.) Berk., but S.floccopus is the correct name for it. It is sometimes<br />
called the cone-like boletus or pine cone fungus, perhaps because <strong>of</strong> the<br />
shaggy appearance caused by the large scale. It is a striking fungus but rather<br />
unattractive in appearance. It is said to be edible but <strong>of</strong> indifferent quality.<br />
SUILLUS AMERICANUS (Peck) Snell <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 332, page 233<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, convex to subconic or sometimes slightly umbonate,<br />
bright yellow, more or less streaked or spotted irregularly with red to reddish<br />
brown, viscid, glabrous, margin sHghtly tomentose-appendiculate when young.<br />
FLESH yellow, turning reddish when wounded, mild, tubes adnate to decurrent,<br />
yellow to brownish yellow, drying ochraceous brown, gl<strong>and</strong>ular-dotted, stipe<br />
1-2 1/2 in. long, Vg-W<br />
in. thick, sometimes thicker, rather slender, equal or<br />
nearly so, thickly gl<strong>and</strong>ular-dotted, yellow between the brownish dots, blackish<br />
when dried, solid, annulus lacking or very rarely present, then yellowish, floc-<br />
228
BOLETACEAE<br />
cose, evanescent, spores cinnamon-brown, ellipsoid, smooth, (8) 9-10 (11) X<br />
3-4 (5) M<br />
Gregarious on the ground in woods or open places, probably associated<br />
with pine. July-Sept.<br />
This species is easily confused with S. subaureus (Pk.) Snell. The latter has<br />
a thicker stipe, less heavily gl<strong>and</strong>ular-dotted, <strong>and</strong> a thicker pileus. The spores <strong>of</strong><br />
S. subaureus are slightly smaller, mostly 7-9 m long <strong>and</strong> only rarely reaching<br />
10 M> whereas spores <strong>of</strong> S. americanus are mostly 9-10 ju <strong>and</strong> some reach 1 1 /x.<br />
It is usually described as lacking an annulus but one collection was found<br />
which agreed with S. americanus in every respect but had a clearly marked<br />
annulus present.<br />
It is said to be edible but lacking flavor.<br />
SUILLUS GRANULATUS (L. ex Fr.) Kuntze <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 333, page 233<br />
PILEUS %-3 54 in. broad, convex to plane, usually reddish brown but vari-<br />
able to grayish pink, grayish yellow, tawny, or brown, viscid, glabrous, flesh<br />
pale yellowish to whitish, mild, tubes adnate, yellowish, the mouths gl<strong>and</strong>ular-<br />
dotted, stipe %-2% in. long, Ya-Vi in. thick, equal or nearly so, white to<br />
brownish, yellow near apex, gl<strong>and</strong>ular-dotted at apex to about half way down,<br />
soHd. spores yellowish brown, elHpsoid, smooth, (6) 7-9 (10) X 2.5-3.5 m-<br />
Usually gregarious in woods or open places, probably associated with<br />
pine. June-Oct.<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> our commonest boletes. It is most Hkely to be confused with<br />
S. brevipes (Peck) Kuntze which is also associated with pines but usually<br />
appears late in the year <strong>and</strong> has a short stipe that lacks gl<strong>and</strong>ular dots. Both<br />
species are good to eat.<br />
SUILLUS GREVILLEI (Kl.) Sing. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 334, page 233<br />
PILEUS 1 1/^-4 in. broad, sometimes larger, convex to nearly plane, chest-<br />
nut-brown to yellow on margin, or reddish yellow to golden yellow, glabrous,<br />
viscid, margin sometimes more or less appendiculate. flesh yellow, mild.<br />
TUBES adnate to decurrent, bright golden yellow, becoming brown or purplish<br />
brown when wounded, stipe 1-4 in. long, 54-% in. thick, equal or sHghtly<br />
tapering upward, usually finely reticulate above the annulus, not gl<strong>and</strong>ular-<br />
dotted, variable below the annulus, more or less fibrillose to glabrous, reddish<br />
or reddish brown to yellow, bright yellow above the annulus, soHd. annulus<br />
whitish to yellowish to reddish brown, usually prominent <strong>and</strong> persistent.<br />
spores golden brown to ochraceous brown, smooth, ellipsoid, 7-1 1 X 3-4 m-<br />
Gregarious on the ground, associated with larch. Aug.-Oct.<br />
Sometimes this species is very richly colored <strong>and</strong> striking in appearance.<br />
229
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
It has also been known under the names Boletus clintonianus Peck <strong>and</strong> B. ele-<br />
gans Fr. The shmy cuticle should be removed before cooking.<br />
SUILLUS PIPERATUS (Bull, ex Fr.) Kuntze Not edible<br />
Figure 335, page 233<br />
piLEUS %-2i4 in. broad, convex, yellowish brown, cinnamon-brown or<br />
reddish brown, glabrous or subtomentose toward the margin when young,<br />
slightly viscid when moist, flesh whitish or yellowish, sometimes tinged red-<br />
dish, sometimes turning blue near the tubes when wounded, the blue quickly<br />
fading again, taste very acrid <strong>and</strong> peppery, tubes adnate to shghtly decurrent,<br />
deep reddish brown, irregular, slightly radially arranged near the stipe, stipe<br />
1-3 in. long, J/g-^/i ii^- thick, equal or nearly so, straight or curved, paler than<br />
the pileus, bright yellow at the base, soHd. spores rusty brown, elUpsoid,<br />
smooth, 8-11 X 3-4 /z.<br />
On the ground in woods <strong>and</strong> open places. July-Oct.<br />
The most distinctive character <strong>of</strong> this small brownish species is the very<br />
peppery taste. S. rubinellus (Peck) Sing, is another small species but brighter<br />
colored, with tubes entirely red <strong>and</strong> mild taste.<br />
SUILLUS SUBLUTEUS (Peck) Snell <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 336, page 233<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, convex to nearly plane, yellowish brown to reddish<br />
brown, sometimes with an olive tinge, viscid, glabrous or somewhat virgate-<br />
fibrillose to indistinctly squamulose. flesh yellow or yellowish, unchanging,<br />
mild or sHghtly acid, tubes adnate, yellow at first, becoming more olivaceous<br />
in age, gl<strong>and</strong>ular-dotted, stipe lYz-^Vi in. long, |4-!^ in. thick, equal above<br />
<strong>and</strong> below the annulus, yellow above, more pallid toward the base, solid.<br />
ANNULUS forming an apical to median, grayish b<strong>and</strong>, not sheathing the stipe,<br />
viscid. SPORES brownish-ochraceous, ellipsoid, smooth, (7.5) 8-10 (11) X 2.5-<br />
3.5 fjL.<br />
Usually solitary to gregarious on the ground, associated with five-needle<br />
pines. July-Sept.<br />
It is likely to be confused with S. luteus (L. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray which is<br />
generally a stouter plant with a stipe usually more than Yi in. thick, <strong>and</strong> the<br />
annulus forming a sheath rather than a b<strong>and</strong> on the stipe. S. luteus is more<br />
likely to be found associated with two-needle pines.<br />
TYLOPILUS FELLEUS (Bull, ex Fr.) Karst. Not edible<br />
Figure 337, page 233<br />
PILEUS 1 1/2-8 1/2 in. broad, convex, becoming nearly plane, grayish brown,<br />
yellowish brown, to reddish brown, dry, glabrous, flesh white, sometimes<br />
230
BOLETACEAE<br />
more or less pinkish when wounded, taste very bitter, tubes adnate, depressed<br />
around the stipe, at first white, becoming rosy flesh colored, becoming brown-<br />
ish when bruised, stuffed when young, stipe 1 J/i-4% in. long, J/2-2<br />
in. thick,<br />
equal or tapering upward, sometimes bulbous at the base, more or less reticu-<br />
late, concolorous with the pileus or nearly so. spores ellipsoid-fusiform,<br />
smooth, rose colored (9) 10-14 (17) X 3-4.5 /x-<br />
Solitary or gregarious in woods <strong>and</strong> open places. June-Oct.<br />
The rose colored tubes, reticulate stipe, <strong>and</strong> bitter taste are the distin-<br />
guishing characters <strong>of</strong> this species. Occasionally the bitter taste may be lacking.<br />
It is one <strong>of</strong> the more common species <strong>and</strong> sometimes reaches a very large size.<br />
T. plumbeoviolaceus (Snell) Snell has been confused with it or regarded as a<br />
variety, but it seems to be a distinct species with violaceous colors <strong>and</strong> very<br />
firm consistency, <strong>and</strong> matures rather slowly.<br />
XEROCOMUS BADIUS (Fr.) Klihner ex Gilbert <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 338, 339, page 233<br />
PILEUS 2-3 in. broad, convex to nearly plane, bay-brown to chestnut-<br />
brown, sometimes tinged olivaceous, viscid, minutely tomentose. flesh yellow-<br />
ish, turning blue when wounded, especially near the tubes, then the blue fading,<br />
mild. TUBES adnate or depressed around the stipe, pale greenish yellow, becom-<br />
ing blue when wounded, stipe 2-3)/^ in. long, Vi-%<br />
^^- thick, nearly equal,<br />
colored Hke the pileus, sometimes yellow at the apex, white mycehoid at base,<br />
more or less streaked with darker hnes, sohd. spores olive-brown, elHpsoid-<br />
fusiform, smooth, 10-15 X 3.5-5.0 jx.<br />
Singly or gregarious on the ground, usually associated with pine. June-<br />
Sept.<br />
The deep brown pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe <strong>and</strong> the greenish yellow pores that turn<br />
blue when wounded are the chief distinguishing characters <strong>of</strong> this species. It is<br />
not very common.<br />
XEROCOMUS CHRYSENTERON (Bull, ex Fr.) Quel. Doubtful<br />
Figures 345, 346, page 235<br />
PILEUS 1-2 in. broad, convex to nearly plane, olive-brown to reddish<br />
brown, dry, felty-tomentose, becoming cracked <strong>and</strong> showing reddish in the<br />
cracks, flesh yellowish, slightly acid, tubes adnate to depressed, greenish<br />
yellow, changing to blue when wounded, rather large, stipe 1-1 1/2 in. long, %yg<br />
in. thick, equal or nearly so, striate, reddish or yellowish, soHd, rather tough<br />
<strong>and</strong> rigid, spores yellow-brown, ellipsoid-fusiform, smooth, 10-14 X (3) 4-<br />
5.5 M.<br />
Usually soHtary on the ground or on rotten wood. June-Oct.<br />
This species is common <strong>and</strong> variable. The felty pileus with cracks showing<br />
red, the large greenish pores that change to blue, <strong>and</strong> the slender, tough stipe<br />
231
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
usually showing some red coloration are the distinguishing features. X. subto-<br />
mentosus (L. ex Fr.) Quel, might be confused with it but in this species the<br />
cracks on the pileus show yellow, the flesh <strong>and</strong> tubes do not turn blue or per-<br />
haps the mouths very shghtly so, the tubes are more yellow, <strong>and</strong> the stipe is<br />
slightly reticulate at the apex <strong>and</strong> has no red in its coloration.<br />
There are conflicting reports in the Hterature regarding the edibility <strong>of</strong><br />
X. chrysenteron. Its rather tough texture does not recommend it <strong>and</strong> it is<br />
probably better avoided, although it is likely not actually <strong>poisonous</strong>.<br />
XEROCOMUS PARASITICUS (Bull, ex Fr.) Quel.<br />
Figure 347, page 235<br />
PILEUS 1 1/2-2 in. broad, convex, yellowish brown to grayish to oHvaceous,<br />
dry, velvety-tomentose, becoming glabrous, sometimes cracking, flesh white,<br />
becoming yellowish when cut. tubes decurrent, somewhat lamellate near the<br />
stipe, yellow to ohvaceous. stipe 1-2 in. long, Y^-Yi in. thick, equal or nearly<br />
so, yellow, with a velvety tomentose covering that becomes torn into flecks <strong>and</strong><br />
patches leaving the stipe more or less dotted, spores dark oHve-brown, elhp-<br />
soid-fusiform, smooth, 12-17 X 5-6.5 /x<br />
Parasitic on species <strong>of</strong> Scleroderma. Aug.-Sept.<br />
This is a rare species, remarkable for its unusual habit <strong>of</strong> parasitizing a<br />
puff'ball. It is not likely to be confused with anything else because <strong>of</strong> its unusual<br />
place <strong>of</strong> growth.<br />
Figures 330-339<br />
330. Leccinum scabrum. 331. L. scabrum ssp. niveum.<br />
332. Suillus americanus. 333. S. granulatus.<br />
334. S. grevillei. 335. S. piperatus.<br />
232<br />
336. S. subluteus. 337. Tylopilus felleus.<br />
338. Xerocomus badius. 339. X. badius.
233
234<br />
Figures 341-350<br />
341. Cortinarius alboviolaceus. 342.<br />
343. Agaricus edulis. 344.<br />
345. Xerocomus chrysenteron. 346.<br />
347. X. parasiticus. 348.<br />
349. Clavaria stricta. 350.<br />
Naematoloma sublateritium.<br />
A. placomyces.<br />
X. chrysenteron.<br />
Strobilomyces floccopus.<br />
Hypomyces lactifluorum.<br />
•2<br />
5<br />
o<br />
s:<br />
'S.<br />
o<br />
3<br />
00
235
236<br />
«3<br />
O<br />
ft.<br />
«0
POLYPORACEAE<br />
POLYPORACEAE<br />
The Polyporaceae include a group <strong>of</strong> fungi in which the spores are borne<br />
in the interior <strong>of</strong> tubes as in the Boletaceae but the fruiting bodies are not fleshy<br />
as in the Boletaceae but usually hard <strong>and</strong> tough, leathery, corky, cheesy, or<br />
woody in consistency. They are nearly always found on wood <strong>and</strong> are a very<br />
important group <strong>of</strong> fungi economically because <strong>of</strong> the damage they cause by<br />
rotting the wood. However, because <strong>of</strong> their tough consistency they are <strong>of</strong><br />
Httle interest as food. Only a very few species are edible.<br />
They will doubtless attract the attention <strong>of</strong> the collector because <strong>of</strong> their<br />
abundance <strong>and</strong> prominence in the fungus flora <strong>of</strong> the woods. Typically the}<br />
appear as bracket-hke or shelf-like fruiting bodies sometimes referred to as<br />
conks on trees or logs ; some are inconspicuous, lying flat against the substrate,<br />
<strong>and</strong> some are more or less stalked <strong>and</strong> mushroom-Hke in shape. It might be<br />
thought that the latter type would be confused with boletes but in practice<br />
there is little difficulty in distinguishing between the boletes <strong>and</strong> polypores<br />
because the consistency is so different.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> the fruiting bodies <strong>of</strong> the polypores are perennial, persisting for<br />
several years <strong>and</strong> developing a new layer <strong>of</strong> tubes each season. Some <strong>of</strong> these<br />
fruiting bodies may reach considerable size. One species that occurs on the<br />
Pacific Coast, Oxyporus nobilissimus W. B. Cooke has been known to reach a<br />
size <strong>of</strong> 56 X 37 inches <strong>and</strong> a weight <strong>of</strong> 300 pounds.<br />
Only seven species have been included here: one, Ganoderma tsugae,<br />
because its distinctive <strong>and</strong> beautiful appearance will certainly attract attention,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the others because they are fairly common <strong>and</strong> have been reported to be<br />
edible when young. The Beefsteak Fungus, Fistulina hepatica (Huds.) Fr., long<br />
celebrated as an excellent edible fungus, belongs in the Polyporaceae but it<br />
appears to be so rare in <strong>Canada</strong> as to be scarcely worth including. It is a fleshy<br />
tongue-shaped fungus, said to resemble a beefsteak in color, <strong>and</strong> with the pores<br />
separate from each other. It may be found in southern Ontario.<br />
Key to the species described<br />
1. Pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe appearing as if varnished Ganoderma tsugae<br />
1. Pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe not varnished 2<br />
2. Pileus yellowish, scaly; pores large Polyporus squamosus<br />
2. Pileus not scaly 3<br />
3. Pileus with strongly projecting, thick sterile margin,<br />
growing on birch Polyporus betulinus<br />
3. Pileus without a projecting sterile margin 4<br />
4. Pileus stipitate 5<br />
4. Pileus not stipitate 6<br />
5. Fruiting bodies occurring singly or gregarious,<br />
whitish to yellowish<br />
5. Fruiting bodies densely cespitose; stipes numerous,<br />
branching, arising from a fleshy mass<br />
Polyporus ovinus<br />
Polyporus frondosus<br />
237
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
6. Pileus bright sulphur-yellow to<br />
pinkish or orange Polyporus sulphureus<br />
6. Pileus dark brown, velvety, watery-fleshy Polyporus resinosus<br />
GANODERMA TSUGAE Murr. Not edible<br />
FigLiic 396, page 289<br />
PILEUS 2-12 in. in diameter, more or less fan-shaped to bean-shaped,<br />
stipitate or sessile by a narrowed base, variable in color, reddish, reddish<br />
brown, mahogany colored, brownish orange to nearly black, with a white to<br />
yellow or orange margin, glabrous, with a varnished appearance, flesh white<br />
or nearly so, except brownish near the tubes, thick, tough, corky, tubes whitish<br />
becoming brown when bruised, stipe when present usually lateral or excentric,<br />
colored like the pileus, 1 y^-6 in. long, Yi-X Vi<br />
in. thick, spores brown, ovoid,<br />
sHghtly rough, 9-1 1 X 6-8 //•<br />
On <strong>and</strong> about stumps <strong>and</strong> logs <strong>of</strong> coniferous trees, especially hemlock.<br />
July-Nov., sometimes persisting through the winter.<br />
This is a beautiful fungus. The bright colors <strong>and</strong> varnished appearance<br />
will certainly attract attention, but it is not edible. There has been some differ-<br />
ence <strong>of</strong> opinion as to whether or not G. lucidum (Leyss ex Fr.) Karst. is the<br />
same fungus but it seems best to regard this form, which occurs on hardwoods,<br />
as a distinct species.<br />
POLYPORUS BETULINUS Bull, ex Fr. <strong>Edible</strong> when young<br />
Figure 352, page 253<br />
pileus 1 1/4-10 in. long, 1 14-6 in. broad, more or less elongated to circular,<br />
convex, or attached by a lateral, stem-like umbo, usually sessile, whitish to<br />
brownish, glabrous or somewhat scurfy, with a thick, sterile, inroUed margin<br />
projecting down below the tube surface, flesh white, rather thick, rather<br />
cheesy to corky in age. tubes white, small, usually smooth but sometimes<br />
becoming somewhat toothed, spores cylindric to allantoid, smooth, 3.5-5 X<br />
1-2 M.<br />
On living or dead birch trees. May-Nov.<br />
The characteristic, thick, projecting margin <strong>and</strong> the occurrence on birch<br />
only, are the chief distinguishing marks <strong>of</strong> this species. It is an easy one to<br />
recognize. It has been reported to be edible when young but is usually too<br />
tough to be <strong>of</strong> any value.<br />
POLYPORUS FRONDOSUS (Dicks.) Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 397, page 289<br />
Hen <strong>of</strong> the Woods<br />
fructification 6-12 in. or more in diameter, consisting <strong>of</strong> a fleshy mass <strong>of</strong><br />
crowded, much-branched stipes which exp<strong>and</strong> above into imbricated pilei )^-<br />
238
POLYPORACEAE<br />
2 in. broad, somewhat fan-shaped, whitish to gray, smooth, margin <strong>of</strong>ten split<br />
or lobed, taste sHghtly peppery, tubes white, decurrent, very short, spores<br />
white, smooth, broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 5-7 X 3.5-5 /x.<br />
Arising from a buried sclerotium, usually around hardwood stumps. Not<br />
common. Sept.<br />
This species is sometimes called the hen <strong>of</strong> the woods because the mass <strong>of</strong><br />
imbricated gray pilei suggests a hen on a nest. It is said to be <strong>of</strong> good flavor.<br />
P. umbellatus (Pers.) Fr. has a more definite, central, stem-hke mass from<br />
which the stipes arise, the pilei are more circular <strong>and</strong> centrally depressed, <strong>and</strong><br />
the spores are cylindric. It is also said to be edible.<br />
POLYPORUS OVINUS (Schaeff.) Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 353, page 253<br />
pileus 1 Yi-S<br />
in. broad, white or whitish, becoming yellowish in age, con-<br />
vex to exp<strong>and</strong>ed or sometimes depressed, smooth or surface becoming cracked.<br />
FLESH white, becoming yellowish, rather tough, taste <strong>and</strong> odor mild <strong>and</strong> pleas-<br />
ant, tubes whitish to yellowish, short, decurrent. stipe 1-3 in. long, )4-% iii-<br />
thick, central to excentric, white, somewhat bulbous, spores white, smooth,<br />
broadly elhpsoid to subglobose, 3.5-4 X 2.5-3.5 /x-<br />
On the ground in coniferous woods, not common. July-Oct.<br />
This is reported to be a good edible species but is not found <strong>of</strong>ten. P. con-<br />
Huens (Alb. & Schw.) Fr. differs in becoming reddish when old or on drying. It<br />
is also said to be edible. P. griseus Peck is a whitish to smoky gray species<br />
with shghtly larger, rough spores.<br />
POLYPORUS RESINOSUS Schrad. ex Fr. <strong>Edible</strong> when young<br />
Figure 354, page 253<br />
PILEUS 2^4-10 in. long, 1J4-6 in. broad, sessile or effused-reflexed, shelf-<br />
like or bracket-Hke, dark brown to blackish brown, at first velvety-tomentose,<br />
becoming nearly glabrous, sometimes radiately furrowed, the margin thick,<br />
exuding drops <strong>of</strong> water when young, flesh thick, straw-colored, watery when<br />
young, becoming tough <strong>and</strong> corky when mature, tubes whitish, becoming<br />
brown when bruised, small, stipe lacking, spores allantoid, smooth, 4-7 X<br />
1.5-2 M.<br />
On old logs <strong>and</strong> stumps <strong>of</strong> hardwoods or conifers. Aug.-Nov.<br />
The form on conifers is regarded by some as a distinct species, P. benzoi-<br />
nus (Wahl.) Fr., but it is at least very close to P. resinosus. This species has also<br />
been reported as edible when young but soon becomes tough. The velvety<br />
brown fruiting bodies are attractive in appearance.<br />
239
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
POLYPORUS SQUAMOSUS Micheli ex Fr. <strong>Edible</strong> when young<br />
Figures 356, 357, page 253<br />
piLEUS 2y2-\2 in. broad, or sometimes larger, nearly circular to elongated<br />
or reniform, convex to plane <strong>and</strong> centrally depressed, whitish to yellowish or<br />
brownish, dry, scaly, tough-fleshy, tubes decurrent, large, angular, white or<br />
yellowish, stipe lateral or excentric, %-2 in. long, y^-l |^ in. thick, sometimes<br />
nearly lacking, reticulate above, black below, spores elongate-cylindric,<br />
smooth, 10-15 (18) X 4-6 m-<br />
Singly or in clusters, usually from wounds on deciduous trees, occasionally<br />
on stumps or logs. May-July.<br />
The large pores <strong>and</strong> scaly pileus are the chief distinguishing characters <strong>of</strong><br />
this species. It is said to be edible when young but mostly is too tough to be <strong>of</strong><br />
any value as food.<br />
POLYPORUS SULPHUREUS (Bull.) Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 355, page 253<br />
FRUITING BODY consisting <strong>of</strong> a massive cluster <strong>of</strong> overlapping, more or less<br />
horizontal shelves, up to 12 in. or more across, variable in form, bright sulphur-<br />
yellow to yellow-orange or pink, sessile or on a stipe-like base, upper surface<br />
glabrous, uneven, lower surface bearing short yellow pores, margin at first<br />
thick <strong>and</strong> blunt, becoming narrower with age, at first s<strong>of</strong>t <strong>and</strong> fleshy, becoming<br />
tougher with age, taste mild or sometimes unpleasant in age. spores smooth,<br />
one-celled, ovoid to subglobose 5-7 X 4-5 m-<br />
In clusters on dead or living trees or around stumps. Aug. -Oct.<br />
The large, brilliantly colored fruiting bodies are very distinctive <strong>and</strong> un-<br />
likely to be confused with anything else. This species is edible <strong>and</strong> has been<br />
highly recommended when young specimens are used. Older specimens are<br />
likely to be tough <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> poor flavor.<br />
HYDNACEAE<br />
The family Hydnaceae includes a large group <strong>of</strong> fungi in which the spores<br />
are borne over the surface <strong>of</strong> teeth or spines developing from the underside <strong>of</strong><br />
the fruiting body. The fruiting body may vary considerably in structure from a<br />
simple layer <strong>of</strong> fungus tissue on a piece <strong>of</strong> wood to a large shelf-like or bracket-<br />
like form, to an intricately branched structure, or to a mushroom-like fruiting<br />
body with pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe. Many Hydnaceae grow on wood but some are<br />
found on the ground. Most <strong>of</strong> the species are tough <strong>and</strong> fibrous to woody <strong>and</strong><br />
not edible but a few are quite good <strong>and</strong> none are known to be <strong>poisonous</strong>.<br />
240
HYDNACEAE<br />
HYDNUM CORALLOIDES Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 358, page 253<br />
FRUCTIFICATION Consisting <strong>of</strong> an intricate system <strong>of</strong> branches, white to<br />
buffy, s<strong>of</strong>t <strong>and</strong> fleshy, up to 10 inches across, with white cyhndric spines about<br />
14- 1/2 in. long distributed along the under side <strong>of</strong> the branches more or less in<br />
tufts. SPORES spherical, smooth, hyahne, 5.5-7 11.<br />
On dead hardwood trunks or logs, frequently on beech. July-Nov.<br />
This is a striking <strong>and</strong> beautiful species. There are several other rather<br />
similar species <strong>and</strong> it is uncertain whether or not some <strong>of</strong> these are just ecologi-<br />
cal forms, H. caput-ursi Fr., the bear's head fungus, has longer spines but it<br />
seems possible to build up a graded series from one type to the other through<br />
examination <strong>of</strong> many collections. H. laciniatum Fr. is more branched <strong>and</strong> has<br />
shorter spines <strong>and</strong> there also appears to be a difference in the spores which are<br />
smaller <strong>and</strong> ellipsoid. H. erinaceum Fr. is a more massive fructification with<br />
very long spines up to 1 Yi in. in length. All <strong>of</strong> these are edible.<br />
In modern classifications this group <strong>of</strong> species is placed in the genus<br />
Hericium.<br />
HYDNUM RERAN DUM Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 359, page 253; Figure 426, page 303<br />
PILEUS 1 1/2-4 in. broad, convex to plane or depressed, uneven <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
irregular, whitish to buff'or pinkish cinnamon, dry, minutely velvety to smooth.<br />
FLESH white, s<strong>of</strong>t, fairly thick, teeth slightly decurrent, fleshy, s<strong>of</strong>t, fragile,<br />
round to slightly flattened, whitish to cream colored, stipe 1/2-2 1/2 in. long,<br />
14-I in. thick, sometimes excentric, smooth, colored like the pileus, soHd.<br />
spores white, smooth, ovoid to subglobose, 7-9 X 6.5-7.5 mu-<br />
Oct.<br />
singly or gregarious on the ground in frondose <strong>and</strong> mixed woods. July-<br />
This species is now usually placed in the genus Dentinum. It is mushroom-<br />
like in form but is readily recognized by the teeth on the under side <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pileus, the color <strong>and</strong> the s<strong>of</strong>t, fleshy consistency. Most <strong>of</strong> the other stipitate<br />
Hydnaceae are tough <strong>and</strong> fibrous or corky to woody in consistency.<br />
HYDNUM SEPTENTRIONALE Fr. Not edible<br />
Figure 360, page 253<br />
fructification consisting <strong>of</strong> many horizontal, overlapping sessile pilei<br />
united at the base <strong>and</strong> forming a massive cluster, single pilei 1-6 in. wide <strong>and</strong><br />
about the same in length, sometimes much larger, at first whitish, becoming<br />
buff" or yellowish, finely hairy, dry, margin slightly incurved, tough <strong>and</strong><br />
fibrous in consistency, teeth white to yellowish, round, pointed, about |4-<br />
% in. long, stipe lacking, spores white, ellipsoid, smooth, 4-6 X 2.5-3.5 m-<br />
On hving trunks <strong>of</strong> hardwoods, especially maple <strong>and</strong> beech. Aug.-Sept.<br />
241
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
This species is too tough to be <strong>of</strong> value as food but the massive fructifica-<br />
tions <strong>of</strong> overlapping pilei are Hkely to attract attention. It will appear in suc-<br />
cessive years on the same tree. In modern classifications this fungus is placed<br />
in the genus Steccherinum.<br />
CLAVARIACEAE<br />
The Clavariaceae, sometimes called coral fungi, include forms with erect,<br />
simple or branched, fleshy or tough fructifications, the fruiting surface smooth,<br />
not diff^erentiated into spines, pores, or lamellae. The important character in<br />
distinguishing this family from the Thelephoraceae is that there is no differen-<br />
tiation <strong>of</strong> the fruiting body into an upper sterile surface <strong>and</strong> a lower fertile<br />
surface. The entire surface <strong>of</strong> the fruiting body is fertile in the Clavariaceae.<br />
The species are difficult to identify <strong>and</strong> only a few are described here.<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> the clavarias are edible but some are bitter <strong>and</strong> unpleasant to the<br />
taste or are very tough, <strong>and</strong> in Europe one species has been reported to be<br />
<strong>poisonous</strong>. This is Clavaria formosa Pers., which is also widely distributed in<br />
North America. It is a medium to large, much-branched form, white at the<br />
base, flesh color or pinkish above, but with the tips <strong>of</strong> the branches yellow. In<br />
age it fades to tan or ochraceous tan. This species should be avoided.<br />
Key<br />
1. Fruiting body simple, unbranched 2<br />
1. Fruiting body much branched 3<br />
2. Growing in clusters, bright yellow C. fusiformis<br />
2. Growing singly or gregarious, ochraceous yellow<br />
to brownish, club-shaped C. pistillaris<br />
3. Tips <strong>of</strong> branches pink or rosy C. botrytis<br />
3. Tips <strong>of</strong> branches not pink 4<br />
4. Taste bitter, fruiting body light tan to tawny C. striata<br />
4. Taste mild 5<br />
5. Fraiting body smoky gray C. cinerea<br />
5. Fruiting body pale yellowish C. flava<br />
CLAVARIA BOTRYTIS Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 361, page 253<br />
FRUCTIFICATION 2-4 in. high, much branched, stipitate, the stipe white,<br />
%-l in. thick, slightly tapering downward, bulbous at base, the branches<br />
whitish to cream with pink to rosy tips, or sometimes lavender in age, erect,<br />
parallel or curving <strong>and</strong> with a somewhat cauliflower-hke appearance, taste <strong>and</strong><br />
242
CLAVARIACEAE<br />
odor mild, spores cylindric-ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid, longitudinally striate,<br />
12-15 X 3.5-5.5 )u.<br />
On the ground in woods. July-Oct.<br />
The rosy tips <strong>of</strong> the branches provide a striking character by which this<br />
species can be recognized.<br />
CLAVARIA CINEREA Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 398, page 290<br />
FRUCTIFICATION 1-4 in. high, much branched, stipitate, the stipe smoky<br />
gray, Ys-Va in. thick, nearly equal, smooth, branches smoky gray to bluish<br />
gray, surface finely powdery, erect, parallel or irregular, <strong>of</strong>ten wrinkled, some-<br />
times toothed at apex, taste <strong>and</strong> odor not distinctive, spores white, smooth,<br />
broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 7-10 X 5.5-7.5 /x.<br />
Cespitose or gregarious on the ground in woods. July-Sept.<br />
CLAVARIA FLAVA Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 399, page 290<br />
FRUCTIFICATION 2-6 in. high, much branched, the main branches arising<br />
from a thick, short, whitish, stem-like base, erect, cyhndric, tapering toward<br />
the apex, pale yellow, becoming brownish when bruised, whitish, sometimes<br />
brownish, sometimes toothed, taste mild, pleasant, spores yellow, ellipsoid,<br />
minutely rough, 7.5-10 X 3-4 /x.<br />
On the ground in moist woods. June-Oct.<br />
C. aurea (Schaeff.) Fr. is said to be very similar, but more robust, deeper<br />
yellow, <strong>and</strong> not turning brown when bruised.<br />
CLAVARIA FUSIFORMIS (Sow.) Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 363, page 255<br />
FRUCTIFICATION 2-4 in. high, cylindrical or compressed, not branched,<br />
pointed at the top, bright yellow, hollow, taste mild or bitter, spores nearly<br />
spherical 4.5-6.5 m in diameter.<br />
Singly or in clusters on the ground in woods. Aug.-Sept.<br />
This is a distinctive species with bright yellow, unbranched but clustered<br />
fruiting bodies.<br />
CLAVARIA PISTILLARIS (L.) Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 364, page 255<br />
FRUCTIFICATION 4-6 in. high, 1-2 in. thick, club-shaped, unbranched, top<br />
rounded or sometimes depressed, yellowish or ochraceous to brownish,<br />
smooth or sometimes longitudinally grooved or wrinkled, s<strong>of</strong>t <strong>and</strong> fleshy,<br />
243
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
cream colored within, finally hollow, taste mild, spores oblong-ellipsoid,<br />
smooth, 11-13.5 X 5-7 m-<br />
Singly or gregarious on the ground in moist woods. Aug.-Oct.<br />
The large, rather bright colored, club-shaped fruiting bodies <strong>of</strong> this<br />
fungus are very striking <strong>and</strong> distinctive. Occasionally the tip <strong>of</strong> the club will<br />
be somewhat depressed <strong>and</strong> sterile, thus proving the exception to the rule that<br />
the clavarias are fertile all over.<br />
CLAVARIA STRICTA Fr. <strong>Edible</strong>, not recommended<br />
Figure 349, page 235<br />
FRUCTIFICATION 1 J/2-3 in. high, much branched, the main branches arising<br />
from a thick irregular whitish base, erect, cylindric or flattened toward the base,<br />
tapering upwards, terminating in several small yellowish teeth, light tan to<br />
tawny, consistency rather tough, not brittle, taste bitter, spores cinnamon-<br />
buff", elHpsoid, minutely rough 7.5-9 X 3.5-4.5 /i-<br />
Forming dense tufts on rotten wood. July-Oct.<br />
The tough consistency <strong>and</strong> bitter taste are the distinguishing characters <strong>of</strong><br />
this species <strong>and</strong> render it <strong>of</strong> poor quality as an edible species although it is not<br />
<strong>poisonous</strong>.<br />
THELEPHORACEAE<br />
The Thelephoraceae include a large group <strong>of</strong> fungi in which the spores are<br />
borne on a smooth surface <strong>and</strong> not on spines, pores, or lamellae. Most <strong>of</strong> them<br />
consist simply <strong>of</strong> a layer <strong>of</strong> fungus tissue growing on wood or bark, frequently<br />
on the under side <strong>of</strong> logs or sticks, <strong>and</strong> producing spores over the surface.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> this group develop a definite pileus which may be more or less<br />
bracket-like, growing on wood, or upright <strong>and</strong> growing on the ground. The<br />
latter are distinguished from the Clavariaceae, which also have a smooth<br />
hymenium, by the fact that the hymenium does not cover the entire surface <strong>of</strong><br />
the fruiting body, but there is always some differentiation into an upper sterile<br />
surface <strong>and</strong> a lower fertile surface. Only a single species is described here.<br />
CRATERELLUS CORNUCOPIOIDES Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 365, page 255<br />
Horn <strong>of</strong> Plenty<br />
FRUCTIFICATION about 1-3 in. high, %-2J4 in. across the top, funnelshaped<br />
or trumpet-shaped with a flaring margin, the margin even to wavy or<br />
lobed, sometimes becoming torn, thin, rather tough or brittle, interior or<br />
upper surface dry, rough to scaly, dark grayish brown, lower surface or hymenium<br />
ashy to blackish, smooth or somewhat wrinkled, stipe very short or<br />
absent, spores ellipsoid, smooth, one-celled, 11-15 X 7-9 /x-<br />
244
TREMELLALES<br />
Gregarious on the ground in open woods. July-Oct.<br />
Although rather unattractive in appearance because <strong>of</strong> its dark colors,<br />
this is reported to be quite good as an edible fungus <strong>and</strong> it is unhkely to be<br />
confused with anything else. It has several common names such as horn <strong>of</strong><br />
plenty, trumpet <strong>of</strong> death, <strong>and</strong> fairy's loving cup, indicating that it is a species<br />
that attracts attention. The name trumpet <strong>of</strong> death has no reference to its<br />
edible quaHties but only to its sombre appearance.<br />
TREMELLALES<br />
The Tremellales or jelly fungi can be recognized in the field by their more<br />
or less gelatinous or jelly-Hke consistency. They shrink greatly on drying <strong>and</strong> in<br />
dry weather are inconspicuous, but when moistened they swell up <strong>and</strong> are<br />
sometimes striking in appearance.<br />
The group is separated from the other basidiomycetes on a character that<br />
is considered to be more fundamental than their jelly-hke consistency, namely,<br />
the structure <strong>of</strong> the basidium. A typical basidium is one-celled with a septum<br />
at the base, but in the Tremellales the basidium itself becomes septate or<br />
deeply forked. The Tremellales are divided into three famihes, the Tremel-<br />
laceae in which the basidium is longitudinally or obhquely septate, the Auri-<br />
culariaceae in which it is transversely septate, <strong>and</strong> the Dacrymycetaceae in<br />
which it is forked <strong>and</strong> deeply divided. These characters can be determined<br />
only by microscopic examination so that for the amateur the consistency is the<br />
best field character, although there are some instances in which this character<br />
alone is misleading.<br />
Only four species are described here, two <strong>of</strong> the Tremellaceae, one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Auriculariaceae, <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the Dacrymycetaceae.<br />
PSEUDOHYDNUM GELATINOSUM (Fr.) Karst.<br />
Figure 366, page 255<br />
FRUITING BODY 1-2 {4 in. broad, gelatinous, translucent, whitish becoming<br />
brownish, rather thick, upper surface papillose, lower surface bearing whitish,<br />
gelatinous, tooth-like spines about J/g in. long, short stipitate or sessile, spores<br />
white, subglobose, 5-7 ^i.<br />
On rotten wood. Aug.-Sept.<br />
At first sight this might be taken for one <strong>of</strong> the Hydnaceae because <strong>of</strong> the<br />
teeth on the under side <strong>of</strong> the pileus, but the gelatinous consistency distin-<br />
guishes it <strong>and</strong> if examined microscopically the basidia are found to be divided<br />
longitudinally. It is not <strong>of</strong> interest as food but is a pretty <strong>and</strong> unusual fungus.<br />
It is likely to be found only in wet weather as it shrinks greatly <strong>and</strong> becomes<br />
very inconspicuous when dry.<br />
245
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
PHLOGIOTIS HELVELLOIDES (Fr.) Martin<br />
Figure 367, page 255<br />
FRUITING BODIES 2-4 in. high, U/2-2i4 in. in diameter, gelatinous but<br />
rather firm, drying horny, more or less funnel-shaped, usually split on one<br />
side, pinkish white to deep rose, substipitate, spores oblong. 10-12 X 4-6 m-<br />
On the ground under conifers or on rotten coniferous wood. Aug.-Oct.<br />
This is not regarded as an edible species but is an attractive <strong>and</strong> striking<br />
fungus. It has been known under the name Gyrocephalus rufus (Jacq.) Bref.<br />
AURICULARIA AURICULA (Hook.) Underw. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 368, page 255<br />
FRUITING BODY about %-3i/2 in. broad, sessile, somewhat cupulate or ear-<br />
shaped, irregular, smooth or wrinkled, tough-gelatinous, yellow-brown to<br />
cinnamon-brown, drying horny <strong>and</strong> nearly black, attached centrally or lat-<br />
erally, spores white in mass, allantoid, 12-16 X 4-6 /x-<br />
Gregarious or cespitose on dead wood or sometimes exposed wood <strong>of</strong><br />
living trees. July-Oct.<br />
As the name indicates, this fungus is somewhat suggestive <strong>of</strong> a human ear.<br />
It has become involved in an ancient legend to the effect that Judas Iscariot<br />
hanged himself on an elder tree <strong>and</strong> the elder was thereupon condemned to<br />
bear this excrescence, which was known as Judas' ear <strong>and</strong> later corrupted to<br />
Jew's ear. Apparently the fungus occurs rather commonly on the elder in<br />
Europe but no doubt it did so for many centuries before the time <strong>of</strong> Judas<br />
Iscariot. It is not clear why Judas' ear should have been singled out to com-<br />
memorate his evil deed but there may be some confusion here with the ear <strong>of</strong><br />
the servant <strong>of</strong> the high priest, which was cut <strong>of</strong>f by Peter at the time <strong>of</strong> the<br />
betrayal.<br />
DACRYMYCES PALMATUS (Schw.) Bres.<br />
Figure 369, page 255<br />
FRUITING BODIES bright Orange to orange-red, tough-gelatinous, becoming<br />
s<strong>of</strong>ter in age, forming irregular clusters, <strong>of</strong>ten wrinkled <strong>and</strong> convoluted, some-<br />
times up to 2 in. across, usually smaller, sometimes with a whitish, stipe-hke<br />
base, spores orange, cyhndrical, curved, becoming seven-septate, 17-25 X<br />
6—8 11.<br />
On coniferous wood. May-Nov.<br />
The bright orange fructifications are very conspicuous when moist but<br />
on drying they shrivel to an inconspicuous, reddish orange, horny mass. This<br />
is probably one <strong>of</strong> the fungi that have been called 'witches' butter' or *fairy<br />
butter.' It is not regarded as an edible fungus.<br />
246
GASTEROMYCETES<br />
GASTEROMYCETES<br />
The G asteromycetes include the fungi commonly known as puflfballs <strong>and</strong><br />
closely related forms. In this group the spores are produced on basidia but are<br />
not forcibly discharged as in the <strong>mushrooms</strong>, boletes <strong>and</strong> other Basidiomy-<br />
cetes. The basidia break down <strong>and</strong> the spores are typically left as a powdery<br />
mass within the fruiting body <strong>and</strong> are dispersed through a pore or by the<br />
wearing away <strong>of</strong> the outer layers <strong>of</strong> the fruit body.<br />
Representatives <strong>of</strong> three main groups <strong>of</strong> Gasteromycetes are discussed<br />
here. In the Lycoperdaceae, which include the puffballs proper, the spores are<br />
produced <strong>and</strong> dispersed as described above. In the Phallaceae or stinkhorns,<br />
the spores are produced in shme <strong>and</strong> elevated on the end <strong>of</strong> a stalk-Hke struc-<br />
ture that emerges from an enclosing volva. They usually produce an <strong>of</strong>fensive<br />
odor that is beheved to attract insects which aid in the dispersal <strong>of</strong> the spores.<br />
In the Nidulariaceae or bird's-nest fungi, the spores are produced within<br />
structures called peridioles which are borne in a cup-Hke fructification from<br />
which they are dispersed by driving rain drops, <strong>and</strong> the spores are then freed<br />
by the decay <strong>of</strong> the peridiole wall.<br />
The effect <strong>of</strong> rain in dispersing spores <strong>of</strong> the true puffballs may easily be<br />
demonstrated by placing a mature puffball at some distance under a burette<br />
<strong>and</strong> permitting drops <strong>of</strong> water to fall on it. As each drop strikes the puffball a<br />
puff <strong>of</strong> spores is emitted.<br />
This is a large <strong>and</strong> extremely varied group <strong>of</strong> fungi with many quaHties<br />
that attract the attention <strong>and</strong> interest <strong>of</strong> naturaHsts from the immense size<br />
attained by some specimens <strong>of</strong> Calvatia gigantea to the repulsive odors <strong>of</strong> the<br />
stinkhorns, fantastic shapes <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> the other groups, <strong>and</strong> fascinating<br />
methods <strong>of</strong> spore dispersal found among them.<br />
The puffballs proper are generally regarded as one <strong>of</strong> the safest groups <strong>of</strong><br />
fungi to use as food <strong>and</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the few groups in which it is possible to give a<br />
sort <strong>of</strong> rule <strong>of</strong> thumb for determining an edible species. It seems safe to say that<br />
any puffball that is white <strong>and</strong> homogeneous inside is good to eat. However, in<br />
this group as with all other fungi it is wise to proceed cautiously with any<br />
species not previously tried because <strong>of</strong> the possibihty <strong>of</strong> personal sensitivity<br />
to a particular species. It is important to make certain that the fruiting body is<br />
homogeneous within since it is possible that young specimens <strong>of</strong> the deadly<br />
<strong>poisonous</strong> Amanita virosa might be mistaken for a puffball before the volva is<br />
ruptured. Cutting the fruit body across will reveal the outhne <strong>of</strong> the young<br />
mushroom if it is an Amanita (Figure 91). The eggs <strong>of</strong> the phalloids can also be<br />
distinguished from the puffballs in this way <strong>and</strong> in spite <strong>of</strong> the fact that these<br />
are edible, according to some authors, they are not recommended as food.<br />
The Nidulariaceae are, <strong>of</strong> course, too small <strong>and</strong> tough to be <strong>of</strong> any value as<br />
food.<br />
247
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
Key<br />
1. Fruiting body a stalked structure with a differentiated apical portion<br />
where the spores are borne; odor <strong>of</strong>fensive 2<br />
1. Fruiting body not as above 4<br />
2. Apical spore-bearing portion forming a distinct pileus,<br />
separate from the stalk : 3<br />
2. Apical spore-bearing portion a continuation <strong>of</strong> the stalk,<br />
not separate; fruiting body pinkish, odor slight Mutinus caninus<br />
3. Plant with a lacy veil extending below the pileus Dictyophora duplicata<br />
3. Veil membranous, inconspicuous, scarcely extending below the pileus;<br />
surface <strong>of</strong> pileus granular, greenish Phallus ravenelii<br />
4. Fruiting body a small cup-like structure striate within, containing<br />
several tiny spore cases, suggesting a nest containing eggs Cyathus striatus<br />
4. Fruiting body not as above 5<br />
5. Outer layers <strong>of</strong> fruit body splitting into several segments or rays<br />
to form a star-shaped body Geastrum triplex<br />
5. Outer layers <strong>of</strong> fruit body not splitting into rays 6<br />
6. Fruiting body very large; spores dispersed by wearing away<br />
<strong>of</strong> the outer layers Calvatia gigantea<br />
6. Fruiting body not over 3 in. in diameter; spores dispersed<br />
through an apical pore 7<br />
7. Inner coat rather papery; fruiting bodies easily becoming detached<br />
<strong>and</strong> blown about by the wind Bovista pila<br />
7. Inner coat not papery; fruiting bodies remaining attached 8<br />
8. Outer coat <strong>of</strong> cone-shaped spines that fall <strong>of</strong>f leaving<br />
distinct spots; typically growing on the ground Lycoperdon perla turn<br />
8. Outer coat more or less persistent, rough, not <strong>of</strong> conical spines;<br />
typically growing in clusters on rotten wood Lycoperdon pyriforme<br />
MUTINUS CANINUS (Pers.) Fr. Not edible<br />
Figure 370, page 255<br />
EGG white, ovoid, about Yx-Ya X Vi-V^ in., attached by a rhizomorph.<br />
FRUITING BODY 2-4 in. tall, 14-% in. thick, cylindric, equal, narrowed at the<br />
apex <strong>and</strong> usually perforated, pinkish to whitish, olivaceous brown at the tip<br />
where the spores are borne, sheathed at the base by a volva. odor unpleasant<br />
but relatively sHght. spores 4-5 X 1.5- Iji.<br />
Singly or gregarious on soil or rotten wood in open woods, sometimes in<br />
gardens. July-Sept.<br />
The small size <strong>and</strong> pinkish colors are distinctive for this species. Usually<br />
the odor is relatively weak.<br />
DICTYOPHORA DUPLICATA (Bosc) E. Fisch. Not edible<br />
Figure 400, page 291<br />
EGG 1 1^-2% in. in diameter, subglobose to somewhat flattened or ovate,<br />
whitish, sometimes wrinkled at the base, attached by a thick white rhizomorph.<br />
248
GASTEROMYCETES<br />
FRUITING BODY 5-8 in. high, l-2)/2 in. thick at the base, tapering upward<br />
sHghtly, odor fetid <strong>and</strong> very disagreeable, stipe cyhndrical, spongy or honeycombed,<br />
hollow, white, sheathed at base by remains <strong>of</strong> egg forming a whitish<br />
to brownish volva. pileus more or less conical, attached to the apex <strong>of</strong> the<br />
stipe, perforated, reticulate, greenish black, veil lacy <strong>and</strong> net-hke, whitish to<br />
pinkish, attached to apex <strong>of</strong> stipe beneath the pileus <strong>and</strong> projecting below it.<br />
SPORES 3.5M X 1.5-2.0 M-<br />
Singly or gregarious in the woods or in gardens, usually around dead<br />
trees or stumps. July-Oct.<br />
The large size <strong>and</strong> lacy veil are the distinguishing characters <strong>of</strong> this<br />
species.<br />
PHALLUS RAVENELII Berk. & Curt. Not edible<br />
Figure 371, page 255<br />
EGG 1-2 in. in diameter, more or less egg-shaped to subglobose, whitish to<br />
pinkish, or tinged lilac, tough, wrinkled at the base, attached by a pinkish<br />
lilac rhizomorph. fruiting body 4-6 in. high <strong>and</strong> y2-\ 54 in. thick, odor fetid<br />
<strong>and</strong> very disagreeable, stipe whitish to yellowish, somewhat spongy or honeycombed,<br />
hollow, equal or tapering upward, encircled by a white, membranous<br />
b<strong>and</strong> from the veil, the base enclosed by the remains <strong>of</strong> the egg, forming a<br />
volva. PILEUS more or less conical, attached around a raised, white, perforated<br />
disk at the apex, granular, shiny, greenish to olive-gray, spores 3-3.5 X 1.5 /x-<br />
Usually gregarious on sawdust or very rotten wood. June-Oct.<br />
The eggs might be mistaken for a puffball but if they are cut open the out-<br />
line <strong>of</strong> the young fruiting body can be seen surrounded by a layer <strong>of</strong> a jelly-<br />
Hke substance. A closely related species, P. impudicus Pers., has a deeply<br />
reticulated pileus.<br />
CYATHUS STRIATUS Pers. Not edible<br />
Figure 372, page 255<br />
FRUITING BODY V^-Y^ in. tall, V^-Vi in. broad at the mouth, tapering to the<br />
base, somewhat vase-shaped, attached by a pad <strong>of</strong> brown mycelium, exterior<br />
dark cinnamon-brown, coarsely fibrillose, inner surface pallid to blackish or<br />
tinged purplish, striate, mouth at first closed by a thin fibrillose epiphragm<br />
which ruptures <strong>and</strong> disappears at maturity, peridioles more or less flattened or<br />
disk-shaped, nearly black, attached to the cup by an elastic cord, spores hya-<br />
line, thick-walled, 14-20 X 8-1 2/i.<br />
Oct.<br />
Gregarious to cespitose on old sticks <strong>and</strong> various vegetable debris. July-<br />
This species is distinguished by the striations on the inner surface <strong>of</strong> the<br />
cup. C. stercoreus (Schw.) de Toni is another common species growing on the<br />
249
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
ground <strong>and</strong> with the inside <strong>of</strong> the cup smooth. C. olla Pers. has a smooth cup<br />
but has smaller spores than C. stercoreus.<br />
Crucibulum levis (DC) Kambly & Lee is another species belonging in<br />
this group. It has whitish peridioles <strong>and</strong> the wall <strong>of</strong> the fructification consists <strong>of</strong><br />
only one layer rather than three as in Cyathus. It is usually found on old wood<br />
also.<br />
It has been demonstrated that these fruiting bodies <strong>of</strong> the bird's-nest<br />
fungi are adapted to dispersal <strong>of</strong> the spores by rain. The force <strong>of</strong> rain drops<br />
splashing against the inside <strong>of</strong> the cup is sufficient to drive the peridioles out<br />
for some considerable distance <strong>and</strong> the spores are freed by the gradual decay<br />
<strong>and</strong> wearing away <strong>of</strong> the wall <strong>of</strong> the peridiole. This is referred to as the splash-<br />
cup method <strong>of</strong> spore dispersal.<br />
GEASTRUM TRIPLEX Jungh. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 374, page 281<br />
Earth Star<br />
FRUITING BODY 1-2 in. in diameter at the widest part, more or less bulb-<br />
shaped, acute at the apex, not stalked, brown or reddish brown, the outer coat<br />
splitting at the apex into 4-6 rather uniform segments or rays, spreading back<br />
to form a star shape <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten splitting into two layers <strong>of</strong> which the inner<br />
remains as a sort <strong>of</strong> cup around the spore case, spore case sessile, thin <strong>and</strong><br />
papery, opening by a conical pore which is different in texture from the rest <strong>of</strong><br />
the spore case, smooth but somewhat fringed, usually seated in a shght depres-<br />
sion. SPORES brown, globose, warted, 3.5-4.5 m*<br />
Singly or gregarious on the ground in open woods. July-Nov.<br />
There are several species <strong>of</strong> Geastrum commonly known as 'earth stars'<br />
but this is one <strong>of</strong> the larger <strong>and</strong> more common species. It is reported to be<br />
edible when young but seems to be pretty hard <strong>and</strong> tough.<br />
CALVATIA GIGANTEA Pers. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 404, 405, page 292<br />
Giant Puffball<br />
FRUITING BODY morc or less globose, 8-20 in. or more in diameter,<br />
attached to the ground by a short, cord-Hke rhizomorph, surface smooth,<br />
s<strong>of</strong>t-leathery, white to creamy yellow or finally brownish, white within when<br />
young, firm, fleshy, slowly becoming yellowish to oHvaceous, finally rusty<br />
ochraceous <strong>and</strong> powdery, spores globose, minutely spiny, 3.5-4.5 m-<br />
Singly to gregarious in woods, pastures or fields. Aug.-Sept.<br />
The giant puffball is one <strong>of</strong> the best-known <strong>and</strong> most widely used edible<br />
fungi. The large size, white color, <strong>and</strong> chamois-Hke outer skin are distinguish-<br />
ing features. Specimens intended for food should be cut open to make sure that<br />
they are white <strong>and</strong> homogeneous inside <strong>and</strong> not infested by worms.<br />
250
GASTEROMYCETES<br />
Some people have the idea that these large puffballs appear very suddenly,<br />
but actually they grow <strong>and</strong> increase in size over a period <strong>of</strong> nearly two weeks<br />
before they reach maturity. Observations published by Peck (1912) indicate<br />
that their period <strong>of</strong> development is about 12-14 days <strong>and</strong> that the daily in-<br />
crease in circumference is about 3-4 inches.<br />
Nearly every year reports are published concerning the finding <strong>of</strong> large<br />
puffballs with competing claims as to record size. Most <strong>of</strong> these, however, are<br />
far short <strong>of</strong> any real record. Giissow <strong>and</strong> Odell (1927) report a specimen 5 feet<br />
1 54 inches in circumference <strong>and</strong> weighing 18J^ pounds but this is dwarfed by a<br />
report from New York State in 1877 mentioned by Ramsbottom (1953) <strong>of</strong> a<br />
specimen 5 feet 4 inches long, 4 feet 6 inches wide <strong>and</strong> 9)/2 inches high. It was<br />
said to have been mistaken for a sheep at a distance. The largest specimen ever<br />
collected by the author was 4 feet in circumference <strong>and</strong> weighed 1 1 pounds.<br />
BuUer calculated that a fruit body 16 X 12 X 10 inches would produce<br />
7 trillion spores <strong>and</strong> Ramsbottom noted that if each <strong>of</strong> these produced one<br />
puffball <strong>of</strong> similar size <strong>and</strong> if their spores were equally successful, the resulting<br />
mass would be 800 times the weight <strong>of</strong> the earth. It is an amazing example <strong>of</strong><br />
the reproductive potential <strong>of</strong> a Hving organism <strong>and</strong> it is obvious that under<br />
natural conditions the chances <strong>of</strong> a puffball spore for survival must be ex-<br />
tremely shght indeed.<br />
Two other species <strong>of</strong> Cahatia that are fairly common but do not attain<br />
the size <strong>of</strong> C. gigantea are C cyathiformis (Bosc) Morgan <strong>and</strong> C. craniiformis<br />
(Schw.) Fr. Both <strong>of</strong> these have a rather thick, stout basal part that is somewhat<br />
pear-shaped to top-shaped <strong>and</strong> may sometimes be found persisting after<br />
all the spores have been dispersed. C cyathiformis can be distinguished by the<br />
purplish spore mass whereas in C. craniiformis it is olivaceous brown to dark<br />
brown. All <strong>of</strong> these species are edible when young.<br />
BOVISTA PILA Berk. & Curt. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figures 401, 402, 403, page 291<br />
FRUITING BODY 1 1/2-2 Yi in. in diameter, usually globose or nearly so,<br />
attached by a small rhizomorph which breaks easily, at first white with a thin<br />
furfuraceous outer coat that soon wears <strong>of</strong>f, exposing the smooth, somewhat<br />
papery, gray-brown to bronze, inner coat, which <strong>of</strong>ten has a somewhat metaUic<br />
luster, at first white within, then becoming purplish brown <strong>and</strong> powdery.<br />
SPORES dark brown, globose, smooth, sometimes with a short pedicel 3.5-4.5 /x.<br />
Solitary or gregarious in woods or pastures. Aug.-Oct.<br />
The fruiting bodies frequently come loose from their attachment. They<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten persist through the winter <strong>and</strong> are found the following spring full <strong>of</strong><br />
spores.<br />
B. plumbea Pers. is a somewhat smaller species, attached to the ground by<br />
a mass <strong>of</strong> fibers rather than a rhizomorph, <strong>and</strong> with a more blue-gray inner<br />
coat. The spores are larger, more ovoid, <strong>and</strong> have very long pedicels.<br />
251
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
LYCOPERDON PERLATUM Pers. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 375, page 281 ; Figures 406, 407, page 292<br />
FRUITING BODY 1-2 1/2 in. high, Vi-IVa<br />
in. thick at the widest part, typically<br />
top-shaped to pear-shaped, or irregular in shape from crowding with a tapering<br />
or nearly cylindric, stem-like base, sometimes wrinkled or folded toward the<br />
base, white at first, becoming buff or brownish, surface covered with many<br />
cone-shaped, whitish spines, some longer, some shorter, which disappear as<br />
the plant matures, leaving net-like markings on the surface, entirely white<br />
within when young, spores produced only in the upper part which becomes<br />
yellowish to olive-brown <strong>and</strong> powdery, basal part remaining sterile, the tissue<br />
containing small chambers, spores olive-brown, globose, minutely spiny,<br />
3.5-4.5 ju in diameter.<br />
Singly, gregarious, or cespitose on rich soil, or sometimes on rotten wood.<br />
June-Nov.<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> our commonest puffballs. The shape <strong>and</strong> the cone-shaped<br />
spines that leave a network <strong>of</strong> scars when they fall <strong>of</strong>f are the chief distinguish-<br />
ing characters. It has long been known as Lycoperdon gemmatum Batsch but<br />
L. perlatum is the correct name.<br />
LYCOPERDON PYRIFORME Pers. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 408, page 293<br />
FRUITING BODY %-2 in. high, %-l Yi in. thick at the widest part, typically<br />
somewhat pear-shaped to subglobose, narrowed below <strong>and</strong> attached by white<br />
rhizomorphs, pale brownish to tawny brown or rusty brown, sometimes<br />
yellowish, surface furfuraceous, scaly or with short spines, sometimes areolate,<br />
the outer coat eventually wearing away <strong>and</strong> exposing the smooth inner coat,<br />
white within at first, becoming olivaceous to olive-brown <strong>and</strong> powdery as the<br />
spores mature, basal part sterile, tissue containing small chambers, spores<br />
olive-brown, globose, smooth, 3-4 /x-<br />
Usually cespitose to gregarious around old logs, stumps, sawdust piles.<br />
June-Nov.<br />
This is a very common <strong>and</strong> widely distributed puffball. It is not very large<br />
but is usually found in considerable abundance. The old fruit bodies <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
persist through the winter <strong>and</strong> may be found the following spring but, <strong>of</strong><br />
course, they are only edible when young <strong>and</strong> white within. The color, shape,<br />
<strong>and</strong> occurrence on rotten wood are distinguishing characters.<br />
252<br />
Figures 352-361<br />
352. Polyporus betulinus. 353. P. ovinus.<br />
354. P. resinosus. 355. P. sulphureiis.<br />
356. P. squamosus. "iSl . P. squamosus.<br />
358. Hydnum coralloides. 359. H. rep<strong>and</strong>um.<br />
360. H. septentrionale. 361. Clavaria botrytis.
253
254<br />
^;"'"l*''<br />
363, C lavaria fusiformis<br />
365. Craterellus cornucopioides.<br />
367. Phlogiotis helvelloides.<br />
369. Dacrymyces palmatus.<br />
371. Phallus ravenelii.<br />
Figures 363-372<br />
364. C. pistilla r is.<br />
366. Pseudohydnum gelatinosum.<br />
368. Auricularia auricula.<br />
370. Mutinus caninus.<br />
312. Cyathus striatus.<br />
«3<br />
o<br />
a,<br />
3
255
256<br />
ASCOMYCETES<br />
ASCOMYCETES<br />
The Ascomycetes comprise a vast number <strong>of</strong> species <strong>of</strong> fungi that differ<br />
fundamentally from the Basidiomycetes in the manner in which the spores are<br />
formed. In the Basidiomycetes the spores are formed outside the mother cell or<br />
basidium, usually developing on Httle stalks that arise from it, whereas in the<br />
Ascomycetes the spores are produced within the mother cell or ascus <strong>and</strong> are<br />
not discharged until they are mature.<br />
The great majority <strong>of</strong> the Ascomycetes are minute fungi requiring a<br />
microscope for determination <strong>of</strong> their characters but some are large enough to<br />
attract the attention <strong>of</strong> the amateur collector <strong>and</strong> a few are known to be among<br />
our best edible fungi. Although a microscope is needed to actually see the<br />
difference between an ascus <strong>and</strong> a basidium, in practice it is not difficult to<br />
recognize an ascomycete in the field.<br />
All <strong>of</strong> the species described here, with one exception, belong in the section<br />
Discomycetes in which the asci are borne in an exposed fruiting layer or<br />
hymenium <strong>and</strong> not within a closed fruiting body. Relatively few species are<br />
described here <strong>and</strong> anyone interested in the group should consult special<br />
works deahng with them. The single pyrenomycete described, Hypomyces<br />
lactifluorum (Schw.) TuL, is not included in the key.<br />
Key<br />
1. Fruiting body with a distinct stipe <strong>and</strong> differentiated pileus 2<br />
1. Fruiting body more or less cup-shaped, without a differentiated<br />
pileus but sometimes stipitate 8<br />
2. Pileus pitted or honeycombed 3<br />
2. Pileus convoluted, wrinkled, or smooth, not pitted 5<br />
3. Base <strong>of</strong> pileus attached to stipe 4<br />
3. Base <strong>of</strong> pileus free from the stipe Verpa bohemica<br />
4. Pileus subglobose to ovoid; pits irregular with edges<br />
the same color or paler Morchella esculenta<br />
4. Pileus conical; pits more or less longitudinally<br />
arranged with edges darker Morchella angusticeps<br />
5. Pileus irregular, reddish brown, surface convoluted;<br />
growing on the ground in spring Gyromitra esculenta<br />
5. Pileus slightly wrinkled or smooth, usually more<br />
or less saddle-shaped 6<br />
6. Stipe deeply longitudinally fluted Helvella crispa<br />
6. Stipe smooth or slightly furrowed at base 7<br />
7. Pileus smoky gray to smoky yellowish or nearly black Helvella elastica<br />
7. Pileus tan to reddish brown Gyromitra infula<br />
8. Cups bright scarlet, whitish-hairy externally;<br />
growing on sticks in the spring Sarcoscypha coccinea<br />
8. Cups not scarlet 9<br />
9. Cups black, stipitate, tough Urnula craterium<br />
9. Cup brownish, sessile to substipitate, s<strong>of</strong>t, fleshy,<br />
spreading out widely; growing on wood Peziza rep<strong>and</strong>a<br />
257
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
MORCHELLA ESCULENTA Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
I igiiic 376, page 281 ; f iguic 427, page 304<br />
Common Morel<br />
PILEUS 2-5 in. long <strong>and</strong> %-l ^2 in. thick at the widest point, sometimes<br />
much larger, usually more or less ovoid to somewhat conical or sometimes<br />
subglobose, the surface covered with rounded to irregular or somewhat<br />
elongated pits, irregularly arranged or <strong>of</strong>ten more or less in rows, gray-brown<br />
to yellowish brown, the edges <strong>of</strong> the pits colored Hke the interior or paler, <strong>and</strong><br />
finally becoming thin <strong>and</strong> somewhat torn, stipe 1-4 in. long, 1/2-1 in. thick,<br />
white to cream color or yellowish, at first cyHndric, becoming more or less<br />
compressed <strong>and</strong> furrowed, sometimes much thickened at the base, glabrous to<br />
sHghtly floccose, mealy, hollow, asci cyHndric, eight-spored 225-325 X (15)<br />
18-22 (27) fjL. ASCOSPORES slightly yellowish in deposits, ellipsoid, smooth, one-<br />
celled, (12) 16-22 (26) X (7.5) 11-13 (14) /x.<br />
Singly or gregarious in open woods, orchards, or grassy places. May or<br />
early June.<br />
This is the common morel <strong>and</strong> is highly regarded as one <strong>of</strong> the best <strong>of</strong> the<br />
edible fungi. The pitted, sponge-Uke pilei are very characteristic <strong>and</strong> unhkely to<br />
be mistaken for anything else. However, care must be taken to distinguish<br />
Gyromitra esculenta, or false morel, which occurs at the same time <strong>of</strong> year <strong>and</strong><br />
has a wrinkled <strong>and</strong> convoluted, rather than pitted, pileus.<br />
MORCHELLA ANGUSTICEPS Peck <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 377, page 281 ; Figure 428, page 304<br />
Narrow-capped Morel<br />
PILEUS %-2i/2 in. long, Vx-'^Va in. broad at the base, more or less elon-<br />
gated to narrowly conic, the surface covered with somewhat elongated pits<br />
arranged more or less in vertical rows, yellowish or yellowish brown within,<br />
the edges smoky brown to black, stipe %-21/2 in. long, i/^-l in. thick, white to<br />
yellowish, cylindric or enlarged at the base, <strong>of</strong>ten furrowed toward the base,<br />
floccose-mealy, hollow, asci cyHndric, eight-spored, 200-300 X 16-22 (26) ju-<br />
ASCOSPORES yellowish in a deposit, eUipsoid, smooth, one-celled, 1 8-25 (29) X<br />
11-15 M.<br />
June.<br />
Singly or gregarious in open woods or at the edges <strong>of</strong> woods. May or early<br />
This morel is distinguished from the common morel by its more conical<br />
pileus, scurfy stipe, <strong>and</strong> elongated pits with dark edge. It is fully as good to eat<br />
as the common morel. M. conica Fr. is probably the same species.<br />
VERPA BOHEMICA (Krombh.) Schrot. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 378, page 281<br />
PILEUS about V2-I V2 ill- loi^g ^^^ V^-^ Va ii^- ii^ diameter, somewhat bellshaped,<br />
attached to the apex <strong>of</strong> the stalk <strong>and</strong> hanging down around it with the<br />
258
ASCOMYCETES<br />
margin free, yellowish brown to reddish brown, the surface usually promi-<br />
nently ridged <strong>and</strong> reticulated, stipe 1-5 in. long, %-l in. thick, whitish to<br />
yellowish, glabrous to somewhat floccose, especially toward the base, stuffed<br />
becoming hollow, cyhndric or somewhat compressed, asci cyhndric, two-<br />
spored, 200-325 X 18-24 (27)<br />
ju- ascospores yellowish in deposits, ellipsoid,<br />
one-celled, smooth, (45) 50-75 (84) X 15-22 m-<br />
Singly or gregarious on the ground in open woods. May.<br />
This fungus might be mistaken for a morel <strong>and</strong> it has been called Mor-<br />
chella bispora Sor. but the attachment <strong>of</strong> the pileus to the upper end <strong>of</strong> the<br />
stipe <strong>and</strong> the free margin distinguish it. Morchella semilibera (DC.) Fr. is<br />
attached part way up the stipe <strong>and</strong> has the margin free but is a smaller plant.<br />
The two-spored asci with very large spores are characteristic <strong>of</strong> this species.<br />
Another species <strong>of</strong> Verpa, V. conica (Miill.) Swartz, is a smaller plant<br />
with a smooth, oHve-tinged pileus, <strong>and</strong> eight-spored asci with much smaller<br />
spores. It is found at the same time <strong>of</strong> the year in about the same type <strong>of</strong><br />
habitat,<br />
GYROMITRA ESCULENTA Fr. Can be <strong>poisonous</strong><br />
Figure 379, page 281 ; Figure 429, page 305<br />
False Morel<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, variable <strong>and</strong> irregular in shape, usually more or less<br />
lobed <strong>and</strong> the surface irregularly wrinkled, folded, or convoluted, but not<br />
pitted, reddish brown to dark brown, stipe 54-2 in. long, )^-l in. thick,<br />
whitish, fragile, usually somewhat compressed <strong>and</strong> grooved, hollow, glabrous<br />
to shghtly floccose. asci cyhndric, eight-spored, 225-325 X 15-18 ^l. asco-<br />
spores eUipsoid, one-celled, smooth, (17) 20-28 X 11-16 (17) ju.<br />
On the ground in woods, associated with conifers. May-June.<br />
This fungus has been the subject <strong>of</strong> much controversy, both concerning its<br />
identity <strong>and</strong> its edible qualities. Seaver (1928, 1942) claimed that G. esculenta<br />
<strong>and</strong> G. infula are both forms <strong>of</strong> the same species but this has been disputed by<br />
Kanouse (1948) on what appears to be convincing evidence that is also borne<br />
out by my personal observation. They are, therefore, regarded as distinct<br />
species here. G. esculenta occurs on the ground in the spring, associated with<br />
conifers, is larger <strong>and</strong> more irregular in shape <strong>and</strong> has larger spores. G. infula<br />
occurs in the fall on rotten wood, probably always hardwood, is smaller than<br />
G. esculenta, has a more regularly saddle-shaped pileus, is less wrinkled <strong>and</strong><br />
convoluted <strong>and</strong> has smaller spores.<br />
Undoubtedly many people eat this species with no ill eff'ects. I have seen<br />
it on sale in grocery stores in Finl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> have eaten it myself when it was<br />
served by friends there <strong>and</strong> the flavor is excellent. However, reports <strong>of</strong> poisoning<br />
occur every once in a while <strong>and</strong> it has beenknown to cause death. Whether<br />
or not this is the result <strong>of</strong> personal idiosyncrasy, the occurrence <strong>of</strong> certain<br />
<strong>poisonous</strong> races <strong>of</strong> the fungus, or the development <strong>of</strong> the <strong>poisonous</strong> principle<br />
by the fungus under certain conditions is not yet certain. One significant case<br />
259
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
was reported by Dearness (191 1) in which a family ate part <strong>of</strong> a collection <strong>of</strong><br />
Gyromitra at one meal with no ill effects, but when they ate the rest <strong>of</strong> the<br />
collection the next day severe poisoning developed <strong>and</strong> one member <strong>of</strong> the<br />
family died. This suggests that the poison may have been produced on<br />
ageing or partial decay <strong>of</strong> the fungus. Nevertheless any fungus known to have<br />
such deadly potentialities cannot be recommended as food.<br />
G. gigas (Krombh.) Cke. is another species that occurs in the spring. It<br />
may occur on the ground or on rotten wood <strong>and</strong> has been collected on a<br />
birch stump. It is brighter yellow than G. esculenta <strong>and</strong> tends to grow in<br />
clusters with the stipes irregularly fused <strong>and</strong> grown together. It can easily be<br />
distinguished microscopically by the spores, which have a small apiculus on<br />
each end.<br />
GYROMITRA INFULA (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Quel. Dangerous<br />
Figure 380, page 281 ; Figure 430, page 306<br />
PILEUS 1-3 in. broad, usually more or less saddle-shaped but sometimes<br />
irregular, surface usually smooth to sHghtly wrinkled <strong>and</strong> convoluted, usually<br />
some shade <strong>of</strong> tan to brownish cinnamon, the margin partly free, stipe %-<br />
2]4 in. long, |4-% ii^- thick, whitish or tinged the color <strong>of</strong> the pileus, finely<br />
floccose, cylindric to compressed or with irregular furrows, hollow, asci<br />
cylindric, eight-spored, 225-300 X 10-14 }x. ascospores ellipsoid, one-celled,<br />
smooth, 16-18 (21) X 7-9 /x-<br />
Oct.<br />
Singly or gregarious on or in close association with rotten wood. Sept.-<br />
For a discussion <strong>of</strong> this species see Gyromitra esculenta. Its edible quali-<br />
ties appear to be uncertain but it is regarded as dangerous <strong>and</strong> is not recom-<br />
mended.<br />
HELVELLA CRISPA (Scop.) Fr. <strong>Edible</strong><br />
Figure 409, page 294<br />
PILEUS about Yi-l in. broad, saddle-shaped to irregularly lobed, reflexed,<br />
margin free from the stipe, whitish or cream colored to buff or yellowish,<br />
smooth to sHghtly convoluted, stipe %-2j^ in. long, y^-\ in. thick, white or<br />
colored Hke the pileus, very uneven <strong>and</strong> deeply fluted with longitudinal fur-<br />
rows. ASCI cyHndric, eight-spored, 225-300 X 14-18 /x. ascospores one-celled,<br />
ellipsoid, smooth, (16) 18-20 (22.5) X 10-13 /z.<br />
Usually gregarious on the ground in damp woods. Aug.-Oct.<br />
The pale colors <strong>and</strong> deeply fluted stipe are the chief distinguishing charac-<br />
ters <strong>of</strong> this species. H. lacunosa Afz. ex Fr. is similar in shape <strong>and</strong> stature but<br />
the pileus is smoky gray to nearly black. The stipe is also deeply fluted <strong>and</strong><br />
usually paler than the pileus but becoming smoky gray.<br />
260
HELVELLA ELASTICA Bull, ex Fr.<br />
f igurc 410, page 294<br />
piLEUS %-l )4<br />
ASCOMYCETES<br />
in. in diameter, usually more or less saddled-shaped or<br />
irregularly two- to three-lobed, margin free from the stipe, smoky gray to<br />
yellowish brown or nearly black, smooth or slightly convoluted, stipe 1 14-4 in.<br />
long, Ys-Ys<br />
in. thick, rather slender, even, not fluted, whitish to yellowish,<br />
cylindrical or slightly compressed, usually tapering upward, hollow, asci cy-<br />
lindric, eight-spored, 200-270 X 15-18 /x- ascospores ellipsoid, smooth, one-<br />
celled, 18-20 X 10-12 M.<br />
Singly or gregarious on the ground in woods. June-Oct.<br />
This species is recognized by its dark color <strong>and</strong> smooth stipe.<br />
PEZIZA REPANDA Pers. ex Fr.<br />
Figure 381, page 281<br />
APOTHECiA about 2-4 in. in diameter, at first cup-shaped, exp<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>and</strong><br />
becoming nearly flat, or sometimes convex, pale brown, externally whitish,<br />
smooth, margin even or somewhat wavy, fleshy in consistency, rather brittle,<br />
sessile or short-stipitate. asci cyHndric, eight-spored, 175-250 X 12-15 ji.<br />
ASCOSPORES ellipsoid, one-celled, smooth, 14-16 (18) X 8.5-10.5 /x-<br />
On rotten logs or occasionally on the ground in woods. May-Oct.<br />
There are a number <strong>of</strong> species <strong>of</strong> cup fungi but this is one <strong>of</strong> the largest <strong>and</strong><br />
most common. Most <strong>of</strong> this group require microscopic study for their identi-<br />
fication.<br />
SARCOSCYPHA COCCINEA (Jacq.) Pers. Not edible<br />
Figure 382, page 281<br />
APOTHECIA %-l )/2 in. in diameter, deep cup-shaped, bright scarlet within,<br />
externally whitish <strong>and</strong> densely covered with fine, long hairs, margin usually<br />
incurved <strong>and</strong> more or less fringed or torn, tough <strong>and</strong> rather leathery in consistency,<br />
more or less stipitate, the stipe Vg in. or sHghtly more in thickness <strong>and</strong><br />
variable in length, asci cyhndric, eight-spored, 350-450 X 14-18 n. asco-<br />
spores ellipsoid, one-celled, smooth, 28-35 X 12-15 m-<br />
On buried or partly buried twigs <strong>and</strong> branches. April-June.<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> the earliest fungi to appear in the spring. It is too tough to<br />
be <strong>of</strong> any value as food but the briUiant scarlet color <strong>of</strong> the disk is very<br />
striking.<br />
URNULA CRATERIUM (Schw.) Fr.<br />
Figure 383, page 281<br />
Not edible<br />
APOTHECIA 1-1 V2 in. in diameter, at first closed, becoming somewhat<br />
goblet-shaped, entirely black or brownish black, externally covered with a<br />
261
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
dense tomentum <strong>and</strong> sometimes becoming somewhat scaly, margin notched<br />
<strong>and</strong> lacerated, irregular, tough <strong>and</strong> leathery in consistency, stipitate. asci<br />
cylindric, eight-spored, very long 400-600 X 16-18 /x- ascospores ellipsoid,<br />
one-celled, smooth, 25-40 X 1 1-14 /x.<br />
On buried or partly buried wood, probably always hardwood. April-May.<br />
This species is too tough to be edible but the black fruit bodies are hkely<br />
to attract attention.<br />
HYPOMYCES LACTIFLUORUM (Schw.) Tul.<br />
Figure 350, page 235<br />
Fungus growing on <strong>mushrooms</strong>, producing a stroma, which may entirely<br />
cover the lamellae <strong>and</strong> stipe <strong>and</strong> obHterate the lamellae, which may appear only<br />
as slight ridges, scarlet to bright orange-red or finally purple-red; perithecia<br />
thickly scattered, immersed in the stroma <strong>and</strong> appearing as small pimples;<br />
asci very long <strong>and</strong> narrow, cylindrical; ascospores, fusiform, slightly curved,<br />
with an apiculus at each end, rough-walled, 35-40 X 7-8 /x-<br />
On species <strong>of</strong> Lactarius. August <strong>and</strong> September.<br />
This one representative <strong>of</strong> the Pyrenomycetes has been included because<br />
the malformed <strong>mushrooms</strong> that have been attacked by it are fairly common<br />
<strong>and</strong> always attract the attention <strong>of</strong> collectors by reason <strong>of</strong> their brilHant colors.<br />
The parasitized <strong>mushrooms</strong> have been reported to be edible, but since it<br />
is usually not possible to identify the species <strong>of</strong> mushroom attacked <strong>and</strong> there<br />
is the possibility <strong>of</strong> a <strong>poisonous</strong> species being parasitized by the Hypomyces,<br />
they are not recommended as food.<br />
262
TECHNICAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF MUSHROOMS<br />
TECHNICAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF MUSHROOMS<br />
The amateur collector who is simply interested in <strong>mushrooms</strong> as food<br />
need pay no attention to this key, but for the benefit <strong>of</strong> those who might be<br />
more interested in the classification <strong>of</strong> the <strong>mushrooms</strong> it was thought desirable<br />
to include one that is more technical. The following is based largely on an un-<br />
pubHshed manuscript <strong>of</strong> Dr. A. H. Smith, University <strong>of</strong> Michigan, <strong>and</strong> the<br />
keys <strong>of</strong> Singer (1951). These authors treat the <strong>mushrooms</strong> as an order, the<br />
Agaricales, <strong>and</strong> group the genera into famihes within the order. However,<br />
since there is still lack <strong>of</strong> agreement on the bases to be used for the erection <strong>of</strong><br />
famihes in the Agaricales, this category has not been recognized here.<br />
This key is intended to show better the scientific bases for the separation<br />
<strong>of</strong> genera <strong>and</strong> more emphasis is placed on microscopic characters than in the<br />
previous key (p. 00). A great many more genera are recognized than have been<br />
used elsewhere in this book. Cantharellus <strong>and</strong> related forms that are not<br />
regarded as true agarics are not included. It was thought desirable to indicate<br />
the type species <strong>of</strong> each genus, <strong>and</strong> where the genus is relatively unfamihar, the<br />
older genus where the type species has been placed or would likely be sought,<br />
is indicated in brackets. This does not mean that all <strong>of</strong> the species included in<br />
the new genus were originally all in the same old genus. For example, the type<br />
<strong>of</strong> Leucopaxillus is L. tricolor which was formerly in Tricholoma but some<br />
other species now considered to belong in Leucopaxillus were formerly in<br />
Clitocybe. However, to those famihar with the species under the old names,<br />
this does give some idea <strong>of</strong> the concept <strong>of</strong> the newer genus.<br />
This is by no means a complete survey <strong>of</strong> the modern genera <strong>of</strong> Agari-<br />
cales; Singer (1951), for example, recognizes 145 genera excluding the Boleta-<br />
ceae. It does, however, include most <strong>of</strong> the genera that are Hkely to be found<br />
in <strong>Canada</strong>.<br />
1. Trama <strong>of</strong> pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe composed <strong>of</strong> both sphaerocysts <strong>and</strong> filamentous<br />
hyphae; spores amyloid, more or less ornamented 2<br />
1. Not with above combination <strong>of</strong> characters 3<br />
2. Latex present Lactarius<br />
L. deliciosus (L. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray<br />
2. Latex absent Russula<br />
R. lutea (Huds. ex Fr.) Fr.<br />
3. Parasitic on other agarics <strong>and</strong> flesh <strong>of</strong> pileus breaking down into<br />
a mass <strong>of</strong> chlamydospores<br />
A. (Nye talis) lycoperdoides (Bull.) Ditmar ex S. F. Gray<br />
3. Not parasitic on other agarics or if occasionally so then flesh <strong>of</strong><br />
Asterophora<br />
pileus not breaking up to form chlamydospores 4<br />
4. Lamellae waxy in consistency, usually more or less decurrent 5<br />
4. Not with above combination <strong>of</strong> characters 7<br />
5. Spores amyloid Neohygrophorus<br />
N. (Hygrophorus) angelesianus (Smith & Hesler) Singer<br />
5, Spores not amyloid 6<br />
263
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
6. Spores echinulate (smooth in L. trullisata) Laccaria<br />
L. laccata (Scop, ex Fr.) B. & Br.<br />
6. Spores smooth Hygrophorus<br />
H. eburneus (Bull, ex Fr.) Fr.<br />
7. Trama <strong>of</strong> lamellae divergent; lamellae free or nearly so; spores white;<br />
either a partial or universal veil or both present 8<br />
7. Not with above combination <strong>of</strong> characters 10<br />
8. Volva absent (glutinous universal veil may be present) Limacella<br />
L. (Lepiota) delicata (Fr.) Earle ex H. V. Smith<br />
8. Volva present 9<br />
9. Annulus absent Amanitopsis<br />
A. vaginata Fr.<br />
9. Annulus present Amanita<br />
A. phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr.) Seer.<br />
10. Spore deposit greenish 11<br />
10. Spore deposit white to creamy or pale dingy vinaceous 12<br />
10. Spore deposit more deeply colored 49<br />
11. Surface <strong>of</strong> the pileus composed <strong>of</strong> interwoven hyphae Chlorophyllum<br />
C. (Lepiota) molybdites (Meyer ex Fr.) Sacc.<br />
11. Surface <strong>of</strong> the pileus composed <strong>of</strong> sphaerocysts; spore deposit<br />
becoming purplish on drying Melanophyllum<br />
M. (Agaricus) echinatus (Roth ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
12. Pileus readily separable from stipe; annulus usually present 13<br />
12. Pileus <strong>and</strong> stipe confluent or stipe lacking 15<br />
13. Spores with lens-shaped apical pore 14<br />
13. Spores not as above Lepiota<br />
L. colubrina (Pers.) ex Gray<br />
14. Clamp connections present; pileus fleshy, not<br />
plicate-striate on margin Macrolepiota<br />
M. (Lepiota) procera (Scop, ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
14. Clamp connections absent; pileus thin, margin plicate-striate Leucocoprinus<br />
L. (Lepiota) flavipes Pat.<br />
15. Lamellae splitting longitudinally Schizophyllum<br />
S. commune Fr.<br />
15. Lamellae not splitting longitudinally 16<br />
16. Spores amyloid 17<br />
16. Spores nonamyloid or pseudoamyloid 28<br />
17. Trama <strong>of</strong> lamellae bilateral in young sporophores; lamellae decurrent;<br />
veil distinctly double; fruiting bodies usually very large Catathelasma<br />
C. (Armillaria) evanescens Lovej.<br />
17. Not as above 18<br />
18. Stipe excentric to lateral; habit pleurotoid 19<br />
18. Stipe central 20<br />
19. Margin <strong>of</strong> lamellae serrulate Lentinellus<br />
L. (Lentinus) cochleatus (Fr.) Karst.<br />
19, Margin <strong>of</strong> lamellae even Panellus<br />
264<br />
P. (Panus) stipticus (Bull, ex Fr.) Karst.
TECHNICAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF MUSHROOMS<br />
20. Veil present 21<br />
20. Veil absent 23<br />
21. Veil composed <strong>of</strong> thick-walled elements; hymenophore<br />
venose to sublamellate Delicatula<br />
D. (Omphalia) integrella (Pers. ex Fr.) Pat.<br />
21. Veil not as above 22<br />
22. Pileus covered with sphaerocysts Cystoderma<br />
C. (Lepiota) amianthinum (Scop, ex Fr.) Fayod<br />
22. Pileus with a cuticle <strong>of</strong> appressed hyphae Armillariella<br />
A. ( Armillaria) mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Karst<br />
23. Spores rough with a smooth spot at the hilum; cystidia usually present on edges<br />
<strong>of</strong> the lamellae <strong>and</strong> typically with a harpoon-like incrustation at apex; clamp<br />
connections absent Melanoleuca<br />
M. (Tricholoma) melaleuca (Pers. ex Fr.) Murr.<br />
23. Not as above 24<br />
24. Spores without a smooth spot at the hilum; clamp connections present;<br />
fruiting bodies fleshy Leucopaxillus<br />
L. (Tricholoma) tricolor (Peck) Kuhner<br />
24. Not as above 25<br />
25. Fruiting bodies thin pliant, marasmioid; stipe cartilaginous to tough,<br />
with bright colored mycelium surrounding the base Xeromphalina<br />
X. (Omphalia) campanella (Batsch ex Fr.) Kuhner & Maire<br />
25. Not as above 26<br />
26. Lamellae decurrent <strong>and</strong> margin <strong>of</strong> pileus inrolled Cantharellula<br />
C. (Cantharellus) umbonata (Gmelin ex Fr.) Singer<br />
26. Lamellae variously attached but if decurrent then margin<br />
<strong>of</strong> pileus straight at first 27<br />
27. Fruiting bodies typically small, fragile, more or less conical;<br />
trama amyloid Mycena<br />
M. galericulata (Scop, ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
27. Fruiting bodies coUybioid, omphalioid or clitocyboid in habit;<br />
trama not amyloid Fayodia<br />
F. (Omphalia) bisphaerigera (Lange) Kuhner<br />
27. Fruiting bodies larger, more fleshy; lamellae more or less sinuate Tricholoma<br />
T. flavovirens (Pers. ex Fr.) Lundell<br />
28. Stipe excentric to lateral; habit pleurotoid 29<br />
28. Stipe central 36<br />
29. Pileus <strong>and</strong> trama <strong>of</strong> lamellae gelatinous or with well-defined gelatinous<br />
layers present in the pileus, especially the cuticle 30<br />
29. No gelatinous layers present 31<br />
30. Spores white, smooth Resupinatus<br />
R. (Pleurotus) applicatus (Batsch ex Fr. sensu Kaufi'm.) S. F. Gray<br />
30. Spores rough, creamy pink Rhodotus<br />
R. (Pleurotus) palmatus (Bull, ex Fr.) Maire<br />
31. Veil at first covering the hymenium; resupinate or laterally<br />
attached, not stipitate Tectella<br />
T. (Partus) patellaris (Fr.) Murr.<br />
31. Veil lacking, or if present carpophore stipitate 32<br />
265
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
32. Hyphae <strong>of</strong> the pileus <strong>and</strong> gill trama predominantly thin-walled Pleurotus<br />
P. ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
32. Hyphae <strong>of</strong> trama mostly thick-walled 33<br />
33. Trama <strong>of</strong> lamellae intricately interwoven <strong>and</strong> subhymenium<br />
inconspicuous to absent Partus<br />
P. conchatus (Bull, ex Fr.) Fr.<br />
33. Trama not intricately interwoven or if so then subhymenium<br />
very distinct 34<br />
34. Lamellae thick on edge; consistency dry <strong>and</strong> almost leathery Plicatura<br />
(= Trogia as used here) P. alni Peck<br />
34. Lamellae thin on edge 35<br />
35. Fruiting body tough; edge <strong>of</strong> lamellae serrate Lentinus<br />
L. lepideus Fr.<br />
35. Fruiting body fleshy; edge <strong>of</strong> lamellae even Pleurotus<br />
P. ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
36. Annulus present 37<br />
36. Annulus lacking or veil leaving a fibrillose zone on upper<br />
part <strong>of</strong> stipe 38<br />
37. Cuticle <strong>of</strong> pileus composed <strong>of</strong> sphaerocysts Cystoderma<br />
C. amianthina (Scop, ex Fr.) Fayod<br />
37. Cuticle <strong>of</strong> pileus filamentous (see Lentinus also) Armillaria<br />
A. luteovirens (A. & S. ex Fr.) Gill.<br />
38. Lamellae waxy, typically flesh colored; spores echinulate<br />
(smooth in L. trullisata) Laccaria<br />
L. laccata (Scop, ex Fr.) B. & Br.<br />
38. Not as above 39<br />
39. Cuticle <strong>of</strong> pileus a turf <strong>of</strong> gelatinous, narrow, branched hyphae;<br />
stipe velvety-pubescent <strong>and</strong> fulvous to dark brown below<br />
from colored tomentum Flammulina<br />
F. (Collybia) velutipes (Curt, ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
39. Not as above 40<br />
40. Typically lignicolous in habit; cheilocystidia present, large;<br />
clamp connections present; cystidia on pileus when present decumbent<br />
as somewhat differentiated end cells <strong>of</strong> hyphae;<br />
rhizomorphs usually present at base Tricholomopsis<br />
T. (Tricholoma) rutilans (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
40. Not as above 41<br />
41. Fruiting body, especially the lamellae, staining gray, bluish, or black,<br />
or if not staining then the lamellae gray <strong>and</strong> the cuticle <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pileus filamentous; color white to black, seldom brightly colored in<br />
any part; if lamellae white at first then basidia with<br />
carminophilous granulation Lyophyllum<br />
L. (Collybia) leucopheatum Karst.<br />
41. Not as above 42<br />
42. Stipe slender <strong>and</strong> cartilaginous to tough, or if thick, then with<br />
a clearly distinct, cartilaginous cortex 43<br />
42. Stipe typically fleshy in consistency, if thin then it is pliant 47<br />
266
TECHNICAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF MUSHROOMS<br />
43. Reviving when moistened 44<br />
43. Not reviving when moistened 45<br />
44. Hairs <strong>of</strong> pileus dark rusty brown in Melzer's solution Crinipellis<br />
C. ( Colly bia) stipitaria (Fr.) Pat.<br />
44. Without hairs as above Marasmius<br />
M. rotula (L. ex Fr.) Fr.<br />
45. Lamellae decurrent <strong>and</strong> margin <strong>of</strong> pileus incurved when young Omphalina<br />
O. (Omphalia) umbellifera (L. ex Fr.) Quel.<br />
45. Lamellae adnate to decurrent; margin <strong>of</strong> pileus straight or<br />
incurved but not in above combination 46<br />
46. Pileus typically convex to obtuse; margin incurved when young;<br />
hypoderm not differentiated; lamellae mostly adnate to subdecurrent Colly bia<br />
C. dryophila (Bull, ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
46. Pileus conic to obtuse; margin typically straight or bent in slightly;<br />
hypodermal region <strong>of</strong>ten <strong>of</strong> enlarged cells; lamellae adnate to decurrent .... Mycena<br />
M. galericulata (Scop, ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
47. Spores slightly rough, creamy to vinaceous; lamellae<br />
variously attached Lepista<br />
L. (Tricholoma) subaequalis (Britz.) Sing.<br />
47. Spores smooth, white to pale cream 48<br />
48. Lamellae typically decurrent to broadly adnate Clitocybe<br />
C. infundibuliformis (Schaeff, ex Fr.) Quel.<br />
48. Lamellae typically sinuate to adnexed at maturity Tricholoma<br />
T. flavovirens (Pers. ex Fr.) Lundell<br />
49. Spores pink to vinaceous cinnamon in mass 50<br />
49. Spores not as above 57<br />
50. Stipe lateral or lacking 51<br />
50. Stipe central 52<br />
51. Spores angular Rhodophyllus<br />
(species formerly in Claudopus)<br />
51. Spores not angular Phyllotopsis<br />
P. (Claudopus) nidulans (Fers. ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
52. Spores angular or longitudinally striate 53<br />
52. Spores smooth or slightly echinulate 54<br />
53. Spores longitudinally striate Clitopilus<br />
C. prunulus (Scop, ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
53. Spores angular Rhodophyllus<br />
R. (Entoloma) lividus (Bull, ex Fr.) Quel.<br />
(includes Entoloma, Leptonia, Nolanea, Eccilia <strong>and</strong> some species<br />
formerly placed in Clitopilus)<br />
54. Volva present Volvariella<br />
V. argentina Speg.<br />
54. Volva absent 55<br />
55. Annulus present Chamaeota<br />
Agaricus xanthogrammus Cesati<br />
55. Annulus lacking 56<br />
267
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
56. Lamellae free; spores smooth Pluteus<br />
P. cervinus (Schaeff. ex Seer.) Fr.<br />
56. Lamellae variously attached; spores slightly echinulate Lepista<br />
L. subaequalis (Britz. ) Sing.<br />
57. Spore deposit yellow-brown to purple-brown; spores truncate at apex,<br />
dull yellow-brown in KOH; cuticle <strong>of</strong> pileus not cellular 58<br />
57. Not with above combination <strong>of</strong> characters 61<br />
58. Spores typically purple-brown in deposit; if dull rusty brown<br />
then annulus well developed; usually with a special type <strong>of</strong> cystidia<br />
with an amorphous internal body that stains golden yellow when<br />
mounted in ammonia (chrysocystidia);<br />
if lignicolous, chrysocystidia present Stropharia<br />
S. aeruginosa (Curt, ex Fr.) Quel.<br />
58. Not as above 59<br />
59, Chrysocystidia absent; stipe typically fleshy; spores rusty brown in mass;<br />
annulus usually present; habitat typically lignicolous Kuehneromyces<br />
K. (Pholiota) mutabilis (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Sing. & Smith<br />
59. Not as above 60<br />
60. Chrysocystidia present Naematoloma<br />
N. (Hypholoma) sublateritium (Fr.) Karst.<br />
60. Chrysocystidia absent Psiiocybe<br />
P. semilanceata (Fr.) ex Kummer<br />
6L Spore deposit typically bright rusty brown to earth-brown, spores truncate;<br />
cuticle <strong>of</strong> pileus cellular in structure 62<br />
6L Spore deposit typically cocoa-brown to chocolate, or if rusty<br />
brown to yellow then spores have not a truncate apex 64<br />
62. Pileus viscid <strong>and</strong> s<strong>of</strong>t, <strong>of</strong>ten subdeliquescent; margin <strong>of</strong> pileus<br />
plicate-striate Bolbitius<br />
B. fragilis (L. ex Fr.) Fr.<br />
62. Not as above 63<br />
63. Stipe typically fleshy <strong>and</strong> spore deposit typically dull clay color<br />
to earth-brown (sec Psat/iyrella nho) Agrocybe<br />
A. (Pholiota) praecox (Pers. ex Fr.) Fayod<br />
63. Stipe typically cartilaginous; spore deposit bright rusty brown Conocybe<br />
C. (Galera) tenera (Schaeff. ex Fr. ) Fayod<br />
64, Spores smooth, lamellae readily separable from pileus Paxillus<br />
P. involutus (Batsch ex Fr.) Fr.<br />
64. Not as above 65<br />
65. Spore deposit yellow to dark rusty brown 66<br />
65. Spores cocoa-brown to chocolate or black 82<br />
66. Stipe excentric or lacking Crepidotus<br />
C. mollis (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
66. Stipe typically central 67<br />
67. Spores thin-walled (many collapsed spores usually visible in mounts);<br />
spore deposit typically pale yellow to ochraceous <strong>and</strong> spores very<br />
pale under the microscope Tubaria<br />
T. furfuracea (Pers. ex Fr.) Gill.<br />
67. Spores well pigmented <strong>and</strong> with appreciably thickened walls 68<br />
268
TECHNICAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF MUSHROOMS<br />
68. Spores smooth (use oil immersion) 69<br />
68. Spores roughened or angular 73<br />
69. Subhymenial zone typically well developed <strong>and</strong> gelatinous;<br />
typically lignicolous; <strong>of</strong>ten with an annulus, <strong>and</strong> stipe fibrillose<br />
to scaly below annulus or annular zone Pholiota<br />
P. squarrosa (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
69. Not as above, typically terrestrial (lignicolous in Gymnopilus) 70<br />
70. Stipe fleshy 71<br />
70. Stipe brittle, typically thin 72<br />
71. Pileus viscid; cystidia when present neither thick-walled<br />
nor encrusted Hebeloma<br />
H. fastibile (Fr.) Kummer<br />
71. Pileus dry or moist; if subviscid then encrusted cystidia<br />
present on sides <strong>of</strong> lamellae Inocybe<br />
I. trechispora (Berk.) Karst.<br />
72. Spores somewhat almond-shaped; margin <strong>of</strong> pileus appressed<br />
when young Galerina<br />
G. (Galera) rubiginosa (Pers. ex Fr.) KUhner<br />
72. Spores somewhat reniform in side view or elliptic; margin <strong>of</strong><br />
pileus inrolled or incurved at first Naucoria<br />
N. centuncula (Fr.) Kummer<br />
73. Spores angular to nodulose or with prominent spines or<br />
compound nodules Inocybe<br />
I. trechispora (Berk.) Karst.<br />
73. Not as above 74<br />
74. Spores with a smooth area around the hilum Galerina<br />
G. rubiginosa (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
74. Not as above 75<br />
75. Membranous annulus present; volva rudimentary Rozites<br />
R. (Pholiota) caperata (Pers. ex Fr.) Karst.<br />
75. Not as above 76<br />
76. Typically lignicolous <strong>and</strong> spore deposit very bright rusty<br />
fulvous to orange-fulvous Gymnopilus^<br />
G. (Flammula) liquiritiae (Pers. ex Fr.) Karst.<br />
76. Not as above 77<br />
77. Veil lacking <strong>and</strong> stipe long-radicating Phaeocollybia<br />
P. (Naucoria) festiva (Fr.) Heim. ex Sing.<br />
77. Not as above 78<br />
78. Lamellae separable from pileus Ripartites<br />
R. (Inocybe) tricholoma (A. & S. ex Fr.) Karst.<br />
78. Not as above 79<br />
79. Stipe thin <strong>and</strong> fragile; clamp connections absent Galerina<br />
G. rubiginosa (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
79. Stipe thick, or if thin then clamp connections present 80<br />
80. Typically associated with alder, <strong>and</strong> pileus showing some differentiation<br />
<strong>of</strong> the cuticle other than a gelatinous pellicle, or cystidia present<br />
on the pileus; stipe cartilaginous-brittle<br />
A. (Naucoria) submelinoides KUhner<br />
Alnicola<br />
80. Not as above 81<br />
269
EDIIiLH AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
81. Spore deposit rusty brown; cheilocystidia if present mostly clavate;<br />
pilcLis dry, to moist or viscid; partial veil cortinate Cortinarius<br />
C. violaccus ( L. ex Fr. ) Fr.<br />
81. Spore deposit clay color or dull brown; cheilocystidia typically elongate<br />
to filamentose-capitate; pileus viscid; partial veil more or less<br />
cortinate to membranous or lacking Heheloma<br />
H. jiistihile (Fr. ) Kummer<br />
82. Cuticle <strong>of</strong> pileus cellular or lamellae deliquescing or both 83<br />
82. Not as above 87<br />
83. Lamellae deliquescing at maturity Coprinus<br />
C. conuitiis (Miiller ex Fr.) S. F. Gray<br />
83. Lamellae not deliquescing 84<br />
84. Sides <strong>of</strong> lamellae mottled by maturing spores; (see Pscithyrella<br />
also if pileus is fibrillose) Panaeolus<br />
P. canipaniilatus (L. ex Fr.) Quel.<br />
84. Not as above 85<br />
85. Pileus plicate-striate <strong>and</strong> pseudoparaphyses present Pseudocoprinus<br />
P. (Psathyrella) disseminatus (Pers. ex Fr.) Kijhner<br />
85. Never with both a plicate-striate pileus <strong>and</strong> pseudoparaphyses 86<br />
86. Spore deposit at first greenish, becoming purplish on drying Meldnophylliim<br />
M. (Agaricus) ccliinatiis (Roth ex Fr. ) Sing.<br />
86. Spore deposit never greenish Psathyrella<br />
P. gracilis (Fr.) Quel.<br />
87. Lamellae free or nearly so; stipe separating readiU from pileus Agaricus<br />
A. campestris L. ex Fr.<br />
87. Lamellae decurrent, somewhat waxy; stipe not separating<br />
readily from pileus Gomphidms<br />
G. glutinosus (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Fr.<br />
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY<br />
Atkinson, G. F. 1911. Studies <strong>of</strong> American fungi, <strong>mushrooms</strong>, edible, <strong>poisonous</strong>, etc. 3rd<br />
ed. Holt <strong>and</strong> Co.. New York.<br />
B<strong>and</strong>oni, R. J., <strong>and</strong> Szczawinski, A. F. 1976. Guide to common <strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>of</strong> British<br />
Columbia. Revised ed. B.C. Prov. Mus., H<strong>and</strong>book 24. Victoria.<br />
Child, G. P. 1952. The ability <strong>of</strong> coprini to sensitize man to ethvl alcohol. Mvcologia<br />
44:2()()-2()2.<br />
Christi NSFiN, C. M. 1943. Common edible <strong>mushrooms</strong>. Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis,<br />
Minn.<br />
CooKF, M. C. 1881-1891. Illustrations <strong>of</strong> British fungi. Williams & Norgatc, London. 8<br />
vols.<br />
Di-.ARNFSS, J. 1911. The personal factor in mushroom poisoning. Mycologia 3:75-78.<br />
Fari.ow, W. Ci.. <strong>and</strong> Burt, F. A. 1929. Icones Farlowianae. Farlow Herbarium <strong>of</strong> Harvard<br />
Univ.. Cambridge. Mass. 120 pp.. 103 pi.<br />
Graham, V. O. 1970. Mushrooms <strong>of</strong> the Great Lakes Region. Dover Publ.. New York.<br />
(First published in 1944.)<br />
GiJssow, H. T.. <strong>and</strong> Odit i . W. S. 1927. Mushrooms <strong>and</strong> toadstools. Can. Dep. Agric,<br />
Ottawa.<br />
Hard, \t.<br />
Ohio.<br />
F. 1908. Mushiooms. edible <strong>and</strong> otherwise. Mushroom Publ. Co., Columbus,<br />
Hf.im, R. 1969. Champignons d'Furopc. Fditions N. Boubee. Paris.<br />
270
REFERENCES FOR SELECTED GROUPS<br />
Kauffman, C. H. 1971. The gilled <strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>of</strong> Michigan <strong>and</strong> the Great Lakes Region.<br />
Dover Publ.. New York. (First published in 1918.)<br />
KoNRAD, P.. <strong>and</strong> Maublanc. A. 1924-1937. Iconcs Selectae Fungorum. Lechevalier. Paris.<br />
6 vols.<br />
Krieger, L. C. 1967. The mushroom h<strong>and</strong>book. Dover Publ.. New York. (First published<br />
in 1936.)<br />
KiJUNER, R., <strong>and</strong> Romagnesi. H. 1953. Flore analytique des champignons superieurs.<br />
Masson &. Cie.. Paris.<br />
Lange. J. E. 1935-1940. Flora Agaricina Danica. Soc. Adv. Mycol. Denmark & Danish<br />
Bot. Soc. Copenhagen. 5 vols.<br />
Lange, M., <strong>and</strong> Hora, F. B. 1963. Mushrooms <strong>and</strong> toadstools. E.P. Dutton, New York.<br />
McIlvaine, C, <strong>and</strong> Macadam, R. K. 1973. One thous<strong>and</strong> American fungi. Dover Publ..<br />
New York. (First printed in 1902.)<br />
Michael, E., <strong>and</strong> Hennig. B. 1964-1971. H<strong>and</strong>buch fiir Pilzfreunde. Quelle <strong>and</strong> Meyer.<br />
Heidelberg. 5 vols.<br />
Miller, O. K, 1972. Mushrooms <strong>of</strong> North America. E.P. Dutton, New York.<br />
MosER, H. 1978. Die Rohrlinge und Bliitterpilze (Polyporales, Boletales, Agaricales, Russulales).<br />
/// H. Gams, Kleine Kryptogamenflora, Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.<br />
Overholts, L. O. 1938. Mycological notes for 1934-35. Mycologia 30:269-279.<br />
PiLAT. A., <strong>and</strong> U§ak, O. 1958. Mushrooms. Spring Books, London.<br />
1961. Mushrooms <strong>and</strong> other fungi. Peter Nevill. London.<br />
Pomerleau, R. 1951. Mushrooms <strong>of</strong> Eastern <strong>Canada</strong> <strong>and</strong> the United States. Editions<br />
Chantecler, Montreal.<br />
Ramsrottom, J. 1953. Mushrooms <strong>and</strong> toadstools. Collins, London.<br />
Rea. C. 1922. British Basidiomycetae. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.<br />
ROLFE, R. T., <strong>and</strong> Rolfe, R. W. 1928. The romance <strong>of</strong> the fungus world. Lippincott,<br />
Philadelphia.<br />
Romagnesi, H. 1956-1967. Nouvel atlas des champignons. Bordas, Paris. 4 vols.<br />
1962. Petit atlas des champignons de France. Bordas, Paris. 3 vols.<br />
Shaffer, R. L. 1968. Keys to the genera <strong>of</strong> higher fungi. Univ. Michigan Biol. Stn.. Ann<br />
Arbor.<br />
Singer, R. 195 1 . The Agaricales (<strong>mushrooms</strong>) in modern taxonomy. Lilloa 22: 1-832.<br />
1961. Mushrooms <strong>and</strong> truffles. Interscience Publishers, New York.<br />
1962. The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. 2nd ed. J. Cramer, Weinheim.<br />
Singer, R. 1975. The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. 3rd ed. J. Cramer, Vaduz.<br />
Smith, A. H. 1938. Common edible <strong>and</strong> <strong>poisonous</strong> <strong>mushrooms</strong> <strong>of</strong> Southeastern Michigan.<br />
Cranbrook Inst. Sci.. Bull. 14, 71 pp.<br />
1949. Mushrooms in their natural habitats. Sawyers Inc., Portl<strong>and</strong>, Ore. Vol. 1,<br />
626 pp.; Vol. 2, 33 Viewmaster reels. stereo-Kodachromes. Vol. 1 reprinted by Hafner<br />
Press, New York. 1973.<br />
1963. The mushroom hunter's field guide. Univ. Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.<br />
Revised.<br />
Smith, A. H. 1975. A field guide to western <strong>mushrooms</strong>. Univ. Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.<br />
Smith, H. V., <strong>and</strong> Smith. A. H. 1973. How to know the non-gilled fleshy fungi. Wm. Brown<br />
Co., Dubuque.<br />
Thomas, W. S. 1948. Field book <strong>of</strong> common <strong>mushrooms</strong>. Putnam <strong>and</strong> Sons, New York.<br />
Wakefield, E. M.. <strong>and</strong> Dennis. R. W. G. 1950. Common British fungi. P. R. Gawthorn.<br />
London.<br />
REFERENCES FOR SELECTED GROUPS<br />
AGARICUS<br />
EssETTE, H. 1964. Les psalliotes. Lechevalier, Paris.<br />
Hotson, J. W.. <strong>and</strong> Stuntz, D. E. 1938. The genus Ai>aricii.s in western Washington.<br />
Mycologia 30:204-234.<br />
Moller. F. H. 1950-1952. Danish P.sY////>;m species: I & II. Friesia 4: 1-60. 135-242.<br />
PiLAT, A. 1951. The Bohemian species <strong>of</strong> the genus Ai>ariciis. Acta Mus. Nat. Pragae 7. B.<br />
1-142.<br />
27J
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
AMANITA<br />
Bas, C. 1969. Morphology <strong>and</strong> subdivision <strong>of</strong> Amanita <strong>and</strong> a monograph <strong>of</strong> its section<br />
Lepidella. Persoonia 5:285-579.<br />
CoKER, W. C. 1917. The Amanitas <strong>of</strong> the Eastern United States. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.<br />
33:1-88.<br />
Gilbert, E. J. 1940-1941. Amanitaceae (Supplement to honoi'iaphia Mycolo^ica <strong>of</strong><br />
Bresadola). Comitato Onoranze Bresadoliane, Milan.<br />
Heinemann, p. 1964. Les Amanitees. Naturalistes belg. 45: 1-15.<br />
HoTSON, J. W, 1936. The Amanitae <strong>of</strong> Washington. Mycologia 28:63-76.<br />
Jenkins, D. T. 1977. A taxonomic <strong>and</strong> nomenclatural study <strong>of</strong> the genus Amanita Section<br />
Amanita for North America. Biblotheca Mycologica 57. J. Cramer, Vaduz.<br />
JOLY, P. 1967. Cles des principales amanites de la flore frangaise. Rev. Mycol. 32 (suppl.<br />
2):162-175.<br />
PoMERLEAU. R. 1966. Les amanites du Quebec. Nat. Can. (Que.) 93:861-887.<br />
See references under Amanita.<br />
AMANITOPSIS<br />
ARMILLARIA<br />
HoTSON, H. H. 1940. The genus Armillaria in western Washington. Mycologia 32:776-790.<br />
Kauffman, C. H. 1923. The genus Armillaria in the United States <strong>and</strong> its relationships.<br />
Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts & Lett. 2:53-67.<br />
MiTCHEL, D. H., <strong>and</strong> Smith, A. H. 1976. Notes on Colorado fungi. 11. Species <strong>of</strong> Armillaria<br />
(Fr.) Kummer (Agaricales). Mycotaxon 4:513-533.<br />
RoMAGNESi, H. 1970-1973. Observations sur les Armillariella. I <strong>and</strong> IL Bull. Soc. Mycol.<br />
France 86:257-265; 89: 195-206.<br />
See also Singer ( 1951 ) under general bibliography (as Armillariella).<br />
ASCOMYCETES<br />
Dennis, R. W. G. 1977. British Ascomycetes. 3rd ed. J. Cramer, Vaduz.<br />
Shaver, F. J. 1961. The North American cup fungi (Operculates <strong>and</strong> Inoperculates).<br />
Hafner, New York. 2 vols. (First printed in 1928.)<br />
Weber, N. S. 1972. The genus Helvella in Michigan. Mich. Bot. 11:1 47-20 1<br />
See also Smith <strong>and</strong> Smith ( 1973 ) under general bibliography.<br />
BOLETACEAE<br />
CoKER, W. C, <strong>and</strong> Beers, A. H. 1974. The Boletaceae <strong>of</strong> North Carolina. Dover Publ..<br />
New York. (First printed in 1943.)<br />
Grund, D. W., <strong>and</strong> Harrison, K. A. 1976. Nova Scotian Boletes. Biblotheca Mycologica 47.<br />
J. Cramer, Vaduz.<br />
Singer, R. 1945-1947. The Boletineae <strong>of</strong> Florida with notes on extralimital species: I-IV.<br />
Farlowia 2:97-141, 223-303, 527-567; Am. Midi. Nat. 37: 1-135.<br />
Slipp, a. W., <strong>and</strong> Snell, W. H. 1944. Taxonomic-ecologic studies <strong>of</strong> the Boletaceae in<br />
northern Idaho <strong>and</strong> adjacent Washington. Lloydia 7: 1-66.<br />
Smith, A. H., <strong>and</strong> Thiers, H. D. 1964. A contribution toward a monograph <strong>of</strong> North<br />
American species <strong>of</strong> Suillus. Publ. by the authors, Ann Arbor, Mich.<br />
1971. The Boletes <strong>of</strong> Michigan. Univ. Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.<br />
Smith, A. H., Thiers, H. D., <strong>and</strong> Watling, R. 1966-1967. A preliminary account <strong>of</strong> the<br />
North American species <strong>of</strong> Lecciniim. NlTch. Bot. 5:131-179 (section Leccinitm):<br />
6 : 1 07- 1 54 ( sections Luteoscabra <strong>and</strong> Scabra )<br />
Snell, W. H., 1936. Tentative keys to the Boletaceae <strong>of</strong> the United States <strong>and</strong> <strong>Canada</strong>.<br />
Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong> Bot. Club Publ. 1 . 25 pp.<br />
Snell, W. H., <strong>and</strong> Dick, E. A. 1970. The Boleti <strong>of</strong> Northeastern North America. J.<br />
Cramer, Lehre.<br />
Thiers, H. D. 1963. The bolete flora <strong>of</strong> the gulf coastal plain: I. The Strobilomycetaceae.<br />
J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 79:32-41.<br />
1965. The genus Xerocomiis Quelet in Northern California. Madrono 17:237-249.<br />
1965. California boletes: I. Mycologia 57:524-534.<br />
1966. California boletes: II. Mycologia 58:815-826.<br />
272<br />
1967. California boletes: III. Madrono 19: 148-160.<br />
1971. California boletes: IV. The genus Lecciniim. Mycologia 63:161-276.<br />
.<br />
.
REFERENCES FOR SELECTED GROUPS<br />
Thiers, H. D. 1975. California <strong>mushrooms</strong>. A field guide to the Boletes. Hafner Press, New<br />
York.<br />
See also Smith <strong>and</strong> Smith ( 1973 ) under general bibliography.<br />
CANTHARELLUS<br />
BiGELOW, H.E.I 978. The cantharelloid fungi <strong>of</strong> New Engl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> adjacent areas. Mycologia<br />
70:707-756.<br />
Corner. E. J. H. 1966. A monograph <strong>of</strong> the Cantharelloid fungi. Oxford Univ. Press,<br />
London.<br />
Smith, A. H. 1968. The Cantharellaceae <strong>of</strong> Michigan. Mich. Bot. 7: 143-183.<br />
Smith, A. H.. <strong>and</strong> Morse, E. 1947. The genus Cantharellus in the western United States.<br />
Mycologia 39:497-534.<br />
See also Smith <strong>and</strong> Smith ( 1973 ) under general bibliography.<br />
CLAVARIACEAE<br />
CoKER, W. C, <strong>and</strong> Couch, J. N. 1923. The Clavarias <strong>of</strong> the United States <strong>and</strong> <strong>Canada</strong>.<br />
Univ. North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.<br />
Corner, E. J. H. 1950. A monograph <strong>of</strong> Clavaria <strong>and</strong> allied genera. Ann. Bot. Mem. 1.<br />
740 pp.<br />
1970. Supplement to "A monograph <strong>of</strong> Clavaria <strong>and</strong> allied genera." Nova<br />
Hedwigia 33: 1-299.<br />
Doty, M. S. 1944. Clavaria, the species known from Oregon <strong>and</strong> the Pacific Northwest.<br />
Ore. State College Press, Corvallis.<br />
Leathers, C. R. 1955. The genus Clavaria Fries in Michigan. Ph.D. Diss., Univ. Michigan.<br />
Unpubl. (Available from University Micr<strong>of</strong>ilms, Ann Arbor, Mich.)<br />
Marr, C. D., <strong>and</strong> Stuntz, D. E. 1973. Ranuiria <strong>of</strong> Western Washington. Bibliotheca<br />
Mycologia, Vol. 38.<br />
Perreau, J. 1969. Les clavaires. Rev. Mycol. 33 (suppl. 5) : 396-41 5.<br />
Petersen, R. H. 1968. The genus Claviilinopsis in North America. Mycologia Mem. 2.<br />
1971. The genera Gompluis <strong>and</strong> Glococautharellus in North America. J. Cramer,<br />
Lehre.<br />
Wells, V. L., <strong>and</strong> Kempton, P. E. 1968. A preliminary study <strong>of</strong> Clavariadclphiis in North<br />
Ariierica. Mich. Bot. 7:35-57.<br />
See also Smith <strong>and</strong> Smith ( 1 973 ) under general bibliography.<br />
CLITOCYBE<br />
BiGELOW, H. E. 1965. The genus Clitocxhe in North America: \. Section Clitocxbe. Lloydia<br />
28:139-180.<br />
1968. The genus Clitocxhe in North America: IL Section Infundihuliformes.<br />
Lloydia 31:43-62.<br />
BiGELOW, H. E., Miller, O. K., <strong>and</strong> Thiers, H. D. 1976. A new species <strong>of</strong> Omphalotus.<br />
Mycotaxon 3:363-372.<br />
BiGELOW, H. E., <strong>and</strong> Smith, A. H. 1969. The status <strong>of</strong> Lepista - a new section <strong>of</strong> Clitocyhc.<br />
Brittonia 21: 144-177.<br />
Harmaja, H. 1969. The genus Clitocybe (Agaricales) in Fennosc<strong>and</strong>ia. Karstenia 10:5-<br />
168.<br />
Kauffman, C. H. 1927. The genus Clitocyhe in the United States, with a critical study <strong>of</strong><br />
all the north temperate species. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts & Lett. 8: 153-214.<br />
Metrod, G. 1946, 1951. Revision des Clitocybes. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 62:42-49;<br />
67:387-403.<br />
CLITOPILUS<br />
See Hesler (1967) under E///o/t>/;j« <strong>and</strong> Singer (1951) under the general bibliography.<br />
COLLYBIA<br />
BiGELOW, H. E. 1973. The genus Clitocybula. Mycologia 65:1101-1116.<br />
Metrod, G. 1952. LesCollybies. Rev. Mycol. 17 (suppl. 1 ): 60-93.<br />
CONOCYBE<br />
Kits van Waveren, E. 1970. The genus Conocyhe subgenus Pholiolina: 1. Persoonia<br />
6:119-165.<br />
273
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
KuHNrR, R. 1935. I c genre Cdlcra. l.echevalier. Paris.<br />
Wafiinc;, R. \91 \ .The genus Conocy/w subgenus Pliolioiiiui: II. F^Msoonia 6; 3 I 3-.V39.<br />
COPRINUS<br />
Kits van Wavfrf.n, E.<br />
5:131-176.<br />
1968. The '^stcnorctrius group" <strong>of</strong> the genus Copriiitis. Persoonia<br />
Langi , M. 1952. Species concept in the genus Copr'uut.s. Dansk Bot. Ark. 14: 1-164.<br />
Langf. M., <strong>and</strong> Smith, A. H. 1953. The Coprinus cphenicrns group. Mvcologia 45:747-<br />
780.<br />
Pll AT, A., <strong>and</strong> Svrcfk. M. 1967. Revision specierum sectionis Hcrhicolac generia Coprinus.<br />
Ceska Mycol. 21 : 1 36-145.<br />
Van <strong>of</strong> Bogart, F. 1976. The genus Coprinus in<br />
Coprinus. Mycotaxon 4:233-275.<br />
western North America, Part 1 : Section<br />
CORTINARIUS<br />
Ammirati. J. F. 1972. The section Dcrniocybc <strong>of</strong> Coriinanus in North America. Ph.D.<br />
Diss., Univ. Michigan. Unpuhl. (Available from Universitv Micr<strong>of</strong>ilms. Ann Arbor.<br />
Mich.)<br />
Bertaux, a. 1966. Les Cortinaires. Lechevalier, Paris.<br />
Henry. R. 1958. Suite a I'etude des Cortinaires. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 74:249-422.<br />
1967-1969. Etude provisoire du genre Hydrocybe: Hydrocybes a pied attenue a la<br />
base. Bull.Soc. Mycol. France 83:989-1046:84:396-421:85:385-449.<br />
Kauffman, C. H. 1932. Cortinarius. North Am. Flora 10:282-348.<br />
MosER, M. 1960. Die Gattung P/ilci>nuuiuni. Pilze Mitteleuropas IV. Kiinkhardt. Bad<br />
Heilbrunn.<br />
1969-1970. Cortinarius Fr. Untcrgattung Leprocvbe subgen. nov.. Die Rauhkopfe.<br />
Zeitschr. Pilzk. 35:213-248; 36:37-57.<br />
Smith, A. H. 1942. New <strong>and</strong> unusual Cortinarii from Michigan, with a key to the North<br />
American species <strong>of</strong> subgenus Bulbopodium. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 69:44-64.<br />
1944. New <strong>and</strong> interesting Cortinarii from North America. Lloydia 7: 163-235.<br />
CREPIDOTUS<br />
Hesler. L. R.. <strong>and</strong> Smith. A. H. 1965. North American species <strong>of</strong> Crepidotus. Hafner.<br />
New York.<br />
Pii AT. A. 1948. Monographic des especes europeennes du genre Crepidotus Fr. Atlas de<br />
Champignons de L'Europe 6. Prague.<br />
CYSTODERMA<br />
Smith, A. H.. <strong>and</strong> Singer. R. 1945. A monograph on the genus Cystodemui. Pap. Mich.<br />
Acad.Sci.. Arts & Lett. 30:125-147.<br />
Sec also Hotson ( 1940) imder Armillaria.<br />
ENTOLOMA<br />
Hesi^er. L. R. 1967. Entolonui ( Rhodophyllus) in Southeastern North America. Nova<br />
Hedw. Beih. 23.<br />
Peck. C. H. 1909. New York species <strong>of</strong> Entolotna. Bull. N.Y. State Mus. 13:47-58.<br />
FLAMMULA<br />
Hesler. L. R. 1969. North American species <strong>of</strong> Gymnopilus. Mycologia Mem. 3.<br />
Kauffman. C. H. 1926. The genera Flaniniula <strong>and</strong> Paxil Ius <strong>and</strong> the status <strong>of</strong> the American<br />
species. Am. J. Bot. 13: 1 1-32.<br />
See also Smith <strong>and</strong> Hesler ( 1968) under Pholiota for a treatment <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> the species.<br />
GASTROMYCETES<br />
Brodie, H. J. 1975. The bird's nest fungi. Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto, Ont.<br />
CoKER. W. C. <strong>and</strong> Couch. J. N. 1968. The Gastromycetes <strong>of</strong> the Eastern United States<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Canada</strong>. J. Cramer, Lehre. (First printed in 1928 by Univ. North Carolina Press.<br />
Chapel Hill.)<br />
Dissing, H., <strong>and</strong> Lange, M. 1961-1962. The genus Geastrum in Denmark. Bot. Tidsskr.<br />
57: 1-27; 58:64-67.<br />
274
REFERENCES FOR SELECTED GROUPS<br />
EcKBLAD. F. E. 1955. The gastromycetes <strong>of</strong> Norway. Nytt Mag. Bot. 4: 19-86.<br />
Kreisel, H. 1967. Taxonomisch-pflanzengeographische Monographic der Gattung Bovisui.<br />
Nova Hedw. Beih. 25.<br />
Singer. R. 1963. Notes on secotiaceous fungi: Galeropsis <strong>and</strong> Brauniella. Proc. Kon. Ned.<br />
Akad. Wetensch., Ser. C, 66: 106-1 17.<br />
Singer, R.. <strong>and</strong> Smith, A. H. 1958-1960. Studies on secotiaceous fungi: I. Tha.\tero}>aster.<br />
Brittonia 10:201-216, 1958. II. Etidoptychiim. ibid 10:216-221, 1958. III. Weraroa.<br />
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 85:324-334, 1959. IV. Gastroboleius, Truncocolumella,<br />
Chamonixia. Brittonia 11:205-223. 1959. V. hJivatogastrium. ibid 11:224-228, 1959.<br />
VI. Setchelliogaster. Madr<strong>of</strong>io 15:73-79, 1960. VII. Secotium <strong>and</strong> Neosecotium. ibid<br />
15:152-158, 1960. VIII. Brauniella. Mycologia 50:927-938,<br />
ceous series. Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 21:1-1 12, 1960.<br />
1958. IX. Astrogastra-<br />
Smith, A. H. 1951. Puffballs <strong>and</strong> their allies in Michigan. Univ. Michigan Press, Ann<br />
Arbor.<br />
Smith, A. H., <strong>and</strong> Zeller, S. M. 1966. A preliminary account <strong>of</strong> the<br />
species oi Rhizopogon. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 14(2) : 1-177.<br />
North American<br />
Soehner, E. 1962. Monographic der Gattung Hymenogaster. Nova Hedw. Beih. 2.<br />
Zeller, S. M. 1949. Keys to the orders, families, <strong>and</strong> genera <strong>of</strong> the gastromycetes.<br />
Mycologia 41 : 36-58.<br />
Zeller, S. M., <strong>and</strong> Smith, A. H. 1964. The genus Calvatia in North America. Lloydia<br />
27:148-186.<br />
.S>e fl/.vr> Shaffer (1968) <strong>and</strong> Smith <strong>and</strong> Smith (1973) under general bibliography.<br />
GOMPHIDIUS<br />
Miller, O. K. 1964. Monograph <strong>of</strong> CliroogoiupJius (Gomphidiaceae). Mycologia 56:526-<br />
549.<br />
— 1971. The genus Gomphidiiis with a revised description <strong>of</strong> the Gomphidiaceae <strong>and</strong><br />
a key to the genera. Mycologia 63: 1 129-1 163.<br />
Singer. R. 1949. The genus Gomphidiiis Fries in North America. Mycologia 41 :462-489.<br />
HEBELOMA<br />
Bruchlt, G. 1970. Contribution a Tetude du genre Hebclonia (Fr.) Kummer; partie<br />
speciale. Bull. Soc. Linn. Lyon 39 (suppl. 6) :<br />
1-1 32.<br />
MosER. M. 1970. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Gattung Hebclonia. Zeitschr. Pilzk. 36:61-75.<br />
Peck, C. H. 1910. New York species <strong>of</strong> //^/)W(>/?;rt. N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 139:67-77.<br />
Romagnesi. H. 1965. Etudes sur le genre Hebclonia. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 81 :321-344.<br />
HYDNACEAE<br />
CoKLR, W. C, <strong>and</strong> Beers, A. H. 1951. The stipitate hydnums <strong>of</strong> the Eastern United States.<br />
Univ. North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.<br />
Hall, D., <strong>and</strong> Stuntz, D. E. 1971. Pileate Hydnaceae <strong>of</strong> the Puget Sound area. I. Whitespored<br />
genera: Aitriscalpiuni, Hcriciiini, Dentinuni <strong>and</strong> Phcllodon. Mycologia<br />
63:1099-1128.<br />
1972. Pileate Hydnaceae <strong>of</strong> the Puget Sound area. II. Brown-spored genera: Hydniim.<br />
Mycologia 64:15-37,<br />
1972. Pileate Hydnaceae <strong>of</strong> the Puget Sound area. III. Brown-spored genus: Hydnclliini.<br />
Mycologia 64:560-590.<br />
Harrison, K. A. 1961. The stipitate hydnums <strong>of</strong> Nova Scotia. Can. Dep. Agric. Publ. 1099.<br />
1968. Studies on the hydnums <strong>of</strong> Michigan: I. Genera Phellodon, Bankera. Hydnelliim.<br />
Mich. Bot. 7:212-264.<br />
1973. The genus Hericiiini in North America. Mich. Bot. 12: 177-194.<br />
Maas Geesteranus, R. A. 1956-1959. The stipitate hydnums <strong>of</strong> the Netherl<strong>and</strong>s: I-IV.<br />
Fungus 26:44-60; 27:50-71 ; 28:48-61. Persoonia 1 : 1 15-147.<br />
See also Smith <strong>and</strong> Smith ( 1973) under general bibliography.<br />
HYGROPHORUS<br />
HiSLER, L. R.. <strong>and</strong> Smith. A. H. 1963. North American species <strong>of</strong> Hygrophonts. Univ.<br />
Tennessee Press. Knoxville.<br />
Smith, A. H., <strong>and</strong> Hesier, L. R. 1938, 1942. Studies in North American species <strong>of</strong><br />
Hygrophonts: I & II. Lloydia 2: 1-62; 5: 1-94.<br />
275
HDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
INOCYBH<br />
Grund, D. W., <strong>and</strong> Stuntz, D. F. I96S. 1970. Nova Scotian Inocybes: I & II. Mycologia<br />
60:406-425; 62:925-939.<br />
Grund, D. W., <strong>and</strong> Stuntz, D. E. 1975. Nova Scotian Inocybes. III. Mycologia 67:19-31.<br />
IV. Mycologia 69:392-408.<br />
Heim, R. 1931. Le Genre Inocyhc. Lechevalier. Paris.<br />
Kauffman, C. H. 1924. Inocyhc. North Am. Flora 10:227-260.<br />
KiJHNi R, R., <strong>and</strong> Boursifr, J. 1928, 1932. 1933. Les Inocybes goniospores. Bull. Soc.<br />
Mycol. France 44:l70-189;48:Ii8-161;49: 81-121.<br />
MtTROD, G. 1956. Les Inocybes leiospores a cystides courtes. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France<br />
72:122-131.<br />
Peck, C.H. 1910. New York species <strong>of</strong> //;'cv/>t'. N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 139:48-67.<br />
Stuntz, D. F. 1947. Studies in the genus Inocyhc. I. New <strong>and</strong> noteworthy species from<br />
Washington. Mycologia 39:21-55.<br />
LACCARIA<br />
SiNCjhK. R. 1967. Notes sur le genre Laccr/r/rt. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 83 :<br />
LACTARIUS<br />
104-123.<br />
Coker, W. C. 1918. The Lactarias <strong>of</strong> North Carolina. .1. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 34:1-61.<br />
BuRLiNGHAM, G. 1910. Loctaria. North Am. Flora 9: 172-200.<br />
Heinemann, p. 1960. Les Lactaires. Nat. Belg. 41 : 133-156.<br />
Hfsler, L. R., <strong>and</strong> Smith, A. H. 1960. Studies on Lactariiis: I. The North American<br />
species <strong>of</strong> section Lactariiis. Brittonia 12:119-139. II. The North American species <strong>of</strong><br />
section Scrobiciilus, Crocei, Theio^ali, <strong>and</strong> Velliis. ihid 12:306-350.<br />
Hesler, L. R., <strong>and</strong> Smith, A. H. (in press). The North American species <strong>of</strong> the genus Lactariiis<br />
(Russulaceae). Univ. Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.<br />
Neuh<strong>of</strong>f, W. 1956. Die Milchlinge. Klinkhardt Verlag, Bad Heilbrunn.<br />
Smith, A. H., <strong>and</strong> Hesler, L. R. 1962. Studies on Lactariiis: III. The North American<br />
species <strong>of</strong> section P/m///f>>^!,'rt//. Brittonia 14:369-440.<br />
LFNTINUS<br />
Miller, O. K., <strong>and</strong> Stewart, L. 1971. The genus Lcntincllus. Mycologia 63:333-369.<br />
PiiXr. A. 1946. Monographic des especes europeennes du genre Lcniinns Fr. Atlas des<br />
Champignons de TEurope 5, Prague.<br />
See also Singer ( 1951 ) in the general bibliography.<br />
LEPIOTA<br />
Kauffman, C. H. 1924. The genus Lepiota in the United States. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci..<br />
Arts& Lett. 4:311-344.<br />
KiJHNER. R. 1936. Recherches sur le genre Lepiota. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 52: 177-238.<br />
Smith, H. V. 1954. A revision <strong>of</strong> the Michigan species <strong>of</strong> Lepiota. Lloydia 17:307-328.<br />
LEPTONIA<br />
Largent, D. L. 1977. The genus Leptonia on the Pacific coast <strong>of</strong> the United States— Including<br />
a study <strong>of</strong> the North American types. Biblotheca Mycologia 55. J. Cramer, Vaduz.<br />
Largent. D. L.. <strong>and</strong> Benedict. R. G. 1970. Studies in the rhodophylloid fungi: 11.<br />
Alholeptonia, a new genus. Mycologia 62:437-452.<br />
See also Hesler ( 1967) under Entoloma.<br />
LEUCOPAXILLUS<br />
Singer, R.. <strong>and</strong> Smith, A. H. 1943. A monograph <strong>of</strong> the genus Leiuopaxillns. Pap. Mich.<br />
Acad. Sci.. Arts & Lett. 28:85-132.<br />
LIMACELLA<br />
Smith, H. V. 1945. The genus Liniacella in North America. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci.. Arts &<br />
Lett. 30:125-147.<br />
MARASMIUS<br />
Gilliam, M. S. 1975, Marasniiiis section Chordales in the Northeastern United States <strong>and</strong><br />
adjacent <strong>Canada</strong>. Contrib. Univ, Mich, Herb. ll(2):25-40,<br />
276<br />
1976, The genus Marasmiiis in the Northeastern United States <strong>and</strong> adjacent <strong>Canada</strong>.<br />
Mycotaxon 4:1-144.
MELANOLEUCA<br />
REFERENCES FOR SELECTED GROUPS<br />
GiLLMAN, L. S., <strong>and</strong> Miller, O. K. 1977. A study <strong>of</strong> the Boreal, Alpine, <strong>and</strong> Arctic species <strong>of</strong><br />
Mclanolcuca. Mycologia 69:927-951.<br />
Metrod, G. 1948. Essai siir le genre Melanoleiica Patouillard emen. Bull. Soc. Mycol.<br />
France 64:141-165.<br />
MYCENA<br />
KiJHNER, R. 1938. Le genre Mycena. Lechevalier, Paris.<br />
Smith, A. H. 1947. North American species <strong>of</strong> Mjce/io. Univ. Michigan Press. Ann Arbor.<br />
NAEMATOLOMA<br />
Smith. A. H. 1951. North American species <strong>of</strong> A^f/£'/»a/o/o///rt. Mycologia 43 :467-52 1<br />
NAUCORIA<br />
RoMAGNESi, H. 1962. Les Naucoria du group centunculus {Raniicola Velen.). Bull. Soc.<br />
Mycol. France 78:337-358.<br />
5£'£' rtAvo Kijhner <strong>and</strong> Romagnesi (1953) under general bibliography.<br />
NOLANEA<br />
Mazzer, S. J. 1976. A monographic study <strong>of</strong> the genus Pouzarclla. Biblotheca Mycologica<br />
46, J, Cramer, Vaduz,<br />
See also Hesler ( 1967) under Entolonia.<br />
PANAEOLUS<br />
Ola'h, G. M. 1970. V.Q gQnxQ Panaeoliis. Rev, Mycol. Mem. 10.<br />
PANUS<br />
Mil LER. O. K. 1970. The genus Panellus in North America. Mich Bot. 9: 17-30.<br />
PAXILLUS<br />
See Kauftman ( 1926) under Flamnuda <strong>and</strong> Singer ( 1951 ) under general bibliography.<br />
PHAEOLEPIOTA<br />
Only one species known.<br />
Overholts, L. O.<br />
PHOLIOTA<br />
1927. A monograph <strong>of</strong> the genus PhoHota in the United States. Ann.<br />
Mo. Bot.Gard. 14:87-210.<br />
Smith, A. H., <strong>and</strong> Hesler. L.<br />
Publ.Co., New York.<br />
Only one species known.<br />
R. 1968. The North American species <strong>of</strong> PlwUotu. Hafner<br />
PHYLLOTOPSIS<br />
PLEUROTUS<br />
Coker, W. C. 1944. The smaller species <strong>of</strong> Pleurotus in North Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell<br />
Sci. Soc. 60:71-95.<br />
Miller, O. K., <strong>and</strong> Manning, D. L. 1976. Distribution <strong>of</strong> the Lignicolous Tricholomataceae<br />
in the Southern Appalachians, Pages 307-344 //; B. C. Parker <strong>and</strong> M. K. Roane, eds. The<br />
distributional history <strong>of</strong> the Biota <strong>of</strong> the Southern Appalachians, IV., Univ. Press <strong>of</strong><br />
Virginia, Charlottesville.<br />
PiLAT, A. 1935. Pleurotus. Atlas des champignons de I'Europe 2. Prague.<br />
See also Singer (1951) under general bibliography.<br />
PLUTEUS<br />
HoMOLA, R. L. 1972. Section Celluloderma <strong>of</strong> the genus Pluteus in North America.<br />
Mycologia 64: 121 1-1247.<br />
Singer, R. 1956. Contributions toward a monograph <strong>of</strong> the genus Pluteus. Trans. Brit.<br />
Mycol. Soc. 39:145-232.<br />
POLYPORACEAE<br />
BoNDARTSEV, A. S. 1953. The Polyporaceae <strong>of</strong> the European USSR <strong>and</strong> Caucasia. Acad.<br />
Sci. USSR, Leningrad. (English translation published by U.S. Dept. Agric. 1971.)<br />
DoMANSKi. S. 1972. Fungi (Polyporaceae I). Nat. Center Sci., Tech. & Econ. Inf., Warsaw.<br />
DoMANSKi. S., Ortos, H., <strong>and</strong> Skirgietto, A. 1973. Fungi (Polyporaceae II). Nat. Center<br />
Sci., Tech. & Econ. Inf,, Warsaw.<br />
.<br />
277
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
Fergus, C. L. 1960. Illustrated genera <strong>of</strong> wood decay fungi. Burgess Publ. Co.. Minneapolis.<br />
Minn.<br />
Lowe, J. L. 1957. Polyporaceae <strong>of</strong> North America. The genus Foiues. Tech. Publ. N.Y.<br />
State Coll. For. 80.<br />
1966. The genus Foria. Tech. Publ. N.Y. State Coll. For. 90.<br />
Lowe, J. L. 1975. Polyporaceae <strong>of</strong> North America: The genus Tyromyccs. Mycotaxon 2:1-82.<br />
Lowe, J. L., <strong>and</strong> Gilbertson, R. L. 1961. Synopsis <strong>of</strong> the Polyporaceae <strong>of</strong> the western<br />
United States <strong>and</strong> <strong>Canada</strong>. Mycologia 53:474-51 1.<br />
OvERHOLTS, L. O. 1953. The Polyporaceae <strong>of</strong> the United States, Alaska <strong>and</strong> <strong>Canada</strong>. Univ.<br />
Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.<br />
Ryvarden, L. 1976-1978. The Polyporaceae <strong>of</strong> North Europe. I <strong>and</strong> IL Fungiflora. Oslo.<br />
See also Smith <strong>and</strong> Smith ( 1973) under general bibliography.<br />
PSATHYRELLA<br />
Smith, A. H. 1972. The North American species <strong>of</strong> Psathyrella. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Card..<br />
Hafner Press, N.Y.<br />
PSEUDOCOPRINUS<br />
See Lange <strong>and</strong> Smith (1953) under Coprinus.<br />
RUSSULA<br />
Beardsi.ee. H. C. 1918. The Russulas <strong>of</strong> North Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.<br />
33:147-197.<br />
Blum, J. 1962. Les Russules: flore monographique des Russules de France et des pays<br />
voisins. Lechevalier, Paris.<br />
BuRLiNGHAM, G. 1915. Riissula. North Am. Flora 9:201-236.<br />
Crawshay, R. 1930. The spore ornamentation <strong>of</strong> the Russulas. Bailliere. Tindall <strong>and</strong> Co.x.<br />
London.<br />
Heinemann, p. 1962. Les Russules. Nat. Belg. 43 :<br />
1-32.<br />
Rayner, R. W. 1968-1970. Keys to the British species <strong>of</strong> Rtissnia. Bull. Brit. Mycol. Soc.<br />
2:76-108; 3:59; 3:89-120; 4: 19-46.<br />
Romagnesi, H. 1967. Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord. Bordas. Paris.<br />
ScHAEFFER, J. 1952. Russiila-Monographie. Klinkhardt Verlag, Bad Heilbrunn.<br />
Shaffer, R. L. 1964. The subsection Lactarioideae <strong>of</strong> Russula. Mycologia 56:202-231.<br />
1970. Notes on subsection Crassotunicatinae <strong>and</strong> other species <strong>of</strong> Russula. Lloydia<br />
33:49-96.<br />
1972. North American Russulas <strong>of</strong> the subsection Foetentinae. Mycologia 64:<br />
1008-1053.<br />
Shaffer, R. L. 1975. Some common North American species <strong>of</strong> Russula subsection Emeticinae.<br />
Beih. Nova Hedw. 51:207-237; pis. 49-54.<br />
SCHIZOPHYLLUM<br />
Cooke, W. B. 1961. The genus Schizopliyllum. Mycologia 53 :575-599.<br />
Linder, D. H. 1933. The genus Schizophvilum: \. The species <strong>of</strong> the western hemisphere.<br />
Am. J. Bot. 20:552-564.<br />
STROPHARIA<br />
See Kiihner <strong>and</strong> Romagnesi (1953) under general bibliography.<br />
THELEPHORACEAE<br />
Corner. E. J. H. 1968. A monograph <strong>of</strong> Thelephora (Basidiomycetes). Nova Hedw. Beih.<br />
27.<br />
The genus Craterellus is treated in the Cantharellaceae by most authors.<br />
TREMELLALES<br />
Martin, G. W. 1952. Revision <strong>of</strong> the North Central Tremellales. State Univ. Iowa Stud.<br />
Nat. Hist. 19(3).<br />
See also Smith <strong>and</strong> Smith (1973 ) under general bibliography.<br />
TRICHOLOMA<br />
BoN, M. 1967-1970. Revision des Tricholomes. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 83:324-335;<br />
85:475-492:86:755-763.<br />
278
Malloch, D. 1974. Tricholonia juhiiiu. Fungi Can. 31. (Includes a key to Tricholonia<br />
species with brown, viscid caps <strong>and</strong> farinaceous flesh.)<br />
Metrod. G. 1942. Les Tricholomes. Rev. Mycol. 7 (suppl. 2) :22-50.<br />
Smith. A. H. 1960. Tricholomopsis (Agaricales) in the western hemisphere. Brittonia<br />
12:41-70.<br />
See also Bigelow <strong>and</strong> Smith ( 1969) under Clitocyhe.<br />
TROGIA<br />
No other species can be confused with T. crispa. It is now usually placed in the genus<br />
Plicati/rn.<br />
TUBARIA<br />
See KUhner <strong>and</strong> Romagnesi ( 1953) under general bibliography.<br />
VOLVARIELLA<br />
Shaffer, R. L. 1957. Volvariella in North America. Mycologia 49:545-579.<br />
XEROMPHALINA<br />
Miller. O. K. 1968. A revision <strong>of</strong> the genus A'^/v;/?//?/^///?^. Mycologia 60: 156-188.<br />
279
Figures 374-383<br />
374. Geastrum triplex. 375. Lycoperdon perlatum.<br />
376. Morchella esculenta. 371. M. angusticeps.<br />
378. Verpa bohemica. 379. Gyromitra esculenta.<br />
380. G.infula. 381. Peziza rep<strong>and</strong>a<br />
382. Sarcoscypha coccinea. 383. Urnula craterium.<br />
280
281
282<br />
Figure 384. Hebeloma sinapizans.
Figure 385. Conocybe crispa.<br />
Figures 386-387. Stropharia aeruginosa.<br />
283
284<br />
00<br />
90<br />
3
285<br />
V.<br />
ft.<br />
ON<br />
00<br />
3
286<br />
Figures 390-391. Coprinus atramentarius.
Figures 392-393. Coprinus comatus.<br />
287
288<br />
Figure 394. Panaeolus foenisecii.<br />
Figure 395. Pseudocoprinus disseminatus.
Figure 396. Ganoderma tsugae.<br />
Figure 397. Polyporus frondosus.<br />
396<br />
397<br />
289
290<br />
4 *•<br />
Figure 398. Clavaria cinerea.<br />
Figure 399. Clavaria fiava.<br />
399;
Figure 400. Dictyophora duplicata.<br />
Figures 401-403. Bovista pila.<br />
291
292<br />
Figures 404-405. Calvatia gigantea. 404, whole specimen; 405, section.<br />
Figures 406-407. Lycoperdon perla turn. 406, whole specimen; 407, section.
293
294<br />
,'<br />
Figure 409. Helvetia crispa.<br />
Figure 410. Helvella elastica.<br />
I<br />
409<br />
410
Figure 411. Cantharellus cibarius.<br />
Figure 412. Lactarius deliciosus.<br />
295
296<br />
Figure 413. Pleurotus serotinus.<br />
Figure 414. Clitocybe clavipes.
Figure 415. Xeromphalina campanella.<br />
Figure 416. CoUybia platyphylla.<br />
297
298<br />
00<br />
.ex<br />
-5<br />
a<br />
3<br />
00<br />
3
Figure 419. Trogia crispa.<br />
419<br />
299
300<br />
Figure 420. CUtopilus abortivus.<br />
Figure 421. Phyllotopsis nidulans.
Figure 422. Pholiota caperata.<br />
Figure 423. Naematoloma sublateritium.<br />
301
302<br />
I<br />
Figure 424. Panaeolus retirugis.<br />
Figure 425. Strobilomyces floccopus.<br />
'^A<br />
424<br />
425
303<br />
60
304
Figure 429. Gyromitra esculenta.<br />
305
306<br />
Figure 430. Gyromitra infula.
Figure 431. Psilocybe semilanceata.<br />
307
ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES OF AUTHORS<br />
A. — J. B. von Albertini<br />
Alb. — J. B. von Albertini<br />
Afz. — A. Afzelius<br />
Atk. — G. F. Atkinson<br />
B. — M. J. Berkeley<br />
Berk. — M. J. Berkeley<br />
Bolt. — J. Bolton<br />
Boud. — E. Boudier<br />
Br. — C. E. Broome<br />
Bref. — O. Brefeld<br />
Bres. — G. Bresadola<br />
Britz. — M. Britzelmayr<br />
Bull. — J. B. F. BuUiard<br />
Burl. — Gertrude S. Burlingham<br />
C. — M. A. Curtis<br />
Cke. — M. C. Cooke<br />
Curt. — M. A. Curtis<br />
DC. — A. P. De C<strong>and</strong>oUe<br />
Dicks. — J. Dickson<br />
Fr. — E. M. Fries<br />
Genev. — G. Genevier<br />
Gill. — C. C. Gillet<br />
Hook. — W. J. Hooker<br />
Huds. — W. Hudson<br />
Jacq. -— N, J. von Jacquin<br />
Jungh. — F. F. W. Junghuhn<br />
Kalchb. — K. Kalchbrenner<br />
Karst. — P. A. Karsten<br />
Kauffm. — C. H. Kauffman<br />
Kl. — J. F. Klotzch .<br />
Konr. — P. Konrad<br />
Krombh. — J. V. von Krombholz<br />
L. — C. Linnaeus<br />
Lam. — J. B. A. P. M. de Lamarck<br />
Lindbl. — M. A. Lindblad<br />
Lovej. — Ruth H. Lovejoy<br />
Lund. — S. Lundell<br />
Mass. — G. Massee<br />
Maubl. — A. Maublanc<br />
Morg. — A. P. Morgan<br />
MUU. — O. F. Muller<br />
Murr. — W. A. Murrill<br />
Nannf. — J. A. Nannfeldt<br />
Opat. — W. Opatovi'ski<br />
Pat. — N. T. Patouillard<br />
Pk. — C. H. Peck<br />
Pers. — C. H. Persoon<br />
Quel. — L. Quelet<br />
Rom. — L. Romell<br />
S. — L. D. von Schweinitz<br />
Sacc. — P. A. Saccardo<br />
Schaeff. — J. C. Schaeffer<br />
Schrad. — H. A. Schrader<br />
Schrot. — J. Schroter<br />
Schw. — L. D. von Schvi'einitz<br />
Sebum. — H. D. F. Schumacher<br />
Scop. — J. A. Scopoli<br />
Seer. — L. Secretan<br />
Sing. — R. Singer<br />
Sm. — A. H. Smith<br />
Sor. — N. V. Sorokin<br />
Sow. — J. Sowerby<br />
Speg. — C. L. Spegazzini<br />
Sw. — O. P. Swartz<br />
TuL — E. L. R. Tulasne <strong>and</strong> C. Tulasne<br />
Underw. — L. M. Underwood<br />
Vaill. — S. Vaillant<br />
Vitt. — C. Vittadini<br />
Wahl. — G. Wahlenberg<br />
Weinm. — J. A. Weinmann<br />
309
a:- prefix signifying without or absence <strong>of</strong>.<br />
acrid: a biting or peppery taste.<br />
adnate: (<strong>of</strong> lamellae) broadly joined to the<br />
stipe; (<strong>of</strong> cuticle or volva) not peeling<br />
<strong>of</strong>f or pulling <strong>of</strong>f readily.<br />
adnexed: (<strong>of</strong> lamellae) narrowly joined to<br />
the stipe.<br />
allantoid: sausage-shaped.<br />
alutaceous: light leather-colored, pale tan,<br />
pale brown.<br />
amygdaline: (<strong>of</strong> taste) like that <strong>of</strong> peach or<br />
cherry stones.<br />
amyloid: turning blue when treated with a<br />
solution <strong>of</strong> iodine in chloral hydrate <strong>and</strong><br />
water.<br />
anastomose, anastomosing: (<strong>of</strong> lamellae)<br />
joined crosswise forming angular areas<br />
or a network.<br />
annulus: ring <strong>of</strong> tissue left on the stipe from<br />
the torn partial veil.<br />
apical: (<strong>of</strong> stipe) the part near the attachment<br />
<strong>of</strong> the lamellae or where it joins<br />
the flesh <strong>of</strong> the pileus, the upper part.<br />
apiculate: provided with an apiculus.<br />
apiculus: (<strong>of</strong> spores) a short, sometimes<br />
sharp papilla or projection by which the<br />
spore was attached to the sterigma.<br />
apothecium: the usually cup-shaped or<br />
saucer-shaped to saddle-shaped fruiting<br />
body <strong>of</strong> Discomycetes in which a layer<br />
<strong>of</strong> asci is exposed to the air.<br />
appendiculate: (<strong>of</strong> the margin <strong>of</strong> the pileus)<br />
hung with fragments <strong>of</strong> the veil or<br />
pellicle.<br />
appressed: closely flattened down.<br />
arcuate: arched or curved like a bow.<br />
areolate: (<strong>of</strong> the surface <strong>of</strong> the pileus, or<br />
stipe) marked out in little areas by<br />
cracks or crevices.<br />
ascus (pi. asci): the cell in which the spores<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Ascomycetes are produced. Typically<br />
there is a fusion <strong>of</strong> nuclei in the<br />
young ascus followed by three nuclear<br />
divisions resulting in eight ascospores.<br />
atomate: covered with minute shining particles,<br />
glistening like mica.<br />
azonate: not zoned.<br />
basidium (pi. basidia): the cell on which the<br />
spores <strong>of</strong> the Basidiomycetes are produced.<br />
Typically there is a fusion <strong>of</strong><br />
nuclei in the young basidium followed<br />
by two nuclear divisions resulting in<br />
four spores that develop outside the cell<br />
on small stalks.<br />
310<br />
GLOSSARY<br />
booted: (<strong>of</strong> base <strong>of</strong> stipe), closely sheathed<br />
by the volva.<br />
campanulate: bell-shaped.<br />
cespitose: growing in dense tufts or clusters.<br />
chlamydospore: an asexual spore formed<br />
by the cells <strong>of</strong> the hyphae becoming<br />
rounded, thick-walled, <strong>and</strong> separated<br />
from one another.<br />
cinereous: ashy gray.<br />
clavate: club-shaped.<br />
concolor, concolorous: (<strong>of</strong> lamellae or<br />
stipe), same color as the pileus.<br />
conidium (pi. conidia): spore produced<br />
asexually.<br />
cortina: the cobwebby veil found in some<br />
<strong>mushrooms</strong>.<br />
crenate: scalloped, round-toothed.<br />
crenulate: finely crenate.<br />
crisped: finely curled or crinkled.<br />
cupulate: cup-like in form.<br />
cystidium (pi. cystidia): a large, sterile,<br />
more or less differentiated cell occurring<br />
among the basidia <strong>and</strong> usually projecting<br />
beyond them.<br />
cyathiform: cup-shaped with a flaring mar-<br />
gin.<br />
decumbent: resting on the substratum with<br />
the end turned up.<br />
decurrent: (<strong>of</strong> lamellae or tubes), running<br />
down the stipe.<br />
decurved: bent down.<br />
deliquescing: dissolving into fluid.<br />
echinulate: covered with small pointed<br />
spines.<br />
eflfused-reflexed: spread out over the substratum<br />
<strong>and</strong> turned back at the margin<br />
to form a pileus.<br />
ellipsoid: (<strong>of</strong> spores), rounded at both ends<br />
<strong>and</strong> with sides curved.<br />
emarginate: (<strong>of</strong> lamellae), notched near the<br />
stipe.<br />
epiphragm: the thin membrane covering the<br />
mouth <strong>of</strong> the young peridium in the<br />
Nidulariaceae.<br />
evanescent: soon disappearing.<br />
excentric: (<strong>of</strong> the stipe), not attached to the<br />
center <strong>of</strong> the pileus, <strong>of</strong>f-center.<br />
farinaceous: (<strong>of</strong> odor <strong>and</strong> taste) resembling<br />
fresh meal.<br />
ferruginous: rust colored.<br />
fetid: stinking.<br />
fibrillose: (<strong>of</strong> pileus or stipe), with thin<br />
thread-like filaments or fibrils, usually<br />
somewhat scattered.
filiform: very slender, thread-like.<br />
fimbriate: with the edge or margin finely<br />
fringed or torn.<br />
floccose: loose cottony to woolly.<br />
floccule: small cottony tuft.<br />
frondose: descriptive <strong>of</strong> a wood or forest <strong>of</strong><br />
broad-leaved trees.<br />
fulvous: reddish cinnamon-brown.<br />
furfuraceous: covered with bran-like par-<br />
ticles, scurfy.<br />
fuscous: a dark smoky brown.<br />
fusiform: spindle-shaped, tapering to both<br />
ends.<br />
generic: <strong>of</strong> the rank <strong>of</strong> a genus or pertain-<br />
ing to a genus.<br />
genus (pi. genera): a category used in<br />
classification; the first major grouping<br />
above the rank <strong>of</strong> species, considered to<br />
include related species.<br />
gibbous: (<strong>of</strong> the pileus), having an unsymmetrical<br />
convexity or umbo, irregularly<br />
rounded.<br />
glabrous: smooth, lacking scales, hairs, etc.<br />
globose: spherical.<br />
gloeocystidium: a special form <strong>of</strong> cystidium<br />
<strong>of</strong> gelatinous or horny consistency <strong>and</strong><br />
with oily, resinous, granular contents.<br />
glutinous: very sticky.<br />
granulose: covered with granules.<br />
hilum: (<strong>of</strong> spores), the scar marking the<br />
point <strong>of</strong> attachment.<br />
hygrophanous: (<strong>of</strong> the pileus), with a watery<br />
appearance when moist <strong>and</strong> changing<br />
markedly in color as it dries out.<br />
hyaline: colorless, transparent.<br />
hymenium: the fruiting surface in fruit<br />
bodies <strong>of</strong> Ascomycetes <strong>and</strong> Basidiomy-<br />
cetes.<br />
hypha (pi. hyphae): a single thread or filament<br />
<strong>of</strong> the vegetative structure <strong>of</strong> a<br />
fungus.<br />
hypoderm: (<strong>of</strong> pileus), a region <strong>of</strong> differen-<br />
tiated hyphae just below the pellicle.<br />
imbricate: overlapping like shingles.<br />
infundibuliform: funnel-shaped.<br />
intervenose: with veins between the lamel-<br />
lae.<br />
involute: inroUed.<br />
lacerate: appearing as if torn.<br />
lamella (pi. lamellae): the blade-like or gill-<br />
like structure on the under side <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pileus <strong>of</strong> a mushroom.<br />
lamellula (pi. lamellulae): small lamellae<br />
which do not reach the stipe.<br />
lanceolate: lance-shaped, longer than broad<br />
<strong>and</strong> tapering.<br />
latex: milky juice found in some <strong>mushrooms</strong>.<br />
livid: blue-black, colored like a bruise.<br />
GLOSSARY<br />
marginate: (<strong>of</strong> lamellae), with the edge dif-<br />
ferently colored than the sides; (<strong>of</strong> the<br />
bulb <strong>of</strong> the stipe), having a circular<br />
ridge on the upper, exterior angle where<br />
the universal veil was attached.<br />
membranous: thin <strong>and</strong> pliant like a membrane.<br />
mycelioid: resembling mycelium, <strong>of</strong>ten applied<br />
to a mold-like growth at base <strong>of</strong><br />
stipe.<br />
mycelium: the vegetative part <strong>of</strong> a fungus,<br />
a collective term for the hyphae.<br />
mycophagist: one who eats <strong>mushrooms</strong>.<br />
obconic: inversely conic.<br />
-old: a suffix meaning like or similar to.<br />
ovoid: egg shaped.<br />
pallid: <strong>of</strong> an indefinite pale or whitish appearance.<br />
papillate: having small nipple-shaped eleva-<br />
tions on the surface.<br />
papillose: same as papillate.<br />
paraphyses: unspecialized sterile cells in the<br />
hymenium between the basidia.<br />
pedicel: a slender stalk.<br />
pellicle: a skin-like covering <strong>of</strong> the pileus<br />
which <strong>of</strong>ten peels <strong>of</strong>f easily.<br />
peridiole: the seed-like or egg-like struc-<br />
tures in the bird's-nest fungi consisting<br />
<strong>of</strong> an inner peridium enclosing the<br />
spores.<br />
peridium: the outer enveloping wall or coat<br />
<strong>of</strong> the puffball fruit body.<br />
peronate: (<strong>of</strong> the stipe), sheathed by the<br />
universal veil.<br />
pileus: the cap-like structure that bears the<br />
hymenium.<br />
plicate: folded like a fan.<br />
poroid: (<strong>of</strong> lamellae) becoming joined by<br />
cross veins so as to resemble pores.<br />
pruinose: appearing as if finely powdered.<br />
pubescent: provided with a covering <strong>of</strong><br />
short, s<strong>of</strong>t, downy hairs.<br />
pulverulent: powdery.<br />
punctate: marked with small point-like<br />
spots, scales, gl<strong>and</strong>ules, etc.<br />
pyriform: pear-shaped.<br />
reniform: kidney-shaped.<br />
resupinate: (<strong>of</strong> fruit bodies), lying flat on<br />
the substratum with the hymenium<br />
facing outwards.<br />
reticulate: marked with lines or ridges that<br />
form a network.<br />
rhizomorph: a cord-like str<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> mycelium.<br />
rimose: cracked.<br />
rivulose: marked with lines suggesting a<br />
river system on a map.<br />
rugose: coarsely wrinkled.<br />
rugulose: finely wrinkled.<br />
31
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
scabrous: rough with short, rigid projec-<br />
tions.<br />
sclerotium: a resting body, usually very<br />
hard in consistency, composed <strong>of</strong> thickwalled<br />
hyphae, <strong>and</strong> sometimes with a<br />
definite rind.<br />
scrobiculate: with shallow depressions or<br />
pits.<br />
septum: a cross wall in a hypha or spore.<br />
sensu: in the sense <strong>of</strong>.<br />
serrate: (<strong>of</strong> lamellae), notched or toothed<br />
on the edge like the blade <strong>of</strong> a saw.<br />
sessile: (<strong>of</strong> the pileus), lacking a stipe.<br />
sinuate: (<strong>of</strong> lamellae), wavy or notched<br />
near the stipe.<br />
species: a population <strong>of</strong> individuals with<br />
certain inherited characters in common.<br />
There are no fixed rules or st<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
for determining a species. The species<br />
concept is largely a matter <strong>of</strong> judgment<br />
<strong>and</strong> agreement among taxonomists. The<br />
species is designated by a Latin binomial<br />
consisting <strong>of</strong> the name <strong>of</strong> the genus (a<br />
noun) followed by the specific epithet<br />
(an adjective).<br />
sphaerocyst: more or less globular cells<br />
found in the flesh <strong>of</strong> Russula, Lactarius<br />
<strong>and</strong> some other basidiomycetes.<br />
sporangium: sac-like cell within which<br />
spores are produced.<br />
spore: the reproductive body <strong>of</strong> a fungus<br />
or other cryptogams.<br />
squamulose: covered with small scales.<br />
squarrose: covered with erect, recurved<br />
scales.<br />
sterigma (pi. sterigmata): the small stalk<br />
on a basidium on which the basidiospore<br />
is borne <strong>and</strong> from which it is<br />
forcibly discharged.<br />
stipe: the stalk or stem-like part <strong>of</strong> a<br />
mushroom, bolete, etc.<br />
stipitate: possessing a stipe.<br />
striate: marked with minute lines or furrows.<br />
striatulate: finely striate.<br />
312<br />
strigose: with coarse, rather long, stiff<br />
hairs.<br />
stuffed: (<strong>of</strong> the stipe), having the central<br />
part composed <strong>of</strong> a differentiated pith<br />
that may disappear leaving the stipe<br />
hollow.<br />
sub-: prefix meaning nearly, almost, somewhat,<br />
or under.<br />
substrate, substratum: substance on or in<br />
which the fungus grows.<br />
sulcate: grooved or furrowed, intermediate<br />
between striate <strong>and</strong> plicate.<br />
taxonomy: the science <strong>of</strong> classification.<br />
tomentose: densely matted with a covering<br />
<strong>of</strong> s<strong>of</strong>t hairs.<br />
tomentum: a covering composed <strong>of</strong> long,<br />
s<strong>of</strong>t, hairy filaments or fibrils, usually<br />
more or less interlaced <strong>and</strong> matted.<br />
trama: (<strong>of</strong> the lamellae), the tissue between<br />
the two hymenia; (<strong>of</strong> the pileus) the<br />
fleshy part.<br />
truncate: ending abruptly as though the<br />
end were cut <strong>of</strong>f.<br />
tuberculate: covered with wart-like or<br />
knob-like projections.<br />
turbinate: top-shaped.<br />
umbilicate: (<strong>of</strong> the pileus), having a central<br />
navel-like depression.<br />
umbo: a raised conical to convex swelling<br />
like the boss at the center <strong>of</strong> a shield.<br />
umbonate: (<strong>of</strong> the pileus), having an umbo.<br />
undulate: wavy.<br />
ventricose: swollen or enlarged in the<br />
central part.<br />
verrucose: warty.<br />
vesiculose: (<strong>of</strong> cells), enlarged <strong>and</strong> swollen<br />
to globose or nearly so.<br />
virgate: streaked, usually with fibrils <strong>of</strong> a<br />
different color.<br />
viscid: sticky to the touch.<br />
volva: the universal veil found in certain<br />
genera such as Amanita.<br />
zonate: (<strong>of</strong> pileus), marked with concentric<br />
b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> different color than the<br />
remainder <strong>of</strong> the pileus.
abietina, Russula 62, 74<br />
abortivus, Clitopilus 169, 177<br />
abruptibulbus, Agaricus 203<br />
abundans, Collybia 151<br />
acericola, Pholiota 185<br />
acervata, Collybia 150<br />
Acurtis 169<br />
acutesquamosa, Lepiota 95<br />
adiposa, Pholiota 186, 187<br />
adirondackensis, Clitocybe 117<br />
admirabilis, Pluteus 18, 165<br />
aeruginea, Russula 62<br />
aeruginosa, Stropharia 204, 268<br />
aestivalis, Amanita 79, 88<br />
affinis, Lactarius 39<br />
Agaricaceae 4, 23, 24, 32<br />
Agaricales 263<br />
Agaricus 6, 21, 200, 205, 208, 264, 270<br />
Agrocybe 268<br />
albellum, Leccinum 227<br />
albipilata, Collybia 157<br />
albissima, Clitocybe 122<br />
albissimus var. albissimus, Leucopaxillus<br />
123<br />
albissimus var. piceinus, Leucopaxillus<br />
122<br />
albobrunneum, Tricholoma 127<br />
albocrenulata, Pholiota 186<br />
alb<strong>of</strong>lavida, Melanoleuca 131<br />
albogriseus, Clitopilus 178<br />
albolanatus, Pleurotus 104<br />
albonigra, Russula 75<br />
alboviolaceus, Cortinarius 180<br />
alcalina, Mycena 147<br />
alni, Plicatura 266<br />
Alnicola 269<br />
alutacea, Russula 63<br />
Amanita 2, 6, 11, 12, 13, 77, 88, 93, 201,<br />
264<br />
amanitine 12<br />
Amanitopsis 83, 88, 167, 264<br />
americana, Lepiota 94, 96<br />
americanus, Suillus 228<br />
amethystina, Laccaria 145<br />
amianthinum, Cystoderma 100, 265, 266<br />
amoenus, Hygrophorus 1 70<br />
Anellaria 218<br />
angelesianus, Neohygrophorus 263<br />
angustatus, Panus 104<br />
angusticeps, Morchella 258<br />
appendiculatum, Hypholoma 208<br />
applanatus, Crepidotus 198<br />
applicatus, Pleurotus 103<br />
applicatus, Resupinatus 265<br />
aquosa, Collybia 151<br />
argentina, Volvariella 267<br />
INDEX<br />
Armillaria 100, 125, 264, 265, 266<br />
Armillariella 265<br />
armillatus, Cortinarius 181<br />
arvensis, Agaricus 200, 201, 203<br />
arvensis var. palustris, Agaricus 201<br />
Ascomycetes 21, 22, 23, 257<br />
ascus 21<br />
asprella, Leptonia 171<br />
Asterophora 263<br />
atramentarius, Coprinus 211, 212, 218<br />
atromarginatus, Pluteus 166<br />
atropine 13<br />
atrotomentosus, Paxillus 199<br />
atroviridis, Lactarius 54<br />
aurantia, Tricholoma 125<br />
aurantiaca, Clitocybe 32, 33, 107, 117<br />
aurantiacum, -Leccinum 226, 227<br />
aurantiacus, Cantharellus 32, 117<br />
aurantiacus, Pluteus 167<br />
aurantiolutea, Russula 63<br />
aurantiorugosus, Pluteus 167<br />
aurea, Clavaria 243<br />
aurea, Phaeolepiota 189, 190<br />
auricolor, Agaricus 202<br />
auricula, Auricularia 246<br />
Auricularia 246<br />
Auriculariaceae 23, 24, 245<br />
aurivella, Pholiota 186<br />
autumnalis, Pholiota 185, 188<br />
badius, Xerocomus 231<br />
Basidiomycetes 22, 23, 24, 257<br />
basidium 22<br />
bear's head fungus 241<br />
beefsteak fungus 237<br />
benzoinus, Polyporus 239<br />
betulinus, Polyporus 238<br />
bird's nest fungi 247, 250<br />
bisphaerigera, Fayodia 265<br />
bispora, Morchella 259<br />
bisporigera, Amanita 88<br />
blushing hygrophorus 143<br />
bohemica, Verpa 258<br />
Bolbitius 268<br />
Boletaceae 23, 24, 199, 220, 237, 263<br />
Boletinellus 223<br />
Boletinus 220, 223<br />
Boletus 220, 224, 228<br />
bombycina, Volvariella 167, 168<br />
borealis, Hygrophorus 138, 140<br />
botrytis, Clavaria 242<br />
Bovista 251<br />
bread mold 21<br />
brevipes, Cantharellus 34<br />
brevipes, Melanoleuca 131<br />
brevipes, Suillus 229<br />
313
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
brick-top mushroom 207<br />
brunnea, Lepiota 94, 96, 97, 98, 99<br />
briinnescens, Amanita 79, 85<br />
brunnescens var. pallida, Amanita 79, 88<br />
brunneola, Russula 76<br />
Bulbopodium 180<br />
buiyracea, Collybia 151<br />
byssisedus, Claudopus 179<br />
caesarea, Amanita 80<br />
caloceps, Pluteus 167<br />
calolepis, Crepidotus 198<br />
Calvatia 250<br />
Camarophyllus 132<br />
campanella, Xeromphalina 146, 265<br />
campanulatus, Panaeolus 14, 218, 270<br />
campestris, Agaricus 2, 21, 168, 200, 202,<br />
203, 270<br />
camphoratus, Lactarius 40<br />
c<strong>and</strong>idissimus, Pleurotus 103<br />
c<strong>and</strong>olleana, Psathyrella 208, 209<br />
caninus, Mutinus 248<br />
Cantharellula 32, 37, 118, 120, 265<br />
Cantharellus 32, 107, 117, 120, 263, 265<br />
cantharellus, Hygrophorus 138<br />
caperata, Pholiota 187<br />
caperata, Rozites 269<br />
capnoides, Naematoloma 206<br />
caput-ursi, Hydnum 241<br />
cartilaginea, Clitocybe 121<br />
castaneus, Gyroporus 225<br />
Catathelasma 101, 264<br />
cavipes, Boletinus 223<br />
centuncula, Naucoria 269<br />
cepe 224<br />
ceraceus, Hygrophorus 141<br />
cervinus, Pluteus 18, 165, 166, 268<br />
chamaeleontina, Russula 62, 64, 74<br />
Chamaeota 267<br />
chantarelle 2, 32, 33<br />
chlorophanus, Hygrophorus 140<br />
Chlorophyllum 98, 264<br />
chromapes, Leccinum 226<br />
chrysenteron, Xerocomus 231<br />
chrysodon, Hygrophorus 138<br />
chrysorheus, Lactarius 40<br />
cibarius, Cantharellus 2, 32, 33, 120, 121<br />
cilicioides, Lactarius 58<br />
cinerea, Clavaria 243<br />
cinereus, Lactarius 41, 54, 58<br />
cinnabarinum, Cystoderma 100<br />
cinnabarinus, Cantharellus 33<br />
cinnabarinus, Cortinarius 182<br />
cinnabarinus, Crepidotus 198<br />
cinnamomeus, Cortinarius 182<br />
cirrhata, Collybia 157<br />
citrina, Amanita 80, 81<br />
clar<strong>of</strong>lava, Russula 67<br />
Claudopus 102, 179, 267<br />
314<br />
Clavaria 242<br />
Clavariaceae 23, 24, 32, 242, 244<br />
clavalus, Cantharellus 32, 34, 35<br />
clavipes, Clitocybe 118<br />
clintonianus. Boletus 230<br />
Clitocybe 6, 16, 32, 37, 102, 107, 122,<br />
145, 163, 177, 263, 267<br />
Clitopilus 169, 177, 267<br />
clypeolaria, Lepiota 97, 98<br />
coccinea, Sarcoscypha 261<br />
coccineus, Hygrophorus 144<br />
coccineus, Pluteus 167<br />
cochleatus, Lentinellus 264<br />
cochleatus, Lentinus 161<br />
collinitus, Cortinarius 181<br />
collinitus var. trivialis, Cortinarius 182<br />
Collybia 107, 130, 131, 149, 158, 266, 267<br />
colubrina, Lepiota 264<br />
comatus, Coprinus 2, 211, 270<br />
commune, Schizophyllum 164, 264<br />
comptuliformis, Agaricus 202<br />
conchatus, Panus 163, 266<br />
cone-like boletus 228<br />
confluens, Collybia 150, 151<br />
confluens, Polyporus 239<br />
conica, Morchella 258<br />
conica, Verpa 259<br />
conicus, Hygrophorus 132, 139<br />
Conocybe 192, 268<br />
controversus, Lactarius 42<br />
cookei, Collybia 157<br />
Coprinus 10, 13, 14, 18, 208, 209, 217,<br />
218, 219, 270<br />
coralloides, Hydnum 241<br />
cornucopioides, Craterellus 244<br />
coronilla, Stropharia 204<br />
Cortinarius 10, 17, 146, 179, 187, 191, 270<br />
cothurnata, Amanita 87<br />
craniiformis, Calvatia 251<br />
crassotunicata, Russula 65<br />
Craterellus 32, 34, 244<br />
craterium, Urnula 261<br />
Crepidotus 102, 179, 198, 268<br />
Crinipellis 267<br />
crispa, Conocybe 192<br />
crispa, Helvella 260<br />
crispa, Trogia 103, 165<br />
cristata, Lepiota 97, 98<br />
croce<strong>of</strong>olius, Cortinarius 182<br />
cuspidatum, Entoloma 170<br />
cuspidatus, Hygrophorus 139<br />
cyanescens, Gyroporus 221, 226<br />
cyanoxantha, Russula 75<br />
cyathiformis, Calvatia 251<br />
cyathiformis, Clitocybe 37, 118, 178<br />
Cyathus 249<br />
Cystoderma 21, 95, 100, 190, 265, 266<br />
Dacrymyces 246
Dacrymycetaceae 23, 24, 245<br />
dealbata, Clitocybe 13, 107, 118, 159<br />
deceptivus, Lactarius 42, 59<br />
decolorans, Russula 64<br />
decora, Clitocybe 119, 128<br />
decorum, Tricholoma 119<br />
delica, Russula 42, 65<br />
delicata, Limacella 264<br />
Delicatula 265<br />
deliciosus, Lactarius 2, 38, 43, 57, 263<br />
delicious lactarius 2, 43<br />
densifolia, Russula 65, 73, 75<br />
Dentinum 241<br />
depilata, Stropharia 205<br />
Dermocybe 180, 182<br />
destroying angel 87<br />
Dictyophora 248<br />
diminutivus, Agaricus 201<br />
Discomycetes 22, 23, 257<br />
disseminatus, Pseudocoprinus 219, 270<br />
dorsalis, Crepidotus 198<br />
downy mildews 21<br />
dryophila, Collybia 149, 151, 267<br />
duplicata, Dictyophora 248<br />
earth star 250<br />
eburneus, Hygrophorus 138, 139, 264<br />
Eccilia 169, 171, 267<br />
echinatum, Melanophyllum 264, 270<br />
ectypoides, Clitocybe 37, 118, 119<br />
edible boletus 224<br />
edulis, Agaricus 202<br />
edulis. Boletus 224<br />
elastica, Helvella 261<br />
elegans. Boletus 230<br />
elongatipes, Pleurotus 107<br />
emetica, Russula 66, 68, 74<br />
Entoloma 169, 171, 172, 177, 267<br />
equestre, Tricholoma 125<br />
ergot 22<br />
erinaceum, Hydnum 241<br />
esculenta, Gyromitra 13, 258, 259, 260<br />
esculenta, Morchella 2, 258<br />
Eubasidiomycetes 24<br />
evanescens, Catathelasma 264<br />
fairy butter 246<br />
fairy ring 1, 159<br />
fairy's loving cup 245<br />
fallax, Russula 62, 66<br />
familia, Collybia 151<br />
fasciculare, Naematoloma 206, 207<br />
fastibile, Hebeloma 269, 270<br />
fastigiata, Inocybe 183<br />
Fayodia 265<br />
felleus, Tylopilus 230<br />
festiva, Phaeocollybia 269<br />
field mushroom 201<br />
flammans, Pholiota 187<br />
Flammula 119, 190, 269<br />
Flammulina 266<br />
flava, Clavaria 243<br />
flava, Russula 66<br />
flavescens, Hygrophorus 140<br />
flavipes, Leucocoprinus 264<br />
flavobrunneum, Tricholoma 127<br />
flavoconia, Amanita 17, 81, 82, 84<br />
flav<strong>of</strong>uligineus, Pluteus 166<br />
flavorubescens, Amanita 81, 85<br />
INDEX<br />
flavovirens, Tricholoma 124, 125, 126, 129,<br />
265, 267<br />
floccopus, Strobilomyces 228<br />
floccosus, Cantharellus 34, 156<br />
fly agaric 83<br />
foenisecii, Panaeolus 217<br />
foetens, Russula 60, 67<br />
foetentula, Russula 67<br />
formosa, Clavaria 242<br />
formosa, Leptonia 171<br />
fragilis, Bolbitius 268<br />
fragilis, Russula 66, 67<br />
fragrans, Clitocybe 122<br />
fragrans, Hygrophorus 143<br />
friesii, Lepiota 96<br />
frondosus, Polyporus 238<br />
frostiana, Amanita 17, 81, 82, 84<br />
fuligineus, Hygrophorus 142<br />
fuliginosus, Lactarius 53<br />
fulvotomentosus, Crepidotus 198<br />
Fungi Imperfecti 22, 24<br />
furfuracea, Tubaria 197, 268<br />
fuscogrisella, Nolanea 172<br />
fusiformis, Clavaria 243<br />
Galera 192, 268, 269<br />
galericulata, Mycena 148, 265, 267<br />
Galerina 188, 192, 269<br />
Ganoderma 238<br />
Gasteromycetales 24<br />
Gasteromycetes 23, 247<br />
Geastrum 250<br />
gelatinosum, Pseudohydnum 245<br />
gemmata, Amanita 83, 86<br />
gemmatum, Lycoperdon 252<br />
geophylla, Inocybe 183<br />
gerardii, Lactarius 53<br />
giant puffball 2, 250<br />
gibba, Clitocybe 121<br />
gigantea, Calvatia 2, 247, 250<br />
gigantea, Clitocybe 122<br />
giganteus, Leucopaxillus 123<br />
gigas, Gyromitra 260<br />
glabriceps, Amanita 87<br />
glioderma, Limacella 94<br />
glischra, Limacella 93<br />
glistening inky cap 212<br />
gloiocephala, Volvariella 168<br />
glutinosus, Gomphidius 219, 270<br />
315
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
Gomphidius 23, 219, 220, 270<br />
gracilis, Psathyrella 270<br />
gracilis, Russula 62<br />
granulata, Russula 67<br />
granulatus, Suillus 229<br />
granulosum, Cystoderma 100<br />
grevillei, Suillus 229<br />
griseum, Entoloma 169, 170<br />
griseus, Lactarius 43<br />
griseus, Polyporus 239<br />
Gymnopilus 269<br />
Gyromitra 259<br />
Gyroporus 225<br />
haematochelis, Cortinarius 181<br />
haematopus, Lentinus 161<br />
haemorrhoidarius, Agaricus 202<br />
haerens, Crepidotus 198<br />
hariolorum, Collybia 151<br />
Hebeloma 190, 191, 269, 270<br />
Helvella 260<br />
helvellic acid 13<br />
helvelloides, Phlogiotis 246<br />
helvus, Lactarius 40, 44<br />
Hemibasidiomycetes 24<br />
hepatica, Fistulina 237<br />
hen <strong>of</strong> the woods 238<br />
Hericium 241<br />
hondensis, Agaricus 200<br />
honey mushroom 101<br />
hornemannii, Stropharia 205<br />
horn <strong>of</strong> plenty 244<br />
horse mushroom 201<br />
hortensis, Agaricus 201<br />
Hydnaceae 23, 24, 240, 245<br />
Hydnum 241<br />
Hydrocybe 180<br />
hydrophila, Psathyrella 208<br />
Hygrocybe 132<br />
hygrophoroides, Lactarius 44<br />
Hygrophoropsis 117<br />
Hygrophorus 131, 145, 219, 264<br />
Hymenomycetales 24<br />
Hypholoma 206, 208, 268<br />
Hypomyces 262<br />
illinita, Limacella 94<br />
illinita var. rubescens, Limacella 94<br />
illudens, Clitocybe 33, 107, 120, 121<br />
imbricatum, Tricholoma 127, 130<br />
imperialis, Armillaria 101<br />
impudicus. Phallus 249<br />
inaurata, Amanitopsis 83<br />
incertum, Hypholoma 208<br />
inclinata, Mycena 148<br />
indigo, Lactarius 53<br />
infula, Gyromitra 259, 260<br />
infundibuliformis, Cantharellus 36<br />
infundibuliformis, Clitocybe 121, 267<br />
316<br />
inky cap 211<br />
Inocybe 10, 13, 183, 191, 269<br />
Inoloma 180<br />
insignis, Coprinus 211<br />
insulsus, Lactarius 40<br />
integra, Russula 68<br />
integrella, Delicatula 265<br />
intermedium, Tricholoma 129<br />
involutus, Paxillus 199, 233, 268<br />
irinum, Tricholoma 124, 126<br />
jack-o'-lantem 120<br />
Jew's ear 246<br />
junquillea, Amanita 86<br />
kauffmaniana, Pholiota 187<br />
kaufmannii, Cantharellus 35<br />
key, use <strong>of</strong> 17<br />
Kuehneromyces 268<br />
Laccaria 107, 145, 264, 266<br />
laccata, Laccaria 132, 145, 146, 264, 266<br />
lachrymabundum, Hypholoma 209<br />
laciniatum, Hydnum 241<br />
Lactarius 8, 13, 37, 60, 65, 145, 262, 263<br />
lactea, Conocybe 192<br />
lactifluorum, Hypomyces 257, 262<br />
lacunosa, Helvella 260<br />
laetus, Hygrophorus 143<br />
lampropoda, Leptonia 171<br />
laterarium, Tricholoma 122<br />
laterarius, Leucopaxillus 123<br />
leaf-spotting fungi 22<br />
leaiana, Mycena 148<br />
Leccinum 226<br />
Lentinellus 264<br />
lentinoides, Collybia 151<br />
Lentinus 102, 160, 161, 264, 266<br />
lentum, Tricholoma 122<br />
Lenzites 23<br />
leoninus, Pluteus 18, 166<br />
lepideus, Lentinus 161, 266<br />
Lepiota 16, 21, 93, 94, 100, 264, 265<br />
Lepista 124, 127, 267, 268<br />
Leptonia 169, 171, 172, 267<br />
Leucocoprinus 264<br />
Leucopaxillus 16, 107, 122, 263, 265<br />
leucophaeatum, Lyophyllum 266<br />
levis, Crucibulum 250<br />
lignyolus, Lactarius 53<br />
lilacina, Inocybe 183<br />
Limacella, 21, 93, 95, 264<br />
Limacium 132<br />
liquiritiae, Gymnopilus 269<br />
lividum, Entoloma 13<br />
lividus, Rhodophyllus 267<br />
longipes, Collybia 157<br />
lucidum, Ganoderma 238<br />
lutea, Russula 68, 263<br />
I
luteovirens, Armillaria 266<br />
lutescens, Cantharellus 36<br />
lutescens, Craterellus 36<br />
luteus, Suillus 230<br />
Lycoperdaceae 24, 247<br />
lycoperdoides, Asterophora 263<br />
Lycoperdon 252<br />
Lyophyllum 266<br />
Macrolepiota 264<br />
maculata, Collybia 152<br />
maculatus, Gomphidius 220<br />
maculatus, Lactarius 59<br />
magnus, Pluteus 167<br />
malachius, Crepidotus 198<br />
mammosa, Nolanea 172<br />
mappa, Amanita 81<br />
Marasmius 146, 149, 150, 151, 158, 267<br />
marginata, Pholiota 188<br />
marginatus, Hygrophorus 140<br />
marginella, Pholiota 188<br />
mariae, Russula 73<br />
maxima, Clitocybe 123<br />
meadow mushroom 2, 200<br />
melaleuca, Melanoleuca 130, 131, 265<br />
Melanoleuca 130, 265<br />
Melanophyllum 264, 270<br />
mellea, Armillaria 101, 120, 121<br />
mellea, Armillariella 265<br />
Melzer's reagent 16<br />
merulioides, Boletinellus 223<br />
micaceus, Coprinus 212<br />
micromegethus, Agaricus 202<br />
micropus, Clitopilus 178<br />
miniatus, Hygrophorus 138, 141<br />
mollis, Crepidotus 198, 268<br />
molybdites, Chlorophyllum 264<br />
molybdites, Lepiota 21, 94, 97, 98, 99<br />
morbifera, Clitocybe 119<br />
Morchella 259<br />
morel 2, 258<br />
morel, common 258<br />
morel, false 259<br />
morel, narrow capped 258<br />
morgani, Lepiota 21, 98<br />
mucidus, Lactarius 41, 54<br />
mucifluus, Cortinarius 181<br />
multiceps, Clitocybe 121<br />
multiplex, Cantharellus 32, 34, 35<br />
muscaria, Amanita 6, 13, 80, 81, 82, 83,<br />
84, 86, 87<br />
muscarine 13<br />
mutabilis, Kuehneromyces 268<br />
Mutinus 248<br />
Mycena 147, 149, 150, 158, 192, 265, 267<br />
mycoatropine 1<br />
myomyces, Tricholoma 130<br />
Myxacium 180<br />
3<br />
INDEX<br />
Naematoloma 204, 205, 208, 268<br />
naucina, Lepiota 87, 94, 95, 98, 99, 168<br />
Naucoria 190, 197, 269<br />
nebularis, Clitocybe 118<br />
necator, Lactarius 54<br />
Neohygrophorus 263<br />
nidulans, Claudopus 179<br />
nidulans, Phyllotopsis 106, 179, 267<br />
Nidulariaceae 24, 247<br />
nigricans, Russula 65, 73, 75<br />
nitidus, Hygrophorus 141<br />
niveus, Hygrophorus 138, 140<br />
nobilissimus, Oxyporus 237<br />
Nolanea 169, 171, 172, 267<br />
noveboracensis, Clitopilus 118, 178<br />
nudum, Tricholoma 127<br />
Nyctalis 263<br />
ochropurpurea, Laccaria 145<br />
odora, Clitocybe 122<br />
olivaceoalbus, Hygrophorus 141<br />
olivascens, Russula 63<br />
olla, Cyathus 250<br />
Omphaha 146, 265, 267<br />
Omphalina 107, 267<br />
operculatus, Panus 162<br />
orcellus, Clitopilus 178<br />
oreades, Marasmius 119, 158, 159<br />
ostreatus, Pleurotus 102, 105, 107, 266<br />
ovatus, Coprinus 211<br />
ovinus, Polyporus 239<br />
oxydabile, Leccinum 227<br />
oyster mushroom 104<br />
painted bolete 224<br />
palmatus, Dacrymyces 246<br />
palmatus, Rhodotus 265<br />
paludosa, Russula 73<br />
paludosus, Hygrophorus 142<br />
paluster, Boletinus 224<br />
Panaeolus 14, 208, 210, 217, 270<br />
Panellus 264<br />
pantherina, Amanita 13, 84<br />
Panus 102, 161, 179, 264, 265, 266<br />
papillata, Nolanea 172<br />
parasiticus, Xerocomus 232<br />
parasol mushroom 2, 99<br />
parvus, Lactarius 41<br />
patellaris, Tectella 162, 265<br />
Paxillus 117, 199, 220, 223, 268<br />
pectinata, Russula 67<br />
pectinatoides, Russula 67<br />
pellucida, Tubaria 198<br />
pergamenus, Lactarius 59<br />
perlatum, Lycoperdon 252<br />
perplexum, Hypholoma 207<br />
personatum, Tricholoma 124, 126, 127<br />
pessundatum, Tricholoma 127<br />
petaloides, Pleurotus 104<br />
317
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
Peziza 261<br />
Phaeocollybia 269<br />
Phaeolepiota 190<br />
Phallaceae 24, 247<br />
phalloides, Amanita 12, 13, 88, 264<br />
phalloidine 12<br />
Phallus 249<br />
Phlegmacium 180<br />
Phlogiotis 246<br />
Pholiota 21, 184, 190, 268, 269<br />
Phycomycetes 21, 22, 23<br />
Phyllotopsis 179, 267<br />
piceina, Clitocybe 122<br />
pictus, Boletinus 224<br />
pine cone fungus 228<br />
pila, Bovista 251<br />
piperatus, Lactarius 59<br />
piperatus, Suillus 230<br />
pistillaris, Clavaria 243<br />
placida, Leptonia 171<br />
placomyces, Agaricus 200, 203<br />
platyphylla, Collybia 152<br />
Plectomycetes 23<br />
Pleurotus 102, 161, 164, 179, 265, 266<br />
Plicatura 266<br />
plumbea, Bovista 251<br />
plumbeoviolaceus, Tylopilus 231<br />
Pluteus 18, 165, 268<br />
Polyozellus 32, 35<br />
Polyporaceae 23, 24, 220, 237<br />
Polyporus 238<br />
ponderosa, Armillaria 101<br />
porosus, Boletinus 223<br />
porphyria, Amanita 84, 85<br />
porrigens, Pleurotus 104<br />
potato blight fungus 21<br />
powdery mildews 22<br />
praecox, Agrocybe 268<br />
praecox, Pholiota 185, 190<br />
pratensis, Hygrophorus 142<br />
procera, Lepiota 2, 94, 97, 99<br />
procera, Macrolepiota 264<br />
prunulus, Clitopilus 177, 178, 267<br />
Psalliota 21, 200<br />
Psathyra 208<br />
Psathyrella 208, 268, 270<br />
pseudoclavatus, CantHarellus 34<br />
Pseudocoprinus 208, 218, 270<br />
Pseudohydnum 246<br />
Psilocybe 206, 208, 268<br />
psittacinus, Hygrophorus 142<br />
pudorinus, Hygrophorus 143<br />
puellaris, Russula 62, 74<br />
puffballs 23, 247<br />
puniceus, Hygrophorus 140, 143<br />
pura, Mycena 149<br />
purpurascens, Hygrophorus 144<br />
Pyrenomycetes 21, 22, 23, 262<br />
pyriforme, Lycoperdon 252<br />
318<br />
quadrifidus, Coprinus 212<br />
rabbits, antidote for Amanita poisoning<br />
12<br />
rachodes, Lepiota 97, 98<br />
radicata, Collybia 157<br />
ravenelii. Phallus 249<br />
rep<strong>and</strong>a, Peziza 261<br />
rep<strong>and</strong>um, Hydnum 241<br />
representaneus, Lactarius 55<br />
resimus, Lactarius 55<br />
resinosus, Polyporus 239<br />
resplendens, Tricholoma 127<br />
Resupinatus 265<br />
retirugis, Panaeolus 218<br />
Rhodophyllis 169<br />
Rhodophyllus 169, 267<br />
rhodopolium, Entoloma 170<br />
Rhodotus 106, 265<br />
Ripartites 269<br />
rivulosa, Clitocybe 119<br />
rodmani, Agaricus 202<br />
rotula, Marasmius 159, 267<br />
Rozites 187, 269<br />
rubescens, Amanita 79, 85<br />
rubinellus, Suillus 230<br />
rubiginosa, Galerina 269<br />
rubrotincta, Russula 74<br />
rudis, Panus 162<br />
rufus, Gyrocephalus 246<br />
rufus, Lactarius 38, 40, 55, 57<br />
Russula 8, 10, 13, 37, 38, 60, 263<br />
russula, Hygrophorus 144<br />
Russulaceae 38<br />
russuloides, Amanita 83, 85, 86<br />
rusts 23, 24<br />
rutilans, Tricholoma 119, 128<br />
rutilans, Tricholomopsis 266<br />
salicinus, Panus 162<br />
salicinus, Pluteus 167<br />
salmoneum, Entoloma 170<br />
sanguifluus, Lactarius 43<br />
saponaceum, Tricholoma 128<br />
sapidus, Pleurotus 102, 104, 105<br />
Sarcoscypha 261<br />
scabrum, Leccinum 227<br />
scabrum ssp. niveum, Leccinum 227<br />
Schizophyllum, 164, 264<br />
Scleroderma 232<br />
scorodonius, Marasmius 160<br />
scrobiculatus, Lactarius 56<br />
sejunctum, Tricholoma 126, 128, 129<br />
semiglobata, Stropharia 205<br />
semilanceata, Psilocybe 268<br />
semilibera, Morchella 259<br />
semiorbicularis, Naucoria 197<br />
semiovatus, Panaeolus 217<br />
semisanguineus, Cortinarius 182<br />
separata, Anellaria 218
septenlrionale, Hydnum 241<br />
sericeum, Entoloma 170<br />
serissima, Russula 77<br />
serotinus, Pleurotus 105, 106, 179<br />
serrulata, Leptonia 171<br />
shaggy mane 2, 211<br />
siccus, Marasmius 160<br />
silvicola, Agaricus 203<br />
sinapizans, Hebeloma 191<br />
smuts 23, 24<br />
sordida, Russula 65, 74, 75<br />
spathulatus, Pleurotus 104<br />
spawn, mushroom 5<br />
speciosa, Volvariella 168<br />
speciosus, Hygrophorus 144<br />
speciosus, Lactarius 55<br />
spectabilis, Boletinus 224<br />
spectabilis, Pholiota 188<br />
sphinctrinus, Panaeolus 210, 218<br />
sporangium 21<br />
spreta, Amanita 85, 93<br />
spumosa, Flammula 191<br />
squalida, Russula 77<br />
squamosus, Polyporus 240<br />
squarrosa, Pholiota 184, 189, 269<br />
squarroso-adiposa, Pholiota 186<br />
squarrosoides, Pholiota 189<br />
Steccherinum 242<br />
Steinpilz 224<br />
stercoraria, Stropharia 206<br />
stercoreus, Cyathus 249<br />
sterquilinus, Coprinus 211<br />
stipitaria, Crinipellis 267<br />
stipticus, Panellus 264<br />
stipticus, Panus 163<br />
striatus, Cyathus 249<br />
stricta, Clavaria 244<br />
strobilaceus, Strobilomyces 228<br />
Strobilomyces 220, 228<br />
Stropharia 204, 206, 208, 218, 268<br />
subacutum, Tricholoma 129<br />
subaequalis, Lepista 267, 268<br />
subalbidus, Cantharellus 33<br />
subareolatus, Pleurotus 105<br />
subaureus, Suillus 229<br />
subdulcis, Lactarius 40, 56, 57<br />
subglabripes, Leccinum 227<br />
subhirta, Clitocybe 122<br />
sublateritium, Naematoloma 206, 207, 268<br />
subluteus, Suillus 230<br />
submelinoides, Alnicola 269<br />
subnidulans, Phyllotopsis 179<br />
subpalmatus, Pleurotus 102, 106<br />
subplanus, Clitopilus 178<br />
subpurpureus, Lactarius 57<br />
subtomentosus, Xerocomus 232<br />
subvellereus, Lactarius 59<br />
subvelutipes. Boletus 225<br />
sudorifica, Clitocybe 119<br />
Suillus 228<br />
sulphureum, Tricholoma 126<br />
sulphureus, Polyporus 240<br />
INDEX<br />
Tectella 162, 265<br />
Telamonia 180<br />
tenera, Conocybe 268<br />
tenera, Galera 192<br />
tenuiceps, Russula 75<br />
tenuipes, Xeromphalina 147<br />
tephroleucus, Hygrophorus 142<br />
terreum, Tricholoma 129<br />
tessulatus, Pleurotus 107<br />
theiogalus, Lactarius 41<br />
Thelephoraceae 23, 24, 32, 34, 242, 244<br />
thyinos, Lactarius 43<br />
tigrinus, Lentinus 161<br />
toadstool 4<br />
tomentella, Amanita 85<br />
tomentosulus, Pluteus 167<br />
tomentosus, Gomphidius 220<br />
torminosus, Lactarius 57, 58<br />
torulosus, Panus 163<br />
transmutans, Tricholoma 127, 130<br />
trechispora, Inocybe 269<br />
Tremellaceae 23, 24, 245<br />
Tremellales 24, 245<br />
Tricholoma 16, 21, 107, 122, 124, 130,<br />
131, 144, 169, 263, 265, 266, 267<br />
tricholoma, Ripartites 269<br />
Tricholomopsis 119, 128, 266<br />
tricolor, Leucopaxillus 123, 263, 265<br />
tricolor, Tricholoma 122<br />
triplex, Geastrum 250<br />
trivialis, Lactarius 41, 54, 58<br />
Trogia 164, 266<br />
trullisata, Laccaria 264, 266<br />
trumpet <strong>of</strong> death 245<br />
tsugae, Ganoderma 237, 238<br />
tubaeformis, Cantharellus 35<br />
Tubaria 197, 268<br />
tuberosa, Collybia 157<br />
turpis, Lactarius 54<br />
Tylopilus 230<br />
ulmarius, Pleurotus 105, 106, 107<br />
umbellatus, Polyporus 239<br />
umbellifera, Omphalina 267<br />
umbonata, Cantharellula 265<br />
umbonatus, Cantharellus 32, 36, 107, 118,<br />
120<br />
umbrosus, Pluteus 166<br />
unicolor, Pholiota 188<br />
Urnula 261<br />
ustale, Tricholoma 127<br />
uvidus, Lactarius 55, 58<br />
vaccinum, Tricholoma 130<br />
vaginata, Amanitopsis 93, 264<br />
319
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
vaginata var. alba, Amanitopsis 93<br />
vaginata var. fulva, Amanitopsis 93<br />
vaginata var. livida, Amanitopsis 93<br />
variata, Russula 75<br />
varius, Lactarius 41, 54<br />
velatipes, Amanita 84, 86, 87<br />
vellereus, Lactarius 42, 59<br />
velutina, Psathyrella 209<br />
velutipes, Collybia 147, 158<br />
velutipes, Flammulina 266<br />
venenata, Galerina 188<br />
ventricosa, Armillaria 101<br />
ventricosipes, Russula 67<br />
vermiflua, Pholiota 189<br />
verna, Amanita 87<br />
vernalis, Kuehneromyces 188<br />
Verpa 258<br />
versutus, Crepidotus 198<br />
vesca, Russula 76<br />
vesicatoria, Russula 60, 65<br />
veternosa, Russula 76<br />
320<br />
vinicolor, Gomphidius 220<br />
violaceus, Cortinarius 182, 270<br />
virescens, Russula 63<br />
virgatum, Tricholoma 129<br />
virosa, Amanita 6, 12, 87, 88, 95, 99, 201,<br />
203, 247<br />
volemus, Lactarius 44<br />
Volvaria 21, 167<br />
Volvarielia 21, 167, 267<br />
vulpinus, Lentinus 161<br />
witches' butter 246<br />
wood-staining fungi 22<br />
xanthodermus, Agaricus 200<br />
xanthogrammus, Agaricus 267<br />
xerampelina, Russula 76, 77<br />
Xerocomus 231<br />
Xeromphaiina 146, 265<br />
yeasts 22
ADDENDUM<br />
S. A. Redhead<br />
Biosystematics Research Institute<br />
Research Branch<br />
<strong>Edible</strong> <strong>and</strong> Poisonous Mushrooms <strong>of</strong> <strong>Canada</strong> was first published in 1962. At<br />
that time there were many generic names that were new or had recently been<br />
restricted by using microscopic features. Their acceptance by mycologists in<br />
general was not guaranteed. For these reasons Dr. Groves chose well-established<br />
generic names <strong>and</strong> used them in broad, traditional ways. However, many<br />
<strong>of</strong> the new or restricted genera mentioned in the 1962 edition have since gained<br />
worldwide acceptance <strong>and</strong> a few additional names have been proposed. Now<br />
that some <strong>of</strong> these genera are being used in popular guides, an update <strong>of</strong> the<br />
names is appropriate. Unavoidably many genera are defined by using micro-<br />
scopic features, <strong>and</strong> this makes their recognition difficult for amateurs.<br />
Only the species whose names have been changed are listed <strong>and</strong> these are<br />
in alphabetical order as they appear in the index. The updated name follows<br />
the former name as do any qualifying statements about the changes. These<br />
changes are not the last for the species treated here. Many <strong>of</strong> the genera are not<br />
universally recognized <strong>and</strong> the limits <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> them are still uncertain. How-<br />
ever, all the names used are currently being applied in the National Mycologi-<br />
cal Herbarium, Ottawa. For the most part, Singer's (1975) The Agaricales in<br />
Modern Taxonomy, 3rd. ed., has been used as a st<strong>and</strong>ard.<br />
The current edition <strong>of</strong> <strong>Edible</strong> <strong>and</strong> Poisonous Mushrooms <strong>of</strong> <strong>Canada</strong> also<br />
contains additional references, which have been published since 1975 when Dr.<br />
David Malloch enlarged the bibliography. Some <strong>of</strong> the theses mentioned in the<br />
enlarged bibliography have been replaced by their published counterparts.<br />
Since 1974 possession <strong>of</strong> Canadian or foreign <strong>mushrooms</strong> containing the<br />
restricted drugs psilocin <strong>and</strong> psilocybin has been illegal in <strong>Canada</strong>. A number<br />
<strong>of</strong> species known from <strong>Canada</strong> in the genera Psilocybe, Panaeolus, <strong>and</strong><br />
Conocybe contain these hallucinogens. Some <strong>of</strong> these species are poorly char-<br />
acterized <strong>and</strong> their distribution is not well known. In all cases the species are<br />
small, usually inconspicuous fungi not normally collected by persons interested<br />
in edible <strong>mushrooms</strong>. The most commonly encountered species is described<br />
below.<br />
PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA (Fr.) ex Kummer Poisonous<br />
Figure 431, page 307 .<br />
PiLEUS 1/2-214 in. broad, at first obtusely conical to conico-campanulate,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten becoming acutely umbonate with age, dark greenish to vinaceous brown,<br />
hygrophanous, fading to ocherous over the center <strong>and</strong> beige elsewhere, striate<br />
<strong>and</strong> viscid when moist, <strong>of</strong>ten slightly incurved <strong>and</strong> more conspicuously striate<br />
on the margins from heavy spore deposits between the lamellae, flesh thin,<br />
321
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
membranous, concolorous with the pileus, with no distinctive odor, lamellae<br />
ascending adnalc, moderately spaced, moderately broad, narrowly ventricose,<br />
vinaceous buff when young, brown vinaceous with age, with whitish margins.<br />
STIPE I'^s-2^,s in. long, l^j-, or less in. thick, equal, slender, <strong>of</strong>ten wavy, dry,<br />
dull or subpolished, white to beige apically, ocherous to cinnamon basally,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten partially covered with whitish scattered fibrils, darkening with age,<br />
usually developing blue to bluish green stains on the whitish silky parts when<br />
h<strong>and</strong>led, spores 12-14.5 X 6.3-8.2 ^u, smooth, purple brown, ellipsoid, slightly<br />
thick-walled, slightly truncated from a well-developed germ pore.<br />
Singly or gregarious in pastures or other grassy areas in the eastern <strong>and</strong><br />
western maritime regions. Sept.-Nov.<br />
Psilocybe silvatica (Pk.) Singer & Smith <strong>and</strong> P. pelUcuIosa (Smith) Singer<br />
& Smith are similar but occur in forested areas <strong>and</strong> have smaller spores. A<br />
number <strong>of</strong> other species containing hallucinogens <strong>and</strong> having a collybioid<br />
aspect <strong>and</strong> sometimes with a prominent annulus also occur in <strong>Canada</strong>. Among<br />
the nonhallucinogenic species, P. montana (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer is common<br />
on beds <strong>of</strong> Polytrichum (haircap mosses) <strong>and</strong> P. atrohrwmea (Lasch) Gillet is<br />
infrequently found on Sphagnum (peat moss) in bogs.<br />
322
NOMENCLATURAL AND TAXONOMIC UPDATE<br />
FORMER NAME<br />
abortivus, Clitopilus<br />
abundans, Collybia<br />
acericola, Pholiota<br />
albipilata, Collybia<br />
albogriseus, Clitopilus<br />
albolanatus, Pleurotus<br />
americana, Lepiota<br />
amoenus, Hygrophorus<br />
angustatus, Panus<br />
angusticeps, Morchella<br />
applicatus, Pleurotus<br />
aurantiaca, Clitocybe<br />
aurea, Clavaria<br />
auricolor, Agaricus<br />
autumnalis, Pholiota<br />
benzoinus, Polyporus<br />
betulinus, Polyporus<br />
borealis, Hygrophorus<br />
botrytis, Clavaria<br />
brevipes, Cantharellus<br />
brunnea, Lepiota<br />
c<strong>and</strong>idissimus, Pleurotus<br />
cantharellus, Hygrophorus<br />
caperata, Pholiota<br />
capnoides, Naematoloma<br />
cartilaginea, Clitocybe<br />
ceraceus, Hygrophorus<br />
chlorophanus, Hygrophorus<br />
cinerea, Clavaria<br />
clavatus, Cantharellus<br />
coccineus, Hygrophorus<br />
cochleatus, Lentinus<br />
confluens, Polyporus<br />
conica, Morchella<br />
conicus, Hygrophorus<br />
coralloides, Hydnum<br />
cothurnata, Amanita<br />
crispa, Conocybe<br />
crispa, Trogia<br />
cuspidatum, Entoloma<br />
cuspidatus, Hygrophorus<br />
cyathiformis, Clitocybe<br />
decora, Clitocybe<br />
delica, Russula<br />
UPDATED NAME<br />
Entoloma abort ivum (B, & C.) Donk<br />
Clitocyhula abundans (Pk.) Sing.<br />
Agiocybc acericola (Pk.) Sing.<br />
Strobilurus albipilatits (Pk.) Wells & Kempton<br />
Entoloma albogrisca (Pk.) Redhead comb, nov.^<br />
Notlwpanus porrigens (B. & C.) Sing.<br />
Leucocoprinus americana (Pk.) Redhead comb, nov.'<br />
Hygrocybe calyptaeformis (Berk.) Fayod<br />
Hohenbuehelia angusta (Berk.) Sing.<br />
Morchella elata Fr.<br />
Resupinatus applicatus (Batsch ex Fr.) S. F. Gray<br />
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Wulf. ex Fr.) Maire<br />
Ramaria aurea (Fr.) Quel.<br />
This is most likely Agaricus semotus Fr.<br />
Galerina autumnalis (Pk.) Smith & Sing.<br />
Ischnoclerma benzoinum (Wahl. ex Fr.) Karst.<br />
Piptoporus betulinus (Fr.) Karst.<br />
Camarophyllus borealis (Pk.) Murr.<br />
Ramaria botrytis (Pers. ex. Fr.) Ricken<br />
Gomphus clavatus (Pers. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray<br />
Macrolepiota rachodes (Vitt.) Sing.<br />
Cheimonophyllum c<strong>and</strong>idissimus (B. & C.) Sing.<br />
Hygrocybe cantharellus (Schw.) Murr.<br />
Rozites caperata (Pers. ex Fr.) Karst.<br />
Hypholoma capnoides (Fr. ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
In the sense <strong>of</strong> Bresadola this is Lyophyllum loricatum<br />
(Fr.) Kiihner.<br />
Hygrocybe ceracea (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Hygrocybe chlorophana (Fr.) Wiinsche<br />
Clavulina cinerea (Fr.) Schroet.<br />
Gomphus clavatus (Pers. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray<br />
Hygrocybe coccinea (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Lcntinellus cochleatus (Fr.) Karst.<br />
Albatrellus confluens (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz.<br />
Morchella elata Fr.<br />
Hygrocybe conica (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Hericium coralloides (Scop, ex Fr.) S. F. Gray<br />
Amanita pantherina var. multisquamosa (Pk.) Jenkins<br />
Conocybe lactea (Lange) Metrod<br />
Plicatura crispa ((Pers.) ex Fr.) Rea<br />
Nolanea murrayi (B. & C.) Dennis<br />
Hygrocybe cuspidata (Pk.) Murr.<br />
Pscudoclitocybe cyathiformis (Bull, ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
Tricholomopsis decora (Fr.) Sing.<br />
Ii^ Grove's sense this is Russula brevipes Peck.<br />
'Basionym: Agaricus albogriseus Peck, Annu. Rep. N.Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist. 31 :33 (1879).<br />
^Basionym: Agaricus americanus Peck, Annu. Rep. N.Y. State Cabinet Nat. Hist. 23:71 (1872).<br />
323
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
(iiminutivus, Agaricus<br />
disseminatus, Pseudocoprinus<br />
duplicata, Dictyophora<br />
cctypoides, Clitocybe<br />
edulis, Agaricus<br />
clon^atipes, Plcurotus<br />
fallax, Russiila<br />
familia, Collybia<br />
fasciculare, Naematoloma<br />
flava, Clavaria<br />
flavescens, Hygrophorus<br />
flavobrunncum, Tricholoma<br />
floccosus, Cantharellus<br />
foenisecii, Panaeolus<br />
foetens, Russula<br />
foetentula, Russula<br />
fragrans, Hygrophorus<br />
frondosus, Polyporus<br />
fuscogrisella, Nolanea<br />
fusiformis, Clavaria<br />
gemmata, Amanita<br />
gigantea, Calvatia<br />
glabriceps, Amanita<br />
griseus, Polyporus<br />
haematopus, Lentinus<br />
hariolorum, Collybia<br />
helvelloides, Phlogiotis<br />
helvus, Lactarius<br />
hortensis, Agaricus<br />
illudens, Clitocybe<br />
imperialis, Armillaria<br />
inaurata, Amanitopsis<br />
infundibuliformis, Cantharellus<br />
irinum, Tricholoma<br />
kauifmannii, Cantharellus<br />
lachrymabundum, Hypholoma<br />
laetus, Hygrophorus<br />
longipes, Collybia<br />
marginata, Pholiota<br />
marginatus, Hygrophorus<br />
marginella, Pholiota<br />
meliea, Armillaria<br />
merulioides, Boletinellus<br />
micromegethus, Agaricus<br />
micropus, Clitopilus<br />
miniatus, Hygrophorus<br />
molybdites, Lepiota<br />
multiceps, Clitocybe<br />
multiplex, Cantharellus<br />
naucina, Lepiota<br />
324<br />
. The<br />
In Grove's sense this is Agaricus scnwtiis Fr.<br />
Coprinus (/isscniinatus (Pcrs. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray<br />
Phallus duplicata Bosc<br />
Pseudoarniiilariella cctypoides (Pk.) Sing.<br />
Agaricus hitorquis (Oucl.) Sacc.<br />
Hypsizygus clongatipcs (Pk.) Bigelow<br />
In Grove's sense this is Russula fragilis (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr.<br />
Clitocyhula familia (Pk.) Sing.<br />
Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds. ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
Ramaria flava (Fr.) Quel.<br />
Hygrocybe flavescens (KaufF.) Sing.<br />
Tricholoma fulvum (Bull, ex Fr.) Sacc.<br />
Gomphus floccosus (Schw.) Sing.<br />
Panaeolina foenisecii (Pers. ex Fr.) Maire<br />
In Grove's sense this is Russula fragrantissima<br />
Romagnesi; the true Russula foetens is not definitely<br />
known from North America.<br />
Russula suhfoetens W. G. Smith<br />
Hygrophorus pudorinus var. fragrans (Murr.) Hesler &<br />
Smith<br />
Grifola frondosa (Fr.) S. F. Gray<br />
Leptonia fuscogrisella (Pk.) Largent<br />
Clavulinopsis fusiformis (Fr.) Corner<br />
Amanita gemmata (Fr.) Bertillon<br />
Langermannia gigantea (Batsch ex Pers.) Rostkov.<br />
Amanita pantherina var. multisquamosa (Pk.) Jenkins<br />
Boletopsis subsquamosa (L. ex Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz.<br />
Panus suavissimus (Fr.) Sing.<br />
Collybia confluens (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
Tremiscus helvelloides (DC. ex Pers.) Donk<br />
In Grove's sense this is Lactarius aquifluus Peck.<br />
Agaricus brunnescens Peck.<br />
Omphalotus olearius (DC. ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
Catathelasma imperiale (Fr. apud Lund) Sing.<br />
Amanita strangulata (Fr.) Roze apud Karst.<br />
Cantharellus tubaeformis Fr.<br />
Lepista irina (Fr.) Bigelow<br />
Gomphus kauffmannii (Smith) Petersen<br />
Psathyrella lacrymabunda (Fr.) Moser<br />
Hygrocybe laeta (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Oudemansiella longipes (Bull, ex St.-Amans) Maire<br />
Galerina marginata (Batsch ex Fr.) Kiihner<br />
Humidicutis marginata (Pk.) Sing.<br />
position is not certain; possibly it should be placed<br />
in Kuehneromyces or Galerina according to Singer.<br />
Armillariella meliea (Fr.) Karst.<br />
Gyrodon merulioides (Schw.) Sing.<br />
This is probably Agaricus semotus Fr.<br />
Entoloma micropus (Pk.) Hesler<br />
Hygrocybe miniata (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Chlorophyllum molybdites (Meyer ex Fr.) Mass.<br />
Lyophyllum de castes (Fr. ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
Polyozellus nu/ltiplex (Underw.) Murr.<br />
Leucoagaricus naucinus (Fr.) Sing.
nigricans, Russula<br />
nitidus, Hygrophorus<br />
niveus, Hygrophorus<br />
noveboracensis, Clitopilus<br />
nudum, Tricholoma<br />
operculatus, Panus<br />
orcellus, Clitopilus<br />
ovinus, Polyporus<br />
personatum, Tricholoma<br />
petaloides, Pleurotus<br />
pictus, Boletinus<br />
piperatus, Suillus<br />
pistillaris, Clavaria<br />
platyphylla, Collybia<br />
ponderosa, Armillaria<br />
porrigens, Pleurotus<br />
praecox, Pholiota<br />
praetensis, Hygrophorus<br />
procera, Lepiota<br />
pseudoclavatus, Cantharellus<br />
psittacinus, Hygrophorus<br />
punlceus, Hygrophorus<br />
rachodes, Lepiota<br />
radicata, Collybia<br />
rep<strong>and</strong>um, Hydnum<br />
resinosus, Polyporus<br />
rodmani, Agaricus<br />
rubinellus, Suillus<br />
russuioides, Amanita<br />
rutilans, Tricholoma<br />
salicinus, Panus<br />
salmoneum, Entoloma<br />
semilibera, Morchella<br />
semiorbicularis, Naucoria<br />
semiovatus, Panaeolus<br />
separata, Anellaria<br />
septentrionale, Hydnum<br />
serotinus, Pleurotus<br />
sordida, Russula<br />
spathulatus, Pleurotus<br />
spectabilis, Boletinus<br />
spectabilis, Pholiota<br />
spumosa, Flammula<br />
squarroso-adiposa, Pholiota<br />
stipticus, Panus<br />
stricta, Clavaria<br />
subacutum, Tricholoma<br />
In Grove's sense this is probably Russula dissimulans<br />
Shaffer, however, Russula nigricans does occur on the<br />
west coast.<br />
Hygrocyhc nitida (B. & C.) Murr.<br />
Hygrocyhc nivca (Scop, ex Fr.) Murr.<br />
Rhociocyhc munciula (Lasch) Sing.<br />
Lcpista nucla (Bull, ex Fr.) Cooke<br />
Tcctclla patcllaris (Fr.) Murr.<br />
Clitopilus prunulus (Scop, ex Fr.) Kummer<br />
Albafrcllus ovinus (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz.<br />
Lcpista persona ta (Fr. ex Fr.) Cooke<br />
Hohenbuehelia petaloides (Bull ex Fr.)<br />
Schulz. apud Schulz., Kanitz & Knapp<br />
Suillus pictus (Pk.) Smith & Thiers<br />
Chalciporus piperatus (Bull, ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
Clavariadelphus pistillaris (Fr.) Donk<br />
Tricholomopsis platyphylla (Pers. ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
Tricholoma ponderosum (Pk.) Sing.<br />
Nothopanus porrigens (Pers. ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
Agrocybe praecox (Pers. ex Fr.) Fayod<br />
Camarophyllus pratensis (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Macrolepiota procera (Scop, ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
Gomphus pseudoclavatus (Smith) Corner<br />
Hygrocybe psittacina (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Hygrocybe punicea (Fr.) Kummer<br />
Macrolepiota rachodes (Vitt.) Sing.<br />
Oudemansiella radicata (Relh. ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
Dentinum rep<strong>and</strong>um (Fr.) S. F. Gray<br />
Ischnoderma resinosum (Fr.) Karst.<br />
Agaricus bitorquis (Quel.) Sacc.<br />
Chalciporus rubinellus (Pk.) Sing.<br />
Amanita gemmata (Fr.) Bertillon<br />
Tricholomopsis rutilans (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
Panellus ringens (Fr.) Romagnesi<br />
Nolanea quadrata B. & C.<br />
Mitrophora semilibera (DC. ex Fr.) Lev.<br />
Agrocybe semiorbicularis (Bull, ex St.-Amans) Fayod<br />
In Grove's sense this is Agrocybe pediades (Pers. ex Fr.)<br />
Fayod.<br />
Anellaria semiovata (Sow. ex Fr.) Pearson & Dennis<br />
Anellaria semiovata (Sow. ex Fr.) Pearson & Dennis<br />
Steccherinum septentrionale (Fr.) Banker<br />
Panellus serotinus (Fr.) Kiihner<br />
Russula albonigra (Krombh.) Fr.<br />
Hohenbuehelia petaloides (Bull, ex Fr.) Schulz. apud<br />
Schulz., Kanitz & Knapp<br />
Suillus spectabilis (Pk.) O. Kuntze<br />
Gymnopilus spectabilis (Fr.) Sing.<br />
Pholiota spumosa (Fr.) Sing.<br />
Pholiota limonella (Pk.) Sacc.<br />
Panellus stipticus (Bull, ex Fr.) Karst.<br />
Ramario stricta (Fr.) Quel.<br />
Tricholoma virgatum (Fr.) Kummer<br />
325
IDIBLH AND POISONOUS MUSHROOMS OF CANADA<br />
subdulcis, Lactarius<br />
subglabripes, Lecciniim<br />
sublateritium, Naematoloma<br />
subnidulans, Phyllotopsis<br />
subpalmatus, Pleurotus<br />
subplanus, Clitopilus<br />
sulphureus, Polyporus<br />
tenera, Galera<br />
tessulatus, Pleurotus<br />
tigrinus, Lentinus<br />
tomentella, Amanita<br />
tomentosus, Gomphidius<br />
torulosus, Panus<br />
transmutans, Tricholoma<br />
ulmarius, Pleurotus<br />
umbonatus, Cantharellus<br />
unicolor, Pholiota<br />
vaginata, Amanitopsis<br />
velatipes, Amanita<br />
velutipes, Collybia<br />
ventricosa, Armillaria<br />
vermiflua, Pholiota<br />
vinicolor, Gomphidius<br />
virosa, Amanita<br />
vulpinus, Lentinus<br />
326<br />
In Grove's sense this represents a complex <strong>of</strong> species<br />
such as Lactarius carhonicola Smith in Hesler & Smith<br />
<strong>and</strong> Lactarius thcjogalus Fr. ; the true Lactarius subdulcis<br />
is not definitely known from North America.<br />
Boletus suh^labripes Peck<br />
Hypholoma sublateritium (Fr.) Quel.<br />
Crepiclotus subnidulans (Overh.) Hesler & Smith<br />
Rhodotus palmatus (Bull, ex Fr.) Maire<br />
Entoloma subplanum (Pk.) Hesler<br />
Laetiporus sulphureus (Fr.) Murr.<br />
Conocybe tencra (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Fayod<br />
Hypsizygus tessulatus (Bull, ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
Panus tigrinus (Bull, ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
Amanita porphyria (A. & S. ex Fr.) Seer.<br />
Chroogomphus tomentosus (Murr.) Miller<br />
Panus concha tus (Bull, ex Fr.) Fr.<br />
Tricholoma fulvuin (Bull, ex Fr.) Sacc.<br />
Lyophyllum ulmarium (Bull, ex Fr.) Kiihner<br />
However, in Grove's sense it is Hypsizygus tessulatus<br />
(Bull, ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
Cantharellula umbonata (Fr.) Sing.<br />
Galerina unicolor (Fr.) Sing.<br />
Amanita vaginata (Bull, ex Fr.) Vitt.<br />
Amanita pantherina var. velatipes (Atk.) Jenkins<br />
Flammidina velutipes (Curt, ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
Catathelasma ventricosum (Pk.) Sing.<br />
Agrocybe dura (Bolt, ex Fr.) Sing.<br />
Chroogomphus vinicolor (Pk.) Miller<br />
Amanita virosa (Lam. ex Fr.) Gillet<br />
Lentinellus vulpinus (Fr.) Kiihner & Maire
CAL'BCA OTTAWA K1A 0C5<br />
>073 00185105 6