Bwa-yo - Société Audubon Haiti
Bwa-yo - Société Audubon Haiti
Bwa-yo - Société Audubon Haiti
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BWAYO:<br />
IMPORTANT TREES OF HAITI
I go from the woods into the cleared field:<br />
A place no human made, a place unmade<br />
By human greed, and to be made again.<br />
Where centuries of leaves once built by dying<br />
A deathless potency of light and stone<br />
And mold of all that grew and fell, the timeless<br />
Fell into time. The earth fled with the rain,<br />
The growth of fifty thousand years undone<br />
In a few careless seasons, stripped to rock<br />
And clay - a "new land," truly, that no race<br />
Was ever native to, but hungry mice<br />
And sparrows and the circling hawks, dry thorns<br />
And thistles sent by generosity<br />
Of new beginning. No Eden, this was<br />
A garden once, a good and perfect gift;<br />
Its possible abundance stood in it<br />
As it then stood. But now what it might be<br />
Must be foreseen, darkly, through many lives <br />
Thousands of years to make it what it was,<br />
Beginning now, in our few troubled days.<br />
Wendell Berry<br />
VIII, 1979
BWA YO:<br />
IMPORTANT TREES OF HAITI<br />
Joel Timyan<br />
South-East Consortium for International Development<br />
1634 I Street, N. W, Suite 702<br />
Washington, D. C. 20006
© 1996 by South-East Consortium for International Development.<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
First Edition<br />
Printed in the United States ofAmerica<br />
ISBN: 0-9645449-0-3<br />
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 95-67100<br />
Poems from SABBATHS by Wendell Berry. © 1987 by Wendell Berry. Reprinted by<br />
permission ofNorth Point Press, a division ofFarrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc.<br />
Figures 8.5, 12.8, and 14.6 from GID PEPINYERIS by Scott Josiah and Frantz<br />
Ewald. © 1989 by Pan American Development Foundation. Reprinted by permission<br />
of Pan American Development Foundation.<br />
This work was performed under USAID Contract No. 521-0217-C-0004-00. The<br />
author claims all responsibility for the accuracy ofthe information presented herein.<br />
The views expressed by the author are not necessarily those ofthe United States<br />
Agency for International Development, South-East Consortium fQr International<br />
Development, or Auburn University.<br />
Administration: SECID, 1634 I Street, N. W, Suite 702, Washington nc. 20006<br />
Title <strong>Bwa</strong>-<strong>yo</strong> is the shortened version ofpye bwa <strong>yo</strong>, the Creole word for "trees."<br />
Front cover A 12-year-old eucalyptus tree (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) planted during<br />
the Agroforestry Outreach Project near St. Michel de l'Attalye in 1983.
Foreword<br />
Acknowledgments<br />
Introduction<br />
Contents<br />
PART I: Important Trees of <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
Wood Species<br />
1. Bayawonn<br />
2. <strong>Bwa</strong> PIe<br />
3. <strong>Bwa</strong> Soumi<br />
4. Chenn<br />
5. Fwenn<br />
6. Kajou Peyi...Kajou Etranje<br />
7. Palmis<br />
8. Sed<br />
9. Taveno<br />
Fruit Species<br />
10. Kokoye<br />
11. Mango<br />
12. Sitwon...Zoranj...Chadek<br />
13. Zaboka<br />
Recent Exotics<br />
14. Kasya<br />
15. Lisina...Delen<br />
16. Nim<br />
17. Pi<strong>yo</strong>n<br />
PART II: Technical Notes<br />
18. Pests and Diseases<br />
19. Wood Properties and Energy Values<br />
20. Medicinal Uses<br />
21. Biomass and Volume Tables<br />
22. Common and Scientific Names ofTrees<br />
23. Tree Proverbs<br />
References<br />
Index of Common and Scientific Tree Names<br />
v<br />
vi<br />
vii<br />
V111<br />
3<br />
13<br />
23<br />
29<br />
39<br />
47<br />
57<br />
63<br />
71<br />
79<br />
87<br />
95<br />
105<br />
111<br />
119<br />
133<br />
145<br />
155<br />
183<br />
207<br />
223<br />
231<br />
334<br />
336<br />
351
Foreword<br />
As part of USAID's continuing efforts to address environmental degradation in<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong> and in an effort to provide information on selected economically important tree<br />
species, the Office of Economic Growth of USAID/<strong>Haiti</strong> funded this book: <strong>Bwa</strong> Yo:<br />
Important Trees of<strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Much of the information contained in this book has been a result of research and <br />
extension activities in agroforestry supported by USAID since 1981. Beginning with the<br />
Agroforestry Outreach Project (1981-1987), through the Agroforestry II (1988-1992)<br />
and presently, the Productive Land Use Systems (PLUS) Project, more than 63 million<br />
trees have been planted as part of developing environmentally-sound farming systems<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Today, over 250,000 farmers, approximately 35 percent of <strong>Haiti</strong>'s small<br />
farmer's, are reaping the benefits of the trees they planted since 1981. Most significantly,<br />
this includes the conservation of fertile top soil and an increase in wood assets<br />
as a store of value.<br />
The efforts of several institutions are greatly appreciated for their contribution to<br />
the information contained in this book and their continued commitment to improving<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>'s productive natural resources base: the Ministry ofAgriculture Natural Resources<br />
and Rural Development (MARNDR), the South-East Consortium for International<br />
Development (SECID), Auburn University, International Resources Group (IRG), Pan<br />
American Development Foundation (PADF), CARE, World Bank, and FAO.<br />
It is our sincere hope that this book would ,serve as a valuable reference tool to all<br />
those concerned with the· critical role of trees in agricultural production and environmental<br />
management in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Hyatt Abdul Wahab<br />
Chief<br />
Office ofEconomic Growth<br />
US Agency for International Development/<strong>Haiti</strong><br />
vi
Acknowledgments<br />
No book is ever the work of one person. A common interest about trees, shared by<br />
many people over the span of a decade, were involved in some way toward the creation<br />
of this book. The idea for the book was first suggested by Michelet Fontaine in ]992.<br />
We shared the same concern about the loss oftechnical information that so often accompanies<br />
the termination of projects in <strong>Haiti</strong>. This attempts to address part of that concern.<br />
I greatly appreciate the generous support, encouragement and patience of the staff<br />
of USAID, SEClD, Auburn University, PADF, and CARE throughout the writing period.<br />
Special thanks are extended to those individuals and institutions who cooperated in<br />
the collection of photographs, as listed below. Many suggestions and improvements<br />
were made as a result of the reviews by Dennis Shannon, Carl Campbell, Paul<br />
Campbell, William Theobald, Luc Raymond, and Susan Berstler. Last, but not least, I<br />
am indebted to the many <strong>Haiti</strong>an farmers who shared with me a part of their world that<br />
extends way be<strong>yo</strong>nd the covers of this book.<br />
Photo Credits (The numbers refer to the figure numbers in the text, unless otherwise<br />
stated).<br />
Paul Campbell: 2.6-2.8,4.7,5.5,6.7,7.3,7.6,9.4, 13.4, 15.5-15.6, back cover (man<br />
with Colubrina arborescens tree, man harvesting Cocos nucifera, Simarouba berteroana,<br />
Crescentia cujute fruit, Roystonea borinquena crown shaft, woman with<br />
Catalpa longissima.<br />
Yvon Elie: 6.1,9.3,10.2-10.3,11.9, 12.1, 13.2, 13.5, 15.2, 16.5a-d.<br />
Andrew Henderson: 7.1, back cover (Copernicia berteroana crowns).<br />
Scott Josiah: 2.9, 4.4 inset, 8.5, 12.8-12.10, 13.1, 14.3-J4.5, 15.7, back cover (dead<br />
Cocos nucifera, Ceiba pentandra tree).<br />
PADF: 2.3,6.2,6.3,8.5,12.8,14.1 inset, 14.6, 15.1, l6.1 inset, 16.2, J6.4.<br />
Sam Reep: back cover (Altalea crassispatha).<br />
Kent Reid: 5.6.<br />
Paul Starr: 7.1 inset.<br />
Joel Timyan: Front cover, opposite poem # 1, 1.1-1.3, 1.7-1.9, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5,<br />
3.1-3.3,3.5,4.1-4.6,4.7 inset, 4.9, 4.10, 5.1-5.4, 6.4-6.6, 6.11, 7.2,7.4,7.5,7.7,<br />
8.1-8.4,8.8,8.10,9.1,9.2,9.5,9.7,10.1, 10.5-10.8, Il.l-I 1.3, 11.5-11.7, 12.5,<br />
12.6,14.1,14.2, 14.8,15.3,15.4,15.11,16.1, 16.3, 16.8, 17.1-17.5, opposite Tree<br />
Proverbs, opposite poem # 2, back cover (Prosopis juliflora trees, Citrus maxima<br />
fruit, Guacicum officinale flower, Ficus sp. tree, Haematoxylon campechianum<br />
bark, Pseudophoenix vinifera tree, Cedrela odorata tree, Mangifera indica log,<br />
Spondias mombin tree, Melia azedarach flowers).<br />
14MI.)<br />
vii
Adaptability: Survival of a tree species requires a regeneration strategy and suitable<br />
site conditions. As the land becomes disturbed and no longer favorable for the regeneration<br />
of native species, it is common for more hardy, often exotic, species to dominate.<br />
Silvicultural interventions are often necessary to cultivate those species more sensitive<br />
to environmental change. These measures might include various modes ofartificial<br />
regeneration, site preparation and species mixing to manage light; nutrient and<br />
moisture factors. In the absence ofoutside assistance, making use ofthese interventions<br />
requires that the farmers sacrifice scarce resources that otherwise would be channeled<br />
toward more lucrative and immediate returns (e.g., goats, pigs, corn and beans). Given<br />
the resources and options available to rural <strong>Haiti</strong>ans, tree planting ofmany species, particularly<br />
those that require silvicultural inputs, is inadequate to meet the demands of<br />
both production and conservation.<br />
The ideal tree species for the <strong>Haiti</strong>an farmer is one that "takes care ofitself" ([eve<br />
pou kal). Simarouba (Simarouba sp.) and royal palm (Roystonea borinquena) are good<br />
examples of such species. Fauna aid in the dispersal of seed ofboth species for regeneration<br />
away from the mother tree. Farmers transplant the volunteers or leave them<br />
eventually to replace harvested trees. Both species are adapted to a wide variety ofsoils<br />
and fill a range ofniches in local farming patterns with their excellent forms. As sites<br />
becomes more degraded, another group of tree species aids in restoring fertility. The<br />
more useful of these species are non-native to <strong>Haiti</strong>· and include mesquite (Prosopis<br />
juliflora), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata), neem (Azadirachta indica),<br />
and cassia (Senna siamea). These trees, filling the role ofpioneer species and being a<br />
component of improved fallows, are widely adapted, provide quick ground cover and<br />
arrest the processes that deteriorate the most important resource available to the <strong>Haiti</strong>an<br />
farmer - the soil.<br />
Utility: Living on the production of a hectare of land allows little consideration for<br />
trees without immediate value to the household economy. Trees must provide myriad<br />
goods and services. A tree's failure to do so generally means its elimination, many times<br />
in favor of other agricultural activities, mainly grazing and land clearing for annual<br />
crops.<br />
Fruit trees, which provide a certain element offood security, as well as shade, fuelwood<br />
and lumber, are among the most important tree species. Mango (Mangifera indica),<br />
avocado (Persea americana), coconut (Cocos nucifera) and the Citrus group top the<br />
list. Next in importance are the species that provide construction material. Together,<br />
these form a key group that is surviving and playing a vital role in the peasant economy.<br />
They provide a basic level ofgoods and services, grow fast enough, tolerate a fair<br />
amount of disturbance, and are broadly adapted. The hope is that by better managing<br />
these few species, we can begin to learn what will be required to conserve the rest.<br />
Hispaniolan pine (Pinus occidentalis), the mangrove species, and the rare endemics are<br />
all worthy in their own right and are in critical need of a national management plan.<br />
Continued efforts to increase the productivity and value of tree products always will be<br />
a priority ifarboriculture is to remain a viable alternative to current patterns ofland use.<br />
ix
PART I<br />
IMPORTANT TREES OF HAITI
Figure].1 A large P julilfora provides shade for a roadside market near Thomazeau.
1 Bayawonn·<br />
Species: Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.<br />
Family: Leguminosae - Mimosoideae<br />
Synonyms: Acacia cumanensis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Algarobia juliflora (Sw.)<br />
Benth. ex Heynh., Mimosa juliflora Sw., M salinarum Vahl, Neltuma juliflora (Sw.)<br />
Raf., Prosopis bracteolata DC., P cumanensis (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kunth, P<br />
dominguensis DC., P vidaliana Naves<br />
Common names: H - bayahonde (bayawonn), bayahonde fran
4 Bavawonn<br />
but have become dominated by Prosopis and Acacia as a result ofland use practices and<br />
changed soil conditions. Despite its reputation for adapting to a wide range of soils, the<br />
species performs poorly on extremely rocky sites where Acacia tortuosa and cactus<br />
grow. It is often the only tree species that can tolerate poorly drained, high pH (9.0+)<br />
sodic soils. The species is uncommon in <strong>Haiti</strong>at elevations higher than 400 m or in areas<br />
with annual rainfall amounts greater than 1000 mm.<br />
Tree Characteristics: Very large trees with heights of 15 m and trunk diameters greater<br />
than 1 m are found in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Most ofthe mature trees in <strong>Haiti</strong> have been pollarded, making<br />
it difficult to measure natural crown diameters. Crown widths have been measured<br />
up to 15 m. The tree is generally multi-stemmed, forking low when <strong>yo</strong>ung (Fig. 1.2).<br />
Eventually, a single stem dominates, reinforced in practice as the inferior stems are harvested<br />
for firewood and small poles. Coppice stems grow faster and more erect, favoring<br />
a straight form that is ideal for construction material. On favorable sites, the tree is<br />
often seen to be spreading clusters of coppice and root suckers that regenerate for<br />
numerous harvesting cycles. The tree's shallow and deep root systems are both extensive.<br />
The common Creole name bayawonn is believed to be a corruption of the Spanish<br />
vaya hondo, which means" to go deep," a reference to the extraordinary root system.<br />
The main fruiting season of the species extends from May to November, though<br />
pods are available throughout the year. There are 20,000-35,000 seeds kg· l . During<br />
drought periods, the pods commonly are infested with insect larvae, particularly bruchid<br />
beetles.<br />
The heartwood is a dark red-brown that turns purplish upon exposure and contrasts<br />
sharply with the white sapwood. Durability is dependent on stem age; while the heartwood<br />
is durable, stem wood comprised mostly ofsapwood is highly susceptible to powder<br />
post beetles and decay fungi. The wood is moderately hard and heavy (sp. gr. 0.8)<br />
Figure 1.2 P juliflora stands are managed near the horne as livestock parks for shade,<br />
feed, fuel and construction wood.
Bayawonn S<br />
with calorific values ranging 15.7-17.1 megajoules kg- l at 14% moisture content<br />
(Maxwell, 1985; Timyan, 1987).<br />
Utilization: Mature stems of P juliflora are used as a source of beams, door and window<br />
frames, posts, and rai [ways ties in the dry areas of <strong>Haiti</strong>. Coppice stems generally<br />
are made into charcoal or used for light construction that does not require durability.<br />
The making of charcoal is the most lucrative method for converting <strong>yo</strong>ung wood into a<br />
marketable product, because demand is generally steady and reliable, and the wood<br />
yields a high-grade charcoal (Fig. 1.3). Livestock relish the pods, which have a high<br />
sugar and protein content. Pod production during the winter drought, January to March,<br />
is an important mainstay for cattle; they should only be fed ripe, yellow pods as the<br />
green unripe ones are bitter and have little feed value. In areas of Peru, molasses and<br />
other confectionery products are made from the pods; dried pods have been ground into<br />
a meal as a dry land Dour and mixed with water as a beverage (Little and Wadsworth,<br />
1964). Options for the local production of concentrated poultry feed, largely comprised<br />
of dried ground pods, are being considered in northeastern <strong>Haiti</strong> as an industry. The<br />
proximate analysis ofP juliflora is shown in Table Ll. The tree is an important honey<br />
plant, with bees commonly being observed around the Dower clusters.<br />
Propagation: The species generally is raised from seed that requires scarification prior<br />
to sowlng. The simplest method for mass propagation is to immerse the seed in boiling<br />
water, stir it for one to two minutes in the hot water taken off the boil, and then soak it<br />
in cold water for 2-3 days. Nicking, filing, and sandpaper scarification of individual<br />
seeds is tedious, but is recommended for research accessions.<br />
Container volume is an important consideration for maximum early root development<br />
and survival under harsh environments. Decomposable fiber containers, 15 cm x<br />
Figure 1.3 P juliflora is valued as a source of charcoal in <strong>Haiti</strong>, commonly made from<br />
simple earthen kilns.
6 Bayawonn<br />
Table 1.1 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of P. juliflora, after Gohl(l975).<br />
COMPONENT CRUDE CRUDE CRUDE CARBO- ASH Ca P<br />
PROTEIN FIBER FAT HYDRATES<br />
Fresh leaves (Sudan) 19.0 ' 21.6 2.9 48.0 8.5 2.1 0.2<br />
Fresh flowers (Sudan) 21.0 15.5 3.2 50.3 10.0 1.0 0.4<br />
Pods (South Africa) 13.9 27.7 3.0 50.6 4.8<br />
Fruit pulp 7.7 12.0 0.6 77.4 2.3<br />
Seed (Sudan) 65.2 2.8 7.8 19.0 5.2<br />
Pod husks 4.3 54.3 0.6 37.4 3.4<br />
15 cm x 30 cm, have been used successfully on an experimental basis in <strong>Haiti</strong> (Dupuis,<br />
1986a; Lee et aI., 1992). The major drawback is the cost involved in preparing the deep<br />
holes properly to avoid J-rooting. Furthermore, complete weed control one season prior<br />
to field establishment is recommended to build up soil moisture reserves on arid sites.<br />
No serious pests are associated with the species in containerized nurseries (Josiah,<br />
1989). Two-year-old stumps, with basal diameters 1.5-2.5 cm and roots 25 cm long,<br />
also have been used in aridzones (Lamprecht, 1989).<br />
Vegetative methods for the species have been employed successfully in <strong>Haiti</strong>. A<br />
solar-powered mist system to root cuttings was experimented at Thomazeau with over<br />
90% rooting success (Wojtusik et aI., 1994). Grafting techniques have been successful<br />
utilizing a cleft graft with scion material selected and transported from <strong>Haiti</strong> to Texas<br />
(Wojtusik and Felker, 1993; Wojtusik et aI., 1993). The rootstock selected for grafting<br />
was R alba because of its vigor and influence on scion growth under greenhouse conditions<br />
in Texas. Five clones, selected for desirable traits, achieved a 100% success rate.<br />
Biomass Studies: Regression equations were determined to estimate the amount of<br />
total dry biomass, wood, and pole volume ofR juliflora as a function of stem diameter.<br />
One set of equations was developed from a sample of harvested trees at two sites near<br />
Cabaret and Ganthier (Ehrlich, 1985). A separate set of equations was determined for<br />
coppice stands near Bon Repos (Timyan, 1987). These equations are provided in Table<br />
1.2.<br />
Growth Performance: R juliflora has been tested in several trials throughout <strong>Haiti</strong>, in<br />
most cases being compared to other species. The slow initial growth, thorny nature, and<br />
prostrate form of the local variety have discouraged a wider selection of the species in<br />
trials. It appears that the tree devotes its early years to establishing an extensive root system<br />
with the aboveground portion ofbiomass developing slowly. Table 1.3 summarizes<br />
the growth parameters for this species in <strong>Haiti</strong>. The Oxford Forestry Institute trials were<br />
established with a variety originating in Honduras that survived and grew very poorly<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong>, confirming the wide genetic variability found in the species. Figure 1.4 compares<br />
the height growth ofR juliflora across several sites in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Annual height increments<br />
do not exceed 0.8 m yr- 1 , even on the best sites and provenances. This level of<br />
growth amounts to very low yields ofwood for the estimates based on basal diameters<br />
and regression equations developed in <strong>Haiti</strong>. The values cited in Wojtusik et aI. (1993)
Bavawonn 7<br />
Table 1.2 Equations used to estimate biomass components (kg dry weight) of P. juliflora in<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
COMPONENT REGRESSION EQUATION 1 R 2<br />
DIAMETER SITE<br />
RANGE (em)<br />
Total aboveground biomass 00408(DBH)2 0.97 1.2-10.8 Cabaret & Ganthier<br />
Usable wood weight 0.304(DBH)2 0.99 1.2-10.8 Cabaret & Ganthier<br />
Usable wood weight 0.195(sd)2 0.97 1.5-13.5 Cabaret & Ganthier<br />
Coppice biomass 0.158S(sd)/ + 0.163 0.97 2.4-18.3 Bon Repos<br />
Usable coppice wood weight 0.123S(sd)n 2 + 0.013 0.98 204-18.3 Bon Repos<br />
I DBH =Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. sd =Stump diameter at 0.10 m above ground level, in em. n<br />
= Number of stems at 0.10 m above ground.<br />
for total biomass yields, corrected in Table 1.3 by a factor of 0.75 for estimated wood<br />
yields, are derived from regressions developed under different growing conditions and<br />
may be overestimates oflocal wood yields.<br />
Tree Improvement: The trial at Thomazeau is a genetic screening trial, established by<br />
Texas A & I University in 1987, and managed by the Convention Baptiste d'<strong>Haiti</strong>. A<br />
total of 70 Prosopis accessions, including 44 <strong>Haiti</strong>an accessions, 12 Peruvian accessions,<br />
and several other Prosopis species from Nprth America, Chile, and Argentina are<br />
being assessed for economically important traits: biomass production, form and pod<br />
production. The early results indicate that the seed lots from Peru are a significant<br />
improvement in form, being more erect and achieving greater height growth than the<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>an accessions. Figures 1.5 and 1.6 compare the height and aboveground biomass<br />
growth ofthe top 15 accessions, which are dominated by the Peruvian accessions. The<br />
differences in the habit ofthe <strong>Haiti</strong>an and introduced Peruvian types are significant (see<br />
Fig. 1.7 and Fig. 1.8). Among the <strong>Haiti</strong>an selections, no geographic trends are evident<br />
in height or biomass yield, nor is there a significant correlation between the size ofthe<br />
parent tree and the growth rate of the progeny. Individual selections based on progeny<br />
testing would be appropriate for continued improvement ofthe local variety. The combination<br />
ofsuperior genetic quality and proper silvicultural management is necessary to<br />
develop trees for high-value wood production (Fig. 1.9).<br />
Table 1.3 Site and growth parameters of Prosopis juliflora trials in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Dry wood yields for<br />
the Thomazeau site were estimated from Wojtusik et al. (1993).<br />
SITE ELEVAnON ANNUAL AGE SURVIVAL HEIGHT<br />
(m) RAINFALL (yr) (%) M.A.I. I<br />
(mm) (m)<br />
d 2<br />
M.A.I.<br />
(em)<br />
DRY WOOD<br />
YIELD<br />
(kg tree· I )<br />
Nan Marron 450 600 3.3 28 0.2 0.2 0.1<br />
Mare Grand Bois 20 1200 3.5 58 0.6<br />
Bekin 100 1397 3.5 96 0.8<br />
Thomazeau (Peru) 25 970 3.8 89 0.8<br />
Thomazeau (<strong>Haiti</strong>) 25 970 3.8 94 0.6<br />
Fond-des-Blancs 250 1335 4.0 58 0.2<br />
Cabaret 80 900 6.9 72 0.3<br />
1 M.A.I. =Mean annual increment. 2d =Stem diameter at 0.3 m above ground level.<br />
0.9 1.9<br />
0.7 1.2<br />
5.0<br />
4.1<br />
0.2 0.1<br />
0.4 1.5
ACCESSIONS<br />
PERU 545<br />
PERU 552<br />
PERU 544<br />
HAITI 50<br />
PERU 559<br />
HAITI 44<br />
HAITI 26<br />
HAITI 32<br />
PERU 419<br />
HAITI 40<br />
PERU 537<br />
HAIT[ 30<br />
USA B2V50<br />
HAlT! [2<br />
HAITI [0<br />
HAmAN MEAN<br />
c:=J 27 MONTHS<br />
I<br />
Bayawonn 9<br />
_ 46MONTHS<br />
o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15<br />
ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS (KG DRY WEIGHT)<br />
Figure 1.6 Aboveground biomass (kg) of the top 15 Prosopis accessions at Thomazeau<br />
after nearly 4 years. 95% confidence interval bars are indicated for comparison of total<br />
aboveground biomass means. Accession origins are reported in Lee et al. (1992).<br />
Figure 1.7 TypicaJ spreading habit of a 6-year-old <strong>Haiti</strong>an P juliflora.
Bayawonn 11<br />
Figure 1.9 The graceful form of a superior specimen of P julijlora showing the potential<br />
for lumber.
Figure 2.1 C. arborescens is commonly planted near homes for shade and a source of<br />
lumber.
2 <strong>Bwa</strong> PIe<br />
Species: Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.<br />
Family: Rhamnaceae<br />
Synonyms: Ceonothus arborescens Mill., Colubrina colubrina Millsp., C. ferruginosa<br />
Brongn., Rhamnus colubrinus Jacq.<br />
Common Names: H - bois capable (bwa kapab), bois pele (bwa ple), bois de fer (bwa<br />
fe), bois de fer blanc (bwa fe blan), bois mabi (bwa mabi), capable (kapab), kapab gran<br />
fey, kapab ti fey, gri-gri, gri-gri sovaj, rougeole (roujiol ), RD - corazon de paloma,<br />
cuerno de buey; C - bijaguara, birijagua, fuego; J - black velvet, greenheart, mountain<br />
ebony, snake-wood, wild ebony; US - coffee colubrina, snake-bark.<br />
Importance: A <strong>Haiti</strong>an species of choice for rural house construction, the form of C.<br />
arborescens fits perfectly in the mid- to upper-canopy layer oftraditional perennial gardens.<br />
The tree grows rapidly with an excellent form and yields a quick return of goods<br />
and services to the farmer. It is a popular shade tree that is easily propagated.<br />
Taxonomy and Botanical Features: At least 5 species of Colubrina occur on'<br />
Hispaniola (Liogier, 1982). C. arborescens, the most common species, has several varieties,<br />
giving rise to a proliferation ofcommon names used in <strong>Haiti</strong>. In tum, the common<br />
names have been used indiscriminately without careful taxonomic referencing. The<br />
popular large-leaf variety is known in Creole as bwa pte or bwa pete in the Cayes and<br />
Cap-HaYtien regions. Less utilized names are gri-gri, kapab granfey, bwa mabi and bwa<br />
fe . The small-leaf variety is known as bwa kapab, kapab, kapab ti fey, gri-gri sovaj or<br />
bwa fe blan. There is a less common long-leaf variety, occurring in the wet ravine cloud<br />
forests of the higher elevations. Several of the common names of C. arborescens also<br />
refer to C. elliptica (Sw.) Briz & Stern (syn: C. reclinata Brongn.) and Schaefferia<br />
frutescens Jacq. (Celastraceae). The latter species is also known as bwa kapab and is<br />
distinguished by smaller elliptical leaves 2.5-6 cm long and 0.8-2.0 cm wide, unisex-ual<br />
flowers, and an indehiscent red drupe 4-6 mm diameter.<br />
The varietal differences occur in tree size, leaf shape and branch. morphology.<br />
Differences in the seed are indistinguishable to the naked eye. Features ofthe large-leaf<br />
variety include: light green, thin, glabrous leaves 10-25 cm by 5-12 cm; puckered<br />
between recursive leaf veins; an open crown; and tree heights 20-25 m (Fig. 2.2). The<br />
small-leaf variety is distinguished by precocious fruiting, thicker dark green leaves 4-8<br />
cm by 2-4cm, twigs with a conspicuous reddish pubescence, a dense crown, and tree<br />
heights to 12 meters with stem diameters to 25 cm (Fig. 2.3). The less common longleafvariety<br />
has leaves up to 18.5 cm long by 5 cm wide with a short 1.5 cm petiole. The<br />
grayish-brown bark of C. arborescens cracks and peels as the tree matures, revealing<br />
lighter patches of new bark and giving the stem a mottled appearance.<br />
Distribution and Ecology: The small-leaf variety occurs on the shallow red and black<br />
soils overlying limestone rock of the dry coastal areas and certain parts of the upper<br />
Central Plateau. This variety is found at sea level to 300 m elevation in the wetter spectrum<br />
of the subtropical dry forest. Annual rainfall ranges from 800-1200 mm and is<br />
highly variable from year to year. The large-leaf variety is common to the low-elevation<br />
humid mountain regions of <strong>Haiti</strong> (elevations between 150-1000 m and receiving<br />
13
14 Billa Pie<br />
Figure 2.2 The large-leaf variety is distinguished by<br />
shiny, light green and thin leaves with puckered leaf<br />
veins.<br />
Figure 2.3 The small-leafvariety is noted for its prolific<br />
seeding and shiny, dark green leaves with a reddish<br />
pubescence on new growth.<br />
annual rainfall 1200-2000 mm)<br />
and the humid plains near sea<br />
level, located near Cayes and<br />
Cap-Ha"itien. These areas fall<br />
mostly within the subtropical<br />
humid forest zone. In several<br />
areas of <strong>Haiti</strong>, the natural range<br />
of the large-leaf variety overlaps<br />
with the range of the<br />
small-leaf variety, notably the<br />
mountain areas of southern<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong> and the Central Plateau.<br />
The long-leaf variety seems to<br />
be much rarer, definitely less<br />
cultivated, occurring in the lesspopulated<br />
higher and perhumid<br />
ranges along the southeastern<br />
and northern mountain<br />
chains. It is a canopy species of<br />
the broad-leaved forests above<br />
1000 m elevation and 2000 mm<br />
annual rainfall.<br />
Tree Characteristics: The<br />
large-leaf variety of C.<br />
arborescens grows to 26 m,<br />
with stem diameters averaging<br />
20-30 em and rarely larger than<br />
50 em. Stem form is straight<br />
with primary forks, if present,<br />
at two-thirds total tree height.<br />
The new growth of the horizontal<br />
branches is regularly spaced<br />
and sparse, projecting a light<br />
shade to understory crops. The<br />
average crown width:stem<br />
diameter ratio is 30, with crown<br />
closures of mature stem diameters<br />
occurring at 200 trees ha- I .<br />
The large-leaf variety is the<br />
preferred variety as a result of<br />
its greater merchantable height,<br />
faster growth, lighter shade,<br />
self-pruning and less weedy<br />
nature (Fig. 2.4). However, this<br />
advantage is less evident on the
Figure 2.4 The fast-growing, tall, straight, self-pruning<br />
stem of large-leaf varieties of C. arborescens is valued<br />
for beams and joists.<br />
<strong>Bwa</strong> Pie 1S<br />
drier, rocky sites of the lower<br />
el evations, particularly on<br />
the coastal and leeward<br />
slopes of mountain areas in<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>. The leaves of C.<br />
arborescens are palatable to<br />
animals and damage IS<br />
extensive under free-grazing<br />
conditions. Basal sprouting<br />
occurs with the large-leaf<br />
variety in response to subhumid,<br />
droughty conditions<br />
(Fig. 2.5). This trait can be<br />
managed for mixed-aged<br />
stems by leaving a couple<br />
sprouts to develop in the<br />
shade of the main stem.<br />
The small-leaf variety<br />
rarely grows taller than 18<br />
m, limited by the harsher site<br />
conditions of its natural<br />
range. Stem diameters are<br />
generally less than 20 em.<br />
Adaptations to drierconditions<br />
are evident in the<br />
small-leaf variety, with its<br />
thicker leaves and heavier<br />
seeding. The crown is more<br />
compact than that of the<br />
large-leaf variety, with lateral<br />
branching occurring more frequently along the stem axis and extending further down<br />
the stem. Self-pruning is less evident and the shade cast by the crown is denser than the<br />
large-leaf variety. C. arborescens coppices when cut on short rotations.<br />
The heartwood is reddish-brown with a small proportion of lighter brown sapwood<br />
on mature stems. The wood is hard and heavy, with a specific gravity ranging from<br />
0.67--0.82 for samples taken from a 5-year-old stand in the Northwest. It seasons very<br />
hard so that sawing and nailing are difficult.<br />
The principal fruiting season of C. arborescens occurs from May tlU'ough July, with a<br />
smaller harvest from November through January. There are 50,000-65,000 seeds kg· l .<br />
Utilization: The most important use of C. arborescens is in house construction, where<br />
the timber is utilized in all parts of the structure (Fig. 2.6). Because the large-leaf variety<br />
provides one of the longest and straightest trunks ofany of the lowland tree species,<br />
it is prized for joists, beams, ridgepoles and supports. As soon as the tree becomes<br />
usable, after reaching a 10 em stem diameter, it generally is cut for building material,<br />
with few stems left to grow larger than 25 em. Smaller-diameter trees are worked in the
16 <strong>Bwa</strong> Pie<br />
Figure 2.5 Basal sprouting of C. arborescens is<br />
typical ofthe large-leaf varieties on droughty sites.<br />
round form, providing long,<br />
straight poles used in roofing<br />
timbers. The larger diameter<br />
stems usually are split in quarters<br />
or squared for use as construction<br />
material or sawn into planks (Fig.<br />
2.7). Posts are improved for durability<br />
by charcoaling the sapwood<br />
of the end that is buried in<br />
soil. The wood is used for rustic<br />
furniture and wood sculptures.<br />
A beverage derived from the<br />
astringent bark, containing various<br />
tannins, alkaloids and<br />
saponins, is used for medicinal<br />
purposes (Seaforth and Mohammed,<br />
1988). Bark tea is considered<br />
a diuretic; mixed with anise,<br />
nutmeg, mace and sugar, the tea<br />
is taken as an aphrodisiac. A<br />
decoction made from boiled<br />
wood and mixed with milk is<br />
used to build up blood, especially<br />
after childbirth (Altschul, 1973).<br />
The shade of C. arborescens<br />
is not deep, allowing for flexibil-<br />
Figure 2.6 C. arborescens is valued as a construction timber used for building houses<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong>.
ity in the type of cash crops that can be<br />
grown in association with the tree. In field<br />
gardens, crops are grown right up to the<br />
base of the tree. Lateral branches are cut to<br />
control seasonal light demands, and to provide<br />
fodder and fuelwood. It is a common<br />
shade tree of the gardens grown near the<br />
home, particularly those associated with<br />
coffee and cocoa groves (Fig. 2.8).<br />
Propagation: C. arborescens is tricky to<br />
raise from seed. The hard seed coat inhibits<br />
germination, often giving erratic results in<br />
the nursery. The most common method to<br />
overcome seed dormancy is to immerse the<br />
seed in hot water and soak the seed for several<br />
days, changing the water daily (Josiah,<br />
1989). However, experimental data do not<br />
support this method as being the best one.<br />
Probably the most important aspect of propagating<br />
the species in a containerized system<br />
is to keep the germinating seed environment<br />
humid by placing shade cloth over the<br />
containers. Generally, the seed is sown in<br />
greater quantities to compensate for poor<br />
germination, with multiple emergents being<br />
transplanted or thinned. Seedlings ready for<br />
field planting require about 4 weeks in the<br />
shade and a total of 14 weeks in containers,<br />
such as the Rootrainer or Winstrip. Sunscald<br />
and overwatering are common problems<br />
associated with nursery culture. The species<br />
can be top-pruned prior to planting in the<br />
field. A virus is postulated to attack the<br />
species in the nursery (Josiah, 1989), causing<br />
leaves to exhibit mosaic-type symptoms,<br />
with a mottled appearance and curled, shriveled<br />
leaf margins (Fig. 2.9). Tourigny<br />
(J 987) proposed that the virus is transmitted<br />
by the citrus aphid, Toxoptera aurantii, (B.<br />
de F), and that effective control of aphids<br />
might solve this problem.<br />
Barbour (1926) describes how <strong>Haiti</strong>an<br />
farmers in the Cayes area " sow seed of a<br />
tree they call bois pete in wood lots behind<br />
their houses." However, in a detailed study<br />
<strong>Bwa</strong> Pie 17<br />
Figure 2.7 Lumber of C. arborescens is<br />
used in construction and furniture making.<br />
Figure 2.8 A stand of C. arborescens<br />
used as coffee shade and timber.
18 <strong>Bwa</strong> Pie<br />
oftraditional propagation methods in the Lascahobas area, sown seed accounts for only<br />
5% of the C. arborescens tallied (Campbell, 1994). More than two-thirds of the trees<br />
were volunteer, with an additional 16% that were transplanted volunteers.<br />
An attempt was made to graft and bud the species in 1988 by the Double Harvest<br />
nursery, but all attempts failed with the split, inverted-T bud and cleft methods. No<br />
knowledge of vegetative methods has been reported in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Seed Research: The hard seed coat inhibits germination. Scarification by nicking the<br />
small seed results in a 4-fold increase in total germination. However, this is not costeffective<br />
for bulk seed and most nurseries compensate for low and irregular germination<br />
by sowing extra quantities of seed for transplants. An experiment designed to test<br />
scarification procedures showed that immersion in 80° C water, followed by a 24-hour<br />
soak, significantly reduced seed germination, whereas soaking in cold water for 24<br />
hours had no effect. Furthermore, there was a poor correlation between laboratory germination<br />
tests and nursery emergence. No differences in germination were detected<br />
when ripe seed was harvested from the same orchard trees at 3-week intervals during<br />
the peak fruiting season (May to July).<br />
Planting Stock Quality: Various methods to establish C. arborescens in the field have<br />
been tested for their effect on survival and growth (Dupuis, 1986a; Reid, 1991). Direct<br />
seeding of the species has consistently failed in the field and can be recommended only<br />
ifseed is plentiful. Container types and potting mixes showed no effects on a fertile site<br />
near Port-au-Prince. However, seedlings raised in a polythene sack survived better on a<br />
drier, less fertile site than did the smaller-containerized seedlings raised in the<br />
Rootrainer or Winstrip. This difference was accounted for by the larger soil volume of<br />
the sack and a more well-developed seedling root system.<br />
Figure 2.9 Deformed leaves of a C. arborescens nursery seedl ing probably are caused<br />
by an aphid-borne virus.
<strong>Bwa</strong> Pie 19<br />
Biomass Studies: Ehrlich (1985) developed total and fuelwood biomass tables for C.<br />
arborescens, sampled from a stand oftrees located near Morne-a-Cabrit. The estimates<br />
are based on diameter-at-breast-height (DBH) and stump diameter measurements.<br />
Another set ofbiomass equations was developed on a drier site in the Northwest near<br />
Nan Marron in 1990. The 5-year-old stand had a narrow stem diameter range from 3-7<br />
cm. These equations estimate total and wood(> I cm) dry weights on the basis of stem<br />
diameters measured at 0.3 m above ground level. The set of equations for C.<br />
arborescens is given in Table 2.1.<br />
Table 2.1 Equations used to estimate biomass components (kg dry weight) of C. arborescens<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
COMPONENT REGRESSION EQUATION l R 2 DIAMETER SITE<br />
RANGE (CM)<br />
Total aboveground biomass 0.25(DBH)2 0.98 3.0-12.5 Morne-a-Cabrit<br />
Usable wood weight 0.204(DBH)2 0.98 3.0-12.5 Morne-a-Cabrit<br />
Total aboveground biomass 0.Q33hLd n 2 0.99 2.8-6.6 Nan Marron<br />
Usable wood weight 0.027hLdn 2 0.99 2.8--6.6 NaI).Marron<br />
1 DBH=Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. d =Stem diameter at 0.30 m above ground level, in em. h<br />
=Total tree height, in m. n =Number of stems at 0.30 m above ground level.<br />
Growth Performance: The oldest trials of C. arborescens were established by the FAO<br />
project in the mid-I 970s. Later in the 1980s, several trials were established by the<br />
USAID Agroforestry Outreach and AFII projects and the World Bank Projet Forestier<br />
National. Table 2.2 compiles the growth rates and yield information available for several<br />
of the trials. The species failed at the highest elevation site (Tranquille) as well as<br />
on the coastal sites that receive severe drought, such as Cabaret and Jean Rabel.<br />
However, Nan Marron is probably the driest site and the species is performing well,<br />
being thesame small-leafvariety that is common in the area. The Haut Camp and Lapila<br />
sites have an adequate rainfall distribution, but the soils are extremely shallow and<br />
rocky. In contrast, the fastest growth occurs on alluvial, lowland sites such as Fauche,<br />
near Grand Goave, and Roche Blanche, near Croix-des-Bouquets. Early height growth<br />
of 2.5 m yr- 1 has been observed. The O'Gorman trial, located only 5 Ian east ofRoche<br />
Blanche, is also an alluvial site, but with a combination ofless rainfall, poorer soils, and<br />
perhaps a poorly-adapted provenance. Moortele (1979) indicates that the source of the<br />
seed was from Grenier, a much higher (el. 800 m) and wetter location than the trial site.<br />
Figure 2.10 summarizes the height growth ofthe species in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Tree Improvement: There are distinct varieties in the species that are adapted to a wide<br />
range of growing conditions in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Farmers growing in moist and wetter sites prefer<br />
the taller and faster large-leaf variety for timber wood; the small-leaf variety is adapted<br />
.to shallow and rocky soils common to the dry regions of<strong>Haiti</strong> under 1000 mm rainfall.<br />
The first priority in the improvement ofthis species was to focus on the large-leafvariety<br />
for the moist regions of<strong>Haiti</strong> where the species is most developed as a timber tree.<br />
The establishment ofseed orchards is the surest method to guarantee the harvest ofpure<br />
large-leaf varieties and to achieve the uniformity in seedling performance that the<br />
farmer is seeking.
<strong>Bwa</strong> Pie 21<br />
expected that seed from such a wide genetic base shows a level of increased vigor.<br />
Continued germplasm work with C. arborescens should not neglect the small-leaf<br />
varieties for the drier regions where the species is under severe pressure from grazing<br />
and charcoal making activities. These varieties show adequate and steady growth, tolerating<br />
the severe droughts and rocky limestone sites common to these areas.<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
o<br />
HEIGHT (m)<br />
1.0 2.2 3.3 4.4<br />
TREE AGE (yr)<br />
A<br />
Family<br />
321 (Mersan)<br />
309 (Grande Plaine)<br />
308 (Belladere)<br />
310 (Source Crab)<br />
305 (Band Roche)<br />
306 (Paridon)<br />
304 (Band Roche)<br />
302 (Nan Roi)<br />
303 (Nan Roi)<br />
Figure 2.11 Comparison of height growth among C. arborescens half-sib families at<br />
Lapila, near Pignon. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at<br />
p=O.05.
Figure 3.1 C. alliodora selected as a perennial garden species near Port SaJut.
3 <strong>Bwa</strong> Soumi<br />
Species: Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez & Pavon) Oken.<br />
Family: Boraginaceae<br />
Synonyms: Cerdana alliodora Ruiz & Pavon, Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez & Pavon)<br />
Cham., C. geracanthus Jacq.<br />
Common Names: H - bois de rose (bwa woz), bois soumis (bwa soumi), chene caparo<br />
(chenn kapawo), chene franc (chennfran), chene noir (chenn nwa); RD - capa, capa de<br />
olor, capa de sabana, capa 0 laurel, capa prieto, guacimilla; C - varia, varia prieta, varia<br />
colorada, varia amirilla.<br />
Importance: This species is an ideal timber species for traditional agroforestry models<br />
utilizing multi-tiered perennial crops characteristic of the lakou garden. The natural<br />
form of the tree provides an excellent mix of shade, as well as valuable lumber, and<br />
should be considered as an integral component in coffee-growing regions of <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The genus Cordia includes some 200 species<br />
ranging from shrubs to large. trees (Liegel and Stead, 1990). Large differences in morphological<br />
and phenological features exist among varieties of C. alliodora and have created<br />
considerable taxonomic confusion. Two distinct races are recognized in Costa Rica.<br />
The distinguishing features of the tree are the whorled branches extending in horizontal<br />
layers from the main stem and the showy white flowers that cover the canopy during<br />
the dry season (Fig. 3.2). The flowers are clustered tightly in terminal branches, each<br />
flower with a tubular calyx that is 5-lobed and white, turning to brown. Leafblades are<br />
6.5-15 cm long, with the undersides finely hairy, extending from hairy petioles 9.5-19<br />
mm long. They smell like garlic when crushed. The terminal branches are swollen at the<br />
nodes.<br />
Distribution· and Ecology: This species is a native to <strong>Haiti</strong>, though it is common in<br />
restricted regions. The native range of the species covers the entire Caribbean area and<br />
extends from central Mexico to a broad belt across South America from Peru to Bolivia<br />
and Brazil (Little and Wadsworth, 1964). This extensive range includes an annual rainfall<br />
from 1000-4500 mm and 0-4 dry months. In <strong>Haiti</strong>, the species grows from sea level<br />
to about 600 m, mostly confined to the lower foothills of the moist subtropical forest<br />
(sensu Holdridge, 1967) and extending into the wet forest, where there is annual rainfall<br />
between 1200-2000 mm. It is common in southern <strong>Haiti</strong>, particularly along the<br />
southwest coast from Port Salut to Tiberon, and in the foothills extending west of the<br />
Chaine de Selle. Dr. Ekman collected plant specimens of the species in the Chaine de<br />
Mathieu on Morne-a-Cabrit in 1927.<br />
The soils where C. alliodora is found along the coastal regions are typically sandy<br />
and gravelly, commonly associated with ravines and river flood plains. The tree is adapted<br />
to a wide range of soils, including deep clayey and calcareous soils on gently rolling<br />
slopes, but it grows poorly on degraded sites and steep slopes. It naturally regenerates<br />
on abandoned fields and pastures. Seedlings have been found beneath 2- to 4-year-old<br />
stands at several sites where C. alliodora had been planted for the first time.<br />
23
Figure 3.3 C. alliodora grows tall and<br />
straight, with a self-pruning bole that is<br />
harvested for lumber.<br />
<strong>Bwa</strong> Soumi 25<br />
easily replace shade species such as Inga vera and Albizia saman with a more valuable<br />
harvest potential. The flowers of the tree are an important source of food for bees during<br />
the dry season. The seeds and leaves are used in home medicines, mostly for ailments<br />
related to throat infections and chest colds. A leaf decoction compress is applied<br />
to sores (Liogier, 1990).<br />
Propagation: Seedlings are raised from<br />
seed either as stumps, striplings, or in containers<br />
for field planting. The seed loses viability<br />
rapidly after several weeks unless it is<br />
properly stored at low moisture contents «<br />
10 % moisture content and 4-5 0 C). Seed is<br />
sown directly in containers and lightly covered<br />
with potting medium. Propagation in<br />
small containers, such as Rootrainers and<br />
Winstrips, require approximately 18-20<br />
weeks for seedlings to reach sufficient size<br />
for field planting. Shade is required for the<br />
first 3--4 weeks prior to full sun. No serious<br />
pests or diseases have been encountered<br />
with propagating the species from seed in<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Stump planting is a slower and less-utilized<br />
method, though cost saving, to propagate<br />
the species. Raised nursery beds are<br />
sown in rows 15 cm apart and thinned to a<br />
spacing of 15 cm x 15 cm. Stumps are prepared<br />
when root collar diameters reach 1<br />
cm; shoots are pruned to 5-10 cm and roots<br />
are pruned to 10-20 cm. Seedlings up to 3<br />
m tall have been balled and transplanted with 100% survival (Johnston and Morales,<br />
1972). Transplanting of volunteers from beneath select stands is another alternative that<br />
is utilized in Asia and Central America.<br />
Grafting methods are employed for clonal seed orchard stock:, with the side-veneer<br />
technique (Boshier and Mesen, 1987), though techniques are difficult and are not practiced<br />
for general purposes.<br />
Growth Performance: The species has failed at Cabaret and Terrier Rouge, both sites<br />
being too severe for the species with droughts extending 3-5 months. Table 3.1 summarizes<br />
the data that are available for the growth of this species in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Survival is<br />
mediocre, averaging 50-60%. After 3 years, annual growth in the Central Plateau can be<br />
considered marginal with annual height increments under a meter. In contrast, at low<br />
elevation sites with soils ranging from sandy loams (Berault, Fauche, Cazeau) to clayey<br />
loams (Pemel, Roche Blanche), annual height increments of 1.5-2.0 m are normal (Fig.<br />
3.4). Trees selected for superior traits at Cazeau, the oldest trial known to exist in <strong>Haiti</strong>,<br />
are averaging annual height and stem diameter increments of 2.3 m yr- I and 2.9 cm yr- I ,
<strong>Bwa</strong> Soumi 27<br />
resent a fairly narrow range of growing conditions in <strong>Haiti</strong>. This can be remedied only<br />
by testing the species on a wider range of sites, particularly in the higher-elevation coffee-growing<br />
areas. The tree is a natural shade/lumber candidate and should be tested<br />
with several agroforestry options and additional seed from advanced generations of the<br />
tree improvement program in Costa Rica.<br />
Figure 3.5 Differences in leaf retention and branching pattern are striking among C.<br />
alliodora provenances collected from its extensive native range.
Figure 4.1 A mature C. longissima, valued by <strong>Haiti</strong>ans for shade and lumber. Insetflowers<br />
of C. longissima.
4 Chenn<br />
Species: Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum. Cours.<br />
Family: Bignonaceae<br />
Synonyms: Bignonia longissima Jacq., B. quercus Lam., Catalpa longissima (Jacq.)<br />
Sims, Macrocatalpa longissima (Jacq.) Britton<br />
Common Names: H - chene (chenn), bois chene (bwa chenn), chene hattien (chenn<br />
peyi), chene noir (chenn nwa), chenier; RD - roble, roble de olor; J - Jamaica-oak, mastwood,<br />
<strong>yo</strong>kewood; PR - roble Dominicano, <strong>Haiti</strong>an catalpa; US - <strong>Haiti</strong>an oak; M - radegonde.<br />
Importance: C. longissima is one of the best-known lumber species in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Ask the<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>an fishermen what their boats are made of and the response is usually chenn. The<br />
superior wood quality and local demand for chenn are reflected in local lumber prices<br />
that are higher than the price ofthe renowned West Indies mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni).<br />
The tree typically is distributed along the coastal and river plains, where farmers<br />
manage the species with important food crops such as plantains (Musa x paradisiaca)<br />
and sweet potato (Ipomea batatas). The sparse crown does not compete with understory<br />
crops as with other tree species with denser shade.<br />
Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The common name ofthis species is derived from<br />
the French and Spanish names for oak (Quercus: Fagaceae). The Catalpa genus is comprised<br />
of few species in <strong>Haiti</strong>, of which C. longissima is the largest in size. As is typical<br />
of other Catalpa members, the showy white flowers are bell-shaped with a faint<br />
pinkish tinge on the inside ofthe 5-10bed corolla (Fig. 4.1 inset). The tree is recognized<br />
immediately by an abundance of long, stringy pods, up to 40 cm long, that are light<br />
green turning to brown and twisting open to scatter hundreds of soft cottony seeds to<br />
the wind. The pods are persistent, hanging on the outside of the crown and giving it a<br />
stringy appearance. From a distance, the crown has a soft, bushy texture with slightly<br />
wavy branches forming a cylindrical canopy; Chenn nwa may refer to a darker heartwood<br />
variety or an<strong>yo</strong>ne of several Cordia species that exist in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Distribution and Ecology: C. longissima is native' to the islands of Hispaniola and<br />
Jamaica, but has become naturalized throughout the Caribbean as an ornamental and<br />
timber species (Adams, 1972). Natural stands of <strong>Haiti</strong>an oak are most typically found<br />
near the coastal flood plains and alluvial fans of rivers, below an elevation of 250 m,<br />
that receive an annual rainfall of 1000-2000 mm (Fig. 4.2). It tolerates seasonal flooding<br />
and it is common to see nearly pure stands ofthe species, as along the Ennery River<br />
near Passe Reine or in the valley of the Limbe river. As one travels into the mountains<br />
up to an elevation of 1000 m, the tree is found mostly as an occasional specimen of<br />
ravines and courtyards of <strong>Haiti</strong>an homes, associated with other common species of the<br />
subtropical moist forest: mango (Mangifera indica), avocado (Persea am'ericana),<br />
simarouba (Simarouba glauca), colubrina (Colubrina arborescens), mahogany<br />
(Swietenia mahagoni) and coconut (Cocos nucifera).<br />
The soils most commonly associated with <strong>Haiti</strong>an oak are the calcareous alluvial<br />
deposits of sand, silt and gravel common to the coastal plains as well as the rivers and<br />
ravines that drain the mountains. Typically, these soils have a pH range of 7.0-8.2 and<br />
29
30 Chenn<br />
Figure 4.2 Stands of C. longissima are common along stream courses and river flood<br />
plains, as shown here near Baie-de-Henne.<br />
good drainage. Though <strong>Haiti</strong>an oak is found on a wide range of sites, it performs poorly<br />
where the dry season drought is combined with shallow and rocky soils. It rarely is<br />
found in the lowland dry forest that is comprised mostly of the thorny Prosopis and<br />
Acacia species and becomes just as rare as one reaches 1000 m in elevation. It is shade<br />
intolerant.<br />
Average size-class distributions of the species, as cultivated by <strong>Haiti</strong>an farmers,<br />
were studied in Lascahobas (Campbell, 1994). Less than 8% of the tallied stems were<br />
in the saw timber class, defined as having trunks larger than 25 em. Over half of the<br />
population were seedlings and saplings under 10 cm DBH. The balance of the population<br />
was in the I-2 pole merchantable class.<br />
Tree Characteristics: The juvenile form is often multi-stemmed and bushy, eventually<br />
developing into a single-stemmed tree with a narrow crown:DBH ratio. Dominant<br />
heights in <strong>Haiti</strong> reach up to 28 meters, with an average around 19 ill. Stem diameters<br />
of most of the mature trees in <strong>Haiti</strong> are between 25--40 cm, though individuals up to 80<br />
cm are sighted occasionally. Natural crown diameters spread to 18 m. However, <strong>Haiti</strong>an<br />
oak growing in field gardens is pruned heavily and rarely does the crown exceed 6 m<br />
(Fig. 4.3). The traditional method of pruning the lateral branches keeps the crown narrow<br />
and is a common feature where the tree is associated with understory crops such as<br />
plantains, sweet potatoes, corn and beans. The tree tolerates pruning well, which not<br />
only allows more light and rainfall penetration, but provides fuelwood and aids in the<br />
development of the bole for lumber production.
Figure 4.3 C. longissima is typically pruned to<br />
allow more sunlight to reach understory crops and<br />
to increase its value as lumber.<br />
Chenn 31<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>an oak begins to flower<br />
at an early age, usually within 2<br />
years from seed. The flowers of<br />
the species range in color from<br />
white to pink. During the<br />
months of June, July and<br />
November, most trees are fruiting<br />
with long, stringy, cylindrical<br />
pods up to 40 em that split<br />
open and scatter hundreds of<br />
small brown seeds, 1 mm wide<br />
and 8 mm long, and enclosed<br />
with cotton-like fiber.<br />
Throughout the year, caterpillars<br />
and beetles attack mature<br />
trees sometimes causing serious<br />
defoliation. At other times of the<br />
year, mostly at the beginning of<br />
the rainy season, it is common to<br />
see juvenile trees defoliated by<br />
caterpillars, tortoise-shell beetles,<br />
and skeletonizers (Fig. 4.4).<br />
The wood exhibits hues of<br />
light gray to a darker nearcbocolate<br />
color. A local seed collector<br />
claims that the darkerwooded<br />
variety, sometimes<br />
known as chenn nwa (black<br />
oak), can be distinguished by the<br />
reddish hue of the maturing seed<br />
pod. The wood varies in density<br />
from 0.60 to 0.80 g/cm 3 with a<br />
straight grain that is easily<br />
worked (Longwood., 1962).<br />
Utilization: As a living tree, <strong>Haiti</strong>an oak provides a light shade that is influenced in part<br />
by defoliation and is controlled further by pruning. As mentioned previously, an important<br />
byproduct ofpruning the tree is fuelwood. However, where the tree grows well, the<br />
primary importance of <strong>Haiti</strong>an oak is for the production of lumber. It ranks second to<br />
mango as the main source of lumber in <strong>Haiti</strong>, though its wood is much more valuable.<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>an oak is the wood of choice for fishing boats (Fig. 4.5). As a furniture wood, it is<br />
favored over mahogany for its resistance to wood borers and for the natural grayishbrown,<br />
lustrous color of its heartwood. The color of the wood is not as age-sensitive as<br />
the color ofmahogany. Statues and woodcarvings made of<strong>Haiti</strong>an oak generally are left<br />
in their natural color (Fig. 4.6).
32 Chenn<br />
The poles commonly are<br />
harvested from coppice stems<br />
that sprout from mature stumps.<br />
In the urban areas of Port-au<br />
Prince, the poles are used mostly<br />
as supports for the pouring of<br />
concrete ceilings and building<br />
multi-story buildings. In the rural<br />
areas, the poles are used chiefly<br />
for house construction, both as<br />
vertical posts and horizontal<br />
beams and rafters. The leaves of<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>an oak are used in a decoction<br />
and taken orally for fevers,<br />
dysentery, hemorrhoids and respiratory<br />
problems (Weniger,<br />
1985; Rouzier, 1990).<br />
Propagation: <strong>Haiti</strong>an oak is<br />
regenerated naturally by seed that<br />
is wind blown great distances<br />
from the mother tree. Volunteers<br />
left in place were the source of<br />
60% of the trees of known origin<br />
in the Lascahobas regIon<br />
(Campbell, 1994). The rest were<br />
volunteers that were transplanted<br />
to another location. In many<br />
areas of <strong>Haiti</strong>, farmers transplant<br />
volunteers to more secure and<br />
Figure 4.4 C. longissima is heavily attacked by a<br />
number of defoliating insects. Inset - Caterpillar<br />
feeding on C. longissima.<br />
fertile areas of their land and thus guarantee the eventual harvest of wood. After the<br />
mature tree is harvested, basal sprouts regenerate to provide a second, more valuable<br />
harvest (Fig. 4.7). Up to 20% of the C. longissima stems that one tallies on a farm is<br />
coppice. However, alternative means to propagating the species are numerous, the only<br />
limiting factors being the technical knowledge and input costs of the various options.<br />
Josiah (1989) summarized the methods of propagating <strong>Haiti</strong>an oak utilizing containerized<br />
systems, such as the Rootrainer or Winstrip. Problems associated with raising<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>an oak seedlings in the nursery are I) variability in seed viability among seed<br />
lots and seasons, 2) seed predation in the nursery by ants, rats and mice, 3) occasional<br />
insect infestations of mites, caterpillars, aphids, leafminers and white fly, 4) occasional<br />
fungal diseases such as leafspot (Alternaria, Botrytis, and Cercospora), and anthracnose,<br />
caused by Colletotrichum (Runion et al., 1990). Seed germination rarely exceeds<br />
40% in the nursery. Factors that greatly affect the seed quality of <strong>Haiti</strong>an oak are many,<br />
the most important being parent source, seed crop season and storage conditions. It is<br />
more critical to store the seed at low moisture content than at low temperature. Moisture<br />
content should be maintained between 5-7% (wet weight basis); storage temperatures
Figure 4.5 C. longissima is an important source of wood for boat building.<br />
between 4-19° C, the equivalent<br />
to the range between a<br />
refrigerator and an air-conditioned<br />
room, are adequate, provided<br />
that the seed is stored in<br />
air-tight containers.<br />
Vegetative techniques have<br />
been observed in <strong>Haiti</strong>, though<br />
the practice is not widely utilized.<br />
Campbell (1994) tallied<br />
only one tree that was established<br />
as a cutting by farmers<br />
in Lascahobas. Branch cuttings<br />
have rooted successfully at a<br />
CARE nursery near Barbe<br />
Pagnol. In another case, a<br />
farmer near Petit Goave<br />
demonstrated air-layering and<br />
stooling methods with the<br />
species. These methods were<br />
successful in propagating superior<br />
phenotypes. The advantages<br />
of vegetative methods are<br />
1) insured genetic superiority<br />
and uniformity, 2) low technological<br />
costs and 3) increased<br />
survival and growth of the<br />
propaguJe. Considering the<br />
Chenn 33<br />
Figure 4.6 The beauty and working ease of C.<br />
longissima is a favorite among <strong>Haiti</strong>an wood carvers.
34 Chenn<br />
limited number of seedlings<br />
that the average <strong>Haiti</strong>an farmer<br />
demands, vegetative propagation<br />
of<strong>Haiti</strong>an oak will be a distinct<br />
feature of this species'<br />
future in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Five grafting methods were<br />
experimented with C. longissima<br />
at Double Harvest in<br />
October, 1988. The methods<br />
utilized scion material collected<br />
from superior tree candidates<br />
and rootstock propagated in 10<br />
cm polythene bags. None of the<br />
grafting methods was successful.<br />
However, the experiment<br />
was not exhaustive and such<br />
factors as season, rootstock<br />
vigor and budwood quality were<br />
not studied.<br />
Biomass Studies: Ehrlich et al.<br />
(1986) developed biomass and<br />
volume tables for this species<br />
based on a stand of <strong>Haiti</strong>an oak<br />
near Limbe that ranged in stem<br />
diameters from 2 to 20 cm.<br />
These tables are based on the<br />
allometric relationship between<br />
an easily measured parameter,<br />
Figure 4.7 C. longissima coppice, ready for second<br />
lumber harvest. Inset - Close up of coppicing<br />
stump.<br />
such as DBH, and biomass. These relationships are expressed in the equations provided<br />
in Table 4.1.<br />
Compared to species such as Leucaena leucocephala, the tree has low biomass<br />
coefficients, meaning that most of the wood is contained within a stocky single stem<br />
rather than in a heavily branched canopy. This attribute is one that makes C. longissima<br />
a favorite lumber species, especially if the tree is managed on a regular pruning cycle.<br />
No volume tables for lumber have been recorded for <strong>Haiti</strong>an oak.<br />
Growth Performance: The tree grows moderately fast on freely-drained alluvial sites<br />
that receive at least 1000 mm annual rainfall. The best early growth of the species has<br />
been observed at the progeny trial near Laborde (Cayes) and the seed orchard at Roche<br />
Blanche (Croix-des-Bouquets), where average height increments of 1.2-1.4 my-I during<br />
the first 3 years and survival rates above 90% were recorded (Fig. 4.8). The oldest<br />
trial of<strong>Haiti</strong>an oak was established by FAO at Vaudreuil (Bihun, 1982). Average heights<br />
of2.5 m in 2 years, 6 m in 7 years and 7.5 m in 10 years were recorded at a survival rate<br />
of 65 %. However, <strong>Haiti</strong>an oak performs poorly on sites where soils are extremely shal-
36 Chenn<br />
Table 4.2 Site and growth parameters of C. longissima trials in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
SITE ELEVATION ANNUAL AGE SURVIVAL HEIGHT OBH' DRY WOOD<br />
(m) RAINFALL (yr) (%) M.A.!.' M.A.!. YIELD<br />
(mm) (m) (elll) (kg tree")<br />
Lapila 350 1145 10 90 0.6<br />
Bombard 480 948 10 76 06<br />
Plaisance 360 1900 1.5 62 0.1<br />
Cazeau 30 1200 2.J 97 17<br />
Colin 650 1300 2.2 78 06<br />
Passe Catabois 120 987 2.2 65 0.8<br />
Grand Bassin 70 1300 2.3 40 0.4<br />
Crocra 30 1490 3.0 89 06 0.6 0.6<br />
Fauche 1436 3.0 39 10 J3 19<br />
HaUl Camp 180 2280 3.0 90 0.4<br />
Laborde 90 1875 3.0 99 1.4 1.9 5.2<br />
Marmol1r 280 1450 3.0 72 1.0 1.1 1.1<br />
Roche Blanche 2 130 1030 3.0 86 0.4<br />
Terrjer Rouge 20 J293 3.0 57 0.5 0.5<br />
Nan Manon 450 600 3.4 32 0.3 02<br />
Roche Blanche I 130 1030 5.0 96 12 2.2 20.0<br />
O'Gorman I 70 830 5.3 74 0.5 0.6 1.2<br />
O'Gonnon 2 70 830 5.3 89 0.5 0.4 0.1<br />
Vaudreuil 55 830 10.0 65 0.8 0.9 14.7<br />
I .M.A.I. ::: Metln annual increment. 2 DBH::: Stem diameter at 1.3 III above ground level, in em.<br />
Figure 4.9 Pasture site before trial establishment...
Figure 4.10 ... and 4 years later, showing excellent<br />
growth of C. longissima.<br />
Chenn 37<br />
dates and established in a series of<br />
progeny trials and seedling seed<br />
orchards throughout <strong>Haiti</strong>. All<br />
progeny tests and orchards are comprised<br />
of open-pollinated stock.<br />
No maternal effects have been<br />
detected for 3-year survival and<br />
height growth. Within-family variation<br />
is as large as inter-family differences.<br />
For example, at the<br />
Laborde progeny trial near Cayes, a<br />
23% difference between the firstand<br />
last-ranked families in height<br />
growth (4.7 m v. 3.8 m) at 3 years<br />
was not significant. Survival likewise<br />
was the same across families,<br />
ranging from 96-100%. This finding<br />
directs further breeding strategies<br />
towards selection of individuals<br />
that can be vegetatively propagated<br />
and installed in second-generation<br />
orchards.<br />
The orchard of 55 half-sib families<br />
at Roche Blanche probably<br />
contains the broadest genetic base<br />
of C. longissima in its native range.<br />
The orchard began yielding seed in<br />
the second year. The photo in Fig. 4.4, taken at this orchard, shows the seasonal insect<br />
defoliation that often attacks the species when it is under drought stress. But it also<br />
underscores the worth of an investment to conserve a genetic diversity that can better<br />
cope with changes in pests and growing conditions of such an economically important<br />
tree species. Several periodic studies on the intensity of defoliation exhibited no family<br />
differences. However, the effect of annual attacks may be causing growth differences<br />
among families, with the top families showing superior vigor and an advantage of<br />
40-50% in height growth over 5 years. The 2 largest individuals in the orchard come<br />
from the same mother tree, a positive indication that improvement can be made in <strong>Haiti</strong>.
Figure 5.1 Farmers like S glauca growing in their fields because it grows tall, straight,<br />
and reaps good lumber.
5 Fwenn<br />
Species: Simarouba glauca DC. var. latifolia Cronq.<br />
Family: Simaroubaceae<br />
Synonyms: Simarouba medicinalis Endl., S. officinalis Macfad., S. officinalis DC.<br />
Common names: H - bois frene (bwafwenn), bois blanc (bwa blan), d'olive (doliv),<br />
frene ifwenn); RD - daguilla, daguillo, juan primero, laguilla, olivio, palo amargo; C <br />
gavihin; J - bitter damson; G/M - acajou blanc; US - simarouba, princess tree; F - bois<br />
amer, quinquina d'Europe.<br />
Species: Simarouba berteroana Krug. and Urban<br />
Family: Simaroubaceae<br />
Common names: H - bois frene (bwa fwenn), frene ifwenn), frene etranger ifwenn<br />
etranje); RD - aceituna, daguilla, juan primero, olivio.<br />
Importance: S. glauca is one ofthe major sources offast-growing, medium-grade lumber<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong>. It is well adapted to the agricultural landscape, regenerating naturally<br />
beneath mango and other mature trees. The fast, straight growth and wide adaptability<br />
on shallow soils of <strong>Haiti</strong>'s mountains combine to make this tree an attractive choice for<br />
agroforestry. The seed kernel is underutilized and has potential for supplying Haitains<br />
with a source of oil.<br />
Taxonomy and Botanical Features: There are 6 species of Simarouba in tropical<br />
America, two of which are native to <strong>Haiti</strong> (Liogier, 1985). The common S. glauca var.<br />
latifolia is easily distinguished from the less common S. berteroana by the leaves. Those<br />
of the former are dark, shiny green above, oblong, and often notched or smooth at the<br />
apex. S. berteroana leaves are a lighter dull green, lanceolate and have a prominent beak<br />
at the apex (Fig. 5.3 inset). A third Simarouba species, planted during the 1950s and<br />
1960s in the vicinity of Lake Peligre, probably was introduced from abroad. Locally<br />
known as doliv, it is distinguished from S. glauca by a smaller bivalved seed and <strong>yo</strong>ung<br />
growth that is light green rather than reddish. It appears to have a shorter bole and a<br />
heavier crown.<br />
Fwenn is the Creole name derived from the French word for ash (Fraxinus:<br />
Oleaceae). <strong>Bwa</strong> blan is heard more often in the northern part of<strong>Haiti</strong>, whereas fwenn is<br />
used for the species in the south. Where S. glauca co-exists with S. berteroana, the latter<br />
sometimes is referred to as fwenn etranje (foreign ash), though both are native to<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>. The specimen identified as S. glauca (Ekman 3036), collected in 1925 by Dr.<br />
Ekman near Ganthier, is S. berteroana, as described by Liogier (1985).<br />
Distribution and Ecology: S. glauca is a common native of the Greater Antilles,<br />
Florida, Mexico and Central America. It is found mostly in <strong>Haiti</strong> as an associated<br />
species ofthe subtropical moist forest (sensu Holdridge, 1976), occurring from sea level<br />
to about 800 m. It shares the overstory position with the other common trees of the<br />
home and humid perennial gardens: mango (Mangifera indica), royal palm (Roystonea<br />
borinquena), avocado (Persea americana), plantain (Musa xparidisiaca) and as shade<br />
for coffee (Fig. 5.2). The species is found on the rocky, shallow calcareous soils of<br />
mountain slopes and ridges as well as on the deeper soils of the ravines and alluvial<br />
plains.<br />
39
40 Fwenn<br />
S. berteroana is endemic to Hispaniola and found scattered throughout the country<br />
at elevations 100-600 m. The range of the species overlaps with S. glauca in the wetter<br />
regions, though much less common, and extends into the drier zones which S. glauca<br />
does not prefer.<br />
S. glauca is shade tolerant and occurs as an understory tree, particularly under the<br />
canopy of large fruit trees where birds perch and deposit the seed. Birds relish the ripe<br />
drupes and play an important role in seed dispersal from March to July. The species does<br />
poorly on severely degraded sites and approaches the limits of its optimal range in<br />
regions ofI-laiti receiving less than 1200 mm annual rainfall. Stressed seedlings in these<br />
areas often are attacked by caterpillars and stem borers during the dry months. However,<br />
the bitter leaves are avoided by livestock, an advantage for seedlings that develop slowl<strong>yo</strong>n<br />
tough sites.<br />
Tree Characteristics: A remarkable attribute of Simarouba is the straightness of the<br />
bole across sites varying widely in soil depth and quality. The tree develops a shallow<br />
root system that is well adapted to mountain soils. Mature trees of S. glauca attain<br />
heights of25-27 m and stem diameters of40-50 cm, often with a clear, cylindrical bole<br />
to 9 m. S. berteroana, being found frequently on less-fertile sites, rarely grows taller<br />
than 20 m with stem diameters ranging from 30--40 cm. The form is not as straight as<br />
S. glauca and tends to fork at lower heights (Fig. 5.3). The crown of both species is narrow,<br />
widths averaging 4-6 m, with a crown width:DBH ratio of 22-25. Boles clear of<br />
branches often extend to two-thirds total tree height and are managed by pruning the lateral<br />
branches. Pruning allows the<br />
flexibility to grow the tree as part of<br />
the upper story ofa perennial garden<br />
or in pure, dense stands of rak bwa<br />
(woodlot). The species coppices,<br />
though not vigorously. Approximately<br />
10% of the trees tallied by<br />
Campbell (1994) were coppice<br />
stems.<br />
At least 2 branch stories or<br />
whorls must be left when pruning S.<br />
glauca to avoid impairing growth<br />
rates (Lamprecht, 1989). Plantations<br />
have been reported to resist storms<br />
and drought and are favored over<br />
cashew (Anacardium occidentale)<br />
for such reasons in India (Satpathi,<br />
1984).<br />
The wood is light (sp. gr. 0.38)<br />
and soft with strength properties<br />
normal for a wood of its density. The<br />
creamy white color ofthe heartwood<br />
is barely distinguishable from the<br />
sapwood. It is commonly reported<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong> and other Caribbean islands<br />
that the wood has a tendency to split<br />
Figure 5.2 S. glauca is managed with mixed<br />
annual and perennial food crops in the moist<br />
regions of <strong>Haiti</strong>.
Figure 5.3 S. berteroana, showing the<br />
typical habit of the species. Inset <br />
Slender and pointed leaf shape of S.<br />
berteroana<br />
Fwenn 41<br />
during sawing. Seasoning with prolonged weather exposure causes severe surface and<br />
end splitting. It exhibits variability in decay resistance, though it is generally considered<br />
low in resistance to decay fungi and highly susceptible to dry-wood termites and marine<br />
borers, contrary to a widely held beliefthat the characteristic bitter taste ofthe bark and<br />
wood impart a resistance to insects (Longwood, 1962).<br />
The plant is dioecious with both unisexual and bisexual flowers. The seed orchard<br />
at Roche Blanche began bearing seed at 3<br />
years, though full seed production is<br />
achieved at 6 years. Male trees made up<br />
approximately 40% of the population in a<br />
plantation established in India (Satpathi,<br />
1984). These were eliminated and replaced<br />
with bisexual plants for seed production.<br />
There are 1600-1800 seeds kg-I for S. glauca<br />
and 1100-1300 seeds kg-I for S. berteroana.<br />
Utilization: The moderate density, softness,<br />
and ease of working, make S. glauca a popular<br />
wood for house construction and common<br />
furniture of the <strong>Haiti</strong>an farmer. The<br />
combination of fast growth, broad adaptibility,<br />
and ample natural regeneration provides<br />
an adequate supply for local wood industries<br />
in such regions as Maniche in the southwestern<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong> (Fig. 5.4).<br />
The wood generally is sawn into planks<br />
that are easy to work as a general utility<br />
wood. Certain staining fungi that attack the<br />
wood actually enhance its appearance for<br />
decorative uses. The wood industry in<br />
Central America uses the species in match<br />
manufacture, plywood core, veneer, wood chips and lumber.<br />
S. glauca yields an edible oil from its seeds. The aceituno fat also is used for soap<br />
production in India, where plantations have been established for commercial production.<br />
Methods for processing the seed to produce and refine the crude fat, as well as the<br />
physical and chemical characteristics of the aceituno oil, are given in Rath (1987).<br />
Armour (1959) mentions a toxin in the residual cake that is produced during the oilextraction<br />
process.<br />
All parts of the tree are used for medicinal purposes. The bark is taken as a decoction<br />
or tea for diarrhea and fever. Leaves are used for rheumatism or are applied in the<br />
form of a lotion for body pain, bruises or skin itch. The fruit is edible. During the flowering<br />
season, it is visited by swarms of bees and is considered an important honey plant.<br />
Propagation: S. glauca regenerates well under the deep shade of mango, where birds<br />
perch and drop the seed after eating the sweet pulp (Fig. 5.5). It also is dispersed by<br />
other small fauna that feed on the fruit. A lizard species (Ctenosaura similis) in Costa<br />
Rica has been observed to ingest the fruit and disperse intact seeds away from the mother<br />
trees (Traveset, 1990).
42 Fwenn<br />
Figure 5.4 Men sawing S. glauca in the Maniche area, where the species supplies a<br />
local lumber industry.<br />
For the most part, trees found in the <strong>Haiti</strong>an landscape are regenerated naturally.<br />
However, farmers occasionally transplant volunteer seedlings or sow seeds in new locations.<br />
Nursery beds for stumps or bare-root seedlings are a recent development of agroforestry<br />
and forestry projects in <strong>Haiti</strong> (Fig. 5.6) and are better suited for local production<br />
of seedlings where natural regeneration is scarce. Stumps or balled seedlings are<br />
transplanted during the rainy season when root collar diameters reach 0.7-1.0 em.<br />
Vegetative techniques include air-layering, cuttings and grafting (Satpathi 1984;<br />
Armour, 1959).<br />
Special considerations are needed to propagate the species efficiently in containers.<br />
It is preferred to sow fresh seed, within a month following harvest, and prepare the seed<br />
by cracking the endocarp to overcome dormancy barriers. Emergents have a tendency<br />
to loop or lie on their sides. Sowing the seed on its side partially overcomes this problem;<br />
extra seed is sown in germination beds for replacing deformed seedlings. Young<br />
seedlings under shade are susceptible to root- and stem-rot diseases that should be controlled<br />
by proper watering and fungicide treatments. Sunsca1d is a problem when<br />
seedlings are placed in the sun directly from the shade. This problem is avoided if the<br />
seedlings are conditioned properly. Approximately 12 weeks are required to raise<br />
seedlings in the rigid cell containers, with the initial 4 weeks in the shade and the final<br />
month being hardened off (Josiah, 1989).<br />
Seed Research: Seed of this species exhibits dormancy as a result ofthe hard seed coat.<br />
Seed that are viable by the tetrazolium test fail to germinate. Furthermore, the high oil<br />
content of the seed causes the seed to lose viability after a couple of months when it is<br />
stored at ambient conditions. Drying to seed moisture contents below 10% and storing<br />
in air-tight containers improves seed longevity.
Fwenn 43<br />
Figure 5.5 Natural regeneration ofS. glauca under a harvested mango tree, where birds<br />
once perched and dropped seed after eating the sweet pulp.<br />
Seed-coat dormancy can be overcome by extracting the kernel from the endocarp<br />
or by cracking the endocarp prior to sowing (Timyan and Vaval, 1993). Both these treatments<br />
showed significant improvements in germination over the control, increasing<br />
total germination 2-fold in the nursery. Soaking the seed in either cold or hot (80 0<br />
C)<br />
water for 24 hours did not affect germination. However, height growth was slower for<br />
seedlings that germinated from the extracted kernels than for the other seed treatments.<br />
Growth Performance: Both species generally exhibit good to excellent survival, even<br />
on poor sites with shallow soils and drought periods extending to 4 months (e.g.,<br />
Bombard and Lapila). However, the species are out of their range on low-elevation sites<br />
receiving less than J000 mm rainfall or sites above 900 m elevation (see Table 5.1 and<br />
Table 5.2). Annual stcm increments are slightly higher for S. glauca than S. berteroana,<br />
with the latter species exhibiting a more slender stem, less erect form, and branchier<br />
crown.<br />
Figure 5.6 S. glauca is propagated as bare-root seedlings in a CARE nursery.
44 Fwenn<br />
Height growth has never been observed to exceed 2 m yr- 1 for either species (see<br />
Fig. 5.7 and Fig. 5.8). The fastest growth has been measured at the Fauche site (1.8 m<br />
yr- 1 for S. glauca; 1.6 m yr- 1 for S. berteroana), with the average for the species close to<br />
a meter per year. The oldest trial at O'Gorman in the Cul-de-Sac plain was measured at<br />
9 years and showed a mean annual height increment of 0.5 m and stem-diameter increment<br />
of 0.6 cm for S. berteroana. S. glauca exhibited height increments of 0.7 m and<br />
stem-diameter increments of 0.6 cm in the same trial. However, the O'Gorman site is<br />
not typical of the growing conditions where S. glauca is commercially exploited for<br />
lumber. Fauche and La Jeune are typical sites where the native population is vigorous<br />
and the species is regarded as a valuable shade and timber species. These trials should<br />
be observed carefully to estimate the profitability of growing the species for timber.<br />
Tree Improvement: The selection ofS. glauca provenances for superior wood properties<br />
has been examined in Africa, based in part on seed collected in <strong>Haiti</strong> (Ergo and<br />
Deschamps, 1984). A great deal of heterogeneity was found among the seed sources<br />
throughout its native range in the Caribbean and Central America. Most variability was<br />
attributed to genetic differences, indicating the potential oftree improvement within the<br />
species.<br />
Between 1988 and 1991, a selection ofsuperior phenotypes was conducted in areas<br />
of <strong>Haiti</strong> where significant populations occur: La Jeune area of the Plateau Central,<br />
Maniche area ofthe southwest, the Grand-Anse, and areas ofBainet and Jacmel. A total<br />
of 79 plus trees were selected, ofwhich 35 trees were harvested for seed and propagated<br />
for establishment in seedling seed orchards, progeny trials, and arboreta. The same<br />
approach was employed for the endemic S. berteroana. Nine of 14 selected trees were<br />
harvested and established in orchards and progeny trials. Some of the orchards of the<br />
Table 5.1 Site and growth parameters of S. glauca var. latifolia trials in<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
SITE ELEVATION ANNUAL AGE SURVIVAL HEIGHT DBUZ<br />
(m) RAINFALL (yr) (%) M.A.!.l M.A.I.<br />
(mm) (m) (em)<br />
Laborde 2 90 1875 1.0 92 0.5<br />
La Jeune 400 1145 2.0 88 1.2<br />
Paillant 600 1300 2.0 69 0.4<br />
Tranquille 76-11 900 1450 2.9 41 0.2<br />
Bombard 480 948 3.0 75 0.8 0.8<br />
Fauche 1436 3.0 77 1.8 2.0<br />
HautCamp 180 2280 3.0 82 0:4 0.5<br />
Marmont 280 1450 3.0 48 0.9 0.8<br />
Roche Blanche 130 1030 3.0 84 1.6 2.0<br />
Terrier Rouge 20 1293 3.0 57 0.7 0.8<br />
Lapila 2 350 1145 3.2 52 0.7 0.9<br />
Lapi1a 1 350 1145 3.4 90 1.2 1.3<br />
a'Gorman 76-10 70 830 5.3 85 0.9 0.8<br />
a'Gorman 76-9 70 830 5.3 74 1.2 0.5<br />
a'Gorman 76-6 70 830 9.0 41 0.7 0.4<br />
Vaudreuil 75-1 55 830 10.0 53 1.0 1.2<br />
I M.A.I. = Mean annual increment. 2 DBH =Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level.
Figure 6.1 A mature S. mahagoni shelters the courtyard of a rural residence.
48 Kajou Peyi...Kajou Etranje<br />
Figure 6.2 Five-parted seed capsules<br />
are a characteristic feature of Switetenia.<br />
The capsules ofS. macrophylla,<br />
shown here, are larger than those ofS.<br />
mahagoni.<br />
S. macrophylla occurs naturally from the<br />
Yucatan in Mexico to Brazil. It is a lowland<br />
species, most frequently found from sea level to<br />
450 m.<br />
In <strong>Haiti</strong>, S. mahagoni is common at elevations<br />
of 100-500 m, mostly inhabiting the drier<br />
hillsides where it is better adapted than the<br />
introduced S. macrophylla. Soils are mostly<br />
calcareous and annual rainfall ranges from<br />
800-2000 mm with a 2-3 month winter<br />
drought. The seed capsules fully ripen during<br />
the dry season, with the winged seed dispersed<br />
widely by the winds.<br />
Pure and dense stands ofthe species occur<br />
rarely, observed only in areas of the Plateau<br />
Central where the species is very common.<br />
Typically, the species is scattered as isolated<br />
trees across the agricultural landscape and<br />
occurs in remnant populations. In the drier<br />
habitats of the Northwest, commonly associated<br />
species are bwa blan (Phyllostylon<br />
brasilense), divi-divi (Caesalpinea coriaria),<br />
bwa kapab (Colubrina arborescens) and gayak<br />
(Guaiacum sp.). In the moist forest, associates are sed (Cedrela odorata), bwa doti<br />
(Petitia domingensis), chenn (Catalpa longissima) and bwa pIe (Colubrina<br />
arborescens).<br />
S. macrophylla was introduced into <strong>Haiti</strong> during the 1940s by SHADA<br />
(Societe Hai·tienne-Americaine pour le Developpement Agricole) at Bayeux, on the<br />
northern coast, and at Franklin, in the southwest (Fig. 6.3). Since that time, it has been<br />
Figure 6.3 One of the original S. macrophylla stands at Franklin, about 40 years after<br />
its introduction to <strong>Haiti</strong>.
Figure 6.4 S. mahagoni is deciduous in the<br />
drier regions of <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Kajou Peyi ... Kajou Etranje 49<br />
distributed as roadside plantings and has been established in small private plantations in<br />
the Cap-Hai"tien and Jeremie areas. The species performs poorly on alkaline soils, particularly<br />
on the soft whitish limestone clays, locally known as tif, and on shallow rocky<br />
soils of the dry slopes and ridges. It prefers sheltered conditions and well-drained soils<br />
in areas of <strong>Haiti</strong> that receive more than 1800 mm annual rainfall and below 500 m elevation.<br />
Natural S. macrophylla x S. mahagoni hybrids are found in most areas where S.<br />
macrophylla has been introduced, notably in the Limbe/Riviere Sale region and Fonddes-Negres.<br />
Additionally, seed lots of the hybrid have been imported from Puerto Rico<br />
and St. Croix since 1989 and have been established in growth trials with both ofthe parent<br />
species. S. humilis occurs in scattered trials throughout the country and has been<br />
introduced to <strong>Haiti</strong> only since 1989.<br />
Tree Characteristics: The typical form of mature S. mahagoni has a short, buttressing<br />
trunk, up to I m diameter and 2-3 meters high, with a large, spherical crown, many<br />
heavy branches and dense shade. The bark is smooth and gray on <strong>yo</strong>ung trees, turning<br />
to a scaly dark reddish brown on large trees. Superior individuals have been selected<br />
with clear bole lengths up to 12 m. Maximum tree heights rarely exceed 24 m and average<br />
18 m with spreading crown diameters up to 15 m. Average crown:DBH ratio for<br />
this species is 22.4 (sd 2.74). The tree is deciduous where there are severe droughts,<br />
with a characteristic reddish flush of<br />
new leaves at the beginning of the<br />
rains (Fig. 6.4).<br />
The form of S. macrophylla is<br />
superior for lumber production, having<br />
a narrower crown and clear boles<br />
up to 16 m. Tree heights have been<br />
measured up to 30 m at Franklin, with<br />
stem diameters 40-60 cm, averaging<br />
an annual increment of I cm yr- 1 during<br />
the past 50 years. The crown of<br />
<strong>yo</strong>ung trees is narrow; that of older<br />
trees becomes broad, dense, and highly<br />
branched.<br />
Wood properties of the two<br />
species differ. S. mahagoni is harder,<br />
with a heartwood that is brownish<br />
red, deepening with exposure and<br />
age. S. macrophylla is lighter pink<br />
brown, with a grain not as fine_ Both<br />
woods have similar density (0.5-0.8)<br />
with straight grain that is sometimes<br />
wavy, roey, and figured. The sapwood<br />
of both species is very susceptible to<br />
decay and insects. Many farmers and<br />
woodworkers in <strong>Haiti</strong> complain ofthe<br />
attack (pikin on juvenile S. mahagoni
Kajou Peyi... Kajou Etranje S1<br />
of the wood in turnery and sculpture. Much of the branchwood and crooked stems is<br />
converted to charcoal, particularly in the regions of <strong>Haiti</strong> isolated from the urban markets<br />
by poor roads. High-grade timber is used locally for window frames, doors, sills<br />
and interior woodwork, or is exported to the urban market.<br />
S. mahagoni is a medicinal plant throughout the Caribbean. The bark is considered<br />
an astringent and taken orally as a decoction for diarrhea, as a source of vitamins<br />
and iron, and as a medicine used to induce hemorrhage. When the bark is steeped<br />
to a red liquid, it is taken to clear blood, increase appetite, and regain strength in cases<br />
of tuberculosis (Ayensu, 1981).<br />
Farmers generally plant the species along the boundary of gardens or around<br />
the courtyard garden, where it provides deep shade. A widespread belief in <strong>Haiti</strong> is that<br />
S. mahagoni dries the soil and makes it "hot." This is particularly true in the drier<br />
regions where soil moisture is already marginal for adequate crop production. S. macrophylla<br />
does not suffer this reputation, being planted in regions of <strong>Haiti</strong> where rainfall is<br />
greater than 1500 mm and used as shade for coffee.<br />
Figure 6.7 Transplanting volunteer seedlings is the<br />
easiest method for establishing S. mahagoni at new<br />
locations.<br />
Propagation: Most farmers in<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong> who transplant seedlings<br />
do so from naturally-regenerated<br />
stock in the field (Fig.<br />
6.7). The species generally is<br />
propagated from seed for<br />
mass production of seedlings<br />
in containerized systems, such<br />
as the Winstrip and<br />
Rootrainer. Seed is sown<br />
shortly after harvest, considering<br />
the short viability of the<br />
seed under ambient conditions.<br />
Seed usually is prepared<br />
by breaking the seed<br />
wing to facilitate germination.<br />
The heavy part of the seed is<br />
planted into the soil with the<br />
top portion slightly exposed.<br />
Looping of the hypocotyl is a<br />
problem and these seedlings<br />
are replaced with transplants<br />
from a germination bed. Both<br />
species require about 18<br />
weeks to prepare seedlings for<br />
outplant, with the initial 3<br />
weeks in the shade and the<br />
final 4 weeks for hardening<br />
off. Sunscald is a problem if<br />
the seedlings are exposed
52 Kajou PeyieeeKajou Efranje<br />
directly to the sun from shade, requiring acclimation to full-sunlight conditions.<br />
Damping off and root-rot problems are the most serious nursery diseases and can be<br />
controlled by proper watering and fungicide treatments. The root plug ofthe species is<br />
loose and special precautions are required in lifting out the seedlings.<br />
Growth Performance: The growth data on S. mahagoni in <strong>Haiti</strong> are surprisingly<br />
sparse considering the widespread occurrence of the species (Table 6.1). It is more<br />
drought hardy than S. macrophylla (Table 6.2) and generally exhibits higher survival<br />
and growth on sites receiving less than 1000 mm rainfall. The trial at O'Gorman is typical<br />
of the performance of S. mahagoni in Table 6.1 compared to S. macrophylla in<br />
Table 6.2 on a dry site. Survival is 4-fold and mean annual diameter increments are 2fold.<br />
.Even height growth is faster for the more drought-tolerant native species. On<br />
favorable and wetter sites such as Fauche, growth ofS. macrophylla is rapid, achieving<br />
twice the annual height increments of S. mahagoni. Whereas S. macrophylla can<br />
achieve 2 m yr- 1 , S. mahagoni rarely grows faster than 1 m yr-l, even on sites where<br />
moisture and soil depth are not limiting. Figure 6.8 and Figure 6.9 compare the height<br />
Table 6.1 Site and growth parameters of S. mahagoni trials in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
SITE ELEVATION ANNUAL AGE SURVIVAL HEIGHT DBH 2<br />
(m) RAINFALL (yr) (%) M.A.!.1 M.A.I.<br />
(rom) (m) (em)<br />
Fauche 5 1436 3.0 84 1.4 1.4<br />
Marmont 280 1450 3.0 71 1.2 1.2<br />
Marmont 280 1450 3.0 44 1.0 0.9<br />
Roche Blanche 130 1030 3.0 48 1.1 1.2<br />
Terrier Rouge 20 1293 3.0 71 0.6 0.3<br />
O'Gorman 70 830 9.0 85 0.6 0.6<br />
Vaudreuil 55 830 10.0 89 0.8 1.1<br />
1M.A.I. =Mean annual increment. 2 DBH =Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em.<br />
Table 6.2 Site and growth parameters of S. macrophylla trials in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
SITE ELEVATION ANNUAL AGE SURVIVAL HEIGHT DBW<br />
(m) RAINFALL (yr) (%) M.A.I. 1 M.A.I.<br />
(mm) (m) (em)<br />
Berault 25 1950 3.0 53 2.0 2.2<br />
Labordette 375 1350 3.0 44 0.6 1.0<br />
Fauch- 5 1436 3.0 47 2.2 2.1<br />
Marmont 280 1450 3.0 32 1.4 1.5<br />
Marmont 280 1450 3.0 44 1.0 1.0<br />
Roche Blanche 130 1030 3.0 30 1.0 1.0<br />
O'Gorman 70 830 5.3 22 0.4 0.3<br />
Vaudreuil 55 830 10.0 75 1.0 1.2<br />
1M.A.I. =Mean annual increment. 2 DBH =Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em.
Kajou Pevi ... Kajou Etranje ss<br />
Figure 6.11 Comparison ofS. mahagoni (left) with a S. macrophyl/a x S. mahagoni<br />
hybrid (right) after three years of growth in the Cul-de-Sac Plain.
Figure 7.1 R. borinquena is an important source of food, fiber and construction material<br />
for rural populations in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Inset - The royal palm is displayed proudly in the<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>an coat of arms.
7 Palmis<br />
Species: Roystonea borinquena O. F. Cook<br />
Synonyms: Oreodoxa borinquena (O.F. Cook) Reasoner ex L.H. Bailey, Roystonea hispaniolana<br />
Bailey, R. hispaniolana f. altissima Moscoso, R. peregrina L. H. Bailey<br />
Family: Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Common Names: H - palmiste (palmis), palmier royale; RD - palma, palma deyagua,<br />
palma real; US - Hispaniolan royal palm, Puerto· Rico royal palm, royal palm.<br />
Importance: This is one ofthe most useful trees in the moist lowlands of <strong>Haiti</strong>, providing<br />
a source of food for pigs, fiber for weaving and thatch, and construction material.<br />
Nearly every part ofR. borinquena can be utilized for domestic purposes or for sale<br />
in the market. The stately tree is a symbol ofpatrimony, and is positioned in the center<br />
of the <strong>Haiti</strong>an flag (Fig. 7.1 inset).<br />
Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The genus is native to the Caribbean, and is named<br />
in honor of General Roy Stone (1835-1905), who served in Puerto Rico during the<br />
Spanish-American War. Bailey and Moore (1949) recognized 12 species, though there<br />
may be fewer than this when a revision of the genus is completed (Henderson et al.<br />
1990). The center ofdiversity for the genus is recognized as eastern Cuba (Zona, 1993).<br />
R. borinquena and R. hispaniolana, though often reported as distinct species, may<br />
be considered synonyms (S. Zona, personal communication). The palm is recognized<br />
by a smoothgray and solitary trunk up to 0.5 m diameter that is slightly swollen at midheight;<br />
a light green column ofleaf sheaths about 1.5 m high between the trunk and the<br />
crown of large pinnate leaves; leafblades about 2.5- 3.5 m long, with many paired pinnae<br />
0.4-0.6 m long, the <strong>yo</strong>ungest unfolded leafprojecting as a spire from the middle of<br />
the crown; male and female flower clusters at the base of the leaf sheaths; and light<br />
brown, slightly fleshy, elliptical fruits approximately 1 cm in diameter.<br />
Distribution and Ecology: R. borinquena occurs in Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Croix<br />
(Little and Wadsworth, 1964) and throughout the island of Hispaniola, from below sea<br />
level near Lake Enriquillo to about 1000 m elevation (Zanoni, 1991). It is found most<br />
frequently in the lower mountain areas beginning at 150 m, preferring the moist to wet<br />
forest regions that receive 1000-2000 mm annual rainfall. It does not occur in the dry<br />
limestone regions except near water .sources. The tree is abundant in the upper<br />
Artibonite watershed (Fig. 7.2). In one study of the courtyard gardens around<br />
Lascahobas, royal palm was the most common species, including all size classes, and<br />
ranked third behind mango and avocado in the number of mature trees over 25 cm stem<br />
diameter (Campbell, 1994). Though a dominant tree of the upper canopy layer in the<br />
gardens near rural residences, most ofthe population is distributed in favor ofthe juvenile-size<br />
classes that are not considered mature for timber harvest. The species is dispersed<br />
largely by farmers who harvest the fruit to feed pigs, but also by· birds and<br />
rodents.<br />
Tree Characteristics: Mature palms reach 20 m tall with crown diameters approaching<br />
5 ill (Fig. 7.3). The grayish smooth trunk has a slightly broad base that narrows<br />
before swelling some distance above. The evergreen crown has more than a dozen<br />
S7
S8 Palmis<br />
Figure 7.2 R. borinquena is particularly abundant in the lower elevations of the moist<br />
regions of <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
gracefully curved and spreading leaves that separate smoothly from the trunk after they<br />
die. Faint leaf scars at the nodes form a distinctive pattern along the trunk and are variably<br />
spaced according to growth rate and tree age. The tree flowers throughout the year.<br />
Utilization: The species is one of the most utilized tree species in the subtropical moist<br />
forest. It is planted as a stately ornamental in the urban residential areas. In the rural<br />
areas, the standing tree is often used to store grain. A hole is cut through the trunk at<br />
about 6 m above ground and corn is balanced on each end of a pole running through the<br />
hole (Fig. 7.4). This practice discourages rats from getting to the corn. As an important<br />
honey plant, the flowers attract bees that also make their hive in trunk segments prepared<br />
by farmers (Fig. 7.5). The fruit clusters are served to pigs that are often tethered<br />
at the base of the trunk or in deep shade (Fig. 7.6). When pigs are given fresh fruit, they<br />
eat the fleshy outer part and leave the kernel to dry for later consumption. The proximate<br />
analysis of Roystonea fruit from Cuba, on a dry weight basis, is as follows: 6.1 %<br />
crude protein, 23.6 % crude fiber, 26.6% crude fat, 39.4% carbohydrates, and 4.3% ash<br />
(G6hl, 1975).<br />
The palm generally is felled when the hard outer trunk is mature for lumber, about<br />
15-25 years of age (Campbell, 1994). Thin planks are hewn with a machete along the<br />
stem axis, about 10 cm wide and 4-6 m long, and are utilized mainly for roof lattice,<br />
flooring, and siding in the construction of houses and granaries (Fig. 7.7). The lumber<br />
is reportedly very susceptible to attack by dry-wood termites (Little and Wadsworth,<br />
1964). The palm cabbage (i.e., heart ofpalm) is wrapped carefully in the leafsheath and<br />
sold as a food item, particularly at Easter time. Leafsegments ofthe <strong>yo</strong>ung furled fronds<br />
are used for weaving chair seats and hats. The dried sheaths (lash) of mature fronds,<br />
when pressed flat, are used as roofing and siding material and are readily sold in local
Palmis 59<br />
Figure 7.3 R. borinquena is planted for its majestic beauty as well as ils useful products.
60 Palmis<br />
markets as a cheaper substitute for corrugated<br />
tin sheets. The sheaths also are<br />
prepared for packing tobacco and<br />
molasses sugar (rapadou) or for insulating<br />
glass bottles. The leaf blades serve as<br />
thatch for graineries, outdoor kitchens,<br />
and field huts. The frond ribs are used as<br />
fuel.<br />
Propagation: The majority of seedlings<br />
are volunteers that are left to grow wherever<br />
they germinate. Seed dispersal is<br />
aided significantly by transporting the<br />
ripe seed to feed pigs and the almost continuous<br />
availability of fruit to wild animals.<br />
Very few seedlings are transplanted<br />
once they have germinated, though it<br />
is possible to transplant the tree even at<br />
very large sizes. Next in importance are<br />
those seedlings that are cultivated by<br />
sowing the seed in selected areas of the<br />
property. Very rarely is the tree propagated<br />
from seed in containers, except as an<br />
ornamental in the urban residential areas.<br />
Figure 7.4 R. borinquena is typically used<br />
for dry grain storage high and away from<br />
rats.<br />
Figure 7.5 A Roystonea grove provides an excellent site for an apiary, providing both<br />
hives made from the trunks and a source of nectar and pollen from flowers.
Palmis 61<br />
Seedlings are propagated easily from seed. The exocarp is removed from the kernel<br />
prior to sowing. Germination takes 2-4 weeks under constantly moist conditions.<br />
Good drainage is necessary to keep the seed from rotting.<br />
Figure 7.6 The fruit ofR. borinquena is a valued source of food for pigs and birds that<br />
act as important dispersal agents for regeneration to new sites.<br />
Figure 7.7 R. borinquena is an important source of construction material for granaries<br />
and houses, particularly in the Central Plateau.
Figure 8.1 C. odorata planted in a typical residential setting in Bombardopolis.
8 Sed<br />
Species: Cedrela odorata L.<br />
Family: Meliaceae<br />
Synonyms: Cedrela dugessii Watson, C. glaziovii C. DC., C. guianensis Adr. Juss., C.<br />
mexicana M.1. Roemer, C. occidentalis C. DC., C. pavaguariensis Martius, C. sintenisii<br />
DC., C. velloziana MJ. Roemer., Surenus brownei Ktze.<br />
Common Names: H - acajou a planches (kajou planch), acajou femelle (kajoufemel),<br />
cedre (sed), cedre blanc (sed blan), cedre espagnol (sed pan<strong>yo</strong>l), cedre rouge; C, RD,<br />
PR - cedro, cedro del pais, cedrohembra, cedro macho; PR - Spanish cedar.<br />
Importance: Cedrela odorata is prized for its valuable aromatic wood. In <strong>Haiti</strong>, as<br />
elsewhere in the tropical America, the species is exploited heavily for domestic use or<br />
for sale in the urban market. The tree provides a wide variety ofproducts and services,<br />
making it a good choice for traditional perennial-orientedcropping systems. Because of<br />
the value ofthe wood, local populations have been reduced severely. Optimal conditions<br />
necessary for natural regeneration are deteriorating, thus adding importance to continued<br />
efforts in provenance testing and genetic conservation ofthe species in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The genus Cedrela has involved several systematic<br />
revisions, causing some confusion in the taxonomy of C. odorata L. Styles (1981)<br />
reduced the number of species within the genus to 7 and considers 28 other named<br />
species, including C. mexicana M. 1. Roem., as C. odorata. Naturally, there is a significant<br />
amount of population variation in the species, with differences expressed in the<br />
bark, foliage and wood. The common native variety is close in appearance to the provenances<br />
imported from Colombia and Costa Rica and is distinguished as sed wouj (red<br />
cedar). Characteristic features include a rough fissured bark, reddish-green color ofnew<br />
growth, and sessile leaflets. In contrast, the provenances from Honduras, Belize and<br />
Guatemala exhibit a light green color ofnew growth, smoother bark, larger leaflets with<br />
petioles, and varying degrees ofpubescence. Mature trees of this variety are less common<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong> and are known as sed blan (white cedar). Both varieties have alternate<br />
leaves, about 20-60 em long, consisting of 8-20 pairs of elliptical leaflets. The inconspicuous<br />
flowers are 4-parted, greenish-white, and about 10-16 mm across. Seeds are<br />
borne in a reddish-brown capsule, are nearly round with light-colored dots, 16-20 mm<br />
in diameter, and split into four parts to release 30--40 winged seeds. Tree parts give off<br />
a bitter, characteristic scent that smells like garlic (Little and Wadsworth, 1964).<br />
Distribution and Ecology: The natural distribution ofthe species extends from Mexico<br />
and the Caribbean to Argentina (Longwood, 1962; Smith, 1965). Optimum growth conditions<br />
for the species are found in the moist forest, with annual precipitation of<br />
1200-1800 mm and 4-5 dry months. The majority ofthe remnant population in <strong>Haiti</strong> is<br />
located in the mountain elevations extending from 200-800 m elevation and over 1500<br />
mm rainfall. However, scattered native populations have been located in drier habitats,<br />
such as Bombardopolis (900 mm rainfall) and on coastal plains of wetter locations,<br />
including the Plaine du Nord, Cayes, Petit-Goave, Arcahaie and Anse-a-Veaux regions.<br />
The tree usually is seen isolated among other tree species of the subtropical moist forest,<br />
occuring near ravines and courtyard gardens. Occasionally, stands of C. odorata are<br />
found as shade for coffee groves.<br />
63
64 Sid<br />
The species is not demanding of soil nutrients, tolerating soils high in calcium,<br />
though exacting in its soil physical requirements. The species is shallow-rooted and<br />
requires good soil aeration. It prefers sites where the upper root system remains in dry<br />
soil ("ankles dry") with the major roots near saturated conditions ("feet wet").<br />
Holdridge (1943) recommended only 11 trees ha- I in its native range, presumably to<br />
avoid Hypsipyla grandella (shoot borer moth). Trees prefer sheltered conditions and<br />
limited exposure to severe drought. The difficulty in establishing the tree is exacerbated<br />
by deteriorating site conditions and the genetic quality ofthe existing population.<br />
Tree Characteristics: Mature trees in <strong>Haiti</strong> have been measured up to 65 cm in stem<br />
diameter and 25 m in height. The average size of trees being cut for saw timber range<br />
from 15-20 m tall with stem diameters 25--40 cm . The trunk is average length, ranging<br />
from 4 m and extending up to 13 m for superior trees. The spreading crown averages<br />
7-8 m in diameter with a crown diameter:DBH ratio of 19.4 (sd 3.62).<br />
The species flowers during the late summer and bears fruit during the winter from<br />
October to March. Trees in higher elevations have been observed to bear later than those<br />
in lower elevations. The species is monoecious and yields seed in isolation, with an<br />
occasional seed lot suffering from a high degree of albinism. Albino seedlings eventually<br />
die in the nursery. The tree bears seed for the first time at about 15 years<br />
(Lamprecht, 1989). There are 40,000-55,000 seed kg-I.<br />
The natural quality of Spanish cedar wood is known to be variable according to age<br />
and growing conditions of individual trees (Record and Hess, 1943). Rapidly-grown or<br />
<strong>yo</strong>ung wood is reported to be less fragrant, lighter in color, and tougher than the denser,<br />
pungent-odored timber of old or slowly-grown trees. The heartwood is· pinkish to reddish<br />
brown, becoming richer in color upon exposure, and sometimes poorly distinguished<br />
from the pinkish to white sapwood. The grain is usually straight, with a texture<br />
that ranges from fine and uniform to coarse and uneven. The distinctive cedar-like odor<br />
is usually pronounced. The average specific gravity ranges from 0.42-0.64, depending<br />
upon location, site, age of tree, and rapidity of growth. C. odorata is moderately<br />
durable, being resistant to dry-wood and subterranean termites, but not to marine borers.<br />
It is occasionally infested with pinhole borers. It has excellent weathering properties<br />
without the protection ofpaint (Longwood, 1962).<br />
Utilization: Spanish cedar is a premier timber for furniture, decorative veneer, musical<br />
instruments, wooden novelties and doors. The scent ofthe wood is used for storage containers,<br />
such as jewelry boxes, wardrobes and cigar boxes. The wood is reported to protect<br />
against insects such as moths. Because ofthe scarcity ofthe wood in Port-au-Prince,<br />
such storage containers usually are built from mahogany and lined with thinner sheets<br />
of Spanish cedar for the scent. Coffins made of the wood demand a premium price, as<br />
they are reputed to protect against theft ofzombi (dead souls).<br />
The tree is used for shade and windbreak in courtyard gardens and coffee groves<br />
(Fig. 8.2). Branches are used as live fence material and as a source of fuelwood. The<br />
flowers are visited by bees as a source ofnectar for honey production. The tree provides<br />
many ingredients as a medicinal plant (Ayensu, 1981). The root bark is used to reduce<br />
fever and pain, the trunk bark is harvested to prepare a decoction for inducing abortions,<br />
and the seeds are believed to have vermifugal properties (Fig. 8.3). Protection against
Figure 8.2 C. odorata combines high-value<br />
wood production with coffee shade.<br />
Figure 8.3 The bark of C. odorata is<br />
harvested for magical and medicinal<br />
purposes.<br />
Sed 6S<br />
witches is provided by planting the tree<br />
at the entrance of house-and-yard compound,<br />
bathing in a bark bath, or placing<br />
pieces of wood and bark above windows<br />
and doors.<br />
Propagation: The transplanting ofnaturally<br />
regenerated seedlings or establishment<br />
of branch and stem cuttings are the<br />
most common propagation methods<br />
used by <strong>Haiti</strong>an farmers. However, natural<br />
regeneration from seed is sparse<br />
and widely scattered. The more practical<br />
method is to propagate the species from<br />
branch cuttings harvested during the<br />
late winter dry period and prior to the<br />
onset of the spring rains. Cuttings often<br />
are established as living fences or border<br />
plantings in southern <strong>Haiti</strong> (Fig.<br />
8.4).<br />
Propagation from seed is most<br />
efficient with containerized systems and<br />
this has been done in <strong>Haiti</strong> with the<br />
Rootrainer and Winstrip. Seed stores<br />
well at 6-7% moisture content and a<br />
Figure 8.4 C. odorata is commonly<br />
propagated from cuttings to establish<br />
border plantings and live fence rows.
66 Sed<br />
temperature of4° C for up to 10 years (Timyan, 1990). The seed is sown with the heaviest<br />
part in the soil. Seedlings are raised in 14 weeks with the initial 6 weeks in the shade<br />
and the final 6 weeks hardening off prior to outplant. Seedlings are susceptible to sunscald<br />
and require a gradual acclimation to full-sunlight conditions. Insect infestations<br />
are occasional, such as the citrus aphid<br />
(Toxoptera aurantii) and spider mites (Fig.<br />
8.5). The former may be a vector in a leaf virus<br />
that occasionally attacks nursery seedlings.<br />
Common nursery diseases are leafspot<br />
(Alternaria, Cercospora), stem blight combined<br />
with vascular wilt, and anthracnose<br />
(Colletotrichum) as reported by Runion et al.<br />
(1990).<br />
Striplings, stumps or balled seedlings are<br />
lower input techniques that have been used successfully<br />
for the species. Grafting and budding<br />
methods have been successful for this species,<br />
utilizing the T-bud, veneer and cleft grafts in<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>. Scion material was collected during the<br />
end of the dry season from mature trees and<br />
grafted onto 4-month-old rootstock grown in<br />
plastic polythene bags. These techniques are<br />
reserved for the propagation of orchard trees.<br />
Figure 8.5 Spider mite infestations<br />
on C. odorata are occasionally a<br />
problem in container nurseries.<br />
Growth Performance: A summary ofthe trials<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong> (Table 8.1) shows the species living up<br />
to its reputation as a tree exacting in its site<br />
Table 8.1 Site and growth parameters of C. adO/'ala trials in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Within site parameters are<br />
distinguished between several Central American (CA) varieties and the local <strong>Haiti</strong>an (HAl)<br />
variety.<br />
Paillant<br />
SITE<br />
Tranquille (HAO<br />
O'Gorman (HAl)<br />
Berault (CA)<br />
Fauche (Hai)<br />
Laborde (CA)<br />
Labordette (CA)<br />
MaI'mont (HAl)<br />
Marmont (CA)<br />
Lapila (HA[)<br />
Lapila (CA)<br />
Bombard (HAl)<br />
Bombard (CA)<br />
ELEVAnON ANNUAL<br />
(m) RAINFALL<br />
(nun)<br />
600 1300<br />
900 1450<br />
70 830<br />
25 1950<br />
5 1436<br />
90 1875<br />
375 1350<br />
280 1450<br />
280 1450<br />
350 1145<br />
350 1145<br />
480 948<br />
480 948<br />
AGE<br />
(yr)<br />
2.0<br />
2.7<br />
2.9<br />
3.0<br />
3.0<br />
30<br />
3.0<br />
30<br />
3.0<br />
3.2<br />
32<br />
34<br />
3.4<br />
SURVIVAL<br />
(%)<br />
75.0<br />
55.5<br />
29.6<br />
562<br />
41.3<br />
93.5<br />
62.3<br />
[2.0<br />
36.0<br />
25.0<br />
43.3<br />
4.8<br />
54.8<br />
HEIGHT<br />
M.A.!.'<br />
(m yr')<br />
I M.A.I. = Mean annual increment. 2 DGH = Stem diameter
68 Sed<br />
vivals, ranging from 60-95%, are not uncommon. The Labordette trial is typical of<br />
mountain garden conditions, with adequate rainfall, hut shallow soil and damages<br />
incurred by annual agricultural activities. Two-thirds of the trees survive with annual<br />
height increments under a meter. Over a period of 25 years, the species can achieve<br />
average heights of 32 m and mean annual increments of 12.6 m 3 ha· ' (Lamb, 1968).<br />
It is too early to draw conclusions on the importance of this trend. Wood qualities<br />
may differ with differences in the rate ofgrowth and variety. Susceptibility to wind damage<br />
and pest attacks may take its toll with unpredictable events, particularly infestations<br />
by larvae of the small moth, H. grandella, and a fungi, Armillaria mellea, that causes<br />
damage to the roots of <strong>yo</strong>ung trees. The species also succumbs to a die-back of uncertain<br />
causes (Marshall, 1939) after early years of good growth.<br />
Tree Improvement: There are two important trends in <strong>Haiti</strong> that are placing C. odorafa<br />
at a disadvantage as a cultivated species. First, the exploitation of the species for its<br />
high-quality lumber has resulted in a highly scattered population comprised of isolated<br />
individuals of questionable genetic worth. Second, typical sites that favor natural regeneration,<br />
survival and growth ofthe local variety are deteriorating as these soils are compacted<br />
and eroded. For these reasons, the major focus since 1988 has been to conserve<br />
and broaden the genetic base of the species by (I) collecting seed from superior phenotypes,<br />
(2) introducing new provenances from other origins within the species' natural<br />
range and (3) establishing provenance trials throughout <strong>Haiti</strong> to identify the varieties<br />
that exhibit broad adaptability in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Between 1988 and 1991, a total of 36 superior phenotypes of the sed wouj variety<br />
and 7 sed blan variety were selected throughout the natural range of the species in <strong>Haiti</strong>:<br />
The progeny of these trees were established in<br />
arboreta and provenance trials along with over<br />
a dozen provenances from Central and South<br />
America (Fig. 8.8). Several commercial seed<br />
lots from Central American sources were also<br />
tested.<br />
The provenances from Belize (OFI 23/77),<br />
Honduras (OFI 52/79 & COHDEFOR 6888)<br />
and Nicaragua (OFI 36/78) are performing significantly<br />
better than the provenances from<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>, Guatemala (OFI 42/79), Costa Rica<br />
(CATIE 2532) and Colombia (OFI 25/80) for<br />
both survival and height growth. The Central<br />
American provenances that appear to exhibit<br />
the broadest adaptation are from the drier<br />
regions of the species' natural range. Seedlings<br />
from the drier regions have been observed to<br />
Figure 8.8 Four-year-old C. odorata<br />
provenance trial at the Laborde trial<br />
near Cayes. The imported provenances<br />
are faster growing and survive<br />
better than local provenances.<br />
exhibit different patterns of leaf retention than<br />
those from the wetter provenances in Costa<br />
Rica and Colombia (Fig. 8.9). This may be an<br />
important criteria in the selection of C. odorata<br />
provenance, indicating a potential for the selec-
o NO LEAYES G.J LEAF BUDS 0 YOUNG LEAYES<br />
o MATURE LEAYES • LEAYES FALLING<br />
PROPORTION OF TREES BY LEAF STATUS<br />
100 e---_r-<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
OL......J...._--"---'-_---'---J-'--'--''--'"---J------'-...L..------l-L-_L--'---_-"-'-_---'------J<br />
23177 52179 14175 2532<br />
6888 36178 42179 25/80<br />
DRY .. PROVENANCE - WET<br />
Sed 69<br />
Figure 8.9 The Central American population of C. odorata exhibits considerable variation<br />
in leaf phenology. The provenances are arranged in order of mean annual rainfall<br />
that occurs in their native regions. The data was collected at the onset of the Spring rains<br />
in March, J992.<br />
Figure 8.10 A 6-year-old Honduran provenance<br />
on a degraded site in southwestern<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>, offering hope that such sites can be<br />
restored both economically and ecologically.<br />
tion of provenances optimally matched<br />
with the agronomic calendar of understory<br />
crops. Ideally, the period of leaf<br />
fall should coincide with the flowering<br />
and fruiting of commonly cultivated<br />
understory crops to minimize light<br />
competition. Long-term considerations<br />
for provenance selection should include<br />
wood quality, insect resistance (particularly<br />
to Hypsipyla grandella), leaf phenology,<br />
and wind resistance. Growing<br />
C. odm'ata with a mix of tree species<br />
aids in controlling pest and disease<br />
problems and fits into the traditional<br />
methods of silviculture already practiced<br />
by the <strong>Haiti</strong>an farmer. As site conditions<br />
across the country become more<br />
degraded, a shift to hardier provenances<br />
may be required to sustain the productivity<br />
of the species (Fig. 8.10).
Figure 9.1 L. sabicu, showing excellent form as a source of high-quality lumber and<br />
nitrogen-fixing shade tree in a coffee grove near Thiotte.
9 Tavello<br />
Species: Lysiloma sabicu Benth.<br />
Synonyms: Acacia latisiliqua Willd., L. latisiliqua Benth., Mimosa latisiliqua L.<br />
Family: Fabaceae (= Leguminosae) Subfamily: Mimosoideae<br />
Common Names: H - tabemon (tabeno), taverneau (taveno), tavemon; RD - caracoli,<br />
caracolillo; C - abey, bacona morada, frijolillo, jigiie, sabicu, sabicu amarillo, zapatero;<br />
J, PR - horseflesh tree, West Indian sabicu, wild tamarind.<br />
Importance: As one of<strong>Haiti</strong>'s premier timber trees, this species has suffered extensive<br />
exploitation in its native range. It is well-adapted to a wide range of sites and is a hardy<br />
survivor of the shallow limestone soils common to the low-elevation mountains. The<br />
spreading canopy casts a light shade and, with its ability to fix nitrogen, makes L. sabicu<br />
a natural selection for agroforestry systems.<br />
Taxonomy and Botanical Features: Two species of Lysiloma occur on the island of<br />
Hispaniola (Liogier, 1985). L. sabicu is the larger tree, up to 20 m tall and distinguished<br />
by 3-7 leaflet pairs, oval to obvoid and 1-2 cm long, with a glabrous calyx at the base<br />
of the petiole. L. bahamensis is a shorter tree up to 15 m, with 10-33 leaflet pairs,<br />
oblong to lanceolate, 8-15 rnm long, with a pubescent calyx. The latter species is reported<br />
to occur along the northern coast of <strong>Haiti</strong>, from Port-de-Paix to Fort Liberte.<br />
Distribution and Ecology: Lysiloma is chiefly a Mexican genus, extending into Central<br />
America, the southernmost parts ofthe United States, and the GreaterAntilles. L. sabicu<br />
occurs throughout the subtropical moist forest of <strong>Haiti</strong>, though local populations are<br />
often scattered and isolated by mountain ranges. It is found mostly on rocky sites of<br />
low-elevation mountains at elevations between 100-750 m with rainfall ranging from<br />
1000-2000 mm. The tree generally occupies well-drained drier sites along with other<br />
pioneer species. The tree is not particularly demanding of soil requirements, thriving on<br />
soils saturated with calcium, and it grows adequately on the shrink swell clays characteristic<br />
of vertisols. It often is found located in wooded fallows, woodlots and along<br />
property boundaries.<br />
Tree Characteristics: Mature trees can reach heights of25 m with stern diameters to I<br />
meter. The stern varies considerably in form and length, with a natural tendancy to fork<br />
low in open conditions. Typically, the tree has a short trunk, about 2-3 meters, though<br />
individuals have been found with sterns free of branches to 10 m (Fig. 9.2). The large<br />
spreading canopy can extend to a diameter of20 m, casting a light shade. A distinct feature<br />
of <strong>yo</strong>ung trees is the curved single stern that gradually straightens with age. The<br />
light grayish brown bark is shaggy and peels away from mature sterns.<br />
The heartwood is a lustrous brown with a coppery or purplish tinge and is sometimes<br />
faintly striped. Mature sterns have a thin white sapwood that contrasts sharply<br />
with the heartwood. The grain ranges from straight to interlocked. Specific gravity<br />
ranges from 0.58-0.70 with the heartwood considered to be very durable.<br />
Fruiting ofthe species begins in December and peaks during March and April. Seed<br />
production is generally light, with pods containing only 3-4 seeds and attacked heavily<br />
by insects. There are 50,000-55,000 seeds kg-I.<br />
71
72 Talleno<br />
Utilization: The tree is valued most for its high-quality wood, and is esteemed for<br />
furniture, interior trim, knife handles, turnery and parquet (Fig. 9.3). Boards have a tendency<br />
to surface and end check when they are dried too quickly. The wood is considered<br />
easy to work, finishes smoothly and takes a high natural polish. The trce otten is<br />
pruned to increase the value of the main stem as lumber. The branches provide an excel-<br />
Figure 9.2 Collecting seed from a superior specimen of 1. sabicu in the humid forest<br />
region of the Grand-Anse.
Figure 9.3 L. sabicu is traditionally prized as a fine wood for furniture.<br />
Figure 9.4 L. sabiat is broadly adapted and survives<br />
well in the dry site conditions of a field<br />
garden.<br />
Taveno 73<br />
lent fuelwood. Crops are planted up<br />
to the base of the tree in field gardens<br />
(Fig. 9.4) or are underplanted<br />
with coffee and other perennial<br />
crops (Fig. 9.5). In <strong>Haiti</strong>, the leaves<br />
are crushed and applied as a bath<br />
for skin infections (Weniger, 1985).<br />
The bark is boiled with other bushes<br />
to cure hemorrhoids in the Turk<br />
and Caicos islands (Morton, 1981).<br />
The tree is regarded as a honey<br />
plant.<br />
Propagation: Natural regeneration<br />
from the sparse seed crops is poor,<br />
making the population vulnerable<br />
to overcutting. The papery-thin<br />
seed pods are attacked easily by<br />
weevils, which damage a great percentage<br />
of the seed crop. The<br />
species is propagated easily from<br />
seed in small containers, such as<br />
the Rootrainer or Winstrip.<br />
Seedlings for transplanting require<br />
about 14 weeks in the nursery, with<br />
the initial 6 weeks under shade and
74 Taveno<br />
the final 4 weeks hardening off. Seed is scarified for mass propagation by immersing it<br />
in hot water, at least 49° C, and soaking it for 2 days. Seed should be inspected for<br />
insect infestations and stored with a light dusting of an insecticide. lnnoculation with<br />
the proper Rhizobium strain is recommended for best growth in the field. Occasionally,<br />
damping-off is a problem in the nursery and treatment of the disease should be followed<br />
Figure 9.5 L. sabicu occupies the upper canopy layer of a humid perennial garden.<br />
Common understory crops include coffee, plantain and Citrus spp.
76 Tal/eno<br />
Figure 9.7 Three-year-old L. sabicu seed orchard tree at Mirebalais.
Figure 10.1 C. nucifera in a perennial garden setting near Camp Coq.
80 Kokoye<br />
Figure 10.2 The most common variety in <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
is the Jamaican Tall. Inset - Mature greenish<br />
fruit.<br />
Figure 10.3 Malayan Dwarf specimen with<br />
coconut cluster. Inset - Mature apricot color of<br />
the Malayan Red Dwarf fruit.<br />
pure stands along the beaches (Fig.<br />
10.5). Though it naturally tolerates<br />
a salty environment, coconuts<br />
require good drainage and fresh<br />
water to grow well, usually with an<br />
annual rainfall above 1000 mm. The<br />
Jamaican Tall is broadly adapted to<br />
the calcareous soils of the low-elevation<br />
mountains and can be found<br />
up to 1000 m elevation. It is scattered<br />
throughout the lower elevations<br />
of the mountain ranges, normally<br />
occurring in the courtyards<br />
associated with other timber and<br />
fruit trees, as a boundary planting<br />
around field gardens or along travel<br />
routes where it has been distributed<br />
(Fig. 10.6). The Malayan Dwarfs<br />
are concentrated along the principal<br />
roads of <strong>Haiti</strong> around urban areas<br />
and small towns. Here they are<br />
found in the vicinity of the courtyards,<br />
occurring as 1-2 individuals<br />
and often overtopped by Jamaican<br />
Tall. Theobald (1989) estimated<br />
less than I% of the coconut population<br />
in the Fauche area was Malayan<br />
Dwarf. However, the population<br />
varies greatly. Fifty percent of the<br />
coconuts tallied in the Lascahobas<br />
region were dwarf varieties<br />
(Campbell, 1994).<br />
There is a wide spread among<br />
estimates of the number of<br />
Jamaican Tall in the country. Morin<br />
(1977) estimated that a half million<br />
Jamaican Tall occur in <strong>Haiti</strong>, while<br />
the Ministry ofAgriculture estimated<br />
that 1.5 million existed in 1978<br />
(Wiltbank, 1982). Agricorp (1984)<br />
tallied 137,000 coconuts in the<br />
Plateau Central. The major coconut<br />
growing regions, in descending<br />
order of importance are: Cayes,<br />
Jeremie, Petit-Goave, Cap-<strong>Haiti</strong>en,<br />
Port-au-Prince and Jacmel.
82 Kokoye<br />
Figure 10.6 A typical agricultural landscape<br />
in southwestern <strong>Haiti</strong>, showing the four most<br />
useful palms in <strong>Haiti</strong> - C. nucifera, R. borinquena,<br />
Sabal causiarum and Coccothrinax<br />
argentea.<br />
Male and female flowers occur<br />
on the same panicle, with the female<br />
flowers maturing later in the tall varieties<br />
and typically being cross-pollinated<br />
from male flowers of neighboring<br />
palms. Insects are the predominate<br />
pollination vector. Dwarf varieties<br />
normally have female flowers<br />
becoming receptive (about a week)<br />
while the male flowers on the same<br />
inflorescence are maturing. Dwarf<br />
varieties are largely self-pollinated.<br />
Utilization: The most valued product<br />
of the coconut is the fruit, processed<br />
at the household level rather than on<br />
large plantations for industrial purposes.<br />
A major portion of the harvest<br />
is consumed prior to maturity when<br />
the volume of coconut water, or milk,<br />
is greatest and the fleshy meat is the<br />
consistency of jelly (Fig. 10.7). It<br />
takes from 120-160 days for the fruit<br />
to develop to this stage. Otherwise,<br />
the coconut is allowed to ripened,<br />
about 330-360 days, with the meat<br />
being used for cooking and confec<br />
tioneries. The coconut fat contained in the meat serves as an important ingredient in<br />
many recipes of the <strong>Haiti</strong>an cuisine. Coconut, either shredded, roasted or raw, is used in<br />
popular snacks such as tablet, dous makos (Petit Goave), komparet (Jeremie) and kasav<br />
(Cap-Ha·itien).<br />
The leaves are used as thatch, mostly for temporary structures, and for weaving<br />
mats, baskets, and hats. The wood is used as pilings and posts, being fairly resistant to<br />
decay under moist conditions. In countries where the coconut industry is well developed,<br />
coconut meal is a byproduct of oil extraction and is fed to livestock. The proximate<br />
analysis of various C. nucifera products is summarized in Table 10.1. Coconuts<br />
are an important source of nectar and pollen for bees and honey production, which in<br />
turn, are important in cross pollination.<br />
Propagation: The farmer either plants the fruit directly in the soil or purchases<br />
seedlings when a local crop is not available. Coconuts are harvested carefully for propagation<br />
as many farmers are suspicious ofthe damage that may occur from coconuts left<br />
to drop on the ground. Fruit should be selected from trees with large crops of high-quality<br />
nuts. In most cases, propagation consists of laying the fruit on its side, set apart 30<br />
cm, with the eyes slightly raised. Germination can be improved by burying the seed nuts<br />
three-quarters deep. The sprout emerges through the eye on the side that has the longest
Figure 10.7 A healthy snack of coconut milk<br />
and the immature meat is a favorite in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Kokove 83<br />
part of the triangular hull. The root<br />
penetrates the hull and enters the soil<br />
after a month. Leaves appear at about<br />
2 months and seedlings are ready to<br />
transplant at 6-8 months.<br />
Controlled pollination methods<br />
have been developed in Jamaica to<br />
develop hybrids that are more resistant<br />
to lethal yellowing. One of the<br />
most successful hybrids is the<br />
Maypan, a cross between Malayan<br />
Dwarf as the seed parent and Panama<br />
Tall as the pollen parent. Several<br />
techniques are utilized, the most common<br />
of which entails a monthly<br />
emasculation (removal of the male<br />
flowers), followed by isolation of the<br />
female flowers and fertilizing them<br />
with pollen from selected Panama<br />
TaJl specimens. The Red Malayan<br />
Dwarf is selected, since hybridization<br />
is easily identified by the color of the<br />
seedlings (Harries, 1976).<br />
Lethal Yellowing Disease: Among the pests and diseases that attack coconut, none is<br />
more deadly than lethal yellowing (LY). It is caused by a mycoplasma-like organism<br />
(MLO) transmitted by a plant hopper (Myndus sp.). Death occurs 3-6 months from the<br />
time that the first symptoms are evident. The order of symptoms are as follows: I) premature<br />
nut fall, 2) necrosis of the inflorescence, 3) flag leaf, 4) yellowing of the lower<br />
fronds upward, and 5) spear leaf yellows and decays. There is no evidence that the<br />
MLOs can be transmitted by seed (Illingworth, 1992).<br />
LY first was observed in the Caribbean as early as 1832 in the Cayman Islands and<br />
in Cuba, Jamaica and <strong>Haiti</strong> in the late 1800s (Howard and Bat-rant, 1989). Reports of its<br />
first occurring in northern <strong>Haiti</strong> seem to indicate this was the region where LY began in<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>. Morin (1977) reported that LY had been in this area since the mid-1950s, though<br />
it may have been in the country much earlier. lllingworth (1992) notes that the disease<br />
occurred in <strong>Haiti</strong> fifty years before having been observed in the Dominican Republic in<br />
1969. The first area of infection extended from Cap-<strong>Haiti</strong>en to Ouanaminthe and<br />
Table 10.1 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of C. nucifera, after Gohl (1975).<br />
COMPONENT CRUDE CRUDE CRUDE CARBO- ASH Ca P<br />
PROTEIN j
84 Kokoye<br />
Figure 10.8 Lethal yellowing can reach epidemic<br />
levels, as shown here in Baie-de-Henne<br />
in 1988.<br />
reached into the interior at Camp<br />
Coq, about 10 km south of Limbe.<br />
Theobald (1989) found the disease to<br />
be well developed in the Port-de-Paix<br />
area during his survey. During the latter<br />
part of the 1980s, the disease had<br />
spread to the southern coast of the<br />
northwest peninsula at Baie-de<br />
Henne (Fig. 10.8), traversed the<br />
Artibonite, and extended as far south<br />
as Arcahaie. By 1992, lethal yellowing<br />
progressed to the southern peninsula,<br />
attacking spots between Port-au<br />
Prince and Leogane. Figure lOA<br />
shows the distribution of the disease<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong>. The spread of the disease<br />
appears to be spotty and slow in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
A program was initiated by the<br />
Ministry of Agriculture during the<br />
mid-1970s to test new cultivars that<br />
might be more resistant to lethal yellowing<br />
and at the same time be more<br />
productive. Two experimental trials,<br />
located at Grand Pre and Levy, were<br />
established in 1976. Four Tall x<br />
Dwarf hybrid varieties from West Africa were compared with the local Jamaica Tall<br />
variety in a randomized complete block design. These trials were evaluated in 1989 by<br />
International Resources Group, Inc. The Levy trial showed no symptoms of lethal yellowing,<br />
though several palms were missing of unknown causes and two palms showed<br />
typical bud rot symptoms. By contrast, at Grand Pre, individuals ofall cultivars showed<br />
symptoms of LY. The status of the trial at the time of the 1989 visit is summarized in<br />
Table 10.2. The susceptibility of the Jamaica Tall variety to LY, well known in the literature<br />
(Whitehead, 1968; Harries, 1974; Been, 1981; Howard and Barrant, 1989) appears<br />
to be supported by the data in the trial. The susceptibility of the Yellow Malayan Dwarf<br />
Table 10.2 Status of the Ministry of Agriculture Grand Pre trial in 1989, 13 years after<br />
establishment.<br />
VARIETY NON-INFECTED LYINFECTED DEAD TOTAL<br />
Yellow Malayan Dwarf x 81 18 100<br />
West African Tall<br />
Red Cameroon Dwarf x 81 15 100<br />
Wesl African Tall<br />
Green Malayan Dwarf x 68 29 100<br />
West African Tall<br />
Yellow Malayan Dwarf 55 42 100<br />
Local Jamaica Tall 53 42 100
Kokoye 85<br />
probably is exacerbated by suboptimal site conditions for this variety and shows that no<br />
coconut variety is completely resistant to LY. So far the only practical solution in <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
is the controlled breeding of Malayan Dwarfs, particularly in areas where the population<br />
has survived LY infestations, The preferred pollen parent is the Panama Tall for the<br />
propagation of 'Maypan' hybrids. The Panama Tall parent would preferably originate<br />
from LlCinfected areas and exhibit resistance. Hybrids with the Jamaica Tall pollen parent<br />
are susceptible to LY.
Figure 11.1 Mango is the all-around favorite tree among <strong>Haiti</strong>an farmers, providing<br />
shade, food, wood and a source of cash income.
11 Mango<br />
Species: Mangifera indica L.<br />
Family: Anacardiaceae<br />
Common Names: H - mango, mangue, manguier; RD, C, PR - mango<br />
Importance: Mango is the most important tree species in <strong>Haiti</strong>, with an estimated 4.5<br />
million trees scattered throughout the country (Wiltbank, 1982). The fruit is second to<br />
coffee in agricultural exports at about 8 million. metric tons (Estublier and Lingley,<br />
1990). The lengthy fruiting season of the tree in <strong>Haiti</strong> gives the country an export<br />
advantage, while providing a reliable food source during hunger months. Mature trees<br />
are a major asset to meet cash contingencies, being lopped or harvested entirelyfor fuelwood,<br />
charcoal, and lumber.<br />
Taxonomy and Botanical Features: Mango is probably the best known member ofthe<br />
Anacardiaceae family that includes cashew (Anacardium occidentale), hogplum<br />
(Spondias mombin) and Com 0 cladia, the important genus for live fences. No one is<br />
sure how many varieties exist in <strong>Haiti</strong> nor the extent ofhybridization among·the recognized<br />
cultivars. Estimates range from 30-100 varieties, with one source listing as many<br />
as 83 in the upper Artibonite watershed (Agricorp, 1984). Most ofthe mangos in <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
are polyembr<strong>yo</strong>nic with a genetic parentage that probably originated in southeast Asia<br />
and the Philippines (Wiltbank, 1982). Selected monoembr<strong>yo</strong>nic cultivars, mainly from<br />
India and Florida, are identified by their horticultural names in the country of origin<br />
(e.g., Tommy Atkins, Ingowe, St Kitts).<br />
Varietal differences are notable in the fruit, varying in size, shape, skin color and<br />
thickness, pulp and fiber content, and nutritional properties (Table 11.1). Mango leaves<br />
are lanceolate, about 30 cm long, reddish-purple when <strong>yo</strong>ung, and dark green when<br />
mature. Bisexual and staminate t10wers occur on the same panicle of the tree. Their<br />
relative percentages vary among varieties, with more bisexual flowers toward the apex<br />
ofthe panicles. Bisexual flowers are distinguished by a yellow ovary on a white disk in<br />
the center ofthe flower.<br />
Distribution and Ecology: Mango is a native oftropical Asia, probably from the Indo<br />
Burmese monsoon region (Rehm and Espig, 1991) where it has been cultivated for 4000<br />
years. The greatest diversity ofmango is in India, which has more than 1000 types and<br />
claims two-thirds of the world's production. It has spread throughout the tropics, having<br />
been introduced into Mexico and Brazil during the late 17th century and spreading<br />
to the West Indies through Barbados around 1742 and from Jamaica on board a ship destined<br />
for <strong>Haiti</strong> in 1782 (Leonard and Sylvain, 1931).<br />
The mango tree is very abundant in the lowland areas of<strong>Haiti</strong> to approximately 400<br />
meters above sea level. A typical landscape view ofthe valleys is dominated by trees,<br />
with mango being the principal species among other common home-and-garden species<br />
such as coconut, royal palm, breadfruit and avocado (Fig. 11.2). Mango thrives in areas<br />
that receive an annual rainfall between 1000'-2000 mm distributed mostly during the<br />
summer months and a 2-3 month dry season prior to flower and fruit production. It is<br />
drought tolerant and can survive the drier regions of <strong>Haiti</strong>, rainfall between 600-800<br />
mm, if additional subterranean moisture or irrigation is available for growth. Soil<br />
requirements are moderate, the best soils being well-drained sandy or gravelly loams·of<br />
87
88 Mango<br />
Table 11.1 Differences in fruit characteristics among selected <strong>Haiti</strong>an mango varieties, after<br />
Saint Hilaire (1990).<br />
VARIETY PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION LENGTH WEIGHT FIBER PULP SUGAR b-earotene<br />
(em) (g) (%) (%) (%) (mg/IOO g)<br />
Baptiste<br />
Blanc<br />
Carotte<br />
Come<br />
oblong - oval, slight beak and sinus, 12.2-13.8<br />
thick skin, juicy, yellow to deep<br />
orange and firm, aromatic meat<br />
oval- reniform, slight prominent 13.9-15.1<br />
beak, slightly deep sinus, dark skin<br />
spots, light whitish-yellow and soft<br />
meat, fiprous<br />
rounded, no beak or sinus, slight<br />
cavity, light yellow skin dots, skin<br />
and meat taste like carrot<br />
8.5-10.0<br />
oblong-elliptical, slight prominent 14.8-15.8<br />
beak, slight sinus, golden yellow<br />
skin and meat, juicy, aromatic and<br />
fibrous<br />
Doudouce oblong - oval, slight beak, sinus and 10.4-12.6<br />
cavity, juicy and very aromatic<br />
Fi1 oblong, slight beak and sinus, 11.7-12.9<br />
absent cavity, light yellow, thin<br />
skin, light acid taste, juicy and<br />
fibrous<br />
Francisque oblong - reniform, slightly 16.4-18.0<br />
prominent beak, deep sinus and<br />
slightly deep cavity, apricot colored<br />
firm meat, non-fibrous<br />
Jean - oblong - oblique & reniform, 13.7-15.9<br />
Marie slightly deep sinus and slight cavity,<br />
bright yellow, firm, juicy, aromatic<br />
meat<br />
KOdok<br />
Muscat<br />
Rosalie<br />
oblong - reniform, slight beak and 13.5-16.1<br />
sinus, slightly deep cavity, dark<br />
orange meat, juicy, acid and fibrous<br />
round - ovoid, absent beak and 11.8-13.4<br />
sinus, deep cavity, light gray skin<br />
dots, apricot color skin and meat,<br />
juicy and aromatic<br />
oblong - oval, slight beak and sinus, 10.4-12.8<br />
deep cavity, fibrous<br />
300-350<br />
380-500<br />
230-270<br />
207-245<br />
5.9<br />
14.4<br />
7.5<br />
235-320 11.7<br />
178-211 7.8<br />
420--486 6.2<br />
264-341 10.1<br />
276--419 18.8<br />
252-307<br />
250-320<br />
medium fertility and pH 6-7. Trees growing above 400 m are characterized by a poor<br />
and inferior crop, exhibiting less color, and fewer soluble solids at these elevations<br />
(Wiltbank, 1982). Altitude delays the flowering period about 4 days for each 120 meter<br />
increase in elevation and coupled with increased humidity and more constant rainfall,<br />
results in erratic flowering and fungal disease problems. Imported grafted varieties are<br />
scattered throughout the country, but mainly are concentrated in the Leogane, Cul-de<br />
Sac Plain, and Plaine-du-Nord regions.<br />
Tree Characteristics: The most common varieties of mango in <strong>Haiti</strong> are recognized<br />
by large, evergreen trees with short, but thick boles to 1 m diameter, and heights to 25<br />
meters. Trunk buttresses vary from small to prominent with a spreading crown that is<br />
about half as large as the tree is tall (Fig. 11.3). The tree develops a strong and deep<br />
9.0<br />
8.4<br />
57.4<br />
41.2<br />
1.8<br />
34.9<br />
49.8<br />
43.0<br />
63.2<br />
41.2<br />
42.1<br />
48.1<br />
53.5<br />
13.7<br />
12.4<br />
18.1<br />
16.2<br />
15.5<br />
13.4<br />
15.5<br />
12.9<br />
15.7<br />
15.6<br />
6.0<br />
1.3<br />
4.0<br />
2.3<br />
6.4<br />
6.0<br />
1.6<br />
2.3
Figure 11.2 Mango thrives in <strong>Haiti</strong> and has<br />
become the most common fruit tree at lower<br />
elevations.<br />
Figure 11.3 Typical form of a mature mango<br />
tree.<br />
Mango 89<br />
taproot system that aids in drought<br />
tolerance. The imported horticultural<br />
varieties are recognized by their<br />
dwarf stature; short main stem with<br />
dense, compact crowns; and massive<br />
branching as a result of pruning and<br />
grafting management regimes.<br />
The growth of mango occurs in<br />
periodic flushes, with a tendency of<br />
bearing every other year. Its growth<br />
is influenced by variety, climate, and<br />
soil conditions. Rain and high<br />
humidity at blossoming reduce pollination<br />
and fruit setting. It takes about<br />
2-5 months to develop fruit after fertilization,<br />
depending on cultivar and<br />
temperature (Purseglove, 1968a).<br />
Fruit is produced between 6-10 years<br />
from seed and 3-5 years from grafts.<br />
1\ typical yield from a mature tree is<br />
35 kg of fresh fruit.<br />
The regional differences in climate,<br />
particularly the distribution of<br />
rainfall as affected by the mountainous<br />
landscape, play an important role<br />
in the fruiting cycles of mango. The<br />
typical savanna pattern oflow rainfall<br />
in the cooler months (November to<br />
March) and higher rainfall in warmer<br />
months controls mid-winter flowering<br />
and provides the major crops<br />
from May through August. A short<br />
dry period occurs during the midsummer<br />
that coincides with a second<br />
flowering period and yielding early<br />
mango harvests from November<br />
through April. Figure 11.4 compares<br />
the differences in fruiting seasons for<br />
the major varieties and growing<br />
regions of <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
The polyembr<strong>yo</strong>nic varieties in<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>, derived from genetic parentage<br />
originating in Southeast Asia, are not<br />
seriously affected by anthracnose<br />
(Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes),<br />
scab (Elsinoe mangiferae) or pow-
Mango 91<br />
Blanc and Francisque, with their firm pulp, are considered for mango conserves; all<br />
varieties are acceptable for mango juice.<br />
Livestock, particularly pigs, consume excess quantities offruit and seed kernel that<br />
are collected as feed. Proximate analysis of mango is shown in Table 11.2. In other<br />
countries, the seed is roasted or boiled for human consumption and dried for flour<br />
milling or processed for edible fats. The fruit skin is used as source of pectin. The bark<br />
serves as a source oftannin, exhibiting antibacterial properties (Kerharo, 1974). Leaves<br />
and roots are prepared in decoctions for liver problems, fever, lower back problems and<br />
urethritis (Weniger, 1985). Latex of bark, leaves and fruit has an allergenic constituent<br />
(3-pentadecyl catechol) that may cause dermatitis and itching in some people<br />
(Campbell, 1992).<br />
Table 11.2 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of M. indica, from Gohl(1975).<br />
COMPONENT CRUDE CRUDE CRUDE CARBO- ASH Ca P<br />
PROTEIN FIBER FAT HYDRATES<br />
Fresh leaves, India 80 280 2.7 51.2 100 23 10.0<br />
Fresh leaves, Pakistan 9.5 22.6 4.8 50.0 13.1 3.1 0.2<br />
Unripe fruit pulp, Nigeria 35.0 2.8 0.3 601 I 1.8 - -<br />
Mature fruit pulp, Nigeria 56 23 0.5 894 22 - -<br />
The heartwood is light pinkish brown, sometimes with black streaks, and is not<br />
always clearly defined from the sapwood. Wood texture is coarse with an interlocked,<br />
wavy grain that makes for only fair woodworking characteristics. The wood is moderately<br />
heavy and hard, with a specific gravity between 0.45-0.62 (Chudnoff, 1984; Little<br />
and Wadsworth, 1964). Though the wood is difficult to work, it is one of the most available<br />
lumbers in <strong>Haiti</strong>, providing the widest planks for general construction purposes<br />
(Fig. 11.5). Mango has become a major source of fuelwood to small urban industries,<br />
such as bakeries, dry cleaners and raw rum distilleries (11.6), and of charcoal from<br />
regions such as the Southwest and the Plateau Central (11.7).<br />
Figure 11.6 Mango is a major fuelwood source<br />
for guild industries such as the klerin (raw<br />
rum) mills.<br />
Propagation: Methods of mango<br />
propagation in <strong>Haiti</strong> depend upon the<br />
variety and resources of the farmer.<br />
Traditional low-input methods are to<br />
plant the seed directly on site or to<br />
transplant volunteers for the commercial<br />
varieties and leave volunteers<br />
in place of germination for the lowvalued<br />
varieties. Figure 11.8 compares<br />
the traditional methods of<br />
farmers in the Lascahobas region for<br />
regeneration of mango. Occasionally,<br />
coppice sho'ots are managed for a<br />
second rotation if the tree has been<br />
cut for wood or required space in the<br />
garden.
Figure 11.9 The commercial 'Corne' variety<br />
is grafted onto the common and broadly<br />
adapted 'FiI' variety. Inset - Close up of<br />
graft union.<br />
Mango 93<br />
common rootstock in <strong>Haiti</strong> is the 'FiI,'<br />
being widely available and adapted to a<br />
broad range of growing conditions.<br />
Other varieties are used, depending<br />
upon local preferences. Rootstocks are<br />
propagated from seeds that are planted<br />
as soon as they are mature, though storage<br />
in polythene bags at 21 0 C is possible<br />
for about 2-4 weeks. The kernel is<br />
extracted from the tough endocarp and<br />
germinated preferably in a sterile medium,<br />
being transplanted about a month<br />
later to polythene bags. However, most<br />
nurseries plant the seed kernel directly<br />
in the bags. Budding is best done when<br />
rootstocks are 2-3 weeks old and in the<br />
succulent red stage. Most grafting<br />
methods in <strong>Haiti</strong> use rootstock that has<br />
reached stem diameters 6-8mm with<br />
seedling heights 30-40 cm.<br />
Budwood is prepared from hardened<br />
terminal growth, 6-10 mm in<br />
diameter, which the leaves have been<br />
removed 2-3 weeks prior. Ringing the<br />
base of the shoot 10 days before severing<br />
increases carbohydrate reserves in<br />
the budwood and promotes faster heal<br />
ing (Hartmann and Kester, 1983). Techniques and training materials for grafting mango<br />
varieties have been experimented in <strong>Haiti</strong> by non-governmental organizations such as<br />
the Organisation de Rehabilitation Environment (ORE) and CARE. In an experiment of<br />
grafting and budding methods, Blaise (1990) found no significant differences in successful<br />
takes between the veneer graft and the cleft graft (both greater than 50%), but<br />
did find that the latter grafting method had more disease problems in the nursery. T-budding<br />
methods were unsuccessful in the experiment.<br />
Inferior varieties can be converted to more productive commercial varieties by topworking<br />
the trees. The advantage is that the top-worked plant returns to flowering and<br />
fruiting faster than one started from grafted seedlings, allowing for a faster conversion<br />
to more profitable cultivars. Veneer grafting has been successful in top-working mature<br />
mango trees in <strong>Haiti</strong> (Fig. 11.9). However, it is preferable to work with <strong>yo</strong>ung, healthy<br />
wildings and allow them room for growth. Conversion ofold, mature stems runs the risk<br />
of their being diseased and thus causing the grower an economic loss.<br />
Air-layering and cuttings are less frequently used for mango, though layering has<br />
been shown to be successful with methods outlined in Mukherjee and Bid (1965). Using<br />
cuttings is difficult, but can be done, with leafy cuttings under mist with lEA hormone<br />
treatments. These methods are not considered economically feasible for large-scale<br />
production.
Figure 12.1 C. aurantium is never too far from the kitchen, playing an important role<br />
in the diet and health of <strong>Haiti</strong>ans.
12 Sitwon...Zoranj...Chadek<br />
Species and Common Names:<br />
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle H - citron (sitwon); RD - lima boba; US - Key<br />
lime, West In,dian lime.<br />
Citrus aurantium L. subsp. aurantium H - orange amer (zoranj si); RD - naranja agria<br />
(DR); US - sour orange.<br />
Citrus maxima (Burman) Merr. H - chadeque (chadek); RD - pomelo, toronja, toronja<br />
de la India; US - pummelo, haddock.<br />
Citrus x paradisi Macfad. H - pamplemouse; RD - pomelo; US - grapefruit.<br />
Citrus reticulata Blanco H - mandarine (mandaren); RD - naranja mandarina; US - tangerine,<br />
mandarin orange, Satsuma orange.<br />
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck H - orangier, orange dous (zoranj dous); RD - naranja,<br />
naranja dulce; US - sweet orange.<br />
Family: Rutaceae<br />
Importance: The Citrus group of species and cultivars provides an important source of<br />
nutrition and health to <strong>Haiti</strong>ans. Citrus products from <strong>Haiti</strong> turn up in some ofthe finest<br />
liquers and perfumes of the world. This genus provides <strong>Haiti</strong> an important livelihood,<br />
integrated into the traditional agriculture of most every farmer in <strong>Haiti</strong>. All parts ofthe<br />
tree are utilized as a source of food, medicine, shade and wood.<br />
Taxonomy and Botanical Features: Fruits commonly known as citrus belong to three<br />
genera: Poncirus, Fortunella and Citrus. The taxonomy of Citrus is confused and complicated<br />
by hybridization, by polyembr<strong>yo</strong>ny, by mutations, and by autotetraploid forms<br />
(Purseglove, 1968b). As many as 16 species divided into 2 subgenera, Papeda and<br />
Eucitrus, are recognized (Webber and Batchelor, 1948). The cultivated Citrus in <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
fall under the Eucitrus subgenus. The fruits represent natural groups of horticultural<br />
varieties, having been selected and bred since remote times. C. sinensis alone comprises<br />
about 1100 cultivars divided into several groups: common orange (e.g., 'Valencia,'<br />
'Shamouti'), navel oranges (e.g., 'Washington,' 'Thomson'), blood oranges from the<br />
Mediterranean region, and sugar oranges. C. reticulata has about 500 cultivars grouped<br />
into 2 varieties: var. deliciosa Swingle (yellow-fruited mandarin and orange-fruited tangerine<br />
cultivars) and var. unshui Swingle (satsuma cultivars). C. aurantifolia is divided<br />
into 2 varieties: the Mexican variety recognized by small fruits with many seeds and the<br />
Tahiti variety that is seedless and large-fruited. C. aurantium is divided into 2 subspecies<br />
that are considered by some authors as separate species: aurantium, which is<br />
common in <strong>Haiti</strong> and bergamia (Risso & Poit.) Engler that is cultivated in the<br />
Mediterranean (Terrell et aI., 1986). C. maxima is divided into the common, pigmented,<br />
and sweet or nonacid group. C. paradisi is divided into the common and pigmented<br />
groups.<br />
The differences among species are recognized by the morphology of the leaves,<br />
flowers and fruit. Table 12.1 summarizes the morphological differences among the<br />
major citrus species in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Distribution and Ecology: The genus Citrus originated in southeast Asia. It has been<br />
reported that Columbus introduced at least two of the species (c. limon and C. sinen-<br />
95
96 Sitwon...Zoranj ...Chadek<br />
Table 12.1 Morphological differences among major Citrus species in <strong>Haiti</strong>, after Little<br />
and Wadsworth (1989) and Purseglove (l968b). Bold-faced characteristics are important<br />
in distinguishing the species.<br />
SPECIES LEAF FLOWER FRUIT<br />
C. aurantifolia Narrowly-winged petiole, Less than 2.5 cm dia.; Small, elliptic to round, 4-6 cm dia.; thin<br />
lime, sitwon 1-2 em long; dull green white, saucer-shaped calyx; peel, 1.5 mm thick; green, turning yellow;<br />
blade, 4-10 em long, 2-6 4-5 oblong petals, 8-12 mm very sour pulp; small oval seeds;<br />
em wide, rounded base long; 20-25 stamens polyembr<strong>yo</strong>nic; white cotyledons<br />
C. aurantium Broadly-winged petiole, Light green, 4-5 toothed Round to subglobose, 6.4-11.4 em<br />
sour orange, zoranj 2-4 em long, 1-1.6 em calyx; 5 oblong petals, 1.9 diameter; usually hollow core; rough<br />
si wide; green, slightly em long; 20-24 stamens peel, 0.6-1 em thick, strongly aromatic,<br />
shiny blade, 6.4-14 em green; bitter and very sour pulp; small<br />
long, 3.8-10.2 em wide pulp vesicles; numerous polyembr<strong>yo</strong>nie<br />
seeds<br />
C.limon Short, Solitary or clustered; 3.8-5 Oval with terminal nipple, 5-10 em long,<br />
lemon, limon frans narrowly-margined .cm dia.; reddish buds; light yellow when ripe; thick adherent<br />
petioles; 5-10 em long, petals white above, purplish peel, predominate gland dots, slightly<br />
3-6 em wide; ovate, below; 20-40 stamens rough; oviod polyembr<strong>yo</strong>nic seeds; white<br />
serrate cotyledons<br />
C. maxima Broadly-winged petiole; Solitary or clustered Very large pear-shaped, 10-30 em dia.;<br />
pummelo, ehadek 5-20 em long, 2-12 em flowers, 3-7 em dia.; cream yellowish when ripe; thick peel; sweetish<br />
wide; undersurface of colored petals; 20-25 juice; large, ridged, monoembr<strong>yo</strong>nic seeds<br />
midrib often pubescent stamens<br />
C. medica Short wingless petiole, 3-4 em dia.; 5 pinkish Large oblong, 10-20 em long; bumpy,<br />
citron, sitwon not clearly articulated petals; 30-40 stamens very thick peel, yellow; sour, greenish<br />
at top; elliptic, serrate, pulp; small white polyembr<strong>yo</strong>nic seeds<br />
8-20 em long, 3-9 em<br />
wide<br />
C. paradisi Broadly-winged petiole; Single or clustered, 4-5 em Large globuse fruit, 8-15 em dia. greenish<br />
grapefruit, leaves smaller than C. dia.; usually 5 white petals; or pale yellow when ripe; rind thinner<br />
pamplemouse grandis, pale green when 20-25 stamens and pulp vesicles smaller than C.<br />
<strong>yo</strong>ung, glabrous beneath grandis; white polyembr<strong>yo</strong>nic seeds;<br />
white cotyledons<br />
C. reticulata Narrowly-winged or Small, 1.5-2.5 em dia.; 5 Top of fruit depressed; globuse, 5-8 em<br />
mandarin, margined petiole; small white petals; about 20 dia.; thin peel, loose and easily<br />
mandaren and narrow, 4-8 em stamens separating from segments, green turning<br />
long, 1.5-4 em wide; to yellow or orange-red when ripe; sweet<br />
dark shiny above, and juicy pulp; small, polyembr<strong>yo</strong>nie<br />
yellowish-green below seed; green embr<strong>yo</strong>s<br />
C. sinensis Narrowly-winged, Greenish-white broad Round, 6.4-9.5 em diameter; smooth peel,<br />
sweet orange, articulated petiole, 1-2 saucer-shaped calyx; 5 white 0.6 em thick, tightly adherent; green to<br />
zoranj dous em long; dark green or eliptie petals, 1.3-2.2 em yellowish-green; sweet pulp; nil to<br />
yellow-green blade, long numerous polyembr<strong>yo</strong>nie seeds; white<br />
6.4-15.2 em long, embr<strong>yo</strong>s<br />
3.2-8.9 em wide<br />
sis) to <strong>Haiti</strong> on his second voyage in 1493 (Pursglove, 1968b). C. aurantifolia and C.<br />
aurantium were introduced to the Western Hemisphere by the Spanish early in their colonization.<br />
C. maxima was brought to Barbados during the seventeenth century by<br />
Captain Shaddock, giving rise to its common names, 'shaddock' and 'chadek'. The origin<br />
of C. paradisi is not certain, though a close relative of C. maxima supports the idea,<br />
that it resulted as a cross between C. maxima and C. sinensis or as a bud mutation of C.<br />
maxima. Though most of the citrus species occur throughout <strong>Haiti</strong>, the best production<br />
of the different species depends upon elevation and rainfall: hot and high-rainfall<br />
regions of the low elevations favor lime, grapefruit, shaddock and some sweet orange<br />
cultivars; the mid elevations favor most of the sweet orange cultivars and mandarins<br />
(Wiltbank, 1982). The prinicipal production regions ofthe newer imported cultivars are
Sitwon...Zoranj ...Chadek 97<br />
La Chapelle for Tahiti lime, La Vallee de Jacme! for mandarin, and the Cul-de-Sac and<br />
Cap-<strong>Haiti</strong>en for grapefruit. Lemon (c. limon) and citron (c. medica) are not widely cultivated<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
The genus is notably absent in regions of <strong>Haiti</strong> that receive less than 1000 mm of<br />
rainfall without irrigation and in high-elevation mountain areas above 1000 m. Dry periods<br />
up to 2 months can be endured only during the winter dormant period (Rehm and<br />
Espig, 1991). Salt and drought tolerance are higher in such cultivars as the 'Cleopatra'<br />
mandarin and the 'Rangpur' lime.<br />
Citrus are sensitive to salty and poorly-drained soils, requiring fertile conditions<br />
and a pH 5-7 for consistently high production. Mineral fertilizing with about 0.6 kg N,<br />
0.3 kg P and 0.6 kg K tree- 1 year- 1 is recommended for oranges (Cohen, 1976). In the<br />
West Indies, nitrogenous fertilizers are the most important and are applied at a rate of<br />
0.2 kg N tree- 1 year- 1 where fruit is regularly harvested. An unbalanced, high-nitrogen<br />
fertilization gives high yields, but impairs fruit quality by lowering the sugar:acid ratio.<br />
Potash is used to improve fruit quality.<br />
Citrus are not truly wild, having been cultivated for so long. However, natural<br />
regeneration plays an important role in establishment, particularly in the case of sour<br />
orange and, to a much lesser extent, the other more marketable species. Practically all<br />
sweet orange cultivars are cultivated. The species are shade-tolerant, though good fruit<br />
production requires full sun. Typically, Citrus form the middle canopy layer of traditional<br />
perennial gardens and coffee groves, along with Musa (plantain, banana), Annona<br />
(soursop, custard apple) and Crescentia cujete (callebash). The Citrus group ranks third<br />
in the quantity of fruit trees found in <strong>Haiti</strong>, after mango (Mangifera indica) and avocado<br />
(Persea americana). C. aurantium is the most abundant Citrus species.<br />
Tree Characteristics: Tree height varies among the Citrus species. Lime (c. aurantifolia),<br />
lemon (c. limon), citron (c. medica) and mandarin (c. reticulata) are small<br />
trees,ranging 2-5 m. Sweet orange (c. sinensis) grows to about 10 m and pummelo (c.<br />
grandis) and grapefruit (c. paradisi) up to 15 m. Stem diameters average 15 em. The<br />
species can be considered evergreen, with leaves that usually live for a year or more.<br />
The degree of thorniness varies among species, with spines developing at the base of<br />
the leafnodes. The presence ofspines depends upon the stage ofdevelopment for many<br />
species. There are few or no spines on the fruit-bearing twigs ofthose species that have<br />
thorns.<br />
The tree produces new leaves several times a year, the first growth being the<br />
strongest and producing the most flowers. The following growth phases are irregular<br />
with few or no flowers. However, the crops from these off-season growth phases can be<br />
ofconsiderable economic importance locally. Sweet orange does not develop the orange<br />
color of US cultivars, but retains a green color. Sweet oranges from the Cap-<strong>Haiti</strong>en<br />
region have a higher sugar and juice content, because of higher temperatures and insolation<br />
during maturation (Wiltbank, 1982).<br />
The wood does not vary significantly among the citrus species, ranging from light<br />
yellow to yellowish brown, hard and fine-grained. Growth rings usually are clearly<br />
defined.<br />
Sweet orange, shaddock, grapefruit and mandarin flower between March and May,<br />
with fruit being harvested between November and April. Lime flowers throughout the
98 Sifwon...Zoranj...Chadik<br />
year, peaking between March and July with fruit maturing between June and November.<br />
Sour orange flowers throughout the year. However, the main season for an<strong>yo</strong>ne region<br />
can be considerably different from another region, as affected by microclimate differences.<br />
This variance is illustrated for production areas of the Central Plateau (Figures<br />
12.2-12.4).<br />
Utilization: The entire citrus tree is used in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Though the fruit is by far the most<br />
important product, the trees are valued as honey plants. They provide a diverse source<br />
ofingredients in traditional medicine, yield wood products-requiring strength and hardness,<br />
and are planted as shade or ornamentals. Each ofthe species is unique in the contribution<br />
ofproducts that are harvested from the plant.<br />
REGION<br />
St. Michel de l'Attalaye<br />
Cornillon<br />
Saut d'Eau<br />
Carice<br />
Belladere<br />
Morne Organise<br />
Cerca Carvajal<br />
Thomassique<br />
Pignon<br />
Mirebalais<br />
Marmelade<br />
Lascahobas<br />
Hinche<br />
Mombin Crochu<br />
Cerca la Source<br />
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC<br />
Figure 12.2 Harvest periods of C. aurantium across regions in the Central Plateau,<br />
after Agricorp (1984).<br />
REGION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC<br />
Savanelte<br />
St. Michel de l'Attalaye<br />
Cornillon<br />
Saut d'Eau<br />
Carice<br />
Belladere<br />
Maissade<br />
Cerca Carvajal<br />
Thomassique<br />
St. Raphael<br />
Mirebalais<br />
Marmelade<br />
Lascahobas<br />
Hinche<br />
Dondon<br />
Cerca la Source<br />
Figure 12.3 Harvest periods of C. sinensis across regions in the Central Plateau, after<br />
Agricorp (1984).
Sitwon ...Zoranj ... Chadek 101<br />
Figure 12.8 Aphids are a major Citrus pest, transmitting virus and other pathogens, and<br />
directly damaging stems and leaves through their feeding habits. Shown here is the<br />
result of a citrus aphid attack on C. maxima.<br />
reserved for the more marketable fruit - shaddok, sweet orange and lime. Sour orange<br />
is generally left to grow as a volunteer, many times near the courtyard kitchen where the<br />
fruit is used in food preparation.<br />
Due to the presence of zygotic embr<strong>yo</strong>s, Citrus cultivars do not reproduce true by<br />
seed. Though the nucellar embr<strong>yo</strong>s of the polyembr<strong>yo</strong>nic varieties are genetically identical<br />
with the mother tree, the offspring tend to be more thorny, more vigorous, and are<br />
slower to come into bearing. Vegetative propagation techniques, designed to conserve<br />
the genetic quality of a given cultivar and decrease the time required for full fruit production,<br />
are notably absent from the cultivation practices of most <strong>Haiti</strong>an farmers.<br />
However, as market demand for fruit quality and disease-resistant cultivars increases,<br />
there is all likelihood that farmers gradually will employ these methods as part of their<br />
propagation strategy.<br />
Nurseries that regularly graft Citrus usually have established a budwood orchard of<br />
various commercial cultivars. A partial list of the cultivars that have been introduced to<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong> is provided in Table 12.3. The method most frequently utilized by the commercial<br />
nurseries employs T-budding onto sour orange rootstock. Rootstock generally is propagated<br />
from seed in polythene bags for 4-6 months prior to budding. During this stage,<br />
seedlings face any number ofdiseases, pests, and nutrient-related problems that must be<br />
controlled carefully for healthy plants (Figures 12.8-12.10).<br />
Sour orange exhibits many excellent traits as a rootstock, being well adapted to a<br />
variety of site conditions. It is hardy and favorably influences the fruit quality ofthe cultivars<br />
worked on it. However, other rootstocks should be considered, particularly for
102 Sitwon ...Zoranj...Chadek<br />
Table 12.3 Partial list of Citrus cultivars and their locations in <strong>Haiti</strong>, after Wiltbank<br />
(1982),<br />
SPECIES<br />
Citrus aurant/folia<br />
c. depressa<br />
C. jambhir;<br />
C. loti/ai/a<br />
C. limon<br />
C. macrophylla<br />
C. x paradis;<br />
C. paradisi x<br />
Poncirius'ri/oliata<br />
C. reliCldata<br />
C. sinensis<br />
C. sunk;<br />
C. volkamericClfw<br />
CULTIVAR (LOCATION)<br />
Persian (Tahiti) lime (<strong>Haiti</strong> Citrus Corp., ODH/Roche Blanche)<br />
'Shekwasha' (MARNDR/Grnnd Pre)<br />
(MARNDRJGrand Pre)<br />
'Eureka' (Grand Pre)<br />
'Meyer' (BHM/Fairmalhe)<br />
'Aleman' (MARNDR/Grand Pre)<br />
'Isle of Pine' and 'Thompson' (MARNDRJGrand Pre, US Embassy residence); 'Marsh Seedless'<br />
(Haili Citrus Corp., MARNDRJGrand Pre, and US Embassy residence); 'Ruby Red' (ODH/Roche<br />
Blanche, US Embassy residence, MARNDRIGrand Pre): 'Star Ruby' (Haili Citrus Corp,)<br />
'Swingle' (MARNDRIGrand Pre)<br />
'Oreco' (US Embassy residence, MARNDR/Grand Pre); 'Lee,' 'Murcou' and 'Satsllme'<br />
(BHM/Fairmarhe)<br />
'Bon Ami,' 'Camp Louise,' 'La Chine' and 'Pineapple' (US EmQassy residence); 'Jacrnel'<br />
(MARNDRIDamien); 'Temple' (US Embassy residence, MARNDRIGrand Pre, ODH/Roche Blanche);<br />
'Valencia' (US Embassy residence, MARNDRIGrand Pre, ODH/Roche<br />
Blanche); 'Washington Navel' (US Embassy residence, MARNDRlDamien, ODl-llRoche<br />
Blanche, BHMIFairmathe); 'Carrizo' (MARNDRJGrand Pre)<br />
'Sunki' (MARNDRIGrand Pre)<br />
'Vol karner' (MARNDR/Grand Pre)<br />
Figure 12.9 As many as a dozen species<br />
of scale insects and mealybugs attack<br />
Citrus, with heavy infestations killing<br />
<strong>yo</strong>ung trees,<br />
Figure 12.10 The high pH of water and<br />
soil derived from calcareous rock causes<br />
nutrient deficiencies, particularly iron, in<br />
Citrus seedlings,
Sitwon...Zoranj ...Chadik 103<br />
Table 12.4 Various traits of major rootstock species used in vegetative methods.<br />
SPECIES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES<br />
C. sinensis Hardier than lemon (C. limon); resistant to Susceptible to gummosis (Phytophthora); less<br />
tristeza (' quick decline') and scab; juicy, fairly hardy than C. aurantium; shallow rooted; slow<br />
high-quality fruit; long lived; 70-95% nucellar grower; low branched, bushy.<br />
embr<strong>yo</strong>s.<br />
C. aurantium<br />
C. reticulata<br />
'Cleopatra'<br />
C.limon<br />
C. aurantifolia x C.<br />
reticulata 'Rangpur<br />
lime'<br />
Hardy, with a deep tap root; resistant to<br />
gummosis (Phytophtora), xyloporosis, and<br />
exocortis; vigorous; high fruit yield and<br />
quality; 85-95% nucellar embr<strong>yo</strong>s; best stock<br />
for 'Marsh' grapefruit and 'Valencia' orange.<br />
Resistant to gummosis (Phytophthora) and<br />
tristeza ('quick decline'); salt tolerant.<br />
Drought hardy; sandy, well-drained soils;<br />
vigorous early fruiting; resistant to tristeza<br />
('quick decline'); 100% nucellar embr<strong>yo</strong>s.<br />
Vigor; resistant to tristeza ('quick decline');<br />
tolerant of wet and salty site conditions.<br />
Susceptible to tristeza ('quick decline') and<br />
scab. Poor scion compatibility with limes.<br />
Slow growth; slow bearing; susceptible to<br />
gummosis (Phytophtora) and xyloporosis.<br />
Lower-quality fruit (thick skinned, more acid);<br />
susceptible to gummosis (Phytophtora) and<br />
scab.<br />
Susceptible to exocortis and gummosis<br />
(Phytophtora).<br />
specific cultivars and site conditions (Table 12.4). Furthermore, sour orange is susceptible<br />
to the citrus tristeza virus that is transmitted by an insect vector or from infected<br />
budwood. As this disease becomes more widespread in the West Indies and Central<br />
America, the selection of alternate rootstock is highly recommended.
Figure 13.1 P americana is an excellent source of energy and vitamins, playing an<br />
important role in the <strong>Haiti</strong>an diet.
13 Zaboka<br />
Species: Persea americana L.<br />
Family: Lauraceae<br />
Synonyms: Laurus persea L., Persea edulis Raf, P. gratissima Gaertner, P. leiogyna<br />
Blake, P. persea (L.) Cockerell.<br />
Common Names: H - avocat (zaboka), avocatier, zabelbok; DR - aguacate; C - pagua;<br />
US - avocado, alligator pear.<br />
Importance: The fruit is an important source of oil and nutrition in the Creole cuisine,<br />
while the tree provides shade and wood in an agroforestry setting. It is well adapted to<br />
a wide variety of soil types and, along with mango, citrus and coconut, adds an element<br />
of food security to the harvest of annual crops.<br />
Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The Lauraceae family is well known in <strong>Haiti</strong> for<br />
its timber genera, including Ocotea (lorie blan), Cinnamomum (lorie woz) and Licaria<br />
(lorie jon). But the best-known member ofthe family is the avocado. Though there are<br />
10 recognized species represented in the Persea genus, P americana is by far the most<br />
popular and is cultivated throughout the tropics and subtropics for its ediblefruit. The<br />
species is divided broadly into 3 races as distinguished by the characteristics ofthe fruit.<br />
'Mexican' (P. americana var. drymifolia Mez = P. drymifolia Cham. & Schlecht.),<br />
sometimes considered a distinct botanical variety, is a small-fruited race that is adapted<br />
to poor growing conditions and can withstand frost to _6° C. 'Guatemalan' is large-fruited,<br />
with thick, rough skin, and a small kernel, being able to withstand frost to -4.5° C.<br />
The race in <strong>Haiti</strong> is known as the 'West Indian,' and is also large-fruited with a smooth<br />
and leathery skin, but it is more tropical and not able to withstand temperatures below<br />
_2° C (Rehms and Espig, 1991).<br />
The West Indian race is distinguished by 1) the foliage lacking an anise-like scent<br />
of the Mexican race, 2) the <strong>yo</strong>ung branches and leaves being lighter green than the<br />
Guatemalan race, 3) the smooth and leathery skin ofthe large fruit, weighing up to 1.3<br />
kg and ranging in color from yellow-green to maroon, 4) the kernel being large in proportion<br />
to the fruit, often loose in the seed cavity, and 5) the t10wering season from<br />
January through May with fruit maturing from June to November.<br />
Varieties are classified into A and B types according to the manner in which the<br />
t10wers function. "A" type stigmas are receptive in the morning and anthers shed pollen<br />
in the afternoon of the following day; "B" type stigmas are receptive in the afternoon<br />
and anthers shed pollen in the morning ofthe next or second day (Malo and Campbell,<br />
1988). It is disputed whether this is of practical significance, because bees and other<br />
insects are the main pollinators of avocados.<br />
Hybrids have been developed among the 3 races, some of which are described in<br />
Table 13.1. Many of these are available in <strong>Haiti</strong> through private owners and non-governmentalorganizations.<br />
Distribution and Ecology: The species is considered native to Mexico and Central<br />
America, but not to the Caribbean. It was introduced to Jamaica around 1650 and spread<br />
later to the rest ofthe Caribbean, where it has become naturalized (Purseglove, 1968a).<br />
Most of the avocados in <strong>Haiti</strong> occur in the moist and wet regions, with annual rainfall<br />
above 1200 mm and elevations from sea level to 800 m elevation. The West Indian race<br />
105
106 Zaboka<br />
Table 13.1 Characteristics of several commercial avocado varieties.<br />
VARIETY RACE FLOWER FRUIT YIELD<br />
TYPE & COLOR<br />
SEASON AND SIZE<br />
(KG)<br />
Lui" Guatemala x Mexican hybrid A (Nov-Feb) Green 0.4-0.7 High Susceptible<br />
Choquertc Guatemalan x W. Indies hybrid A (Nov-Feb) Green 0.7-·1.1 Medium Resistanr<br />
Waldin W. Indies A (Sepr-Nov) Green 0.4-0.8 Medium Resisranr<br />
Pollock W. Indies B (July-Sept) Green 0.5-1 I Low Resistant<br />
RESISTANCE TO<br />
AVOCADO SCAB<br />
(Sphaceloma per.ae)<br />
Boorh 7 or 8 Guatemalan x W. Indies hybrid B (Oct-Dec) Green OJ-0.8 High Moderately Susceptible<br />
Monroe Guatemalan" W. lndies hybrid i-\ (lul-Sep) Green 0.5-1 I Medium Moderately Susceptible<br />
requires the most tropical climate of the 3 races, preferring a mean annual temperature<br />
of 24-26° C (Geilfus, 1989). It is particularly abundant in the mid-elevation mountains,<br />
becoming more common than mango above 500 m elevation. The tree is not demanding<br />
in specific soil requirements and produces adequately on the shallow and rocky<br />
limestone soi Is common to the mountain slopes of <strong>Haiti</strong> (Fig. 13.2). The tree tolerates<br />
neither salinity nor poorly drained soils. The distribution of avocado is more restricted<br />
than that of mango in the low elevations of <strong>Haiti</strong>, because the tree is not as drought tolerant<br />
and more importantly, it is susceptible to avocado root rot (Phytophtora cinnamon£)<br />
that is common to wet and heavy soils (Wiltbank, 1982).<br />
The tree often is seen in humid<br />
perennial gardens in association with<br />
other fruit species (mango, coconut, citrus)<br />
and serves as shade for coffee. As a<br />
fruit tree, the size-class distribution is<br />
unlike those of mango and coconut, in<br />
which mature trees dominate. The<br />
species was found to be evenly distributed<br />
among seedlings, <strong>yo</strong>ung fruit-bearing,<br />
and mature trees in the Lascahobas<br />
area (Campbell, 1994).<br />
Figure 13.2 P americana is well adapted to<br />
rocky mountain slopes.<br />
Tree Characteristics: Wild trees in the<br />
mid-elevation mountains reach heights<br />
of 20 m and stem diameters up to 50 cm,<br />
sometimes with a long clean bole typical<br />
of other timber trees in the Lauraceae.<br />
Mature trees have a narrow or rounded<br />
crown; they often lean and are shaped by<br />
wind damage to the brittle branches and<br />
trunk. The combination of the longer<br />
clear bole for lumber and the less dense<br />
canopy are advantages over mango, permitting<br />
more light to reach other perennial<br />
crops in the understory. The tree<br />
coppices well and is allowed to regrow.
REGION<br />
Savanette<br />
Pignon<br />
Comillon<br />
Saut d'Eau<br />
Thomonde<br />
St. Michel de l'Attalaye<br />
Mont Organise<br />
Mombin Crochu<br />
Thomassique<br />
St. Raphael<br />
Mirebalais<br />
Marmelade<br />
Lascahobas<br />
Hinche<br />
Dondon<br />
Cerca La Source<br />
Carice<br />
Maissade<br />
Belladere<br />
Zaboka 107<br />
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC<br />
L'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'"'1<br />
1",- "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "'I<br />
I"" ""'"'""" ""'""" "" ""'"'"'"'"1<br />
I'"'"'"'"'"'""'''''"'"'"'"I<br />
Figure 13.3 Major harvest periods of P americana in the Central Plateau, after<br />
Agricorp (1984).<br />
The brown, reddish or pinkish heartwood contrasts sharply with the cream-colored<br />
sapwood. Planks sawn from avocado are medium to coarse in texture with straight to<br />
irregular grain. Specific gravity ranges from 0.39-0.54. The wood is easy to work and<br />
finishes smoothly. Avocado wood is not durable in the ground and is susceptible to<br />
decay fungi (Chudnoff, 1984).<br />
The tree flowers from January through May with fruits maturing from June to<br />
November. However, microclimate differences, such as elevation and rainfall distribution,<br />
greatly influence the fruiting schedules for an<strong>yo</strong>ne region (Fig. 13.3). Higher elevations<br />
delay fruit maturity because of lower temperatures. Introduced cultivars with<br />
genetic parentage from the Guatemalan variety flower and· fruit later than the West<br />
Indian variety does and are of local economic importance.<br />
Utilization: The tree is cultivated in <strong>Haiti</strong> for its fruit, which is an important source of<br />
vitamins (A, B complex and E), protein (0.8--4.4 g /100 g fresh wt) and digestible fat<br />
(5-25 g /100 g fresh wt.). The major portion of <strong>Haiti</strong>'s harvest is consumed and sold<br />
locally, while an estimated 12% is transported to urban markets (Wiltbank, 1982) (fig.<br />
13.4). Surplus fruit is an important food source for pigs and other livestock. Avocado<br />
oil is extracted from the pulp and used in cosmetic preparations and salad oil. The oil<br />
is approximately 77% oleic acid, which demands a price 10 times higher than that of<br />
peanut oil (Rehms and Espig, 1991). The wood of the tree has a wide range of uses.<br />
Because of its relative abundance, like mango, the tree is an important source of lumber<br />
in certain areas of <strong>Haiti</strong> (Fig 13.5). The wood is used for furniture, house construction,<br />
and turnery, though it is brittle and susceptible to attack by termites. Avocado<br />
is visited by bees, important for pollination and honey production. All parts ofthe tree<br />
are utilized in traditional medicines. Leafand bark teas contain tannin and are taken as<br />
an anti-diarrhetic, for high blood pressure, colds, and jaundice. Poultices are made from<br />
the leaves for pain, headaches, rheumatism, and sprains (Eldridge, 1975).
108 Zaboka<br />
Figure 13.4 Avocados ready for transport to the Port-au-Prince market from the<br />
Lascahobas region.<br />
Figure 13.5 P americana lumber is common<br />
in the urban market as traditional timber<br />
species become depleted.<br />
Propagation: Most of the trees found<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong> are propagated from seed,<br />
though seedlings are not true to type.<br />
In the lakou, rotten fruit or seeds<br />
thrown away in a shady and composted<br />
area are left to germinate. By far the<br />
most common method is to plant the<br />
seed directly in a restricted location of<br />
the courtyard. Volunteers hardly ever<br />
are transplanted, but are allowed to<br />
grow where they germinate. No traditional<br />
method of vegetatively propagating<br />
the species by cuttings has been<br />
observed in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Grafting and budding techniques<br />
are preferred for the propagation of<br />
local selections and imported commercial<br />
cultivars. Much ofthe most recent<br />
work in <strong>Haiti</strong> has been to introduce<br />
late-maturing Guatemalan hybrids to<br />
expand the avocado fruiting season.<br />
Rootstock is usually of the locally<br />
available West Indian variety and is<br />
grown in polythene bags. The large<br />
seed produces a pencil-size shoot suitable<br />
for cleft grafting in 2--4 weeks
Zaboka 109<br />
after germination. Seedlings are 15-20 em high and 6-10 mm in diameter and scion<br />
material are shoot terminals 5-8 em long with a terminal bud taken as it resumes<br />
growth. Care is taken to sterilize the seed in hot water (49° C) to avoid root rot<br />
(Phytophthora cinnamomi) infection.
Figure 14.1 A superior specimen of S. siamea selected for seed collection. Inset <br />
Yellow flowers and thin pods of S. siamea.
14 Kasya<br />
Species: Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Barneby<br />
Synonyms: Cassia arborea Macfad., C. florida Vahl, C. gigantea Bertero, C. siamea<br />
Lam., Sciacassia siamea (Lam.) Britton<br />
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae<br />
Common Names: H - casse de Siam, cassia (kasya); RD - acacia amarilla, casia de<br />
Siam, flamboyan amarillo, la casia amarilla; C, PR - casia, casia siamea; J, PR,US <br />
kassod-tree, Siamese senna, Siamese shower.<br />
Importance: There are several reasons that Senna siameabecame one ofthe most popular<br />
species ofthe <strong>Haiti</strong>an farmer. It grows fast on a wide range ofsites to provide quick<br />
shade and a moderately dense wood for small timber and fuelwood. It coppices well to<br />
yield successive crops. It is not weedy and generally is refused by animals as a browse.<br />
The crown is erect and the seedling is more shade tolerant than most other fast-growing<br />
exotics. It fits well into the traditional lakou system, besides being suitable for<br />
hedgerows, boundary plantings, and woodlots.<br />
Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The species first was described in Thailand, formerly<br />
Siam, as the common and scientific names indicate. A major revision of the<br />
Cassieae tribe distinguishes three closely-related genera (Cassia, Senna and<br />
Chamaecrista) based on the stamen and bract features (Irwin and Barneby, 1982). The<br />
medium-sized tree is recognized by the large terminal clusters ofshowy yellow flowers<br />
and numerous bunches of flat, narrow, slightly curved, dark brown pods which split<br />
open to release more than a dozen shiny, circular, dark brown, flat seeds 8 mm indiameter<br />
(Fig. 14.1 inset). The 6-14 paired leaflets, 3-7.5 cm long and 1.3-2.3 cm wide, are<br />
attached to a reddish tinged axis and have a dark green upper surface and a gray green<br />
lower surface. The flower stalks and new growth have a yellowish tint.<br />
Distribution and Ecology: The natural range of the species is southeast Asia from<br />
southern India to the Malay peninsula. It has been planted throughout the tropics as a<br />
fast-growing reforestation species and the time ofits entry to <strong>Haiti</strong> is uncertain. Little<br />
and Wadsworth (1964) reported the species' introduction to Jamaica prior to 1837.<br />
SHADA planted the species in the Bayeux and Franklin areas in the 1940s. As the<br />
most-planted species during the USAID Agroforestry Outreach Project (1981-1989)<br />
and Agroforestry II (1990-1991), the gene pool, mostly from the Bayeux population,<br />
has been distributed throughout <strong>Haiti</strong>. The main distribution ofthe species still is centered<br />
along travel ways, commonly occurring as a combination ornamental, boundary<br />
planting, and shade tree in the residential sections of small towns. During 1988, additional<br />
seed lots were imported from Central America and Africa and were incorporated<br />
into a program to broaden the genetic base ofthe species and to begin selection ofsuperior<br />
trees.<br />
The tree prefers elevations under 500 m and annual rainfall amounts from<br />
1000-2000 rom. It fails on sites with a combination ofalkaline soils, particularly heavy<br />
clays, and 4-5 months ofdrought with no access to deep soil moisture. It survives poorer<br />
than Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata and Azadirachta indica on shallow and<br />
rocky soils. The tree tolerates the poorly-drained vertisols, but prefers the sandy loams<br />
111
112 Kasya<br />
and the sandstone-derived soils of the Plateau Central as well as basaltic soils.<br />
Seedlings and coppice shoots are shade tolerant and exhibit a yellowish-green growth<br />
under its own deep shade. The species prefers to grow in full light and caphlres the site<br />
to the exclusion of other species once it is established. However, it is not as aggressive<br />
as other fast-growing species, with a much lower rate of natural seeding than Leucaena<br />
and Azadirachta indica.<br />
Tree Characteristics: The tree rarely grows taller than 18 m in <strong>Haiti</strong>, having stems that<br />
range from a low-forking bole to a single main stem that may reach to 10m, partiClIlarly<br />
in pure stands (Fig. 14.2). Stem form appears to be sensitive to soil conditions;<br />
scattered stands of excellent form occasionally are seen throughout <strong>Haiti</strong>, mainly on<br />
basaltic and sandy loams. Multiple and low-forking stems require early pruning to<br />
develop straight wood for construction purposes. The tree coppices well in partial<br />
shade; boundary and fence trees can be pol larded for fuelwood and light management<br />
for understory crops. Crown diameters extend up to 8 m, with an average crown<br />
width:DBH ratio of 29.6. Peak fruiting occurs around December, but seed is available<br />
between October and February and again during April and May. There are approximately<br />
30,000-40,000 seeds kg· l •<br />
Wood density is moderate, ranging from 0.57-0.83 for samples taken from 5-yearold<br />
trees in the Northwest. The dark brown-black heartwood ofS. siamea is streaked and<br />
hard, while the sapwood is light brown and moderately hard, but not durable.<br />
Utilization: S. siamea traditionally was planted as an ornamental and shade tree in areas<br />
of southeast Asia where it is native. It forms a good windbreak with a closed and erect<br />
crown. In <strong>Haiti</strong>, it has become a general-purpose tree, providing a quick source ofwood<br />
for construction material and fuelwood<br />
(Fig. 14.3 and Fig. 14.4). The<br />
bark is used as a source of tannin. It is<br />
not a preferred browse species and is<br />
reported to be toxic to pigs. However,<br />
ruminants can eat it as part of the diet<br />
(Geilfus, 1989). As a fodder, it generally<br />
is planted along the garden<br />
boundary and lopped as required. The<br />
proximate analysis is shown in Table<br />
14.1.<br />
The wood is susceptible to decay<br />
and termite attack, with 60% of<br />
untreated posts tested in Puerto Rico<br />
considered unserviceable after 1 year<br />
(Englerth, 1960). The grain is interlocked,<br />
but takes a good polish and is<br />
acceptable for turnery. Charcoal<br />
made from the wood is considered<br />
Figure 14.2 Five-year-old S. siamea provenance<br />
trial at Mirebalais.<br />
medium grade and inferior to<br />
Prosopis. Acacia and Casuarina
114 Kasva<br />
Table 14.1 Proximate analysis of S. siamea (% dry weight basis), after Gohl (1975).<br />
COMPONENT CRODE CRODE CRODE CARBO- ASH Ca P<br />
PROTEIN FIBER FAT HYDRATES<br />
Leaves<br />
Fresh twigs<br />
16.8<br />
20.0<br />
19.8<br />
l6.5<br />
11.2<br />
56<br />
46.8<br />
52.6<br />
5.4<br />
5.3 l.l4 Ol4<br />
and cheap, this technique is not recommended.<br />
The growing of seedlings in containerized systems, such as the Rootrainer and<br />
Winstrip, has been the principal propagation method used for S. siamea since the 1970s.<br />
Seed germination, following immersion in hot water and soaking for a couple of days,<br />
ranges from 65-80%. As with other Senna species, S. siamea seedlings are sensitive to<br />
overwatering and precautions are required in the preparation of the potting medium. It<br />
is highly susceptible to leaf spot diseases, particularly Cercospora, requiring a regular<br />
schedule of foliar fertilizer and fungicide treatments (Fig. 14.5). Runion et al. (1990)<br />
indicate at least 8 genera of fungi causing leaf spot, a single genus (Colletotrichum)<br />
associated with anthracnose, and a powdery mildew that Tourigny (1987) attributed to<br />
Oidium (Fig. 14.6). It takes approximately 14 weeks to prepare seedlings for outplanting<br />
with the initial 3 weeks under shade and the final 4 weeks hardening off (Josiah,<br />
1989). Seedlings do not respond well to top-pruning.<br />
The growing of root suckers and the transplanting of volunteers and stumps are<br />
low-input methods that are sometimes used. Stumps are left to grow to a I cm root col··<br />
lar diameter in a deeply-dug nursery<br />
bed at 15 cm x IS cm, and are prepared<br />
by pruning the shoot to 10 cm<br />
and the roots to 25-30 cm (Geilfus,<br />
1989).<br />
Figure 14.5 Cercospora leaf-spot on S. siamea<br />
seedling.<br />
Biomass and Volume Studies:<br />
Ehrlich (1985) developed biomass<br />
and pole volume tables from a stand<br />
located in Limbe. In 1990, an additional<br />
set of regression equations was<br />
analyzed in a biomass study conducted<br />
at the CARE trial near Nan<br />
Marron. The equations in Table 14.2<br />
can be utilized Lo estimate biomass<br />
components based on stem and tree<br />
height measurements.<br />
Growth Performance: The fastest<br />
early growth rate that has been<br />
observed for S. siamea is 3.2 m yr- I<br />
during the first 2 years at Cazeau<br />
(Fig. 14.7). This site is well-drained<br />
with a deep sandy loam and approximately<br />
1200 mm rainfall that is sup-
Figure 14.6 Powdery mildew on S. siamea seedling.<br />
Kasya 115<br />
plemented by a high water table. S. siamea has no problem growing faster than 2 m yr- l<br />
on alluvial sites such as Roche Blanche or the deeper loams of Marmont in the Central<br />
Plateau. The sites where the tree is growing under 1 m yr- l in Figure 14.7 are extremely<br />
shallow and rocky (Haut Camp, Bombard) or experiencing lengthy drought periods<br />
with about 800 mm rainfall (Nan Marron). Survival is generally high for this species,<br />
regardless of growth rates, if droughts are not severe (i.e.,
Figure 14.8 A four-year-old provenance trial<br />
of S. siamea after selective thinning.<br />
Kasya 117<br />
of <strong>Haiti</strong> through the USAID-funded<br />
agroforestry projects during the 1980s<br />
and early 1990s. S. siamea became the<br />
most widely-planted species in the<br />
project. Up to a million seedlings were<br />
produced annually by PADF alone. An<br />
effort was made in 1988 to import as<br />
many seed lots as possible from international<br />
sources, including southeast<br />
Asia where it is native. These seed<br />
lots, though not strictly considered<br />
provenances, were established in 1989<br />
as "provenance" trials to test for<br />
genetic differences among seed<br />
sources (Fig. 14.8). Also, 37 trees<br />
were selected based on superior traits<br />
throughout <strong>Haiti</strong>. Many of these were<br />
harvested, propagated from seed, and<br />
established in seedling seed orchards<br />
and arboreta. Several ofthese trials are<br />
represented in Table 14.3 and Figure<br />
14.7.<br />
The remarkable degree of uniformity<br />
in qualitative traits among the<br />
seed lots suggests that the germplasm<br />
available in <strong>Haiti</strong> and abroad have a<br />
fairly homogenous genetic base. It<br />
should be noted that the 10 imported<br />
accessions were from countries where S. siamea is an exotic and could very well be<br />
derived from the same provenance as the species found its way around the tropics. An<br />
attempt in 1988 to import a wider genetic diversity of S. siamea from native stands in<br />
Thailand failed, but should continue to be a goal, particularly if significant improvements<br />
are to be made in terms of disease resistance and vigor. The seed orchards at<br />
Marmont and Terrier Rouge are comprised of progeny from trees possessing superior<br />
stem form, and these should be studied carefully to assess the environmental effect on<br />
form. There is significant form x site interaction in this species.
Figure 15.1 One ofthe most practical uses of Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata<br />
is to conserve mountain soil. Shown here is the earliest known demonstration of<br />
Leucaena hedgerows in <strong>Haiti</strong>, established near Jeremie in 1982. Inset - White flowers<br />
of1. leucocephala ssp. glabrata.
15 Lisina...Delen<br />
Subspecies:<br />
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. glabrata (Rose) S. Zarate<br />
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. leucocephala<br />
Synonyms:<br />
Subsp. glabrata: 1. glabrata Rose<br />
Subsp.leucocephala: Acaciaglauca Willd., 1. glauca (Willd.) Benth., 1. latisiliqua(L.)<br />
Gillis & Stearn, Mimosa leucocephala Lam.<br />
Family: Fabaceae (= Leguminosae) Subfamily: Mimosoideae<br />
Common Names:<br />
Subsp. glabrata: DR, H - leucaena (lisina); US - giant leucaena, Salvador leucaena,<br />
Peru leucaena.<br />
Subsp. leucocephala: H - bois bourro (bwa bouwo), tcha-tcha marron (tcha tcha<br />
mawon), graines de lin (delen), graines de lin pays (delen peyi), madlenn; DR <br />
granadillo bobo, granadino, granolino, lino, lino criollo; C - aroma blanca, aroma boba,<br />
aroma mansa, soplillo; PR - acacia, acacia paJida, barcill0 , campeche, hediondilla,<br />
tamarindillo, wild tamarind; US - Hawaiian leucaena, leadtree.<br />
Importance: The shrubby subspecies leucocephala is considered a weed in <strong>Haiti</strong>, but<br />
plays an important role in there-vegetation offallow or degraded sites where it is grazed<br />
by goats and converted to charcoal. The arboreal subspecies glabrata is a fast-growing<br />
general utility tree for shade, house construction and other wood products. Multiple<br />
uses as fodder, fuelwood, green manure and soil conservation are combined when the<br />
species is managed as hedgerows along the contour ofmountain slopes. The advantages<br />
ofeasy propagation, wide adaptability, and fast growth must be weighed against the low<br />
wood durability, weediness, and psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana) attacks when selecting<br />
the ideal niche for subspecies glabrata in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Taxonomy and Botanical Features: Leucaena is a New World genus comprising about<br />
17 species (Hughes, 1993). The confusing taxonomy surrounding one ofthe more common<br />
species, 1. leucocephala, was resolved by Zarate (1987), who recognized 2 subspecies:<br />
leucocephala and glabrata. Subspecies leucocephala, locally known as delen<br />
and known internationally as the 'Hawaiian' variety, rarely grows taller than 6 m, with<br />
leaves comprised of6-9 pairs ofpinnae, 9-18 pairs ofleaflets, 9-12 cm long, and pods<br />
13-16 cm long with a dense pubescence. Subspecies glabrata, known as the 'Giant,'<br />
'Salvador,' or 'Peru' variety, is represented in <strong>Haiti</strong> mostly by the K series of cultivars<br />
developed in Hawaii (e.g., K8, K28, K636). It can grow up to 20 m tall, with leaves<br />
comprising of3-8 pairs ofpinnae, 11-24 pairs ofglabrous leaflets, 8-15 mm long, and<br />
glabrous pods 11-18 cm long by 1.5-2.3 mm wide. Natural hybrids may occur between<br />
the 2 subspecies, though levels ofoutcrossing are low, with both subspecies being highly<br />
self-compatible. The much more common hybrid in <strong>Haiti</strong> is the result of subspecies<br />
glabrata as the pollen parent and;(Ei. diversifolia as the maternal parent. The latter is represented<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong> as the tetraploid 1. diversifolia subsp. diversifolia, introduced mostly<br />
as K156 from Hawaii.<br />
119
Lisina... Delen 121<br />
Figure 15.3 A remarkable feature of L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata is its exceptionally<br />
fast growth rates, up to 5 cm yr- I stem diameter on favorable sites.
122 Lisina ... Delen<br />
Figure 15.4 The high wood yield ofL. leucocephala ssp. glabrata yields a charcoal that<br />
competes well with native species.<br />
ops into a multi-stemmed tree in regions of severe winter drought extending be<strong>yo</strong>nd 4<br />
months or under free-grazing conditions. The flowering of subspecies glabrala is more<br />
seasonal than that of subspecies leucocephala, with peak fruiting occurring from<br />
February through March and October through November. There are 17,000-20,000<br />
seed kg l . Both subspecies are tetraploid (Brewbaker, 1987).<br />
The light yellowish sapwood is distinguished from the brown heartwood. The grain<br />
tends to be interlocked and rough. Wood density of subspecies glabrala is affected by<br />
growing conditions. Differences have been detected in <strong>Haiti</strong> across sites for the same<br />
provenance and stand age. The average specific gravity ofwood from a 5-year-old stand<br />
in the Northwest was 0.68 as compared to 0.61 for trees growing in the Southwest.<br />
Typical specific gravity ranges in <strong>Haiti</strong> are between 0.59 and 0.79. These ranges are significantly<br />
lower than those ofL. shannonii (0.83-0.93) and L. collinsii (0.80-0.96) that<br />
also have been tested in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Utilization: The wide adaptability and fast growth of the tree make it a convenient<br />
species to plant for fodder, poles, fuelwood and charcoal. However, short rotation (2-3<br />
year) poles are not durable, being highly susceptible to wood borers and are used only<br />
incases in which durability is not important. The advantage of higher wood production<br />
is best achieved by transforming to charcoal (Fig. 15.4), which is considered to be of<br />
moderate quality, but inferior to the traditional Prosopis and Acacia charcoals and the<br />
exotic Casuarina equisetifolia (Grosenick, 1986a).<br />
The utilization of subspecies glabrata in hedgerows probably has surpassed its<br />
importance as a single stemmed tree since the mid- I980s when USAID-funded agro-
Lisina... Delen 123<br />
forestry projects began promoting this<br />
technology (Fig. 15.5). Seed is sown<br />
directly along the contour made by a shallow<br />
trench in the soil. Ifproperly managed,<br />
the hedgerow can serve a multi-purpose<br />
role: soil conservation structure and source<br />
of green manure, fodder, and fuelwood. As<br />
a fodder, L. leucocephala is an important<br />
source of protein and is highly palatable.<br />
Ideally, fodder banks are established near<br />
the courtyard to provide a c6nvenient grazing<br />
area near tethered livestock and where<br />
browsing can be controlled to maintain<br />
productivity (Fig. 15.6). However, open<br />
and staked grazing in annually-cropped<br />
fields is more common, in which case it<br />
can be expected that hedgerows and<br />
seedlings will suffer extensive damage.<br />
The tree cannot be grazed hard and continuously<br />
without its productivity diminishing<br />
to very low levels. Mimosine toxity<br />
also limits the amount that can be consumed<br />
by livestock without impairing their<br />
health. Proximate analyses are summarized Figure ]5.5 Pruned Leucaena hedgerow.<br />
in Table 15.1.<br />
As a medicinal plant, roots and leafy twigs of subspecies leucocephala are boiled<br />
in a decoction for severe back pain; the twigs are boiled and taken for menstrual cramps;<br />
the leaves are consumed as a tea for gas and typhoid; and the roots are boiled and taken<br />
orally for fever (Eldridge, 1975; Morton, 1970). A popular febrifuge is prepared by<br />
roasting the seed and grinding them with coffee.<br />
Propagation: The species is easily direct seeded, emerging rapidly several days after<br />
sowing. The ease with which it is propagated in this way has contibuted to its importance<br />
as a hedgerow species. However, large amounts of seed are required for mass distribution<br />
during peak planting seasons and adequate supervision of seed quality is difficult.<br />
Despite the species' known self-compatibility, gene exchange between co-existing<br />
subspecies leucocephala is possible and could playa role in the development of less<br />
Table 15.1 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of L. leucocephala, after Gbhl(1975).<br />
COMPONENT CRUDE CRUDE CRUDE CARBO- ASH Ca P<br />
PROTEIN FIBER FAT HYDRATES<br />
Fresh leaves (Thailand) 21.0 181 6.5 46.0 8.4<br />
Fresh twigs (Malaysia) 27.8 10.4 35 55.1 35 0.54 029<br />
Fresh browse (Hawaii) 24.2 24.2 2.7 400 8.9<br />
Pods (Zimbabwe) 21.7 25.6 1.4 45.5 5.8<br />
Seed (Zimbabwe) 358 11.4 7.5 40.9 4.4
124 Lisina ...Delen<br />
Figure 15.6 Leucaena fodder banks are an<br />
excellent source of nutrition to complement<br />
food rations of goats and other livestock.<br />
desirable genotypes. Efforts to maintain<br />
the genetic vigor of the hedgerows with<br />
improved glabrata varieties must be<br />
ensured with isolated and secure seed<br />
orchards.<br />
A variety of container types have<br />
been used to propagate the species, the<br />
most appropriate being a function of<br />
nursery costs. Rootrainer and Winstrips<br />
were utilized during most of the 1980s<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong>, though ODH utilized a much<br />
smaller Styrofoam SpeedJing tray for<br />
seedlings planted on fertile land.<br />
Manual scarification, by nicking the<br />
cotyledon end of the seed, is recommended<br />
for research and experimental<br />
seed lots; immersion in hot water, at<br />
least 49° C, followed by a 2-day soak, is<br />
the method most often used for mass<br />
propagation purposes. Inoculation by<br />
Rhizobium, either coating the seed or<br />
drenching the sown seed, is a safeguard<br />
for insufficient field inoculum.<br />
Inoculation procedures are recommended following pesticide applications for psyllid<br />
and root rot attacks. Generally 14 weeks is sufficient to raise seedlings, with an initial<br />
3 weeks of shade and a final 4 weeks of hardening off. Psyllid (H. cubana) (Fig. 15.7),<br />
damping off and root rot diseases (Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Phytophtora, Alternaria,<br />
Fusarium, Myrothecium) have been observed to attack nursery seedlings (Tourigny,<br />
1987; Runion et aI., 1990). The species can be top-pruned, if necessary, prior to outplanting.<br />
Stump propagation and vegetative methods, including root cuttings and tissue culture<br />
have not been experimented in <strong>Haiti</strong>, though these have been reported from other<br />
countries and are examined in Pound and Martinez (1984).<br />
Biomass Studies: Regression equations to estimate the biomass of subspecies glabrata<br />
were conducted at four sites for 5-7-year-old trees and once for a 2-year-old coppice<br />
rotation. These equations a]Jow one to estimate various tree dry weights based on easily<br />
measured stem and height measurements. There is a significant difference in the coefficients<br />
between coppice and seedling rotations because of the difference in stem and<br />
canopy forms, with the coppice stem concentrating a much greater amount of the total<br />
tree weight as polewood rather than as fuelwood. The differences in estimates among the<br />
equations for the standards (i.e., seedling rotation) are mainly because of the differences<br />
in sampling distribution rather than differences in form. A summary of the biomass<br />
equations is provided in Table 15.2.<br />
Charcoal and Lumber Conversion Rates: When 3-4-year-old L. leucocephala is converted<br />
to charcoal, only about 17-20% of the wood dry weight becomes merchantable
Lisina... Delen 127<br />
Table 15.3 Site and growth parameters of L. leucocephala subsp. glabrata trials in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
SITE ELEVAnON ANNUAL AGE SURVIVAL HEIGHT DBH 2 DRY WOOD<br />
(m) RAINFALL (yr) (%) M.A.!.I M.A.!. YIELD<br />
(mm) (m) (em) (kg tree· I )<br />
Colora 247 1471 0.5 93 2.3<br />
Colin 2 775 1300 0.8 100 1:4<br />
Passe Catabois 2 120 987 0.8 83 1.5<br />
Ganthier 90 700 1.8 90 1.2<br />
Cazeau 4 30 1200 2.0 90 3.1<br />
Passe Catabois 1 120 987 2.2 78 1.8<br />
Colin 1 775 1300 2.2 41 2.2<br />
Grand Bassin 70 1300 2.3 95 1.0<br />
Jean-Rabel 107 1045 2.9 98 1.0<br />
Marmont 280 1450 3.0 96 1.9<br />
Terrier Rouge 20 1293 3.0 86 1.0<br />
Mare Grand Bois 40 1200 3.3 59 1.7<br />
Fond-des-Blanes 250 1335 4.0 100 1:4<br />
Papaye 250 1450 4:4 44 1:4<br />
Nan Marron 450 600 4.8 68 1.3<br />
Cabaret 1 80 900 6.9 77 0.8<br />
Cabaret 2 80 900 6.9 81 0.9<br />
1.8 6.4<br />
0.8 2:4<br />
2.0 17:4<br />
0.9 3.2<br />
2.0 3 9.1<br />
1:4 9.2<br />
1.1 17.0<br />
1:4 16:4<br />
0.8 15.8<br />
0.9 19.9<br />
IM.A.I. = Mean annual increment. 2 DBH = Stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level, in em. 3 Stem diameter at 0.1 m<br />
above ground level, in em.<br />
HEIGHT(m)<br />
8r------------;=====::::;-----;;'I<br />
] 1 MlYR LINE I<br />
7<br />
TREE AGE (yr)<br />
Figure 15.9 Height growth ofL. leucocephala<br />
subsp. glabrata in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
shade-tolerant neem (Azadirachta<br />
indica) had improved stem form and<br />
exhibited less taper of the stump log<br />
when planted in a 2: 1 ratio with subspecies<br />
glabrata (Welle et aI., 1985).<br />
Giant leucaena is the principal<br />
species selected in <strong>Haiti</strong> for alley<br />
cropping systems, being easy to<br />
establish and.productive on a wide<br />
range of sites. In an alley cropping<br />
trial at Barbe Pagnol in the<br />
Northwest, L. leucocephala subsp.<br />
glabrata was compared with· an incountry<br />
source of L. diversifolia<br />
subsp. diversifolia and 20 provenances<br />
of Gliricidia sepium for biomass<br />
production. The trial was harvested<br />
at intervals of 4-6 months<br />
over a 28 month period and exhibited<br />
total yields as shown in Figure<br />
15.10. The Leucaena species did not<br />
differ significantly in total dry biomass<br />
or leaf and small wood yields,
128 Lisina ••• Delen<br />
28 MONTH YIELD (DRY KGIM)<br />
12r-------------------------,<br />
10<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
• LEAF AND WOOD < 1 eM<br />
8.2<br />
WOOD>ICM<br />
o LELE LED! GLSE 6287 GLSE MEAN<br />
ALLEY CROPPING SPECIES<br />
Figure 15.10 Dry yield of subspecies glabrata (LELE) compared with 1. diversifolia<br />
(LEDI), the highest-yielding -Gliricidia sepium (GLSE) provenance, 6287, and the average<br />
of 20 G. sepium provenances.<br />
though both were 2-3 times more productive than the top G. sepium accession. With<br />
regard to wood> 1 cm, subspecies glabrata yielded higher than 1. diversifolia subsp.<br />
diversifolia. Both species exhibited more than twice the wood yield ofthe top G. sepium<br />
accession. Cunard (1991) conducted fresh biomass measurements of2 harvests in a<br />
direct-seeded hedgerow trial near Camp Perrin. He did not find subspecies glabrata to<br />
be superior to Calliandra calothyrsus, though both were more productive than 4 other<br />
legumes, including G. sepium. He measured total fresh yields of about 1 kg m- I after 5<br />
months of coppice growth for 1. leucocephala subsp. glabrata. Other hedgerow trials<br />
have confirmed the broad adaptability of 1. leucocephala subsp. glabrata, usually<br />
ranked at the top until one reaches the upper elevations (Isaac et aI., 1994). The hybrid,<br />
KX3, is showing comparable yields with subspecies glabrata and may be better adapted<br />
to sites above 1000 m than either of its parent varieties. Dry yield estimates for<br />
Leucaena species in hedgerow/alley cropping designs are summarized in Table 15.4.<br />
Tree Improvement: A recent status of a network of seed-production areas and treeimprovement<br />
trials involving subspecies glabrata is given in Timyan (1993). The introduction<br />
of the subspecies to <strong>Haiti</strong> in the latter part of the 1970s was most probably of<br />
narrow genetic base, representing the self-pollinated K8, K28 and K67 isolines from the<br />
University of Hawaii.K8, the most widely cultivated variety, originally was collected<br />
from one -or a few cultivated trees in the northern Mexico state of Zacatecas in 1959<br />
(Hughes, 1993). Though the Asian psyllid epidemic ofthe mid-1980s did not happen in<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>, the indiscriminate distribution ofsuch a narrow genetic base is risky. The continued<br />
improvement ofLeucaena in <strong>Haiti</strong> requires the importation ofa wider genetic base<br />
than that which was introduced in the late 1970s. It was not until 1985 that another
Lisina... Delen 129<br />
Table 15.4 Dry biomass yields of Leucaena species in hedgerow and alley cropping trials in<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>. The harvest period indicated is the time from establishment to the last harvest. Yields<br />
are equivalent to the sum of the individual harvests,which includes the initial seedling harvest.<br />
SPECIES DENSITY NO. OF HARVEST DRY LEAF DRY WOOD SITE<br />
(trees m· l ) HARVESTS PERIOD YIELD YIELD<br />
(months) (kgm· l ) (kgm· l )<br />
L. diversifolia K156 2 4 28 4.6 6.5 Bab Pan<strong>yo</strong>1<br />
(1988-1991)<br />
L. leucocephala K8 2 4 28 4.8 8.2 Bab Pan<strong>yo</strong>1<br />
(1988-1991)<br />
L. diversifolia K156 10 3 23 0.7 1.1 Bergeau, Cayes<br />
(1991-1993)<br />
L. diversifolia x L. 10 3 23 2.0 3.6 Bergeau, Cayes<br />
leucocephala hybrid (1991-1993)<br />
(KX3)<br />
L. leucocephala K636 10 3 23 2.0 3.8 Bergeau, Cayes<br />
(1991-1993)<br />
L. salvadorensis 10 23 0.1 0.2 Bergeau, Cayes<br />
(1991-1993)<br />
L. shannonii 10 3 23 0.7 1.5 Bergeau, Cayes<br />
(1991-1993)<br />
L. diversifolia K156 10 3 24 0.9 1.2 Ft. Jacques<br />
(1991-1993)<br />
L. diversifolia x L. 10 3 24 1.1 1.7 Ft. Jacques<br />
leucocephala hybrid (1991-1993)<br />
(KX3)<br />
L. leucocephala K636 10 3 24 0.8 1.7 Ft. Jacques<br />
(1991-1993)<br />
L. diversifolia K156 10 2 23 0.2 0.3 St. Georges<br />
(1991-1993)<br />
L. diversifolia x L. 10 2 23 0.6 0.8 St. Georges<br />
leucocephala hybrid (1991-1993)<br />
(KX3)<br />
L. leucocephala K636 10 2 23 0.8 1.6 St. Georges<br />
(1991-1993)<br />
L. salvadorensis 10 2 23 0.3 0.5 St. Georges<br />
(1991-1993)<br />
L. shannonii 10 2 23 0.1 0.2 St. Georges<br />
(1991-1993)<br />
source of giant leucaena was brought to <strong>Haiti</strong>. A seed lot from Choluteca, Honduras,<br />
OFI 19/81, was established at 5 locations in the country as part of the OFI dry zone<br />
species trials. Also included in the trials was the introduction of 2 new Leucaena<br />
species: L. shannonii subsp. shannonii and L. collinsii subsp. zacapana. Neither species<br />
outperformed the survival and height growth ofL. leucocephala subsp. glabrata, though<br />
local farmers soon noted the difference in wood qualities and seed production.<br />
In 1988, International Resources Group introduced K636, K605, and K584, along<br />
with the interspecific hybrid KX3, a cross between L. diversifolia subspecies diversifolia<br />
and L. leucocephala. These were established in seed-production stands and isolated<br />
varietal blocks throughout sites in <strong>Haiti</strong>, from sea level to 1500 m (Fig. 15.11). The<br />
stands were culled of individuals exhibiting early flowering and inferior form charac-
130 Lisina... Delen<br />
Figure 15.11 L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata x L. diversifotia hybrid (KX3) stand managed<br />
for seed production in the Cul-de-Sac Plain.<br />
teristics. Hybrid stands generally were culled of individuals exhibiting strong characteristics<br />
ofthe K8 pollen parent, favoring the K156 seed parent and its tolerance ofhigher<br />
elevations.<br />
Despite L. leucocephala subsp. glabrata's known self-compatibility, gene exchange<br />
with the local subspecies is possible and could playa role in the development of genotypes<br />
less desirable than the giant variety (Zarate, 1987). Natural outcrossing of L. leucocephala<br />
subsp. glabrata, as the pollen parent, with L. diversifotia subsp. diversifolia<br />
is common where the two species co-exist, and produces progeny with a variable range<br />
of traits common to uncontrolled crosses.<br />
In 1991, several new species of Leucaena from the OFI collections in Central<br />
America, were introduced in both high- (> 1200 m) and low-elevation sites. These<br />
included additional L. diversifolia subsp. diversifotia seed lots to broaden the K156<br />
genetic base for high-elevation areas, L. esculenta subsp. esculenta, L. esculenta subsp.<br />
paniculata, L. lanceolata, L. macrophylla subsp. nelsonii, L. pulverulenta, and L. salvadorensis.<br />
The military coup of 1991 forced suspension of continued germplasm<br />
improvement activities, with most of the new species requiring re-introduction.
Lisina...Delen 131<br />
There is continued need to assess the progeny from the K636 and KX3 seed production<br />
stands for levels ofpod production, segregation, and outcrossing rates, as these<br />
varieties are tested across sites in hedgerows and as single-stemmed trees. Decline in<br />
hybrid vigor of the KX3 and the genetic maintenance of pure L. leucocephala subsp.<br />
glabrata in close proximity with other Leucaena species and subspecies is the challenge<br />
of future germplasm improvement activities. A wider genetic base at both the species<br />
and subspecies levels is also necessary to secure the future ofthe species and ofthe people<br />
who have come to depend on the tree. In addition to the germplasm that is already<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong>, it is wise to continue importing new diversity for specific end-purposes.
Figure 16.1 This 26-year-old specimen at the Ministry ofAgriculture is among the oldest<br />
A. indica in <strong>Haiti</strong>, brought to the country from Senegal, W. Africa in 1967. 1nset<br />
Ellipsoidal drupes of A. indica.
16 Nim<br />
Species: Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.<br />
Synonyms: Antelaea azadirachta (L.) Adelbert, Melia azadirachta L., Melia indica<br />
(Adr. Juss.) Brandis<br />
Family: Meliaceae<br />
Common Names: neem (nim), neeb, nimba<br />
Importance: A. indica is the model of a multi-purpose tree species, providing an<br />
important mix of goods and services that benefit <strong>Haiti</strong>an farmers. The fruit is a source<br />
both of insecticides and fertilizer that keep vulnerable food crops healthy, while con- .<br />
tributing to the diet of <strong>Haiti</strong>'s wild fauna that disperse the seed. A significant amount<br />
of oil that is contained in the kernel can be utilized in a range ofproducts from cooking<br />
oil to soaps and lubricants. Its quick growth and abundant natural regeneration ensure<br />
a supply of fuelwood, construction wood and shade. The tree can be invasive and must<br />
be managed to protect the natural regeneration ofnative tree species.<br />
Taxonomy and Botanical Features:. A. indica is a member of the mahogany family,<br />
comprising many of the most important wood species in <strong>Haiti</strong>: Swietenia mahagoni<br />
(kajou peyi), S. macrophylla (kajou etranje), Trichilia hirta (monben bata), Guarea<br />
guidonia (bwa wouj) and Cedrela odorata (sed). The species is considered by some<br />
botanists to be comprised of two varieties. A. indica var. indica is the common variety<br />
from India that has been introduced as an exotic throughout the tropics. A. indica var.<br />
siamensis has bigger leaves and a smoother leaf margin with two races that- are distinguished<br />
by a red and green top shoot (Bhumibhamon, 1987). The fruit is an ellipsoidal<br />
drupe, up to 2 cm long, that turns from light green to yellow (Fig. 16.1 inset). The sweet<br />
mucilaginous pulp surrounds a seed that is composed of a shell and a light green kernel.<br />
The small, white, bisexual flowers ofA. indica are arranged in axillary clusters and<br />
have a honey-like scent that attracts bees (Fig. 16.2).<br />
A closely-related species, Melia azedarach L., locally known as lila, also occurs in<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong> and is distinguished from A. indica by the slighter stem, less dense canopy, light<br />
lavender flowers, and sparser fruit clusters with spherical drupes, 1 cm in diameter.<br />
Distribution and Ecology: A. indica is believed to be indigenous to India, Java and the<br />
lesser Sunda Islands-(Burkill, 1966). It spread throughout the drier tropical regions of<br />
Africa and into the Caribbean as early as the latter part ofthe nineteenth century (Pliske,<br />
1984). Neem was introduced to <strong>Haiti</strong> in 1967 from seed believed to have originated in<br />
Senegal. Trees originating from this narrow genetic base still can be found at several<br />
locations, including the Faculte d'Agronomie et Medecine Veterinaire (Damien) and<br />
Place St. Anne in Port-au-Prince. The species spread quickly after being planted along<br />
the national highways to the north and south of<strong>Haiti</strong> during the mid-1970s. As a major<br />
species ofthe USAID agroforestry projects (1981-1991), neem has been distributed to<br />
nearly every part of <strong>Haiti</strong>. The Operation Double Harvest (ODH) nursery at Cazeau<br />
distributed more than 1.4 million seedlings between 1981 and 1986. The distribution<br />
included the planting of 0.3 million seedlings on 10 plantations in the Cul-de-Sac<br />
(Timyan, 1987). Additional provenances of A. indica were introduced to <strong>Haiti</strong> from<br />
Burma in 1984, India in 1986, and Africa in 1991, by the corribined efforts of USAID,<br />
133
134 Him<br />
ODH, and Agridyne, Inc. In 1984, neem was shipped to the Dominican Republic from<br />
seed collected in <strong>Haiti</strong> and was planted at the lnstituto Superior de Agricultura,<br />
Santiago, under the auspices of the National Energy Policy Commission (Knudson et<br />
aI., 1988).<br />
Neem performs best between sea level and 600 m elevation with annual rainfall<br />
above 800 mm. Though the species has a reputation for being hardy, wood and fruit production<br />
are marginal on the dry, stony sites that typically are invaded by such thorny<br />
species as Acacia tortuosa. Neem is not as salt tolerant as Prosopis juliflora and failed<br />
when planted on the salty, poorly-drained land (pH = 9.0) between Thomazeau and<br />
Croix-des-Bouquets by ODH in 1981. It exhibits chlorosis when planted on calcareous<br />
rock and shallow soils commonly found near the coast (Fig. 16.3). Once neem is established,<br />
it has a tendency to become weedy and form pure stands, growing thickly under<br />
its own shade and eliminating the natural regeneration of other species. Wild animals,<br />
particularly birds and lizards, are fond of the yellow ripe seed and disperse the species<br />
gradually away from the seed source. Goats, sheep, and cattle do not prefer neem as a<br />
forage and tend to leave it alone except under severe drought pressure when other food<br />
is not available. However, damage is generally extensive under open grazing conditions<br />
because of trampling, breaking of the growing portion of the stem, and soil compaction.<br />
Tree Characteristics: The oldest trees in <strong>Haiti</strong>, aged 26 years, are approximately 20 m<br />
tall with stem diameters that range from 45-75 em. Open-grown, the tree is shortstemmed<br />
with a heavily-branched, dense, and evergreen canopy that fruits abundantly.<br />
Grown under denser conditions, the tree develops a straight, high-forking stem with<br />
negligible fruit production. Fruiting of neem peaks twice during the year, in June and<br />
November, with most of the seed available for harvest between May and July and from<br />
October to December. Mature trees can yield between 30-50 kg of fresh fruit (Ahmed<br />
Figure 16.2 White flowers ofA. indica.
Figure 16.3 Lime-induced chlorosis is common<br />
on calcareous sites near the coast.<br />
Nim US<br />
et aI., 1984) at approximately 4000<br />
seeds kg· l .<br />
The heartwood of mature trees is<br />
reddish brown, though most of the<br />
wood harvested in <strong>Haiti</strong> is closer to<br />
straw color with a tinge of pink. The<br />
grain is interlocked, with a moderately<br />
coarse texture. The wood ranges<br />
from dull to somewhat lustrous, having,<br />
when freshly cut, a slight cedary<br />
smell that fades on drying. Neem<br />
lumber seasons well and becomes stable<br />
with varying atmospheric conditions.<br />
It works well and produces a<br />
smooth finish, though it has a tendency<br />
to split when nailed. Neem is rated<br />
as durable to moderately durable<br />
(Chudnoff, 1984; UKFPRL, 1968).<br />
Neem poles have a reputation of not<br />
being attacked quickly by borers and<br />
they sell well in the Port-au-Prince<br />
market (Welle et a!., 1985). About<br />
60% of the total tree weight can be<br />
used for charcoal or poles (Ehrlich,<br />
1985). Wood density is moderate (sp.<br />
gr. 0.52-0.65) with an energy equivalent<br />
of 16.92 megajoules kg'l at 14%<br />
moisture content.<br />
Utilization: In <strong>Haiti</strong>, neem has been planted primarily for its quick yield of wood and<br />
deep shade. Trees generally are planted along field boundaries, serving as both a boundary<br />
marker and a windbreak (Fig. 16.4). The tree pollards well and is managed on a lopping<br />
cycle that coincides with the light and moisture needs of the understory crops.<br />
Stems are utilized as roundwood for house construction. The ODH plantations in the<br />
Cul-de-Sac plain were managed for a mixture of fuelwood, charcoal and poles in an<br />
attempt to commercialize wood production. Stands located on more fertile sites at<br />
Cazeau and Bon Repos were managed for fuelwood and lumber. Consumer preference<br />
tests conducted in Port-au-Prince showed that neem charcoal was considered inferior to<br />
charcoal made of Casuarina equisetifolia, Prosopisjuliflora and Acacia spp., superior<br />
to Leucaena Leucocephala and Senna siamea and no different from Eucalyptus camalduLensis<br />
and Albizia lebbeck (Grosenick, 1986a).<br />
Despite its recent introduction to <strong>Haiti</strong>, neem is being utilized as a febrifuge. In the<br />
La Chapelle area, neem ranks fifth among plant species as a source of leaf decoctions<br />
for fever (Rouzier, 1990). It is recognized in other countries for its fungicidal, antibacterial<br />
and antiviral properties (NRC, 1992).
136 Nim<br />
Figure 16.4 A. indica is planted typically along the boundary of land devoted to annual<br />
food crops. It has a tendency to gradually invade on moist sites.<br />
Utilization of neem as a natural source of insecticide has increased gradually over<br />
the past decade. In 1981, early experiments on La Gonave were conducted by applying<br />
crushed seed into vegetable pots planted with cabbage, cucumber and tomatoes.<br />
Increased vigor and protection against major pests was observed (Welle et aI., 1985). It<br />
was also noted that tilapia fry were killed by neem seed dropping into an outdoor fish<br />
tank. Neem has been used as an alternative to Chlordane in nurseries by CARE and<br />
PADF throughout <strong>Haiti</strong> (Josiah, 1989) and on an agri-business scale by ODH in the Culde-Sac<br />
(Fig. 16.5a-d). The active ingredients extracted from the seed kernel, primarily<br />
azadirachtin, are responsible for disrupting the metamorphosis of insects and act as a<br />
feeding deterrent. The biochemicals are systemic, being taken up by the host plant<br />
(NRC, 1992).<br />
The cake of the oil seeds is used as fertilizer and the aromatic leaves are reported<br />
to be used as fodder in India. The proximate analysis of A. indica is shown in Table<br />
16.1.<br />
Propagation: The propagation of neem in <strong>Haiti</strong> has been largely from seed sown in<br />
rigid container systems such as the Rootrainer and the Winstrip. Fresh seed does not<br />
require pre-treatment when sown within a couple of weeks from harvest. As in other<br />
species of the Meliaceae, looping of the hypocotyl is a problem, affecting up to 7% of<br />
emergents in Winstrips, with deformed root systems and poor vigor (Larson et a!.,<br />
1985). These emergents are replaced by transplanting pre-germinated seed or by proportionally<br />
increasing the sowing rate and selecting out the deformed seedlings. Most<br />
common nursery disease problems include: leaf spot caused by Cercospora, perhaps C.
Nim 137<br />
Figure 16.5 a) Pulverized neem kernel for wet pesticide application. b) Applying wet<br />
neem seed solution to tomato seedlings. c) Pulverized neem kernel for dry pesticide<br />
application. d) Applying dry neem seed to papaya.
138 Nim<br />
Table 16.1 Proximate analysis (% dry weight) of A. indica, after Gohl(1975).<br />
COMPONENT CRUDE CRUDE CRUDE CARBO- ASH Ca P<br />
PROTEIN FIBER FAT HYDRATES<br />
Fresh leaves (India) 15.4 12.7 4.2 56.5 11.2 2.65 0.24<br />
Fresh leaves (Pakistan) 13.4 14.7 6.2 55.5 10.3 1.94 0.17<br />
leucostica or C. meliae (Tourigny, 1987), under humid or poorly-ventilated conditions;<br />
a "carrot top" foliar disease ofuncertain cause; and leaf chlorosis caused by using potting<br />
medium contaminated with nematodes (Josiah, 1989; Runion et aI., 1990).<br />
Seedlings normally require 14 weeks in a Rootrainer or Winstrip prior to outplanting,<br />
with the initial 4 weeks under shade and the last 4 weeks reserved for hardening off.<br />
There are several alternative propagation methods that are less costly and simpler<br />
than the containerized seedling. The two methods that are the most practical for neem<br />
is stump propagation and the transplanting ofvolunteers from beneath selected mother<br />
trees. Stumps are prepared by raising seedlings directly in a raised bed and pruning both<br />
stem and roots prior to outplant. Reid (1991) .showed· no differences in survival or<br />
growth between stumps and containerized seedlings at 2 sites in <strong>Haiti</strong> following a year<br />
of growth. Volunteers are lifted from beneath selected mother trees and transplanted<br />
during the rains. A portion of the lifted seedlings are rejected because of natural root<br />
deformities associated with looping and poor vigor. One study revealed that up to 22%<br />
of the volunteers had root deformities, while 39% had excellent taproot formation<br />
(Larson et aI., 1985). While transplanting volunteers increases mortality rates and poorer<br />
root development, the trade-off has to be measured in terms of the economics and<br />
practicality'ofmanaging a containerized nursery under typical <strong>Haiti</strong>an farm conditions.<br />
Seed Handling: One of the most serious limitations in artificial propagation is the<br />
problem ofseed longevity and adequate germination procedures to test seed viability.<br />
Howeve.r, neem seed may be stored successfully up to 4 months if the seed is dried<br />
immediately following harvest in the sun for 3 days and stored in cotton bags at 15° C<br />
at reduced levels ofhumidity (Chaisurisri, 1986). Seed can be stored for longer periods<br />
of time if moisture content is lowered to 6.6-7.3% (dry weight basis) and stored continuously<br />
in sealed containers at 4°C. Furthermore, dormancy factors associated with<br />
the seed hull must be overcome to maximize germination capacity. Removal ofthe seed<br />
coat has shown a 10-fold increase in germination ofstored seed in <strong>Haiti</strong> (Timyan, 1991).<br />
Similar results were shown for 2 seed lots from Africa: 2-year-old seed germinated 24%<br />
compared to 62% with the endocarp removed, while 8 1h-year-old seed exhibited differences<br />
of 20% and 70% (Bellefontaine and Audinet, 1993).<br />
Azadirachtin Levels: Azadirachtin levels in neem seed were analyzed for tree andseed<br />
maturity effects in 1989 (Timyan and Walter, 1990). This study was initiated based on<br />
reports from W.R. Grace & Co. that certain seed lots from Africa tested 2- to 10-fold<br />
higher than seed lots from <strong>Haiti</strong>. It was suspected that both genetic and environmental<br />
effects contributed to this difference. No differences were detected between 3 levels of<br />
seed maturity, ranging from green seed on the tree and fallen seed on the ground.<br />
However, differences were detected among trees, sites, and seed collected during different<br />
seasons. There is reason to believe that even with the narrow genetic base that is
Him 139<br />
present in <strong>Haiti</strong>, genetic improvement can be made on azadirachtin levels in neem.<br />
Azadirachtin levels ranged from 2.40-3.50 mg per dry gram seed kernel.<br />
Silviculture: ODH experimented with the direct seeding ofneem and failed primarily<br />
because the neem germinated too slowly and rotted in the field (Welle et aI., 1985).<br />
Fruits, dried seed, and pre-soaked seed were tested. The latter had a germination rate of<br />
25%, but failed to establish as seedlings. However, the transplanting oftop-pruned volunteers<br />
planted during the same period exhibited 60% survival after a month ofonly 10<br />
mm ofrainfall. Reid (1991) measured a 4% survival ofdirect-seeded neem after 1 year<br />
at Cazeau.<br />
Container and potting mix trials have shown mixed results in survival and early<br />
height growth (Dupuis, 1986a; Reid, 1991). However, these studies have never been<br />
continued be<strong>yo</strong>nd 2 years and should be considered with caution as to the real impact<br />
that nursery treatments have on longer term field productivity.<br />
Neem appears to be weed sensitive during the first year that the seedling is developing<br />
a root system. Stunting ofthe tree has been observed by several foresters at trials<br />
that were neglected, particularly under droughty site conditions. Subsequent weeding of<br />
the trials generally does not exert a positive height-growth response.<br />
The only pests that have been observed to attack mature trees are the stem borer<br />
Apate monachus and a carpenter bee (Hymenoptera: Xylocopinae). A. monachus penetrates<br />
deeply into the branches, forming galleries that retard growth and make the<br />
branches susceptible to wind breakage (Knudson et aI., 1988). This same pest is known<br />
to attack Casuarina equisetifolia, Swietenia mahagoni, S. macrophylla, and Melia<br />
azedarach (CATIE, 1992). The carpenter bee attacks in a similar fashion, boring into<br />
apical stems, and forming galleries that weaken the tree. It is likely that these pests are<br />
only a problem when neem is under drought stress, since the observations were reported<br />
in the drier regions of <strong>Haiti</strong> and the Dominican Republic.<br />
Double rows of neem alternating with a single row ofL. leucocephala developed<br />
more vigorously with less stem fluting, higher forking, and less canopy volume than<br />
pure stands ofA. indica at an equivalent spacing and age. The use ofL. leucocephala as<br />
a nurse crop maximizes the potential ofneem as a source ofpoles and lumber, always<br />
of a higher value than fuelwood or charcoal in the urban area.<br />
Pure stands ofneem at stocking densities ranging from 2000-2500 stems ha- 1 consistently<br />
have yielded poor seed harvests, with any significant production occurring at<br />
the stand edge. A neem stand, established in 1991 near Croix-des-Bouqets, produced<br />
seed within 2 years at a density of 800 stems ha- 1 • This appears to be the optimal density<br />
to maximize fruit yields.<br />
Biomass and Volume Studies: Equations developed to estimate various components of<br />
A. indica have been completed over the past decade. The first study was conducted to<br />
estimate fuelwood volume based on stem diameters. This was done in 1983 on a 2-yearold<br />
stand near Bon Repos (Timyan, 1983). Ehrlich (1985) conducted a biomass study<br />
from a 4-year-old stand at Thomazeau and included pole volume tables. A third study<br />
was completed in 1986 for a coppice stand and regression equations were analyzed to<br />
estimate fuelwood and pole biomass separately (Timyan, 1987). The volume and biomass<br />
equations from these studies are provided in Table 16.2. Because ofthe difference
142 Nim<br />
Figure 16.8 Widely-spaced double rows of A. indica are necessary for adequate fruiting<br />
in this genetic trial.<br />
amounts of seeds during the time that neem seedlings were being mass distributed<br />
throughout <strong>Haiti</strong>. However, a significant step was made in 1990 with the importation of<br />
a West African and Caribbean collection made by Agridyne, Inc. (Salt Lake City, UT).<br />
These seed lots were established in a 1991 genetic test designed to evaluate differences<br />
in survival, growth, seed yield, and azadirachtin concentration over a period of 5 years.<br />
The results after 2 years are encouraging, though differences in height growth have only<br />
been detected between the top seed lot from Niger (4.8 m) and the slowest-growing seed<br />
lot from Puerto Rico (3.6 m). There were no differences in survival. Several of the neem<br />
have flowered and fruited, indicating that the trial may yield seed of sufficient quantities<br />
for early azadriachtin assays (Fig. 16.8).<br />
The Neem Vision: Continued research must be directed toward enlarging and improving<br />
the genetic base of neem in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Currently, only a narrow genetic base is available<br />
for wide-scale management of neem seed production. Every effort must be made to<br />
keep abreast ofprogress being made to conduct provenance-wide collections ofA. indica.<br />
The use ofsterilized seedlings grown in the source country and packed in moist peat<br />
moss should be investigated as an alternative to seed for shipment of germplasm to<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Currently, neem is being harvested from unimproved trees growing as windbreaks,<br />
shade and roadside plantings. Silvicultural research must continue to study the optimal<br />
conditions for fruit production. The relationship between tree density (trees ha· l ) and<br />
azadirachtin yield (kg ha ol ) must be determined for various site conditions if neem is to<br />
be managed economically for the pesticide industry. An operational method already has
Him 14i<br />
been developed by ODH for the primary separation of neem oil and azadirachtin.<br />
Though the neem oil is being used as a pesticidal spray against fungal diseases, it may<br />
have a greater return on investment as a base for the local production ofsoap. In-country<br />
demand for azadirachtin may compete for prices paid by importers in North<br />
America. All of these factors must be considered in the future to realize the extraordinary<br />
potential ofneem in <strong>Haiti</strong>.
Figure 17.1 G. sepium is a popular live-fence species in regions of southern <strong>Haiti</strong>, as<br />
shown here near Fond-des-Negres.
17 Pi<strong>yo</strong>n<br />
Species: Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.<br />
Family: Fabaccae (=Leguminosae) Subfamily - Lotoideae (Faboideae, Papilionoideae)<br />
Synonyms: Cliricidia lambii, G. sepium (Jacq.) Steud., Lonchocarpus sepium, Robinia<br />
maculala HBK., R. sepium Jacq.<br />
Common Names: H - pinon (pi<strong>yo</strong>n, pi<strong>yo</strong>ng), IiI as etranger (lila etranje), immortelle<br />
(mOlel); DR - almacigo extranjero, palo de parque, pinon de Cuba, pinon cubano, varita<br />
de San Jose; C, DR - pinon amoroso; C - acacia, amor y celos, bien vestida, desnudo<br />
florecido, floresco, pinon florido; J - quick stick, St. Vincent plum; PR - madre de<br />
cacao, mata raton, mother-of-cocao<br />
Importance: G. sepium is one of the easiest nitrogen-fixing trees to establish by stem<br />
cuttings, making it a valuable live fence species to protect property. Grown as a tree, it<br />
serves as shade for perennial crops and is easily lopped as a source of fuelwood, forage<br />
and green manure. Larger stems are a source of rough lumber. Anywhere soil stabilization<br />
is required, the living fence technology can be employed in alley cropping or in<br />
gully plug arrangements. The species improves the soil. Ease in propagation, fast<br />
growth and low risk of being invasive offer an easily-managed component for agroforestry<br />
systems.<br />
Taxonomy and Botanical Features: The generic name Gliricidia refers to "mouse<br />
killer" in Latin (Barrett, 1956) and the species epithet is named from the Latin saepes<br />
meaning "hedge." There are at least 3 species in the genera that are native to Central<br />
America, though confusion has surrounded the taxonomy of the species. G. maculala,<br />
a closely related species, is distinguished by its white flower and different leaf morphology,<br />
although some botanists consider it synonymous with G. sepium (Hughes,<br />
1987).<br />
Pi<strong>yo</strong>n is one ofthe popular names used for this species ir; <strong>Haiti</strong>, most likely derived<br />
from the Dominican common name,piiion cubano (Liogier, 1974). G. sepium is a multistemmed<br />
tree, often with spindly branches forming a loose crown (Fig 17.2). The alternate<br />
leaves are recognized<br />
by 7-9 pairs of<br />
elliptic leaflets 2-7 em<br />
long. Flowers range<br />
from pink to lavender<br />
and are arranged in a<br />
short, erect inflorescence<br />
usually preceding<br />
the leaves. The<br />
dehiscent pods turn<br />
from greenish yellow to<br />
brown and explode<br />
Figure 17.2 G sepium is a light seeder in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
when mature. Each pod<br />
contains 5-6 seeds and<br />
twists into spirals after<br />
shedding the seed.<br />
145
146 Pi<strong>yo</strong>n<br />
Distribution and Ecology: G. sepium is a native ofCentral America and Mexico, ranging<br />
as far south as the northern portion of South America. The species may have been<br />
introduced into the Caribbean by the Spanish during the last century for cacao shade<br />
and as a living fence (Ford, 1987). The species seems to have been established in Cuba<br />
before spreading to Hispaniola and Puerto Rico (Liogier, 1974). The distribution ofthe<br />
species is very scattered in <strong>Haiti</strong>, tending to occur in pockets along the major trade<br />
routes, particularly in the lower elevations of the coffee-growing regions. Here it thrives<br />
best in moist-to-humid forest conditions with rainfall greater than 1000 mm and elevations<br />
below 600 m. The most conspicuous concentration of the species is in the Fondsdes-Negres<br />
area spreading toward l:Asile in southern <strong>Haiti</strong>, where is found the best<br />
example ofits use as a live fence. In other regions of <strong>Haiti</strong>, the species usually is mixed<br />
with other live fence species or occurs as a single tree near residences. G. sepium is<br />
rarely found along the dry coastal regions, the thorn scrub areas on the leeward side of<br />
mountains or mountain elevations above 800 m.<br />
Since the early 1980s,<br />
many provenances of Gliricidia<br />
sepium have been distributed<br />
throughout <strong>Haiti</strong> by<br />
various natural resource management<br />
projects, by both the<br />
Ministry of Agriculture and<br />
non-governmental organizations<br />
involved in soil conservation,<br />
forestry and agroforestry<br />
strategies with<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>an farming communities.<br />
In due time, it is expected<br />
to be more widespread and<br />
more common as farmers<br />
become familiar with utilizing<br />
the species and thus have<br />
easy access to planting material.<br />
Tree Characteristics: In its<br />
natural form, the tree is lowforked<br />
and multiple<br />
stemmed, rarely reaching<br />
heights above 12 meters.<br />
Occasionally, trees with<br />
stem diameters up to 40 em<br />
can be found (Fig. 17.3).<br />
Most of the forms of juvenile<br />
trees are pruned as a<br />
Figure 17.3 Large trunk of G. sepium near petionville. result of being incorporated
148 Pi<strong>yo</strong>n<br />
Figure 17.4 G. sepium cuttings exhibit significant<br />
differences in rooting and vigor at both individual<br />
and provenance levels.<br />
Figure 17.5 Propagation methods have a significant<br />
effect on establishing G. sepium. Rooted cuttings<br />
(right) is superior to seedlings sown from<br />
seed (left) in both survival and early growth.<br />
Propagation: Propagation by<br />
stem and branch cuttings is the<br />
method preferred by <strong>Haiti</strong>an<br />
farmers to establish the species.<br />
Normally, cuttings are harvested<br />
at the beginning of the rains and<br />
are cut in lengths 1-2 m to facilitate<br />
establishing a living fence.<br />
They usually are planted as soon<br />
as possible, because the cuttings<br />
mold easily and begin to rot.<br />
Smaller stock, about 20 em long,<br />
are rooted in polythene bags to<br />
establish clonal seed orchards.<br />
The ends are cut parallel at a 45degree<br />
angle to increase the rooting<br />
surface below the soil and to<br />
keep water from penetrating the<br />
pith of the stem from the top.<br />
Notable differences in rooting<br />
and vigor have been observed<br />
among provenances and individual<br />
selections within provenances<br />
(Fig. 17.4). Propagation<br />
methods appear to have a significant<br />
effect on the early surivival<br />
and growth rate of outplanted<br />
seedlings (Fig. 17.S), with rooted<br />
cuttings being supenor to<br />
seedlings started from seed.<br />
The tree can be direct seeded,<br />
though seed is scarcely available<br />
in large enough quantities for<br />
this method to be efficient on a<br />
large scale. Seedlings propagated<br />
from seed do not pose any<br />
problems. Seed prepared for<br />
mass propagation is immersed in<br />
hot water and left to soak for a<br />
couple of days prior to sowing.<br />
About 10 weeks are required to<br />
raise seedlings in containers such<br />
as the Rootrainer or Winstrip,<br />
with the initial 3 weeks under<br />
shade and the final 4 weeks hardening<br />
off. No major insect or dis-
Pi<strong>yo</strong>n 149<br />
Table 17.2 Equations used to estimate biomass components (dry weight) of G. sepium in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
COMPONENT REGRESSION EQUATIONI R 2 d RANGE SITE<br />
(em)<br />
Total aboveground biomass<br />
Usable wood weight<br />
Usable wood weight<br />
0.085Ld;<br />
0.079Ld;<br />
0.021hLd;<br />
(cross-site regression)<br />
0.98<br />
0.98<br />
0.96<br />
1.8 - 8.1<br />
1.8 - 8.1<br />
1.8 - 15.3<br />
Nan Marron<br />
Nan Marron<br />
10 world-wide sites<br />
wi 1 in <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
I d =Stem diameter measured at 0.3 m above ground level, in em. h =Total tree height, in m. n = Number of stems at<br />
0.3 m above ground<br />
ease problems have been associated with this species in <strong>Haiti</strong>an nurseries.<br />
Biomass Studies: Equations to estimate the yield oftotal and wood biomass of G. sepium<br />
are provided in Table 17.2. The study was conducted in 1990 at Nan Marron in<br />
northwest <strong>Haiti</strong>. These equations allow one to estimate the amount of total and wood<br />
weights, in dry kilograms, based on stem measurements. Stewart et al. (1992) published<br />
a cross-site equation to estimate wood yield forthe species based in part on data collected<br />
from the Nan Marron site.<br />
Growth Performance: G. sepium was established in several species trials during the<br />
1980s. The species has exhibited very mixed results, failing or showing poor growth on<br />
most ofthe sites (Table 17.3). Height growth is inferior to most ofthe tree species con::'<br />
sidered for timber, hardly achieving annual height increments of 1 m yr-l (Fig. 17.6).<br />
Reasons for this performance are not easily understood, except that the species does not<br />
appear as drought hardy as one would expect from reading the literature. Furthermore,<br />
factors such as stock quality and genetic source ofthe seed seem to have been underestimated<br />
as they influence the productivity of G. sepium greatly. Significant differences<br />
between the survival and early growth ofseedling stock compared with rooted cuttings<br />
were observed at Lapila (Fig. 17.4). Whereas, rooted cuttings exhibited an average 85%<br />
survival rate and 2.5 m height growth in 18 months, seedlings averaged 40% survival<br />
and grew to only 1.5 m. Since much of the seed is imported from Central American<br />
Table 17.3 Site and growth parameters of G. sepium trials in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
SITE ELEVATION ANNUAL AGE SURVIVAL HEIGHT d 2 DRY WOOD<br />
(m) RAINFALL (yr) (%) M.A.I. l M.A.I. YIELD<br />
(nun) (m) (em) (kg tree· l )<br />
Lapila 350 1145 1.6 85 1.6<br />
Paillant 600 1300 2.0 22 0.2<br />
Cabaret 80 900 2.0 38 0.4 0.7 0.2<br />
Jean Rabel 107 1045 2.9 23 0.6 1.1 0.8<br />
Marmont 280 1450 3.0 72 1.4 1.5 3 1.7<br />
Cabaret 80 900 3.3 52 0.5<br />
MareGrand Bois 20 1200 3.3 12 0.4 0.9 '0.2<br />
Fond-des-Blancs 250 1335 4.0 49 0.6 0.8 0.4<br />
Papaye 250 1450 4.4 40 1.0 1.0 1.8<br />
Nan Marron 450 600 4.8 96 0.7 1.0 1.5<br />
I M.A.I. =Mean annual increment. 2 d =Stem diameter measured at 0.3 m above ground level, in em. 3Stem diameter at<br />
1.3 ill above ground level, in em.
PART II<br />
TECHNICAL NOTES<br />
PREVIOUS PAGE BLANK
18 Pests and Diseases<br />
Damaging agents, such as pests and diseases, reduce the productivity of <strong>Haiti</strong>an<br />
trees and cause considerable economic loss. However, very little has been reported on<br />
the nature of tree pests and diseases in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Much of this lack has to do with the fact<br />
that basic scientific research nearly has ceased in the country during recent decades.<br />
For example, the only entomological work specific to <strong>Haiti</strong> is a dated treatment by<br />
Wolcott (1927). Recent investigations of the pests and diseases that attack <strong>yo</strong>ung<br />
seedlings in the artificial environments of tree nurseries (Tourigny, 1987; Runion et al.,<br />
1990; Josiah, 1990; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991) are by design quick and superficial.<br />
The rapid reconnaissance work of consultants cannot possibly keep up with the longterm<br />
evolution of tree pests and diseases. Such studies, requiring institutional commitments,<br />
expertise and funding, fall hopelessly low on the national and international agendas<br />
of governmental and development agencies operating in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Aside from a few of<br />
the commercially important non-native species, the information we have about the pests<br />
and diseases of <strong>Haiti</strong>an trees is seriously inadequate.<br />
Given the scarcity of data specific to <strong>Haiti</strong>, a preliminary investigation of the literature<br />
was conducted to summarize the most important pests and diseases known to<br />
attack tree species found in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Even if a particular pest or disease never has been<br />
confirmed in the country, its spread to <strong>Haiti</strong> must always be considered possible.<br />
Biological factors such as these have little respect for political boundaries.<br />
Furthermore, as stresses to the island's ecosystems increase and the genetic erosion of<br />
tree populations continues unabated, the situation becomes of greater concern.<br />
The following information is arranged in alphabetical order by species. For each<br />
species or genus, a summary ofthe pests and diseases are listed, followed in many cases<br />
by a brief description of the type of damage or attack symptoms and the location(s) in<br />
which the observations were made. No attempt has been made to include control measures,<br />
though these occasionally can be found in the cited literature.<br />
Species: Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.<br />
Creole Names: akasya, zakasya<br />
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Insect Pests: Seedlings are vulnerable to crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) that clip the<br />
stems or defoliate in the nursery.<br />
Other Pests: Rabbits severely damage seedlings in Florida. Birds, attracted to the<br />
bright orange aril, consume and disperse the seed in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Diseases: Notable fungal diseases attacking nursery seedlings in <strong>Haiti</strong> include leaf spot<br />
(Pestalotia), powdery mildew (Oidium), and damping off (Fusarium and Rhizoctonia).<br />
References: Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Morton, 1983; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny, 1987.<br />
Species: Acaciafarnesiana (L.) Willd.<br />
Creole Name: zakasya jon<br />
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Insect Pests: The twig girdler (Oncideres pustulatus LeConte) attacks the tree in southern<br />
Texas. Bruchid beetles (e.g., Caryedon gonagra Fabricius) infest seeds and pods in<br />
Puerto Rico and India. The pomegranate butterfly (Virachola livia Klug) attacks green<br />
pods in Egypt.<br />
PREViOUS PAGE BLANK 1SS
158 Pests and Diseases<br />
trunk and roots, causing gum leakage and eventually killing the tree. Thrips damage<br />
leaves and include: Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard in the West Indies; and Idolothrips<br />
halidaji Newm., and Phloeothrips anacardii Newm. in India. The leaf miner<br />
(Acrocercops syngramma M.) attacks <strong>yo</strong>ung plants. The tea mosquito (Helopeltis<br />
antonii S.) attacks the shoot tips and causes them to dry up and shed nuts prematurely.<br />
The caterpillar (Cricula trifenestrata H.) occasionally infests and defoliates the tree.<br />
The mealy bug (Ferresiana virgata) attacks the inflorescence. An unidentified mite<br />
infests the tree in <strong>Haiti</strong>, yellowing the leaves, and causing a severe reduction in nut<br />
yield. Other pests include leaf webbers, flea beetles, spider mites, and scales. Fruit flies<br />
sometimes attack the cashew apple.<br />
Other Pests: Nematode species of the genera Criconemoides, Scutellonema, and<br />
Xiphinema are prevalent in Brazil.<br />
Diseases: Cashew anthracnose is caused by a fungus (Glomerella cingulata) and is<br />
characterized by the destruction of flower sets, resulting in little or no fruit production.<br />
Pink disease, caused by Gloeosporium spp., results in tip dieback and possibly pitting<br />
of the nut surface. A disease with leaf-blight symptoms occurs on mature trees in <strong>Haiti</strong>,<br />
but may be confused with severe infestations of mites. Powdery mildew attacks <strong>yo</strong>ung<br />
leaves and inflorescences during dry weather. An additional 26 genera of pathogenic<br />
fungi have been reported, none of which is considered to be of economic importance.<br />
References: Duke, 1989; Morton,1961; Tourigny, 1987.<br />
Species: Andira inermis (W. Wright) DC.<br />
Creole Name: bwa palmis<br />
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Insect Pests: Seed weevils (Cleogonus spp.) and fruit flies attack seeds and pods in<br />
Costa Rica. Pinhole borers, powder post beetles, and termites attack the sapwood. Drywood<br />
termites attack the heartwood in tropical America.<br />
Other Pests: Field mice clip the stems of seedlings in Puerto Rico.<br />
Reference: Weaver, 1989.<br />
Species: Annona muricata L.<br />
Creole Name: kowosol<br />
Family: Annonaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Insect pests causing the most damage include Bephata maculicollis,<br />
Ceconota annonella, Talponia backeri, and Thecla ortygnus.<br />
Disease: Fungus damage (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz) is serious in Venezuela<br />
and Puerto Rico. Dieback of an uncertain cause occurs in Hawaii.<br />
Reference: CAB, 1988<br />
Species: Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco<br />
Creole Name: arokariya<br />
Family: Araucariaceae<br />
Insect Pests: The mealybug (Octaspidiotus araucariae) infests the tree in Hawaii and<br />
Puerto Rico. Ericocus araucariae Muskell attacks the tree in Brazil.<br />
Disease: Dieback of an uncertain cause has been reported in its native Norfolk Island.<br />
Reference: Francis, [n.d.]
Pests and Diseases 159<br />
Species: Avicennia germinans (L.) L.<br />
Creole Name: mang nwa<br />
Family: Verbenaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Wood borer (Sphaeroma terebrans Bate) attacks the tree in Florida. A<br />
scale (Icerya seychellarum Westw.) causes defoliation in the Indo-Pacific. Larvae of<br />
Cleora injectaria Walker infest leaves and defoliates in the Indo-Pacific. High intensity<br />
of leaf miner activity has been reported in Puerto Rico. Marine borers (Toredo spp.)<br />
attack wood in Puerto Rico.<br />
Disease: Fungal pathogens (Alternaria alternata and Phytophtora spp.) cause defoliation<br />
and occasionally kill the tree in Australia.<br />
Reference: Jimenez and Lugo, 1985.<br />
Species: Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.<br />
Creole Name: nim<br />
Family: Meliaceae<br />
Insect Pests: A beetle (Apate monachus) attacks both living and dead wood, retarding<br />
growth, deforming trunks, and making them susceptible to wind damage in· Central<br />
America and the Caribbean. A carpenter bee (Hymenoptera: Xylocopinae) penetrates<br />
deep into stems and branches of drought-stressed trees in <strong>Haiti</strong> and makes them prone<br />
to wind damage. Scale insects attack nursery seedlings in <strong>Haiti</strong>, turning leaves yellow<br />
and causing them to fall prematurely. Furthermore, their honeydew secretions attract<br />
ants and the development of sooty molds. Other insect pests include: scale (Aonidiella<br />
orientalis in Africa and Pinnapsis strachni) in Asia, Africa, and Latin America; leaf-cutting<br />
ants (Acromyrmes spp.) in Central and S. America; the tortricid moth (Adoxophes<br />
aurata) in Asia and Papua New Guinea; a tea mosquito (Helopeltis theivora) in S. India;<br />
and the pyralid moth (Hypsipyla spp.) in S. Australia.<br />
Diseases: Fungal diseases attacking nursery seedlings in <strong>Haiti</strong> include leaf spot<br />
(Cercospora leucostica, C. meliae, and Phyllosticta sp.) that forms lesions on the leaf<br />
and also infects stems and petioles; and damping off (Fusarium and Rhizoctonia). A<br />
"carrot top" disease attacks seedlings and deforms leaf development and crown shape<br />
sporadically in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Fungal diseases reported in other parts of the world include root<br />
rot (Ganoderma lucidum), blight (Corticum salmonicolor), and leaf spot (Cercospora<br />
subsessilis). A bacterial blight (Pseudomonas azadirachtae) attacks the tree in India. A<br />
canker disease that discolors the wood has been reported.<br />
References: Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; NRC, 1992; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny,<br />
1987.<br />
Species: Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) EichI.<br />
Creole Name: grigri jon<br />
Family: Combretaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Numerous insects infest and feed on seeds in Puerto Rico. Marine borers<br />
(Toredo spp.) attack the heartwood. Powder post beetles (Lyctus spp.) attack the sapwood<br />
in Puerto Rico.<br />
Other Pests: Rats split the endocarp and eat the seed embr<strong>yo</strong>s in Puerto Rico.<br />
Reference: Weaver, 1991.
160 Pests and Diseases<br />
Species: Bucida buceras L.<br />
Creole Name: bwa grigri<br />
Family: Combretaceae<br />
Insect Pests: An unidentified mite species causes horn-shaped gall in the Caribbean. A<br />
whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus) attacks the tree in Florida. Marine borers (Toredo spp.)<br />
and wet-wood termites (Nasutitermes spp.) attack the wood in Puerto Rico.<br />
Reference: Francis, 1989a.<br />
Species: Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.<br />
Creole Name: gomye<br />
Family: Burseraceae<br />
Insect Pests: Several species of Homoptera feed on leaves and twigs in Puerto Rico.<br />
Ambrosia beetles (Xyleborus spp. and Platypus spp.) attack green logs in Puerto Rico.<br />
Powder post beetles (Lyctus spp.) attack seasoned lumber. Wood borers (Lagochirus<br />
araneiformis L.) feed on live and dead wood in Puerto Rico. Termites (Incisitermes snyderi<br />
Light, Cryptotermes brevis Walker, Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren, and<br />
Neotermes castaneus) attack both live and dead wood in the Caribbean.<br />
Reference: Francis, 1990a.<br />
Species: Byrsonima spicata (Cav.) HBK.<br />
Creole Name: lian towo<br />
Family: Malpighiaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Several species of Coleoptera, Homoptera, and Lepidoptera, including<br />
Megalopye krugii Dewitz, defoliate trees in Puerto Rico. The dry-wood termite<br />
(Cryptotermes brevis Walker) and marine borers (Toredo spp.) attack the wood.<br />
Reference: Francis, 1990b.<br />
Species: Calliandra calothyrsus Meissen<br />
Creole Name: kaliandra<br />
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Insect Pests: A undetermined stem borer, similar to the mahogany shoot borer<br />
(Hypsipyla robusta), attacks the tree in the Philippines.<br />
Reference: Luego, 1989.<br />
Species: Calophyllum calaba L.<br />
Creole Name: damari<br />
Family: Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae)<br />
Insect Pests: Marine borers (Toredo spp.), the dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis<br />
Walker), and the subterranean termites (Heterotermes convexinotatus, H. tennis, and<br />
Nasutitermes corniger) attack the wood in Panama. Neodr<strong>yo</strong>cetes devius attacks the<br />
tree in the Caribbean. An unidentified seed borer has been reported in Puerto Rico.<br />
Thrips cause splotches on leaves and premature defoliation in Puerto Rico.<br />
Diseases: Wilt (Cephalosporium sp.) induces gummosis ofvascular tissue as evidenced<br />
by dry branches in the tree top, followed by chlorotic foliage and death of the tree in<br />
Central America. Thread blight (possibly Corticium stevensii) and a root fungus (possibly<br />
Rosellinia sp.) occur in Trinidad.<br />
References: CATIE, 1992; Weaver, 1990a.
Pests and Diseases 161<br />
Species: Carica papaya L.<br />
Creole Name: papay<br />
Family: Caricaceae<br />
Diseases: A virus related to the cucurbit mosaic and transmitted by the green peach<br />
aphid (Myzus persicae) from cucumbers and watermelons causes a bitter flavor in fruits.<br />
Anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) enters wounds<br />
in ripe fruit. Dieback by an unidentified pathogen attacks crowns and leaves, causing<br />
rot. Stem end rot (Ascochyta caricae) affects <strong>yo</strong>ung fruits, causing premature fruit drop<br />
and attacks mature fruit as black circular spots. Root rot (Phytophtora spp.) results in<br />
wilt and eventual death. The powdery mildew (Oidium spp.) attacks leaves of seedlings<br />
under humid, poorly-ventilated conditions.<br />
References: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970; Tourigny, 1987.<br />
Species: Casuarina equisetifolia L. ex J.R. & G. Forst.<br />
Creole Names: bwa pen, pich pen, kazowina<br />
Family: Casuarinaceae<br />
Insect Pests: A stem borer (Apate monachus) attacks both living and dead wood, retarding<br />
growth, deforming trunks, and making them susceptible to breakage in high winds<br />
in Central America and the Caribbean. A buprestid beetle (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)<br />
feeds on the inner bark and outer wood tissues of the stem and a cossid moth<br />
(Lepidoptera: Cossidae) bores into the stems of trees in the Philippines. The larvae of<br />
an undetermined twig-girdling insect bore into the stem and feed on the stem bark and<br />
cambial tissues in the· Philippines. Long-horned beetles (Neoclytus cordifer and<br />
Chloridafestiva) attack trees in Central America. The stingless bee (Trigonia silvestriana)<br />
wounds trees by cutting bark incisions. Larvae of Bootamomyia infest seed in the<br />
Caribbean. Nymphs of the spittle bug (Clasoptera undulata) suck sap from flowers,<br />
leaves, stems, and soft branches. Other insect pests include: crickets and grasshoppers<br />
(Chondracis rosea, Schistocerca gregaria), a defoliator (Lymantia xylina), and sap<br />
feeders (Icerya spp.). Several species of ants eat the seed, hampering sowing success in<br />
the nursery, and inhibiting natural regeneration of the species worldwide. The species is<br />
vulnerable to crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) that clip seedling stems or defoliate in the<br />
nursery. Twig girdlers attack the tree in southern Florida, cutting off new shoots and<br />
branches, resulting in deformed stems. Major seedling pests in India are the cricket<br />
(Brachytrupes achatinus), a bark-eating caterpillar (Arbela tetronis), a longicorn<br />
(Coelosterna scabrata), and grubs of the rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinocerus).<br />
Diseases: Notable fungal diseases observed among tree nurseries in <strong>Haiti</strong> include: the<br />
powdery mildew (Oidium spp.) that attacks leaves of seedlings under humid, poorlyventilated<br />
conditions; foliar blights (Alternaria, Cercospora, and Phytophtora); and<br />
root rot (Pythium, Phytophtora, and Rhizoctonia). Trees grown in unfavorable conditions<br />
succumb to major root diseases caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum,<br />
Trichosporium vesiculorum, and Rhizoctonia spp., particularly on wet and poorlydrained<br />
sites. The mushroom root rot (Clitocybe tabescens (Scop.) Bres.) causes a high<br />
rate of mortality on sandy soils in S. Florida. Dieback and stem canker caused by<br />
Diplodia natalensis occur in southern Florida and Puerto Rico.<br />
References: Brazza, 1987a; Brazza, 1988a; CATIE, 1992; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991;<br />
Morton, 1980; NFTA 1990; Runion et al., 1990; Tourigny, 1987.
162 Pests and Diseases<br />
Species: Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum. Cours.<br />
Creole Name: chenn<br />
Family: Bignoniaceae ><br />
Insect Pests: Caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) tie leaves together prior to pupation<br />
and defoliate in <strong>Haiti</strong>. A tortoise beetle (Coleoptera: Cassidenae) is a common defoliator<br />
of nursery seedlings and mature trees in <strong>Haiti</strong>. The wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes<br />
spp.) and the dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker) consume dead wood in<br />
Puerto Rico. The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de F.) shrivels <strong>yo</strong>ung leaves,<br />
reduces vigor, and promotes development of black sooty mold in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Aphids are an<br />
occasional problem of nurseries in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Diseases: Notable fungal diseases observed among tree nurseries in <strong>Haiti</strong> include: leaf<br />
spot (Alternaria, Botrytis and Cercospora); anthracnose (Collectotrichum); and an<br />
unidentified aphid-borne virus that causes leaves of <strong>yo</strong>ung seedlings to shrivel with<br />
mosaic-type symptoms.<br />
References: Francis, 1990c; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Runion et aI., 1990;<br />
Tourigny, 1987.<br />
Species: Cecropia peltata L.<br />
Creole Name: twompet<br />
Family: Moraceae<br />
Insect Pests: Larvae of several species (Correbidia terminalis, Gynaecia dirce, Historis<br />
odious, Prepodes spp., and Sylepta salicalis) defoliate the seedling and sapling stages<br />
and cause heavy damage to leaves of mature trees. The cotton aphid (Aphisgossypii)<br />
commonly is observed on leaves of the tree in Puerto Rico.<br />
Other Pests: Vines of Fabaceae, Convolvulaceae and Malpighiaceae strangle saplings<br />
in S. America.<br />
Reference: Silander and Lugo, 1990.<br />
Species: Cedrela odorata L.<br />
Creole Name: sed<br />
Family: Meliaceae<br />
Insect Pests: The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de F.) shrivels <strong>yo</strong>ung leaves,<br />
reduces vigor, and promotes development of black sooty mold in <strong>Haiti</strong>. The mahogany<br />
shoot borer (Hypsipyla grandella Zeller), common throughout the species' natural<br />
range, bores into buds, shoots, and stems, causing death in the apical meristem. Jumping<br />
plant lice (Coelocara ernestii) attack the tree in the Caribbean. The termite (Neotermes<br />
castaneus) attacks both live and dead wood in Central American and the Caribbean.<br />
Beetle damage is a problem on some plantations in Africa.<br />
Other Pests: Snails and slugs cause damage to plantations in Malaysia, Africa, and the<br />
Virgin Islands.<br />
Diseases: Fungal diseases of seedling nurseries in <strong>Haiti</strong> include: leaf spot (Alternaria<br />
and Cercospora), anthracnose, and stem blight (Colletotrichum). An unidentified aphidborne<br />
virus causes leaves of <strong>yo</strong>ung seedlings to shrivel with mosaic-type symptoms in<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>. Dieback of previously healthy 1-2 year old stands is a common phenomenon in<br />
Central America and the Caribbean, characterized by poor crowns going out of leaf at<br />
frequent intervals, dead-looking bark, and dieback from the top.<br />
References: CATIE, 1992; Cintron, 1990; Marshall, 1939; Runion et aI., 1990.
Pests and Diseases 163<br />
Species: Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.<br />
Creole Name: mapou<br />
Family: Bombacaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Defoliators include: Perieallia ricini Fabr., Oiketieus kirbiyi Guilding,<br />
Bueeulatrix spp., Eulepidotis modestula Herrich-Schaeffer, Ephyriades areas Drury,<br />
and Diaprepes abbreviatus L. in Puerto Rico and India. Seed eaters include: Dysdereus<br />
andreae L. and D. bimaeulatus in Puerto Rico. Tree girdlers include: Analeptes trifasciata<br />
Fabr. and Paranaleptes retieulata Thoms in Africa. Other insect pests have been<br />
reported including 9 Coleoptera, 11 Hemiptera, 6 Lepidoptera and 1 Thysanoptera<br />
species around the world.<br />
Other Pests: The tree is a host to parasitic plants (Dendropthoe faleata, Loranthus<br />
spp.).<br />
Diseases: Twenty-eight pathogenic fungi of the following genera have been reported to<br />
attack the tree: Armillaria, Caloneetria, Camillea, Cereospora, Chaetothyrium,<br />
Coniothyrium, Cortieum, Corynespora, Daldinia, Fomes, Glomerella, Phllostieta,<br />
Physalospora, Polyprous, Polystietus, Pyenoporus, Ramularia, Sehizophyllum,<br />
Septoria, Thanatephorus, and Ustulina. The following viruses attack kapok: Cacao<br />
virus lA, Ie, and 1M, Swollen Shoot, Offa Igbo (Nigeria) and viruses that also attack<br />
Adansonia digitata.<br />
References: Chinea-Rivera, 1990; Duke, 1989.<br />
Species: Chrysophyllum eainito L.<br />
Creole Name: kaymit<br />
Family: Sapotaceae<br />
Disease: An unidentified fungal pathogen shrivels immature fruit in Florida.<br />
Reference: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970.<br />
Species: Citharexylum frutieosum L.<br />
Creole Name: madam klod<br />
Family: Verbenaceae<br />
Insect Pests: The lepidopteran pest (Pyrausta eertata E) occasionally defoliates the<br />
tree in Puerto Rico. Insects ofthe orders Homoptera, Isoptera and Lepidoptera also feed<br />
on the tree. The dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker), and rarely the wetwood<br />
termite (Nasutitermes eostalis), attack the wood.<br />
Diseases: Heart rot fungi attack old trees.<br />
Other Pests: Mistletoe is common in Puerto Rico.<br />
Reference: Francis, 1990d.<br />
Species: Citrus spp.<br />
Creole Names: zoranj, sitwon, chadek<br />
Family: Rutaceae<br />
Insect Pests: The cottony cushion scale (Ieerya purehasi Mask.) and the citrus snow<br />
scale (Unaspis eitri Comstock) infest leaves and twigs in <strong>Haiti</strong>. An additional 23 species<br />
of scales and mealybugs are widespread where Citrus is cultivated. The citrus rust mite<br />
(Phylloeoptruta oleivora Ashm.) and citrus red mite (Paratetranyehus eitri MeG.)<br />
attack all green parts ofthe plant. The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de E) shrivels<br />
<strong>yo</strong>ung leaves, reduces vigor, and promotes development of black sooty mold.
164 Pests and Diseases<br />
Several species of ants harvest the honey dew secretions of aphid and scale pests. Leafcutting<br />
ants harvest leaves and defoliate. The stingless bees (Trigonia corvina and T. sit:vestriana)<br />
cut flower buds to extract resin. Fruit fly maggots (Anastrepha spp. and<br />
Ceratitis capitata) enter fruits and cause decay. A gray larvae of Papilio spp., known<br />
as orange dog, infest <strong>yo</strong>ung leaves and impart an offensive odor. The citrus root weevil<br />
(Diprepes spp.) is reported in the Caribbean. Thrips (Scirtothrips spp.) and whiteflies<br />
(Dialeurodes spp.) are widespread. The moth borer (Citripestis sagittiferella Moore) is<br />
an important pest in SE Asia.<br />
Other Pests: .The burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne), citrus<br />
nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans), and Pratylenchus spp. attack the tree.<br />
Diseases: Gummosis (Phytophtora citrophthora (Sm. & Sm.) Leon. and P. parasitica<br />
Dastur) is characterized by lesions in the crown and the graft union that exude gum prior<br />
to death of the tree. Phytophtora spp. also cause a brown rot on fruit. The scab (Elsinoe<br />
fawcetti Bitanc. & Jenk.) produces corky lesions on twigs, leaves and fruit. Melanose<br />
(Diaporthe citri (Fawc.) Wolf) produces brown pustules on <strong>yo</strong>ung twigs, leaves and<br />
fruits. Anthracnose of limes (Gloeosporium limetticolum Claus.) causes branch tips to<br />
die. Anthracnose of oranges, grapefruit and lemons (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides<br />
Penz.) attacks branches, leaves, and fruits which have become injured or weakened.<br />
Citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri (Hasse) Dowson) is dangerous and requires uprooting<br />
and burning of all infected trees. Fungi that endanger post-harvested fruit include:<br />
Penicillum spp., Alternaria citri Ellis & Pearce, Guignardia citricarpa Kiely, and<br />
numerous others. The Tristeza virus, transmitted by diseased budwood and aphids, suppresses<br />
new growth, causing leaf yellowing, wilting, and tree death. Other virus diseases<br />
include exocortis, psorosis and xyloporosis. "Stubborn," "greening," and "yellow<br />
shoot" diseases are caused by mycoplasms and transmitted by psyllids. Fungal diseases<br />
attacking seedlings in <strong>Haiti</strong>an nurseries include leaf spot (Alternaria, Fusarium, and<br />
Phoma), anthracnose (Colletotrichum), and scab (Sphaceloma).<br />
References: CATIE, 1992; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Mortensen and Bullard, 1970;<br />
Purseglove, 1968b; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny, 1987.<br />
Species: Cocos nucifera L.<br />
Creole Name: kokoye<br />
Family: Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Insect Pests: More than 100 species of insects afflict the tree. The rhinoceros beetles<br />
(Orycetes rhinoceras in SE Asia and O. moceros in Africa) are serious pests, penetrating<br />
the terminal bud and causing damage to unfolded leaves, and death if the central<br />
growing part is attacked. The coconut mite (Aceria guerreronis Keifer) is probably the<br />
most prevalent pest in <strong>Haiti</strong>, deforming nut development and reducing crop yield. The<br />
coconut weevils (Rhynchophorus cruentatus in S. Florida, R. palmarum in the West<br />
Indies and S. America, R. ferrugineus in S. Asia, and R. schach in Malaysia) are dangerous,<br />
attacking the bud and causing death of the tree when the growing point is<br />
destroyed. Other important coleopteran pests include: Strategus spp. that attack the soft<br />
wood and the heart ofthe tree; Brontispa spp., most notably B. longissima in the Pacific<br />
and SE Asia, that severely damages leaves; and the leafminers (Promecotheca spp. in<br />
SE Asia and Coelaenomenodera spp. in Africa and Madagascar) that render the leaves<br />
non-functional. The larvae of several lepidopteran species are important defoliators,
Pests and Diseases 165<br />
including Artona catoxantha in SE Asia, Brassolis sophorae and Castina daedalus in<br />
S. America, Hidari irava in Indonesia, Nephantis serinopa in S. India, Setora nitens and<br />
Tirathaba spp. in SE Asia. The planthopper (Myndus crudus) feeds on phloem while<br />
transmitting mycoplasmalike organisms .that cause lethal yellowing. The scale<br />
(Aspidiotus destructor) infests the leaves, causing discoloration and loss of vigor.<br />
Populations in <strong>Haiti</strong> appear to be controlled by a ladybug predator (Chilocorus cacti).<br />
Long-hom grasshoppers (Sexava spp.) attack coconuts in almost all the coconut-growing<br />
areas and occasionally cause serious defoliation.<br />
Other Pests: Bird pests include the Hispaniolan Woodpecker (Melanerpes striatus),<br />
which attacks the trunk for nesting sites and damages immature nuts, and the Village<br />
Weaver (Ploceus cucullatus), which strips the leaves for nest building. The nematode<br />
(Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus (==Aphelenchus cocophilus)) invades the stem and<br />
crown base, causing red ring disease. It is transmitted by the coconut weevil<br />
(Rhynchophorus palmarum).<br />
Diseases: Diseases prevalent in the Caribbean include: red ring, infesting the trunk with<br />
a characteristic red ring, rapid wilting of the leaves, and eventual death of the palm;<br />
lethal yellowing, caused by mycoplasmalike organisms transmitted by the planthopper<br />
Myndus crudus Van Duzee (and perhaps other Myndus species), and devastating local<br />
populations in <strong>Haiti</strong> and throughout the Caribbean basin; bud rot fungus (Phytophtora<br />
palmivora Butl.) which wilts and kills the terminal bud; leaf blight fungus (Pestalotia<br />
palmarum) which invades stressed plants by attacking the leaves with yellow spots that<br />
finally tum to gray and coalesce; leaf break fungus (Botr<strong>yo</strong>diplodia palmarum) which<br />
attacks trees weakened by unfavorable growing conditions and causes the leaves to<br />
break at their distal ends; leaf stalk rot fungus (Phytophtora parisitica) on the stalks and<br />
limbs of infected leaves; stem bleeding and leaf spot fungus (Thielaviopsis paradoxa<br />
(De Segn.) Hoehn); butt rot fungus (Ganoderma spp.) which kills the lower fronds and<br />
eventually the entire tree; and fatal wilt flagellate (Phytomas) which attacks the coconut<br />
bud and kills the tree.<br />
References: Morin, 1977; Ohler, 1984.<br />
Species: CojJea arabica L.<br />
Creole Name: kafe<br />
Family: Rubiaceae<br />
Insect Pests: The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de E) shrivels <strong>yo</strong>ung leaves,<br />
reduces vigor and promotes development of black sooty mold in <strong>Haiti</strong>. The bean borer<br />
(Hypothenemus hampei) attack beans in Africa and Brazil. The green scale (Coccus<br />
viridis) attacks leaves along the veins.<br />
Diseases: The most serious disease is Hemileia rust caused by Hemileia vastatrix Berk.<br />
& Br. that attacks the leaves. Leaf spot (Mycena citricolor) results in defoliation of the<br />
plant. Another leaf spot (Cercospora cojJeicola) is occasionally a problem in humid<br />
areas of <strong>Haiti</strong>, resulting in chlorotic leaves, berry lesions, and pulp sticking to the beans.<br />
Fungal diseases attacking seedlings in <strong>Haiti</strong>an nurseries include: leaf spot (Alternaria,<br />
Cephalosporium, Cercospora, Mycena, Pestalotia, and Phyllosticta); anthracnose<br />
(Colletotrichum); and damping off (Rhizoctonia). A stem blight attacks seedlings under<br />
humid conditions in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
References: Mortensen and Bullard; 1970; Runion et al., 1990; Tourigny, 1987.
166 PestS and Diseases<br />
Species: Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.<br />
Creole Names: bwa pIe, kapab<br />
Family: Rhamnaceae<br />
Insect Pests: The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de E) shrivels <strong>yo</strong>ung leaves,<br />
reduces vigor, and promotes. development of black sooty mold in <strong>Haiti</strong>. The stingless<br />
bee (Trigonia silvestriana) extracts resin by making bark incisions. Seedlings are vulnerable<br />
to crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) that clip stems or defoliate in the nursery.<br />
Diseases: Fungal diseases attacking seedlings in <strong>Haiti</strong>an nurseries include: leaf spot<br />
(Alternaria, Cercospora, and Myrothecium); anthracnose (Colletotrichum); damping<br />
off (Alternaria and Fusarium); and stem blight (Alternaria, Fusarium, and<br />
Colletotrichum). An unidentified aphid-borne virus causes leaves of <strong>yo</strong>ung seedlings to<br />
shrivel with mosaic-type symptoms in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
References: CATIE, 1992; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny,<br />
1987.<br />
Species: Cordia spp.<br />
Creole Names: bwa soumi, bwa chik, fle dan<br />
Family: Boraginaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Larvae of a bean weevil (Amblycerus pygidialis) destroy flowers, <strong>yo</strong>ung<br />
fruit or seeds in the Caribbean. The stingless bee (Trigonia silvestriana) wounds C.<br />
alliodora by cutting bark incisions. A root-cutter beetle (Phyllophagus spp.)' attacks<br />
seedlings in Venezuela. The Spanish elm lacewing bug (Dictyla monotropidia) infests<br />
seedlings and damages leaves. The leaf hoppers (Draculocephala cubana and<br />
Hortensia similis) damage and deform leaves of trees in the Caribbean. Larvae of<br />
Conchylodes diptherali bore into concealed areas of the tree to feed. Ants commonly<br />
infest the swollen nodes of the lateral branches in Central and S. America, but cause no<br />
significant damage to planted seedlings. The tree is very susceptible to various defoliators.<br />
More than 212 insect taxa were found on C. alliodora in Panama, none causing<br />
serious injury.<br />
Other Pests: Birds and rodents destroy much of the seed in exposed areas. Extracts<br />
from a grass (Melinis minutiflora) has adverse effects on seedling growth of C. alliodora.<br />
Diseases: C. alliodora is susceptible to canker-causing rust (Puccina cordiae), attacking<br />
at the base of <strong>yo</strong>ung branches, in the West Indies, Guatemala, and South America.<br />
A black fungal or viral canker of an unknown species, causing severe damage to nodes<br />
on main stems of C. alliodora, has been reported from the Pacific. Leaf spot disease<br />
attacks nursery seedlings in Puerto Rico.<br />
References: CATIE, 1992; Liegel and Stead, 1990; Webb et aI., 1984.<br />
Species: Cupania americana L.<br />
Creole Name: satanye<br />
Family: Sapindaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Homoptera species feed on trees, causing twig mortality, in Puerto Rico.<br />
Lepidopteran caterpillars defoliate lightly in Puerto Rico. Unidentified insect larvae<br />
destroy seeds in Puerto Rico. The wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren)
Pests and Diseases 167<br />
feeds on dead limbs and twigs of live trees in Puerto Rico. The dry-wood termite<br />
(Cryptotermes brevis Walker) attacks the wood in the Caribbean.<br />
Reference: Francis, 1991 a.<br />
Species: Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.<br />
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Insect Pests: A defoliator (Plecoptera reflexa) and a leaf binder (Dichomeris eridantis)<br />
attack the tree in India. Pinhole borers and termites attack the wood. A cricket<br />
(Brachytrypes portentosus) attacks seedlings in India.<br />
Other Pests: Parasitic plants include Loranthus longiflorus and Tapinenthus<br />
dodoneifolius in India. Porcupines and rats damage root systems in India.<br />
Diseases: Powdery mildew (Phyllactinia dalbergiae Pirozynski) appears on leaves of<br />
<strong>yo</strong>ung and old trees late in the growing season in India. Other common fungal diseases<br />
in India include: leaf spot (Cercospora sissoo Syd., Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson &<br />
Haasis, Colletotrichum sisoo (Sydow.) Sutton, Phomopsis dalbergiae Sahni,<br />
Phyllachora dalbergiae Syd. & Butler, and Phyllosticta sisoo Died.); leaf blight<br />
(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penzig); leaf wilt (Fusarium solani (Mart.) App. &<br />
Wollenw. f. dalbergiae Gordon); leaf rusts (Eudarluca caricis (Fr.) C. Eriks, Maravalia<br />
achora (Syd.) Arth. & Cunm., and Uredo sisoo Syd. & Butler); wood rots (Daedalea<br />
flavida Lev., Daldinia erschscholzii (Ehrenb.) Rehm., Favolus canadensis Klotzsch., ,<br />
Fomes fastuosus (L.) Berk., Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., G. lucidum (Leyss.)<br />
Kaist., Hymenochaeta damaecornis (Link.) Lev" Irpex flavus Klotzsch., Marasmius<br />
pangerangensis P. Renn., Peniophora indica Thind & Rattan, and Polyporus gilvus<br />
Schw.); stump rot (Fomes durissimus Lloyd and F. lucida); root rot (Ganoderma<br />
lucidum (Leyss.) Kaist.); and blister canker (Nummularia cinnalbarina P. Renn.).<br />
Reference: Parrotta, 1989.<br />
Species: Elaeis guineensis Jacq.<br />
Creole Name: kwokwo ginen<br />
Family: Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Insect Pests: Larvae of the palm bruchid beetle (Pachymerus bactris Linne) feed in the<br />
seed and exit as adults that feed on the flowers, nectar, and pollen. Caterpillars<br />
(Saturniidae: Automeris liberia, A. cinctistiga, A. bilinea, Periphoba hircia, and<br />
Pseudodirphia gregatus) defoliate oil palms throughout the Neotropics.<br />
References: Couturier and Kahn, 1993; Johnson et aI., 1995.<br />
Species: Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.<br />
Creole Name: bwa tanis wouj<br />
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Insect Pests: Wood-boring insects (buprestids, cerambicids, and scolitids) attack diseased<br />
areas caused by Fusarium ox<strong>yo</strong>sporum var. perniciosum in Puerto Rico. The gallforming<br />
fly (Asphondylia enterolobii) destroys flowers in Costa Rica. A sucking insect<br />
(Umbonia crassicorni) attacks trees in Costa Rica. Stator generalis attacks dormant<br />
seeds in Costa Rica. Numerous insects attack the sapwood.
168 Pests and Diseases<br />
Other Pests: Parrots (Amazona spp.) eat green seeds in Costa Rica. A rodent (Liomys<br />
salvini) and peccaries consume seeds on the ground in Costa Rica.<br />
Diseases: Fusarium ox<strong>yo</strong>sporum var. perniciosum causes exudation from bark fissures<br />
on infected trunks and branches, attracting wood borers and eventually resulting in limb<br />
breakage in Puerto Rico.<br />
Reference: Francis, 1988.<br />
Species: Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) LindI.<br />
Creole Name: lokwat<br />
Family: Rosaceae<br />
Disease: The fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) is the most serious disease of the tree,<br />
causing branches to die back. Scab (Spilocaea eriobotryae) spoils the fruit.<br />
Reference: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970.<br />
Species: Eucalyptus spp.<br />
Creole Name: kaliptis<br />
Family: Myrtaceae<br />
Insect Pests: The snout beetle (Euscelus aureolus) damages fruit of the tree in the<br />
Caribbean. The stingless bee (Trigonia silvestriana) wounds by cutting bark incisions.<br />
Several species of ants eat the seed, hampering sowing success in the nursery, and<br />
inhibiting natural regeneration of the species in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Seedlings are vulnerable to crickets<br />
(Orthoptera: Gryllidae) that clip the stems or defoliate in the nursery. The tree is susceptible<br />
to attack by the snout beetle (Gonipterus) in South Africa. Additional pests<br />
include: Phoracantha semipunctata in Israel; and Platypus, Pantomorus, and Atta in<br />
Uruguay.<br />
Diseases: Fungal diseases attacking seedlings in <strong>Haiti</strong>an nurseries include: leaf spot<br />
(Alternaria, Cercospora, Curvularia, Myrothecium, Phytophtora, and Spaeropsis);<br />
anthracnose (Colletotrichum); powdery mildew (Oidium); and damping off<br />
(Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Myrothecium, Phomopsis, Phytophthora, and<br />
Scolecotrichum). A canker (Phomopsis) occasionally attacks the tree in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Basal<br />
canker (Cryphonectria cubensis) infects E. grandis plantations in S. Florida, Brazil and<br />
Surinam.<br />
References: CATIE, 1992; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Meskimen and Francis, 1990;<br />
Runion et aI., 1990; Webb et aI., 1984.<br />
Species: Genipa americana L.<br />
Creole Name: jinpa<br />
Family: Rubiaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Numerous insects of the orders Coleoptera, Homoptera, and Lepidoptera,<br />
use the tree as a host, though none appears to cause significant damage. Pinhole borers,<br />
the dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker), powderpost beetles (Lyctus spp.),<br />
and marine borers (Toredo spp.) attack the wood in the Caribbean and Central America.<br />
Reference: Francis, 1993.
Pests and Diseases 169<br />
Species: Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.<br />
Creole Names: pi<strong>yo</strong>n, pi<strong>yo</strong>ng, lila etranje<br />
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Insect Pests: Scale (Orthezia praelonga Douglass), a mealybug (Puto barberi), and an<br />
aphid (Aphis liburni) cause minor damage in Trinidad. Aphids (Aphis spp.) suck sap<br />
from <strong>yo</strong>ung leaves and twigs, secrete honeydew as a nutritive medium for sooty molds,<br />
and cause a decline in vigor of trees in <strong>Haiti</strong>. The species is host to several agricultural<br />
pests: Ceutorhynchus asperulus, a weevil that attacks pigeon pea; Oligonychus biharensis<br />
Hirst and Eutetranychus orientalis Klein, both polyphagous mites in India. The<br />
species is an alternate food plant for lepidopteran pests (Orgyia postica Wlk. and<br />
Dasychira mendosa Hb.) and for the peanut aphid (Aphis crassivora Koch.) in India.<br />
Other Pests: Rats and mice girdle bark and kill seedlings in <strong>Haiti</strong>, despite its reputation<br />
as a source of rat poison.<br />
Diseases: A leaf spot (Cercospora gliricidiae Syd. and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides<br />
Penz.) is reported in Puerto Rico and Nigeria. A thread blight (Pellicularia koleroga<br />
Cke.) occurs in Puerto Rico. Cladosporium sp. causes severe defoliation in Costa Rica.<br />
A root fungal pathogen (Sphaerostilbe repens Berk. & Br.) is reported in Trinidad.<br />
References: Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Parrotta, 1992b; Tourigny, 1987.<br />
Species: Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer<br />
Creole Name: bwa wouj<br />
Family: Meliaceae<br />
Insect Pests: The mahogany shoot borer (Hypsipyla grandella Zeller) bores into buds,<br />
shoots, and stems in Central America and the Caribbean. Several insect species attack<br />
seedlings, causing mortality in Trinidad.<br />
Disease: Minor leaf spot damage has been reported in Puerto Rico.<br />
References: CATIE, 1992; Weaver, 1988.<br />
Species: Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.<br />
Creole Name: bwa dam<br />
Family: Sterculiaceae<br />
Insect Pests: The seed crop is heavily attacked by a bruchid beetle (Amblycerus cistelinus)<br />
in Costa Rica. Phelypera distigma, Lirimiris truncata, and Hylesia lineata beetles<br />
feed on leaves in Costa Rica. The wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes costalis<br />
Holmgren) attacks dead trees and dead limbs of live trees in Puerto Rico. The dry-wood<br />
termite (Cryptotermes brevis Walker) attacks the wood in the Caribbean and Central<br />
America.<br />
Reference: Francis, 1991b.<br />
Species: Hevea brasiliense (HBK.) Mue1!. Arg.<br />
Creole Name: kawotchou<br />
Family: Euphorbiaceae<br />
Diseases: Anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata) attacks <strong>yo</strong>ung leaves and results in premature<br />
leaf drop. The leaf spot (Helminthosporium heveae) causes spotting on leaves<br />
and premature leaf drop. The South American leaf blight (Dothidella ulei) causes severe<br />
defoliation.<br />
Reference: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970.
170 Pests and Diseases<br />
Species: Hibiscus elatus Sw.<br />
Creole Name: maho ble<br />
Family: Malvaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Cotton stainer bugs occasionally infest trees in the Caribbean. Several<br />
species of ants consume seeds in the Caribbean. The long-homed beetles(Acanthoderes<br />
circumflexa and Plectomerus dentipes) attack Hibiscus spp. in the Caribbean. Nymphs<br />
and adults of Dysdercus andreae, D. ocreatus, and D. sanguineus suck on seeds,<br />
deforming them, and causing premature seed fall in the Caribbean.<br />
Other Pests: Bats and other predators consume immature seed while it is still on the<br />
tree.<br />
Diseases: Leaf spot (Septoria sp. and Pestalstia heterocornis Guba) is reported in<br />
Jamaica. Dieback characterized by crown branching, leaf wilt, and trunk blackening<br />
occurs in Puerto Rico.<br />
References: CATIE, 1992; Weaver and Francis, [n.d.].<br />
Species: Hura crepitans L.<br />
Creole Names: sabliye, rabi<br />
Family: Euphorbiaceae<br />
Insect Pests: The wet-wood termites (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren and N. nigriceps<br />
Haldeman) consume dead limbs in Puerto Rico. Homopteran insects feed on foliage in<br />
Puerto Rico.<br />
Disease: Heart rot enters basal scars and reaches interior of trees.<br />
Reference: Francis, 1990e.<br />
Species: Hymenaea courbaril L.<br />
Creole Name: koubari<br />
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Insect Pests: A weevil (Rhinochenus sp.) bores through seed pods and eats the seed in<br />
Costa Rica and Trinidad and Tobago. Other insects (Acanthoscelides sp., Hypothenemus<br />
busch Hopkins, and Myelois decolor Zeller) feed inside seed pods in Puerto Rico. An<br />
unidentified insect cuts twigs and small branches after depositing eggs in Trinidad and<br />
Tobago. Leaf-cutter ants (Aua spp.) harvest <strong>yo</strong>ung leaves in Costa Rica. Wet-wood termites<br />
(Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren and N. nigricepts Haldeman) eat dead wood in<br />
the Caribbean. Marine borers (Toredo spp.) attack wood in the Caribbean.<br />
Reference: Francis, 1990f.<br />
Species: Inga vera Willd.<br />
Creole Names: sikren, pwa dou<br />
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Insect Pests: An ant (Myrmelachista ramulorun Wheeler) attacks older trees and tunnels<br />
through trunks and branches in Puerto Rico. A leaf webber (Tetralopha scabridella<br />
Ragonot) causes severe defoliation and a beetle (Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff) attacks<br />
both healthy and stressed trees in Puerto Rico. A wood borer (Platypus ratzenburgi<br />
Chapuis) causes severe damage to live trees in Puerto Rico.<br />
Disease: An unidentified root fungus or bacterium causes a loss of sap from trees,<br />
necrosis, and eventual death in Puerto Rico.<br />
Reference: Rodriguez, 1990.
Pests and Diseases 171<br />
Species: Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f.<br />
Creole Name: mang blan<br />
Family: Combretaceae<br />
Insect Pests: A wood borer (Sphaeroma terebrans Bate) attacks trees in Florida. A beetle<br />
(Chrysobothris tranqueborica Gmelin.) and a borer (Psychonoctua personalis<br />
Grote) attack trees and cause mortality in Puerto Rico.<br />
Reference: Jimenez, 1985a.<br />
Species: Leucaena diversifolia (Schlecht.) Benth. subsp. diversifolia<br />
Creole Name: lisina ti fey<br />
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Insect Pests: The coffee bean weevil (Araecerus fasciculatus De Geer) and an undetermined<br />
moth species attack seeds in the Philippines, feeding on the seed cotyledon<br />
and seed coats.<br />
Reference: Brazza, 1988b.<br />
Species: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit<br />
Creole Names: lisina, delen, madlenn<br />
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Insect Pests: The nymph of the psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana Crawford) attacks <strong>yo</strong>ung<br />
shoots that die back in <strong>Haiti</strong> and causes considerable damage throughout SE Asia. Natural<br />
enemies, both parasitic and predatory, keep psyllids from reaching epidemic levels in the<br />
Caribbean. Lepidopteran larvae (Heliothis zea) defoliate <strong>yo</strong>ung trees in Puerto Rico. Mealy<br />
bugs (Pseudococcus citri Risso and Ferrisia virgata Ckll.) feed on seed pods in Indonesia<br />
and the Philippines. A twig girdler (Oncideres rhodosticta) attacks trees in Texas. The coffee<br />
bean weevil (Araecerus fasciculatus De Geer) attacks seeds in the Philippines, feeding<br />
on the cotyledon. Other insect pests ofthe Philippines include: the scarab beetles (Anomala<br />
sp., Adoretus sp., and Holotrichia sp.) that feed on seedling roots; coleopteran and lepidopteran<br />
stem borers, including Zeuzera coffeae and Cossus sp.; lepidopteran defoliators<br />
(Orgyia australis postica, Lymantria sp.); an undetermined microlepidopteran species that<br />
feeds on the cotyledons and seedcoats of seeds inside pods; Gryllotalpa africana<br />
(Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) and Phaneroptera furcifera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) that<br />
feed on the roots and flowers, respectively; an undetermined diaspidid (Homoptera:<br />
Diaspididae) that sucks sap from seedling stems and leaves, causing defoliation; and a burrowing<br />
cydnid (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) that sucks sap from the roots.<br />
Other Pests: The Hispaniolan Woodpecker (Melanerpes striatus) and Yellow-bellied<br />
Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius) wounds the bark to feed on insects and sap, usually at<br />
the crown base.<br />
Diseases: Leaf spot (Exosporium leucaenae EL. Stevens & Dalby) occurs in Puerto<br />
Rico. Leaf pustules caused by Camptomeris leucaenae (EL. Stevens & Dalby) Syd. has<br />
been reported in Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Venezuela. Dieback<br />
(Botr<strong>yo</strong>sphaeria ribis var. chromogena Shear, Stevens & Wilcox and Phylsalospora<br />
obtusa (Schw.) Cke.) affects branches in Hawaii. Seed pod rot includes the following<br />
fungi: Colletotrichium gloeosporioides (Penzig) Penzig & Sacco occurs in Mauritius;<br />
Pseudomonas fluorescens and Fusarium sp. occurs in Colombia. Root rot includes the<br />
following fungi species: Fomes lamaoensis (MuIT.) Sacco & Trott, Helicobasidium compactum<br />
Boed., Rosellinia arcuata Petch, R. bunodes (Berk. & Br.) Sacco and Ustulina
Pests and Diseases 173<br />
Larvae of the leaf tier (Argyrotaenia amatana Dyar) and the cotton square borer<br />
(Strymon melinus Hubner) feed on blossom panicles. The blossom anomala (Anomala<br />
undulata Melsheimer) makes sporadic attacks on mango blooms. Maggots of the fruit<br />
flies (Anastrepha spp. and Toxotrypara curvicauda Gerst) infest the fruit. Other fly<br />
pests include the citrus whitefly (Dialeurodes citri Ashmead) and the citrus blackfly<br />
(Aleuroncanthus woglumi Ashby) that infest leaves and lower their vigor. A treehopper<br />
(Aconophora pugionata) feeds on leaves.<br />
Diseases: Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz) infects <strong>yo</strong>ung fruit,<br />
leaves, and blossoms, causing much damage under humid conditions. Mango scab<br />
(Elsinoe mangiferae Bit. and Jenkins) attacks the plant parts of <strong>yo</strong>ung trees. Mango<br />
malformation (Fusarium spp.) deforms the flower panicle and inhibits fruit from developing<br />
properly. It also attacks the bud tissue of branches, causing bud swelling and<br />
shortening of the internodes. Powdery mildew (Oidium spp.) infects the blossom,<br />
inhibits fruit set, and deforms leaf development, a problem also in the nursery under<br />
humid conditions. Additional diseases include Verticulum wilt, stem end-rot, and red<br />
rust.<br />
References: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970; Tourigny, 1987; Young and Sauls, [n.d.].<br />
Species: Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) Chev.<br />
Creole Name: sapoti nwa<br />
Family: Sapotaceae<br />
Diseases: Sooty molds attack lower leaves of canopy in Puerto Rico. A canker of an<br />
unidentified pathogen causes branches to die in Puerto Rico.<br />
Reference: Weaver, 1990b.<br />
Species: Manilkara zapota (L.) v. Royen<br />
Creole Name: sapoti<br />
Family: Sapotaceae<br />
Insect Pests: The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata Wied.), the Mexican fruit<br />
fly (Anastrepha ludens Lw.), and A. serpentina are the most damaging pests of the fruit<br />
in its native range. Moth larvae (Eucosmophora sp.) have been observed feeding on<br />
<strong>yo</strong>ung leaves. The mining scale (Howardia biclavis Comst.), the green shield scale<br />
(Pulvinaria psidii Mask.), the pustule scale (Asterolecanium pustulans Ckll.), and other<br />
scale species typically infest the tree.<br />
Diseases: Rust (Scopella sapotae Mains ex Cumm. and Uredo sapotae Arth. & lR.<br />
Johnson) attacks the tree in its native range. A leaf spot (Septoria sp.) has been observed<br />
to cause defoliation of trees in Florida.<br />
Reference: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970.<br />
Species: Melia azedarach L.<br />
Creole Name: lila<br />
Family: Meliaceae<br />
Insect Pests: The stem borer (Apate monachus) attacks both living and dead wood,<br />
retards growth, deforms trunks, and makes them susceptible to breakage in high winds<br />
in the Caribbean.<br />
Reference: CATIE, 1992.
174 Pests and Diseases<br />
Species: Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.<br />
Creole Name: kenep<br />
Family: Sapindaceae<br />
Insect Pests: The wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) feeds on dead<br />
limbs and twigs of live trees in Puerto Rico. The dry-wood termite (Cryptotermes brevis<br />
Walker) and ambrosia beetles attack the wood in the Caribbean.<br />
Reference: Francis, 1992a.<br />
Species: Moringa oleifera Lam.<br />
Creole Name: benzoliv<br />
Family: Moringaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Fruit fly species of Gitona infest the fruits that dry out and rot in India.<br />
Several weevil species of Myllocerus attack seedlings and freshly-planted stumps.<br />
Other Pests: The tree is occasionally parasitized by the flowering plant, Dendrophthoe<br />
jlacata, in India.<br />
Diseases: Pathogenic fungi reported to attack the tree in India include a leaf spot<br />
(Cercospora moringicola), a spot anthracnose (Sphaceloma morindae), and a rust<br />
(Puccinia moringae). Powdery mildews include Oidium spp., Polyporus gilvus, and<br />
Leveillula taurica.<br />
References: Kareem et aI., 1974; Ullasa and Rawal, 1984.<br />
Species: Musa sp.<br />
Creole Names: bannann, fig mi<br />
Family: Musaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Larvae of the root weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) feed in the corm.<br />
Larvae of the scab moth (Nacoleia octasema) feed on female flowers and <strong>yo</strong>ung fruit.<br />
Larvae of the stem borer (Metamasius hemipterus sericeus) feed in the stems.<br />
Diseases: Panama disease (Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense) causes wilting and death<br />
oftrees by destroying roots. Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella musicola) produces yellow spots<br />
and dead areas on leaves. Freckle disease (Macrophoma musae) discolors fruits and<br />
causes uneven ripening. Moko bacterial wilt (Xanthomonas solanacearum) causes wilt<br />
and occurs in wild Heliconia plants that commonly infect adjacent plantations.<br />
References: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970; Tourigny, 1987.<br />
Species: Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urb.<br />
Creole Name: mahodem<br />
Family: Bombacaceae<br />
Insect Pests: A shoot borer (Anadasus porinodes Meyrick) causes severe damage in<br />
plantations throughout Central and South America. Ants (Paraponera sp.) feed on sapfilled<br />
tissue beneath petioles and leaf veins, protecting the tree from herbivores in its<br />
native range. Wood is highly susceptible to marine borers, pinhole borers, powderpost<br />
beetles (Lyctus spp.), and dry-wood termites (Cryptotermes brevis Walker) in its native<br />
range. Wet-wood termites (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) consume dead limbs and<br />
fallen wood in Puerto Rico.<br />
Reference: Francis, 1991c.
Pests and Diseases 175<br />
Species: Persea americana Miller<br />
Creole Name: zaboka<br />
Family: Lauraceae<br />
Insect Pests: Mites of Oligonychus spp. suck and damage leaves. Scales (Melanaspis<br />
aliena) occur on twigs and fruits. Larvae of the seed weevil (Conotrachelus perseae)<br />
feed in or near the seed. The most important insect pests in Florida are scales, mites,<br />
borers, and thrips.<br />
Diseases: Root rot (Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands) causes branches to wilt and die<br />
and feeder roots to decay, eventually killing the tree. Cercospora spot (Cercospora purpurea)<br />
results in lesions on the fruit and leaves. Avocado scab (Sphaceloma perseae)<br />
infects <strong>yo</strong>ung tissue, deforming leaf development and producing a corky, cracked fruit<br />
peel. The Lula variety is highly susceptible to this disease. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum<br />
gloeosporoides) infects injured fruit, resulting in rot as the fruit ripens. Powdery mildew<br />
(Oidium spp.) attacks the underside of leaves and impairs leaf vigor.<br />
Reference: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970.<br />
Species: Phoenix dactylifera L.<br />
Creole Name: dat<br />
Family: Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Insect Pests: Scales (Parlatoria spp.) attack leaves near the trunk. Wasps of several<br />
species, including Polistes spp., feed on ripe or nearly-ripe fruit.<br />
Diseases: The species is highly susceptible to lethal yellowing, caused by mycoplasmalike<br />
organisms and transmitted by planthoppers, in Florida.<br />
References: Howard, 1992; Mortensen and Bullard, 1970.<br />
Species: Pinus caribaea Morelet<br />
Creole Name: bwa pen<br />
Family: Pinaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Pine bark beetles (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman and D. mexicanus<br />
Hopk.) are serious pests in Central America, frequently attacking healthy trees. Less<br />
destructive are Hypothenemus eruditus, Ips calligraphus Germar, I. interstitialis, I.<br />
grandicollis, I. avulsus Eich., and Xyleborus affinis in Central America and the<br />
Caribbean. Gall midges (Retinodiplosis forsii) form galls at the base ofneedles in which<br />
are found brightly-colored larvae in the Caribbean. Stingless bees (Trigonia silvestriana)<br />
cut seedlings in Central America and the Caribbean. Conifer sawflies (Neodiprion<br />
insularis) attack trees, causing massive defoliation in Central America. Lepidopteran<br />
stem borers (Dioryctria clarioralis and D. horneana) bore into flowers, fruit, and buds<br />
in Central America. Larvae of the Nantucket pine tip moth (Rhyacioniafrustrana) bore<br />
into the base of needles and feed on bud tissue in Central America. The snout beetles<br />
(Lachnopus sp. and Exophthalmus hybridus) perforate cones and nuts, as well as defoliate,<br />
in the Caribbean. The pinhole borers (Platypus linearis and P. poeyi) attack lessvigorous<br />
trees, constructing galleries in the wood to cultivate fungi. Less widespread<br />
damage is caused by aphids, weevils, buprestid beetles, spider mites, leaf cutter ants,<br />
termites, and moths.<br />
Diseases: Damping off fungi (Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk., Rhizoctonia<br />
solanti Kuhn, Pithium, and Fusarium) are common in nursery seedlings. Root patho-
176 Pesfs and Diseases<br />
genic fungi that occur worldwide in plantations include Armillaria mellea (Vahl)<br />
Kummer, Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands., Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke, and<br />
Gylindrocladium spp.<br />
References: CATIE, 1992; Francis, 1992b.<br />
•<br />
Species: Pinus occidentalis Sw.<br />
Creole Name: bwa pen<br />
Family: Pinaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Bark beetles (Ips interstitialis, I. calligraphus and Dendroctonus frontalis)<br />
attack wood or xylem surface by constructing galleries and leaving pellet-size round<br />
exit holes. Dirphia plana defoliates trees. The larvae of the Nantucket pine tip moth<br />
(Rhyacionia frustrana) bore into the base of needles and feed on bud tissue. The cottony<br />
cushion scale (Icerya purchasi) attacks seedlings in <strong>Haiti</strong>. The gall midge<br />
(Retinodiplosis forsii) forms galls in the base of pine needles in which are found brightly-colored<br />
larvae. An unidentified defoliator (Lepidoptera: Citheroniinae) causes serious<br />
damage to the tree in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Many insect pests of P. caribaea are potential pests of<br />
P. occidentalis, though few studies have been conducted.<br />
Other Pests: Parasitic mistletoe (Arceuthobium bicarinatum, Dendropemon pycnophyllis,<br />
and Dendrophtoras spp.) is considered a serious pest on Hispaniola, severely<br />
restricting growth potentials.<br />
Diseases: A foliar blight and damping off diseases ofuncertain causes have been reported<br />
in seedling nurseries in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
References: CATIE, 1992; Darrow and Zanoni, 1991; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991;<br />
Runion et aI., 1990.<br />
Species: Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.<br />
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Insect Pests: Larvae of Subpandesma anysa Gn. attack the fruit and seeds in Hawaii.<br />
A hemipteran insect (Umbonia crassicornis Am<strong>yo</strong>t & Serville) is a pest in Puerto Rico.<br />
Larvae of Indarbela sp. bore into the bark of trees in India. Polydesma umbricola is a<br />
serious pest on the island of Reunion in the Indian Ocean.<br />
Diseases: Leaf spot pathogens include Cercospora mimosae Agarwal & Sharma,<br />
Colletotrichum dematium Pers. ex Fr., C. pithecellobii Roldan, Phyllosticta ingae-dulcis<br />
Died., and P. pithecellobii Shreemali in India. Heart rot (Phellinus sp.) has been<br />
reported in India.<br />
Reference: Parrotta, 1991.<br />
Species: Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.<br />
Creole Names: bayawonn, gwatapana<br />
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Insect Pests: The bruchid beetle (Algarobius prosopis) invades the seed pods. Psyllids<br />
have been reported to defoliate the tree. Wood is subject to attack by marine borers<br />
(Toredo spp.). The sapwood is highly susceptible to powder post beetles (Lyctus spp.).<br />
Reference: NFTA, 1987.
Pests and Diseases 177<br />
Species: Psidium guajava L.<br />
Creole Name: gwayav<br />
Family: Myrtaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Aphids (Aphis spp.)feed on <strong>yo</strong>ung growth, causing the curling of leaves.<br />
Fruit fly maggots (Anastrepha striata and Dacus spp.) attack the fruit. The green scale<br />
(Coccus viridis) occurs on branches.<br />
Diseases: Fruit rot (Glomerella cingulata) shrivels green fruit and rots ripe fruit.<br />
Mushroom root rot (Clitocybe tabescens) rots the roots and eventually kills the tree.<br />
Reference: Mortensen and Bullard, 1970.<br />
Species: Rhizophora mangle L.<br />
Creole Name: mang wouj<br />
Family: Rhizophoraceae<br />
Insect Pests: Wood borers (Poecilips rhizophorae Hopkins and Sphaeroma terebrans<br />
Bate) invade prop roots of trees along tidal channels and occasionally cause extensive<br />
damage in .Florida.<br />
Other Pests: Crabs and monkeys eat freshly planted seedlings in Panama and Malaysia.<br />
Diseases: A fungal pathogen (Cylindrocarpum didymum (Hartig) Wollenw.) produces a<br />
gall disease that results in malformation of the trunk and prop roots in Florida. Heavily<br />
infested trees are killed by the disease or secondary agents.<br />
Reference: Jimenez, 1985b.<br />
Species: Sabal causiarum (0. F. Cook) Becc.<br />
Creole Names: latanye fran, latanye jon<br />
Family: Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Insect Pests: Larvae of the palm bruchid beetles (Car<strong>yo</strong>bruchus sp., C. gleditsiae<br />
Johansson & Linne) feed in the seed and exit as adults that feed on the flowers, nectar,<br />
and pollen.<br />
Reference: Johnson et aI., 1995.<br />
Species: Sabal domingensis Becc.<br />
Creole Names: latanye chapo, pay<br />
Family: Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Insect Pests: Larvae of the palm bruchid beetles (Car<strong>yo</strong>bruchus sp., C. gleditsiae<br />
Johansson & Linne) feed in the seed and exit as adults that feed on the flowers, nectar,<br />
and pollen.<br />
Reference: Johnson et aI., 1995.<br />
Species: Schefflera morototoni (AubI.) Maguire Steyerm. & Frodin<br />
Creole Name: bwa kano<br />
Family: Araliaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Several lepidopteran and coleopteran insects consume foliage or woody<br />
material in Puerto Rico.<br />
Other Pests: Stranglers (e.g., Clusia griesebachiana) and climbers (e.g., Ipomea spp.)<br />
are common on wet montane sites in Puerto Rico.<br />
Reference: Leigel, 1990.
178 Pests and Diseases<br />
Species: Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Barneby<br />
Creole Name: kasya<br />
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Insect Pests: Leaf-cutter ants harvest nursery seedlings in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Asterolecanium pustulans<br />
Cockerell (Homoptera), Saisetia oleae Oliver (Homoptera), Nasutitermes costalis<br />
Holmgren (Isoptera) and Megalopyge krugii Dewitz, feed on leaves, branches, and bark<br />
in Puerto Rico. Larvae of Eurema blanda Boisduval defoliate the tree in Sri Lanka.<br />
Catopsilla pomona Fabricus causes damage in China.<br />
Other Pests: Parasitic plants include Cuscuta reflexa Roxb., Dendrophthoe falcata<br />
(L.f.) Ettingsh., and Tapinanthus sp. in Sri Lanka and India. Nematodes are an occasional<br />
problem in tree nurseries in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Diseases: Leaf spot (Cercospora sp.) is the most serious seedling disease in <strong>Haiti</strong>, characterized<br />
by small brown- to chestnut-colored leaf spots that remain separate, later<br />
becoming ashen-gray and papery. Leaf spot is also caused by Alternaria, Curvularia,<br />
Fusarium, Fusoma, Macrophomina, Pestalotia, and Rhizoctonia. Leaf spot caused by<br />
Cercospora cassiae-siameae Chiddarwar and Cochliobolus nodulosus Luttrell is reported<br />
in India. Other diseases attacking nursery seedlings in <strong>Haiti</strong> include: anthracnose<br />
(Colletotrichum); damping off (Alternaria, Cercospora, Diaporthe, Fusarium,<br />
Macrophomina, Myrothecium, and Rhizoctonia); a stem blight of uncertain cause; and<br />
powdery mildew (Oidium sp.). Pink disease (Corticum salmonicolor Berk. & Br.)<br />
attacks trees in Mauritius and Tanzania. A bark necrosis (Botryidiplodia theobromae<br />
Pat.) is reported in E. Africa. Nectria spp. are associated with cankers and dieback of<br />
trees in W. Africa. A vascular wilt (Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.) has been reported in<br />
several countries. Root pathogens include: Armillariella mellea (Fr.) Karst. in Uganda;<br />
Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.) Karst. in India, Java, and Taiwan; Polyporus baudoni Pat.<br />
in Ghana and Tanzania; and Phellinus noxius (Corner) G.H. Cunn. in Ghana. Rot fungi<br />
include: Flavodon flavus (KI.) Ryv., Nothopanus hygrophanus (Mont.) Singer,<br />
Trametes cotonea (Hart. & Pat.) Ryv., Schizopora paradoxa (Schrad. ex Fr.) Donk,<br />
Trametes meyenii (KI.) Lloyd in Sierra Leone; and Phaeolus manihotis Heim. in Ghana.<br />
The latter kills roots and causes dieback.<br />
References: Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Parrotta and Francis, 1990; Runion et aI.,<br />
1990; Tourigny, 1987.<br />
Species: Simarouba glauca DC. var. latifolia Cronq.<br />
Creole Names: fwenn, bwa blan<br />
Family: Simaroubaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Tent caterpillars defoliate seedlings under drought stress in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Diseases: Fungal diseases attacking seedlings in <strong>Haiti</strong>an nurseries include damping off<br />
and stem blight caused by Fusarium.<br />
Reference: Runion et aI., 1990.
Pests and Diseases 179<br />
Species: Spathodea campanulata Beauv.<br />
Creole Name: motel etranje<br />
Family: Bignoniaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Insect species of the orders Homoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and<br />
Thysanoptera, feed on various parts of the tree in Puerto Rico. A bark beetle, two lepitdopterans<br />
and two termite species attack the tree in Uganda. Wet-wood termites<br />
(Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) consume dead trees and limbs in Puerto Rico.<br />
Diseases: Butt and heart rot attack trees in Hawaii.<br />
Reference: Francis, 1990g.<br />
Species: Spondias mombin 1.<br />
Creole Names: monben, monben fran<br />
Family: Anacardiaceae<br />
Insect Pests: A leaf-cutting ant (Atta cephalotes 1.) attacks the tree in Costa Rica. Fruoit<br />
flies (Anastrepha mombinpraeoptans Seln, Drosiphila ampelophila Leow, and D. repleta<br />
Wollaston) infect fruits in Puerto Rico.<br />
Reference: Francis, 1992c.<br />
Species: Swietenia macrophylla G. King<br />
Creole Names: kajou etranje, kajou venezwela<br />
Family: Meliaceae<br />
Insect Pests: The stem borer (Apate monachus) attacks both living and dead wood,<br />
retards growth, deforms trunks, and makes them susceptible to breakage in high winds.<br />
The mahogany shoot borer (Hypsipyla grandella Zeller) bores into buds, shoots and<br />
stems. The snout beetle (Pachnaeus litus) attacks fruit and defoliates in the Caribbean.<br />
Wet-wood termites (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) consume dead branches and<br />
occasionally the trunks of the tree in Puerto Rico. Marine borers (Toredo spp.) attack<br />
the heartwood and powderpost beetles (Lyctus caribeanus Lesne) attack the sapwood.<br />
The leaf hoppers (Draculocephala cubana and Hortensia similis) damage and deform<br />
leaves of trees in the Caribbean.<br />
Diseases: Damping off(Fusarium and Macrophoma) is a common problem ofnurseries<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Less common nursery diseases include: leaf spot (Alternaria); anthracnose<br />
(Colletotrichum); leaf blister (Taphrina); and stem blight (Colletotrichum, Fusarium,<br />
and Macrophoma).<br />
References: CATIE, 1992; Runion et aI., 1990; Tourigny, 1987.<br />
Species: Swietenia mahagoni (1.) Jacq.<br />
Creole Names: kajou, kajou peyi<br />
Family: Meliaceae<br />
Insect Pests: The mahogany webworm (Macalla thyrsisalis Walker) causes defoliation<br />
and webbing throughout the Greater Antilles. The mahogany shoot borer (Hypsipyla<br />
grandella Zeller) bores into buds, shoots, and stems in the Caribbean and H. robusta<br />
Moore attacks trees in Asia. The coffee tree borer (Apate monachus F.) attacks both live<br />
and dead trees, penetrating deeply into branches, deforming trunks, and causing them<br />
to be susceptible to breakage in high winds. An unidentified shoot borer and caterpillar<br />
is reported to attack the tree in <strong>Haiti</strong>. The snout beetle (Pachnaeus litus) attacks the<br />
seed capsules and defoliates. Wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) con-
180 Pests and Diseases<br />
sume dead branches and occasionally tree trunks in Puerto Rico. Marine borers (Toredo<br />
spp.) attack the heartwood and powderpost beetles (Lyctus caribeanus Lesne) attack the<br />
sapwood. The long-horned beetles (Acanthoderes circumflexa and Plectomerus dentipes)<br />
attack trees in Central America. The leaf hoppers (Draculocephala cubana and<br />
Hortensia similis) damage and deform leaves of trees in the Caribbean.<br />
Other Pests: The tree is occasionally attacked by heavy infestations of mistletoe in<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Diseases: Heart and butt rot are common in older trees, apparently entering through<br />
basal scars and branch stubs. Leaf blight (Phyllosticta swietenia) results in defoliation<br />
under humid nursery conditions in Puerto Rico. Diseases of seedling nurseries in <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
include: leaf spot (Alternaria); anthracnose (Colletotrichum); leaf blister (Taphrina);<br />
damping off (Fusarium and Macrophoma); and stem blight (Colletotrichum, Fusarium,<br />
and Macrophoma).<br />
References: CATIE, 1992; Francis, 1991d; Josiah and Allen-Reid, 1991; Runion et aI.,<br />
1990.<br />
Species: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston<br />
Creole Name: porn woz<br />
Family: Myrtaceae<br />
Insect Pests: An ant (Myrmelachista ramulorum Wheeler) bores into twigs and kills<br />
terminal shoots of trees in Puerto Rico. Numerous other insect species feed on leaves,<br />
twigs, flowers, and fruit. Wet-wood termite (Nasutitermes costalis Holmgren) consume<br />
dead wood. The wood is highly susceptible to dry-wood termites (Cyrptotermes brevis<br />
Walker).<br />
Diseases: The rust fungus (Puccinia psidii) attacks leaves ofthe tree in Brazil. A fungus<br />
grows naturally on the upper leaf surface giving them a darker, grayish appearance,<br />
but is not known to cause significant damage.<br />
Reference: Francis, 1990h.<br />
Species: Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton<br />
Creole Name: pwaye<br />
Family: Bignoniaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Cutworms (Hyblaea puera) destroy seedlings and defoliate trees in<br />
Central America and the Caribbean. Larvae of Bonchys munitalis bore into concealed<br />
areas of the tree to feed.<br />
Reference: CATIE, 1992.<br />
Species: Tamarindus indica L.<br />
Creole Name: tamarenn<br />
Family: Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Insect Pests: The most serious insect pests in India are the scale insects (Aonidiella orientalis<br />
Newst., Aspidiotus destructor Sign. and Saisetia oleae 01.), mealy bugs<br />
(Nipaecoccus viridis Newst. and Planococcus lilacinus Ckll.), and a borer (Pachymerus<br />
gonagra Fabr.). Other minor pests in India include bruchid beetles (Car<strong>yo</strong>borus gonagra<br />
Fabr.), lac insects (Kerria lacca Ker), and bagworms (Pteroma plagiophleps<br />
Hampson). Beetle larvae of Lochmaecles sp. cause damage to branches in Brazil.
Pests and Diseases 181<br />
Beetles (Calandra linearis) attack ripe pods in Florida and Hawaii. Termites<br />
(Cryptotermes hainanensis) attack the tree in China. Stored fruit is commonly infested<br />
with Paralipsa gularis Zellar and Corcyra cephalonia Stnt. in India. Larvae of the<br />
groundnut bruchid beetle (Caryedon serratus Oliver) are serious pests that attack the<br />
fruit and seed in India and have been reported in Colombia and Puerto Rico.<br />
Diseases: The major diseases in India include: leaf spot (Bartalinia robillardoides<br />
Tassi, Exosporium tamarindi Syd., Hendersonia tamarindi Syd., Pestalotia poonensis<br />
V. Rao, Phyllosticta tamarindicola V. Rao, P. tamarindina Chandra & Tandon,<br />
Prathigada tamarindi Muthappa, Sphaceloma sp., and Stigmina tamarindii (Syd.)<br />
Munjal & Kulshreshta); powdery mildews (Erysiphe polygoni DC. and Oidium spp.); a<br />
sooty mold (Meliola tamarindi Syd.); stem disease (Fracchiaea indica Talde); root and<br />
wood rot (Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.) Karst and Lenzites palisoti Fr.); stem rot<br />
(Pholiota gollani P. Henn.); trunk and root rot (Stereum nitidulum Berk.); collar rot<br />
(Phytophtora nicotianae var. nicotianae); stem canker (Hypoxylon nectrioides Speg.);<br />
and a bark parasite (Myriangium tamarindii Tendulkar).<br />
References: Morton, 1958; Parrotta, 1990.<br />
Species: Tectona grandis L.<br />
Creole Name: tek<br />
Family: Verbenaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Termites (Neotermes castaneus) attack both live and dead wood in Central<br />
American and the Caribbean.<br />
Reference: CATIE, 1992.<br />
Species: Terminalia catappa L.<br />
Creole Name: zamann<br />
Family: Combretaceae<br />
Insect Pests: Thripids (Selenothrips rubrocinctus Giard) cause leaf discoloration and<br />
premature leaf fall of trees in Puerto Rico. Beetles, grasshoppers, leaf rollers,and leaf<br />
miners defoliate <strong>yo</strong>ung trees in India and Malaya. The tree is a major host of the<br />
Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) in Costa Rica. The tree is susceptible to<br />
attack by dry-wood termites (Cryptotermes brevis Walker) and powder post beetles<br />
(Lyctus spp.) in the Caribbean.<br />
References: Francis, 1989c; Morton, 1985.<br />
Species: Theobroma cacao L.<br />
Creole Name: kakawo<br />
Family: Sterculiaceae<br />
Insect Pests: The citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantium B. de F.) shrivels <strong>yo</strong>ung leaves,<br />
reduces vigor, and promotes development of black sooty mold in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Leaf-cutting<br />
ants (Alta spp.) harvest and defoliate the tree, particularly as a seedling. Larvae of<br />
Xyleborus spp. bore into the trunk. The pod borer (Acdrocercops cramerella) bores into<br />
the fruits.<br />
Diseases: The most important diseases in the Western Hemisphere include: witches'<br />
broom (Marasmius perniciosus Stathel.), resulting in abnormal branching and premature<br />
fruit drop; Monilia pod rot (Monilia sp.); and black pod rot (Phytophtora palmivo-
19 Wood Properties and Energy Values<br />
The most widely used product of trees is wood. Though many of the tree species<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong> are harvested indiscriminately during land-clearing activities, others are<br />
cultivated because of their wood quality. General utility species combine adequate<br />
form with structural strength and durability. Those harvested for high-quality<br />
craftsmanship are selected for their combination of beauty, working properties and<br />
stability. The best charcoal species are generally those with the densest wood, with<br />
some species achieving high densities at remarkable growth rates. As wood<br />
properties vary, so does the wood quality that determines the species' usefulness to<br />
society.<br />
The information summarized below is arranged in Tables 19.1 and 19.2,<br />
compiling the available information on wood properties and energy values. Each table<br />
is arranged alphabetically by species and should be a helpful guide to the diversity<br />
found in <strong>Haiti</strong>. Introduced species are included for those that have become naturalized<br />
in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
Wood Properties: Two-thirds of the tree families and genera known to occur in <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
are represented in Table 19.1 for major wood property categories. Data is unavailable<br />
or incomplete for many of the lesser-known and -utilized species, some of which play<br />
an important role in local areas of the country. The information has been compiled<br />
from the literature for the more common, internationally known species. The literature<br />
includes Commercial Timbers ofthe Caribbean by F. R. Longwood (1971); Common<br />
Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, Volume I by E. L. Little, Jr. and F. H<br />
Wadsworth (1964) and Volume II by E. L. Little, Jr., R. O. Woodbury and F. H.<br />
Wadsworth (1974); and Tropical Timbers of the World by M. Chudnoff (1984).<br />
Previously unpublished data from <strong>Haiti</strong> has been reviewed to broaden the information<br />
base.<br />
Wood characteristics include sapwood (8) and heartwood (H) color, grain, odor,<br />
texture, and other characteristics that describe the wood. Specific gravity is a measure<br />
of wood density calculated as the ratio of oven-dry weight to green volume. Specific<br />
gravity should be stated as a range of values, though it is not uncommon that only an<br />
average value is published in the literature. Durability is a measure of the resistance<br />
of the heartwood to decay fungi, not necessarily to insect attack. It is assumed that the<br />
wood is in contact with the soil. Shrinkage values ate given for radial (R), tangential<br />
(T), and volumetric (V) changes in dimension, as a percentage, from green to<br />
oven-dry conditions. Generally, woods with low shrinkage values exhibit higher<br />
dimensional stability after seasoning. Hardness is a measure of resistance to<br />
indentation and ability to withstand abrasion. Janka side hardness is the pressure, in<br />
pounds, required to embed a 11.3 mm diameter steel ball to a depth of 5.6 mm on the<br />
side-grain of wood dried to 12% moisture content (Chudnoff, 1984).<br />
183
Wood Properties 185<br />
SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC DURABILITY SHRINKAGE. JANKA SIDE<br />
GRAVITY (%) HARDNESS<br />
Obs.}<br />
Acrocomia Very hard wood from the outer part wI - - - -<br />
aculeata black markings.<br />
koko ginen<br />
Adelia ricinella SIH - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
grenad mawon<br />
Adenanthera S - light brown, H - reddish; hard, strong. 0.60-0.80 Durable - -<br />
pavonina<br />
reglis<br />
Albizia S - whitish, H -light yellowish to rich 0.55--0.60 Moderately R-2.9 1,240-1,440<br />
guachapele dark brown and streaked; medium luster, Durable T-5.8 Hard<br />
odorless, medium to coarse texture, V-9.6<br />
deeply interlocked grain, decorative,<br />
difficult to work, finishes well.<br />
Albizia lebbeck s - whitish, H - light orange brown to 0.43--0.68 Durable R-2.9 1,040<br />
tcha tcha brown; golden luster, rIO odor, medium to T-4.5 Slightly Hard<br />
coarse texture, interlocked grain, easy to V-7.6<br />
work<br />
Albizia procera S - whitish, H - light yellowish brown to 0.60-0.90 Moderately - -<br />
light brown; moderately hard, straight to Durable<br />
interlocked grain, strong.<br />
Albizia saman S - yellowish, H - light to golden brown, 0.42--0.64 Durable R-2.0 850<br />
saman streaked; medium luster, no odor, T- 3.4 Soft<br />
medium to coarse texture, straight or cross V-6.0<br />
grained, takes a fine polish.<br />
Alchornea S - whitish to light brown, H - light 0.39 Nondurable - -<br />
latifolia brown; soft, strong, medium texture,<br />
bwa krapo, fey straight to slightly wavy grain, without<br />
krapo, pwa vach growth rings.<br />
Alchorneopsis S - whitish, H - pale brown; soft. 0.40-0.50 Perishable - -<br />
floribunda<br />
Aleurites SIH - whitish; soft. - - - -<br />
moluccana<br />
nwazet<br />
Allophylus SIH - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
occidentalis<br />
twa fey, twa pawol<br />
Alnus acuminata SIH - light to reddish brown; lustrous 0.50-0.60 Nondurable - -<br />
surface, fine texture, straight grain, no<br />
odor.<br />
Amyris.spp. S - whitish, H - light ye1l0w; very resinous 0.79-1.11 Very Durable - -<br />
bwa chandel, twa wI strong odor, very hard, fine-grained,<br />
pawol strong, takes a good polish.<br />
Anacardium SIH - whitish, grayish, reddish-brown, 0.40-0.52 - - -<br />
occidentale pinkish; moderately strong and hard,<br />
nwa kajou irregular grain, easy to work.<br />
Andira inermis S - pale brown to grayish yellow, H - 0.64 Moderately R-4.6 1,600<br />
bwa palmis, pwa yellowish-brown to dark reddish brown; Durable T-9.8 Hard<br />
palmis distinctive figure, low luster, odorless, V -12.5<br />
texture very coarse, moderately irregular<br />
grain, easily worked, strong.<br />
Annona spp. S - whitish to light brown, H - brown; soft 0.40-0.50 Nondurable - -<br />
kowosol, kachiman and weak.<br />
Antirhea lucida SIH - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
bwa patat, zaboka<br />
mawon
Wood Properties 189<br />
SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC DURABILITY SHRINKAGE JANKA SIDE<br />
GRAVITY (%) HARDNESS<br />
(Ibs.)<br />
Celtis trinervia SIH - yellowish; hard. - - - -<br />
bwa fey. blanch,<br />
bwa raj<br />
Cestrum diurnum SIH - whitish; hard. - - - -<br />
Cestrum SIH - whitish to light brown; slightly soft. - - - -<br />
macrophyllum<br />
Ch!onanthus H - pinkish; hard. - - - -<br />
compactus<br />
Chionanthus S - light brown; hard, takes a fine polish. 0.90 Durable - -<br />
domingensis<br />
kaypon<br />
Chlorophora S - white, H - bright to golden yellow; high 0.65--0.85 Very R- 3.4 2,380<br />
tinctoria luster, no odor, medium to fine texture, Durable T-5.4 Extremely<br />
bwajon nearly straight to interlocked grain. V -7.8 Hard<br />
Chrysobalanus SIH - light brown; hard. 0.80 - - -<br />
icaco<br />
ikak<br />
Chrysophyllum S - light brown; hard and tough, strong. - Durable - -<br />
argenteum<br />
ti kaymit<br />
Chrysophyllum SIH - reddish brown to dark brown; 0.70 Nondurable R-6.4 -<br />
cainito strong, fine to medium texture, fairly T-8.6<br />
kaymit straight grain. V -15.2<br />
Chrysophyllum SIH - light brown; hard and strong. 0.90 - - -<br />
oliviforme<br />
kaymit mawori<br />
Cinnamomum spp. S - whitish or brownish, H - brownish 0.43--0.61 Durable R- 3.4 1,060<br />
lorie yellow wI green cast, or olive to light T-6.0 Slightly Hard<br />
olive brown to blackish brown, medium to V -9.8<br />
coarse texture, satiny or silky luster,<br />
straight and often roey grain, spicy odor,<br />
excellent working qualities.<br />
Cinnamomum S - light brown, H - pinkish wI darker 0.47 Moderately - -<br />
elongatum stripes, moderately soft and strong, Durable<br />
lorie kanel, lorie ti straight to irregular and tightly interlocked<br />
fey grain, medium texture, medium to high<br />
luster.<br />
Cinnamomum S -lightbrown, slightly soft. - - - -<br />
verum<br />
kanel<br />
Citharexylum SIH - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
caudatum<br />
kafe mawon, kafe<br />
sovaj<br />
Citharexylum SIH - ivory to light tan; dose-grained, 0.65--0.95 Durable - -<br />
fruticosum hard, strong, sands to a fine finish.<br />
grenad mawon,<br />
kafe mawon,<br />
madamklOd<br />
Citrus spp. S - whitish, H -light yellow, yellowish - - - -<br />
chadek, sitwon, brown, light brown; hard and fine-grained,<br />
zoranj' prominent growth rings.<br />
Clusia clusiodes SIH - light brown; hard. 0.90 - - -
190 Wood Properties<br />
SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC DURABILITY SHRINKAGE JANKA SIDE<br />
GRAVITY (%) HARDNESS<br />
Obs.)<br />
C/usia minor S - whitish; soft. - - - -<br />
bwa pal, figye<br />
modi<br />
C/usia rosea S - light reddish brown, H - reddish - - - -<br />
bwa pal, figye brown; hard, strong, medium to fine<br />
modimawon texture, straight grain.<br />
Cocc%ba costata SIH - whitish; slightly soft. - - - -<br />
rezen<br />
Cocc%ba S - whitish or light brown, H - dark 0.80 - - -<br />
diversifolia reddish brown; hard, strong, brittle.<br />
mevis, rezen, rezen<br />
bouzen<br />
Cocc%ba - 0.82-Q.97 - - -<br />
/eoganensis<br />
Cocc%ba SIH - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
microstachys<br />
Cocc%ba S - whitish, H - reddish brown wI pores 1.00-1.10 Durable - -<br />
pubescens filled with dark gum; very hard.<br />
rezen gran ley<br />
Cocc%ba S - whitish; hard. 0.70 - - -<br />
swartz;;<br />
Cocc%ba uvifera S - light brown, H - reddish brown; hard, 0.70 - - -<br />
rezen te, rezen takes a fine polish.<br />
lame<br />
Cocc%ba venosa SIH - whitish; hard. - - - -<br />
Coch/ospermum SIH - whitish to light brown; soft and - Perishable - -<br />
vitifolium spongy.<br />
Cocos nucifera Outer 7.5-10 em, very hard and heavy. 4-fold Nondurable - -<br />
kokoye Center, softer and lighter, prone to sap decrease<br />
stain discoloration. from cortex<br />
to center<br />
Coffea arabica SIH - whitish; hard, heavy and tough. - - - -<br />
kafe<br />
Co/ubrina S - whitish or light brown, H - yelIowish 0.55-Q.82 Moderately - -<br />
arborescens brown; hard. Durable<br />
bwa pIe, kapab<br />
Co/ubrina S - light brown, H - dark brown; hard and 0.80 Moderately - -<br />
elliptica strong. Durable<br />
bwamabi<br />
Comocladia spp. SIH - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
breziyet, bwa<br />
pan<strong>yo</strong>l<br />
Conocarpus S -light brown, H - yellow brown; very 0.90-1.00 Very Durable - -<br />
erectus hard, strong, fine texture.<br />
mangnwa<br />
Cordia spp. S - grayish to yellowish, H - reddish 0.52-Q.78+ Very R-4.0 2,200<br />
(dark-wooded) brown with black streaks and variegations; Durable T-7.4 Very Hard<br />
bwa denn, ti soley variable luster, mildly fragrant, fine to V -11.6<br />
medium texture, variable grairr.<br />
Cordiaa/ba SIH - light brown; soft. - Nondurable - -<br />
bwachik
Wood Propert'ies 191<br />
SPECIES WOOD CHARACIERISTICS SPECIFlC DURABILITY SHRINKAGE JANKA SIDE<br />
GRAVITY (%) HARDNESS<br />
(lbs.)<br />
Cordia alliodora S - light yellowish brown, straw color, H - 0.40-0.52 Durable R-3.4 1,000<br />
bwa soumi, chenn yellowish to brown, streaked and T-7.l Slightly Hard<br />
kapawo variegated; high, rich and golden luster, V-9.2<br />
spicy scent, fine to coarse texture, straight<br />
and shallow interlocked grain.<br />
Cordia collococca SIH - whitish brown; soft. - - - -<br />
twapye<br />
Cordia sebestena S - lightbrown, H - dark brown; fine 0.70 - - -<br />
kokeliko, ti soley texture.<br />
Cordia sulcata SIH - light brown; soft, easily worked. 0.60 Nondurable - -<br />
paresol<br />
Crescentia cujete S - pinkish to reddish brown, H - light 0.50-0.80 - - -<br />
kalbas brown; hard.<br />
Crossopetalum S - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
rhacoma<br />
sewal<br />
Cupania SIH - light brown; hard. 0.40 - - -<br />
americana<br />
satanye, twazokot<br />
Cupressus S - whitish to pale yellowish and pinkish 0.40-0.52 Moderately V-8.0 460<br />
lusitanica brown, H - yellowish or pinkish brown; Durable Very Soft<br />
sipre high luster, fragrant, fine and unifonn<br />
texture, straight to irregular grain, soft.<br />
Cynometra<br />
ponoricensis<br />
S - whitish; hard. - - - -<br />
Cyrilla S - light brown, H - dark reddish brown; 0.53 - - -<br />
racemijlora fine texture, heavily interlocked grain,<br />
prominent growth rings.<br />
Dalbergia sisoo S - white to pale brownish white, H -<br />
golden brown to dark brown wI darker<br />
streaks; very hard and strong, medium<br />
coarse texture, close and interlocked<br />
grain.<br />
0.78-D.83 Very Durable - -<br />
Delonix regia S -light yellow, H - yellowish brown to 0.80 - - -<br />
flambwayan light brown; soft, coarse grain, weak,<br />
brittle.<br />
Dendropanax SIH - cream colored to grayish yellow; 0.40-0.52 Perishable R-5.1 725<br />
arboreus low to medium luster, no odor, medium T- 8.3 Soft<br />
bwaneges and unifonn texture, straight grain. V - 13.8<br />
Dendrosicus H -light brown or pinkish wI orange - - - -<br />
latifolius tinge; hard.<br />
kalbas zombi<br />
Diospyros spp. S - pale red brown, H- jet black or black 0.60--0.80 Very Durable R- 5.5 3,220·<br />
bwa raid, ebenn brown or streaked; very fine texture, T-6.5 Very Hard<br />
straight to slightly interlocked grain, takes<br />
a fine polish, irritating sawdust.<br />
Ditta myricoides S - light brown; hard, fine texture. - - - -<br />
Dodonaea viscosa S - light brown, H - dark brown; hard. . - - - -<br />
mang ti fey<br />
Drypetes spp. SIH - white to light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
bwa kotlet, labou<br />
kochon
192 Wood Properties<br />
SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC DURABILITY SHRINKAGE JANKA SIDE<br />
GRAVITY (%) HARDNESS<br />
Obs.)<br />
Drypetes S - light brown or yellowish, H - dark - - - -<br />
laterijlora brown; hard, brittle, fine texture.<br />
bwa kotl(:t<br />
Duranta repens<br />
bwa jambet, mayi<br />
S/H - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
bouyi<br />
:<br />
Enterolobium S - whitish, H - reddish-brown; pungent 0.34--D.65 Nondurable R-2.0 520<br />
cyclocarpum dust, coarse texture, interlocked, ribbon T-5.2 Soft<br />
bwa tanis wouj grain, good luster. V -7.2<br />
Erithalis fruticosa H - light brown wI dark streaks; very hard, - Durable - -<br />
fine textures, resinous.<br />
Erythrina S/H - whitish; soft and we3k. 0.30 - - -<br />
berteroana<br />
brikal<br />
Erythrina S/H - whitish; soft and weak. - - - -<br />
crista-galli<br />
Erythrina SIH - whitish; soft. - Perishable - -<br />
poeppigiana<br />
bwamotel<br />
Erythrina<br />
variegata<br />
baton sosiye<br />
S/H - light brown; soft. - - - -<br />
Erythroxylum S - light brown, H - rich reddish brown or - Very Durable - -<br />
areolatum chocolate brown wI oily appearance; very<br />
arabo, nago, papelit fine grain, very hard, strong.<br />
Erythroxylum S/H - whitish to light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
rotundifolium<br />
Eucalyptus S/H - light red to pinkish brown; close - Durable - -<br />
camaldulensis texture, interlocked to wavy grain, hard,<br />
kaliptis tends to warp on drying.<br />
Eucalyptus S -grayish white, H - pale yellow brown; 0.67--0.80 Moderately R-8.0 1,540-2,580<br />
globulus low luster, odorless, coarse texture, Durable T-12.0 Hard<br />
kaliptis interlocked grain.<br />
Eugenia axillaris S -light brown, H - brown, tinged wI red; - - - -<br />
meriz hard, fine texture, strong.<br />
Eugenia bijlora S -light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
Eugenia confusa S/H - light brown; hard. - Durable - -<br />
Eugenia S - light brown; hard and strong. - - - -<br />
domingensis<br />
brin<strong>yo</strong>l, bwa<br />
kayman<br />
Eugenia foetida S -light brown, H - dark reddish brown; - - - -<br />
bwa ti ley hard, fined-grained.<br />
Eugenia S/H - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
monticola<br />
bwa dinn ti ley, ti<br />
bwadenn<br />
Eugenia S - light reddish brown, H - reddish 1.30 - - -<br />
pseudopsidium brown; hard.<br />
Eugenia rhombea S/H - light brown; very hard. - Nondurable - -<br />
bwamit<br />
.
Wood Properties 193<br />
SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC DURABILITY SHRINKAGE JANKA SIDE<br />
GRAVITY (%) HARDNESS<br />
(lbs.)<br />
Euphorbia spp. S - whitish; very soft. - - - -<br />
gadmezon,<br />
kandelab<br />
Exostema S - yellow, H -light brown with yellow 0.98-1.13 Durable - -<br />
caribaeum streaks; hard and strong, resinous.<br />
kenkena peyi, :.<br />
kininn<br />
Exostema SIH - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
ellipticum<br />
Exothea S - whitish to light brown, H - reddish - - - -<br />
paniculata brown; hard, fine texture, takes a fine<br />
bwa koulev, bwa polish.<br />
milet, kenep<br />
mawon<br />
Faramea SIH -light brown or yellow; hard, takes a - - - -<br />
occidentalis good polish.<br />
Ficus citrifolia S - whitish, H - light brown; soft, tough 0.40 Nondurable - -<br />
and strong.<br />
Ficus elastica S - whitish; moderately hard. - - - -<br />
kawotchou<br />
Ficus microcarpa S - ..yhitish, H - light brown; hard, distinct 0.50 Nondurable - -<br />
growth rings.<br />
Ficus trigonata S - whitish; soft. - - - -<br />
figye wouj<br />
Genipa americana S - cream-colored, H - light yellowish 0.52-0.66 Perishable R-4.6 1,410<br />
var. caruto brown; medium luster, no odor, fine T-9.1 Hard<br />
jinpa texture, straight to irregular grain, V-13.5<br />
attractive striped figure.<br />
Gesneria spp. SIH - light brown, hard. - - - -<br />
Gliricidia sepium S - light brown, H - dark to reddish 0.47-0.75 Moderately - -<br />
lila etranje, pi<strong>yo</strong>n brown; hard and strong, coarse texture, Durable<br />
irregular grain, not easily worked, takes a<br />
good polish.<br />
Gmelina arborea SIH - pale straw yellow; lustrous, coarse 0.40-0.52 Moderately R-2.4 525-720<br />
melina texture, interlocked to wavy grain, easy to Durable T-4.9 Soft<br />
work, finishes smoothly. V-8.8<br />
Gomidesia SIH - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
lindeniana<br />
Grevillea robusta S - cream colored, H - yellow brown; 0.40-0.52 Moderately R-2.7 840<br />
grevilya lustrous, odorless, medium to coarse Durable T-7.7 Soft<br />
texture, straight to wavy grain, prominent<br />
figure, works well.<br />
Guaiacum spp. S - pale yellow or cream-colored, H - dark 0.89-1.30 Very - 4,500<br />
gayak greenish brown to black; slight scent, Durable Extremely<br />
resinous, very fine uniform texture, Hard<br />
interlocked grain.<br />
Guapira discolor S - light brown; soft. - - - -<br />
Guapirajragrans S - whitish; soft. - - - -<br />
Guapira obtusata SIH - light brown with darker streaks; - - - -<br />
bwa kasav silves hard.<br />
Guarea spp. S - whitish to pink, H-. pinkish to deep 0.40-0.65 Durable R- 3.4 800-1,330<br />
bwa wouj reddish brown; low luster, mildly fragrant, T-7.0 Slightly Hard<br />
medium texture, straight grain, brittle. V -11.2
194 Wood Properties<br />
SPECIES WOOD CHARACfERISTICS SPECIFIC DURABILITY SHRINKAGE JANKA SIDE<br />
GRAVITY (%) HARDNESS<br />
(Ibs.)<br />
Guatteria blainii S - light brown or whitish; hard. 0.80 - - -<br />
bwanwa<br />
Guazuma S - light brown, H - pinkish to brownish; 0.50 Nondurable - - -<br />
ulmifolia moderately soft, easily worked.<br />
bwadom<br />
Guettarda spp. SIH - light brown; hard, fine texture. 0.80-0.83 - - -<br />
kalnwa<br />
Gymindia latifolia SIH - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
Gymnanthes S - whitish or yellowish, H - light olive, 1.10 Durable - -<br />
Lucida streaked wI dark brown; very fine grain,<br />
bwamabre very hard, takes a fine polish.<br />
Haematoxylon Similar to H. campechianum 0.71-D.90 - - -<br />
brasiletto<br />
kampeeh<br />
Haematoxylon S - whitish to straw-colored, H - bnght 0.54-0.95 Very Durable - -<br />
campechianum orange-red; medium to fine texture, odor<br />
kampeeh of violets, irregular grain, brittle, strong<br />
and hard, takes a fine polish.<br />
Haenianthus SIH - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
salicifolius<br />
Hamelia patens SIH - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
fie koray, koray<br />
wouj<br />
Helicteres SIH - yellowish; hard. - - - -<br />
jamaicensis<br />
bwa dam, jeson,<br />
koton rat<br />
Henriettea H -light yellowish brown; hard. - - - -<br />
fascicularis<br />
ti grenn<br />
Hernandia sonora SIH - grayish white wI faint olive streaks, 0.29 Perishable - -<br />
fum, soft, easily worked.<br />
Hevea brasiliensis S IH - light brown with pinkish tinge; low 0.40-0.52 Perishable R-2.3 -<br />
kawotchou luster, sour smell, coarse and even T-5.l<br />
texture, straight grain, prone to sap stain<br />
discoloration.<br />
Hibiscus elatus S - white, H - grayish-brown orolive, 0.52-D.65 Durable - -<br />
mahoble variegated with shades ofpurple or<br />
metallic blue; dull luster, no odor,<br />
medium texture, straight grain.<br />
Hibiscus tiliaceus S - whitish, H - dark greenish brown; 0.60 Durable - -<br />
gran maho, maho<br />
fran<br />
moderately soft and porous.<br />
Hippomane S -light brown or yellowish, H - dark 0.50 Moderately - -<br />
mancinella<br />
mancheni,<br />
manseniye<br />
brown; hard, strong, takes a good polish. Durable<br />
Hirtella triandra SIH -light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
Homalium S - golden yellow, H - grayish-brown to 0.77 Moderately R-7.0 2,050<br />
racemosum reddish-brown wI darker streaks and Durable T-9.6 Very Hard<br />
pmches,hard,modermcly strong, fine<br />
texture, interlocked grain.<br />
V-17.2
196 Wood Properties<br />
SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC DURABILITY SHRINKAGE JANKA SIDE<br />
GRAVITY (%) HARDNESS<br />
(Ibs.)<br />
Leucaena S -light yellow, H - yellow brown to dark 0.70 - - -<br />
leucocephala brown; hard.<br />
subsp.<br />
leucocephala<br />
delen, inadlenn<br />
Licaria triandra S - light yellowish brown, H - yellowish 0.68-0.96 Very Durable R- 5.4 2,900<br />
loriejon brown to coffee brown with a tinge of red T-7.9 Very Hard<br />
or violet; moderate luster, fragrant, fine to V -12.5<br />
medium texture, straight to slightly<br />
interlocked grain, strong.<br />
Lonchocarpus S - yellowish sapwood, H - yellowish 0.62-0.76 Durable R-3.9 2,700<br />
spp. brown to dark reddish brown; low to T- 8.2 Very Hard<br />
bwa dano, bwa medium luster, no odor, straight to v-no<br />
kayman irregular or interlocked grain, striped with<br />
laminations of lighter color.<br />
L<strong>yo</strong>nia rubiginosa S/H - light yellow. - - - -<br />
Lysiloma sabicu S - white, H - lustrous brown with 0.52-0.65 Very R-2.7 1,400<br />
tabeno coppery or purplish tinge; no odor, Durable T-7.2 Hard<br />
medium texture, straight to roey grain, V -9.5<br />
takes a high polish, easy to work.<br />
Magnolia spp. S - white to light greenish brown, H - olive 0.40--0.70 Durable R-3.6 1,090<br />
green to greenish brown, often streakedwI T-7.0 Slightly Hard<br />
purple or dark brown; low to moderate V -11.2<br />
luster, spicy fragrance, fine and uniform<br />
texture, straight to interlocked grain.<br />
Mammea S - light brown, H - reddish brown; 0.62 Moderately - -<br />
americana medium texture, irregular and interlocked Durable<br />
zabriko grain, flecked wI dark, oily exudations.<br />
Mangifera indica S/H - light brown with black streaks; 0.45-0.58 Nondurable R-3.0 1,000<br />
mango. lustrous, odorless, fine to coarse texture, T-4.9 Slightly Hard<br />
interlocked to straight grain, easy to work, V -7.3<br />
tom grain common, finishes and polishes<br />
well.<br />
Manilkara H - reddish; hard and strong. - Durable - -<br />
albescens<br />
bwa wil, sapoti<br />
mawon<br />
Manilkara S - whitish to pale brown, H - reddish 0.85 Very Durable R-6.3 3,190<br />
bidentata brown; attractive, resembles mahogany, T- 9.4 Extremely<br />
sapoti, sapoti nwa very strong and hard, low to medium V-16.9 Hard<br />
luster, no odor, fine and uniform texture,<br />
straight to wavy or interlocked grain.<br />
Manilkara H - dark reddish; hard. - - - -<br />
jaimiqui ssp.<br />
haitensis<br />
Manilkara zapota H - dark red; very hard, strong and tough. - Durable - -<br />
sapoti<br />
Margaritaria S - light brown, H - brownish or pinkish. 0.90 - - -<br />
nobilis<br />
Mastichodendron S - yellowish, H - yellowish to orange; 0.90 Durable - -<br />
foetidissimum hard and strong.<br />
akoma, koma<br />
Matayba S - light brown, H - uniform pinkish to 0.70 Nondurable - -<br />
domingensis reddish brown; very hard, attractive,<br />
bwa grenn, bwa strong, fine texture, irregular and<br />
grenn nwa interlocked grain, foul odor.
200 Wood Properties<br />
SPECIES WOOD CHARACfERISTICS SPECIFIC DURABILITY SHRINKAGE JANKA SIDE<br />
GRAVITY (%) HARDNESS<br />
(Ibs.)<br />
Pinus occidentalis S -light yellow, H - pale yellow to golden 0.58-0.76 - - -<br />
bwapen or reddish brown; strong resinous odor,<br />
medium to coarse texture, heavy deposits<br />
ofresin.<br />
Piper aduncum<br />
bwa majo, siwo<br />
SIH - whitish; hard. - - - -<br />
Piper SIH - iight brown; soft. - - - -<br />
tuberculatum<br />
Piptadenia S - whitish to light brown, H - reddish 0.52-0.80 Moderately R-4.4 1,550-1,680<br />
peregrina brown to dark brown; high luster, no odor, Durable T- 6.4-7.5 Hard<br />
bwa ekos, bwa fine to medium texture, straight to V - 9.0-11.6<br />
kayman irregular grain, tends to tear when planing<br />
irregular grain.<br />
Pisonia albida S - whitish or yellowish, H - yellowish; - - - -<br />
coarse texture, moderately soft, silvery<br />
gum in the pores.<br />
Pisonia rotundata SIH - whitish; soft, porous. 0.50 Nondurable - -<br />
Pithecellobium S - whitish, H - reddish brown to dark red; 0.70 Durable - -<br />
arboreum streaked and figured, takes a fine polish,<br />
bwa kolye, pwazon strong.<br />
lasinet<br />
Pithecellobium<br />
circinale<br />
kampech mawon<br />
- 0.91-1.12 - - -<br />
Pithecellobium S - yellowish, H - yellowish or reddish 0.58-0.69 Durable - -<br />
dulce<br />
brown; moderately soft, strong, brittle,<br />
takes a high polish, not easily worked.<br />
Pithecellobium H - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
unguis-cati<br />
Pleodendron spp. SIH - nearly white; hard. - - - -<br />
Plumeria spp. SIH -light brown; slightly hard. - - - -<br />
franjipani<br />
Podocarpus spp. SIH - pale yellow to yellowish brown; 0.26-0.65 Nondurable R-2.6 710-760<br />
bwa liben somewhat lustrous, no odor, fine texture, T-6.4 Soft<br />
straight to slightly interlocked grain. V -9.8<br />
Pouteria H - reddish; hard. - - - -<br />
dict<strong>yo</strong>neura ssp.<br />
fuertesii<br />
karakole<br />
Pouteria S - light brown, H - reddish brown; very - - - -<br />
multiflora hard, strong, fine texture, straight grain,<br />
indistinct growth rings.<br />
Pouteria sapota H - light reddish or brown; moderately 0.60 Moderately - -<br />
jon def hard and strong. Durable<br />
Prosopis juliflora S -light yellow, H - yellowish to dark 0.80 Moderately - -<br />
bayawonn, brown; moderately hard, tough and strong. Durable<br />
gwatapana<br />
Prunus myrtifolia S - light brown, H - light red; hard. - - - -<br />
lamandye ti fey<br />
Prunus S - light yellowish brown, H - dark 0.90-1.05 - - -<br />
occidentalis reddish brown; very hard, medium to<br />
lamandye gran fey coarse texture, tough and strong.
202 Wood Properfies<br />
SPECIES WOOD CHARACfERISTICS SPECIFIC DURABILITY SHRINKAGE JANKA SIDE<br />
GRAVITY (%) HARDNESS<br />
Obs.)<br />
Schaefferia H - light brown to yellow; hard, fine - - - -<br />
frutescens texture.<br />
bwa kapab, ti gason<br />
Schefflera S/H - pale brownish color; medium luster, 0.36-0.54 Perishable R-5.9 665-915<br />
morototoni no odor, fine to medium texture, straight T-9.2 Soft<br />
bwakano grain, brittle. V -14.8<br />
Securinega S/H -light brown; hard, fine texture. - - - -<br />
acidoton<br />
Senna atomaria S - yellow, H - dark brown, hard. 0.57-D.85 - - -<br />
bwakabrit<br />
Senna polyphylla S/H - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
var. montis-christi<br />
Senna siamea S - whitish to light brown, H - dark brown 0.57-D.83 Durable - -<br />
kasya to nearly black. streaked; moderately hard.<br />
Senna spectabilis S - whitish, H - brown; hard. - Durable - -<br />
kas mawon<br />
Simarouba spp. S/H - whitish or straw colored wI O.34-Do4l Nondurable R- 2.3 440<br />
bwa blan, fwenn occasional oil streaks; high luster, T-5.0 Soft<br />
odorless, uniform and medium texture, V -8.0<br />
straight grain.<br />
Sloanea S - whitish; hard. - - - -<br />
amygdalina<br />
bwa kok. chapo<br />
kare<br />
Sloanea S - yellowish brown, fI- multicolored, 0.80 Durable - -<br />
berteriana from yellow brown to pinkish brown and<br />
dark brown wI streaks; hard, strong,<br />
medium texture, irregular grain,<br />
prominent growth rings.<br />
Solanum S/H - whitish to light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
antillarum<br />
Solanum S/H -light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
erianthum<br />
amouret mawon,<br />
tabakmawon<br />
Solanum rugosum S/H - whitish; soft and brittle. - - - -<br />
Solanum torvum S/H - whitish to pale yellow; soft. - - - -<br />
amouret<br />
Spathodea S - whitish; soft. - - - -<br />
campanulata<br />
motel etranje<br />
Spondias dulcis S - whitishto light yellow, H -light - Nondurable - -<br />
wob, pOrn site brown; moderately soft.<br />
Spondias mombin S/H - cream or buffcolored; medium 0.26-0040 Perishable R-2.7 335-510<br />
monben luster, odorless, medium to coarse texture, T-4.7 Soft<br />
straight to irregular grain, sticky resin. V -7.5<br />
Spondias S/H - whitish; soft and brittle. - - - -<br />
purpurea<br />
siwel<br />
Stahlia S - light brown, H - dark brown; very - Durable - -<br />
monosperma hard, strong.
Wood Properties 203<br />
SPECIES WOOD CHARACfERISTICS SPECIFIC DURABILITY SHRINKAGE JANKA SIDE<br />
GRAVITY (%) HARDNESS<br />
Obs.)<br />
Sterculia apetala S - yellowish, H - yellowish, reddish or 0.26-0.40 Perishable R-3.7 270-530<br />
pisrach light brown; coarse texture, medium T- 8.3 Soft<br />
luster, straight to irregular grain, spongy, V - 11.8<br />
prone to sap staindiscoloration, easy to<br />
work.<br />
Suriana maritima S - light red, H - dark red or reddish - Moderately - -<br />
krist marinn brown; hard and strong, fine texture. Durable<br />
Swietenia S - yellow to white, H - light reddish 0.48-0.60 Durable R-3.0 770-970<br />
macrophylla brown; golden luster, odorless, fine to T -4.1 Slightly Hard<br />
kajou etranje, coarse texture, straight, roey, wavy or V -7.8<br />
kajou venezwela curly grain, attractive figure; easy to work,<br />
takes a fine polish.<br />
Swietenia S - yellow to white, H - yellowish-red to 0.57-0.80 Durable R-4.6 1,330<br />
mahagoni deep reddish brown; high, silky and T-5.4 Moderately<br />
kajou peyi golden luster, odorless, fine texture, V-6.9 Hard<br />
straight, roey, curly or wavy grain,<br />
attractive figure, strong.<br />
Symphonia S - whitish, H - yellowish-, grayish- or 0.52-0.65 Durable R-5.7 1,120<br />
globulifera greenish brown; variable, medium luster, T-9.7 Slightly Hard<br />
bwa kochon odorless, coarse texture, straight to V'-15.6<br />
irregular grain, mealy appearance, high<br />
silica content, easy to work.<br />
Syzygium jambos SIH - brown; hard, close-grained. 0.70 Nondurable - -<br />
pOm woz<br />
Syzygium S - light brown; hard and tough, tends to - - - -<br />
malaccense warp, difficult to work.<br />
pOm malezi<br />
Tabebuia spp. SIH - light brown to golden; low to 0.52-0.65 Moderately to R-3.6 960<br />
bwa nago, sip medium luster, odorless, medium to Very Durable T-6.1 Soft<br />
coarse texture, straight to roey grain, V-9.5<br />
finishes well.<br />
Tabernaemontana S - whitish brown; medium hard, fine - - - -<br />
citrifolia texture.<br />
bwa let mal<br />
Tamarindus S -light yellow, H - dark pwplish brown; 0.80-0.90 Durable - -<br />
indica very hard and strong, takes a fine polish.<br />
tarnarenn<br />
Tecoma stans S - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
chevalye<br />
Tectona grandis S - pale yellowish, H - dark yellow to 0.52-0.65 Very R-2.5 1,000-1,155<br />
tek golden brown; scented, fine to medium Durable T-5.8 Moderately<br />
texture, straight or wavy grain, high silica V-7.0 Hard<br />
content, oily feel, works easily, finishes<br />
smoothly.<br />
Tenninalia S - light brick red, H - brick red to reddish 0.45-0.58 Perishable R-4.5 -<br />
catappa brown; lustrous, odorless, medium to T-5.7<br />
zamann coarse texture, interlocked and irregular V-IO.3<br />
grain, tom grain common, works easily.<br />
Ternstroemia SIH - light brown; hard. - - - -<br />
peduncularis<br />
bwa denn mawon<br />
Tetragastris spp. S - yellowish-brown, H - orange brown wI 0.63-0.78 Durable R-4.4 1,770-2,170<br />
bwa kochon darker streaks; medium to high luster, T- 8.5 Hard<br />
fragrant, fine texture, irregular to roey V -13.9<br />
grain, high silica content<br />
Tetrazygia spp. S - light brown; hard. - - - -
Wood Properties 205<br />
SPECIES WOOD CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC DURABILITY SHRINKAGE JANKA SIDE<br />
GRAVITY (%) HARDNESS<br />
(Ibs.)<br />
ZiZiphus spp. SIH - light brown or yellowish; hard. 0.90 - - -<br />
kOKmol<br />
Table 19.2 Energy values for major fuelwood species of Hispaniola. Standard error of<br />
the means is shown in parentheses.<br />
SPECIES HEAT OF COMBUSTION HEAT OF COMBUSTION SITE AND<br />
---OVEN-DRY--- ---14% MC--- SOURCE<br />
(megajoules kg· l ) (megajoules kg· l )<br />
Acacia macracantha 19.574 (0.015) 16.827 (0.013) Mao, Rep. Dom:,<br />
zakasya pikan Maxwell (1985)<br />
Acacia scleroxyla 19.899 (0.099) 17.107 (0.085) Mao, Rep. Dom.,<br />
kandelon Maxwell (1985)<br />
Acacia tortuosa 16.215 (0.091) 13.939 (0.078) Cul-de-Sac, <strong>Haiti</strong>,<br />
zakasya wouj Timyan (1988)<br />
Acacia tortuosa 19.302 (0.022) 16.590 (0.022) Mao, Rep. Dom.,<br />
zakasya wouj Maxwell (1985)<br />
Amyris sp. 21.476 (0.094) 18.462 (0.081) Mao, Rep. Dam.,<br />
bwachandel Maxwell (1985)<br />
Azadirachta indica 19.69 (0.314) 16.923 (0.270) Cul-de-Sac, <strong>Haiti</strong>,<br />
nim Timyan (1988)<br />
Bursera simaruba 18.282 (0.152) 15.717 (0.131) Mao, Rep. Dom.,<br />
gomye Maxwel1 (1985)<br />
Caesalpinia coriaria 19.863 (0.124) 17.075 (0.107) Mao, Rep. Dam.,<br />
divi divi Maxwel1 (1985)<br />
Capparis sp. 20.114 (0.180) 17.291 (0.155) Mao, Rep. Dom.,<br />
Maxwell (1985)<br />
Capparis flexuosa 19.254 (0.082) 16.552 (0.070) Mao, Rep. Dam.,<br />
bwakaka Maxwel1 (1985)<br />
Casearia guianensis 19.601 (0.027) 16.850 (0.023) Mao, Rep. Dom.,<br />
kafe mawon<br />
Maxwell (1985)-<br />
Coccoloba leoganensis 19.489 (0.056) 16.754 (0.048) Mao, Rep. Dam.,<br />
Ma;{well (1985)<br />
Eugenia foetida 19.909 (0.784) 17.115 (0.674) Cul-de-Sac, <strong>Haiti</strong>,<br />
ti fey Timyan (1988)<br />
Exostema caribaeum 20.685 (0.104) 17.782 (0.089) Mao, Rep. Dom.,<br />
kenkena peyi Maxwell (1985)<br />
Guaiacum officinale 21.080 (0.731) 18.121 (0.628) Cul-de-Sac, <strong>Haiti</strong>,<br />
gayak Timyan (1988)<br />
Guaiacum officinale 21.170 (0.085) 18.199 (0.073) Mao, Rep. Dom.,<br />
gayak Maxwell (1985)<br />
Haematoxylon 17.891 (0.558) 15.380 (0.480) Cul-de-Sac, <strong>Haiti</strong>,<br />
campechianum Timyan (1988)<br />
kampech<br />
Krugiodendronferreum 19.066 (0.100) 16.390 (0.086) Mao, Rep. Dam.,<br />
bwafi: Maxwell (1985)<br />
Leucaena leucocephala 18.142 (0.467) 15.596 (0.401) Cul-de-Sac, <strong>Haiti</strong>,<br />
subsp. glabrata<br />
lisina<br />
Timyan (1988)<br />
Maytenus buxi/olia 19.575 (0.067) 16.828 (0.058) Mao, Rep. Dom.,<br />
bwa foumi Maxwell (1985)
206 Wood Properties<br />
SPECIES HEAT OF COMBUSTION HEAT OF COMBUSTION SITE AND<br />
···OVEN·DRY··· ···14% MC-- SOURCE<br />
(megajoules kg· l ) (megajoules kg-I)<br />
Phyllostylon brasiliensis 18.089 (0.342) 15.550 (0.294) Cul-de-Sac, <strong>Haiti</strong>,<br />
bwablan Timyan (1988) .<br />
Phyllostylon brasiliensis 19.038 (0.119) 16.366 (0.102) Mao, Rep. Dom.,<br />
bwa blan Maxwell (1985)<br />
Pictetia spinifolia 20.610 (0.106) 17.717 (0.091) Mao, Rep. Dom.,<br />
gratigal Maxwell (1985)<br />
Pithecellobium circinale 19.447 (0.045) 16.718 (0.039) Mao, Rep. Dom.,<br />
kampech mawon Maxwell (1985)<br />
Pithecellobium unguis-cati 19.050 (0.872) 16.376 (0.750) Cul-de-Sac, <strong>Haiti</strong>,<br />
Timyan (1988)<br />
Prosopis juliflora 19.926 (0.014) 17.130 (0.012) Cul-de-Sac, <strong>Haiti</strong>,<br />
bayawonn Timyan (1988)<br />
Prosopis juliflora 18.300 (0.097) 15.732 (0.083) Mao, Rep. Dom.,<br />
bayawonn Maxwell (1985)<br />
Senna atomaria 19.328 (0.415) 16.615 (0.357) Cul-de-Sac, <strong>Haiti</strong>,<br />
bwakabrit Timyan (1988)<br />
Senna atomaria 19.688 (0.094) 16.925 (0.081) Mao, Rep. Dom.,<br />
bwakabrit Maxwell (1985)
20 Medicinal Uses<br />
Trees have provided a rich source of ingredients that <strong>Haiti</strong>ans and other people of<br />
Hisponiola have used for centuries in their folk medicine. After Charles Plumier<br />
published his Description des Plantes de l'Amerique in 1693, based in part on floristic<br />
studies conducted in <strong>Haiti</strong>, two French doctors wrote on the utilization of medicinal<br />
plants in <strong>Haiti</strong>: RenePouppee Desportes wrote Histoire des Maladies de Saint<br />
Domingue in 1740 and E. Descourtilz wrote Flore Pittoresque et Medicinales des<br />
Antilles in 1821. Recent ethnobotanical studies have been conducted on the medicinal<br />
plants of <strong>Haiti</strong>, including those by Brutus and Pierre-Noel (1959, 1960, 1966), Leon<br />
(1980), Weniger (1985), Weniger and Rouzier (1986), and Rouzier (1990). Studies<br />
dealing with many of the same species present throughout the Caribbean and Latin<br />
American include Ayensu (1981), Morton (1981), Nunez (1982), Tramil I (1984),<br />
Darnault and Longuefosse (1985), Tramil II (1986), Joseph (1988), Seaforth (1988),<br />
Tramil III (1988), Ansel et al. (1989) and Liogier (1990).<br />
The medicinal use of trees is an important part of <strong>Haiti</strong>an cultural knowledge, and<br />
its effectiveness must be reinforced by scientific study. At times there is concern, even<br />
contempt, among Western medical researchers about traditional, local practices.<br />
Precision in dosages of curative treatments is difficult. Some remedies have been<br />
shown to contain toxic compounds; others fade into the universe of mysticism and<br />
magic. Strict ethical guidelines in the application of treatments are rarely explicit.<br />
However, the beauty of traditional medicines comes down to an issue of cultural<br />
diversity and a deeper understanding of the role that plants play in the daily lives of .<br />
people. Without this diversity, modem pharmaceutical science would not be what it is<br />
today. Herbal remedies are locally available and foster a self-reliance among those<br />
who can ill-afford the high costs of imported pharmaceuticals. Perhaps an art more<br />
than a science, one of the most important contributions of folk medicine is that it adds<br />
to our understanding of<strong>Haiti</strong>antrees.<br />
A list of trees that are commonly used for medicinal purposes in <strong>Haiti</strong> is provided<br />
in Table 20.1 below. The table includes 76 families, 222 genera and 293 taxa. The<br />
taxa are arranged alphabetically by species. The first column gives the scientific and<br />
Creole names associated with the tree. The second column summarizes the ailments,<br />
followed by the tree part and the principal method of application. Specific<br />
prescriptions, such as dosage and frequency, are not given, as these are rarely<br />
specified in the literature and can vary considerably among users according to recipe.<br />
Moreover, the table does not rank the order of species importance as a medicinal<br />
source for the ailments, though this work can be found for areas of <strong>Haiti</strong> studied by<br />
Service Oecumenique d'Entraide since the 1980s. Many of the tree species invariably<br />
are associated with specific treatments. Examples include the relief of sore throat with<br />
Spondias purpurea or lowering of blood pressure with Terminalia catappa.<br />
The genera that stand out in importance· are important fruit trees - notably<br />
Citrus (sweet and sour orange, key lime, and pummelo) and Annona (soursop, custard<br />
207 '
SPECIES MEDICINAL USES<br />
Medicinal Uses 209<br />
Anacardium occidentale Anemia: bark (macerated or decoction) wI salt, taken orally. Diabetes, thrush, plaque,<br />
nwakajou diarrhea, malarial fever: bark or leafdecoction, taken orally. Skin rash, wart, acne,<br />
toothache, flu, phlegm, constipation, diarrhea, edema, hemoptysis: cashew pericarp juice.<br />
Nervous disorders: bark tea as a tonic. Aphrodisiac: toasted seed or leaf infusion. Burns,<br />
skin ailments: crushed mature leaf poultice. CAUTION: Pericarp oil is caustic and must be<br />
used with prudence.<br />
Andira inermis Urethritis: macerated root, taken orally. Fever, intestinal worms: stem bark decoction in<br />
bwa palmis, pwa palmis small doses. Constipation: seed decoction, taken orally. Skin rash, quicklime burn: leaf<br />
compress. Wound: macerated seed poultice.<br />
Annona cherimotia Indigestion, constipation: boiled leaves or fruit as decoction or cooked, taken orally. NB:<br />
kachiman Seed reported to have anti-cancer properties (Liogier, 1990).<br />
Annona glabra Hepatitis, liver ailments, worms, rheumatism: flower and leaf extracts, taken orally. Chest<br />
kowosbl mawon cold, dry cough, tuberculosis: fruit syrup, taken orally. NB: Leaves contain a poisonous'<br />
narcotic used to kill fish.<br />
Annona muricata Digestive tract ailments: leafdecoction wI salt, taken orally. Intestinal malaise: leafand<br />
kowosbl crushed seed infusion, taken orally. Fatigue: leaf decoction wI salt or sugar, taken orally.<br />
Anxiety: leafor bark decoction. Cold, chest pain, nerve disorders: flower or flower bud tea<br />
with honey. Flu, cold: fruit syrup. Hepatitis, fever: fruit as a food. Nervous shock: leaf<br />
massage. CAUTION: Seed contains a strong poison, used as a potent insecticide, that induces<br />
severe vomiting.<br />
Annona reticulata Digestive tract ailments, fever, nerve disorders, anemia: leaf (sometimes bark) decoction<br />
kachiman ke bet wI salt. taken orally. Fatigue: leafdecoction wI sugar or salt. taken orally. Dermatosis: leaf<br />
decoction. taken orally. Headache: crushed leaves applied as a bath. Sprain: crushed bark in<br />
warm, salty water and applied as poultice. NB: Exhibits antispasmodic and analgesic<br />
properties; requires further research for internal use (Tramil III. 1988).<br />
Annona squamosa Diarrhea, chronic dysentery: leaf, bark or green fruit infusion. taken orally. Cramp, spasm:<br />
kachiman kanel leaf or sprout tea.<br />
Antirhea lucida Colic: strong leaf infusion wI Hed<strong>yo</strong>smum nutans. Astringent: root.<br />
bwa patat, zaboka mawon<br />
Artocarpus altitis Blood pressure: fruit (sometimes leaf or flowers) decoction, taken orally. Wart, skin ulcer,<br />
laba pen, lam veritab abscess: caustic latex or bark poultice. Burn: stewed fruit compress. Constipation: cooked<br />
fruit. easily digested. NB: Leafextracts contain substances with hypotensive properties<br />
(Seaforth. 1988).<br />
Artocarpus heterophyllus Same applications as Artocarpus altitis. Diarrhea, fever: root decoction. taken orally.<br />
jakiye Intestinal worms, syphilis: sap, taken orally. Ulcer, wound: leaf ash, applied externally.<br />
Aspidosperma cuspa Cholera, asthma, snakebite: root decoction. taken orally. Ulcer: leaf poultice.<br />
madarnjan<br />
Averrhoa bitimbi Fever: green fruit juice, taken orally. Poisonous bite: leaf, applied as a poultice.<br />
blinblin<br />
Avicennia germinans Diarrhea, intestinal irritation, colic: bark decoction, taken orally. Sore, wound: bark<br />
mangnwa decoction wash. Bleeding gums: bark decoction rinse. Hemorrhoids: bark decoction bath.<br />
Skin disease: gum exudate lotion.<br />
Azadirachta indica Fever: leaf decoction wI salt taken, orally. Head lice: fruit pulp ointment. Skin ulcer, cramp:<br />
nim seed oil, applied externally. NB: Alcoholic extracts contain antipyretic and anti-inflammatory<br />
substances (Pousset, 1989).<br />
Bactris plumeriana Fever: leaf tea, taken orally.<br />
koko makak<br />
Bambusa vulgaris Cold, malarial fever: leaf decoction, taken orally. Dysentery: sweet sap drink. Diuretic: root<br />
bambou decoction. Rash: stem 'bark' decoction bath. Fever: leaf boiled wI Pannicum maximum leaf<br />
and white rum drink.<br />
Bauhinia divaricata Heart palpitation, spasm, upset stomach: macerated leaf decoction, taken orally.<br />
bwa kalson, koleg. ti kalson<br />
Bauhinia monandra Dysentery: .dried buds and <strong>yo</strong>ung flower infusion, taken orally. Irregular gastrointestinal<br />
de jimel, jimel tract: leaf drink.
210 Medicinal Uses<br />
SPECIES MEDICINAL USES<br />
Bixa orellana Headache: leaf, applied to forehead. Mouth/throat infection: leaf decoction, gargle.<br />
woukou Asthma: root decoction, taken orally. Fever: macerated seed decoction, taken orally.<br />
Dysentery, kidney infection: pulp surrounding seed, astringent drink.<br />
Blighia sapida Fever, cold, intestinal worms: leaf tea, taken orally.<br />
aki<br />
Bocconia frutescens Jaundice: roots blended wI wann water, taken orally.<br />
bwa jonis, bwa kok denn<br />
Bontia daphnoides Insect bite: macerated leaf and fruit wI alcohol. Herpes: resin. Swollen tissue: flower<br />
doliv bata, mang mawon decoction or fruit oil extract, massage. Ulcer, sore: leaf, flower and fruit decoction, wash.<br />
Bucida buceras Fever: bark and leafdecoction, taken orally.<br />
grigri<br />
Bunchosia glandulosa Amenorrhea, menstrual pain: leafinfusion, taken orally. Asthma, bronchitis: leafjuice,<br />
bwa kaka, bwa poulet taken orally. Rheumatism: leafbath.<br />
Bursera simaruba Toothache, abscess, swollen glands, chest pain: sap or terminal shoot, applied in natural<br />
gomye form as a compress. Fever: bark tea, taken orally. Digestive tract ailments, urethritis:<br />
macerated bark or root, taken orally. Kidney stones, diarrhea, lung infection: resin, taken<br />
orally. Gangrene: leaf compress. Snakebite: macerated seed in aqueous resin, applied to bite.<br />
Byrsonima crassifolia Fever, diarrhea, menorrhagia: root decoction, taken orally.<br />
Byrsonima spicata Inflammation, ulcer: leafdecoction, applied externally. Dysentery, bronchitis, cough: fruit,<br />
liann kolik, liann towo, towo root and bark decoction, taken orally.<br />
tig<br />
Caesalpinia bonduc Asthma, mental distress: leafdecoction, taken orally. Fever, intestinal worms: pulverized<br />
grenn kinik, kanik, kinik, ,seed infusion, taken orally.<br />
kinikjon<br />
Caesalpinia ciliata Convulsion, venereal disease: seed kernel decoction, taken orally.<br />
kanik, kinik, kinik jon, wawi<br />
Caesalpinia coriaria Diarrhea: fruit cut in small pieces, prepared in an infusion, taken orally. Throat infection:<br />
divi divi, gwatapana fruit decoction gargled. Skin disease, wound: bark, leaf and green fruit infusion, wash. Fever:<br />
powdered dry seed, taken orally. Stomach ache: leaf and shoot decoction, taken orally.<br />
Caesalpinia pulcherrima Fever: root decoction, taken orally. Liver infection: leafcooked, taken orally. Canker sore:<br />
fransilad leaf decoction, gargled or mouth wash. Bronchial infection, erysipelas, measles, wound:<br />
ground leafand flower decoction, take orally or applied.<br />
Caesalpinia vesicaria Diarrhea: bark, roasted and powdered, taken orally.<br />
Calophyllum calaba Blood pressure, liver disorders: leaf decoction, taken orally. Swollen glands, abscess: latex<br />
damari or terminal shoot, applied externiUly. Skin itch: bathe with crushed leaves. Burn: resin,<br />
applied to bum. Hernia: resin, taken orally. Skin infection: seed oil lotion.<br />
Calotropis procera Blood pressure: leaf infusion, taken orally. Leprosy, elephantiasis, syphilis: root, bark and<br />
koton swa latex application. Intestinal worms, toothache: bark and latex, taken orally. Depilatory:<br />
latex.<br />
Cameraria latifolia Blood disorders: leafor macerated root decoction wI salt, taken orally or as a bath. Rotten<br />
bwalet tooth: latex, applied to fracture tooth.<br />
.'<br />
Cananga odorata NB: Plant has properties that lower blood pressure; used as an antiseptic and source of essential<br />
ilanilan oil used in cosmetics (Liogier, 1990).<br />
Canella winterana Rheumatism: macerated bark in alcohol, massage. Fever, abortive: bark decoction, taken<br />
kanel orally.<br />
Capparis cyanophallophora Skin diseases, herpes: root decoction, applied externally. Edema, intestinal worms: root<br />
bwa dajan, bwa kaka decoction, taken orally.<br />
Capparis ferruginea Venereal disease: leaf decoction, taken orally. Thrush: leaf decoction, gargled. Skin diseases,<br />
bwa senegal herpes: strong leafdecoction, applied externally. Nerve disorders: flower tea, taken orally.<br />
Hysteria, shock, mourning: root bath.<br />
Capparis flexuosa Skin diseases, herpes: strong leafdecoction, applied externally. Spasm: fruit decoction, taken<br />
bwakaka orally.
SPECIES MEDICINAL USES<br />
Capparis gonaivensis Gout: root decoction, taken orally.<br />
bwarav<br />
Medicinal Uses 211<br />
Carapa guianensis Skin itch: leafboiled in water, applied as lotion. Fever, intestinal worms: fruit rind<br />
decoction, taken orally. Hepatitis, tetanus: seed oil decoction, taken orally. Skin disease,<br />
ringworm: seed oil decoction or soap, applied externally.<br />
Carica papaya Gastrointestinal ailments: fruit and juice, eaten. Sores: fresh leafpoultice. Rheumatism:<br />
papay fresh root wI sugar cane alcohol, taken orally or massaged. Cough, bronchitis, asthma, chest<br />
cold: flower decoction, taken orally. NB: The juice of unripe fruit is the source ofpapain. This<br />
protein-splitting enzyme is used as an aid in digestion and as a meat tenderizer.<br />
Carpodiptera cubensis Digestive disorders ofnewboms: fresh leaf infusion, taken orally. Menstrual ailments,<br />
bwadoti urine retention, bladder infection, bad blood, constipation: root, stem or leaf infusion,<br />
taken orally.<br />
Carpodiptera simonis Uterine hemorrhage, anemia, head congestion, arteriosclerosis: flower and wood tea,<br />
bwadoti taken orally.<br />
Casearia sylvestris Sore, ulcer: leaf and stem decoction, applied to infected area. Fever, syphilis, diuretic: leaf<br />
papelit decoction, taken orally.<br />
Cassia fistula Worms: leafoffruit decoction wI salt, taken orally.<br />
kas dou, kas pan<strong>yo</strong>l<br />
Cassia grandis Digestive tract ailments: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Skin itch: massage and wash<br />
baton kas with crushed leaves. Hysteria, nervousness, abortion: leaf, flower, fruit pulp or seed<br />
beverage, taken orally. Skin infection: macerated root in alcohol, applied as a tincture. Fever,<br />
rheumatism: root and bark infusion, taken orally.<br />
Cassine xylocarpa Stimulant: plant parts, edible fruit.<br />
Cassipourea guianensis Astringent: bark.<br />
Castilla elastica Sore throat: leaf decoction, taken orally.<br />
Catalpa longissima Fever: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Asthma: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Fever,<br />
chenn dysentery, uterine hemorrhage, leukorrhea: bark decoction, taken orally. Throat<br />
infections, tonsillitis: bark infusion, taken orally. Sore: dried leaf and bark infusion wash.<br />
Hemorrhoids: macerated leaf wI water bath. NB: Febrifruge properties require further<br />
research (rrarnil nI, 1988).<br />
Cecropia peltata Inflammation: pulverized leafdecoction applied as a bath or poultice. Fever, asthma,<br />
twompet Parkinson's disease, spleen ailments, epilepsy: leaf decoction, taken orally. Dysentery,<br />
hemorrhage, toothache: astringent made from inner bark and shoots. Gangrene, skin ulcer,<br />
wart: caustic latex applied externally. Diarrhea: bark infusion, taken orally. NB: Contains<br />
ursolic acid with diarrheic properties (Duke, 1985).<br />
Cedrela odorata Digestive tract ailments: macerated bark wI salt, taken orally. Malarial fever, epilepsy,<br />
sed ciguatera, cough: root bark, leafor twig decoction, taken orally. Pain: leafor twig bath.<br />
Abortion: large quantities ofbark decoction, taken orally. Toothache: bark decoction, as<br />
gargle. Bronchitis: resin decoction, taken orally.<br />
Ceiba pentandra Dizziness: fresh leaf compress or lotion. Edema: boiled root decoction. Skin biteJinfection,<br />
mapou fatigue, erysipelas, sprains, boils: leafdecoction, as bath or poultice. Constipation,<br />
diabetes: root infusion, taken orally. Upset stomach: gum, eaten. Contraceptive: tender<br />
shoot decoction. Placenta expulsion: fruit rind. Cough, hoarse throat: leaf infusion, taken<br />
orally.<br />
Cereus hexagonus Diuretic, dysentery: macerated root wI water, taken orally.<br />
Chiococca alba Purgative, diuretic, emetic, rheumatism: root decoction, taken orally.<br />
leimak, krOk souri<br />
Chlorophora tinctoria Hepatitis: macerated root wI water, taken orally. Tooth anesthetic: dried latex placed beside<br />
bwajon tooth. Mouth sore; sore throat: gargle wI fruit decoction. Cold: flower infusion, taken orally.<br />
Chrysobalanus icaco Dysentery, diarrhea: bark, leaf and root decoction, taken orally. Tonsillitis, sore throat:<br />
ikak honey wI fruit oil and leafdecoction, taken orally.<br />
Chrysophyllum cainito Wound: leaf underside grated and applied as a compress. Hemorrhage: fruit. Fever: cooked<br />
kaymit fruit. Hypoglycemia: leaf decoction, taken orally. NB: Rich in tannins (Morton, 1981).<br />
Chrysophyllum oliviforme Wound, sore: leaf underside grated and applied as a compress.<br />
kaymit mawon
212 Medicinal Uses<br />
SPECIES MEDICINAL USES<br />
Cinnamomum verum Rheumatism: essence as a poultice. Spasm, stomach/intestinal gas: essence, taken orally.<br />
kanel<br />
Citharexylum caudatum Abortive: bark. Hoarse throat: leaf or macerated seed infusion, taken orally.<br />
kafe mawon, kafe sovaj<br />
Citharexylum fruticosum Abortive: bark. Lung infection, cold, bronchitis: leafdrink and flower syrup, taken orally.<br />
grenad mawon, kafe mawon,<br />
madamklOd<br />
Citrus aurantifolia Digestive system ailments, fever, tuberculosis, worms: leaf and fruit decoction wI salt, taken<br />
sitwon orally. Liver ailments: inside peel, macerated, wI salt, taken orally. Headache: crushed leaf<br />
decoction applied as a head bath. Head cold, loss ofappetite, epilepsy: fruit juice, wI sugar,<br />
taken orally. Toothache: fruit decoction orjuice mouthwash wI salt. Wound, eye infection:<br />
fruit juice rinse or compress. General fatigue: fruit juice wI salt and sugar. Urethritis:<br />
macerated root or fruit juice, taken orally. NB: Lime juice stimulates gastrointestinal system;<br />
photosensitivity associated with wound treatments· (Tramil III, 1988).<br />
Citrus aurantium Digestive tract ailments, head cold, loss ofappetite, general fatigue: fruit juice wI sugar or<br />
zoranj si salt, taken orally. Chest pain, skin itch: massage or compress on the diaphragm with a hot<br />
orange. Respiratory ailments: roasted fruit, taken orally. Vomiting, nerve disorders: leaf<br />
decoction wI salt, taken orally. Liver ailments: fruit juice, taken orally. Headache: crushed<br />
leafdecoction and applied as head bath. Rheumatism, broken bone, inflammation: roasted<br />
fruit or leafdecoction applied as a massage or bath. NB: Fruit decoction exhibit<br />
anti-hemorrhagic properties in the gastrointestinal tract (Tramil, 1988); rich in vitamin C .<br />
against infection; limonene exhibits expectorant properties; oils exhibit light anti-spasmodic<br />
and sedative properties (Paris and Moyse, 1976).<br />
Citrus limetta Kidney stones, gall bladder stones, hematuria, blood pressure, scurvy: fruits eaten daily.<br />
kalmouk Fever: fruit boiled in soda water.<br />
Citrus limon Similar properties as Citrus aurantifolia.<br />
limon frans<br />
Citrus maxima General fatigue, flu, fever: fruit juice, taken orally.<br />
chadek<br />
Citrus sinensis Digestive tract ailments; nerve disorders, fever, asthma, stomach ulcer or indigestion,<br />
zoranj dous blood pressure, general fatigue, vomiting: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Skin itch:<br />
massage and wash with crushed leaves or fruit juice. Urethritis: macerated root, leaf or fruit<br />
mesoderm, taken orally. Hepatitis, liver ailments: macerated mesoderm of the fruit<br />
(sometimes bark) or decoction, taken orally. Head cold, loss of appetite: fruit juice or leaf<br />
decoction wI sugar, taken orally. Headache, rheumatism: crushed-leaf decoction and applied<br />
as bath. Broken bone: roasted fruit massage. NB: Leafoil exhibits carminative properties<br />
(Tramil III, 1988) and light anti-spasmodic and sedative properties (Paris and Moyse, 1976);<br />
rich in vitamin C against infection.<br />
Clusia major Kidney pain, sciatica, lumbago, shoulder pain: resin compress. Rheumatism: fresh leaf,<br />
bwa pal, figye modi, gwo castor bean oil and salt mixture, applied as compress orfruit rind decoction, as bath.<br />
figye Respiratory infection: flower infusion, taken orally.<br />
Coccoloba uvifera Diarrhea: bark, branches and roots used in cooking ordecoction. Skin itch: bark bath. Fever:<br />
rezen fe, rezen lame bark decoction, taken orally. NB: Astringent bark, wood and roots have hemostatic properties<br />
and antipyretic properties (Liogier, 1990).<br />
Coccothrinax sp. Respiratory ailments: leafdecoction, taken orally.<br />
gwenn, latanye savann<br />
Cochlospermum vitifolium Hepatitis: fresh leafjuice, taken orally. Chest cold: flower, fresh or dried, decoction, taken<br />
orally. Abscess: pulverized root compress. Intestinal inflammation: root infusion, taken<br />
orally.<br />
Cocos nucifera Anemia, purgative: fruit bark (macerated or decoction) wI salt, taken orally. Sore: coconut oil<br />
kokoye as a compress. Fatigue, laxative, intestinal worms, bladder infection: meat and milk, taken<br />
orally. Dysentery: root decoction, taken orally. Bladder stones, nephritis, hypertrophy:<br />
coconut wine. Thrush: root decoction wI coconut oil, taken orally.<br />
Coffea arabica Sore: powdered kernel as a compress. Swollen glands, general fatigue, blood disorders,<br />
kafe nerve disorders, fever: macerated leaves or seed kernel decoction, taken orally. Nerve<br />
disorders: roasted seed decoction taken orally. Headache: leaf decoction or seed marc, taken<br />
orally or as a bath. Malaria: green fruit infusion drink. Motion sickness: Flower tonic.
SPECIES MEDICINAL USES<br />
Cola acuminata Dysentery, stomach pain: crushed nut and prepared as a tonic.<br />
nwakola<br />
Medicinal Uses 213<br />
Colubrina arborescens Rheumatism: leaf tea or wood decoction, taken orally or applied as massage. Similar<br />
bwa pIe, kapab properties as C. elliptica.<br />
Colubrina elliptica Diarrhea, dysentery, liver infections, fever, stomach ulcer: bark drink. Eczema: bark bath.<br />
bwamabi<br />
Comocladia dentata Cough and colds: leaf decoction wi sugar, taken orally. Fever, stomach ulcer or indigestion:<br />
breziyet, bwa panybl leaf decoction wi salt, taken orally. CAUTION: Not recommended for internal usage as plant<br />
contains potent irritants.<br />
Conocarpus erectus Diarrhea, intestinal irritation, colic: bark tea, taken orally. Bleeding gums: bark tea, rinse.<br />
mang nwa<br />
Consolea macracantha Abscess: macerated segment wi other species (Agave, Cassia fistula), applied as a compress.<br />
raket Hemorrhoids: macerated segment, bath.<br />
Cordia alba Bronchitis: flower decoction, taken orally. Stomach infection: wood charcoal.<br />
bwachik<br />
Cordia alliodora Sore: leafdecoction compress. Cough, chest cold: leafinfusion, taken orally. Throat<br />
bwa soumi, chenn kapawo infection: flower decoction, taken orally.<br />
Cordia collococca Chigger: crushed leaf application or bath. Edema, shock: root decoction, taken orally.<br />
twa pye<br />
Cordia gerascanthes Epilepsy: flower decoction, taken orally. Herpes: leaf decoction. Fever: bark infusion, taken<br />
orally.<br />
Cordia mirabiloides Teething: fruit or leaf infusion.<br />
fle dan, krbk chen<br />
Cordia sebestena Cough, flu, cold, indigestion, colic: leaf decoction, taken orally. Headache, fever: leafjuice<br />
kokeliko, ti soley wi water.<br />
Couroupita guianensis Depilatory: fruit pulp decoction.<br />
boulet kanon<br />
Crataeva tapia Rheumatism: leaf decoction. Dysentery, fever: root tonic, taken orally.<br />
Crescentia cujete Urethritis, swollen glands, lung infections, asthma, varix, constipation, dysentery,<br />
kalbas diarrhea: macerated fruit pulp orjuice, taken orally. Trauma: fruit decoction wi salt or pulp<br />
juice, taken orally. Epilepsy: fruit pulp compress. Wound, laceration: crushed leafand shoot<br />
bud compress. Edema: macerated root wi wine and water, taken orally. NB: Has not been<br />
shown to exhibit anti-bacterial action. CAUTION: Contains cyanohydrate and internal usage<br />
not recommended (Ansel et a!., 1989; Tramil III, 1988).<br />
Crescentia linearifolia Similar properties as Crescentia cujete.<br />
kalbas mawon<br />
Crossopetalum rhacoma Diuretic, infected kidney: leafand bark decoction, taken orally.<br />
sewal<br />
Croton glabellus Digestion, low blood pressure: leaf decoction, taken orally. Leprosy: leaf decoction, applied<br />
bwa blan,bwa gep externally.<br />
Cupania americana Chest pain: massage on the diaphragm with crushed leaves. Bladder weakness, swollen<br />
satanye, twazokbt vesicles, intestinal disorders, kidney stones: leaf and bark tea, taken orally. Dysentery:<br />
powderedseed in chocolate drink. Headache, backache: leaf compress, applied to affected<br />
area.<br />
Cupressus sempervirens Nervous system disorders, menopause disorders, bleeding ofthe uterus, hemorrhoids:<br />
sipre fruit decoction. Chest sickness, diarrhea: astringent made of bark, wood or fruit. Intestinal<br />
worms: volatile oil extract from the wood. Convulsive cough: essence boiled in water, taken<br />
orally. Rheumatism: leaf decoction, applied externally.<br />
I<br />
Curatella americana Arthritis, blood pressure, diabetes: leaf and stern decoction, taken orally. Skin rash,'sore:<br />
pOrn tOch leaf decoction bath.<br />
Cycas circinalis Ulcer: suppuration with sticky substance in stem. Kidney pain: fruiting cone as a poultice.<br />
CAUTION: Seeds contain a toxic glucoside, pakonia (Liogier, 1990).
214 Medicinal Uses<br />
SPECIES MEDICINAL USES<br />
Dalbergia ecastaphyllum Gastrointestinal disorders: <strong>yo</strong>ung leaf, flower or seed decoction, taken orally, in small doses<br />
liann kIou, zeb aklou (e.g., 1 teaspoon daily). Intestinal worms: bark or seed kernel decoction, taken orally, in small<br />
doses.<br />
Daphnopsis americana Blistering: macerated bark wI water, applied to provoke blistering.<br />
maho<br />
Delonix regia Malaria: macerated root and branch in alcohol, taken orally. Malarial fever: flower and bark<br />
flambwayan infusion, taken orally. Constipation: leaf decoction, taken orally.<br />
Dendropanax arboreus Rash, fever: leaf and root decoction, used as a diaphoretic..<br />
bwaneges<br />
Dendrosicus latifolius Tetanus: fruit decoction, taken ?raIly. Rash: leafjuice, massage.<br />
kalbaS zombi<br />
Diospyros revoluta Constipation: fruit pulp, taken orally. Malaria: leaf decoction, taken orally.<br />
ebenn<br />
Dodonaea viscosa Abscess, boil: warm leaf poultice. Fever, colic, gout, male venereal disease: leaf and bark<br />
mang ti fey tea or.wood decoction, taken orally.<br />
Ehretia tinifolia Kidney infection: leaf decoction, taken orally. Bloody vomit: flower tea and leaf decoction,<br />
bwa chapo, chenn nwa taken orally.<br />
Enterolobium cyclocarpum Tuberculosis, chronic bronchial infections: bark and flower syrup, taken orally. Lung<br />
bwa tanis wouj congestion: bark and fruit decoction, taken orally or gargled. Hemorrhoids: bark bath.<br />
Erithalis fruticosa Diuretic, kidney infection, cystitis: bark, resin and fruit decoction, taken orally.<br />
Erythrina corallodendrum Chest ailments: flower decoction, taken orally. Scorpion sting: stem sap, applied to affected<br />
koray area. CAUTION: Seeds are toxic. Bark contains a narcotic alkaIoid.<br />
Erythrina crista-galli Animal bite: fresh bark compress. Hemorrhoids: cool bark bath. Throat sore: bark used in<br />
food preparation.<br />
Erythrina poeppigiana Asthma, cough, hysteria: leaf and bark decoction, taken orally. Skin itch: milky leaf lotion.<br />
bwamotel Flu: dried leaf decoction, taken orally.<br />
Erythrina variegata Chest cold, cough, flu, asthma: leaf and bark decoction, taken orally. Pain, insomnia: leaf<br />
baton sosiye and bark syrup, taken orally. Venereal disease: leaf decoction bath. Chest ailments: sun-dried<br />
flower syrup, taken orally.<br />
Erythroxylum havanense Hemoptysis: root decoction, taken orally.<br />
Erythroxylum minutifolium Skin itch: root salve.<br />
Eucalyptus globulus Respiratory ailments, cough convulsions: inhaled leaf vapors. Lung infections,<br />
kaliptis gastrointestinal ulcers, angina: leaf decoctions or tea, taken orally. Rheumatism: leaf bath.<br />
Eugenia ligustrina Leukorrhea: leafdecoction, taken orally.<br />
Euphorbia pulcherrima Depilatory: latex application. Erysipelas: latex lotion, applied externally.<br />
de sezon, fey senjan<br />
Exostema caribaeum Fever, malaria: bark and fruit decoction, taken orally.<br />
kenkena peyi, kininn<br />
Faramea occidentalis Diarrhea, anemia: leaf infusion, taken orally. Antiseptic: leaf bath.<br />
Ficus benjamina Skin ulcer: boiled leaf decoction wI oil, applied externally.<br />
figye<br />
Ficus microcarpa Bath: leaves used as an aromatic.<br />
Ficus religiosa NB: Purgative made from leaves and shoots; seeds ground to dust taken as a tonic.<br />
Ficus trigonata Dislocation: latex poultice. Liver ailments: leaf decoction, taken orally.<br />
figye wouj<br />
Garcinia aristata' Tetanus, wound, bleeding: resin, applied to wound. Asthma: boiled resin, taken orally.<br />
Genipa americana Dysentery: edible fruit. Syphilis, pharyngitis: fruit rind decoction wash. Emetic: pulverized<br />
jinpa seed emulsion wI water. Purgative: root decoction. Hemorrhage: green fruit infusion. NB:<br />
Seed was a source ofdye for tattoos among the native Tainos.<br />
Gliricidia sepium Fever, pain: leaf bath. Sinus inflammation, gonorrhea: leaftea, taken orally. Kidney<br />
lila etranje, pi<strong>yo</strong>n ailments, edema, hepatitis: root tea, taken orally. Skin disease, wound: leaf poultice.
SPECIES MEDICINAL USES<br />
Medicinal Uses· 217<br />
Melaleuca quiquenervia Skin infections (eczema, psoriasis, acne): ointment. Headache, colds: decoctions ofthe<br />
melalika seed capsules and crushed <strong>yo</strong>ung leaves. Intestinal worms, spasm, colic, flatulence,<br />
bronchitis, laryngitis: oil from leaves and twigs, taken internally. Rheumatism, neuralgia,<br />
gout, local paralysis, skin irritations, bronchitis, sprain, bruise: oil from leaves and twigs,<br />
applied externally. Toothache: oil dropped into cavity.<br />
Melia azedarach Fever: leaf and bark decoction wI salt, taken orally. Rheumatism, sore: leaf bath.<br />
lila<br />
Melicoccus bijugatus Nerve disorders: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Fever, body malaise: leafdecoction<br />
kenep drink. Sore throat, thrush, tonsillitis: macerated leafjuice, gargle. Chest weakness, dry<br />
stomach: fruit, eaten. Diarrhea: powdered roasted seed syrup or tea, taken orally.<br />
Metopium brownei Syphilis, hepatitis, kidney and bladder infections: leaf, flower, bark and root decoctions.<br />
bwamilat Uterine hemorrhage, fibroma: plant tea. Inflammatory rheumatism, measles, smallpox,<br />
erysipelas: sudorific and sedative properties.<br />
Michelia champaca Rheumatism, malaria, headache, dizziness: bitter bark decoction, taken orally. NB: Perfume<br />
ilan ilan oil is extracted from the flowers and seed (Liogier, 1990).<br />
Miconia impetiolaris Hemorrhage: leaf and bark decoction.<br />
makrio, twazokbt<br />
Miconia laevigata Bite, wound: leaf and bark, warmed wI water, compress. Fever: leaf and barktea or bath.<br />
makrio<br />
Miconia racemosa Pressure sore on animals: leaf poultice.<br />
kaka poul, makrio<br />
Morinda citrifolia Pain: warm leaf wI castor bean oil, compress. Ulcer, gout, sore: leafjuice, applied to affected<br />
bwadoule area.<br />
Moringa oleifera Nerve disorders, loss of appetite: leaf decoction wI salt, taken orally. Flu, cough, general<br />
benzoliv fatigue: leaf or flower decoction wI sugar, taken orally. Skin irritant: root decoction as salve.<br />
Convulsions: macerated leaf, applied as a compress to joints and temple. Edema: root<br />
decoction, taken internally. Sore: leaf poultice. NB: Rich in folic acid as an anti-anemic and<br />
vitanUn C against infection.<br />
Morus nigra Diabetes: leaf, flower or fruit decoction gargled. Fever, sore throat, swollen vocal chords:<br />
mi fruit juice wI tepid water and sugar. NB: Fruit has laxative properties.<br />
Muntingia calabura Nerve ailments, spasm, cough: flower decoction, taken orally.·<br />
bwa swa mawon<br />
Murraya paniculata Similar properties as Citrus limon and Citrus sinensis<br />
mit<br />
Musa spp. Diarrhea, hemorrhage: green fruit. Burn: powdered green fruit poultice. Sting: heated<br />
bannann, fig mi green bark compress. Skin infections: dried, pulverized bark application. Sore: ripe leaf bath.<br />
Tuberculosis: fermented stem juice, taken orally. Diuretic, laxative: <strong>yo</strong>ung suckerjuice,<br />
taken orally. Asthma: crushed stolon juice wI honey, taken orally.<br />
Myrcia citrifolia Gum disease: leaf decoction, mouth rinse.<br />
bwa darnou, maget, malaget<br />
Myrica cerifera Intestimil gases: leaf decoction mixed wI rum, taken orally.<br />
kanel abey, kanel dous<br />
Myristica fragrans Intestinal infections, gas, fever: pulverized seed infusion, taken orally.<br />
nwamiskad<br />
Myrospermumfrutescens Rheumatism, muscle spasm: alcoholic legume beverage, applied as a massage. Toothache:<br />
stem resin dissolved in alcohol, applied to tooth. Chest ailments: legume vapor dissolved in<br />
ether, inhaled.<br />
Myroxylon balsamum Chest ailments, bronchial infection, venereal disease: resin, taken orally. Skin disease;<br />
skin itch: resin, applied as a salve.<br />
Nerium oleander Mange: dry leaf poultice. Head lice, ulcer: macerated leaf wI vinegar.<br />
lorie twopikal, lorie WQZ<br />
Ochroma pyramidale Fever: stem bark decoction, taken orally. Diarrhea, colic: root bark decoction, taken orally.<br />
koton swa, mahodem Rheumatism, joint pain: leafmixed with castor bean oil, applied as lotion. Chest infection,<br />
bronchitis, dry cough, flu: fruit juice drink.
SPECIES MEDICINAL USES<br />
Piper aduncum Fever: leaf tea, taken orally.<br />
bwa majo, siwo<br />
Medicinal Uses 219<br />
Piper amalago Colic, intestinal gases, digestion ailments: leaf infusion, taken orally. Chronic ulcer: strong<br />
anis mawon, fey siwo root decoction, applied externally.<br />
Piptadel1ia peregrina NB: Roasted seeds formerly used as a narcotic by the Tainos, former inhabitants ofRaiti.<br />
bwa ekos, bwa kayman<br />
Piscidia piscipula Toothache: bark and root compress, applied to tooth. Shoulder pain: leaf decoction massage.<br />
bwaivran Wound: leafdecoction wash. NB: Plant contains narcotic properties.<br />
Pisonia aculeata Rheumatism, swollen joints: bark or leaf decoction, taken internally or applied externally.<br />
kOOk chen NB: Roots are a purgative (Liogier, 1990).<br />
Pithecellobium dulce Dysentery: root bark decoction, taken orally. Indigestion: leaf w/ salt and black pepper.<br />
Convulsions, venereal lesions, pain: leaf poultice. Hemoptysis: fruit pulp, taken orally, to<br />
stop blood flow. Congestion: seed juice, inhaled into nostrils. Internal ulcers: pulverized<br />
seed, ingested.<br />
Pithecellobium unguis-cati Fever, dysentery, renal infection, kidney stones, liver/spleen infection: bark decoction,<br />
taken orally. Skin Infections: bark and fruit pericarp bath.<br />
Plumeria alba Skin parasites, syphilis, toothache: latex application. Intestinal worms: root decoction,<br />
franjipanye blan taken orally.<br />
Plumeria obtusa Ulcer, wound: bark and stem decoction, bath. Flu, cold, bronchitis, dry cough: flower tea.<br />
franjipani<br />
Polyscias sp. Flu, cough, cold: fresh leaf infusion. Headache, dizziness: fresh leaf w/ oil and salt,<br />
parese compress.<br />
Pouteria sapota Wart, callus: bark fragments, applied as poultice. Dysentery, stomach ulcer: boiled fniit.<br />
jondef Diuretic: seed oil beverage. Ear/eye infections: seed oil application. Kidney stones,<br />
rheumatism: rind ofseed kernel, taken orally.<br />
Prosopis julijlora Eye infection: eye drops made from leafjuice or cooked leaves, applied or taken orally. Cold,<br />
bayawonn, gwatapana flu, hoarse throat: gum exudate from trunk, taken orally. Diarrhea: fresh root, taken orally.<br />
Bronchial infection, sinus congestion: bark and fruit decoction.<br />
Prunus myrtifolia Similar properties as Prunus occidentalis.<br />
lamandye ti fey<br />
Prunus occidentalis Asthma, cough: bark, leaf and fruit decoction, taken orally. Cold: flower and leaf infusion,<br />
lamandye gran fey taken orally. Phlegm, cough: seed syrup, w/ sugar, taken orally.<br />
Prunus persica Hematuria, constipation: fruit as food. Child's cough/restlessness: flower syrup, taken<br />
peeh orally.<br />
Psidium guajava Digestive tract ailments, cold, high blood pressure: leaf decoction or fruit juice w/ salt or<br />
gwayav sugar, taken orally. Trauma, pain, headache, rheumatism: hot leafdecoction compress. Sore<br />
throat, hoarse throat: leafdecoction, gargle. Varix, ulcer: leafdecoction, treated w/ warm<br />
water, bath. Diarrhea: leafdecoction, enema. Hepatitis, gonorrhea, diarrhea: clear fruit<br />
juice. NB: Exhibits anti-bacterial action against intestinal pathogens; controls bowel<br />
movement (Tramil III, 1988); oil contains bisabolene and flavanoides that exhibit<br />
anti-inflammatory properties (Morton, 1981; Duke, 1985); volatile oil with methylchavicol,<br />
persein, d-pinene (a paraffin) in leaf (Eldridge, 1975).<br />
Pterocarpus officinalis Skin infection: bark resin, applied as a salve. Diarrhea, amenorrhea: bark resin, taken orally.<br />
bwa nago, bwa pal<br />
Punica granatum Intestinal wonns: root and stem bark decoction, taken orally. Dysentery, diarrhea: fruit rind<br />
grenad decoction, taken orally. Asthma: flower infusion, taken orally. Eye wash: fresh juice<br />
surrounding seeds. Tonsillitis, throat infection: flower bud and fruit rind w/ honey, gargle.<br />
Quassia amara Fever, diphtheria, anorexia: macerated bark decoction, taken orally.<br />
Randia aculeata Dysentery, fever: leaf and bark decoction, taken orally. Hemorrhage: latex.<br />
kOOk chen<br />
Rauvolfia nitida Tension: root. Snake bite: leaf and stem compress.<br />
bwa let femel
220 Medicinal Uses<br />
SPECIES MEDICINAL USES<br />
Rhizophora mangle Fever, hemorrhage, rheumatism, liver ailments: bark tea, taken orally. Sore throat,<br />
mang chandel, mang nwa, angina: bark decoction, gargle. Malarial fever: pulverized bark, taken orally. Leprosy,<br />
mang wouj ulcer: macerated wood decoction, applied to affected area.<br />
Roystonea borinquena Broken bones: leafcompress. Diuretic, bladder stones, diabetes: root decoction, taken<br />
palmis orally.<br />
Sambucus simpsonii Fever, diaphoretic, throat infection, chest cold: flower infusion, taken orally. Headache:<br />
siwo leafcompress. Measles, smallpox, scarlet fever: leaf infusion:<br />
Sapindus saponaria Diarrhea: root decoction, taken orally. Snakebite: leafinfusion, applied to bite.<br />
savonet, savonet peyi Rheumatism, gout: fruit oil. Asthma: fruit, taken orally. NB: Leafand fmit contains saponin,<br />
a group ofglucosides that is used as a detergent.<br />
Schaefferia frutescens Flu, cold, chronic cough, aphrodisiac: plant decoction, taken orally. Skin itch, rash:<br />
bwa kapab, ti gason pulverized leaf bath.<br />
Schefflera morototoni Broken bone, dislocation: leaf treated wI warm water, compress. Lumbago, rheumatism:<br />
bwakano leaf decoction, taken orally.<br />
Schinus moUe Ophthalmia, rheumatism: leafjuice. Diarrhea: bark extract infusion. CAUTION: Resin is a<br />
dangerous purgative.<br />
Schinus terebinthifolius Rheumatism, sciatica: bark bath. Skin ulcer: cmshed, dried leaf poultice. Bronchitis,<br />
respiratory ailments: leaf infusion, taken orally. Wound, sore: leaf or fruit decoction bath.<br />
Ganglionic tumors, contusions: macerated root juice.<br />
Senna angustisiliqua Syphilis: all plant parts prepared in a decoction, taken orally. Bad blood: root decoction, taken<br />
brize menaj, fey lawouziye orally.<br />
Senna atomaria Skin itch: massage with crushed leaves. Skin discoloration, insect bite: macerated leaf<br />
bwakabrit decoction, applied to affected area.<br />
Senna pendula Gastrointestinal disorders: leaf decoction, taken orally.<br />
bwadano<br />
Sesbania grandiflora Rheumatism: root paste, applied externally. Phlegm: root resin wI honey, taken orally. Fever,<br />
pwa valye diabetes: bark decoction, taken orally. Sinus congestion: flower decoction, taken orally.<br />
Sesbania sesban Suppuration: leaf compress, applied to infected area.<br />
Simarouba glauca var. Fever: macerated bark decoction, taken orally. Rheumatism: pulverized leaf, seed and bark<br />
latifolia boiled in sugar water, taken orally. Bruise, body pain: leafdecoction, applied as lotion. Skin<br />
bwa blan, fwenn, itch: massage with crushed leaves. Diarrhea: bark tea, taken orally.<br />
Sloanea amygdalina Stomach ache, headache: leaf decoction, taken orally.<br />
bwa kbk, chapa kare<br />
Sloanea ilicifolia Menstrual cramps: leaf decoction, taken orally.<br />
chapa kare<br />
Spondias mombin Digestive tract ailments: macerated bark or leaves taken orally. Urethritis: macerated root<br />
monben taken orally. Lower back pain: macerated root, taken orally. Rheumatism: pulverized leaf<br />
bath. Angina, sore throat: root bark decoction, taken orally. Metrorrhagia, contraceptive:<br />
root. Malarial fever, congestion: leafdecoction, taken oridly. Diarrhea: fermented fruit.<br />
eaten. NB: Plant extracts exhibit anti-bacterial properties (Rouzier, 1990).<br />
Spondias purpurea Swollen glands: leafjuice, taken orally. Trauma: leafjuice wI salt, taken orally. Head cold,<br />
siwel headache: crushed leaves and applied as a head bath. Skin itch, skin parasites,<br />
hemorrhoids: crushed leaf bath. Digestive ailments: pulverized leaf decoction wI salt, gargle.<br />
Constipation: fruit eaten in quantity. Dysentery, diarrhea: leaf decoction, taken orally. NB:<br />
Leaves exhibit anti-bacterial properties (Tramil III, 1988).<br />
Sterculia apetala Cough, insomnia: flower decoction, taken orally. Flu, bronchitis, chronic cough, asthma:<br />
pistach flower syrup, taken orally. Rheumatism: leaf decoction, taken orally. Stimulant: seed<br />
, decoction tonic.<br />
Strumpfia maritima Fever: leaf infusion wI Exostema caribaeum leaf; Poisonous bite: leaf infusion compress.<br />
Suriana maritima Rheumatism: branch and leaf bath. Sore: leaf and bark decoction or powder, applied<br />
krist marinn externally. Bleeding: powdered leaf wI flour, applied as poultice.
SPECIES MEDICINAL USES<br />
Medicinal Uses 221<br />
Swietenia mahagoni Nerve disorders: leaf decoction wI-salt, taken orally. Fever, anemia, diarrhea, dysentery:<br />
kajou peyi bark (macerated or decoction) wI salt, taken orally. Aphrodisiac: steeped bark with rum for<br />
3-4 days, taken orally. Loss ofappetite: steeped bark, taken orally. Vitamins and iron:<br />
steeped bark and roots, taken orally. Abortion: large quantities of boiled bark decoction, taken<br />
orally. Toothache: resin or bark decoction. Chest pain: seed tea, taken orally. Bleeding: bark,<br />
leaf or root extract, applied externally.<br />
Syzygium jambos Epilepsy: root. Diabetes: pulverized seed. Purgative, emetic: root and bark. NB: Plant is a<br />
porn woz source ofeugenol, a colorless, aromatic liquid phenol used in perfumes and as an antiseptic.<br />
Tabemaemontana citrifolia Fever, hemorrhage: bark and latex bath. Toothache, birthmark removal: latex.<br />
bwa let mal<br />
Tamarindus indica Asthma, digestive tract ailments: leaf, bark or root decoction wI salt, taken orally. Throat<br />
tamarenn infections, intestinal worms, liver ailments: leafdecoction wI salt, taken orally. Loss of<br />
appetite: fruit pulp taken orally. Eye infection, sprain, wound: <strong>yo</strong>ung leaf compress.<br />
Constipation: macerated fruit in water 24 hrs., taken orally. Rheumatism: fruit pulp wI salt,<br />
massage. Malarial fever: fruit decoction, taken orally. NB: Leaf extracts exhibit anti-oxidant<br />
activity in the liver (Tramil III, 1988).<br />
Tecoma stans Diabetes: leaf infusion, taken orally. Diuretic, syphilis, intestinal worms: strong leaf and<br />
chevalye root dec,oction, taken orally. Stomach pain, diabetes mellitus: leafdecoction, taken orally.<br />
Terminalia catappa Gastric fever, dysentery, diarrhea: macerated leaf or bark decoction wI salt or sugar, taken<br />
zamann orally. Asthma, blood pressure: leafdecoction wI salt, taken orally. Skin rash: crushed leaf<br />
or bark bath. Cold: crushed seed decoction wI sugar, taken orally. Rheumatism: leaf poultice.<br />
Headache, colic: juice of<strong>yo</strong>ung leaves, taken orally. NB: Plant extracts slow motor activity<br />
and exhibit analgesic properties; lowers blood pressure with a light antidiarrheic effect on rats<br />
(Tramil III, 1988).<br />
Temstroemia peduncularis Dysentery: various plant parts. Rheumatism: bath with various plant parts.<br />
bwa denn mawon<br />
Tetragastris balsamifera Rheumatism: root and seed kernel tea, taken orally. Colic, gastrointestinal ailments: leaf<br />
bwa kochon decoction, taken orally. Anemia, fever: wood and root, essential oil decoction wI salt, taken<br />
orally. Respiratory ailments: bark decoction wI sugar or salt, taken orally.<br />
Theobroma cacao 'Diuretic, stimulant: seed decoction.<br />
kakawo<br />
Thespesia populnea Blood pressure: leaf and bark decoction, taken orally. Rheumatism, urine retention: leaf<br />
fey dayiti, gran maho, motel tea, taken orally. Mange, itch, rash: seed, seed capsule, leaf or boiled bark decoction, applied<br />
debou to infected area.<br />
Thevetia peruviana Fever: Sap, bark and fruit bath. Arthritis: seed kernel paste, applied as an analgesic. Tension:<br />
bwa sezisman boiled leaf and flower tea. CAUTION: Fruit is poisonous; not recommended for internal<br />
usage.<br />
Thrinax morrisii Anemia, chest cold, flu, cough: root decoction, taken orally.<br />
latanye lame<br />
Trichilia havanensis Rheumatism, venereal disease: leaf bath. Albuminuria: root decoction, taken orally.<br />
bwa loray Bladder infection: bark decoction, taken orally.<br />
Trichilia hirta Asthma, tuberculosis: leafdecoction wI salt, taken orally. Fever: leafor bark decoction wI<br />
monben bata salt, taken orally. Elephantiasis, erysipelas: leafdecoction compress. Ulcers: leaf bath.<br />
Diarrhea: root decoction, taken orally. Abortive: leaf, flower, and root infusion, taken orally.<br />
CAUTION: Contains a toxic resin and internal usage not recommended (TramilllII, 1988).<br />
Trichilia pallida Purgative enema: leaf decoction.<br />
dombou, twa pawol<br />
Trophis racemosa Diarrhea: astringent bark tonic, taken orally.<br />
bwa ner, ramo<br />
Vitex agnus-castus Insomnia, dizziness, digestive disorders: leaf infusion. Diuretic: fruit.<br />
Vitex heptaphylla Appendicitis: pulverized seed wI onion application. Enlarged liver, headache, chronic cold:<br />
bwa savann, grigri macerated leafcompress.<br />
Weinmannia pinnata Malaria, fever: bark and gum extraction, taken orally.<br />
Ximenia americana Rheumatism, psoriasis: fruit syrup, taken orally. NB: Fruit is a laxative.<br />
krok, makabi
230 Biomass 'and Volume Tables<br />
Table 21.3 Pole weight (dry kilograms) or volume (x 10- 3 m 3 ) equations for selected<br />
hardwood species in <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
SPECIES WOOD REGRESSION N R Z DIA. SITE<br />
COMPONENT EQUATION 1 RANGE<br />
(em)<br />
Azadirachta indica Pole volume 0.226D 2 13 0.97 4.6-12.6 Thomazeau<br />
A. indica coppice Pole weight 0.152D 2 - 0.98 5.0-10.0 Bon Repos<br />
Casuarina equisetifolia Pole weight 0.308D z 35 0.97 5.5-16.8 Cazeau<br />
C. equisetifolia Pole volume 0.486D z 35' 0.98 5.5--16.8 Cazeau<br />
C. equisetifolia Pole volume 0.379D z - 3.078 - 0.94 - Terre Rouge<br />
Catalpa longissima Pole volume 0.277D z - 2.031 - 0.95 5.0-10.8 Limbe<br />
Eucalyptus' camaldulensis Pole volume 0.291D 2 14 0.96 4.8-13.3 Bon Repos<br />
Leucaena leutocephala Pole weight 0.198D 2 - 0.98 5.0-16.2 Bon Repos<br />
subsp. glabrata "<br />
L leucocephala Pole weight 0.lilsd 2 - 0.96 5.0-16.2 Bon Repos<br />
subsp. glabrata<br />
L leucocephala Pole weight 0.175D 2 - 0.99 5.0-10.0 Bon Repos<br />
subsp. glabrata coppice<br />
Senna siamea Pole volume 0.338D 2 19 0.91 6.3-13.8 Limbe<br />
I sd = StUmp diameter at 0.10 m above ground level, in em. D = Stem diameter at 1.30 m above ground level, in em.<br />
Table 21.4 Volume equations for Hispaniolan pine (Pinus occidentalis Swartz.)<br />
developed at Foret-des-Pins, <strong>Haiti</strong>.<br />
REGRESSION EQUATIONI R Z NOTES<br />
Stem Volume> 7 em Diameter<br />
0.OOO8486D 2 - 0.0680182 0.89 outside bark diameter<br />
0.OOO75432D 2 - 0.0761294 0.86 inside bark diameter<br />
0.OOOO3166D 2 H - 0.0025991 0.96 outside bark diameter<br />
0.OOOO2863D 2 H - 0.030146 0.96 inside bark diameter<br />
Stem Volume> 8 em Diameter<br />
O.0006938D 2 + 0.09282 0.82 outside bark diameter; diameter range: 15-50 em; N = 59<br />
0.OOOO3765h2oD 2 - 0.0094 0.96 outside bark diameter; diameter range: 31-35 em; N = 17<br />
0.OOOO21h2oD 2 + 0.2499 0.82 outside bark diameter; diameter range: 35-50 em; N ='42<br />
Stem Volume> 18 em Diameter<br />
0.00090705D 2 - 0.2358016 0.91 outside bark diameter<br />
0.OOO80508D 2 - 0.2283548 0.88 inside bark diameter<br />
0.OOOO3346D 2 H - 0.1563121 0.96 outside bark diameter<br />
0.OOOO3012D 2 H - 0.1698399 0.95 inside bark diameter<br />
0.OOOO3765h2oD 2 - 0.0987 0.96 outside bark diameter; diameter range: 35-50 em; N = 42<br />
Total Stem Volume<br />
0.OO8021D 2 0.89 outside bark diameter<br />
0.OOO70349D2 0.79 inside bark diameter<br />
0.OOO3182D 2 H 0.96 outside bark diameter<br />
0.OOOO28D 2 H 0.88 inside bark diameter<br />
I
236 Tree Names<br />
APOCYNACEAE<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
P. obtusa x P. subsessilis hybrids<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
I) P. biglandulosa Urb.<br />
2) P. discolor Urb. & Elan.<br />
3) P. longiflora Urb. & Elan.<br />
4) P. paulinae Urb.<br />
5) P. trouinensis Urb. & Elan.<br />
Plumeria rubra L.<br />
P. fubra x P. subsessilis hybrids<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Plumeria stenopetala Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Plumeria subsessilis A. DC.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Plumeria tuberculata Lodd.<br />
Rauvolfia biauriculata Muell.<br />
frangipane, frangipanier marron (H); alelf, atabaiba<br />
(RD)<br />
P. acutifolia Poir., P. incamata frangipane, frangipanier, frangipanier rose (H);<br />
Ruiz. & Pav., P. purpurea Ruiz. & ataiba rosada (RD); frangipan, lirio, lirio tricolor<br />
Pav., P. tricolor Ruiz. & Pay. (C); frangipani (PR)<br />
P. berterii A. DC., P. jaegeri<br />
Muell.Arg.<br />
P. domingensis Urb., P. gibbosa<br />
Urb., P. obtusa var. sericifolia<br />
Woods, P. sericifolia C. Wr. ex<br />
Griseb.<br />
[Also spelled Rauwolfia.]<br />
Rauvolfia nitida Jacq. R. tetraphylla auth., no L. [Also<br />
spelled Rauwolfia.]<br />
Rauvolfia viridis Roem. & Schult. R. lamarckii A. DC. [Also<br />
spelled Rauwolfia.]<br />
Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia<br />
Jacq.<br />
Tabemaemontana citrifolia L.<br />
Tabemaemontana divaricata (L.)<br />
R. Br: ex Roem. & Schult.<br />
Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K.<br />
Schum.<br />
SPECIES<br />
/lex qzuensis Loes.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
/lex bardhonica Loes.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
/lexfuertesiana (Loes.) Loes.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Rauvolfia oppositifolia Spreng.,<br />
T. berterii DC., T. citrifolia Jacq.,<br />
T. oppositifolia (Spreng.) Urb.<br />
Nerium divaricatum L., T.<br />
coronaria Willd.<br />
Cerbera peruviana Pers., C.<br />
thevatia L., T. neriifolia Juss., T.<br />
thevetia Millsp.<br />
AQUIFOLIACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
I. caroliniana var.fuertesiana<br />
Loes., I. fuertesiana var. selleana<br />
Loes:<br />
frangipane, frangipanier marron (H); alelf, atabaiba<br />
(RD)<br />
frangipane, frangipanier marron (H)<br />
frangipane, frangipane blanche, frangipanier,<br />
frangipanier marron (H); alelf (RD)<br />
frangipane, frangipanier epineux (H); alelf, atabaiba<br />
(RD)<br />
bois lait, bois lait femelie, bois saisissement (H);<br />
coraz6n de paloma, palo de leche, palo de leche<br />
chiquito, palo del rey (RD); huevo de gallo (C);<br />
bitter-ash, cachimbo, milk bush, palo amargo (PR)<br />
bitterbush (PR)<br />
bois lait, bois lait mille, bois laiteux febrifuge,<br />
leteuil (H); palo de leche (RD); pegojo, pitimini<br />
(C); palo lechoso, pegoje (PR)<br />
caprice (H); jazmin Malabar (RD)<br />
ahouai des Antilles, bagage 11 collier, bois<br />
saisissement, d'eau livre, feuilles saisies, feuilles<br />
saisissement, noix de serpent, serpent (H); retama<br />
(RD); cabalonga, lucky-nut (PR)<br />
COMMON NAMES
238 Tree Names<br />
Polyscias pinnata Forst.<br />
ARALIACEAE<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Schefflera morototoni (Aub!.)<br />
Maguire Steyenn. & Frodin<br />
Schefflera tremula (Krug & Urb.)<br />
Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Sciadodendrun excelsum Griseb.<br />
feuilles paresseux, paresseux, paresseux des<br />
clotures (H); parid (RD); gallego (PR)<br />
Didymopanax morototoni (Aub!.) aralie grandes feuilles, bois canol, bois trembler,<br />
Decne. & Planch., Panax tremble, trembler, trompette m3le (H); palo de<br />
morotoni Aub!. sable, sablito (RD); yagrumo macho (C, RD, PR);<br />
arriero, gavalan, zapaton (C); matchwood (PR)<br />
Didymopanax tremulus Krug &<br />
Urb. Some authors spell D.<br />
tremulum.<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS<br />
Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) A. excelsa (Lam.) R. Br.<br />
Franco<br />
SPECIES<br />
Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd.<br />
ex Mart.<br />
Attalea crassispatha (Mart.)<br />
Burret<br />
Endemic to southwestern <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
Bactris plumeriana Mart.<br />
Calyptronoma plumeriana<br />
(Martius) Lourteig<br />
ARAUCARIACEAE<br />
ARECACEAE (=PALMAE)<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Henderson et a!. (1995) list 37<br />
synonyms including· A. media O.<br />
F. Cook, A. quisqueyana Bailey,<br />
Bactris globosa Gaertn., Cocos<br />
aculeatus Jacq., Palma spinosa<br />
Mill.<br />
Bomoa crassispatha O. F. Cook,<br />
Cocos crassipatha Mart.,<br />
Maximiliana crassispatha Mart.,<br />
Orbignya crassispatha (Mart.)<br />
Glassman<br />
aralie grandes feuilles, bois d'anjou, bois trembler,<br />
tremble, trembler (H); palo de viento (RD)<br />
ouane primaire (H); juan primero (RD)<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
araucaria (H, PR); siete pisos (RD, C);<br />
Norfolk-Island pine (PR)<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
coco guinee, corosse (H); catie, corozo, corozo<br />
criollo (RD); corojo (C) .<br />
carosse, carossier, petit coco (H)<br />
f B. chaetophylla Mart., B. canne de Tobago, coco macaque, petit crocro (H);<br />
cubensis Burrett, B. jamaicana L. palma de catey (RD); coco macaco, pajua, palma (C);<br />
H. Bailey, B. plumeriana ofBecc., prickly pole (1)<br />
Palma gracilis Mill.<br />
Calyptrogyne clementis Le6n, C. chapelet, palme-a-vin (H); flor de confite, manaca,<br />
dulcis (Wright ex Griseb.) Gomez,. manaca colorada, manacla, palma de arro<strong>yo</strong>, palma<br />
C. intennedia (Griseb. & H. manaca (RD, C)<br />
Wend!.) Gomez, C. microcarpa<br />
Leon, Calyptronoma clementis<br />
(Leon) A. D. Hawkes ssp.<br />
clementis, C. clementis (Leon) A.<br />
D. Hawkes ssp. orientensis Muniz<br />
& Borhidi, C. dulcis (Wright ex<br />
Griseb.) Bailey, C. intennedia<br />
(Griseb. & H. Wend!.) H. Wend!.,<br />
C. microcarpa (Leon) A. D.<br />
Hawkes, Geonoma dulcis Wright<br />
ex Griseb., G. intennedia Griseb.<br />
. & H. Wend!., G. plumeriana<br />
Mart.
SPECIES<br />
Calyptronoma rivalis (Cook)<br />
Bailey<br />
ARECACEAE (=PALMAE)<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Calyptrogyne quisqueyana<br />
(Bailey) Leon, C. rivalis (0. F.<br />
Cook) Leon, Calyptronoma<br />
quisqueyana L. H. Bailey, Cocops<br />
rivalis O. F. Cook<br />
Chrysalidocarpus lutescens H. A. Areca lutescens Bozy<br />
Wend!.<br />
Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd. ex<br />
Schult. f.) Sarg. ex Becc.<br />
Coccothrinax ekmanii Burret<br />
Coccothrinax gracilis Burret<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Acanthorriza argentea (Lodd.) O.<br />
F. Cook, C. argentea of Britton &<br />
Wilson, Thrinax argentea Lodd.<br />
ex Schult. & Schult. f., T.<br />
longistyla Becc., T. multiflora<br />
Man. in pan<br />
C. munizii Borhidi, <strong>Haiti</strong>ella<br />
ekmanii (Burret) L. H. Bailey, H.<br />
munizii (Borhidi) Borhidi<br />
Coccothrinax miraguama (Kunth) Henderson et a!. (1995) list 42<br />
Le6n synonyms including C. montana<br />
Burret, C. scoparia Becc.<br />
Coccothrinax spissa Bailey<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Cocos nucifera L.<br />
Copemicia berteroana Becc.<br />
Copemicia ekmanii Burret<br />
Endemic to northwestern <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
Elaeis guineensis L.<br />
Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz &<br />
Pav.) Man. var. interrupta<br />
Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex<br />
Chabaud .<br />
Phoenix dactylifera L.<br />
Palmas cocos Miller<br />
E. melanococca Gaert.<br />
Henderson et al. (1995) list 22<br />
synonyms including G. oxycarpa<br />
Man.<br />
Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H. E. Henderson et a!. (1995) list36<br />
Moore synonyms including Euterpe<br />
globosa Gaertn., Prestoea<br />
montana (Graham) Nicholson<br />
Pseudophoenix lediniana Read<br />
Endemic to Fauche River, <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
Pseudophoenix sargentii H. A.<br />
Wend!. ex Sarg. ssp. saonae<br />
1) var. saonae<br />
2) var. navassana Read<br />
P. elata O. F. Cook ex Burret<br />
var. saonae: Cyclospathe<br />
northropii O. F. Cook, P. gracilis<br />
Ekm., P. linearis O. F. Cook, P.<br />
saonae O. F. Cook<br />
var. navassana: P. navassana<br />
Ekm. ex Burret<br />
Tree Names 239<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
palme-a-vin, palma (H); manaca, manacla, palma<br />
manaca, palmilla (RD, PR)<br />
areca (H, RD, PR, US); palma areca (C); palm<br />
dorada (RD); bamboo palm, butterfly palm,<br />
Madagascar palm, yellow palm (English)<br />
gouane, gwenn, latanier bourrique, latanier marron,<br />
latanier savanne, palme coyau (H); guano, palma de<br />
guano(RD)<br />
gouane, gwenn (H)<br />
latanier (H)<br />
latanier balai (H); miraguano, yuraguana (C)<br />
cocotier, cocoyer, cog au lait, noix de coco (H);<br />
coco, coCotero, palma de coco (RD, PR); coconut<br />
(US)<br />
dyare (H); yarey (RD)<br />
homme de paille, jambe de paille (H)<br />
corossier, crocro, crocro guinee (H); corozo (RD);<br />
corojo de Guinea (C); African oil palm (PR, US)<br />
coco macaque, palme (H, M)<br />
Canary Island date palm (PR, US)<br />
datte, dattier (H); datil (RD, C, PR); datilera,<br />
palmera (RD, C); date, date palm (PR)<br />
macoutouca, palme-a-vin, palmiste-a-ehapelet (H);<br />
palma de manacla, manacla (RD); mountain palm<br />
(PR)<br />
pal, petit palmiste marron (H)<br />
cacheo (RD); palma de guinea (C); Florida<br />
cherrypalm, Sargent cherrypalm (US); hog cabbage,<br />
hog palmetto (B)
240 Tree 'Names<br />
SPECIES<br />
Pseudophoenix vinifera (Mart.)<br />
Becc.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Roystonea borinquena O. F. Cook<br />
Sabal causiarum (0. F. Cook)<br />
Becc.<br />
Sabal domingensis Becc.<br />
Thrinax'morrisU H. A. WendL<br />
Thrinax radiata Lodd. ex Schult.<br />
& Schult. f.<br />
Zombia antillarum (Desc. ex<br />
Jackson) Bailey<br />
.Monotypic species endemic to<br />
Hispaniola<br />
SPECIES<br />
ARECACEAE (=PALMAE)<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Aeria vinifera (Mart.) O. F. Cook,<br />
Cocos vinifera (Mart.) Mart.,<br />
Euterpe vinifera Mart., Gaussia<br />
vinifera (Mart.) H. WendL, P.<br />
insignis O. F. Cook, Raphia<br />
vinifera Descourt. -<br />
Oreodoxa borinquena (0. F.<br />
Cook) Reasoner ex L. H. Bailey,<br />
R. hispaniolana Bailey, R.<br />
hispaniolana f. altissima<br />
Moscoso, R. peregrina L. H.<br />
Bailey<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
catie, palmiste-a-vin (H); cacheo (RD); guano de<br />
Guinea (C); buccaneerpalm (US)<br />
palmier royal, palmiste (H); palma, palma deyagua<br />
(RD); palma real (RD, PR); Hispaniolan royal palm,<br />
Puerto Rico royal palm, royal palm (PR,US)<br />
Inodes causiarum O. F. Cook, 7. latanier chapeau, latanier franc, latanier jaune (H);<br />
glauca Dammer, S. haitensis palma cana (RD); palma de sombrero, Puerto Rican<br />
Becc., S. questeliana L. H. Bailey hat palm, yarey (PR)<br />
S. neglecta Becc.<br />
Simpsonia microcarpa (Sarg.) O.<br />
F. Cook, T. bahamensis O. F.<br />
Cook, T. drudei Becc., T. ekmanii<br />
Burret, T. keyensis Sarg., T.<br />
microcarpa Sarg., T. ponceana O.<br />
F. Cook, T. punctulata Becc.<br />
.Coccothrinax manU (Griseb. &<br />
H. WendL) Becc., C. radiata<br />
(Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f.)<br />
Sarg., Porothrinax pumilio H.<br />
WendL ex Griseb., T.floridana<br />
Sarg., T. manU Griseb. & H.<br />
WendL ex Griseb., T.<br />
wendlandiana Becc.<br />
Chamaerops antillarum Descourt.<br />
ex Jackson, Coccothrinax<br />
anomala Becc., Oothrinax<br />
anomala (Becc.) O. F. Cook, Z<br />
antillarum var. gonzalezU<br />
Jimenez<br />
ASCLEPIADACEAE<br />
latanier chapeau, paille (H); cana, palma de cana<br />
(RD); Hispaniola palmetto (PR)<br />
latanier de mer, latanier la mer (H); guanillo (RD);<br />
guano de sierra, miraguano, palmita (C); brittle<br />
thatch palm, palma de cojollo, palma de escoba,<br />
pandereta, yaray (PR); buffalo top (B); guano<br />
campeche (G)<br />
latanier de mer, latanier la mer (H); guanillo (RD);<br />
guano de costa (C); thatch palm 0, US)<br />
latanier piquant, latanier zombi (H); guanito (DR)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. arbre soie, coton soie (H); algod6n extranjero (RD);<br />
caZuela (C); algod6n de seda, giant milkweed (PR);<br />
arbre a soie (G) .<br />
ASTERACEAE (=COMPOSITAE)<br />
NB: Judd (1987) describes 19 shrub species ofthe following genera that might be considered small trees sensu Little and<br />
Wadsworth (1964): Baccharis (1); Eupatorium (10), Lantanopsis (1), Narvalina (I), Pluchea (I), Senecio (3), and Vernonia<br />
(2).
242 Tree Names<br />
SPECIES<br />
Bua orellana L. .<br />
SPECIES<br />
Blechnum underwoodianum<br />
(Broudh.) C. Chr.<br />
SPECIES<br />
BIXACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
B. katangensis Delpierre<br />
BLECHNACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
BOMBACACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Adansonia digitata L. A. baobab, A. situla. A.<br />
somalensis, A. sphaerocarpa A.<br />
Chev.<br />
Bombacopsis emarginata (A. Rich.) Bombax emarginatum Dcne.•<br />
A. Robyns Pachira emarginata A. Rich<br />
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.<br />
Chorisia insignis HBK.<br />
Chorisia speciosa S1. Hi!.<br />
Neobuchia paulinae Urb.<br />
Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urb.<br />
Pachira aquatica Aubl.<br />
Pachira insignis (Sw.) Sw.<br />
Bombax guineense Thonn.• B.<br />
orientale Sprengel. B.<br />
pentandrum L.. C. casearia L.<br />
Medicus, C. guineense (Thonn.)<br />
A. Chev.• C. thonningii A. Chev.•<br />
Eriodendron anfructuosum DC.•<br />
E. caribaeum (DC.) G. Don, E.<br />
guineese (Thonn.) G. Don. ex<br />
Lond.<br />
Bombax angulata Sesse & Moy,<br />
B. pyramidale Cav., O. bicolor<br />
Rowlee, O. boliviana Rowlee. O.<br />
grandiflora Rowlee, O. lagopus<br />
Sw., O. lagopus var. bicolor<br />
(Rowlee) StandI. et Steyerm.• O.<br />
lagopus var. occigranatensis<br />
Cuatr., O. limonensis Rowlee. O.<br />
obtusa Raw!., O. peruviana<br />
Sohns1., O. tomentosa Willd., O.<br />
velutina Rowlee<br />
Carolinea princeps L. f., P.<br />
grandiflora Tuss.<br />
Pseudobombax ellipticum (HBK.) Bombax ellipticum HBK.<br />
Dugand<br />
Quararibea turbinata (Sw.) Poir. .Myrodia turbinata Sw.<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
chiote, roucou. roucouyer (H); achiote, bija (RD. C.<br />
PR); lipstick bush (PR); anatto O. PR)<br />
tree fern (US)<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
mapou etranger, mapou zombi (H); baobab (RD.<br />
. C, PR. G, M); monkey bread tree, sour gourd (J)<br />
colorade (H); caiman, colorado. juan colorado<br />
(RD)<br />
fromager, mapou. mapou coton (H); ceiba (RD. C,<br />
PR); kapok. silk cotton (PR); cotton tree (J)<br />
estrella federal (RD)<br />
estrella federal (RD) .<br />
mapou blanc (H)<br />
bois madame, coton fleur, coton soie. fleurs<br />
mahaudeme, mahaudeme (H); lana, lanero. palo de<br />
lana (RD); balsa, corcho, corkwood, guano (PR)<br />
colorade (H); cacao cimarr6n, carolina, colorado,<br />
pachira (RD); ceiba de agua (PR)<br />
cacao cimarrOn (RD); shaving-brush tree (PR);<br />
carolina (C)<br />
don diego de ilia (RD)<br />
molinero, molinillo, paragiiita (RD)
BORAGINACEAE<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Tree Names 243<br />
Bourreria succulenta Jacq. B. succulenta var. canescens O. E. cafe marron, mapou gris (H); palo bobo (RD); ateje<br />
Schulz., Cordia bourreria L., de costa, curaboca, fruta de catey, roble gua<strong>yo</strong> (C);<br />
Ehretia bourreria L. [Also spelled palo de vaca, pigeon-berry (PR)<br />
Beureria.]<br />
Bourreria virgata (Sw.) G. Don<br />
Cordia alba (Jacq.) Roem. &<br />
Schult.<br />
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez &<br />
Pavon) Oken<br />
Cordia collqcocca L.<br />
Cordiafitchii Urb.<br />
Cordia gerascanthes L.<br />
Cordia laevigata Lam.<br />
Cordia mirabiloides (Jacq.) Roem.<br />
& Schult.<br />
Cordia obliqua Willd.<br />
Cordia sebestena L.<br />
Cordia sulcata DC.<br />
Ehretia tinifolia L.<br />
Rochefortia acanthophora (DC.)<br />
Griseb.<br />
B. domingensis (DC.) Griseb.<br />
[Also spelled Beureria.]<br />
Calyptracordia alba (Jacq.)<br />
Britton, Cordia calyptrata Bert.,<br />
C. dentata Poir., Varronia<br />
calyptrata DC.<br />
Cerdana alliodora Ruiz & Pavon,.<br />
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez &<br />
Pavon) Cham. ex DC., C.<br />
gerascanthus Jacq., non L.<br />
C. glabra auth.<br />
C. nitida Vahl<br />
C. tremula Griseb.<br />
C. brachycalyx Urb., C. speciosa<br />
.Salisb., Sebesten sebestena (L.)<br />
Britton<br />
C. macrophylla R. & S., C.<br />
toqueve Sieb. '<br />
Ehretia acanthophora DC., E.<br />
spinosa Spreng.<br />
guazumillo (RD); cafecillo, raspalengua (C); palo<br />
de vaca, roble de gua<strong>yo</strong> (PR)<br />
bois chique (H); mufieco blanco, yagua (RD); ateje<br />
amarillo, uva gomosa, uvita, varia blanca (C);<br />
cereza blanca, white manjack (PR)<br />
bois de rose, bois soumis, chene caparo, chene<br />
franc, chene noir (H); capa de olor, capa de sabana,<br />
capa 0 laurel, capar6, guacimilla (RD); capa, capli<br />
prieto (RD, PR); Spanish elm (PR, J); varia, varia<br />
amarilla, varia colorado, varia prieta (C)<br />
trois pieds (H); mufieco, palo de mufieco blanco<br />
(RD); ateje; ateje hembra (C); cerezo, manjack,<br />
palo de mufieco (PR)<br />
capa prieto, mufieco (RD); varia, varia prieta (C)<br />
bois paupit, bois pou¢
244 Tree Names<br />
SPECIES<br />
Bursera glauca Griseb.<br />
Bursera gracilipes Urb. & Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Bursera ovata Urb. & Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.<br />
Protium glaucescens Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Tetragastris balsamifera (Sw.)<br />
Kuntze<br />
BURSERACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
B. nashii (Britt.) Urb.,<br />
Terebinthinus glauca Britt., T.<br />
nashiiBritt.<br />
B. gummifera L., B. ovalifolia<br />
(Schldl.) Engl., Elaphrium<br />
ovalifolium Schldl., E. simaruba<br />
(L.) Rose, Pistacia simaruba L.<br />
Hedwigia balsamifera Sw., T.<br />
ossaea Gaertn., T. panamensis<br />
OK<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS<br />
BUXACEAE<br />
Buxus glomerata (Griseb.) Muel!. Tricera glomerata Griseb.<br />
Arg.<br />
SPECIES<br />
Cereus hexagonus (L.) Mill.<br />
Consolea macracantha (Mill.)<br />
Lem.<br />
Lemaireocereus hystrix (Haw.)<br />
Britton & Rose '<br />
Opuntiaficus-indica (L.) Mill.<br />
Opuntia moniliformis (L.) Haw.<br />
SPECIES<br />
Lobelia assurgens L.<br />
Lobelia robusta Graham var.<br />
robusta<br />
CACTACEAE<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
bois d'encens, chiboue, chique, gommier, gommier<br />
blanc, gommier rouge (H); almacigo (RD, PR, C);<br />
almacigo blanco, almacigo colorado, jobo (RD); gun1<br />
tree, gumbo limbo, turpentine tree, West Indian<br />
birch (PR)<br />
bois eachon, bois cachon marron, sucrier des<br />
montagnes (H); abey, amacey, amacey hembra<br />
(RD); hagwood, masa, palo de aceite (PR);<br />
azucarero, palo cachino (C)<br />
bois petite feuille (H)<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Cereus hystrix (Haw.)<br />
Salm.-Dyck.<br />
Consolea moniliformis (L.)<br />
Britton<br />
CAMPANULACEAE<br />
cayuco (RD); cacto columnar (C, PR); tall<br />
columnar cactus (PR)<br />
cactier, cactus, raquette (H)<br />
catastres (H); cayuco (RD); card6n (C); dildo<br />
espanol, Spanish dildo (PR)<br />
raquette (H); alquitira, higo chumbo, tuna mansa<br />
(RD); spineless tuna, tuna de Espana (PR)<br />
patte de tortue, raquette espagnole (H); alpargata<br />
(RD); tuna (PR)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
cog shango (H); chicoria cimarrona (PR); cardinale<br />
rouge, lobelie cardinale (French)
SPECIES<br />
Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn.<br />
Cinnamodendron angustifolium<br />
Sleumer<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Cinnamodendron ekmanii Sleumer<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Pleodendron ekmanii Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
SPECIES<br />
Capparis amplissima Lam.<br />
Capparis cynophallophora L.<br />
Capparis dolichopoda Helwig<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
.CANELLACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
C. alba Murray, Laurus<br />
winterana L., Winterana canella<br />
L.<br />
Tree Names 245<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
canille, camille, cannelle. cannelle poivree (H);<br />
canela, canela de la tierra, cane/ilia (RD); barbasco,<br />
canella, pepper cinnamon, whitewood bark; wild<br />
cinnamon, winter bark(PR); cUrbana, malambo (C)<br />
canelilla (RD)<br />
CAPPARACEAE (=CAPPARIDACEAE)<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
C. portoricensis Urb.<br />
C. emarginata A. Rich., C.<br />
jamaicensis Jacq., C.<br />
odoratissima Spreng., C. torulosa<br />
Sw., Quadrella cynophallophora<br />
Hutch.<br />
matabecerro (RD)<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
bois caca, bois couleuvre, bois d'argent, bois de<br />
couille, bois fetide, bois puant, bois senegal, caca<br />
chien, cacache, caprier rampant (H); frijol,<br />
frijolillo, olivo, olivo frijol (RD); bejuco ingles,<br />
black wattle (PR); Jamaica caper (J)<br />
avocat marron (H)<br />
Capparisferruginea L. C. incana Spreng., C. octandra balai four, balai velours, bois rave, bois senegal<br />
Jacq., Linnaeobreyniaferruginea (H); frijol (RD); mostacilla chica (C); olivo (C,<br />
Hutch. RD); bois caca, bois puant (G,M); mustard shrub<br />
(J)<br />
Capparisjlexuosa (L i ) L.<br />
Capparis frondosa Jacq.<br />
Capparis gonaivensis Helwig<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Capparis grisebachii EichI.<br />
Capparis hastata Jacq.<br />
Capparis indica (L.) Fawc. &<br />
Rendle<br />
Crataeva tapia L.<br />
Forchhammeria haitiensis (Urb. &<br />
Ekm.) Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Morisonia americana L.<br />
Morisoniajlexuosa L.<br />
C. baducca L.<br />
Quadrella gonaivensis Hutch.<br />
Linnaeobreynia grisebachii<br />
Hutch.<br />
C. cocciJlobifolia Mart.<br />
. bois caca, bois moutarde, bois rave (H); frijol de<br />
monte, huevo de perro, mostazo (RD); mostacilla<br />
(C); caper tree, limber tree, palinguan (PR)<br />
bois bourrique, saint-esprit (H)<br />
bois rave (H); frijol, huevo de perro, mostazo (RD)<br />
sapo (PR)<br />
Breynia indica L., C. amygdalina burro (PR); bois de meche, bois puant (G); bois<br />
Lam., Linnaeobreynia indica noir (M)<br />
Hutch.<br />
C. apetala Urb.<br />
Murbeckia haitiensis Urb. &<br />
Ekm.<br />
aguacatillo, guarapo (RD); rat apple (PR)
SPECIES SYNONYMS<br />
COMBRETACEAE<br />
Terminalia domingensis Urb. ssp. T. intermedia auth., not Urb.<br />
domingensis<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
chicharr6n (RD)<br />
Tree Names 249<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
CUNONIACEAE (including BRUNELLIACEAE)<br />
SPECIES<br />
Brunellia comocladiifolia H. & B.<br />
ssp. domingensis Cuatr.<br />
Weinmannia pinnata L:<br />
SPECIES<br />
Cupressus lusitanica Mill.<br />
Cupressus sempervirens L.<br />
Juniperus ekmanii Florin.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Selle<br />
Juniperus gracilior Pilg.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
SPECIES<br />
Alsophila hotteana (C. Chr. &<br />
Ekm.) Tr<strong>yo</strong>n<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Alsophila minor (D. C. Eaton)<br />
Tr<strong>yo</strong>n<br />
w: hirta Sw.<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
CUPRESSACEAE<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
bois mabel (H); guao, palo de cotorra (RD); West<br />
Indian sumac (J)<br />
casabito, tamarindo de lorna, tamarindo de sierra<br />
(RD); oreganillo (PR, C); sabicu de pinares, sabicu<br />
maraii6n (C); bastard brasiletto, wild brasiletto (J)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
C. benthamii Endl., C. glauca<br />
Lam., C. lindleyi Klotzsch. ex<br />
Endl.<br />
CYATHEACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Alsophila woodwardioides (Kaulf.) Nephelea woodwardioides<br />
Conant (Kaulf.) Gastony var. hieonymi<br />
(Brause) Gastony<br />
Cnemidaria horrida (L.) Presl.<br />
Cyathea aquilina (Christ) Domain Alsophila aquilina Christ.<br />
Cyathea arborea (L.) J. E. Smith<br />
Cyathea escuquensis (Karst.) Hemitelia escuquensis Karst.<br />
Domin .<br />
Cyatheafurfuracea Baker<br />
Cyathea harrisii Baker<br />
Cyathea harrisii Baker x Alsophila<br />
minor (D. C. Eaton) Tyron<br />
Cyathea tenera (J. E. Sm.) Moore C. brittoniana ¥axon<br />
Cyathea wilsonii (Hook.) Proctor Hemitelia wilsonii Hook.<br />
cypres, cypres de Mexico (H); cipres (RD, C);<br />
cipres mexicano, Mexican cypress (PR)<br />
cypres, cypres d'Italie (H); cipres (RD, C); cipres<br />
italiano. Italian cypress (PR)<br />
cedre (H); sabina (RD)<br />
tree fern (US)<br />
tree fern (US)<br />
tree fern (US)<br />
tree fern (US)<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
helecho gigante, tree fern (PR)<br />
Fougere arborescente (H); camar6n, helecho, helecho<br />
arb6reo, helecho gigante, palmilla, tree fern (PR)<br />
helecho gigante, tree fern (PR)<br />
tree fern (US)<br />
C. harrisii Underw. ex Maxon (?) tree fern (US)<br />
helecho gigante, tree fern (PR)<br />
helecho gigante, tree fern (PR)
250 Tree Names<br />
Cycas circinalis L.<br />
Cycas revoluta L.<br />
CYCADACEAE<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
SPECIES<br />
Cyrilla racemijlora L.<br />
SPECIES<br />
Tapura haitiensis Urb. & Ekm.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
SPECIES<br />
Curatella americana L.<br />
Dillenia indica L.<br />
SPECIES<br />
Diospyros caribaea (A. DC.)<br />
StandI.<br />
Diospyros crassinervis ssp.<br />
urbaniana (Leonard) Alain<br />
Diospyros ddmingensis (Urb.)<br />
Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
CYRILLACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
C. antillana Michx.<br />
DICHAPETALACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
DILLENIACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
cicadacea (RD); crozier cycad, false sago-palm<br />
(PR); cica (PR, RD)<br />
palmiste des Indes (H); alcanfor (C); sago-palm<br />
(US)<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
granadillo, granado, palo colorado, palo de toro,<br />
palo prieto, sabina, sabina macho (RD)<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
C. grisebachiana Eichl. curatella, pomme torche (H); aperalejo, peralejo,<br />
peralejo de sabana (RD); rough-leaf tree (US)<br />
EBENACEAE<br />
coca (RD); dilenia, India dillenia (PR, US)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Maba caribaea Hiem.,<br />
Macreightia caribaea A. DC.<br />
Maba urbaniana Leonard<br />
Diospyros oxycarpa (Urb.) Alain Maba oxycarpa Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Diospyros revoluta Poir.<br />
Diospyros tetrasperma Sw.<br />
SPECIES<br />
Muntingia calabura L.<br />
Sloanea amygdalina Griseb. S. domingensis Urb.<br />
bois raide (H)<br />
D. leonardii Alain, Maba cocu<strong>yo</strong> (RD)<br />
domingensis Urb., M. leonardii<br />
Urb.&Ekm.<br />
D. ebenaster Retz ebene (H); ebano (RD); guayabota, zapote negro<br />
(PR)<br />
ELAEOCARPACEAE<br />
bois raide (H); ebano, ebano negro (RD)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
bois d'onne, bois de soie, bois de soie marron (H);<br />
memiso (RD, C); capulf, capulinas, guasima cereza<br />
(C); Jamaica cherry (J)<br />
acomat, bois coq, chapeau cllIl't, comat (H);<br />
chicharr6n (RD); berijua, cresta de gallo, juba<br />
blanca (C); break-axe, ironwood (1)
254 Tree Names<br />
SPECIES<br />
Jatropha curcas L.<br />
Jatropha hemandiifolia Vent.<br />
EUPHORBIACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Curcas curcas (L.) Britt. &<br />
Millsp., C. indica A. Rich.<br />
Curcas peltata BailI., J.<br />
hemandiifolia var. epeltata Pax.,<br />
Loureira peltata Desf.<br />
Jatropha integerrima Jacq. J. aeuminata Lam., J. hastata<br />
Jacq., J. panduraefolia Andr.<br />
Jatropha multifida L. Adenoropium multifidum (L.)<br />
Pohi.<br />
Margaritaria nobilis L. M. nobilia var. antillana (A.<br />
Juss.) Stehle & Quentin,<br />
Phyllanthus antillanus (A. Juss.)<br />
Muell. Arg., P. nobilis var.<br />
antillanus (A. Juss.) Mueli. Arg.<br />
Omphalea eommutata Mueli. Arg. Omphalandria eommutata O.<br />
Ktze.<br />
Omphalea ekmanii Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Omphalea triandra L.<br />
Pera bumeliifolia Oriseb.<br />
Pera glomerata Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels<br />
Phyllanthus euneifolius (Britt.)<br />
Croizat<br />
Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus L. ssp.<br />
domingensis Webster<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus L. ssp.<br />
epiphyllanthus<br />
Phyllanthus juglandifolrus Willd.<br />
ssp. juglandifolius<br />
Phyllanthusmaleolens Urb. &<br />
Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Phyllanthus myriophyllus Urb.<br />
Endemic to southwestern <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
P. depressaUrb. & Elan., P.<br />
domingensis Urb.<br />
Averrhoa acida L., Cieea acida<br />
Mere., C. distiehia L., C.<br />
nodijlora Lam., Diasperus<br />
distiehus O. Ktze., P. cieea<br />
Mueli. Arg., P. distiehus Mueli.<br />
Arg.<br />
Andraehne? euneifolia Britt.<br />
Agyneia berterii Spreng., P.<br />
grandifolius genuinus Muell.<br />
Arg.<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
feuilles mooecin, grand medecinier, mooecinier,<br />
mooecinieragrandes feuilles, medecinier beni,<br />
mooecinier carthartique (H); pinon (RD); pinon<br />
botija, pifi6n criollo, pinon lechero, pinon purgante,<br />
pinon v6ci (C); physic-nut, wild oil nut (J)<br />
mooecinier des Indes (H)<br />
mooecinier des Indes, mooecinier espagnol,<br />
medecinier multifide, papaye sauvage (H); pinon de<br />
Espana (RD); French physic nut (1)<br />
palo amargo (RD); azulejo, guaicaje, llomn (C);<br />
avispillo, higuillo, millo, siete-cueros, yuquillo<br />
(PR); bastard hog cherry (1); acomat blitard (0)<br />
noisetier, noisetier du pays (H)<br />
noisetier, noisetier d'Amerique, noisetier du pays,<br />
noisette (H); avellana, avellana criolla (RD);<br />
avellano de America, avellano de costa (C); cobnut,<br />
popnut (1)<br />
casser hache, casser rage (H); ciguamo, corazon de<br />
paloma, cuemo de buey,jaiquf, palo damaso, palo<br />
prieto, pinillo (RD)<br />
cotelle (H)<br />
sybilline (H); grosella (RD, PR, C); cerezo<br />
occidental, manzana lora (C); cereza amarilla,<br />
otaheiti gooseberry (PR)<br />
bisiette marron, espagnol marron (H); bigleaf<br />
leafflower, gamo de costa (PR); grosella cimarron<br />
(C)
FABACEAE (=LEGUMINOSAE)<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Ttee Names 257<br />
Ateleia gummifer (Bert.) D. Dietr. Pterocarpus gummifer Bert. ex DC. bois senti (H); azota potranca, goma (RD)<br />
Ateleia microcarpa (Pers.) D. Dietr. Acacia revoluta Mohlenbr., .azota potranca, palo de caiman (RD)<br />
Pterocarpus microcarpus Pers.<br />
Bauhinia acuminata L.<br />
Bauhinia divaricata L. var.<br />
angustiloba Elan. & Urb.<br />
Endemic to southwestern <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
Bauhinia divaricata L. var.<br />
divaricata<br />
Bauhinia monandra Kurz.<br />
Bauhinia variegata L.<br />
Byra buxifolia (MuIT.) Urb.<br />
Caesalpinia bahamensis Lam.<br />
Caesalpinia barahonensis Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Caesalpinia ba.rkeriana Urb. &<br />
Elan.<br />
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.<br />
Caesalpinia brasiliensis L.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Caesalpinia buchii Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Caesalpinia ciliata (Berg.) Urb.<br />
Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd.<br />
Caesalpinia globulorum Bakh. f. &<br />
v. Royen<br />
Caesalpinia pellucida Vogel<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
B. aurita Ait., B. porrecta Sw.,<br />
Casparea aurita Griseb., C.<br />
divaricata HBK.<br />
B. kappleri Sagot, B. krugii Urb.,<br />
Caspareopsis monandra (Kurz)<br />
Britton & Rose<br />
Phanera variegata (L.) Benth.<br />
Pterocarpus buxifolius Murr.<br />
Guilandina barkeriana Britt.<br />
Guilandina bonduc L. (1753), G.<br />
bonducella L.<br />
C. grisebachiana Ktze.,<br />
Guilandina ciliata Berg.<br />
C. thomaea Spreng, Libidibia<br />
coriaria Schlecht., Poinciana<br />
coriaria Jacq.<br />
Bonduc majus Medik., C. bonduc<br />
Roxb. (see Liogier, 1985), C.<br />
major Dandy & Exell,<br />
Guilandina bonduc L. (1762), G.<br />
major Small<br />
Poincianella pellucida Britt. &<br />
Rose<br />
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Poincianella pulcherrima L.<br />
Caesalpinia vesicaria L C. bijuga Sw., Nicarago<br />
vesicaria Britt., Poinciana<br />
bijugata Jacq.<br />
Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner C. confusa Sprague & Riley, C.<br />
similis Sprague & Riley<br />
bois cale<strong>yo</strong>n (H)<br />
bois cale<strong>yo</strong>n, collegue, collegue matourin,<br />
matourin, petit cale<strong>yo</strong>n (H); huella de chivo, pata<br />
de chivo, pie de chivo (RD); pata de vaca (C)<br />
caractere des hommes, deux jumelles, jumelle (H);<br />
framboyan cubano, frarnboyan extranjero, palo de<br />
vaca, semi-rubia (RD); butterfly bauhinia, pariposa<br />
(PR); casco de mulo (C); pata de vaca (C, RD)<br />
flarnboyan orqufdea (RD); palo de orqufdeas, poor<br />
man's orchid (PR)<br />
galle-galle (H); ebano de Santo Domingo,<br />
granadillo, tachuelo (RD)<br />
brasil (RD)<br />
bresillet (H); brasil (RD)<br />
canique, graines quinique, quinique, quinique jaune<br />
(H); mate, mate de costa (RD, C); bonduc, nickar<br />
tree, yellow nickar (1)<br />
bresillet (H); brasil, palo de Brasil (RD)<br />
canique, ouary, quinique, quinique jaune (H)<br />
guatapana, macasol (H); nacascol (RD); divi divi<br />
(H, RD, C, PR, J); guatapana (RD, C); libidibi (H,<br />
RD); guaracabuya (C) .<br />
mate prieto (RD); gray nickers, mato azul, mato de<br />
playa (PR); guacalote, mate, mate de costa (C);<br />
bonduc, nickar tree, yellow nickar (1)<br />
francillade, francillade afleurs jaunes, francillade a<br />
fleurs rouges, francillane, poincillade (H); carzazo,<br />
macata (RD); c1avellina (C, PR, RD); guacarnaya<br />
(C); Barbados pride, doodle-do (PR); flowerfence,<br />
Spanish carnation (J)<br />
brasil, brasilete negro, guacamaya de costa (C);<br />
bastard nicarago, Indian savin tree, jack fishwood<br />
(J)<br />
calliandra, calliandre (H); palo de angel (RD);<br />
cabello de angel (PR) .
258 Tree Names<br />
SPECIES<br />
Calliandra caracasana (Jacq.)<br />
Benth.<br />
Calliandra cubensis (Macbr.) Leon<br />
Calliandra falcata Benth. & Hook<br />
FABACEAE (=LEGUMINOSAE)<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Acacia caracasana Britt. & Rose,<br />
Anneslia caracasana (Jacq.)<br />
Britt. & Rose, A. portoricensis<br />
(Jacq.) Donn. Smith, Mimosa<br />
caracasana Jacq.<br />
Anneslia cubensis Britt. & Rose,<br />
C. formosa var. cubensis Macbr.<br />
Calliandra haematocephala Hassk. C. inaequilatera Rusby<br />
Calliandra haematomma (Bert.)<br />
Benth.<br />
Calliandra nervosa (Urb.) Ekm. &<br />
Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Calliandra pedicellata Benth.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Calliandra picardae Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Calliandra portoricensis (Jacq.)<br />
Benth.<br />
Calliandra rivularis Urb. & Ekm.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Calliandra schultzei Harms<br />
Calliandra surinamensis Benth.<br />
Calliandra urbanii Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Cassidfistula L.<br />
Cassia grandis L. f.<br />
Cassia javanica L.<br />
Acacia haematomma Bert., A..<br />
haematostoma Bert., Anneslia<br />
haematostoma Britt.<br />
Pithecellobium nervosum Urb.<br />
Anneslia pedicellata Britt. &<br />
Rose<br />
Anneslia minutifolia Britt., C.<br />
htiematostoma var: minutifolia<br />
Urb., C. minutifolia Urb. not<br />
Pittier<br />
Mimosa portoricensis Jacq.<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
granolino (RD); acacia puertoriguena, cojobillo,<br />
morivivi cimarron, white calliandra (PR);<br />
night-flowering acacia (J)<br />
bayahonda (RD)<br />
clavellina, oreganillo, tabacuelo (RD)<br />
petit gai"ac (H); granolino (RD); night-flowering<br />
acacia(J)<br />
granolino (RD)<br />
canasta mexicana, cuiji venezolano, pompOn (RD)<br />
canasta mexicana (RD)<br />
baton casse, casse. casse doux, casse espagnole (H);<br />
canafistol, canafistula mansa, chacara, guayaba<br />
cimarrona (RD); canafistola (RD, C); canafistula<br />
(RD, PR); golden shower (PR); cassia stick tree (J)<br />
C. brasiliana Lam. casse, casse espagnole, baton casse (H); ch:kara,<br />
guayaba cimarrona (RD); canafistula cimarrona<br />
(RD, C, PR); canandonga (C); pink shower (PR);<br />
horse cassia (J)<br />
C. grandis Hort. p.p., C. nodosa casse (H)<br />
Buch-Hamilt.<br />
Cercidium praecox (R. & P.) Harms Caesalpinia praecox R. & P.,<br />
Cercidium spinosum Tul.<br />
Copaifera officinalis L.<br />
Crudia spicata (Aubl.) Willd.<br />
Cynometra americana Vogel<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Cynometra portoricensis Krug &<br />
Urb.<br />
Dalbergia berterii (DC.) Urb.<br />
C. jacquini Desf.<br />
Apalatoa spicata Aubl., C.<br />
antillana Urb.<br />
Ecastaphyllum bertii DC.,<br />
Pterocarpus berterii Spreng.<br />
baie aonde, printemps (H); bayahonda, bayahonda<br />
de la Virgen (RD)<br />
amacey, copaiba (RD)<br />
aquin, cacome marron, cordon, graines plates (H);<br />
guama(C)<br />
courbaril (H); pico de gallo (C)<br />
algarrobillo (RD); oreganillo (PR)<br />
bejuco de peseta, sarno (RD)
260 Tree Names<br />
SPECIES<br />
Hymenaea courbaril L.<br />
FABACEAE (=LEGUMINOSAE)<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
H. candolleana HBK, Inga<br />
megacarpa M. E. Jones<br />
Ingafagifolia (L.) Willd. ex Benth. I.laurina (Sw.) Willd.,Mimosa<br />
fagifolia L., M. laurina Sw.<br />
Ingafastuosa (1acq.) Willd.<br />
Inga vera Willd. spp. vera I. inga (L.) Britton, Mimosa inga<br />
L.<br />
Leucaena diversifolia (Schlecht.)<br />
Benth. subsp. diversifolia<br />
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de<br />
Wit subsp. glabrata (Rose) S.<br />
Zarate<br />
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de<br />
Wit subsp.leucocephala (Rose) S.<br />
Zarate<br />
Leucaena trichodes (Jacq.) Benth.<br />
& Hook.<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
courbaril, gomme anim6e, pois confiture (H);<br />
algarrobo (RD); algarroba (RD, PR); West Indian<br />
locust (PR, J): algarrobo de las Antillas, curbaril<br />
(C): stinking toe (1)<br />
gina, jina (RD); guama, sweetpea (PR); pois doux,<br />
pois doux blanc (G, M)<br />
guama venezolana (RD); guaba peluda, guaba<br />
venezolana CPR)<br />
pois doux, pois sucrin, sucrier, sucrin (H); guamli,<br />
jina (RD); guaba (PR, C); guaba nativa, inga (PR)<br />
L brachycarpa Urb., L laxifolia leucaena petite feuille (H); guaje (Spanish);<br />
Urb., L trichandra (Zucc.) Benth. diversifolia (English)<br />
L glabrata Rose<br />
Acacia glauca Willd. no L., L<br />
glauca sensu Auct., L glauca<br />
(Willd.) Benth., L latisiliqua (L.)<br />
Gillis & Steam, Mimosa<br />
leucocephala Lam.<br />
Acacia pseudotrichodes DC., L<br />
bolivarensis Britt. & Killip, L<br />
canescens Bent., L colombiana<br />
Britt. & Killip, L pseudotichodes<br />
(DC.) Britt. & Rose, Mimosa<br />
trichodes Jacq.<br />
Lonchocarpus domingensis (Turp.) Dalbergia domingensis Turp., L<br />
DC. domingensis (Pers.) DC.<br />
Lonchocarpus ellipticus Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Lonchocarpus latifolius (Willd.)<br />
DC.<br />
Lonchocarpus longipes Urb.<br />
Lonchocarpus monophyllus Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Amerimnum latifolium Willd..<br />
Dalbergia pentaphylla Poir., L<br />
heptaphyllus DC., L<br />
pentaphyllus DC.<br />
Lonchocarpus neurophyllus Urb. L ehrenbergii Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Lonchocarpus neurophyllus Urb.<br />
var. oligophyllus Urb. & Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Lysiloma bahamensis Benth.<br />
Lysiloma sabicu Benth. . Acacia latisiliqua Willd.• L<br />
latisiliqua Benth., Mimosa<br />
latisiliqua L.<br />
delin etranger, leucaena (H); Peru leucaena,<br />
Salvador leucaena, giant leucaena, (US, UK)<br />
bois bourro, graines de lin, grillnes de lin pays,<br />
madelin, marie jaune, tcha:tcha marron (H);<br />
granadillo bobo, granadino, granolino, lino, lino<br />
criollo (RD); aroma blanca, aroma boba, aroma<br />
mansa, soplillo (C); acacia, acacia p31ida, barcillo,<br />
campeche, hediondilla, tamarindillo, wild tamarind<br />
(PR); Hawaiian leucaena (US, UK)<br />
bois bourro CH); palo blanco, palo de burro (RD)<br />
bois caYman (H); an6n de majagua, an6n de rio,<br />
anoncillo (RD); guamade soga (C); genogeno<br />
CPR); savonnette bois, savonnette riviere (G, M)<br />
battre it caIman, bois caIman (H); an6n, an6n de<br />
majagua (RD); guama de costa, guama macho (C);<br />
fone-ventura, palo hediono, palo seco (PR);<br />
lancewood (US) .<br />
an6n, an6n de rio (RD)<br />
bois caIman, bois d'anneau, caIman (H); an6n de<br />
majagua, anoncillo de majagua, azota criollo,<br />
biajama (RD)<br />
candel6n (RD)<br />
tabemon, tavemeau, tavemon (H); caracolf,<br />
caracolillo (RD); abey, bacona morada, frijolillo,<br />
jigUe, sabicu, sabicu amarillo, zapatero (C);<br />
horseflesh tree, West Indian sabicu, wild tamarind<br />
(1, PR)
SPECIFS<br />
Machaerium lunatum (L.) Ducke<br />
Mimosa buchii Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Mimosa ceratonia L.<br />
Mimosa extranea Benth.<br />
Endemic to <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
Mimosa momicola Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Mimosa parvifoliolata Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Mimosa scabrella Benth.<br />
Mora abbottii Rose & Leonard<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Mora ekmanii (Urb.) Britton &<br />
Rose<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Myrospermum frutescens Jacq.<br />
Myroxylon balsantum (L.) Harms<br />
var. pereirae (Royle) Harms<br />
Ormosia krugii Urb.<br />
Parkia roxburghii G. Don<br />
Parkinsonia aculeata L.<br />
Peltophorum berteroanum Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.)<br />
Back. ex K. Heyne<br />
Pictetia aculeata (Yahl) Urb.<br />
Pictetia obcordata DC.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Pictetia spinifolia (Desv.) Urb.<br />
1) var. elongata Urb.<br />
2) var. monophylla Urb.<br />
3) var. obovata Urb.<br />
4) var. plenophylla Urb.<br />
5) var. temata (DC.) Urb.<br />
Varieties are endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Piptadenia peregrina (L.) Benth.<br />
FABACEAE (=LEGUMINOSAE)<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Drepanocarpus lunatus Mey.,<br />
Pterocarpus lunatus L.<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>mimosa extranea Britt.<br />
M. bracaatinga Hoehne.<br />
Dimorphandra ekmanii Urb.<br />
M. pereirae Royale, Toluifera<br />
pereirae Baill.<br />
P. spinosa RBK.<br />
c.ferruginea Dcne., Caesalpinia<br />
inermis Roxb., lnga<br />
pterocarpa DC., P.ferrugineum<br />
Benth.<br />
Aeschynomene aristata Jacq.,<br />
Robinia aculeata Vahl<br />
P. desvauxii (DC.), Robinia<br />
spinifolia Desv.<br />
Acacia peregrina Willd.,<br />
Anadenanthra pergrina Speg.,<br />
Mimosa peregrina L., Niopa<br />
peregrina Britt. & Rose<br />
Tree Names 261<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
cambron, escambr6n (RD)<br />
arafia gato, zarza (RD)<br />
zarza(RD)<br />
mimosa (H); abanicaatinga, bracaatinga, bracatinga<br />
(Brazil)<br />
coi, cole (RD)<br />
taverneau montagne, tavernon montagne (H); coi,<br />
cole (RD)<br />
cereipo, sereipo (RD, PR); baIsamo de conconate,<br />
baIsamo de Guatemala (C)<br />
baIsamo del Peru (RD); baIsamo de sonsonate,<br />
,guatemala (C)<br />
bois nan non (H); palo de peonfa, palo de peronfa,<br />
peonfa, peronfa (RD); coralwood, palo de matos<br />
(PR)<br />
lele (H)<br />
madame naiz, madame yass (H); acacia de los<br />
masones, aroma extranjera, bayahonda blanca,<br />
capinillo, pino japones, retama (RD); palo de ra<strong>yo</strong><br />
(PR, C); Jerusalem thorn (pR, J)<br />
abbe rouge (H); abey, abey hembra, guatapanal<br />
(RD); horse bush (B); abey moruro (C)<br />
flamboyan amarillo, yellow flamboyant (PR);<br />
palissandre (G); yellow poinciana (US)<br />
gati-galle, gelle-galle, gratte-galle (H); tachuelo<br />
(RD)<br />
tachuela (RD)<br />
bois d'6bene, galle-galle, gelle-galle, grati-galle<br />
(H); cruz del copeyar, palo de tabaco, rabasco,<br />
tabaco, tachuela, tachuelo (RD); carrasquillo,<br />
yarnaguey, zarcilla (C)<br />
bois caiman, bois ecorce, bois galle, oeufde poule<br />
(H); candel6n, candel6n de teta, cojoba, tamarindo<br />
de teta (RD); bastard tamarind (J)
264 Tree Names<br />
·FABACEAE (=LEGUMINOSAE)<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin &<br />
Bameby<br />
Senna spectabilis (DC.) Irwin &<br />
Bameby var. spectabilis<br />
Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W.<br />
Wight<br />
Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.<br />
. Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.<br />
Stahlia monosperma (Tul.) Urb.<br />
Tamarindus indica L.<br />
Cassia arborea Macfad., C. casse de Siam, cassia (H); acacia amarilla, casia de<br />
florida Vahl, C. gigantea Bertero, Siam, flamboyan amarillo, la casia amarilla (RD);<br />
c. siamea Lam., Sciacassia casia, casia siamea (PR, C); kassod-tree, Siamese<br />
siamea (Lam.) Britton senna, Siamese shower (US)<br />
Cassia humboldtiana DC., C.<br />
speciosa Kunth, C. spectabilis<br />
DC., Pseudocassia spectabilis<br />
(DC.) Britt. & Rose<br />
Aeschynomene aculeata Shreber, canicha, danchi (US)<br />
A. bispinosa Jacq., S. aculeata<br />
(Willd.) Poir., S. bispinosa (Jacq.)<br />
Steud.<br />
Aeschynomene sesban L., Agati<br />
grandiflora (L.) Desv., Robinia<br />
grandiflora L., S. aegyptiaca<br />
(peir.) Pers., S. grandiflora (L.)<br />
Pers.<br />
S. aegyptiaca Pers., S.<br />
aegyptiacus Poir., S. sesban (L.)<br />
Fawcett & Rendle<br />
Zygia latifolia (L.) Fawc. & Rendle Calliandra latifolia Griseb.,<br />
Mimosa latifolia L.,<br />
Pithecellobium latifolium Benth.<br />
SPECIES<br />
casse marron (H); brusc6n, cafiafistol,cafiafistula<br />
. cimarrona, chlicaro, libertad, pela burro (RD);<br />
algarrobillo (C); calceolaria shower, yellow shower<br />
(US)<br />
pois valette, pois vallier, pois valliere (H); gallito<br />
(C, RD, PR); cresta de gallo (C, PR); paloma,<br />
zapat6n blanco (C); Australian corkwood tree (US);<br />
baculo (PR); colbri vegetal, fleur papillon, papillon<br />
(G,M)<br />
sesbania, tamarindillo (RD, PR); afiil frances (C)<br />
Caesalpinia monosperma Tul., S. caobanilla (RD); c6bana, c6bana negra, polisandro<br />
maritima Bello (PR)<br />
FAGACEAE<br />
tamarinde, tamarinier (H); tamarindo, tamarin (RD)<br />
bois ca (H); jasmfn del rio (C); hoopwood,<br />
horsewood (1)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Castanea sativa Mill. catin (H); castano crenata, castano del Jap6n (C);<br />
European chestnut (US) /<br />
SPECIES<br />
Banara domingensis Benth.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Banara excisa Urb. & Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Banara quinquenervis Urb. &<br />
Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Banara selleana Urb. & Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Banara splendens Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Casearia aculeata Jacq.<br />
FLACOURTIACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
B. ekmaniana Urb.<br />
B. hotteana Urb. & Elan.<br />
C. hirta Sw., C. spinosa Willd.,<br />
Samyda affinis Spreng., S.<br />
multiflora Cav., S. spinosa L.<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
piquant arada (H); cabori, carambomba, jfa,<br />
limoncillo, margarabomba, palo de avispas, palo de<br />
limoncillo, palo de perico (RD); cambr6n (PR)
266 Tree Names<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS<br />
FLACOURTIACEAE<br />
Xylosma schaefferioides A. Gray Myroxylon schaefferioides (A.<br />
Gray) Krug & Urb.<br />
Zuelania guidonia (Sw.) Britt. & Laetia guidonia Sw., Z<br />
Millsp. laetioides A. Rich.<br />
SPECIES<br />
GARRYACEAE<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
hueso de tortuga (C); white logwood (J)<br />
cachiman marron, cachiman sauvage (H); guaguasf<br />
(C)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Garryajadyenii Hook. Fadyenia hookeri End!. bois amer (H); mangle, mata gallina cimarrona,<br />
palo amargo, palo de berraco (RD); fever bush,<br />
quinine bush, silk tassel bush, skunk bush (US)<br />
SPECIES<br />
Gesneria hypoclada Urb. & Ekm.<br />
Endemic, to southern Hispaniola<br />
GESNERIACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
NB: Judd (1987) describes an additional 9 shrub species ofthe following genera that might be considered small trees sensu<br />
Little and Wadsworth (1964): Besleria (1), Gesneria (6) and Rhitidophyllum (3). These species,are not listed.<br />
SPECIES<br />
Hemandia obovata O. E. Schm.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
HERNANDIACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Hemandia sonora L bombo, guaney, maga (RD); mago, toporite (PR);<br />
hernandia (C)<br />
SPECIES<br />
Mappia racemosa Jacq.<br />
Ottoschulzia domingensis Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon (Urb.)<br />
Urb.<br />
SPECIES<br />
Illicium ekmanii A. C. Sm.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Illicium parvijlorum Michx. ex<br />
Vent.<br />
ICACINACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Poraqueiba rhodoxylon Urb.<br />
ILLICIACEAE<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
abricot marron (H); cuero de puerco (RD)<br />
cuero de puerco, palomino (RD)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
anis etoile marron, bois graine, bois graine noire<br />
(H)<br />
badiana (C); allurement (English)
SPECIES<br />
Juglansjamaicensis C. DC.<br />
SPECIES<br />
Beilschmiedia pendula (Sw.)<br />
Hems!'<br />
JUGLANDACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
J. insularis Griseb.<br />
LAURACEAE<br />
Tree Names 267<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
nogal (H, RD, PR); nuez (C, RD); West Indian<br />
walnut (PR); nogal del pals (C); Jamaica walnut (J)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Hufelandia pendula Nees.,<br />
Laurus pendula Sw.<br />
Cinnamomum alainii (c. K. Allen) Phoebe alainii C. K. Allen<br />
Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb. C. camphora Blume, C.<br />
camphora (L.) J. S. Pres!'<br />
Cinnamomum elongatum (Nees)<br />
Kostennans<br />
Cinnamomum montanum (Sw.)<br />
Bercht. & Pres!.<br />
C. cubense Kostenn., Phoebe<br />
cubensis Nees, P. elongata Nees<br />
Laurus montana Sw., Phoebe<br />
montana Griseb.<br />
Cinnamomum triplinervis (R. & P.) Phoebe grisebachiana Mez., P.<br />
Kostennans triplinervis Griseb.<br />
Cinnamomum verum J.S. Pres!' C. zeylanicum Blume, C.<br />
zeylanicum Nees, C. zeylanicum<br />
Breyne, Laurus cinnamomum L.<br />
Licaria triandra (Sw.) Kostennans Laurus triandra Sw., Licaria<br />
jamaicensis Kostenn., Misanteca<br />
triandra (Sw.) Mez.<br />
Ocotea acarina C. K. Allen<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Ocotea athroanthes C. K. Allen<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Ocotea caudato-acuminata (0. C.<br />
Schm.) Alain<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Ocotea cicatricosa C. K. Allen<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Ocotea coriacea (Sw.) Britton<br />
Ocoteafloribunda (Sw.) Mez<br />
Ocoteafoeniculacea Mez<br />
Nectandra caudato-acuminata<br />
O.c. Schm.<br />
Laurus coriacea Sw., Nectandra<br />
coriacea Griseb., N. sanguinea<br />
Griseb., N. willdemoviana Ness.<br />
Laurusfloribunda Sw.,<br />
Oreodaphne domingensis Ness.,<br />
Persea retroflexa Spreng.<br />
Ocotea globosa (Aublet) Schlecht Nectandra antillana Meissn.<br />
& Cham.<br />
Ocotea krugii (Mez) Howard<br />
Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez<br />
Nectandra krugii Mez<br />
bois noir (H); aguacatillo, carrasquefio, cigua<br />
amarilla (RD)<br />
baume anglais, camphre, camphrier (H); alcanfor,<br />
alcanfor del Jap6n (C, RD); camphor tree (PR)<br />
laurier, laurier cannelle, laurier petites feuilles (H);<br />
avispillo, laurel bobo (C, RD, PR); boniatillo (C)<br />
laurier rose (H)i cigua blanca, cigua laurel, laurel<br />
(RD) .<br />
laurier (H)<br />
cannelle, cannellier (H); canela, canela legftima,<br />
cinnamon tree (PR)<br />
laurierjaune, laurier sassafras (H); cigua gorrita,<br />
cigua prieta (RD); laurel de loma, lebiza, leviza (C);<br />
lebisa, palo misanteco (PR); sassafras tree,<br />
sweetwood (J)<br />
laurier, laurier blanc (H); cabrima aromatica, cigua,<br />
cigua blanca, cigua de costa (RD); lancewood (US)<br />
laurier puant (H); cigua aguacatillo, cigua prieta,<br />
laurel, laurel blanco (RD); boniato laurel, lebisa<br />
(C); bois doux (G); black candlewood (J)<br />
s;annelle manon (H); canelilla (RD)<br />
. laurieragrandes feuilles (H); cigua, laurel, laurel<br />
blanco, laurel cambron (RD) .<br />
Laurus leucoxylon Sw. d'olive, grande feuille, laurier, laurier blanc, laurier<br />
guepes, laurier rose (H); cigua boba, cigua laurel,<br />
cigua prieta, laurel, laurel prieto (RD); loblolly<br />
sweetwood, false avocado, whitewood (PR, J)
268 Tree Names<br />
SPECIES<br />
Ocotea membranacea (Sw.)<br />
Howard<br />
Ocotea nemodaphne Mez<br />
Ocotea oligoneura (Urb.) Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Ocotea patens (Sw.) Nees<br />
LAURACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Laurus membranacea Sw.,<br />
Nectandra membranacea Griseb.<br />
Nectandra cuneata Griseb.,<br />
Nemodaphne cuneata Meissn.,<br />
O. cuneata (Griseb.) Urb., not R.<br />
&P.<br />
Nectandra oligoneura Urb.<br />
Laurus patens Sw., Nectandra<br />
patens (Sw.) Griseb.<br />
Ocotea pulchra (E!em. & Schmidt) Nectandra pulchra Elan. &<br />
Alain Schm.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Ocotea sintenisii (Mez) Alain<br />
Ocotea sp. nov. (Judd and Skean,<br />
1990)<br />
Endemic to Massifde la Hotte (?)<br />
Ocotea wrightii (Meissn.) Mez<br />
Persea americana Miller<br />
Persea anomala Britt. & Wils.<br />
Persea krugii Mez<br />
Persea oblongifolia Kopp<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Nectandra sintenisii Mez<br />
Aerodiclidium wrightii Meissn.<br />
Laurus persea L., P. americana<br />
Miller var. americana, P. edulis<br />
Raf., P. gratissima Gaertner, P.<br />
leiogyna Blake, P. persea (L.)<br />
Cockerell<br />
P. ekmanii O. C. Schm.<br />
P. domingensis Mez<br />
laurier jaune (H)<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
sasafnis (RD); achetillo, bijote, canelillo, canelon,<br />
vencedor (C); canela (PR)<br />
cigua blanca, cigua prieta (RD)<br />
cigua laurel (RD); laurel, laurel goo colorado, laurel<br />
roseta (PR); cap beny, sweetwood (J)<br />
laurel, laurel amarillo, laurel blanco, laurel goo,<br />
laurel macho (PR)<br />
cannelle (H); canelilla (RD)<br />
avocat, avocatier, zabelbok, zaboka (H); aguacate<br />
(RD); pagua (C); alligator pear, avocado (US)<br />
pBche marron (H)<br />
peehe marron (H); aguacatillo, almendrito, canela de<br />
la tierra, macao, mericao (RD); canela (PR)<br />
LECYTHIDACEAE (including BARRINGTONIACEAE)<br />
SPECIES<br />
Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz<br />
Couroupita guianensis AubL<br />
SPECIES<br />
Dracaenafragrans Ker.<br />
Yucca aloifolia L.<br />
Yucca elephantipes Regel<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
B. speciosa Forst., Mammea<br />
asiaticaL.<br />
C. guianensis var. surinamensis<br />
(Mart.) Eyma, C. st. croixana R.<br />
Knuth., C. surinamensis Mart.<br />
LILIACEAE<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
arbol del seminario, birrete de arzobispo, bonete de<br />
arzobispo, calmante, coco de Cofrecf, pacana (RD);<br />
barringtonia, coco de mar (PR)<br />
arbre abombes, boulet de canon (H); muco (RD);<br />
cannonball tree (PR); bala de canon (PR, RD)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Aechynomene grandiflora L. coco macaeo (RD); dracaena (PR)<br />
ba<strong>yo</strong>nette, pinguin (H); fIor de Jeric6 (RD); espino<br />
(C, RD); maguey silvestre, piii6n de punal (C); aloe<br />
yucca, ba<strong>yo</strong>neta, Spanish ba<strong>yo</strong>net (PR); Spanish<br />
dagger(J)<br />
ba<strong>yo</strong>nette (H); ba<strong>yo</strong>neta, bulbstem yucca, Spanish<br />
ba<strong>yo</strong>net (PR)
SPECIES<br />
Malvaviscus arboreus (L.) Cay.<br />
MALVACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Hibiscus malvaviscus L.<br />
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Hibiscus populneus L.<br />
Correa<br />
Wercklea horiida (Urb.) Fryxell<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Wercklea hottensis (Helwig)<br />
Fryxell<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
SPECIES<br />
Calycogonium apiculatum Urb. &<br />
Elem.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Conostegia hotteana Urb. & Elem.<br />
Ekmaniochraris crassinervis Urb.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Hibiscus horridus Urb.<br />
Hibiscus hottensis Helwig<br />
Henriettea barkeri (Urb. & Ekm.) H. elliptica Urb.<br />
Alain<br />
Endemic to southern Hispaniola<br />
Henrietteafascicularis (Sw.)<br />
G6mez<br />
Heterotrichum umbellatum (Mill.)<br />
Urb.<br />
Mecranium alpestre Urb.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Mecranium amygdalinum (Desr.)<br />
C. Wright<br />
Mecranium birimosum (Naud.)<br />
Triana<br />
Endemic to southern Hispaniola<br />
Mecranium crassinerve(Urb.)<br />
Skean<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Mecranium haitiense Urn.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Mecranium microdictyum Urb. &<br />
Ekm.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Mecranium multiflorum (L. C.<br />
Rich) Triana<br />
Mecranium revolutum Skean &<br />
Judd<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Tree Names 271<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
bombillito, plantanito (RD); majagiiilla, malvavisco<br />
(C); capucha de monje, sleeping hibiscus (PR)<br />
feuilles d'<strong>Haiti</strong>, grand mahaut, gros mahaut, mortel<br />
debout (H); alamo blanco, duartiana (RD)"; alamo<br />
(C, RD); higuillo, majagua de la Horida (C); caraiia,<br />
clamor, cork-tree, emajagiiilla, jaqueca, majagiiilla,<br />
palo de jaqueca (PR); John-Bull-tree (1)<br />
majagua, pita (RD)<br />
MELASTOMATACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
H.fascicularis (Sw.) C. Wright<br />
M. salicfolium Urb.<br />
petites graines (H); cordoMn (C); camasey peludo<br />
(PR)<br />
bois pigeon (H); palito de vara, pega polio, sangre<br />
de polio (RD); cordoban (C); camasey, camasey<br />
almendro (PR)<br />
macrio(H) "<br />
macrio (H)<br />
macrio(H)<br />
macrio (H)<br />
macrio (H)<br />
macrio (H)
272 Tree Names<br />
SPECIES<br />
Mecranium revolutum Skean &<br />
Judd x M. haitiense Urb.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Mecraniwn tricostatwn Urn. & Ekm.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Meriania involucrata (Desr.) Naud.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Miconia apiculata Urn. & Ekm.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Miconia hypiodes Urn. & Ekm.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Miconia impetiolaris (Sw.) D. Don<br />
Miconia laevigata (L.) DC.<br />
Miconia lanceolota (Desr.) DC.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Miconia mirabilis (Aubl.) L. O.<br />
Wms.<br />
Miconia ottoschulzii Urn. & Ekm.<br />
Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC.<br />
Miconia punctata (Desr.) D. Don<br />
Miconia racemosa (Aubl.) DC.<br />
Miconia rubiginosa (Bonpl.) DC.<br />
Miconia selleana Urn. & Ekm.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Miconia serrulata (DC.) Naud.<br />
Miconiatetrandra (Sw.) D. Don<br />
Mouriri domingensis (Tuss.)<br />
Spach.<br />
Ossaea woodsii Judd & Skean<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Pachyanthus hotteana (Urb. &<br />
Ekm.)Ekm.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Tetrazygia angustifolia (Sw.) DC.<br />
Tetrazygia elaeagnoides (Sw.) DC.<br />
Tibouchina longifolia (Yahl.) Baill.<br />
MELASTOMATACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
M.fothergilla (Desr.) Naud., M.<br />
guianensis (Aubl.) Cogn.,<br />
Tamonea guanensis Aubl.<br />
Grajfenriedia ottoschulzii (Urb.<br />
& Ekm.) Urb. & Ekm.<br />
macrio (H)<br />
macrio (H)<br />
macrio (H)<br />
macrio (H)<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
macrio, trois cotes (H); auguey,jao-jao,jatico<br />
(RD); cordoban arbusto, quitasolillo (C); carnasey<br />
colorado, carnasey de costilla (PR)<br />
macrio (H); granadillo (RD); cordobancillo de<br />
arro<strong>yo</strong> (C); carnasey, carnasey de paloma (PR); bois<br />
cotelette, petit crecre, soufriere (G, M)<br />
macrio (H)<br />
macrio (H); tresfilos (RD); carnasey, carnasey<br />
blanco, carnasey ciatrocanales, carnasey de costilla<br />
(PR)<br />
macrio, petites graines (H)<br />
macrio (H); cenizoso, granadillo bobo (RD);<br />
carnasey, carnasey blanco (PR)<br />
macrio (H); auquey, auquey bobo,jau-jau, rajador,<br />
tresfilos (RD); carnasey (PR)<br />
caca poule, macrio (H); carnasey felpa, carnasey<br />
racimoso, terciopelo (PR)<br />
macrio (H); peralejo (RD); carnasey (PR)<br />
macrio (H)<br />
M. macrophylla (D. Don) Triana, macrio (H); auguey, jau-jau (RD); carnasey (PR)<br />
Tamonea macrophylla (D. Don)<br />
Krasser<br />
macrio (H); rajador, yarador (RD); camasey (PR)<br />
[Also spelled Mouriria.] cormier (H); guayaba cimarrona, piragua (RD);<br />
caimitillo, guasavara, murta (PR)<br />
stinking-fish (PR); bois cotelette (G)<br />
carnasey cenizo, cenizo, verdiseco (PR)<br />
bois dents marron (H); spider flower (English)<br />
NB: Judd (1987) describes an additional 26 shrub species of the following genera that might be considered small trees sensu<br />
Little and Wadsworth (1964): Calycogonium (2), Clidemia (1), Conostegia (1), Heterotrichum (1), Mecranium (2),<br />
Meriania (4), Miconia (12), Ossaea (2), and Pachyanthus (1). These species are not listed.
SPECIES<br />
Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.<br />
Carapa guianensis Aubl.<br />
Cedrela odorata L.<br />
Guarea glabra Vahl<br />
Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer<br />
Guarea sphenophylla Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Melia azedarach L<br />
MELIACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Antelaea azadirachta (L.)<br />
Adelbert, Melia azadirachta L.,<br />
M. indica (Adr. Juss.) Brandis<br />
Persoonia guianensis Willd.,<br />
Xylocarpa carapa Spreng.<br />
C. dugessii Watson, C. glaziovii<br />
C. DC., C. guianensis Adr. Juss.,<br />
C. mexicana M. 1. Roemer, C.<br />
occidentalis C. DC., C.<br />
pavaguariensis Martius, C.<br />
sintenisii DC., C. velloziana M. J.<br />
Roemer, Surenus brownei Ktze.<br />
G. humilis Bert. ex DC., G.<br />
ramiflora Vent.<br />
G. cabirma C. DC., G. guara P.<br />
Wils., G. perrottetiana A. Juss.,<br />
G. trichilioides L., Melia guara<br />
Jacq., Samyda guidonia L.<br />
Urbanoguarea sphenophylla<br />
Harms<br />
M. orientalis M. Roemer, M.<br />
sempervirens Sw.<br />
Tree Names 273<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
neem, nim (H); neeb, nimba (India)<br />
cabinna de Guinea (H, RD); najesl (C); crabwood<br />
(PR); bois rouge, campa (
274 Tree Names<br />
MENISPERMAC,EAE<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Hyperbaena laurifolia (Poir.) Urb. Cissampelos laurifolia Poir., H.<br />
apiculata Urb. & Elan., H.<br />
glauciramis Urb. & Elan., H.<br />
pellucida Urb. & Elan.<br />
Hyperbaena lindmanii Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Hyperbaena undulata Urb.<br />
Endemic to southwestern <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
SPECIES<br />
Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson)<br />
Fosberg, non subnudum.<br />
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.<br />
Castilla elastica Sesse subsp.<br />
elastica<br />
Cecropia peltata L.<br />
Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud.<br />
ex Benth. & Hook<br />
Ficus benjamina L.<br />
Ficus carica L.<br />
Ficus citrifolia Mill.<br />
Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Homem.<br />
Ficus microcarpa L. f.<br />
Ficus religiosa L.<br />
Ficus suffocans Griseb.<br />
Ficus trigonata L.<br />
Gyrotenia myriocarpa Griseb.<br />
H. gonavensis Urb. & Elan., H.<br />
salicifolia Urb. & Elan.<br />
MORACEAE<br />
bois coq (H); bonquito, chicharr6n, pegoje (C)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
A. communis J, R. & G. Forster,<br />
A. incisus L. f.<br />
Breadfruit: arne veritable, arbre apain, veritable<br />
(II); albopan (RD); breadfruit, panapen (PR)<br />
Breadnut: arbre apain (H); lavapen (RD);<br />
breadnut, castana, pana de pepitas (PR); castano del<br />
Malabar (C) .<br />
A. brasiliensis Gomez, A. integer jaquier (H); buen pan, pan de frota (RD); rima (C);<br />
auth., not (Thunb.) Merr., A. jaca, jackfruit (PR)<br />
integrifolius Forst., A. maxima<br />
Blanco, A.philippensis Lam.<br />
C. elastica Cervantes, C. lactiflua tirajala (RD); caucho (C, RD, PR); castilla rubber,<br />
O. F. Cook cauchera, Central American rubber, goma, palo de<br />
goma (PR)<br />
C. asperrma Pittier<br />
Madura tinctoria (L.) D. Don,<br />
M. xanthoxylon Endl., MoTUs<br />
tinctoria (L.) Spec.<br />
F. colchica Grossh., F. hyrcana<br />
Grossh., F. kopetdagensis<br />
Pachom.<br />
F. bravifolia Nutt., F. laevigata<br />
Yahl, F. laevigata var. brevifolia<br />
(Nutt.) Warb., F. laevigata var.<br />
lentiginosa (Yahl) Urb., F.<br />
lentiginosa Yahl, F. populnea<br />
Willd., F. populnea var.<br />
brevifolia (Nutt.) Warb.<br />
F. retusa L., F. nitida Thunb.<br />
F. crassinervia Desf., F.<br />
.crassinervia Willd.<br />
bois,canon, bois trompette, trompette (H); yagrumo<br />
(RD); yagrumo hembra (C, RD, PR); trumpet-tree<br />
(PR)<br />
bois jaune (H); fustete, mora macho (C, RD); mora<br />
del pais, palo amarillo, palo de mora (C); fustic,<br />
fustic mulberry, mora (PR)<br />
figuier (H); higo, higo cimarron filipo (RD);<br />
Benjamin fig, laurel benjamin (PR)<br />
figue, figue france (H); breva, higo, huguero (C,<br />
RD, PR); common fig (PR, US)<br />
higuillo (RD); jagiley blanco, shortleaf fig (PR);<br />
jagiierillo, jagiiey (C)<br />
caoutchouc (H); higuera (RD); caucho (C, RD);<br />
goma elastica (C); Indian-rubber fig, palo de goma<br />
(PR)<br />
arbol de Washington, laurel (RD);aJ.amo jagiley,<br />
laurel criollo (C); laurel de la India (C, RD, PR);<br />
India-laurel fig, jagiley (PR)<br />
higuillo, laurel (RD); alamo (C, RD); botree (PR)<br />
figuier, figuier rouge (H); higo cimarr6n (RD);<br />
jagiley (C, PR); jagiley blanco, wild fig (PR)
276 Tree Names<br />
MYRISTICACEAE<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Myristica fragrans Houtt. muscade, muscadier, noix de muscade (H); nuez<br />
moscada (RD); nutmeg (US)<br />
Ardisia angustata Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Ardisia brachypoda Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
MYRSINACEAE<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Ardisia escalloniodes C. & S.<br />
Ardisiafuertesii Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Ardisia obovata Hamilt.<br />
Ardisia picardae Urb. & Mez<br />
Myrsine acrantha Krug & Urb.<br />
Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R. Br. ex<br />
Roem. & Schult.<br />
Myrsine floridana A. DC.<br />
A. panniculata Sudw., A.<br />
pickeringia T. & J., Cyrilla<br />
panniculata Nutt., Tinus<br />
escallonioides O. Ktze.<br />
A. coriacea A. DC., A.<br />
guadalupensis Ouch. ex Griseb."<br />
A. maculata Poir. ex DC.,<br />
Icacorea guadalupensis Britt. &<br />
Wils., Tinus obovata O. Ktze.<br />
Rapanea acrantha Mez<br />
Caballeriaferruginea R. & P.,<br />
M. berterii A. DC., M.ferruginea<br />
Spreng., M. laeta Griseb.,<br />
Rapanea coriacea Mez, R.<br />
ferruginea (Ruiz & Pay.) Mez,<br />
Samara coriacea Sw.<br />
M. punctata Stearn, Rapanea<br />
guianensis non Aublet<br />
bois tremble, quatre chemins (H); tapa camino (C)<br />
mala mujer (RD)<br />
b
MYRTACEAE<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels C. lanceolatus (Smith) DC.<br />
Calyptranthes arborea Urb. &<br />
Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Calyptranthes barkeri Elan. & Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Calyptranthes bracteosa Urb. &<br />
Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Calyptranthes chrysophylloides<br />
Urb.<br />
Endemic to southwestern <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
Calyptranthes collina Urb.<br />
Endemic to southern Hispaniola<br />
Calyptranthes densifolia Urb. &<br />
Elan.<br />
Endemic to Massifde la Selle<br />
Calyptranthes depressa Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Calyptranthes grandis Urb. & Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Calyptranthes heteroclada Urb. &<br />
Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Calyptranthes hotteana Urb. &<br />
Elan.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Calyptranthes inl'oluerata Urb. &<br />
Elan.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Calyptranthes marmeladensis Urb.<br />
Endemic to northern Hispaniola<br />
Calyptranthes momicola Urb.<br />
Endemic to southern <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
Calyptranthes myrcioides Urb. &<br />
Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Calyptranthes nummularia Berg<br />
Endemic to southern Hispaniola<br />
Calyptranthes pallens Griseb.<br />
Calyptranthes palustris Urb. &<br />
Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Calyptranthes pitoniana Urb. &<br />
Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Calyptranthes salicifolia Urb. &<br />
Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
C. chrysophylloides var. minor<br />
Urb.<br />
Tree Names 277<br />
limpia botella (RD); bottlebrush (PR)<br />
Eugenia pallens Poir. arrayan, limoncillo (RD); pale lidflower, tap6n<br />
blanco (PR)
SPECIES<br />
Eugenia dict<strong>yo</strong>phylla Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Eugenia domingensis Berg<br />
Eugeniafoetida Pers.<br />
Eugeniafonnonica Urb. & Elan.<br />
Endemic to Massifde la Hotte<br />
Eugenia glabrata (Sw.) DC.<br />
Eugenia holdridgei Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Eugenia laevis Berg<br />
Eugenia ligustrina (Sw.) Willd.<br />
Eugenia lindahlii Urb. & Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Eugenia lineata (Sw.) DC.<br />
Eugenia lineolata Urb. & Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Eugenia macradenia Urb. & Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Eugenia maleolens Pers.<br />
Eugenia minguetii Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
MYRTACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
E. aeruginea auth., not DC.<br />
E. buxifolia (Sw.) Willd., E.<br />
rnaleolens auth., not Pers., E.<br />
myrtoides auth., not Poir.<br />
E. affinis DC., Myrtus glabrata<br />
Sw.<br />
E. baruensis DC., not Jacq., E.<br />
prenleloupii Kiaersk., E.<br />
subverticillaris Berg<br />
guayaba cimarrona (RD)<br />
Tree Names 279<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
bois caiman, brignolle, brille (H); gu3sara, guazara<br />
(RD); comecani (C); guasabara (PR)<br />
bois 'petites feuilles (H); escob6n (RD); balsamo,<br />
guairaje, guairaje blanco (C); anguila, boxleaf<br />
eugenia (PR)<br />
arrayan, arraijan (RD); cuaraje colorado (C);<br />
rodwood (J)<br />
gros petites feuilles (H); arraijan, arrayan (RD)<br />
Myrtus ligustrina Sw., Stenocalyx arrayan, escob6n de aguja (RD); arraijan (C, RD);<br />
ligustrinus (Sw.) Berg birijf, cateicito (C); birchberry, granadilla,<br />
granadillo, hoja menuda, palo de muleta, palo de<br />
murta, privet stopper (PR)<br />
E. orthioneura Urb.<br />
E. lineata var. racemosa Berg,<br />
Myrtus lineata Sw.<br />
E. foetida Poir., E. myrtoides<br />
Poir., Myrtus buxifolia Sw.<br />
bois petites feuilles, maguette, malaguette, merise,<br />
merisier, petites feuilles (H); escob6n (RD)<br />
Eugenia monticola (Sw.) DC. E. baruensis var.latifolia DC., E. bois d'ine petites feuilles, petit bois d'Inde (H);<br />
flavorirens Berg, E. monticola arraijAA, arrayan, escob6n, escob6n blanco, escob6n<br />
var. latifolia Krug & Urb., Myrtus grande (RD); rodwood (J); birijf, black-cherry (PR)<br />
monticola Sw.<br />
Eugenia odorata Berg<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Eugenia procera (Sw.) Poir.<br />
Eugenia pseudopsidium Jacq.<br />
Eugenia rhombea (Berg) Krug &<br />
Urb.<br />
Eugenia samanensis Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Eugenia tiburona Urb. & Elan.<br />
Endemic to Massifde la Hotte<br />
E. isabeliana Kiaersk., E.<br />
momicola Urb.<br />
Myrtus ?brachystemon DC., M.<br />
patrisii Spreng., M. procera Sw.<br />
E. portoricensis DC., E.<br />
pseudopsidium var. portoricensis<br />
Krug & Urb., Stenocalyx<br />
portoricensis Berg<br />
bois acajou (H); escob6n, hoja tina, palo de<br />
hormiga (RD)<br />
arbre apetites feuilles (H); arrayan colorado lobo<br />
(RD); hoja menuda (PR)<br />
gmlsara (RD); quiebrahacha, guayaba silvestre (PR)<br />
E. foetida var. parvifolia Berg, E. bois myrte, myrte, tu-fais (H); arrayan (RD);<br />
foetida var. rhombea Berg guairaje, mije (C); hoja menuda, spiceberry eugenia<br />
(PR)<br />
Myrtus tiburona Borhidi
280 Tree Names<br />
SPECIES<br />
Eugenia uniflora L.<br />
Eugenia vanderveldei Urb. & Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Gomidesia lindeniana Berg<br />
Hottea crispula (Urb.) Urb.<br />
Endemic to southwestern <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
MYRTACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Myrciafenzliana Berg., M.<br />
lindeniana (Berg.) Kiaersk.<br />
Psidium? crispulum Urb.<br />
Hottea malangensis (Urb. & Elan.) Eugenia malangensis Urb.<br />
Urb.<br />
Endemic to southern Hispaniola<br />
Hottea miragoanae Urb.<br />
Endemic to southwestern <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
Melaleuca quiquenervia (Cav.) S.<br />
T. Blake<br />
Myrcia citrifolia (AubI.) Urb.<br />
Myrcia dejlexa (Poir.) DC.<br />
Myrcia hotteana Urb. & Elan.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Myrcia leptoclada DC.<br />
Myrcia saliana Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC.<br />
Myrcia tiburoniana Urb. & Elan.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Myrcianthes esnardiana (Urb. &<br />
Elan.) Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Myrcianthesfragrans (Sw.)<br />
McVaugh<br />
Myrciariajloribunda (West ex<br />
Willd.) Berg<br />
Myrtus tussacii (Urb. & Elan.)<br />
Burret .<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Cajuputi leucadendra Rusby, M.<br />
cajaputi Roxb., M. leucadendron<br />
. auct., not L., M. minor Sm., M.<br />
saligna Blume, M. viridiflora<br />
Gaertn., Metrosideros<br />
quinqueneniia Cay.<br />
Aulomyrcia citrifolia (AubI.)<br />
Amsh., A. coriacea Berg;<br />
Eugenia paniculata Jacq., E.<br />
saviaefolia Alain, M. coriacea<br />
DC., Myrtus citrifolia AubI., M.<br />
coriacea Vahl<br />
Eugenia dejlexa Poir., M.<br />
ferruginea Berg<br />
Aulomyrcia leptoclada (DC.)<br />
Berg<br />
Eugenia laxiflora Poir., Myrtus<br />
splendens Sw.<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
cerise de Suriname (H); ciruela de Surinam, grosela<br />
de Mexico (RD); cereza de Cayena, Surinam<br />
cherry (PR)<br />
auquey, auquey blanco, auquey prieto (RD);<br />
yareicillo (C); cieneguillo (PR) .<br />
melaleuca (H, C, US); cayeput (C, RD, PR); punk<br />
(RD); cayepur, cayeputi (PR)<br />
bois d'amour, maguette, malaguette, myrte a<br />
feuilles de citron, poivrier de Jamai"que (H);<br />
malagueta (RD); hoja menuda, pimienta cimarrona<br />
(C); limoncillo del monte (PR)<br />
aquey del chiquito (RD); cieneguillo (PR)<br />
guayab6n, huesito (RD); guayabac6n, hoja menuda<br />
roja (PR); bois guepois, guepois (G, M)<br />
escoboncito (RD); arraijan, comecara, tinajero (C);<br />
hoja menuda (PR); petit merisier (G); birchberry<br />
(VI)<br />
Eugenia esnardiana Urb. & Elan. maguette, malaguette (H)<br />
Anamomisfragrans (Sw.)<br />
Griseb., A. punctata Griseb.,<br />
Eugenia dicrana Berg., E.<br />
fragrans (Sw.) Willd., E.<br />
hetecroclita Tuss., E. punctata<br />
Vahl, Myrtus dichotoma Poir. in<br />
Lam., M.fragrans Sw.<br />
Eugeniajloribunda West ex<br />
Willd.<br />
Eugenia tussacii Urb. & Elan.<br />
bois d'Inde, bois d'ine, bois haut-gout, bois<br />
muliitre, myrte afeuilles de laurier (H); arrayan,<br />
coquillo, guayabillo, ozua, peralejo (RD);<br />
guayabac6n (PR); pimienta (C); rose-apple (1)<br />
bois muiiitre (H); arrayan, mijo (RD); mije (C);<br />
guavaberry,mirto(PR)
MYRTACEAE<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Pimenta anisomera (Urb. & Ekm.) Amomis anisoniera Urb. & Ekm.<br />
Burret<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Pimenta crenulata Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. P. officinalis Lind!., P. pimenta<br />
(L.) Cock.<br />
Pimenta ozua (Urb. & Ekm.) Burret Amomis ozua Urb. & Ekm., P.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola racemosa var. ozua Landrum<br />
Pimenta paucijlora (Urb.) Burret<br />
Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W.<br />
Moore var. grisea (Kiaersk.) Fosb.<br />
Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W.<br />
Moore var. racemosa<br />
Pimenta terebinthina Burret<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Amomis paucijlora Urb.<br />
Tree Names 281<br />
maguette, malaguene, poivre Jamaique (H);<br />
limoncillo cimarron, malagueta (RD); pimienta<br />
blanca, pimienta gorda, pimienta malagueta (C);<br />
pimienta (C, RD, PR); allspice (US)<br />
ozua (RD)<br />
Amomis car<strong>yo</strong>phyllata var. grisea bois d'Inde fran
282 Tree Names<br />
SPECIES<br />
Psidium guajava L.<br />
Psidium hotteanum Urb. & Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
MYRTACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Guajava pyrifera (L.) Kuntze, G.<br />
pyriformis Gaertn., P. guayava<br />
Raddi, P. pomiferum L., P.<br />
pyriferum L., P. sapidissimum<br />
Jacq.<br />
Psidium longipes (Berg) McVaugh Anamomis bahamensis Britt. ex<br />
Small, A. longipes Britt. ex Small,<br />
Eugenia bahamensis Kiaersk., E.<br />
longipes Berg, Mynus<br />
bahamensis Urb., M. elliptica<br />
Urb.<br />
Psidiumsessilifolium Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Psidium trilobum Urb. & Elan.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels<br />
Syzygiumjambos (L.) Alston<br />
Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. &<br />
Perry<br />
Eugenia cumini (L.) Druce, E. java plum (UK, US)<br />
jambolana Lam., Jambolifera<br />
chinensis Spreng, Mynus cumini<br />
L., S. jambolanum (Lam.) DC.<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
goyave, goyavier (H); guayaba agria, guayaba<br />
comUn (RD); guayaba(C, PR); guava (pR, US)<br />
Car<strong>yo</strong>phyllus jambos (L.) Stokes, jamboisie, jambol, jambul, pomme rose, pommier<br />
Eugeniajambos L., Jambos rose (H); porno (RD); pomarrosa (C, RD, PR);<br />
jambos (L.) Millsp., Jambosa manzana rosa (C); rose-apple (PR)<br />
vulgaris DC.<br />
Eugenia malaccensis L.,<br />
Jambosa malaccensis (L.) DC.<br />
pornme de Jama'ique, pomme de Malaisie (H);<br />
cajuilito de Sulimim (RD); pera, pomarrosa de<br />
Malaca (C); Malay-apple, manzana malaya<br />
(PR)<br />
NB: This family exhibits a high degree ofendemism. Several species described by Liogier (1989) and listed as endemic to<br />
Hispaniola may, in fact, occur only in <strong>Haiti</strong> or the Dominican Republic.<br />
SPECIES<br />
Guapira brevipetiolata (Heimerl)<br />
Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Guapira discolor (Spreng.) Little<br />
Guapira domingensis (Heim.)<br />
Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Guapirafragrans (Dum.-Cours.)<br />
Little<br />
Guapira ligustrifolia (Heim.)<br />
Lundell<br />
NYCTAGINACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Pisonia brevipetiolata Urb., P.<br />
discolor var. bevipetiolata<br />
Heimerl, Torrubia brevipetiolata<br />
Jimenez<br />
Pisonia discolor Spreng., P.<br />
discolor var. camosa Heim.,<br />
Torrubia discolor Britt.<br />
Pisonia obtusata var.<br />
domingensis Heim., Torrubia<br />
domingensis Standi.<br />
barrehomo (C, PR)<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
bois cassave (H); aguacate cimarr6n, aguacatillo<br />
cimarr6n, mala mujer, palo de perico, palo salvaje,<br />
perico, una de gato, vibora (RD)<br />
Pisoniafragrans Dum.-Cours., P. mufieco, palo de perico, perico (RD); barrehomo<br />
fragrans oblanceolata Heim., (C); black mampoo, corcho, emajagua, majagua,<br />
Torrubiafragrans Stand!., T. majagua de mona, palo de corcho (PR)<br />
inermis Britt. & Wils.<br />
Pisonia ligustrifolia Heim.,<br />
Torrubia ligustrifolia StandI.<br />
palo salvaje (RD)
284 Ttee Names<br />
SPECIES<br />
Chionanthus axilliflorus (Griseb.)<br />
Steam<br />
Chionanthus bumelioides (Griseb.)<br />
Steam var. bumelioides<br />
Chionanthus bumelioides (Griseb.)<br />
Steam var. lanceolatus (Knob!.)<br />
Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Chionanthus compactus Sw.<br />
Chionanthus dict<strong>yo</strong>phyllus (Urb.)<br />
Stearn<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Chionanthus domingensis Lam.<br />
OLEACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Linociera axilliflora Griseb.,<br />
Mayepea axilliflora (Griseb.)<br />
Krug& Urb.<br />
Linociera bumelioides Griseb., L<br />
miragoanae Urb., Mayepea<br />
bumelioides Krug & Urb.<br />
Linociera lanceolata Knob!.<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
guaney negro, jico-tea (C); hueso (PR)<br />
C. caribaeus Jacq., Linociera tirana (RD); avispillo, hueso (PR); bois de fer<br />
caribaea (Jacq.) Knob!., Mayepea blanc (G); bois de fer (M)<br />
caribaea (Jacq.) Kuntze<br />
Linociera dict<strong>yo</strong>phylla Urb.<br />
Chionanthus ligustrinus (Sw.) Pers. Linociera ligustrina Sw., L<br />
phylliraeoides Gaertn. f.,<br />
Mayepea ligustrina O. Ktze.,<br />
Thouinia ligustrina Sw.<br />
Forestiera rhamnifolia Griseb.<br />
Forestiera segregata (Jacq.) Krug<br />
&Urb.<br />
Haenianthus salicifolius Griseb.<br />
var. obvatus (Krug & Urb.) Knob!.<br />
SPECIES<br />
Averrhoa bilimbi L.<br />
Averrhoa carambola L.<br />
SPECIES<br />
Bocconiafrutescens L.<br />
Linociera domingensis (Lam.) cayepon (H); cayep6n, lirio, Uirana (RD); white<br />
Knob!., L latifolia Vahl, Mayepea rosewood (J); hueso blanco, palo de hueso (PR)<br />
domingensis (Lam.) Krug & Urb.<br />
Adelia porulosa Michx., A.<br />
segregata O. Ktze., F. porulosa<br />
(Michx.) Poir., Myrica segregata<br />
Jacq.<br />
H. oblongatus Urb., H. obovatus<br />
Krug. & Urb.<br />
OXALIDACEAE<br />
bois sagine (H); cabra blanca, cabra santa, lirio<br />
(RD); careicillo, perenqueta (C); hueso (C, PR)<br />
hueso blanco, careicillo (C); buckthom forestiera<br />
(1); caca ravet (M)<br />
yanilla blanca (C); ink-bush, Florida forestiera,<br />
Florida privet (B, PR, US)<br />
earn de hombre (RD); caney (C); hueso, hueso<br />
prieto, palo de hueso (PR)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
PAPAVERACEAE<br />
blimblin, blinblin, zibeline, zibeline blonde (H);<br />
pepinito, vinagrillo (RD); bilimbi, grosella china,<br />
grosella de Otahiti (C) .<br />
blinblin longue, carambolier, comichon du pays,<br />
zibeline, zibeline longue (H); carambola (RD);<br />
carambold, carambole, jalea, star fruit, star pickle<br />
(PR)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
arbre apain, bois codine, bois coq d'Inde, bois de<br />
coq, bois jaunisse (H); gengibrillo, llorasangre, palo<br />
de toro, yagrumo macho (RD); palo amarillo,<br />
yagrumita (C); palo de pan cimarrOn (C, PR);<br />
panilla (PR); celandine, parrot weed (J, PR)
SPECIES<br />
Stegnosperma cubense A. Rich.<br />
Trichostigma octandrum (L.) H.<br />
Walt.<br />
SPECIES<br />
PHYTOLACCACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
S. halimifolium not Benth.<br />
Rivina octandra L., T. rivinoides<br />
A. Rich.<br />
PINACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Pinus caribaea Morelet var. P. hondurensis Laack., P.<br />
hondurensis (Seneclauze) Barrett et hondurensis Seneclauze<br />
Golfari<br />
Pinus occidentalis Sw.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
SPECIES<br />
Piper aduncum L.<br />
Piper amalago L.<br />
Piper rugosum Lam.<br />
Piper tuberculatum Jacq.<br />
P. medium Jacq.<br />
PIPERACEAE<br />
Tree Names 285<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
bejuco de canasta blanco (C)<br />
bonbon codine, bonbon coq d'Inde,liane barrique,<br />
liane panier (H); pabe1l6n del rey (RD); bejuco de<br />
canasta (C); basket wiss, bejuco de nasa, bejuco de<br />
palma, hoop vine (PR); cooper withe, hoop withe<br />
(J)<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
bois pin, pich pin (H); pino de cuaba (RD); pino<br />
amarillo, pino macho (C); Caribbean pine (US)<br />
bois chandelle, bois pin, pich pin, pin (H); cuaba,<br />
pinchipin, pino, pino de cuaba (RD); Hispaniolan<br />
pine (US)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
bois de sureau, bois major, sureau (H); anisillo,<br />
guayu<strong>yo</strong>, guayu<strong>yo</strong> blanco (RD); canilla de nuerte,<br />
platinillo de Cuba (C); higuillo, higuillo hoja<br />
menuda (PR)<br />
anis des bois, anis marron, anis sauvage, anisette,<br />
bois noyaux, feuilles noyaux, feuilles noyaux pays,<br />
feuilles sirop, gomme baume, grand baume, sureau<br />
plantain (H); guayu<strong>yo</strong> (RD); higuillo de lim6n,<br />
higuillo oloroso (PR)<br />
guayu<strong>yo</strong> (RD); higuillo (PR)<br />
NB: Judd (1987) describes 1 Lepianthes and 4 Piper shrub species that might be considered small trees sensu Little and<br />
Wadsworth (1964). These species are not listed.<br />
SPECIES<br />
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex<br />
Wend!.<br />
SPECIES<br />
Podocarpus angustifolius Griseb.<br />
var. wrightii Pilger<br />
Podocarpus aristulatus Par!.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
POACEAE (=GRAMINAE)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
PODOCARPACEAE<br />
P. buchii Urb.<br />
bambou (H); bambu (RD, PR); bambua (RD);<br />
common bamboo (PR)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
bois lubin (H); espuela de caballero, sabina<br />
cimarr6n (C); yacca (J) .
286 Tree Names<br />
SPECIES<br />
Polygalafuertesii (Drb.) Blake<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
POLYGALACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Badierafuertesii Urb.<br />
Polygala penaea L. Badiera domingensis DC., B.<br />
penaea (L.) DC., B. portoricensis<br />
Britton, P. chamaebuxus L., P.<br />
domingensis Jacq., P.<br />
portoricensis (Britton) Blake<br />
SPECIES<br />
Coccoloba albicans Elan.<br />
Endemic to <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
Coccoloba buchii Schmidt.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Coccoloba ceibensis Schmidt.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Coccoloba costata Wr. ex Sauv.<br />
Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq.<br />
Coccolobafawcetti Schmidt<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Coccolobaflavescens Jacq.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Coccoloba fuertesii Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Coccoloba hotteana Schmidt<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Coccoloba incrassata Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Coccoloba krugii Lindau<br />
Coccoloba leoganensis Jacq.<br />
Endemic to <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
Coccoloba leonardii Howard<br />
Coccoloba microstachys Willd.<br />
Coccoloba nodosa Lindau<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Coccoloba paucijlora Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Coccoloba picardae Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
POLYGONACEAE<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
buis benit, petit buis (H); crevajosa, guayacancillo,<br />
jaboncillo, quiebrahacha (RD)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
C. ciferriana Elan., C. revoluta<br />
Leon., C. tortuensis Elan. &<br />
Schrn.<br />
papelite (H)<br />
C. eggersiana Lind., C. helwigii raisinier (H); guayaba de mulo (RD); uvilla (PR)<br />
Schmidt., C. rupicola Urb., C.<br />
samuelssonii Elan. & Schrn., C.<br />
verruculosa Lind.<br />
C. laurifolia Lind., not Jacq. maivisse, petit raisin ordinaire, raisin bouzin,<br />
raisinier, raisinier manun, zamon manun (H);<br />
guayab6n, uva cimanuna, uva de sierra, uvero,<br />
uvilla, uvilla de sierra (RD)<br />
C. pungens Urb.<br />
C. mansfeldii Schrn.<br />
C. borgensenii SChrn'<br />
C. rotundifolia Meisn. _<br />
C. fulgens Leon., C. momicola<br />
Urb., C. nalgensis Schrn., C.<br />
-neurophylla Urb.<br />
wild grape (PR); bow pigeon, crabwood (B)<br />
uvero, uvilla (RD)<br />
negra loca, uverillo, uvillo (PR)<br />
Coccoloba pubescens L. C. grandifolia Jacq., C rubescens gamelle, magne la mer, raisin grandes feuilles (H);<br />
L. hojancha, oreja de burro (RD); grand leaf, mora16n,<br />
sea grape (PR); bois rouge (G, M)
SPECIES<br />
Coccoloba samanensis Schm.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Coccoloba swartzii Meisn.<br />
Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.<br />
(naturally hybridizes with other<br />
Coccoloba spp.)<br />
_Coccoloba venosa L.<br />
Coccoloba wrightii Lindau<br />
Leptogonum buchii Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Leptogonum domingense Benth.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Leptogonum moUe Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
SPECIES<br />
Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R.<br />
Br.<br />
POLYGONACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Guaiabara uvifera House,<br />
Polygonum uvifera L.<br />
C. nivea Jacq.<br />
C. scrobiculata Lind., C.<br />
subtruncata Urb.<br />
PROTEACEAE<br />
Tree Names 287<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
uvill6n (C); orteg6n, uvilla (PR); tie tongue (B)<br />
guaiabara, raisin bord de mer, raisin de fer, raisin de<br />
la mer (H); uva de mar, uvero de playa (RD); uva<br />
caleta (C, RD); uvero (C, PR); uva de playa (RD,<br />
PR); uvas, sea grape (PR)<br />
guarapo (RD); calambreiia, chicory grape (PR)<br />
chicharroncito (RD)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
G. peineta, G. umbratica A. Cunn. chene d'Australie (H); grevilea (C, H); helecho<br />
ex Meissner (RD); agravilla, roble plateado (C); roble de seda (C,<br />
PR); roble australiano, silk oak, silver oak (PR)<br />
PUNICACEAE<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Punica granatum L. grenade, grenadier, pomme grenade (H); granadillo,<br />
pomogranado (RD); granada (C, RD, PR); granado<br />
(C, RD); granada agria, granado enano (C);<br />
pomegranate (H, PR)<br />
RHAMNACEAE<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. Ceanothus arborescens Mill.,<br />
Colubrina colubrina Millsp., C.<br />
ferruginosa Brongn., Rhamnus<br />
colubrinus Jacq.<br />
Colubrina berteroana Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Colubrina elliptica (Sw.) Briz. &<br />
Stem<br />
Ceanothus reclinatus L'Her.,<br />
Colubrina reclinata (L'Her.)<br />
Brongn., Rhamnus ellipticus Sw.<br />
bois de fer, bois fer blanc, bois mabi, bois pele,<br />
bois pite, capable, gris-gris, poivrier, rougeole (H);<br />
candel6n, coraz6n de paloma, cuemo de buey, palo<br />
amargo, trejo (RD); bijaguara, birijagua, fuego (C);<br />
abejuelo, achiotillo, aguacatillo, catire, greenheart,<br />
guitanin, mabi, rat6n, sanguinaria, snake-bark, soap<br />
tree (PR); black velvet, mountain ebony,<br />
shake-wood, wild ebony (1)<br />
palo amargo (RD)<br />
bois de fer, bois mabi, mabi (H); coraz6n de<br />
paloma (RD); mabf (RD, PR); palo amargo (C,<br />
RD); carbonero, carbonero de costa, jayajabito (C);<br />
catire, guitanin, mabf, naked wood, smooth snakebark,<br />
soldier wood (PR)
290 . Tree Names<br />
RUBIACEAE<br />
SPECIES SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. Chinchona caribae Jacq.<br />
& Schult.<br />
Exostema cf. elegans Krug & Urb.<br />
Exostema ellipticum Griseb.<br />
Exostema sanctae-luciae (Kentish) E.floribundum (Sw.) Roem. &<br />
Britten Schult.<br />
Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich.<br />
Genipa americana L. var. caruto<br />
(Kunth.) Schumann<br />
Guettarda elliptica Sw.<br />
Guettarda multinervis Urb.<br />
Guettarda ovalifolia Urb.<br />
Guettarda pungens Urb.<br />
Guettarda valenzuelana A. Rich.<br />
Hamelia patens Jacq.<br />
Hamelia ventricosa Sw:<br />
Ixoraferrea (Jacq.) Benth.<br />
Morinda citrifolia L.<br />
Neolaugeria resinosa (Yahl)<br />
Nicolson<br />
Palicourea alpina (Sw.) DC.<br />
Palicourea barbinervia DC.<br />
F. odoratissima DC.<br />
Gardenia genipa Sw., Genipa<br />
americana L., G. caruto Kunth.,<br />
G. pubescens DC.<br />
G. laevis Urb.<br />
H. erecta Jacq.<br />
chandelle anglaise, quinine, quinine des Antilles,<br />
quinquina des Camibes, quinquina pays (H);<br />
piiH-piiif, quina criolla, quino (RD); cerillo, 000<br />
santana, maeagua de costa (C); alborillo, palo de<br />
quina, prince wood, West Indian quinine bark, .<br />
yellow torch (PR)<br />
lirio bobo, guina criolla, piiii-piiii (RD); plateado<br />
(C, PR); cayateje, chinchona, lirio santana, vigueta<br />
(C)<br />
guina criolla, piiii-piiii (RD); bois tabac,<br />
quina-piton, quinquina camibe (M)<br />
cafetillo (RD); cafefllo, false coffee (PR); cafe<br />
cimarron, jl1caro, jujano, nabaco (C); wild coffee (J)<br />
gene-pas, genipayer (H); genipa. jagua (RD);<br />
'genipap tree, genipot, mannelade-box genipe (PR)<br />
cigiiilla, cuero de sabana (C); cucubano liso,<br />
velvetseed (PR)<br />
calle noire (H); guayab6n (RD); blackberry, palo de<br />
cucubano, velvet berry (PR)<br />
cucubano (PR)<br />
encinillo, palo de cruz, yaya (RD); roseta (PR)<br />
cucubano de monte (PR); hueso, icaquillo,<br />
naranjito, vigueta (C)<br />
corail, corail rouge, fleur corail (H); buzunuco,<br />
buzunuvo, desyerba conuco (RD); coraIillo, palo<br />
coral, ponasf (C); balsamo, scarletbush (PR)<br />
dajao (RD); cafefllo, palo de dajao, palo de hierro<br />
(PR); cafe cimarron, cafetillo (C)<br />
M. macrophylla Desf. bois douleur, douleur, fromagier (H); baga, coca,<br />
manzanilla, nigua, piiia de puerto (RD); mora de la<br />
India (C); gardenia, hedionda, morinda, noni,<br />
painkiller (PR)<br />
Antirhea resinosa (Vahl) Cook & aquil6n (PR)<br />
Collins, Laugeria densijlora<br />
(Griseb.) Hitehc., L resinosa<br />
Vahl, Stenostomum densijlorum<br />
Griseb., Terebraria resinosa<br />
(Vahl) Sprague<br />
Palicourea crocea (Sw.) Roem..:.& P. brevithyrsa Britton & StandI.<br />
Schult. .<br />
Palicourea domingensis (Jacq.)<br />
DC.<br />
Psychotria alpestris Urb. & Ekm.<br />
Endemic to Massifde la Hotte<br />
cafetan, cenizoso cimarron, tafetan (RD); tapa<br />
camino (C)<br />
ahoguey blanco (RD); tafetan (PR, RD); balsamo<br />
real, showy palicourea (PR)<br />
ponasf, tapa camino (C); cachimbo, red palicourea<br />
(PR); bois cabrit, bois de l'encore, bois fou-fou (M)<br />
taburete (C)
292 Tree Names<br />
SPECIES<br />
Citrus limon (L.) Bunn.<br />
Citrus maxima O. Burm.) Merr.<br />
Citrus medica L.<br />
Citrus reticulata Blanco<br />
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck<br />
Citrus x paradisi Macf.<br />
Fortunellajaponica (Thunb.)<br />
Swingle<br />
Fortunella margarita (Lour.)<br />
Swingle'<br />
Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack<br />
Pilocarpus racemosus Vahi<br />
RUTACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
C. limonum Risso, C. peretta<br />
domingensis Tuss., Limon<br />
vulgaris Mill.<br />
C. aurantium var. grandis L., C.<br />
decumana L., C. grandis (L.)<br />
Osbeck<br />
C. deliciosa Ten., C. nobilis<br />
Andr. not Lour.<br />
Aurantium sinensis Mill., C.<br />
aurantium var. sinensis L.<br />
C. maxima var. uvacarpa Merr.,<br />
C. maxima x· C. sinensis<br />
Citrus japonica Thunb.<br />
Citrus margarita Lour.<br />
Chalcas exotica (L.) Millsp:, C.<br />
paniculata L., Murraea exotica<br />
L.<br />
Raputia heterophylla Griseb.<br />
Zanthoxylum anadenium (Urb. & Fagara anadenia Urb. & Ekm.<br />
Ekm.) Jimenez<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Zanthoxylum bifoliolatum Leonard Fagara bifoliolata Urb..<br />
Zanthoxylum coriaceum A. Rich. Fagara coriacea Krng & Urb.<br />
Zanthoxylum elephantiasis Macf.<br />
Zanthoxylumfagara (L.) Sarg.<br />
Zanthoxylumflavum Vahl<br />
Fagaraelephantiasis Krng &<br />
Urb., Z aromaticum DC.<br />
Fagarafagara Small., F.<br />
lentiscifolia HBK., F. pterota L.,<br />
Schinusfagara L., Z pterota<br />
HBK.<br />
Fagaraflavum Krug & Urb.<br />
Zanthoxylum lenticellosum (Urb. & Fagara lenticellosa Urb. & Ekm.<br />
Ekm.) Jimenez<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
.Zanthoxylum leonardii (Urb.)<br />
Jimenez<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Zanthoxylum martinicense (Lam.)<br />
DC.<br />
Fagc:ra leonardii Urb.<br />
Fagara martinicense Lam., Z<br />
juglandifolium Willd., Z<br />
lanceolatum Poir.<br />
Zanthoxylum monophyllum (Lam.) Fagara monophylla Lam., Z<br />
P. Wils. ochroleucum DC., Z<br />
simplicifolium Vah!<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
citronnier, limon france (H); lim6n, limon agrio (C,<br />
RD, PR); limon persa (C); lemon, limon de cabro<br />
(PR)<br />
chadeque (H); pomelo, toronja, toronja de la India<br />
(RD); pummelo, shaddock (PR)<br />
citron, citronnier (H); cidra, toronja (RD)<br />
mandarine (H); naranja mandarina (C, RD, PR);<br />
mandarine orange, tangerine (PR)<br />
orange douce (H); naranja de China, naranja dulce<br />
(C, RD, PR); sweet orange 0, PR)<br />
pamplemousse (H); grapefruit (PR)<br />
kumquat redondo (RD); kumquat (US)<br />
kumquat oval (RD); kumquat (US)<br />
bun, myrte (H); buis (G, H, M); azahar, azahar de<br />
.jardfn (RD); boj de Persia, jazmfn de Persia,<br />
muralla, murallera (C); mirto (C, PR); orange<br />
jessemine (PR); China-box, mock orange (1)<br />
aceitillo (PR); bois blanc, flambeau caraibe (G);<br />
flaboir noir, flambeau (M)<br />
pine, pine jaune, pinit, pinit jaune (H); ayua, pino<br />
macho (RD); aytia amarilla, aytia varia, baytia (C)<br />
pine jaune (H); alba, pino rubial, una de gato (RD);<br />
amoroso, arona gato, chivo, limoncillo, tomegufn,<br />
zarza de tomegufn (C)<br />
espinille, espinillo, misimieu, musimieu (RD);<br />
aceitillo (C, PR); yellow sanders (PR)<br />
bois epineux, bois peine, bois pine, bois pine blanc,<br />
bois pini (H); espino, pino, pino de teta, pino<br />
macho, pino rubial (RD); aytia (C, PR); aytia<br />
amarilla, aytia macho, ayuda (C); prickly yellow,<br />
yellow hercules (J)<br />
pino, pino de teta, pino macho (RD); enrubio,<br />
espino rubial, palo rubrio, yellow prickly ash (PR);<br />
bois noyer, ICpine jaune (G, M)
SPECIES<br />
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.<br />
Helicteresjamaicensis Jacq.<br />
Helicteres semitriloba Bert.<br />
Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) Karst.<br />
Sterculiafoetida L.<br />
STERCULIACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
G. bubroma Tuss., G. guazuma<br />
(L.) Cockerell, G. polybotrya P.<br />
DC., G. tomentosa HBK., G.<br />
tomentosa Kunth., G. ulmifolia<br />
var. tomentosa (HBK.) K. Schum.,<br />
Theobroma guazuma L.<br />
H. altheaefolia Lam., H. isora<br />
Desc., H. spiralis Northr.<br />
Helicteres apetala Jacq., S.<br />
carthaginensis Cay.<br />
Tree Names 299<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
bois d'homme, bois d'orme, bois de hetre, orme<br />
d'Amerique (H); guacima cimaronna, guazuma<br />
(RD); guacima de caballo (C); guacima (C, RD,<br />
PR); bastard cedar, West Indian elm 0, PR)<br />
bois d'homme, coton rat, jeu90n (H); huevo de gato<br />
(RD, PR); majagiiilla (C); cowbush, cuernecillo<br />
(PR)<br />
pistache des Indes (H);' anacahuita (C, RD);<br />
anacagiiita (C, RD, PR); esterculia (C); Panama<br />
tree (J, PR)<br />
anacagiiita, hazel sterculia (PR)<br />
Theobroma cacao L. subsp. cacao Cacao theobroma Tuss.. cacao (French, Spanish, English); cacaotier,<br />
cacaoyer (French); cacao amarillo, cacao erlollo,<br />
cacao forastero, cacao morado (C, RD, PR)<br />
SPECIES<br />
Styrax obtusifolills Griseb.<br />
Styrax ochraceus Urn.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
SPECIES<br />
Symplocos berteroi (DC.) Miers<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Symplocos domingensis Urn.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Symplocos hotteana Urn. & Ekm.<br />
Endemic to southwestern <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
SPECIES<br />
Cleyera albopunctata (Griseb.)<br />
Krug& Urn.<br />
Cleyera bolleana (0. C. Schm.)<br />
Kobuski<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Cleyera orbicularis Alain<br />
Endemic to <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
Cleyera temstroemioides (0. C.<br />
Schmidt) Kobuski<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
STYRACACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
SYMPLOCACEAE<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
S. hyboneura Urb., S. aceituno, moradilla (RD)<br />
martinicensis var. berterii DC., S.<br />
'pilifera Urb.<br />
THEACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Eroteum albopunctatum (Griseb.) copey vera (C)<br />
Britt., Eurya albopunctata<br />
Melchior, Temstroemia<br />
albopunctata Griseb.<br />
Eurya bolleana O. C. Schm.,<br />
Freziera bolleana Kobuski<br />
Ellrya temstroemioides O. C.<br />
Schm., Freziera ternstroemioides .<br />
Kobuski
300 Tree Names<br />
SPECIES<br />
Cleyera vaccinioides (0. C.<br />
Schmidt) Kobuski<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Laplacea alpestris (Krug & Urb.)<br />
Dyer<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Laplacea cymatoneura Urb.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Laplacea portoricensis (Krug &<br />
Urb.) Dyer<br />
Temstroemia barkeri Elem. &<br />
Schm.<br />
Endemic to Massif de la Hotte<br />
Temstroemia glandulosa Alain<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
THEACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Eurya vaccinioides O. C. Schm.,<br />
Freziera vaccinioides Kobuski<br />
Haemocharis alpestris Krug &<br />
Urb., Wikstroemia alpestris Blake<br />
Haemocharis portoricensis Krug<br />
& Urb., Wikstroemia<br />
portoricensis (Krug & Urb.)<br />
Blake<br />
Temstroemia peduncularis A. DC. Taonabo peduncularis (DC.)<br />
Britton, Temstroemia<br />
, meridionalis Sw., T. obovalis A.<br />
Rich.<br />
Temstroemia selleana Elem. &<br />
Schm.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
SPECIES<br />
Clavija domingensis Urb. & Ekm.<br />
Endemic to southwestern <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
Jacquinia arborea Vahl<br />
Jacquinia berterii Spreng.<br />
Jacquinia comosa Urb. & Ekm.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Jacquinia keyensis Mez<br />
SPECIES<br />
THEOPHRASTACEAE<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
bois d'Inde manun, bois d'ine manun (H);<br />
botoncillo (RD); copey vera (C); bois vert, cacao<br />
de montagne (G, M)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Chrysophyllum barbasco Loeft.,<br />
J. armillaris Jacq., J. armillaris<br />
arborea Griseb., J. barbasco Mez<br />
J. aculeata (L.) Mez., J. berterii<br />
var. acutifolia Griseb., J. berterii<br />
var. angustior Urb., J. berterii<br />
var. portoricensis Urb., J. berterii<br />
var. retusa Urb., J. sphaeroidea<br />
Urb.<br />
THYMELIACEAE<br />
Daphnopsis americana (Mill.) 1. R. Daphne tinifolia Sw.,<br />
Johnst. ssp. cumingii (Meissn.) Daphnopsis americana ssp.<br />
NevI. tinifolia NevI., D. tinifolia Sw.,<br />
Laurus americanus Mill.<br />
bois jean louis, grand coquemollier, langue aboeuf<br />
(H)<br />
azucares, barbasco (PR)<br />
bois bande, bois cassave (H); palo de cruz (RD);<br />
espuela de caballero de pinar (C); ironwood, jue<br />
bush, sea myrtle (US)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
miillaut (H); guacacoa, guacacoa baria (C);<br />
emajagua de sierra, maho, majagua de sierra (PR)
SPECIES<br />
Daphnopsis crassifolia (Poir.)<br />
Meissn.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
THYMELIACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
Daphne crassifolia Poir.,<br />
Daphnopsis crassifolia var.<br />
eggersii Krug & Urb.,<br />
Hyptiodaphne crassifolia Urb.,<br />
H. crassifolia var. eggersii Urb.<br />
Daphnopsis cuneata (Griseb.) D. unijlora Urb, & Ekm.<br />
Radlk. ssp. unijlora (Urb. & Ekrn.)<br />
NevI.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Daphnopsis ekmanii Domke<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Lagetta lagetto (Sw.) Nash Daphne lagetto Sw., L lintearia<br />
Lam.<br />
SPECIES<br />
Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb.<br />
Carpodiptera hexaptera Urb. &<br />
Ekrn.<br />
Endemic to Hispaniola<br />
Carpodiptera simonis Urb.<br />
Endemic to southwestern <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
SPECIES<br />
Amoelocera cubensis Griseb.<br />
Celtis trinervia Lam.<br />
Phyllostylon brasiliense Cap.<br />
Trema lamarckiana (Roem. &<br />
Schult.) Blume<br />
Trema micrantha (L.) Blume<br />
TILIACEAE<br />
Tree Names 301<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
ayay, guanantesi, guarantel, hayao, jayao (RD)<br />
bois dentelle, daguille, laget (H); daguilla, palo de<br />
encaje (RD); daguilla comun, daguilla de lorna,<br />
guanilla (C); lagetto (J)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Berrya cubensis G. Maza bois blanc, bois d'ortie, bois d'ortie blanche, bois<br />
d'ortie rouge, feuil1es d'ortie, ortie blanche (H);<br />
majagua de Cuba, majagiiilla (C)<br />
ULMACEAE<br />
bois d'ortie, bois d'ortie rouge (H)<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
bois blanc grandes feuilles (H); hueso, jatia blanca,<br />
purio (C)<br />
P. rhamnoides Taub.,<br />
Samaroceltis rhamnoides Poiss.<br />
Celtis lamarkiana R. & Sch:, C.<br />
lima Lam., T.lima Hitch.<br />
Celtis micranthus Sw., C. rugosa<br />
Willd., Sponia canescens HBK.,<br />
S. micrantha Denc.<br />
URTICACEAE<br />
bois feuilles blanches, bois raie (H); amarguil1o,<br />
anisillo, lejfo, palo amargo (RD); gageda de<br />
gallina, guisacil10 (C); almez, guacimil1a (PR)<br />
bois blanc (H); baitoa (RD); jatfa (C); San<br />
Domingo boxwood, West Indian boxwood (PR,<br />
US)<br />
mahaut piment (H); majagua, memiso, memizo<br />
cimarr6n, memizo de majagua (RD); palo de<br />
cabril1a, West Indian trema (PRj; capulf cimarr6n,<br />
guasimil1a (C)<br />
bois de soie (H); memiso, memiso de paloma,<br />
memizo cimarr6n (RD); capulf cimarr6n,<br />
guacimil1a, guacimilla boba (C); cabra, palo de<br />
cabra (PR); Florida trema (US)<br />
SPECIES<br />
SYNONYMS COMMON NAMES<br />
Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud. feuilles enragees, maman guepes (H); ortiga brava,<br />
stinging nettle (PR)
302 Tree Names<br />
SPECIES<br />
Avicennia germinans (L.) L.<br />
Citharexylum caudatum L.<br />
Citharexylumfruticosum L.<br />
Comutia pyramidata L.<br />
Duranta repens L.<br />
Gmelina arborea Roxb.<br />
Petitia domingensis Jacq.<br />
Tectona grandis L. f.<br />
Vitex agnus-castus L.<br />
Vitex divaricata Sw.<br />
Vitex heptaphylla A. Juss.<br />
VERBENACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
A. marina (Forsk.)Vierh., A.<br />
nitida Jacq.<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
manglier noir, paletuvier (H); mangle prieto (RD);<br />
black mangrove, mangle negro, salado, siete-cueros<br />
(PR)<br />
cafe marron, cafe sauvage (H); cafe cimarrOn, penda<br />
(RD); collarete, penda (C); pendula de sierra (PR);<br />
oval-leaved fiddlewood (J)<br />
cafe marron, grenade marron, grenarde, jijirl<br />
marron, madame claude, pindoula (H); cafe<br />
cimarrOn, pendula (RD); canilla de venado, gua<strong>yo</strong><br />
blanco (C); penda (C, RD); balsamo, palo de<br />
guitarra (PR)<br />
indigotier (H); azulejo, palo de vidrio (RD); salvilla<br />
(C)<br />
D. erecta L., D. plumieri Jacq. boisjambette, mai's bouilli (H); adonis (RD);<br />
azota-caballo, pigeon-berry, skyflower (PR); celosa<br />
(C).<br />
G. rheedii Hook., Premna gmelina, melina (H, RD); white teak (India)<br />
latifolia Roxb. var. mucronata<br />
Auct., not C. B. Clarke<br />
bois d'ortie, chene calebassier (H); capa blanco,<br />
capa de sabana, capa sabanero (RD); fiddlewood<br />
(J); gua<strong>yo</strong> prieto (C)<br />
T. theka Lour., Theka grandis (L. teck (H); teca (RD); teak (PR)<br />
f.) Lam.<br />
malagueta, pimienta de Guinea, yerba de la suerte,<br />
yerba luisa (RD); chaste tree, chencherenche,<br />
sauzgatillo (PR)<br />
V. multiflora Sw. bois Iezard (H); higiierillo, p6ndula, p6ndula blanca,<br />
whitefiddlewood (PR); of6n criollo, roble de olor,<br />
roble gua<strong>yo</strong> (C)<br />
bois de savane, bois savane, gris-gris (H); matta<br />
becero, malagueta, palo perriro (RD); black<br />
fiddlewood, lizard wood (1); chicharr6n (C)<br />
NB: Judd (1987) describes 2 shrub species ofLantana that might be considered small trees sensu Little and Wadsworth<br />
(1964). These species are not listed. .<br />
SPECIES<br />
Guaiacum officinale L.<br />
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE<br />
SYNONYMS<br />
[Also spelled Guajacum.]<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
arbre de vie, bois saint, gai'ac, gafuc batard, galac<br />
franc, gai'ac male, gai'ac officinal (H); guayacan (C,<br />
RD, PR); palo santo (C); guayaco,lignum vitae<br />
(PR)<br />
Guaiacum sanctum L. Guajacum guatemalense PI. [Also bois saint, gai'ac blitard, gai'ac blanc, gai'ac cardasse,<br />
spelled Guajacum.] galac femelle (H); guayacan bastardo (RD); vera<br />
(C, RD); guayacancillo (C, RD, PR); guayacan<br />
blanco (C, PR); hollywood lignum vitae (PR)
306 Creole Names<br />
CREOLE NAME<br />
bwadom<br />
bwadom<br />
bwadom<br />
bwadom<br />
bwadoti<br />
bwadoti<br />
bwadoti blan<br />
bwadoti wouj<br />
bwadoule<br />
bwaebenn<br />
bwaebenn<br />
bwaekos<br />
bwafe<br />
bwafe<br />
bwa fe blan<br />
bwafemawon<br />
bwafetid<br />
bwa fey blanch<br />
bwafoumi<br />
bwa fwenn<br />
bwagal<br />
bwagason<br />
bwagrenn<br />
bwagrenn<br />
bwa grenn nwa<br />
bwa grenn nwa<br />
bwagrigri<br />
bwa grigri<br />
bwaivran<br />
bwajamMt<br />
bwa jan louwi<br />
bwajon<br />
bwajonis<br />
bwaka<br />
-bwakabrit<br />
bwakabrit<br />
bwa kachiman<br />
bwakajou<br />
bwakaka<br />
•• B ••<br />
SPECIES<br />
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.<br />
Helicteresjamaicensis Jacq.<br />
Muntingia calabura L.<br />
Samyda dodecandra Jacq.<br />
Carpodiptera spp.<br />
Petitia domingensis Jacq.<br />
Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb.<br />
Carpodiptera spp.<br />
Morinda citrifolia L.<br />
Pictetia spinifolia (DesY.) Urban<br />
Reynosia uncinata Urn.<br />
Piptadenia peregrina (L.) Benth.<br />
Colubrina spp.<br />
Krugiodendronferreum (VahI) Urn.<br />
Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.<br />
Reynosia uncinata Urb.<br />
Capparis cynophallophora L.<br />
Celtis trinervia Lam.<br />
Maytenus buxifolia (A Rich.) Griseb.<br />
Simarouba spp.<br />
Piptadenia peregrina (L.) Benth.<br />
Euphorbia petiolaris Sims.<br />
Croton glabellus L.<br />
Illicium ekmanii AC. Smith<br />
Matayba spp.<br />
Illicium ekmanii AC. Smith<br />
Matayba spp.<br />
Buchenavia capitata (VahI) Eichl.<br />
Bucida buceras L.<br />
Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg.<br />
Duranta repens L.<br />
Clavija domingensis Urn. & Ekm.<br />
Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud.<br />
Bocconiafrutescens L.<br />
Zygia latifolia (L.) Fawc. & Rendle<br />
Psychotria berteriana DC.<br />
Senna atomaria (L.) Irwin & Bameby<br />
Annona spp.<br />
Eugenia odorata Berg<br />
Bunchosia glandulosa (Cay.) L.C. Rich<br />
FAMILY<br />
Sterculiaceae<br />
Sterculiaceae<br />
Elaeocarpaceae<br />
FIacourtiaceae<br />
Tiliaceae<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Tiliaceae<br />
Tiliaceae<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Rhmanaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
Rhmanaceae<br />
Rhmanaceae<br />
Capparaceae<br />
Ulmaceae<br />
Celastraceae .<br />
Simaroubaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Euphorniaceae<br />
Euphorniaceae<br />
Illiciaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Dliciaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Theophrastaceae<br />
Moraceae<br />
Papayeraceae<br />
Fabaceae (=LegUminosae)<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Annonaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Malpighiaceae
CREOLE NAME<br />
bwa kaka<br />
bwakalson<br />
bwa}
308 Creole Names<br />
CREOLE NAME<br />
bwa let femel<br />
bwaletmal<br />
bwa letel<br />
bwa leza<br />
bwa liben<br />
bwa loray<br />
bwamabel<br />
bwamabi<br />
bwa mabre<br />
bwamadam<br />
bwamago<br />
bwamago<br />
bwa majo<br />
bwamalodan<br />
bwamawon<br />
bwameriz<br />
bwa.milat<br />
bwamilat<br />
bwamilat<br />
bwamilet<br />
bwamit<br />
bwa mOtel<br />
bwa motel vre<br />
bwa moutad<br />
bwa nago<br />
bwa nago<br />
bwa nannon<br />
bwa nef<br />
bwa neframo<br />
bwa neg<br />
bwa neges<br />
bwa neges<br />
bwanwa<br />
bwanwa<br />
bwanwa<br />
bwa nwa<br />
bwa nwa<strong>yo</strong><br />
bwapal<br />
bwapal<br />
•• B ••<br />
SPECIES<br />
Rauvolfia nitida Jacq.<br />
Tabernaemontana citrifolia L.<br />
Psychotria nutans Sw.<br />
Vitex divaricata Sw.<br />
Podocarpus angustifolius Griseb. var. wrightii Pilger<br />
Trichilia havanensis Jacq.<br />
Brunellia comocladiifolia H. & B. ssp. domingensis Cuatr.<br />
Colubrina spp.<br />
Gymnanthes lucida Sw.<br />
Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urb.<br />
Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) Eich!.<br />
Bucida buceras L.<br />
Piper aduncum L.<br />
Alchornea latifolia Sw.<br />
Trichilia aquifolia P. Wils.<br />
Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb.<br />
Metopium spp.<br />
Myrcianthesfragrans (Sw.) McVaugh<br />
. Myrciariajloribunda (West ex Willd.) Berg<br />
Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk.<br />
Eugenia rhombea (Berg) Krug & Urban<br />
Erythrina spp.<br />
Erythrina variegata L.<br />
Capparisjlexuosa (L.) L.<br />
Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq.<br />
Tabebuia acrophylla (Urb.) Britt.<br />
Ormosia krugii Urban<br />
Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban<br />
Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban<br />
Allophylus rigidus Sw.<br />
Casearia ilicifolia Vent.<br />
Dendropanax spp.<br />
Simarouba glauca DC. var. latifolia Cronq.<br />
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.<br />
Beilschmiedia pendula (Sw.) Hems!. '<br />
Ehretia tinifolia L.<br />
Guatteria blainii (Griseb.) Urb.<br />
Piper amalago L.<br />
Clusia spp.<br />
Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq.<br />
FAMILY<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Podocarpaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Cunoniaceae<br />
Rharnnaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Bombacaceae<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Piperaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Moraceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Myrtaceae.<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Capparaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Moraceae<br />
Moraceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Flacourtiaceae<br />
Araliaceae<br />
Simaroubaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Lauraceae<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Annonaceae<br />
Piperaceae<br />
Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)
310 .Creole Names<br />
CREOLE NAME<br />
bwa senegal<br />
bwa sezisman<br />
bwa sezisman<br />
bwasip<br />
bwasip<br />
bwasiwo<br />
bwasoumi<br />
bwaswa<br />
bwaswa<br />
bwa swa<br />
bwa swa mawon<br />
bwa tanis wouj<br />
bwa ti fayi<br />
bwa ti let<br />
bwa ti ley<br />
bwa ti fey ,<br />
bwa ti gason<br />
bwa ti gason<br />
bwa tramble<br />
bwa tramble<br />
bwa twompet<br />
bwavach<br />
bwa velou<br />
bwawil<br />
bwa wouj<br />
bwa WQZ<br />
bwa WQZ<br />
bwazed<br />
bwa zet<br />
bwis<br />
bwis beni<br />
bwis sab<br />
•• B ••<br />
SPECIES<br />
Capparis spp.<br />
Rauvolfia nitida Jacq.<br />
Thevetia peruviana (pers.) K. Schum.<br />
Bumelia salicifolia (L.) Sw.<br />
Tabebuia berteri (DC.) Britt.<br />
Piper aduncum L.<br />
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez et Pavon) Cham.<br />
Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br.<br />
Muntingia calabura L.<br />
Trema micrantha (L.) Blume<br />
Muntingia calabura L.<br />
Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.<br />
Buxus glomerata (Griseb.) Muell. Arg.<br />
Buxus glomerata (Griseb.) Muell. Arg.<br />
Buxus glomerata (Griseb.) Muell. Arg.<br />
Eugenia spp.<br />
Picramnia pentandra Sw.<br />
Schaefferiafrutescens Jacq.<br />
Ardisia spp.<br />
Schefflera spp.<br />
Cecropia peltata L.<br />
Alchomea latifolia Sw.<br />
Capparisferruginea L.<br />
Manilkara albescens (Griseb.) Cronq.<br />
Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer<br />
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez et Pavon) Oken<br />
Ziziphus rhodoxylon Urb.<br />
Colubrina glandulosa var. antillana (M.C. Johnst.) M.C. Johnst.<br />
Colubrina glandulosa var. antillana (M.C. Johnst.) M.C. Johnst.<br />
Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack<br />
Polygala penaea L.<br />
Hura crepitans L.<br />
FAMILY<br />
Capparaceae<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Piperaceae<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Asclepiadaceae<br />
Elaeocarpaceae<br />
Ulmaceae<br />
Elaeocarpaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Buxaceae<br />
Buxaceae<br />
Buxaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Simaroubaceae<br />
Celastraceae<br />
Myrsinaceae<br />
Araliaceae<br />
Cecropiaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Capparaceae<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
Rharnnaceae<br />
Rharnnaceae<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Polygalaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae
COMMON NAME<br />
chadek<br />
chambron<br />
chandel anglez<br />
chandeI blan<br />
chandel mawon<br />
chandel mawon<br />
chapelet<br />
chapo kare<br />
chatag<br />
chatanye<br />
chatanye<br />
chatanye mawon<br />
chatanye ti ley<br />
chenn<br />
chenn dostra.li<br />
chenn fran<br />
chenn kalbas<br />
chenn kapawo<br />
chenn nwa<br />
chenn nwa<br />
chenn nwa<br />
chenn peyi<br />
chevalye<br />
chibou<br />
chik<br />
chiot<br />
choublak<br />
COMMON NAME<br />
dagwi<br />
dalmag<br />
dalmari<br />
damag<br />
damari<br />
dan chen blan .<br />
dat<br />
dejimeI<br />
•• c ••<br />
SPECIES<br />
Citrus maxima (1. Bunn.) Merr.<br />
Prosopisjuliflora (Sw.) DC.<br />
Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.<br />
Amyris elemifera L.<br />
Amyris elemifera L.<br />
Hypelate trifoliata Sw.<br />
Calyptronoma plumeriana (Martius) Lourteig<br />
Sloanea spp.<br />
Cupania americana L.<br />
Cupania americana L.<br />
Matayba scrobiculata (HBK) Radlk.<br />
Matayba scrobiculata (HBK) Radlk.<br />
Sloanea ilicifolia Urb.<br />
Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum. Cours.<br />
Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br.<br />
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez et Pavon) Cham.<br />
Petitia domingensis Jacq.<br />
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez et Pavon) Cham.<br />
Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum. Cours.<br />
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz Lopez et Pavon) Cham.<br />
Ehretia tinifolia L.<br />
Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum. Cours.<br />
Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth.<br />
Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.<br />
Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.<br />
Bixa orellana L.<br />
..<br />
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.<br />
][)<br />
SPECIES<br />
Lagetta lagetto (Sw.) Nash<br />
Calophyllum calaba L.<br />
Calophyllum calaba L.<br />
Calophyllum calaba L.<br />
Calophyllum calaba L.<br />
Cordia mirabiloides (Jacq.) R. & S.<br />
Phoenix dactylifera L.<br />
Bauhinia monandra.Kurz.<br />
••<br />
Creole Names 311<br />
FAMILY<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Elaeocarpaceae<br />
. Sapindaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Elaeocarpaceae<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Proteaceae<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Burseraceae<br />
Burseraceae<br />
Bixaceae<br />
Malvaceae<br />
FAMILY<br />
Thymeliaceae<br />
Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae)<br />
Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae)<br />
Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae)<br />
Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae)<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)
312 Creole Names<br />
•• D ••<br />
COMMON NAME SPECIES<br />
de sezon Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotsch<br />
dehorn Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotsch<br />
delen Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit ssp. leucocephala<br />
delen etranje Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit ssp. glabrata (Rose) S.<br />
Zarate<br />
divi divi Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd.<br />
do jilet Comocladia cuneata Britt.<br />
doliv Moringa oleifera Lam.<br />
doliv Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez.<br />
doliv Simarouba glauca DC var. latifolia Cronq.<br />
doliv Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.<br />
doliv bata Sontia daphnoides L.<br />
dombou Trichilia paUida Sw.<br />
doti blanch Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb.<br />
doti bwa blan Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb.<br />
doule Morinda citrifolia L.<br />
dyare Copemicia berteroana Becc.<br />
FAMILY<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Moringaceae<br />
Lauraceae<br />
Simaroubaceae<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
M<strong>yo</strong>poraceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Tiliaceae<br />
Tiliaceae<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY<br />
ebenn<br />
Diospyros re<strong>yo</strong>luta Poir.<br />
Ebenaceae<br />
ebenn<br />
Roche/ortia acanthophora (DC.) Griseb.<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
ebenn nwa<br />
Roche/ortia acanthophora (DC.) Griseb.<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
endigo<br />
Cornutia pyramidata L.<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
ene<br />
Lawsonia inermis L.<br />
Lythraceae<br />
letpim<br />
Croton lucidus L.<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
. leyanraje<br />
Urera baccifera (L.) qaud.<br />
Urticaceae<br />
ley be<br />
Zanthoxylum pimpineUoides (Lam.) DC.<br />
Rutaceae<br />
ley dayiti<br />
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Correa<br />
Malvaceae<br />
ley doti<br />
Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb.<br />
Tiliaceae<br />
ley doule<br />
Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schlecht.<br />
Solanaceae<br />
ley grenn<br />
Ricinus communis L.<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
ley kanel<br />
Myrsine guianensis (Aubl.) Kuntze<br />
Myrsinaceae<br />
. ley krapo<br />
Alchornea lati/olia Sw.<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
ley lawouziye Senna angustiliqua (Lam.) Irwin & Bameby var. angustiliqua Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
ley medsen<br />
Jatropha curcas L.<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
ley nwa<strong>yo</strong><br />
Piper amalago L.<br />
Piperaceae<br />
ley nwa<strong>yo</strong> peyi Piper amalago L.<br />
Piperaceae
COMMON NAME<br />
fey parese<br />
fey senjan<br />
fey sezi<br />
fey sezisman<br />
fey siwo<br />
fey wou<br />
fig<br />
figbannann<br />
fig frans<br />
figmi<br />
figye<br />
figye<br />
figyemodi<br />
figye modi mawon<br />
figye wouj<br />
filao<br />
filiye<br />
flambwayan<br />
flambwayan ble<br />
fle dan fie blanch<br />
fie dantis<strong>yo</strong>n<br />
fiejalouzi<br />
fie koray<br />
fie lila<br />
fiemahodem<br />
fie senpie<br />
fie siwo<br />
fo jirOf<br />
fo kenkena<br />
fo salsparey<br />
franchipayn<br />
franjipani<br />
franjipann<br />
franjipann blanch<br />
franjipanye<br />
franjipanye blan<br />
franjipanye mawon<br />
franjipanye pikan<br />
SPECIES<br />
Polyscias spp.<br />
Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotsch<br />
Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.<br />
Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.<br />
Piper amalago L.<br />
llex macfadyenii (Walp.) Rehder<br />
Musa acuminata Colla x M. balbisiana Colla 'AAA'<br />
Musa acuminatdColla x M. balbisiana Colla 'AAA'<br />
Ficus carica L.<br />
Musa acuminata Colla x M. balbisiana Colla 'AAA'<br />
Clusia minor L.<br />
Ficus spp.<br />
CllIsia spp.<br />
Clusia spp.<br />
Ficus trigonata L.<br />
Casuarina equisetifolia L. ex J.R. & G. Forst.<br />
Ehretia tinifolia L.<br />
Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf.<br />
Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don<br />
Cordia mirabiloides (Jacq.) R. & S.<br />
Cordia sulcata DC.<br />
Cordia mirabiloides (Jacq.) R. & S.<br />
Lawsonia inemzis L. '<br />
Hamelia patens Jacq.<br />
Melia azedarach L.<br />
Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urb.<br />
Erythrina variegata L.<br />
Tecoma stans (L.) HBK.<br />
Sambucus spp.<br />
Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore var. racemosa<br />
Croton eluteria (L.) Sw.<br />
Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch.<br />
Plumeria obtusa L.<br />
Cllbanthus umbelliformis Urb. & Ekm.<br />
Pillmeria spp.<br />
Plllllleria sllbsessilis A. DC.<br />
Pillmeria spp.<br />
Plllllleria obtllsa L.<br />
PllIl/leria spp.<br />
Plullleria tuberculata Lodd.<br />
Creole Names 313<br />
FAMILY<br />
Araliaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Piperaceae<br />
Aquifoliaceae<br />
Musaceae<br />
Musaceae<br />
Moraceae<br />
Musaceae<br />
Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae)<br />
Moraceae<br />
Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae)<br />
Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae)<br />
Moraceae<br />
Casuarinaceae<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Lythraceae<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Bombacaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Adoxaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Araliaceae<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Apocynaccae<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Apocynaceae
314 Creole Names<br />
COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY<br />
franjipanye sovaj Plumeria alba L.<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
franjipanye woz Plumeria rubra L.<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
fransilad<br />
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
fransilad fie jon Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
fransilad fie wouj Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
fransilann<br />
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
frasoyn<br />
Plumeria obtusa L.<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
fwenn<br />
Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch.<br />
Simaroubaceae<br />
fwenn<br />
Simarouba spp.<br />
Simaroubaceae<br />
fwenn etranje<br />
Simarouba berteroana Krug & Urb.<br />
Simaroubaceae<br />
fwomaje<br />
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.<br />
Bombacaceae<br />
fwomaje<br />
Morinda citrifolia L.<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
COMMON NAME<br />
gad mezon<br />
galba<br />
galgal<br />
galgal<br />
galgal<br />
galgal·<br />
galgal<br />
galipo<br />
gamel<br />
gayak<br />
gayak bata<br />
gayak blan<br />
gayak femel<br />
gayak fran<br />
gayak kadas<br />
gayakmal<br />
gege<br />
gom anime<br />
gombom<br />
gomye<br />
gomye blan<br />
gomye sovaj<br />
gomye wouj<br />
goo fwenn<br />
•• G ••<br />
SPECIES<br />
Euphorbia tirucalli L.<br />
Calophyllum calaba L.<br />
Byra buxifolia (MuIT.) Urb.<br />
Pictetia spp.<br />
Pithecellobium circinale (L.) Benth.<br />
Reynosia uncinata Urb.<br />
Rochefortia acanthophora (DC.) Griseb.<br />
Hypelate trifoliata Sw.<br />
Coccoloba pubescens L.<br />
Guaiacum officinale L.<br />
Guaiacum spp.<br />
Guaiacum sanctum L.<br />
Guaiacum sanctum L.<br />
Guaiacum officinale L.<br />
Guaiacum sanctum L.<br />
Guaiacum officinale L.<br />
Bucida buceras L.<br />
Hymenaea courbaril L.<br />
Piper amalago L.<br />
Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.<br />
Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.<br />
Trichilia hirta L.<br />
Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.<br />
Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch.<br />
FAMILY<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Rhmanaceae<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Polyganaceae<br />
Zygophyllaceae<br />
Zygophyllaceae<br />
Zygophyllaceae<br />
Zygophyllaceae<br />
Zygophyllaceae<br />
Zygophyllaceae<br />
Zygophyllaceae<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Piperaceae<br />
Burseraceae<br />
Burseraceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Burseraceae<br />
Simaroubaceae
COMMON NAME<br />
gorik<br />
gran bOrn<br />
gran ley<br />
gran kaymit<br />
gran kbkmolye<br />
gran maho<br />
. gran maho<br />
gran medsinye<br />
gran monben<br />
gran sapoti<br />
gratgal<br />
gratgal<br />
gratgal<br />
gratigal<br />
gratigal<br />
grenad<br />
grenad mawon<br />
grenad mawon<br />
grenadya<br />
grenayit<br />
grenn delen<br />
grenn delen peyi<br />
grenn db<br />
grenn kanik<br />
grennkinik<br />
grenn kininn<br />
grenn plat<br />
grevilya<br />
grigri<br />
grigri<br />
grigri<br />
grigri<br />
grigri jon<br />
grigri mbn<br />
grigri sovaj<br />
gwanegoul<br />
gwanel<br />
gwann<br />
gwatapana<br />
gwatapana<br />
•• G ••<br />
SPECIES<br />
Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch.<br />
Piper amalago L.<br />
Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez.<br />
Chrysophyllum cainito L.<br />
Clavija domingensis Urb. & Ekm.<br />
Hibiscus tj[iaceus L.<br />
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Correa<br />
Jatropha curcas L.<br />
Spondias mombin L.<br />
Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn<br />
Pictetia aculeata (Vahl) Urban<br />
Reynosia uncinata Urb.<br />
Rochefortia acanthophora (DC.) Griseb.<br />
Pictetia spinifolia (Desv.) Urban<br />
Reynosia uncinata Urb.<br />
Punica granatum L.<br />
Adelia ricinella L.<br />
Citharexylumfruticosum L.<br />
Punica granatum L.<br />
Sapindus saponaria L.<br />
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. leucocephala<br />
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. leucocephala<br />
Alchomea latifolia Sw.<br />
Sapindus saponaria L.<br />
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.<br />
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.<br />
Crudia spicata (AubI.) Willd.<br />
Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br.<br />
Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) EichI.<br />
Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.<br />
Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertner<br />
Vitex heptaphylla A. Juss.<br />
Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) EichI.<br />
Bucida buceras L.<br />
Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.<br />
Albizia saman (1acq.) F. Muell.<br />
Meliosma impressa Krug & Urb.<br />
Coccothrinax spp.<br />
Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd.<br />
Prosopisjuliflora (Sw.) DC.<br />
Creole Names J1S<br />
FAMILY<br />
Simaroubaceae<br />
Piperaceae<br />
Lauraceae<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Theophrastaceae<br />
Malvaceae<br />
Malvaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Rhmanaceae<br />
Punicaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Punicaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Proteaceae<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Sabiaceae<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)
COMMON NAME<br />
kachiman zombi<br />
kafe<br />
kafejon<br />
kafe mawon<br />
kafe mawon<br />
. kafe mawon<br />
kafe mawon<br />
kafe mawon<br />
kafe sovaj<br />
kajou<br />
kajou<br />
kajou etranje<br />
kajou femel<br />
kajou peyi<br />
kajou planch<br />
kajou soyaj<br />
kajou venezwela<br />
kaka chen<br />
kakapoul<br />
kakach<br />
kakawo<br />
kakon mawon<br />
kal nwa<br />
kalbas<br />
kalbas mawon<br />
kalbas mawon<br />
kalbas zombi<br />
kaliandra<br />
kaliptis<br />
kalmouk<br />
kamf<br />
karnil<br />
kampech<br />
kampech mawon<br />
kandelab<br />
kandelon<br />
kanel<br />
kanel<br />
kanel<br />
kane! abey<br />
•• K ••<br />
SPECIES<br />
Annona rosei Safford<br />
Coffea arabica L.<br />
Allophylus occidentalis (Sw.) Radlk.<br />
Allophylus cominia (L.) Sw.<br />
Bourreria succulenta Jacq.<br />
Casearia guianensis (Aubl.) Urb.<br />
Citharexylum spp.<br />
Picramnia pentandra Sw.<br />
Citharexylum caudatum L.<br />
Anacardium occidentale L.<br />
Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.<br />
Swietenia macrophylla G. King<br />
Cedrela odorata L.<br />
Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.<br />
Cedrela odorata L.<br />
Maytenus buxifolia (A. Rich.) Griseb.<br />
Swietenia macrophylla G. King<br />
Capparis cynophallophora L.<br />
Miconia racemosa (Aubl.) DC.<br />
Capparis cynophallophora L.<br />
Theobroma cacao L.<br />
Crudia spicata (Aubl.) Willd.<br />
Guettarda multinervis Urb.<br />
Crescentia cujete L.<br />
Crescentia linearifolia Miers<br />
Dendrosicus latifolius (Mill.) A. Gentry<br />
Dendrosicus latifolius (Mill.) A. Gentry<br />
Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner<br />
Eucalyptus spp.<br />
Citrus limetta Risso<br />
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb.<br />
Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn.<br />
Haematoxylon spp.<br />
Pithecellobium circinale (L.) Benth.<br />
Euphorbia lactea Haw.<br />
Acacia scleroxyla Tuss.<br />
Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn.<br />
Cinnamomum verum J. S. Pres!'<br />
Ocotea wrightii (Meissn.) Mez<br />
Myrica cerifera L.<br />
Creole Names 317<br />
FAMILY<br />
Annonaceae<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Flacourtiaceae<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Simaroubaceae<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Celastraceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Capparaceae<br />
Melastomaceae<br />
Capparaceae<br />
Sterculiaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Lauraceae<br />
Canellaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Canellaceae<br />
Lauraceae<br />
Lauraceae<br />
Myricaceae
318 Creole Names<br />
COMMON NAME<br />
kanel dous<br />
kanel mawon<br />
kanel miyel<br />
kanel pwavre<br />
kanik<br />
kanik<br />
kanil<br />
kapab<br />
kapab<br />
.kapitenn<br />
kapris<br />
karakole<br />
karakte dezbm<br />
kararnbola<br />
kararnbouba<br />
kas<br />
kas baton<br />
kas dou<br />
kas mawon<br />
kas panybl<br />
kase rach<br />
kaserach<br />
kase raj<br />
kase sek<br />
kaskari<br />
kasya<br />
katchemen<br />
katast<br />
katen<br />
katie<br />
kawos<br />
kawos etranje<br />
kawotchou<br />
kawotchou<br />
kawoziye<br />
kawoziye<br />
kayman<br />
kayman fran<br />
kaymit<br />
kaymit fey db<br />
•• K ••<br />
SPECIES<br />
Myrica cerifera L.<br />
Ocotea foeniculacea Mez<br />
Myrica cerifera L.<br />
Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn.<br />
Caesalpinia spp.<br />
Sapindus saponaria L.<br />
Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn.<br />
Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.<br />
Schaefferiafrutescens Jacq.<br />
Malpighia spp.<br />
Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult.<br />
Pouteria dict<strong>yo</strong>neura (Griseb.) Radlk. ssp.fuertesii (Urb.) Cronq.<br />
Bauhinia m01iandra Kurz.<br />
Averrhoa carambola L.<br />
Acacia macracantha H.&B. ex Willd.<br />
Cassia spp.<br />
Senna atomaria (L.) Irwin & Bameby<br />
Cassia fistula L.<br />
Senna spp.<br />
Cassia spp.<br />
Pera bumeliifolia Griseb.<br />
Ziziphus rhodoxylon Urb.<br />
Pera bumeliifolia Griseb.<br />
Samyda dodecandra Jacq.<br />
Croton eluteria (L.) Sw.<br />
Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Bameby<br />
Ardisia angustata Urb.<br />
Lemaireocereus hystrix (Haw.) Britton & Rose<br />
Castanea sativa Mill.<br />
Pseudophoenix vinifera (Mart.) Becc.<br />
Attalea crassispatha (Mart.) Burret<br />
Attalea crassispatha (Mart.) Burret<br />
Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Homem.<br />
Hevea brasiliensis (HBK) Muell. Arg.<br />
Attalea crassispatha (Mart.) Burret<br />
Elaeis guineensis L.<br />
Lonchocarpus neurophyllus Urb.<br />
Bunchosia nitida (Jacq.) L.C. Rich.<br />
Chrysophyllum spp.<br />
Chrysophyllum cainito L.<br />
FAMILY<br />
Myricaceae<br />
Lauraceae<br />
Myricaceae<br />
Canellaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)'<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Canellaceae<br />
Rharnnaceae<br />
Celastraceae<br />
Malpighiaceae<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Oxalidaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Rharnnaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Flacourtiaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae).<br />
Myrsinaceae<br />
Cactaceae<br />
Fagaceae<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Moraceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguniinosae)<br />
Malpighiaceae<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Sapotaceae
COMMON NAME<br />
kaymit fran<br />
kaymit jaden<br />
kaymit mawon<br />
kaymit sovaj<br />
kaypon<br />
kazbwina<br />
kenep<br />
kenep chinwa<br />
kenep fwi<br />
kenep mal<br />
kenep mawon<br />
kenkena etranje<br />
kenkena peyi<br />
kimak<br />
kinik<br />
kinikjon<br />
kininn<br />
kiratela<br />
kloujirOf<br />
kbdon<br />
kbk<br />
kbkmbl<br />
kbkshango<br />
kbkeliko<br />
koko ginen<br />
koko makak<br />
koko makak<br />
kokoye<br />
kokoye misket<br />
kokoye nenn<br />
kokoye pan<strong>yo</strong>l<br />
kokoye tres pikos<br />
kola<br />
. koleg<br />
kolorad<br />
kolorad<br />
kolye<br />
koma<br />
koma<br />
•• K ••<br />
Creole Names 319<br />
SPECIES<br />
FAMILY<br />
Chrysophyllum cainito L.<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Chrysophyllum cainito L.<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. var. oliviforme<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. var. oliviforme<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Chionanthus domingensis Lam.<br />
Oleaceae<br />
Casuarina spp.<br />
Casuarinaceae<br />
Annona spp.<br />
Annonaceae<br />
Melicoccus bijugatus iacq.<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Litchi chinensis Sonn.<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk.<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Simarouba glauca DC. var. latifolia Cronq.<br />
Simaroubaceae<br />
Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc.<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Caesalpinia spp.<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Caesalpinia spp.<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Curatella americana L.<br />
Dilleniaceae<br />
Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore var. racemosa<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Crudia spicata (Aubl.) Willd.<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Cocos nucifera L.<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Ziziphus spp.<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
Lobelia assurgens L.<br />
Campanulaceae<br />
Cordia sebestena L.<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Bactris plumeriana Mart.<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart. var. interrupta<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Cocos nucifera L.<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Cocos nucifera L. 'Jamaica Tall'<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Cocos nucifera L. 'Malayan Dwarf<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Cocos nucifera L. 'Panama Tall'<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Cocos nucifera L. 'Jamaica Tall'<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Cola acuminata (Beauv.) Schott. & Endl.<br />
Sterculiaceae<br />
Bauhinia divaricata L.<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Bombacopsis emarginata (A. Rich.) A. Robyns<br />
Bombacaceae<br />
Pachira aquatica Aubl.<br />
Bombacaceae<br />
Pithecellobium arboreum (L.) Urb.<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Mastichodendronfoetidissimum (Jacq.) Cronq. ssp.foetidissimum Sapotaceae<br />
Meliosma abbreviata Urb.<br />
Sabiaceae
320 Creole Names<br />
COMMON NAME<br />
koma<br />
koma blan<br />
komafran<br />
komajbn<br />
koma wouj<br />
kbmiye<br />
kbnichon peyi<br />
koray<br />
koray wouj<br />
kotel<br />
kotlet<br />
koton fie<br />
koton maho<br />
koton mawon<br />
koton rat<br />
koton swa<br />
koton swa<br />
koubari<br />
koubari<br />
kouronn krist<br />
kowos<br />
kowosol<br />
kowosol mawon<br />
kowosbl zombi<br />
koynmol<br />
krev rash<br />
kris marinn<br />
kriz marinn<br />
krbk<br />
krbk chen<br />
krbk chen<br />
krbk chen<br />
krbk souri<br />
kwokwo<br />
kwokwo ginen<br />
kwoton<br />
.'. K ••<br />
SPECIES<br />
FAMILY<br />
Sloanea amygdalina Griseb.<br />
Elaeocarpaceae<br />
Mastichodendronfoetidissimum ,(Jacq.) Cronq. ssp.Joetidissimum Sapotaceae<br />
Mastichodendronfoetidissimum (Jacq.) Cronq. ssp.foetidissimum Sapotaceae<br />
Meliosma abbreviata Drb.<br />
Sabiaceae<br />
Bumelia salicifolia (L.) Sw.<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Mouriri domingensis (Tuss.) Spach<br />
Melastomataceae<br />
Averrhoa carambola L.<br />
Oxalidaceae<br />
Hamelia patens Jacq.<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Hamelia patens Jacq.<br />
Rubiaceae .<br />
Pera glomerata Drb.<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Drypetes spp.<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Drb.<br />
Bombacaceae<br />
Hibiscus tiliaceus L.<br />
Malvaceae<br />
Hibiscus tiliaceus L.<br />
Malvaceae<br />
Helicteres jamaicensis Jacq.<br />
Sterculiaceae<br />
Calotropis procera (Ail.) R. Br.<br />
Asclepiadaceae<br />
Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Drb.<br />
Bombacaceae<br />
Cynometra americana Vogel<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Hymenaea courbaril L.<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Euphorbia milii Ch. des Moulins<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Annona muricata L.<br />
Annonaceae<br />
Annona glabra L.<br />
Annonaceae<br />
Annona montana Macf.<br />
Annonaceae<br />
Ziziphus rignonii Delp.<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
Ziziphus rhodoxylon Drb.<br />
Suriana maritima L.<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
Suriana maritima L.<br />
Simaroubaceae<br />
Ximenia americana L.<br />
Olacaceae<br />
Cordia mirabiloides (Jacq.) R. & S.<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Pisonia aculeata L.<br />
Nyctaginaceae<br />
Randia aculeata L.<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc.<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Elaeis guineensis L.<br />
. Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Elaeis guineensis L.<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume<br />
Euphorbiaceae
322 Creole Names<br />
•• JL ••<br />
COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY<br />
lila Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae<br />
lila etranje Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
lila nwi Cestrum nocturnum L. Solanaceae<br />
limon frans Citrus limon (L.) Bunn. Rutaceae<br />
lisina Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. glabrata (Rose) S. Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Zarate<br />
lisina ti fey Leucaena diversifolia (Schlecht.) Benth. susbsp. diversifolia Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
litchi Litchi chinensis Sonn. Sapindaceae<br />
lokwat Eriobotryajaponica (Thunb.) Lind!. Rosaceae<br />
lombay /lex krugiana Loes. Aquifoliaceae<br />
long bab Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb. Moraceae .<br />
lorie Cinnamomum spp. Lauraceae<br />
lorie Licaria triandra (Sw.) Kostennans Lauraceae<br />
lorie Ocotea spp. Lauraceae<br />
lorie blan Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae<br />
lorie blan Ocotea spp. Lauraceae<br />
lorie gep Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez. Lauraceae<br />
lorie gran fey Ocotea globosa (Aublet) Schlechf & Cham. Lauraceae<br />
lorie jaden Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae<br />
lorie jon Licaria triandra (Sw.) Kostennans Lauraceae<br />
lorie jon Ocotea membranacea (Sw.) Howard Lauraceae<br />
lorie kane! Cinnamomum elongatum (Nees) Kostennans Lauraceae<br />
lorie piant Ocoteafloribunda (Sw.) Mez Lauraceae<br />
lorie ti fey Cinnamomum elongatum (Nees) Kostennans Lauraceae<br />
lorie twopikal .Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae<br />
lorie woz Cinnamomum montanum (Sw.) Bercht. & Pres!. Lauraceae<br />
lorie woz Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae<br />
lorie woz Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez Lauraceae<br />
losanj Pithecellobium lentiscifolium (A. Rich.) Co Wr. ex Sauv. .Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Iwisin mo Wallenia laurifolia (Jacq.) Sw. Myrsinaceae<br />
•• M ••<br />
COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY<br />
mabi Colubrinaelliptica (Sw.) Briz. & Stern Rharnnaceae<br />
machandez Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. Anacardiaceae<br />
machanwaz Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. Anacardiaceae<br />
madam jan Aspidosperma cuspa (HBK.) Blake & Pittier Apocynaceae<br />
madamklbd Citharexylumfruticosum L. Verbenaceae
•• M ••<br />
COMMON NAME SPECIES<br />
madam nayiz Parkinsonia aculeata L.<br />
madam yas Parkinsonia aculeata L.<br />
madlenn Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp.leucocephala<br />
magerit Annona urbaniana R.E. Fries<br />
maget Cryptorhiza haitiensis Urb.<br />
maget Eugenia maleolens Pers.<br />
maget Myrcia citrifolia (AubI.) Urban<br />
maget Myrcianthes esnardiana (Urb. & Elan.) Alain<br />
maget Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.<br />
maget Psidium dict<strong>yo</strong>phyllum Urb. & Elan.<br />
maho Daphnopsis americana (Mill.) J.R. Johnst. ssp. cumingii<br />
(Meissn.) NevI.<br />
maho Hibiscus spp.<br />
maho bIe Hibiscus elatus Sw.<br />
maho fran Hibiscus tiliaceus L.<br />
maho pirnan Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume<br />
mahodem Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urb.<br />
makabi Ximenia americana L.<br />
makabi Ziziphus rignonii Delp.<br />
makata Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.<br />
makoutouka Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H. E. Moore<br />
makrio Meeranium spp.<br />
makrio Miconia spp.<br />
maksmilyen Hippomane mancinella L.<br />
maksmiye Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb.<br />
malaget Cryptorhiza haitiensis Urb.<br />
malaget Eugenia maleolens Pers.<br />
malaget Myrcia citrifolia (AubI.) Urban<br />
malaget Myrcianthes esnardiana (Urb. & Elan.) Alain<br />
maiagN Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.<br />
malaget Psidium dict<strong>yo</strong>phyllum Urb. & Elan.<br />
mamiye mawon Annona glabra L.<br />
mancheni Hippomane mancinella L.<br />
mancheni Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb.<br />
manchinil Hippomane mancinella L.<br />
mandaren Citrus reticulata Blanco<br />
mang Avicennia germinans (L.) L.<br />
mang Conocarpus erectus L.<br />
rnang wguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn., f.<br />
Creole Names 323<br />
FAMILY<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Annonaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Thymelaeaceae<br />
Malvaceae<br />
Malvaceae<br />
Malvaceae<br />
Ulmaceae<br />
Bombacaceae<br />
Olacaceae<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Palmaceae<br />
Melastomataceae<br />
Me1astomataceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Annonaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Combretaceae
324 Creole Names<br />
COMMON NAME<br />
mang<br />
mang<br />
mang<br />
mang blan<br />
mang blan<br />
mang chandeI<br />
mangkabrit<br />
mangmawon<br />
mangnwa<br />
mang nwa<br />
mang nwa<br />
mangti ley<br />
mangwouj<br />
mangiye<br />
mangiye<br />
mangliye<br />
mangliye<br />
mangliye<br />
mangliye<br />
mango<br />
mangostinn<br />
manje kabrit<br />
manrnan gep<br />
manseniye<br />
manseniye<br />
mapou<br />
mapou blan<br />
mapou etranje<br />
rnapou gri<br />
rnapoukoton<br />
rnapou zombi<br />
marijinn<br />
marijon<br />
maskarit<br />
maskristi<br />
maskriti<br />
matouren<br />
mayakayul<br />
mayi bouyi<br />
•• M ••<br />
SPECIES<br />
Mangifera indica L.<br />
Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult.<br />
Rhizophora mangle L.<br />
Bontia daphnoides L.<br />
Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn., f.<br />
Rhizophora mangle L.<br />
Pithecellobium circinale (L.) Benth.<br />
Bontia daphnoides L.<br />
Avicennia germinans (L.) L.<br />
Conocarpus erectus L.<br />
Rhizophora mangle L.<br />
Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. var. arborescens (Cunn.) Sherff<br />
Rhizophora mangle L.<br />
Mangifera indica L.<br />
Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb.<br />
Avicennia germinans (L.) L.<br />
Conacarpus erectus L.<br />
Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn., f.<br />
Rhizaphora mangle L.<br />
Mangifera indica L.<br />
Garcinia mangostana L.<br />
Senna atomaria (L.) Iiwin & Barneby<br />
Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud.<br />
Hippomane mancinella L.<br />
Metopium spp.<br />
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.<br />
Neobuchia paulinae Urb.<br />
Adansonia digitata L.<br />
Bourreria succulenta Jacq.<br />
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.<br />
Adansonia digitata L.<br />
Trichilia spp.<br />
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit ssp. leucocephala<br />
Ricinus communis L.<br />
Ricinus communis L.<br />
Ricinus communis L.<br />
Bauhinia divaricata L.<br />
Pisonia aculeata L.<br />
Duranta repens L.<br />
FAMILY<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Myrsinaceae<br />
Rhizophoraceae<br />
M<strong>yo</strong>poraceae<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Rhizophoraceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)·<br />
M<strong>yo</strong>poraceae<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Rhizophoraceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Rhizophoraceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Rosaceae<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Rhizophoraceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Urticaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Bombacaceae<br />
Bombacaceae<br />
Bombacaceae<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Bombacaceae<br />
Bombacaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Nyctaginaceae<br />
Verbenaceae
COMMON NAME<br />
mayn lame<br />
medsinye<br />
medsinye beni<br />
medsinye gran fey<br />
medsinye miltifid<br />
medsinye pan<strong>yo</strong>l<br />
melalika<br />
meris<br />
meriz<br />
merizye<br />
mevis<br />
mi<br />
milat<br />
miskad<br />
miskadye<br />
mit<br />
mit<br />
mit fey lorie<br />
mit fey lorie<br />
mit fey sitwon<br />
miwobalann<br />
monben<br />
monben bata<br />
monben bata<br />
monben fran<br />
monbenjon<br />
monben pan<strong>yo</strong>l<br />
morepa<br />
motel<br />
motel debou<br />
motel etranje<br />
moureye pikan<br />
mpanash<br />
Coccoloba pubescens L.<br />
Jatropha spp.<br />
Jatropha curcas L.<br />
Jatropha curcas L.<br />
Jatropha multifida L.<br />
Jatropha multifida L.<br />
•• M ••<br />
SPECIES<br />
Melaleuca quiquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake<br />
Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb.<br />
Eugenia spp.<br />
Eugenia spp.<br />
Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq.<br />
Morus nigra L.<br />
Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb.<br />
Myristicafragrans.Houtt.<br />
Myristicafragrans Houtt.<br />
Eugenia rhombea (Berg) Krug & Urban<br />
Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack<br />
Myrcianthesfragrans (Sw.) McVaugh<br />
Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore var. racemosa<br />
Myrcia citrifolia (Aubl.) Urban<br />
Spondias mombin L.<br />
Spondias mombin L.<br />
Sapindus saponaria L.<br />
Trichilia hirta L.<br />
Spondias mombill L.<br />
Spondias dulcis Parkinson<br />
Spondias spp.<br />
Erythrina spp.<br />
Erythrina spp.<br />
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.<br />
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Correa<br />
Spathodea campanulata Beauv.<br />
Malpighia spp.<br />
Bumelia salicifolia (L.) Sw.<br />
Creole Names 325<br />
FAMILY<br />
Polygonaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Moraceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Polygonaceae<br />
Moraceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Myristicaeae<br />
Myristicaeae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Malvaceae<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Malpighiaceae<br />
Sapotaceae
326 Creole Names<br />
•• N ••<br />
COMMON NAME SPECIES<br />
nago Erythroxylum areolatum L.<br />
nim Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.<br />
nogal Juglans jamaicensis C. DC.<br />
nwa Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.<br />
nwa kajou Anacardium occidentale L.<br />
nwa koko Cocos nucifera L.<br />
nwa kola Cola acuminata (Beauv.) Schott. & End!.<br />
nwa miskad Myristicafragrans Houtt.<br />
nwa sepan Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.<br />
nwaye Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.<br />
nwazet Aleurites spp.<br />
nwazet Omphalea spp.<br />
nwazet peyi Omphalea spp.<br />
FAMILY<br />
Erythroxylaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Juglandaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Arecaceae<br />
Sterculiaceae<br />
Myristicaeae<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
COMMON NAME SPECIES FAMILY<br />
olivye<br />
Moringa oleifera Lam.<br />
Moringaceae<br />
olivye bata<br />
Bontia daphnoides L.<br />
M<strong>yo</strong>poraceae<br />
om de pay<br />
Copernicia ekmanii Burret<br />
Arecaceae<br />
pal<br />
Pseudophoenix lediniana Read<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
paletiviye<br />
Avicennia germinans (L.) L.<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
paletiviye<br />
Conocarpus erectus L.<br />
Combretaceae<br />
palm<br />
Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart. var. interrupta<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
palmko<strong>yo</strong><br />
Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd. ex Schult.) Sarg. ex Becc.<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
palma<br />
Calyptronoma rivalis (Cook) Bailey<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
palma kristi<br />
Ricinus communis L.<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
palmaven<br />
Calyptronoma plumeriana (Martius) Lourteig<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
palmaven<br />
Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H. E. Moore<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
palmis<br />
Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer<br />
Meliaceae<br />
palmis<br />
Roystonea borinquena O.F. Cook<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
palmis chapelet Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H. E. Moore<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
palmis dezenn Cycas revoluta L.<br />
Cycadaceae<br />
palmistaven<br />
Pseudophoenix vinifera (Mart.) Becc.<br />
Arecaceae (=Palmae)<br />
pamplemous<br />
Citrus x paradisi Macf.<br />
Rutaceae<br />
pan<strong>yo</strong>l mawon Phyllanthus juglandifolius Willd. ssp. juglandifolius<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
papay<br />
Carica papaya L.<br />
Caricaceae<br />
papay sovaj<br />
Jatropha multifida L.<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
papelit<br />
Casearia sylvestris Sw. var. sylvestris<br />
Flacourtaceae<br />
papelit<br />
Coccoloba buchii Schmidt.<br />
Polygonaceae
COMMON NAME<br />
papelit<br />
parese<br />
parese kloti<br />
paresol<br />
pattoti<br />
pativiye<br />
pay<br />
peeh<br />
peehmawon<br />
pen dostrali<br />
pendoula<br />
pengwen<br />
pepitpOrn<br />
pes pie<br />
pet djab<br />
pich pen<br />
pichpen<br />
pikan arada<br />
pikan kare<br />
pikan woz<br />
pimandlo<br />
pine<br />
pine blan<br />
pine jon<br />
pini<br />
pistach<br />
pi<strong>yo</strong>n<br />
pi<strong>yo</strong>ng<br />
pie<br />
pie<br />
pOrn<br />
pOrngrenad<br />
pOrn jarnayik<br />
pOrnkajou<br />
pOrnkanel<br />
pOrnrnaiezi<br />
pornmalkadi<br />
pOrn rnalkadik<br />
pOrn savon<br />
++ 0 9 P .++<br />
SPECIES .<br />
Erythroxylum areolatum L.<br />
Polyscias spp.<br />
Polyscias pinnata Forst.<br />
Cordia sulcata DC.<br />
Opuntia moniliformis (L.) Haw.<br />
Dodonaea visc::osa (L.) Jacq. var. arborescens (Curin.) Sherff<br />
Sabal domingensis Becc.<br />
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.<br />
Persea spp.<br />
Casuarina spp.<br />
Citharexylumfruticosum L.<br />
Yucca aloifoUa<br />
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.<br />
Suriana maritima L.<br />
Polyscias balfouriana (Hort. Sander.) L.H. Bailey<br />
Hura crepitans L.<br />
Casuarina spp.<br />
Pinus spp.<br />
Casearia aculeata Jacq.<br />
Casearia ilicifolia Vent.<br />
Xylosma Uneolatum Urb. & Ekm.<br />
Melia azedarach L.<br />
Zanthoxylum spp.<br />
Zanthoxylum martinicense (Larn.)·nc.<br />
Zanthoxylum spp.<br />
Zanthoxylum spp.<br />
Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) Karst.<br />
GUricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.<br />
GUricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.<br />
Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.<br />
Schaefferiafrutescens Jacq.<br />
Anacardium occidentale L.<br />
Punica granatum L.<br />
Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry<br />
Anacardium occidentale L.<br />
Annona squamosa L.<br />
Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry -<br />
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.<br />
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam<br />
Sapindus saponaria L.<br />
Creole Names 327<br />
FAMILY<br />
Erythroxylaceae<br />
Araliaceae<br />
Araliaceae<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Cactaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Arecaceae<br />
Rosaceae<br />
Lauraceae<br />
Casuarinaceae<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Liliaceae<br />
Rharnnaceae<br />
Sirnaroubaceae<br />
Araliaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Casuarinaceae<br />
Pinaceae<br />
Flacourtiaceae<br />
Flacourtiaceae<br />
Flacourtiaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Sterculiaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Rharnnaceae<br />
Celastraceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Punicaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Annonaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Rharnnaceae<br />
Rharnnaceae<br />
Sapindaceae .
COMMON NAME<br />
rezen bouzen<br />
rezen le<br />
rezen gran ley<br />
rezen lame<br />
rezen mawon<br />
rezen mawon<br />
rezen mawon<br />
rezen mawon<br />
rezen peroke<br />
risin<br />
COMMON NAME<br />
sabliye<br />
sabliye<br />
salsparey bata<br />
salsparey mawon<br />
saman<br />
sandragon<br />
sapoti<br />
sapoti<br />
sapoti<br />
sapoti mamelad<br />
sapoti mawon<br />
sapoti mawon<br />
sapoti nwa<br />
sapotiye<br />
sapotiye jon def<br />
satanjou<br />
satanye<br />
satanye<br />
satanye mawon<br />
savonet<br />
savonet peyi<br />
savonye<br />
sed<br />
sed blan<br />
sed wouj<br />
senjan dive<br />
•• R ••<br />
SPECIES<br />
Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq.<br />
Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.<br />
Coccoloba pubescens L.<br />
Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.<br />
Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq.<br />
Maytenus buxifolia (A. Rich.) Griseb.<br />
Parathesis spp.<br />
Wallenia laurifolia Jacq.<br />
Trichilia hirta L.<br />
Ricinus communis L.<br />
•• § ••<br />
SPECIES<br />
Comocladia pinnatifolia L.<br />
Hura erepitans L.<br />
Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch.<br />
Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch.<br />
Albizia saman (Jacq.) F. Muell.<br />
Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq.<br />
Manilkara spp.<br />
Mieropholis polita (Griseb.) Pierre ssp. hotteana Judd<br />
Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Steam<br />
Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Steam<br />
Bumelia salicifolia (L.) Sw.<br />
Manilkara spp.<br />
Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) Chev.<br />
Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Steam<br />
POliteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Steam<br />
ClIpania americana L.<br />
ClIpania americana L.<br />
Matayba serobiclIlata (HBK) Radlk.<br />
Matayba serobiclIlata (HBK) Radlk.<br />
Sapindus saponaria L.<br />
Sapincllls saponaria L.<br />
Sapindlls sapollaria L.<br />
Cedrela odorata L.<br />
Ceclrefa odorata L.<br />
Cedrela oclorata L.<br />
Ellphorhia plllcherrima Willd. ex Klolsch<br />
Creole Names 329<br />
FAMILY<br />
Polygonaceae<br />
Polygonaceae<br />
Polygonaceae<br />
Polygonaceae<br />
Polygonaceae<br />
Celastraceae<br />
Myrsinaceae<br />
Myrsinaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
FAMILY<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Arialaceae<br />
Arialaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Meliaceae<br />
MeIiaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae
330 Creole Names<br />
COMMON NAME<br />
senn<br />
sentespri<br />
sepan<br />
seriz<br />
seriz dayiti<br />
serizme<br />
seriz sendoming<br />
seriz sirinam<br />
sewal<br />
sibilinn<br />
sikren<br />
sikriye<br />
sikriye mon<br />
sip<br />
sip<br />
sipre<br />
sirio<br />
sitwan rnawon<br />
sitwan rnawon<br />
sitwon<br />
-sitwon vet<br />
siwel<br />
siwo<br />
siwo<br />
siwo bannann<br />
stragonya<br />
stragonya blan<br />
stramwann<br />
•• s ••<br />
SPECIES<br />
Senna spp.<br />
Capparis frondosa Jacq.<br />
Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.<br />
Malpighia glabra L.<br />
Malpighia glabra L.<br />
Ximenia americana L.<br />
Malpighia glabra L.<br />
Eugenia unijlora L.<br />
Crossopetalum rhacoma Crantz<br />
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels<br />
Inga vera Willd. ssp. vera<br />
Inga vera Willd. ssp. vera<br />
Tetragastris balsamifera (Sw.) Kuntze<br />
Bumelia salicifolia (L.) Sw.<br />
Tabebuia berteri (DC.) Britt.<br />
Cupressus spp.<br />
Piper amalago L.<br />
Adelia ricinella L.<br />
Ziziphus rignonii Delp.<br />
Citrus spp.<br />
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle<br />
Spondias purpurea L.<br />
Piper aduncum L.<br />
Sambucus spp.<br />
Piper amalago L.<br />
Lagerstroemia indica L.<br />
Lagerstroemia indica L.<br />
Datura suaveolens Humb. & Bonpl..ex Willd.<br />
•• T ••<br />
COMMON NAME SPECIES<br />
tabak: rnawon Solanum erianthum D. Don<br />
tabeno Lysiloma sabicu Benth.<br />
, tarnarenn • Tamarindus indica L.<br />
tarnarenn rnawon Arcoa gonavensis Urb.<br />
tarnarenn mowi Arcoa gonavensis Urb.<br />
tandralca<strong>yo</strong>u Acacia scleroxyla Tuss.<br />
taveno Lysiloma sabicu Benth.<br />
taveno mon Mora ekmanii (Urb.) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Capparaceae<br />
Apocynaceae _<br />
Malpighiaceae<br />
Malpighiaceae<br />
Olacaceae<br />
Malpighiaceae<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Celastraceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Burseraceae<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Cupressaceae<br />
Piperaceae<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Anarcardiaceae<br />
Piperaceae<br />
Adoxaceae<br />
Piperaceae<br />
Lythraceae<br />
Lythraceae<br />
Solanaceae<br />
FAMILY<br />
Solanaceae<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)<br />
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)
Creole Names 333<br />
COMMON NAME· SPECIES FAMILY<br />
ziblinn blon<br />
A verrhoa bilimbi L.<br />
Oxalidaceae<br />
ziblinnlong<br />
A verrhoa carambola L.<br />
Oxalidaceae<br />
zo devan mawon Maytenus buxifolia (A. Rich.) Griseb.<br />
Celastraceae<br />
zoranj<br />
Citrus spp.<br />
Rutaceae<br />
zoranj dous<br />
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck<br />
Rutaceae<br />
zoranj si<br />
Citrus aurantium L. subsp. aurantium<br />
Rutaceae<br />
zoray<br />
Ziziphus rignonii Delp.<br />
Rhamnaceae
How long does it take to make the woods?<br />
As long as it takes to make the world.<br />
The woods is present as the world is, the presence<br />
of all its past, and of all its time to come.<br />
It is always finished, it is always being made, the act<br />
of its making forever greater than the act of its destruction.<br />
It is a part of eternity, for its end and beginning<br />
belong to the end and beginning of all things,<br />
the beginning lost in the end, the end in the beginning.<br />
What is the way to the woods, how do <strong>yo</strong>u go there?<br />
By climbing up through the six days' field,<br />
kept in all the body's years, the body's<br />
sorrow, weariness, and joy. By passing through<br />
the narrow gate on the far side of that field<br />
where the pasture grass of the body's life gives way<br />
to the high, original standing of the trees.<br />
By coming into the shadow, the shadow<br />
of the grace of the strait way's ending,<br />
the shadow of the mercy of light.<br />
Why must the gate be narrow?<br />
Because <strong>yo</strong>u cannot pass be<strong>yo</strong>nd it burdened.<br />
To come into the woods <strong>yo</strong>u must leave behind<br />
the six days' world, all of it, all of its plans and hopes.<br />
You must come without weapon or tool, alone,<br />
expecting nothing, remembering nothing,<br />
into the ease of sight, the brotherhood of eye and leaf.<br />
336<br />
-- Wendell Berry<br />
y, 1984
344 References<br />
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Liogier, A. H. 1974. Diccionario Botanico de Nombres Vulgares de la Espanola.<br />
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___. 1982. La Flora de la Espanola. I. Serie Cientifica, vol. 6. San Pedro de<br />
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___. 1983. La Flora de la Espanola. II. Serie Cientffica, vol. 44. San Pedro de<br />
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___. 1985. La Flora de la Espanola. III. Serie Cientifica, vol. 56. San Pedro de<br />
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___. 1986. La Flora de la Espanola. IV. Serie Cientffica, vol. 64. San Pedro de<br />
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___. 1989. La Flora de la Espanola. V. Serie Cientifica, vol. 69. San Pedro de<br />
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___. 1990. Plantas Medicinales de Puerto Rico y del Caribe. San Juan,<br />
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Index of Common and Scientific Tree Names<br />
Scientific names adopted in this book are shown in bold-faced italics. All other scientific<br />
names appear in ordinary italics. "Family names are capitalized and bold-fa"ced".<br />
Common names appear in ordinary type.<br />
-A-<br />
abanicaatinga, 261<br />
"abbe marron, 297<br />
abbe rouge, 261<br />
abe mawon, 208, 303<br />
abejuelo," 287<br />
abey, 71, 244, 260-262<br />
abey blanco, 263<br />
abey hembra, 261,262<br />
abey moruro, 261<br />
abricot, 248<br />
abricot marron, 266<br />
abricotier, 248<br />
abricotier batard, 234<br />
abricotier de St. Domingue, 248<br />
abricotier des Antilles, 248<br />
aburridero, 255<br />
acacia, 119, 145,255,256,259,260<br />
Acacia,4,30, 112, 120, 122, 135,304,332<br />
Acacia acicularis, 255<br />
acacia amarilla, Ill, 256, 264<br />
Acacia ambigua, 256<br />
Acacia arabica var. indica, 256<br />
Acacia aroma, 255<br />
Acacia auriculaeformis. See Acacia auriculiformis<br />
Acacia auriculiformis, 155, 184,255,303<br />
Acacia barahonensis, 255<br />
Acacia berteriana, 263<br />
Acacia caracasana, 258<br />
Acacia cumanensis, 3, 262<br />
acacia de los masones, 261<br />
Acacia deamii, 226<br />
Acacia decurrens, 255<br />
Acacia decurrens var. decurrens, 255<br />
Acacia decurrens var. moWs, 255<br />
acacia du Senegal, 256<br />
Acaciafarnesiana, 155, 184,208,226,227,255,<br />
332<br />
Acacia flexuosa, 255<br />
Acacia glauca, 119, 260<br />
AcaCia guachapele, 256<br />
Acacia haematomma, 258<br />
Acacia haematostoma, 258<br />
acacia jaune, 255<br />
Acacia latisiliqua, 71, 260<br />
Acacia lebbeck, 256<br />
351<br />
Acacia lentiscifoiia, 262<br />
Acacia longepedata, 256<br />
Acacia lutea, 255<br />
Acacia macracantha, 184,205,208,255,318,<br />
332<br />
Acacia macrocanthoides, 255<br />
Acacia mearnsii, 184, 255<br />
Acacia melanoxylon, 184,255<br />
Acacia moWsima, 255<br />
Acacia muricata, 184,256<br />
acacia negra, 255<br />
Acacia neriifolia, 256<br />
Acacia nilotica, 184<br />
Acacia nilotica ssp. indica, 256<br />
Acacia nilotica var. indica, 256<br />
acacia noir, 256<br />
Acacia nudiflora, 256<br />
acacia nudosa, 256<br />
acacia odorant, 255<br />
acacia palida, 119,260<br />
Acacia pellacantha, 255<br />
Acacia pennatula, 226, 227<br />
Acacia peregrina, 261<br />
acacia piquant, 255<br />
Acacia procera, 256<br />
Acacia pseudotrichodes, 260<br />
acacia puertoriguena, 258<br />
Acacia revoluta, 257<br />
acacia rouge, 256<br />
Acacia rupestris, 256<br />
acacia saline, 256<br />
Acacia scleroxyla, 184,205,208,226,227,256,<br />
309,317,330<br />
Acacia senegal ssp. senegalensis var. verek, 256<br />
Acacia senegal var. senegal, 256<br />
"Acacia subinermis, 255<br />
Acacia tortuosa, 4, 134, 184, 205, 224, 226, 229,<br />
256,304,332<br />
Acacia trispinosa, 256<br />
Acacia verek, 256<br />
Acacia vogeliana, 256, 331<br />
Acacia westiana, 256<br />
acajou, 47, 233, 273<br />
acajou aplanches, 63, 273<br />
acajou blanc, 39, 297<br />
acajou du Honduras, 47, 273<br />
acajou du Venezuela, 47, 273
352 Index<br />
acajou etranger, 47, 273<br />
acajou femelle, 63, 273<br />
acajou pays, 47, 273<br />
acajou sauvage, 246<br />
Acajuba occidentalis, 233<br />
acana, 296<br />
acana blanca, 296<br />
Acanthorriza argentea, 239<br />
acebo cubano de sierra, 237<br />
acebo de sierra, 237<br />
aceitillo, 292<br />
aceituna, 39, 255, 270, 297<br />
aceituna americana, 275<br />
aceituno, 275, 297, 299<br />
acerola, 270<br />
Acharadelpha mammosa, 297<br />
achetillo, 268<br />
achiote, 242<br />
achiotillo, 287<br />
Achras mammosa, 297<br />
Achras salicifolia, 295'<br />
Achras zapota, 296<br />
Achras zapota var. zapotilla, 296<br />
Achras zapotilla, 296<br />
Acnistus arborescens, 184,298,304,312<br />
acomat, 250, 296<br />
acomat batard, 254<br />
acomat marron, 295<br />
acomatrouge, 295<br />
A.crocomia aculeata, 156, 185,238,319,320<br />
Acrocomia media, 238.<br />
Acrocomia quisqueyana, 238<br />
Acrodiclidium wrightii, 268<br />
. Adansonia baobab, 242<br />
Adansonia digitata, 163, 208, 242, 324<br />
Adansonia situla, 242<br />
Adansonia somalensis, 242<br />
Adansonia sphaerocarpa, 242<br />
Adelia acidoton, 255<br />
Adelia bernardia, 252<br />
Adelia pedunculosa, 251<br />
Adelia porulosa, 284<br />
Adelia ricinella, 185, 251, 315, 330<br />
Adelia segregata, 284<br />
adellfa, 235<br />
Adenanthera pavonina, 185,208,256,321,328<br />
Adenaria floribunda, 269<br />
Adenoropium multifidum, 254<br />
Adipera bicapsularis, 263<br />
Adipera indecora, 263<br />
Adipera laevigata, 263<br />
adonis, 302<br />
ADOXACEAE, 233<br />
Aechynomene grandiflora, 268<br />
Aeria vinifera, 240<br />
Aeschrion excelsa, 297<br />
Aeschrion excelsa microcarpa, 297<br />
Aeschrion selleana, 297<br />
Aeschynomene aculeata, 264<br />
Aeschynomene aristata, 261<br />
Aeschynomene bispinosa, 264<br />
Aeschynomene sesban, 264<br />
African oil palm, 239<br />
African tuliptree, 241<br />
agalla de costa, 291<br />
Agati grandiflora, 264<br />
agravilla, 287<br />
aguacate, 105, 268<br />
aguacate cimarron, 282<br />
aguacatiIlo, 245, 252, 267, 268, 287, 289, 293<br />
aguacatiIlo cimarron, 282 .<br />
aguacero, 246, 298<br />
aguacero cimarron, 251<br />
aguedita, 297<br />
aguedita blanca, 265<br />
aguedita macho, 265<br />
Agyneia berterii, 254<br />
ahoga becerro, 255<br />
ahoguey blanco, 290<br />
ahouai des Antilles, 236<br />
aile, 241<br />
aite, 253<br />
ajicillo, 298<br />
ajorca jfbaro, 255<br />
akasya, 155, 303<br />
Akea solitaria, 294<br />
akee, 294<br />
Akeesia africana, 294<br />
aken, 303<br />
aki,210, 294, 303<br />
Aklema cotinifolia, 253<br />
Aklema cotinoides, 253<br />
Aklema petiolare, 253<br />
akoma, 196,216, 303<br />
akoma b1an, 303<br />
akoma fran, 303<br />
akoma jon, 303<br />
akoma mawon, 303<br />
akoma wouj, 303<br />
lilamo, 271, 274<br />
alamo blanco, 271<br />
alamo jagiiey, 274<br />
alba, 292<br />
a1bizia, 256<br />
Albizia berteroana, 263<br />
Albizia carbonaria, 262<br />
Albizia guachapele, 185,226,227,256<br />
Albizia lebbeck, 135, 156, 185,208,256,308,<br />
309,331<br />
Albizia procera, 157, 185,256<br />
Albizia saman, 25, 157, 185,208,256,315,329<br />
Albizzia. See Albizia<br />
a1bopan, 274<br />
alborillo, 290<br />
albulito, 246<br />
alcanfor, 250, 267
alcanfor del Jap6n, 267<br />
Alchornea glandulosa var. floribunda, 252<br />
Alchornea haitiensis, 252<br />
Alchornea latifolia, 185,208,252,307,308,310,<br />
312,315,328<br />
Alchorneopsis floribunda, 185, 252<br />
Alchorneopsis portoricensis, 252<br />
alder, 241<br />
Alectoroctonum petiolare, 253<br />
alelaila, 235, 273<br />
alelf, 235, 236<br />
alelf blanco, 235<br />
alelf cimarr6n, 235<br />
alelf de la Mona, 235<br />
alelf falso, 298<br />
alelfa, 235<br />
alerit, 303<br />
aleurites, 252<br />
A leurites, 326<br />
Aleurites fordii, 208, 252<br />
Aleurites moluccana, 185,208,252,303,326<br />
Aleurites triloba, 252<br />
Aleurites trisperma, 252<br />
alfabeto chino, 253<br />
alfiler, 293, 298<br />
Algarobia juliflora, 3, 262<br />
algarroba, 3, 260, 262<br />
algarroba de olar, 256<br />
algarrobillo, 258, 264<br />
algarrobo, 256, 260, 293<br />
algarrobo de las Antillas, 260<br />
algarrobo de orejos, 259<br />
algarrobodel pais, 256<br />
algod6n becerro, 255<br />
algod6n de seda, 240<br />
algod6n extranjero, 240<br />
alilaila, 273<br />
aliso,241<br />
alligator apple, 234<br />
alligator pear, 105, 268<br />
alligator wood, 273<br />
Allophylus, 331<br />
Allophylus cominia, 208, 293, 317<br />
Allophylus crassinervis, 293<br />
Allophylus domingensis, 293<br />
Allophylus haitiensis, 293<br />
Allophylus montanus, 293<br />
Allophylus occidentalis, 185,208,293,317,331<br />
Allophylus racemosus, 293<br />
Allophylus rigidus, 293, 308<br />
allspice, 281<br />
allurement, 266<br />
almacigo, 244<br />
almacigo blanco, 244<br />
almacigo colorado, 244<br />
almacigo extranjero, 145,259<br />
almendra, 248<br />
almendrillo, 273, 289, 295<br />
almendrito, 268, 289<br />
almendro, 253, 273, 289<br />
almendro de costa, 283<br />
almendro de la India, 248<br />
almendr6n, 248, 289<br />
almez, 301<br />
almira, 269<br />
almorrana, 289<br />
Alnus acuminata, 185<br />
Alnus acuminata ssp. acuminata, 241<br />
Alnus acutissima, 241<br />
Alnus castanaefolia, 241<br />
Alnus ferruginea, 241<br />
Alnus jorullensis var. acuminata, 241<br />
Alnus jorullensis var. ferruginea, 241<br />
Alnus jorullensis var. mirbelli, 241<br />
Alnus lanceolota, 241<br />
Alnus lindeni, 241<br />
Alnus spachii, 241<br />
aloe wood, 243<br />
aloe yucca, 268<br />
alpargata, 244<br />
alquitira, 244<br />
Alsophila aquilina, 249<br />
Alsophila hotteana, 249<br />
. Alsophila minor, 249<br />
Alsophila woodwardioides, 249<br />
Alvaradoa amorphoides, 226, 227<br />
Alvaradoa haitiensis, 208, 297, 303, 331<br />
amacey, 244, 258<br />
amacey hembra, 244<br />
amande, 248<br />
amandier, 289<br />
amandier agrandes feuilles, 289<br />
amandier apetites feuilles, 289<br />
amandier des Indes, 248<br />
amandier tropical, 248<br />
amansa guapo, 246, 247, 255, 270<br />
amansa hombre, 270<br />
amansa protranca, 293<br />
amapola, 241, 259, 270<br />
amapola de cerca, 259<br />
amapola de sombra, 259<br />
amarguillo, 301<br />
arne veritable, 274<br />
American brunfelsia, 298<br />
American elder, 233<br />
American elderberry, 233<br />
American plum, 289<br />
Amerimnum latifolium, 260<br />
Amoelocera cubensis, 301, 305<br />
Amomis anisomera, 281<br />
Amomis car<strong>yo</strong>phyllata, 281<br />
Amomis car<strong>yo</strong>phyllata var. grisea, 281<br />
Amomis grisea, 281<br />
Amomis ozua, 281<br />
Amomis pauciflora, 281<br />
amor plat6nico, 256<br />
Index 353
JS4 Index<br />
amor seco, 265<br />
amor y celos, 145, 259<br />
amorette male, 298<br />
amorette marron, 298<br />
amoroso, 292<br />
amouret, 202, 303<br />
amouret mal, 303<br />
amouret mawon, 202, 303<br />
amourette, 256, 298<br />
Amrad gum, 256<br />
Amyris, 185,205,305<br />
Amyris apiculata, 291<br />
Amyris balsamifera, 208, 291<br />
Amyris diatrypa, 291<br />
Amyris elemifera, 291, 311, 331<br />
Amyris hypelate, 294<br />
Amyris maritima, 291<br />
Amyris plumieri, 291<br />
Amyris robinsonii, 294<br />
Amyris sylvatica, 291<br />
Amyris toxifera, 234<br />
anacagiiita, 243,299<br />
anacahuita, 299<br />
anacarde, 233<br />
ANACARDIACEAE, 233<br />
Anacardium occidentale, 40,87, 157, 185,209,<br />
233,317,326,327<br />
Anadenanthra pergrina, 261<br />
Anamomis bahamensis, 282<br />
Anamomis esculenta, 281<br />
Anamomis fragrans, 280<br />
Anamomis longipes, 282<br />
Anamomis punctata, 280<br />
anatto,242<br />
Andes alder, 241<br />
Andira inermis, 158, 185,209,256,309,328<br />
Andira jamaicensis, 256<br />
Andrachne cuneifolia, 254<br />
angel's trumpet, 298<br />
angela, 275<br />
angelin, 256<br />
anguila,279<br />
ani,246<br />
aniceto, 265<br />
anil frances, 264<br />
anis des bois, 285<br />
anis etoile marron, 266<br />
anis marron, 285<br />
anis mawon, 219, 303<br />
anis sauvage, 285<br />
anis zetwal, 303<br />
aniset, 303<br />
anisette, 285<br />
anisiUo, 285, 301<br />
Anneslia caracasana, 258<br />
Anneslia cubensis, 258<br />
Anneslia haematostoma, 258<br />
Anneslia minutifolia, 258<br />
Anneslia pedicel/ata, 258<br />
Annesliaportoricensis, 258<br />
Annona,97,185,207,306,316,319<br />
Annona cherimola. See Annona cherimolin<br />
Annona cherimolia, 209, 234, 311<br />
Annona domingensis, 234<br />
Annona dumertorum, 234<br />
Annonafrutescens, 234<br />
Annona glabra, 209, 234, 320, 321, 323<br />
Annona gracilis, 234<br />
Annona laurifolia, 234<br />
Annona micrantha, 234<br />
Annona montana, 234, 320<br />
Annona mucosa, 235<br />
Annona muricata, 158,209,320<br />
Annona obtusifolia, 235<br />
Annona palustris, 234<br />
Annona reticulata, 209, 235,316<br />
Annona rosei, 235, 317<br />
Annonasalicifolia,235<br />
Annona squamosa, 147,209,235,316,327<br />
Annona urbaninna, 235, 316, 323<br />
ANNONACEAE, 234<br />
ano,218,303<br />
anon,235,260<br />
anon de majagua, 260<br />
anon de perro, 234, 235<br />
anon de rio, 260<br />
anoncillo, 260<br />
anoncillo de majagua, 260<br />
Antelaea azadirachta, 133, 273<br />
antena, 253<br />
Antherylium rohrii, 269<br />
Antirhea lucida, 185,209,289,309,332·<br />
Antirhea resinosa, 290<br />
Apalatoa spicata, 258<br />
aperalejo, 250<br />
APOCYNACEAE, 235<br />
Applonesin paniculata, 226, 227<br />
aquey del chiquito, 280<br />
AQUIFOLIACEAE, 236<br />
aquil6n,290<br />
aquin, 258<br />
arabo,192,251,303<br />
arali gran fey, 303<br />
Aralia arborea, 237<br />
Aralia balfouriana, 237<br />
Aralia capitata, 237<br />
Aralia filicifolia, 237<br />
Aralia guilfoylei, 237<br />
ARALIACEAE, 237<br />
aralie grandes feuilles, 238<br />
arana, 283<br />
aralia gato, 261,295<br />
araucaria, 238<br />
Araucaria excelsa, 238<br />
Araucaria heterophylla, 158, 186,238,303<br />
ARAUCARIACEAE, 238
arbol de cera, 275<br />
arbol de tung, 252<br />
arbol de Washington, 274<br />
arbol del seminario, 268<br />
arbol del seso, 294<br />
arbol del viajero, 275<br />
arbol enano, 273<br />
arbolllor6n, 252<br />
arbolito, 246<br />
arbor maurepasia, 259<br />
arbre abombes, 268<br />
arbre acorail, 259<br />
arbre apain, 274, 284<br />
arbre apetites feuilles, 279<br />
arbre a soie, 240<br />
arbre au diable, 253<br />
arbre de vie, 302<br />
arbre soie, 240<br />
arbre-a-fricasser, 294<br />
arbre-a-savon, 294<br />
Arcoa gonavensis, 256, 330<br />
Ardisia, 310<br />
Ardisia angustata, 276, 318<br />
Ardisia brachypoda, 276<br />
Ardisia coriacea, 276<br />
Ardisia crenulata, 276<br />
Ardisia domingensis, 276<br />
Ardisia escalloniodes, 276<br />
Ardisiafuertesii,276<br />
Ardisia guadalupensis, 276<br />
Ardisia maculata, 276<br />
Ardisia obovata, 186,276<br />
Ardisia panniculata, 276 .<br />
Ardisia picardae, 276<br />
Ardisia pickeringia, 276<br />
Ardisia serrulata, 276<br />
areca, 239<br />
Areca lutescens, 239<br />
ARECACEAE, 238<br />
arepa, 252<br />
arete, 283<br />
arito,298<br />
armira,269<br />
arneau, 283<br />
arobillo, 251<br />
arokariya, 158, 186, 303<br />
aroma, 3, 255, 256, 262<br />
aroma amarilla, 255<br />
aroma blanca, 119,260<br />
aroma boba, 119, 260<br />
aroma extranjera, 261<br />
aroma francesa, 256<br />
aroma mansa, 119, 260<br />
arraijan, 275,279, 280<br />
arraijan blanco, 278<br />
arrayan, 243, 275-277, 279, 280<br />
arrayan bobo, 276<br />
arrayan colorado lobo, 279<br />
Index 355<br />
arriero, 238<br />
arro<strong>yo</strong>, 293<br />
Artocarpus, 186<br />
Artocarpus altilis, 209, 274, 321, 332<br />
Artocarpus brasiliensis, 274<br />
Artocarpus communis, 274<br />
Artocarpusheterophyllus, 209, 274, 316<br />
Artocarpus incisus, 274<br />
Artocarpus integer, 274<br />
Artocarpus integrifolius, 274<br />
Artocarpus maxima, 274<br />
Artocarpus philippensis, 274<br />
aruBa gato, 292<br />
ASCLEPIADACEAE, 240<br />
Asimina blain;;, 235<br />
Aspidosperma cuspa, 209, 235, 304, 321, 322<br />
Aspidospenna domingensis, 235<br />
ASTERACEAE, 240<br />
astroemia, 269<br />
astromelia, 269<br />
astromeria, 269<br />
atabaiba, 235, 236<br />
ataiba rosada, 236<br />
ateje, 243<br />
ateje amarillo, 243<br />
ateje americano, 243<br />
ateje cimarron, 243<br />
ateje costa, 243<br />
ateje de costa, 243<br />
ateje globoso, 243<br />
ateje hembra, 243<br />
ateje macho, 243<br />
atejillo, 243<br />
Ateleia gummifer, 257, 309<br />
Ateleia herbert-smithii, 226, 227<br />
Ateleia microcarpa, 257<br />
Ateramnus lucidus, 253<br />
Ateramnus pal/ens, 253<br />
Atropa arborescens, 298<br />
Attalea crassispatha,79, 238, 318, 331<br />
attrape-sot, 265<br />
Aulomyrcia citrifolia, 280<br />
Aulomyrcia coriacea, 280<br />
Aulomyrcia leptoclada, 280<br />
auquey,272,280<br />
auquey blanco, 280<br />
auquey bobo, 272<br />
auquey prieto, 280<br />
Aurantium acre, 291<br />
Aurantium sinensis, 292<br />
Australian acacia, 255<br />
Australian beefwood, 246<br />
Australian blackwood, 255<br />
Australian corkwood tree, 264<br />
ausuba, 296<br />
ausubo, 281, 296<br />
auzua,281<br />
auzubo,281
astard breadnut, 275<br />
bastard cabbage, 256<br />
bastard cedar, 273, 299.<br />
bastard hog cherry, 254<br />
bastard mahogany, 256<br />
bastard mammee, 247<br />
bastard nicarago, 257<br />
bastard tamarind, 261<br />
bata kayman, 304<br />
baton casse, 258<br />
baton de sorcier, 259<br />
baton kas, 188,211,304<br />
baton sosiye, 192,214,304<br />
battre acaYman, 260<br />
Bauhinia acuminata, 257<br />
Bauhinia aurita, 257<br />
Bauhinia divaricata, 209, 307, 319, 324, 331<br />
Bauhinia divaricata var. angustiloba, 257<br />
Bauhinia divaricata var. divaricata, 257<br />
Bauhinia kappleri, 257<br />
Bauhinia krugii, 257<br />
Bauhinia monandra, 186,209,257,311, 316, 318<br />
Bauhinia porrecta, 257<br />
Bauhinia variegata, 186, 257 .<br />
baume anglais, 267<br />
bay cedar, 297<br />
bay-rum, 281<br />
bay rum tree, 281<br />
bayahon,3,262<br />
bayahonda,3,255,258,262<br />
bayahonda blanca, 3, 261, 262<br />
bayahonda de la Virgen, 258<br />
bayahonde,3,262<br />
bayahonde franc;ais, 3, 262<br />
bayahonderouge,256<br />
bayarone, 262<br />
bayawonn,2-11,176,200,206,219,304<br />
bayawonn fran, 3, 304<br />
bayawonn wouj, 304<br />
bayberry tree, 281<br />
ba<strong>yo</strong>net, 268<br />
. ba<strong>yo</strong>net, 304<br />
ba<strong>yo</strong>neta, 268 .<br />
ba<strong>yo</strong>nette, 268<br />
bayua, 292<br />
bead tree, 273<br />
beaumortel, 259<br />
Beilschmiedia pendula, 186,267,308<br />
bejuco de barraco, 289.<br />
bejuco de berac, 289<br />
bejuco de canasta, 285<br />
bejuco de canasta blanco, 285<br />
bejuco de nasa, 285<br />
bejuco de palma, 285<br />
bejuco de peseta, 258, 259<br />
bejuco de serna blanco, 259<br />
bejuco de varraco, 270<br />
bejuco de verraco, 270, 289<br />
bejuco ingles, 245<br />
bejuco timaque, 289<br />
beladonn, 184, 304<br />
belah,246<br />
belladone,298<br />
ben, 275<br />
ben oleitere, 275<br />
Benjamin fig, 274<br />
benzoliv, 174, 197,217,304<br />
benzolive, 275<br />
berenjena cimarrona, 298<br />
berenjena de gallina, 298<br />
berenjena de paloma, 298<br />
berijua, 250<br />
Bernardia bernardia, 252<br />
Bernardia carpinifolia, 252<br />
Bernardia dichotoma, 186,252<br />
berron,281<br />
Berrya cubensis, 301<br />
Besleria. See GESNERIACEAE<br />
BETULACEAE,241<br />
Beureria. See Bourreria<br />
biajama, 260<br />
bien vestida, 145,259<br />
big-leaf mahogany, 47, 273<br />
bigarade orange, 291<br />
bigleaf leafflower, 254<br />
Bignonia longissima, 29, 241<br />
Bignonia quercus, 29, 241<br />
Bignonia stans, 241<br />
BIGNONIACEAE,241<br />
bija, 242, 298<br />
bija cimarrona, 252<br />
bijaguara, 13, 287<br />
bijilla, 252<br />
bijillo, 252<br />
bijo macho, 252<br />
bijote,268<br />
bilimbi, 284<br />
birchberry, 279, 280<br />
birijagua, 13, 287<br />
.bitijf, 279<br />
birrete de arzobispo, 268<br />
bisiette marron, 254<br />
bissy,298<br />
bitter damson, 39, 297<br />
bitter orange, 291<br />
bitter-ash, 236, 297 .<br />
bitterbush, 236, 297<br />
bitterwood,297<br />
Bixa katangensis, 242<br />
Bixa orellana, 186,210,242,311,332<br />
BIXACEAE, 242<br />
biziyet mawon, 304<br />
black candlewood, 267<br />
black fiddlewood, 302<br />
black ironwood, 288<br />
black lancewood, 235<br />
Index 357
ois ebene, 243, 288<br />
bois ecorce, 261<br />
bois epineux, 292<br />
bois espagnol, 233<br />
bois fer blanc, 287<br />
bois fer marron, 288<br />
bois fetide, 245<br />
bois feuilles blanches, 301<br />
bois flambeau, 293<br />
bois flambeau noir I'epineux, 293<br />
bois fou-fou, 290<br />
bois fourmi, 246<br />
bois franc, 233<br />
bois frene, 39, 297<br />
bois galle, 261<br />
bois' gar\on, 253<br />
bois graine, 266<br />
bois graine noire, 266<br />
bois gris-gris, 248<br />
bois guepes, 252<br />
bois guepois, 280<br />
bois haut-goOt, 280<br />
bois huile, 296<br />
bois immortel, 259<br />
bois immortel vrai, 259<br />
bois ivrant, 262<br />
bois jambette, 302<br />
boisjaune,265,274<br />
bois jaunisse, 284<br />
bois jean louis, 300<br />
bois la fievre, 295<br />
bois lait, 235, 236, 255<br />
bois lait femelle, 236<br />
bois lait male, 236<br />
bois laitelle, 291<br />
bois laiteux febrifuge, 236<br />
bois lezard, 302<br />
bois loraille, 273<br />
bois lubin, 285<br />
bois mabel, 249<br />
bois mabi, 13,287<br />
bois madame, 242<br />
bois major, 285<br />
bois mal aux dents, 252<br />
bois marbre, 253<br />
bois margot, 248<br />
bois marron, 273<br />
bois merise, 275<br />
bois moutarde, 245<br />
bois mulatre, 234, 280<br />
bois mOlet, 294<br />
bois myrte, 279<br />
bois nago, 241, 263<br />
bois nan non, 261<br />
bois negre, 293<br />
bois negresse, 237, 265, 297<br />
bois neuf, 275<br />
bois noir, 235, 243, 245, 256, 267, 296<br />
bois noyaux, 285<br />
bois noyer, 292<br />
bois pagnol, 233<br />
bois pale, 247, 263<br />
bois palmiste, 256<br />
bois patate, 289<br />
bois paupit, 243<br />
bois peine, 292<br />
bois pele, 13,287<br />
bois petit gar\on, 247, 297<br />
bois petite feuille, 244<br />
bois petites feuilles, 279<br />
bois pigeon, 271<br />
bois pin, 285<br />
bois pine, 292<br />
bois pine blanc, 292<br />
bois pini, 292<br />
bois pite, 287<br />
bois plomb, 276<br />
bois poisson, 297<br />
bois poivre, 295<br />
bois poulette, 269<br />
bois poupee, 243<br />
bois puant, 245<br />
bois raide, 250<br />
bois raie, 301<br />
bois rave, 245<br />
bois rouge, 273, 286<br />
bois sadine, 291<br />
bois sagine, 284<br />
bois saint, 302<br />
bois saisissement, 236<br />
bois sardine, 297<br />
bois savane, 241, 256, 263,276,302<br />
bois savonnette pays, 294<br />
bois sec, 265<br />
bois senegal, 245<br />
bois senti, 257, 269<br />
bois soumis, 23, 243<br />
bois tabac, 290<br />
bois tan, 246<br />
bois tanniste rouge, 259<br />
bois tremble, 276<br />
bois trembler, 238<br />
bois trompette, 274<br />
bois vache, 252<br />
bois vert, 300<br />
bois vinette, 251<br />
bois violet, 293<br />
bois zed, 288<br />
bois zet, 288<br />
boj de Persia, 292<br />
boje, 247<br />
born zangle, 304<br />
BOMBACACEAE, 242<br />
Bombacopsis emarginata, 242, 319<br />
Bombax angulata, 242<br />
Bombax ellipticum, 242<br />
Index 359
uis de sable, 253<br />
bulbstern yucca, 268<br />
bullock's heart, 235<br />
bully tree, 297<br />
Bumelia anomala, 295<br />
Bumelia cubensis, 187,295,305,331<br />
Bumelia dominicana, 295<br />
Bumelia ferruginea, 295<br />
Bumelia heterophylla, 295<br />
Bumelia integra, 295<br />
Bumelia obovata var. obovata, 295<br />
Bumelia parvifolia, 295<br />
Bumelia pentagona, 295<br />
Bumelia salicifolia, 187,295,303,310,320,325,<br />
329,330<br />
Bumelia sericea, 295<br />
bun,292<br />
Bunchosia, 309<br />
Bunchosia glandulosa, 187,210,269,306,309<br />
Bunchosia media, 269<br />
Bunchosia nitida, 269, 304, 318<br />
burro, 245<br />
Bursera brunea, 243<br />
Bursera glauca, 244<br />
Bursera gracilipes, 244<br />
Bursera gummifera, 244<br />
Bursera nashii, 244<br />
Bursera ovalifolia, 244<br />
Bursera ovata, 244<br />
Bursera simaruba, 160, 187,205,210,244,311,<br />
314<br />
BURSERACEAE, 243<br />
butterbough, 294<br />
butterfly bauhinia, 257<br />
butterfly palm, 239<br />
button-mangrove, 248<br />
BUXACEAE, 244<br />
Buxus, 187<br />
Buxus glomerata, 244, 310<br />
buzunuco, 290<br />
buzunuvo,290<br />
bwa arne, 304<br />
bwa arne blan, 304<br />
bwaami,304<br />
bwa anis, 304<br />
bwa arada, 304<br />
bwa bande, 195, 304<br />
bwa berom, 305<br />
bwa blan, 39, 178, 199,202,206,213,220,305<br />
bwa blan gran fey, 305<br />
bwa born, 305<br />
bwa bourik, 188,305<br />
bwa bouwo, 119,305<br />
bwa prilan, 201, 305<br />
bwa brile, 305<br />
bwa chandel, 185,205,305<br />
bwa chapo, 214, 305<br />
bwa chenn, 29, 305<br />
Index 361<br />
bwa chik, 166, 190,213,305<br />
bwa dajan, 187,210, 305<br />
bwa damou, 197,217,305<br />
bwa dan mawon, 305<br />
bwa danjou, 218, 305<br />
bwa dano, 196, 220, 305<br />
bwa dantel, 216, 305<br />
bwa dehet, 305<br />
bwa deho, 305<br />
bwa denn, 187, 190,305<br />
bwa denn franse, 199,218,305<br />
bwa denn mawon, 203, 221, 305<br />
bwa dinn, 305<br />
bwa dinn fran, 305<br />
bwa dinn franse, 305<br />
bwa dinn mawon, 305<br />
bwa dinn ti fey, 192, 305<br />
bwa diou, 201, 305<br />
bwa diou mawon, 305<br />
bwa djab, 305<br />
bwa dom, 169, 194,215,306<br />
bwa doti, 199,211,218,306<br />
bwa doti blan, 306<br />
bwa doti wouj, 306<br />
bwa doule, 197,217,306<br />
bwa ebenn, 201, 306<br />
bwa ekos, 200, 219, 306<br />
,bwa fe, 13, 195,205,216,306<br />
bwa fe blan, 13, 306<br />
bwa fe mawon, 201, 306<br />
bwa fetid, 306<br />
bwa fey blanch, 189, 306<br />
bwa foumi, 197,205,306<br />
bwa fwenn, 39, 306<br />
bwa gal,306<br />
bwa gason, 306<br />
bwa gep, 213, 306<br />
bwa grenn, 196, 216, 306<br />
bwa grenn nwa, 196, 216, 306<br />
bwa grigri, 160,306<br />
bwa ivran, 219, 306<br />
bwa jambet, 192, 306<br />
. bwa jan louwi, 306<br />
bwajon, 189,211,306<br />
bwajonis, 186,210,306<br />
bwa ka, 306<br />
bwa kabrit, 202, 206, 220, 306<br />
bwa kachiman, 306<br />
bwa kajou, 306<br />
bwa kaka, 187, 188,205,210,306,307<br />
bwa kalson, 209,307<br />
bwa kampech, 307<br />
bwa kano, 177, 202, 220, 307<br />
bwa kanon, 307<br />
bwa kapab, 13, 202, 220, 307<br />
bwa kasav, 195, 307<br />
bwa kasav silves, 193, 307<br />
bwa kayman, 192, 196,200,216,219,307
364 Index<br />
caimitillo, 272, 295, 296<br />
caimitillo de perro, 296<br />
caimito, 295, 296<br />
caimito blanco cimarron, 295<br />
caimito cimarron, 247, 295, 296<br />
caimito cocu<strong>yo</strong>, 295, 296<br />
caimito.de perro, 247, 296<br />
caimito verde, 295<br />
caimon, 276<br />
caimonf, 269, 276<br />
caimonicillo, 276<br />
cainco,289<br />
Cainito pomiferum, 295<br />
caja, 293<br />
caja comun, 293<br />
cajoba, 256<br />
cajon seco, 265<br />
cajuil,233<br />
cajuil cimarron, 269<br />
cajuilito de Sulillllm, 282<br />
Cajuputi leucadendra, 280<br />
ca1abasa, 241<br />
calabash, 241<br />
ca1ambrefia, 287<br />
calceo1aria shower, 264<br />
ca1ebasse, 241<br />
ca1ebasse marron, 241<br />
ca1ebasse zombie, 241<br />
ca1ebassier, 241<br />
California pepper tree, 234<br />
calla, 289<br />
calle noire, 290<br />
calliandra, 257<br />
Calliandra calothyrsus, 128, 160,257,317<br />
Calliandra caracasana, 258<br />
Calliandra confusa, 257<br />
Calliandra cubensis, 258<br />
Calliandra falcata, 258<br />
Calliandra formosa var. cubensis, 258<br />
Calliandra haematocephala, 258<br />
Calliandra haematomma, 258<br />
Calliandra haematostoma var. minutifolia, 258<br />
Calliandra hystrix, 262<br />
Calliandr.a inaequilatera, 258<br />
Calliandra latifolia, 264<br />
Calliandra minutifolia, 258<br />
Calliandra nervosa, 258, 331<br />
Calliandra pedicellata, 258<br />
Calliandra picardae, 258<br />
Calliandra portoricensis, 258<br />
Calliandra rivularis, 258<br />
Calliandra schultzei, 258<br />
Calliandra similis, 257<br />
Calliandra surinamensis, 258<br />
Calliandra urbanii, 258<br />
calliandre, 257<br />
Callistemon citrinus, 187,277<br />
Callistemon lanceolatus, 277<br />
ca1mante, 268<br />
ca1mouc, 291<br />
Calocarpum mammosum, 297<br />
Calocarpum sapota, 297<br />
Calophyllum antillarum, 247<br />
Calophyllum brasiliense var.antillarum, 247<br />
Calophyllum calaba, 160, 187,210,247,311,314<br />
Calophyllum jacquini, 247<br />
Calotropis procera, 187,210,240,310,320<br />
Calycogonium, 187<br />
Calycogonlum apiculatum, 271<br />
Calyptracordia alba, 243<br />
Calyptranthes, 187<br />
Calyptranthes arborea, 277<br />
Calyptranthes barkeri, 277<br />
Calyptranthes bracteosa, 277<br />
Calyptranthes chrysophylloides, 277<br />
Calyptranthes chrysophylloides var. minor, 277<br />
Calyptranthes collina, 277<br />
Calyptranthes densifolia, 277<br />
Calyptranthes depressa, 277<br />
Calyptranthes grandis, 277<br />
Calyptranthes heteroclada, 277<br />
Calyptranthes hotteana, 277<br />
Calyptranthes involucrata, 277<br />
Calyptranthes marmeladensis, 277<br />
Calyptranthes mornicola, 277<br />
Calyptranthes myrcioides, 277<br />
Calyptranthes nummularia, 277<br />
Calyptranthes pallens, 277<br />
Calyptranthes palustris, 277<br />
Calyptranthes pitoniana, 277<br />
Calyptranthes salicifolia, 277<br />
Calyptranthes samuelssonii, 278<br />
Calyptranthes sintenisii, 278, 331<br />
Calyptranthes sordida, 278<br />
Calyptranthes suzygium. See Calyptranthes syzygium<br />
Calyptranthes syzygium, 278 .<br />
Calyptranthes yaquensis, 278<br />
Calyptrogenia bijlora, 278<br />
Calyptrogenia cuspidata, 278<br />
Calyptrogeniajeremiensis, 278<br />
Calyptrogyne clementis, 238<br />
Calyptrogyne dulcis, 238<br />
Calyptrogyne intermedia, 238<br />
Calyptrogyne microcarpa, 238<br />
Calyptrogyne quisqueyana, 239<br />
Calyptrogyne rivalis, 239<br />
Calyptronoma clementis ssp. clementis, 238<br />
Calyptronoma clementis ssp. orieritensis, 238<br />
Calyptronoma dulcis, 238<br />
Calyptronoma intermedia, 238<br />
Calyptronoma microcarpa, 238<br />
Calyptronoma plumeriana, 238, 311, 326<br />
Calyptronoma quisqueyana, 239<br />
Calyptronoma rivalis, 239, 326<br />
camagiiilla, 276
camaron, 249<br />
camasey, 271, 272<br />
camasey almendro, 271<br />
camasey blanco, 272<br />
camasey cenizo, 272<br />
camasey ciatrocanales, 272<br />
camasey colorado, 272<br />
camasey de costilla, 272<br />
camasey de paloma, 272<br />
camasey felpa. 272<br />
camasey peludo, 271 .<br />
camasey racimoso, 272<br />
cambia VOZ, 247<br />
cambron, 3, 255, 261, 262, 264, 291<br />
Cameraria angustifolia, 235<br />
Cameraria latifolia, 210, 235, 303, 307<br />
Cameraria linearifolia, 235<br />
camille, 245<br />
Camirium moluccanum, 252<br />
campana, 298<br />
CAMPANULACEAE, 244<br />
campeche, 119,259,260<br />
campeche, 259<br />
campeche marron, 262<br />
campechier, 259<br />
camphor tree, 267<br />
camphre, 267<br />
camphrier, 267<br />
cana, 240<br />
cafiafistol, 258, 264<br />
cafiaffstola, 258<br />
cafiaffstula, 258<br />
cafiaffstula cimarrona, 258, 264<br />
cafiafistula mansa, 258<br />
cafiandonga, 258<br />
cananga, 235<br />
Cananga blainii, 235<br />
Cananga odorata, 187,210,235,316<br />
Canangium odoratum, 235<br />
canape, 294<br />
Canary Island date palm, 239<br />
canasta mexicana, 258<br />
candela, 270<br />
candelabre, 253<br />
candelada, 270<br />
candelero, 253<br />
candelon, 256<br />
candelon, 256,260, 261,262,287<br />
candelon de teta, 261<br />
candle nut, 252<br />
candleberry, 269<br />
candlewood, 237, 291<br />
candlewood tree, 294<br />
candon, 235<br />
candongo, 235<br />
canefice batard, 263<br />
canela, 245, 267, 268<br />
canela de la tierra, 245, 268<br />
Index 365<br />
canela legitima, 267<br />
canelilla, 245, 267, 268, 278, 281<br />
canelillo, 268, 278, 281<br />
canella, 245<br />
Canella alba, 245<br />
CaneUawinterana, 187,210,245,317,318<br />
CANELLACEAE, 245<br />
canelon, 268<br />
caney, 284<br />
canicha, 264<br />
canilla de,nuerte, 285<br />
canilla de venado, 302<br />
canille, 245<br />
canique, 257, 294<br />
canne de Tobago, 238<br />
cannelle, 245,267,268<br />
cannelle abeille, 275<br />
cannelle douce, 275<br />
cannelle marron, 267<br />
cannelle miel, 275<br />
cannelle poivree, 245<br />
cannellier, 267<br />
cannonball tree, 268<br />
caoba,47,273<br />
caoba de Honduras, 47, 273<br />
caoba de Santo Domingo, 47, 273<br />
caoba dominicana, 47, 273<br />
caoba hondurefia, 47, 273<br />
caobanilla, 264<br />
caobilla de costa, 252<br />
caobo, 273<br />
caoutchouc, 253, 274<br />
cap berry, 268<br />
capa, 23, 243<br />
capa blanco, 302<br />
capa bobo, 241<br />
capa colorado, 243<br />
capa de olor, 23; 243<br />
capa de sabana, 23, 243, 302<br />
capa 0 laurel, 23, 243<br />
capa prieto, 23, 243<br />
capa sabanero, 302<br />
capable, 13,247,287<br />
caparo, 243<br />
caper tree, 245<br />
capinillo, 261<br />
capitaine, 270<br />
CAPPARACEAE, 245<br />
CAPPARIDACEAE. See CAPPARACEAE<br />
Capparis,205,307,309,310<br />
Capparis amplissima, 245<br />
Capparis amygdalina, 245<br />
Capparis baducca, 245<br />
Capparis coccolobifolia, 245<br />
Capparis cynophaUophora, 187,210,245,305,<br />
306,307,309,317<br />
Capparis dolichopoda, 245, 332<br />
Capparis emarginata, 245
casse-hallier, 263<br />
casser hache, 254<br />
casser rage, 254<br />
casser sec, 265<br />
cassia, 111, 264<br />
Cassia, 111,304,318<br />
Cassia angllstisiliqua, 263<br />
Cassia antillana, 263<br />
Cassia arborea, 111, 264<br />
Cassia arborescens, 263<br />
Cassia atomaria, 263<br />
Cassia berteriana, 263<br />
Cassia bicapsularis var. indicora, 263<br />
Cassia bicarpsularis var. pubescens, 263<br />
Cassia brasiliana, 258<br />
Cassia crista, 263<br />
Cassia crista var. oligophylla, 263<br />
Cassia domingensis, 263<br />
Cassia elliptica, 263<br />
Cassia emarginata, 263<br />
Cassia fistula, 188; 211, 213, 258, 318<br />
Cassia fitchiana, 263<br />
Cassia floribunda, 263<br />
Cassia florida, 111,264<br />
Cassia frondosa, 263<br />
Cassia gigantea, 111, 264<br />
Cassia grandis, 188,211,258<br />
Cassia haitiensis, 263<br />
Cassia humboldtiana, 264<br />
Cassia indecora, 263<br />
. Cassiajavanica, 188,258<br />
Cassia mexicana, 263<br />
Cassia mexicana var. moustiquensis, 263<br />
Cassia nitida, 263<br />
Cassia nodosa, 258<br />
Cassia polyphylla, 263<br />
Cassia quinquangulata, 263<br />
Cassia septemtrionalis, 263<br />
Cassia siamea, 111, 264<br />
Cassia speciosa, 264<br />
Cassia spectabilis, 264<br />
cassia stick tree, 258<br />
cassie flower, 255<br />
Cassine attenuata, 246<br />
Cassine domingensis, 288<br />
Cassine ehrenbergii, 246<br />
Cassine lanceolata, 246<br />
Cassine xylocarpa, 188, 211<br />
Cassine xylocarpa var. attelltuata, 246<br />
Cassipourea alba, 288<br />
Cassipourea cubensis, 288<br />
Cassipollrea elliptica, 288<br />
Cassipourea guiallensis, 188, 211, 288<br />
Cassipourea obtusa, 288<br />
Cassuvium pomiferum, 233<br />
castana, 274<br />
Castanea, 318<br />
Castanea sativa, 264<br />
Index 367<br />
castano crenata, 264<br />
castano del Japan, 264<br />
castano del Malabar, 274<br />
Castella depressa, 297<br />
Castilla elastica, 211, 274<br />
Castilla elastica subsp. elastica, 188,274<br />
Castilla lactiflua, 274 .<br />
castilla rubber, 274<br />
castor, 251, 265<br />
castor bean, 255<br />
casuarina, 246<br />
Casuarina, 112, 188,319,327<br />
Casuarina cristata ssp. cristata, 246<br />
Casuarina equisetifolia, 123, 135, 139, 161,<br />
224-226,228-230,313<br />
Casuarina equisetijolia var. equisetifolia, 246<br />
. Casuarina glauca, 246<br />
Casuarina lepidophloia, 246<br />
Casllarina litorea, 246<br />
CASUARINACEAE,246<br />
Catalpa longissima, 24, 28-37, 48, 162, 188,211,<br />
224-226,228,230,241,305,311<br />
catastres, 244<br />
catclaw, 262<br />
cateicito, 279 __<br />
catie, 238, 240<br />
catin,264<br />
. catire, 287<br />
cauchera, 274<br />
caucho,253,274<br />
caya amarilla, 296<br />
caya blanca, 296<br />
caya colorada, 295<br />
caya de lorna, 295 .<br />
caya prieta, 296<br />
cayateje, 290<br />
cayena,270<br />
cayepon,284<br />
cayepan,284<br />
cayepur, 280<br />
cayeput, 280<br />
cayeputi, 280<br />
cayuco,244<br />
cayur, 234<br />
cazuela, 240<br />
Ceanothus arborescens, 13, 287<br />
Ceanothlls reclinatus, 287<br />
Cecropia aspernna, 274<br />
Cecropiapeltata, 162, 188,211,274,307,310,<br />
332<br />
cedre, 63, 249, 273<br />
cedre blanc, 63, 273,<br />
cedre espagnol, 63, 273<br />
Cedrela dllgessii, 63, 273<br />
Cedrela glaziovii, 63, 273<br />
Cedrela guianensis, 63, 273<br />
Cedrela mahagoni, 47, 273<br />
Cedrela mexicana, 63, 67, 273
368 Index<br />
Cedrela occidentalis, 63, 273<br />
Cedrela odorata, 26, 35,48,62-69, p3, 162, 188,<br />
211,273,317,329<br />
Cedrela pavaguariensis, 63, 273<br />
Cedrela sintenisii, 63, 273<br />
Cedrela velloziana, 63, 273<br />
cedro, 63, 273<br />
cedro blanco, 273<br />
cedro colorado, 273<br />
cedro del pafs, 63, 273<br />
cedro hembra, 63, 273, 298.<br />
cedro macho, 63, 273<br />
cedro real, 273<br />
Cedrus mahagoni, 47,273<br />
Cedrus mahogani, 47, 273<br />
ceiba, 242<br />
Ceiba casearia, 242<br />
ceiba de agua, 242<br />
Ceiba guineense, 242<br />
Ceiba pentandra, 163, 188,211,242,314,324<br />
Ceiba thonningii, 242<br />
ceibo,259<br />
celandine, 284<br />
CELASTRACEAE, 246<br />
Celastrum jodinii, 273<br />
Celastrus myrtifolius, 289<br />
ce1osa, 302<br />
Celtis lamarkiana, 301<br />
Celtis micranthus, 301<br />
Celtis rugosa, 301<br />
Celtis trinervia, 189; 301, 306, 309<br />
cenizero, 256<br />
cenizo,272<br />
cenizoso, 272<br />
cenizoso cimarron, 290<br />
Central American rubber, 274<br />
Cerasus occidentalis, 289<br />
Cerasus sphaerocarpus, 289<br />
Cerbera peruviana, 236<br />
Cerbera thevatia, 236<br />
Cercidium praecox, 258, 304, 328<br />
Cercidium spinosum, 258<br />
Cerdana alliodora, 23, 243<br />
cereipo, 261<br />
cerero, 275<br />
Cereus hexagonus, 211, 244<br />
Cereus hystrix, 244<br />
cereza, 265,269,270<br />
cereza amarilla, 254<br />
cereza blanca, 243<br />
cereza cimarrona, 270<br />
cereza colorada, 270<br />
cereza de Barbados, 270<br />
cereza de Cayena, 280<br />
cerezo, 243, 270<br />
. cerezo occidental, 254<br />
cerillo, 290<br />
cerise,270<br />
cerise d'<strong>Haiti</strong>, 270<br />
cerise de mer, 283<br />
cerise de St. Domingue, 270<br />
cerise de Suriname, 280<br />
cerisier, 270<br />
cerisier capitaine, 270<br />
cerisier de St. Domingue, 270<br />
cerote, 294<br />
Cestrum diurnum, 189,298<br />
Cestrum laurifolium, 298<br />
Cestrum macrophyllum, 189,298<br />
Cestrum macrostemon, 298<br />
Cestrum nocturnum, 298, 316, 322<br />
Ceylon-gooseberry, 265<br />
cha"cha venenoso, 256<br />
chacara, 258<br />
chacaro, 264<br />
chacha,256<br />
chachaca, 3, 262<br />
chadek,95, 163, 189,212,311<br />
chadeque, 95,292<br />
Chaetocarpus domingensis, 252<br />
Chaetocarpus globosus, 252<br />
Chalcas exotica, 292<br />
Chalcas paniculata, 292<br />
Chamaecrista, 111<br />
Chamaefistula antillana, 263<br />
Chamaerops antillarum, 240<br />
chambron, 3, 262, 311<br />
chamiso, 294<br />
champaca, 269<br />
chandel anglez, 311<br />
chandel blan, 311<br />
chandel mawon, 195, 311<br />
chandelle anglaise, 290<br />
chandelle blanc, 291<br />
chandelle marron, 291, 294<br />
chapeau carre, 250, 251<br />
chapelet, 238<br />
chapelet, 311<br />
chapo kare, 202, 220, 311<br />
chaste tree, 302<br />
chatag,311<br />
chatague, 294<br />
chataignier, 294<br />
chataignier apetites feuilles, 251<br />
chataignier marron, 294<br />
chatanye, 311<br />
.chatanye mawon, 311<br />
chatanye ti fey, 311<br />
chencherenche, 302<br />
chene,29,241<br />
chene calebassier, 302<br />
chene caparo, 23, 243<br />
chene d'Australie, 287<br />
chene franc, 23, 243<br />
chene haitien, 241<br />
chene noir, 23, 29, 241, 243
Coccoloba diversijolia, 190,286,325,329,331,<br />
332<br />
Coccoloba eggersiana, 286<br />
Coccoloba fawcetti, 286<br />
Coccoloba .f/4vescens, 286<br />
Coccolobafuertesii,286<br />
Coccoloba julgens, 286<br />
Coccoloba grandifolia, 286<br />
Coccoloba helwigii, 286<br />
Coccoloba hotteana, 286<br />
Coccoloba incrassata, 286<br />
Coccoloba krugii, 286<br />
Coccoloba laurifolia, 286<br />
Coccoloba leoganensis, 190,205,286<br />
Coccoloba leonardii, 286<br />
Coccoloba mansjeldii, 286<br />
Coccoloba microstachys, 190, 286<br />
Coccoloba momicola, 286<br />
Coccoloba nalgensis, 286<br />
Coccoloba neurophylla, 286<br />
Coccoloba nivea, 287<br />
Coccoloba nodosa, 286 _<br />
Coccoloba pauciflora, 286<br />
Coccoloba picardae, 286<br />
Coccolobapubescens, 190,286,314,325,329<br />
Coccoloba pungens, 286<br />
Coccoloba revoluta, 286<br />
Coccoloba rotundifolia, 286<br />
Coccoloba rubescens, 286<br />
Coccoloba rupicola, 286<br />
Coccoloba samanensis, 287<br />
Coccoloba samuelssonii, 286<br />
Coccoloba scrobiculata, 287<br />
Coccoloba subtruncata, 287<br />
Coccoloba swartzii, 190, 287<br />
Coccoloba tortuensis, 286<br />
Coccoloba uVifera, 190,212,287,315,328,329<br />
Coccoloba venosa, 190, 287<br />
Coccoloba verruculosa, 286<br />
Coccoloba wrightii, 287 -<br />
Coccothrinax, 212, 315,316<br />
Coccothrinax anomala, 240<br />
Coccothrinax argentea, 82,239,321,326<br />
Coccothrinax ekmanii, 239<br />
Coccothrinax gracilis, 239<br />
Coccothrinax martii, 240<br />
Coccothrinax miraguama, 239, 321<br />
Coccothrinax montana, 239<br />
Coccothrinax munizii, 239<br />
Coccothrinax radiata, 240<br />
Coccothrinax scoparia, 239<br />
Coccothrinax spissa, 239<br />
cochinilla, 234<br />
cochinillo, 234<br />
COCHLOSPERMACEAE, 248<br />
cochlospennum, 248<br />
Cochlospermum hibisoides, 248<br />
Cochlospermum vitifolium, 190,212,248-<br />
Index 371<br />
cockscomb coralbean, 259<br />
cockspur, 259, 283<br />
coco, 239<br />
coco de Cofrecf, 268<br />
coco de mar, 268<br />
coco guinee, 238<br />
coco macaco, 238, 268<br />
coco macaque, 238, 239<br />
coco plum, 247<br />
coco ravet, 265<br />
coconut, 79, 239, 335<br />
Cocops rivalis, 239<br />
Cocos, 29<br />
Cocos aculeatus, 238<br />
Cocos crassipatha, 238<br />
Cocos nucifera, 78-85, 164, 190,212,239,319,<br />
326<br />
Cocos vinijera, 240<br />
cocotero, 239<br />
cocotier, 79, 239<br />
cocoyer, 79, 239<br />
cocu<strong>yo</strong>, 247,250, 269, 296<br />
Codiaeum variegatum, 252, 320<br />
coeur boeuf, 23.4, 235<br />
Cofjea arabica, 165, 190,212,289,317<br />
coffee, 289<br />
coffee colubrina, 13<br />
cogne-molle, 288<br />
coi,261<br />
cojoba, 261<br />
Cojoba arborea, 262<br />
Cojoba micrantha, 262<br />
cojobillo, 258<br />
cola, 298<br />
Cola acuminata, 213, 298, 319, 326<br />
cola de paloma, 252<br />
cola nut tree, 298<br />
Cola vera, 298<br />
colatier, 298<br />
colbri vegetal, 264<br />
cole, 261<br />
collarete, 302<br />
collegue, 257<br />
collegue matourin, 257<br />
collier, 262<br />
colorade, 242<br />
colorado, 242<br />
Colubrina, 306, 308<br />
Colubrina arborescens, 12-21,29,48, 166, 190,<br />
213,224-226,228,229,287,306,307,309,<br />
315,318,327,328,332<br />
Colubrina berteroana, 287<br />
Colubrina colubrina, 13,287<br />
Colubrina elliptica, 13, 190,213,287,322<br />
Colubrinajerruginosa, 13,287<br />
Colubrina glandulosa yare antillana, 288,310<br />
Colubrina reclinata, 13,.287<br />
Coluhrina rufa var. antillima, 288
372 Index<br />
coma, 293, 296<br />
coma blanc, 296<br />
coma franc, 296<br />
coma jaune, 293<br />
comat, 250<br />
COMBRETACEAE, 248<br />
comecara, 279,280<br />
common bamboo, 285<br />
common coralbean, 259<br />
common fig, 274<br />
common naseberry, 296<br />
common plum, 289<br />
Comocladia, 87, 190,304,309<br />
Comocladia acuminata, 233<br />
Comocladia cuneata, 233, 312, 321<br />
Comocladia de.ntata, 213, 233, 304<br />
Comocladia dentata propinqua, 233<br />
Comocladia dodonaea, 233<br />
Comocladia domingensis, 233<br />
Comocladia ehrenbergii, 233<br />
Comocladia ekmaniana, 233<br />
Comocladia gilgiana, 233<br />
Comocladia glabra, 233<br />
Comocladia glabra acuminata, 233<br />
Comocladia ilicifolia, 233<br />
Comocladia ilicifolia glabra, 233<br />
Comocladia integrifolia, 233<br />
Comocladia mollifolia, 233<br />
Comocladia pinnatifida, 233<br />
Comocladia pinnatifolia, 233, 329<br />
Comocladia propinqua, 233<br />
Comocladia pubescens, 233<br />
Comocladia tricuspidata, 233<br />
COMPOSITAE. See ASTERACEAE<br />
Conocarpus erectus, 190,213,248,323,324,326<br />
Conocarpus racemosus, 248<br />
Conocarpussericeus, 248<br />
Conoria cuspa, 235<br />
Conostegia hotteana, 271<br />
Consolea macracantha, 213, 244, 328<br />
Consolea moniliformis, 244<br />
contraguao, 283<br />
cooper withe, 285<br />
copaiba, 258<br />
Copaiferajacquini,258<br />
Copaifera officinalis, 258<br />
Copernicia berteroana, 239, 312<br />
Copernicia ekmanii, 239, 316, 326<br />
copey, 247<br />
copey vera, 299, 300<br />
copeyejo, 247<br />
coq au lait, 79, 239<br />
coq shango, 244<br />
coque molle, 288<br />
coquelicot, 243<br />
coquillo, 280<br />
corail,290<br />
corail rouge, 290<br />
coral, 246, 256, 259<br />
coralbean, 259<br />
coralillo, 290<br />
coralitos peonfa, 256<br />
coraltree, 259<br />
coralwood,261<br />
coraz6n, 235<br />
coraz6n de paloma, 13, 236, 243, 254; 265, 287<br />
c6rbano, 256, 263<br />
c6rbano blanco, 263<br />
corcho, 242, 282,283<br />
corcho blanco, 283<br />
corcho bobo, 283<br />
corcho prieto, 283<br />
Cordia,29, 166, 190<br />
Cordia alba, 190,213,243,305<br />
Cordia alliodora, 22-27, 166, 191,213,225,243,<br />
310,311<br />
Cordia bourreria, 243<br />
Cordia brachycalyx, 243<br />
Cordia calyptrata, 243<br />
Cordia collococca, 191,213,243,331<br />
Cordia dentata, 243 ;j<br />
Cordia fitchii, 243<br />
Cordia gerascanthus, 23, 243<br />
Cordia gerascanthes, 213, 243<br />
Cordia glabra, 243<br />
Cordia laevigata, 243, 309<br />
Cordia macrophylla, 243<br />
Cordia mirabiloides, 213, 243, 304, 311, 313, 320<br />
Cordia nitida, 243<br />
Cordia obliqua, 243<br />
Cordia sebestena, 191,213,243,305,319,331<br />
Cordia speciosa, 243<br />
Cordia sulcata, 191,243,313,327<br />
Cordia toqueve, 243<br />
Cordia tremula, 243<br />
cordoMn, 271<br />
cordoban arbusto, 272<br />
cordobancillo de arro<strong>yo</strong>, 272<br />
cordon, 258<br />
cord6n de soldado, 283<br />
cork-tree, 271<br />
corkwood, 242<br />
cormier, 272<br />
cornichon du pays, 284<br />
Cornutia pyramidata, 302, 312<br />
corojo, 238<br />
corojo de Guinea, 239<br />
corosse, 238<br />
corossier, 239<br />
corossol, 234<br />
corossol marron, 234<br />
corossol zombie, 234<br />
corossolier, 234<br />
corozo, 238, 239<br />
corozo criollo, 238<br />
coscorr6n, 246
coscorroncito, 246<br />
cotelette, 253<br />
cotelle, 254<br />
cotinilla, 234<br />
coton fleur, 242<br />
coton mahaut, 270<br />
coton marron, 270<br />
coton rat, 299<br />
coton soie, 240, 242<br />
cotoperi, 294<br />
cotorrerillo, 265<br />
cotton tree, 242<br />
courbaril,258,260<br />
couronne du Christ, 253<br />
Couroupita guianensis, 213, 268, 304, 305, 321<br />
Couroupita guianensis var. surinamensis, 268<br />
Couroupita st. croixana, 268<br />
Couroupita surinamensis, 268<br />
cowbush, 299<br />
Cowellocassia domingensis, 263<br />
crabwood, 253, 273, 286<br />
cramantree, 273<br />
Crataeva apetala, 245<br />
Cr,ataeva tapia, 213, 245<br />
Crescentia alata, 226, 228<br />
Crescentia acuminata, 241<br />
Crescentia cucurbitina, 241<br />
Crescentia cujete, 97, 191,213,241,317<br />
Crescentia fasciculata, 241<br />
Crescentia linearifolia, 213, 241, 317<br />
cresta de gallo, 250, 259, 264<br />
crete-de-coq, 259<br />
crevajosa, 286<br />
creve a. hache, 288<br />
crisse marine, 297<br />
croc, 283<br />
croc de chien, 283<br />
croc souris, 289<br />
croc-a.-chien, 291<br />
crocro, 239<br />
crocro guinee, 239<br />
croque chien, 243<br />
Crossopetalum rhacoma, 191, 213, 246, 330<br />
croton, 252<br />
Croton buchii, 252<br />
Croton cascarilla, 252<br />
Croton cascarilloides, 252<br />
Croton corylifolius, 252<br />
Croton dichotomus, 252<br />
Croton eluteria, 252, 313, 318<br />
Croton glabellus, 213, 252, 305, 306<br />
Croton globosus, 252<br />
Croton hircinus, 252<br />
Crotonjacmelianus, 252<br />
croton leaf, 252<br />
Croton lucidus, 252, 312<br />
Croton megaladenus, 252<br />
Croton populifolium, 252<br />
Index 373<br />
Croton sessiliflorus, 255<br />
Croton variegatus, 252<br />
crow bean tree, 256<br />
crown-of-thoms, 253<br />
crozier cycad, 250<br />
Crudia antillana, 258<br />
Crudia spicata, 258, 303, 315,317,319<br />
cruz del copeyar, 261<br />
Cryptorhiza haitiensis, 278, 323<br />
cuaba, 285,291<br />
cuaba blanca, 291<br />
cuaba de ingenio, 294<br />
cuaba prieta, 289<br />
cuabilla, 297<br />
cuabilla de costa, 297<br />
cuajanf, 289<br />
cuajanf hembra, 289<br />
cuaraje colorado, 279<br />
cuasia, 297<br />
cuassia, 297<br />
Cuba negra, 255<br />
cubanicu, 251<br />
Cubanthus umbelliformis, 252, 313<br />
cucaracha, 289,294<br />
cuchara, 295<br />
cucharillo, 241<br />
cucharita, 295<br />
.cucharita prieta, 293<br />
cuco, 288<br />
cucubano, 290<br />
cucubano de monte, 290<br />
cucubano liso, 290<br />
cueriduro, 253<br />
cuemecillo, 299<br />
cuemo de buey, 13,254,287,294<br />
cuero de puerco, 266, 296<br />
cuero de sabana, 290<br />
cuero duro, 253<br />
cuiji venezolano, 258<br />
CUNONIACEAE, 249<br />
Cupania americana, 166, 191,213,294,309,311,<br />
329,331<br />
Cupania apetala; 294<br />
Cupania giabra, 294<br />
Cupania oppositifolia, 294<br />
Cupania ratonia, 294<br />
Cupania sapida, 294<br />
Cupania saponiarioides, 294<br />
Cupania scrobiculata, 294<br />
Cupania tomentosa, 294<br />
Cupania triquetra, 294<br />
cupefllo, 247<br />
cupey,247<br />
cupey chiquito, 247<br />
cupeyito,247<br />
CUPRESSACEAE, 249<br />
Cupressus, 330<br />
Cupressus benthamii, 249
374 Index<br />
Cupressus glauca, 249<br />
Cupressus lindleyi, 249<br />
Cupressus lusitanica, 191,249<br />
Cupressus sempervirens, 213, 249<br />
curaboca, 243<br />
curatella, 250<br />
Curatella americana, 213, 250, 3'19, 328<br />
Curatella grisebachiana, 250<br />
curbana, 245<br />
curbaril,260<br />
Curcas curcas, 254<br />
Curcas indica, 254<br />
Curcas peltata, 254<br />
custard apple, 235<br />
cuya, 295<br />
Cyathea aquilina; 249<br />
Cyathea arborea, 249<br />
Cyathea brittoniana, 249<br />
Cyathea escuquensis, 249<br />
. Cyathea furfuracea, 249<br />
Cyathea harrisii, 249<br />
Cyathea harrisii x Alsophila minor, 249<br />
Cyathea tenera, 249<br />
Cyathea wilsonii, 249<br />
CYATHEACEAE, 249<br />
CYCADACEAE, 250<br />
Cycas circinalis, 213, 250<br />
. Cycas revoluta, 250, 326<br />
Cyclospathe northropii, 239<br />
Cynodendron bicolor, 295<br />
Cynometra americana, 258, 320 '<br />
Cynometra portoricensis, 191,258<br />
Cyphomandra betacea, 298<br />
Cyphomandra crassifolia, 298<br />
cypres, 249<br />
cypres d'Italie, 249<br />
cypres de Mexico, 249<br />
Cyrilla antillana, 250<br />
Cyrilla panniculata, 276<br />
Cyrilla racemiflora, 191,.250<br />
CYRILLACEAE, 250<br />
-D-<br />
d'eau livre, 236<br />
d'olive, 39, 267, 275, 297<br />
daguilla, 39, 255, 297, 301<br />
daguilla comun, 301<br />
daguilla de lorna, 301<br />
daguille, 301<br />
daguillo, 39, 297<br />
dagwi,311<br />
dajao,290<br />
Dalbergia, 321<br />
Dalbergia berterii, 258<br />
Dalbergia domingensis, 260<br />
Dalbergia ecastaphyllum, 214, 259, 332<br />
Dalbergia monetaria, 259<br />
Dalbergia pentaphylla, 260<br />
Dalbergia sissoo, 167, 191,259<br />
dalmag, 311<br />
dalmagre, 247<br />
da1mari, 311<br />
da1marie, 247<br />
Dalrymplea domingensis, 298<br />
dama de dfa, 298<br />
dama de noche, 298<br />
damag, 311<br />
damage, 247<br />
damajagua, 270<br />
damari, 160, 187,210,311<br />
dame marie, 247<br />
dan chen b1an, 311<br />
danchi,264<br />
Daphne crassifolia, 301<br />
Daphnelagetto, 301<br />
Daphne tinifolia, 300 '<br />
Daphnopsis americana, 214, 216<br />
Daphnopsis americana ssp. cumingii, 300, 323<br />
Daphnopsis americana ssp. tinifolia, 300<br />
Daphnopsis crassifolia, 301<br />
Daphnopsis crassifolia var. eggersii, 301<br />
Daphnopsis cuneata ssp. uniflora, 301<br />
Daphnopsis ekmanii, 301<br />
Daphnopsis tinifolia, 300<br />
Daphnopsis uniflora, 301<br />
darling plum, 288<br />
dat, 175,218,311<br />
date, 239<br />
date palm, 239<br />
datil,239<br />
datilera, 239<br />
datte, 239<br />
dattier, 239<br />
Datura arborea, 298<br />
Datura suaveolens, 298, 330<br />
day cestrum, 298<br />
dejimel, 186,209,311<br />
de sezon, 214, 312<br />
dehorn, 312<br />
dehomme, 253<br />
delen, 119-131, 171, 196,216,312<br />
delen etranje, 312<br />
delen peyi, 119<br />
delin etranger, 260<br />
delmonte, 256<br />
Delonix regia, 191,214,259,313,328<br />
demajagua; 270<br />
Dendropanax, 308<br />
Dendropanaxarboreus, 191,214,237,309,313,<br />
329<br />
Dendropanaxselleanus, 237<br />
Dendrosicus /atifolius, 191, 214, 241, 317<br />
dent de chien blanc, 243<br />
derrienga chivo, 265
desaison, 253<br />
desnudo florecido, 145,259<br />
desyerba conuco, 290<br />
deux jumelles, 257<br />
Diaspenzs distichus, 254<br />
DICHAPETALACEAE, 250<br />
Didymopanax morototoni, 238<br />
Didymopanax tremulum. See Didymopanax tremu-<br />
Ius<br />
Didymopanax tremulus, 238<br />
dildo espanol, 244<br />
dilenia,250<br />
Dillenia indica, 250<br />
DILLENIACEAE,250<br />
Dimorphandra ekmanii, 261<br />
Diospyros,191,309<br />
Diospyros caribaea, 250<br />
Diospyros crassinervis ssp. urbaniana, 250<br />
Diospyros domingensis, 250<br />
Diospyros ebenaster, 250<br />
Diospyros leonardii, 250<br />
Diospyros oxycarpa, 250<br />
Diospyros revoluta, 214, 250, 312<br />
Diospyros tetrasperma, 250<br />
Dipholis angustifolia, 295<br />
Dipholis anomala, 295<br />
Dipholis cubensis, 295<br />
Dipholis domingensis, 295<br />
Dipholis ferruginea, 295<br />
Dipholis leptopoda, 295<br />
Dipholis salicifolia, 295<br />
Dipholis sericea, 295<br />
Diplocalyx chrysophylloides, 283<br />
ditta, 252<br />
Ditta maestrensis, 252<br />
Ditta myricoides, 191,252<br />
diversifolia, 260<br />
divi divi, 187,205,210,257,312<br />
do jilet, 312<br />
doddle-do, 257<br />
Dodonaea angustifolia, 294<br />
Dodonaea asplenifolia var. arborescens, 294<br />
Dodonaea ehrenbergii, 294<br />
Dodonaea jamaicensis, 294<br />
Dodonaea spathulata, 294<br />
Dodonaea thunbergiana var. linearis, 294<br />
Dodonaea viscosa, 191, 214<br />
Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia, 294<br />
Dodonaea viscosa var. arborescens, 294, 324, 327<br />
Dodonaea viscosa var. linearis, 294<br />
Dodonaea viscosa var. spathulata, 294<br />
Dodonaea viscosa var. viscosa, 294<br />
Dodonaea viscosa var. vulgaris, 294<br />
dod6nea,294<br />
dogwood, 252, 291, 294<br />
doliv,39,198,312<br />
doliv bata, 186,210,312<br />
dombou,221, 273, 312<br />
Dominican mahogany, 47,273<br />
don diego de dfa, 242<br />
don juan, 298<br />
doncella, 269, 270, 294<br />
dormil6n,256<br />
Doryalis. See Dovyalis<br />
dos gillette, 233<br />
doti blanch, 312<br />
doti bwa blan, 312<br />
doule,312<br />
douleur, 290<br />
Dovyalis caffra, 265<br />
Dovyalis hebecarpa, 265<br />
dracaena, 268<br />
Dracaenajragrans,268<br />
drago, 263<br />
dragon's blood, 263<br />
Drepanocarpus lunatus, 261<br />
Drypetes,191,307,320<br />
Drypetes alba, 252, 321<br />
Drypetes crocea, 253<br />
Drypetes diversifolia, 252<br />
Drypetes glauca, 253<br />
Drypetes ilicifolia, 253<br />
Drypetes incltrva, 252<br />
Drypetes laterflora, 192, 253<br />
Drypetes picardae, 253<br />
Drypetes piriformis, 253<br />
duartiana,271<br />
Dunalia arborescens, 298<br />
Duranta erecta, 302<br />
Duranta plumieri, 302<br />
Duranta repens, 192,302,306,324<br />
Dussia sanguinea, 259<br />
dyare,312<br />
dyare,239<br />
-E-<br />
ear pod wattle, 255<br />
earpod-tree, 259<br />
ebano,243,250<br />
ebano de Santo Domingo, 257<br />
ebano negro, 250<br />
ebano verde, 269<br />
EBENACEAE, 250<br />
ebene,243,250<br />
ebenier noir, 243<br />
ebenn,191,201,214,312<br />
ebenn nwa, 312<br />
Ecastaphyllum bertii, 258<br />
Ecastaphyllum plumieri, 259 .<br />
egg fruit, 296<br />
eglise,256<br />
Egyptian privet, 269<br />
Ehretia acanthophora, 243.<br />
Ehretia bourreria, 243<br />
Index 375
Eugenia albimarginata, 278<br />
Eugenia axillaris, 192,278<br />
Eugenia bahamensis, 282<br />
Eugenia baruensis, 279<br />
Eugenia baruensis var. latifolia, 279<br />
Eugenia belladerensis, 278<br />
Eugenia biflora, 192, 278<br />
Eugenia biflora var. lancea, 278<br />
Eugenia biflora var. ludibunda, 278<br />
Eugenia buxifolia, 279<br />
Eugenia carophylla, 278, 316<br />
Eugenia chrootricha, 278<br />
Eugenia confusa, 192, 278<br />
Eugenia cumini, 282<br />
Eugenia deflexa, 280<br />
Eugenia dicrana, 280<br />
Eugenia dict<strong>yo</strong>phylla, 279<br />
Eugenia domingensis, 192,279,304,307<br />
Eugenia·esculenta, 281<br />
Eugenia esnardiana, 280<br />
Eugenia flavorirens, 279<br />
Eugenia floribunda, 280<br />
Eugeniafoetida, 192,205,279<br />
Eugenia foetida var. parvifolia, 279<br />
Eugenia foetida var. rhombea, 279<br />
Eugenia formonica, 279<br />
Eugeniafragrans, 280<br />
Eugenia glabrata, 279<br />
Eugenia hetecroclita, 280<br />
Eugenia holdridgei, 279<br />
Eugenia isabeliana, 279<br />
Eugenia jambolana, 282<br />
Eugenia jambos, 282<br />
Eugeniajeremiensis, 278<br />
Eugenia laevis, 279,316<br />
Eugenia lancea, 278<br />
Eugenia laxiflora, 280<br />
Eugenia ligustrina, 214, 279<br />
Eugenia lindahlii, 279<br />
Eugenia lineata, 279<br />
Eugenia lineata var. racemosa, 279<br />
Eugenia lineolata, 279<br />
Eugenia longipes, 282<br />
Eugenia ludibunda, 278<br />
Eugenia macradenia, 279<br />
Eugenia malaccensis, 282<br />
Eugenia malangensis, 280<br />
Eugenia maleolens, 279, 323<br />
Eugenia minguetii, 279<br />
Eugenia monticola, 192,279,305,331<br />
Eugenia monticola var. latifolia, 279<br />
Eugenia myrtoides, 279<br />
Eugenia odorata, 279, 306<br />
Eugenia orthioneura, 279<br />
Eugenia pal/ens, 277<br />
Eugenia paniculata, 280<br />
Eugenia portoricensis, 279<br />
Eugeniaprenleloupii, 279<br />
Index 377<br />
Eugenia procera, 279<br />
Eugenia pseudopsidium, 192, 279<br />
Eugenia pseudopsidium var. portoricensis, 279<br />
Eugenia punctata, 280<br />
Eugenia rhombea, 192, 279, 308, 325<br />
Eugenia samanensis, 279<br />
Eugenia saviaefolia, 280<br />
Eugenia subveriicil/aris, 279<br />
Eugenia tiburona, 279<br />
Eugenia tussacii, 280<br />
Eugenia umbel/ulifera, 281<br />
Eugenia uniflora, 280, 330<br />
Eugenia vanderveldei, 280<br />
Eugenia virgultosa, 278<br />
eugenio, 298<br />
Euonymus cuneifolius, 247<br />
Euparorium.&eASTERACEAE<br />
euphorbe brilliant, 253<br />
Euphorbia, 193<br />
Euphorbia cotinifolia, 253<br />
Euphorbia cotinoides, 253<br />
Euphorbia defoliata, 253<br />
Euphorbialactea,253,317,328<br />
Euphorbia leucocephala, 253<br />
Euphorbia milii, 253, 320, 331<br />
Euphorbia petiolaris, 253, 304, 306<br />
Euphorbiapulcherrima, 214, 253, 312, 313, 328,<br />
329<br />
Euphorbia splendens, 253<br />
Euphorbia tirucalli, 253, 314<br />
Euphorbia verticil/ata, 253<br />
EUPHORBIACEAE,251<br />
European chestnut, 264<br />
European plum, 289<br />
Eurya albopunctata, 299<br />
Eurya bol/eana, 299<br />
Eurya temstroemioides, 299<br />
Eurya vaccinioides, 300<br />
Euterpe globosa, 239<br />
Euterpe vinifera,240<br />
Excoecaria eglandulosa, 253<br />
Excoecaria lucida, 253<br />
Excoecaria pal/ens, 253<br />
Excoecaria sagraei, 253<br />
Exostema caribaeum, 193,205,214,220,290,<br />
311,319<br />
Exostema cf. elegans, 290<br />
. Exostema ellipticum, 193, 290<br />
Exostema floribundum, 290<br />
Exostema sanctae-Iuciae, 290<br />
Exothea oblongifolia, 294<br />
Exothea paniculata, 193, 294, 307, 308, 319<br />
FABACEAE, 255<br />
Fadyeniahookeri,266<br />
-F-
fingripo, 283<br />
flaboir noir, 292<br />
FLACOURTIACEAE,264<br />
flambeau, 292<br />
flambeau caraibe, 292<br />
flamboyan, 259<br />
flamboyan" amarillo, 111,261,264<br />
flamboyan azul, 241<br />
flamboyan orquidea, 257<br />
flamboyant, 259 .<br />
flamboyant bleu, 241<br />
flambwayan, 191,214,313<br />
flambwayan ble, 313 .<br />
flame tree, 259<br />
fle dan, 166,213,313<br />
fle dan fle blanch, 313<br />
fle dantis<strong>yo</strong>n, 313<br />
fle jalouzi, 216, 313<br />
fle koray, 194, 215, 313<br />
fle lila, 3 13<br />
fle mahodem, 313<br />
fle motel, 313<br />
fle senpie, 313<br />
fle siwo, 313<br />
fleur corail, 290<br />
fleur de St. Pierre, 241<br />
fleur dentition, 243<br />
fleur papillon, 264<br />
fleur-a-pluie, 298<br />
fleurs dent afleurs blanches, 243<br />
fleufs dents, 243<br />
fleurs immortels, 259<br />
fleurs jalousie, 269<br />
fleurs lilas, 273<br />
fleurs mahaudeme, 242<br />
fleurs mortelles, 259<br />
fleurs sureau, 233<br />
flor de cerro, 235<br />
flor de chivo, 270<br />
flor de confite, 238<br />
flor de Jeric6, 268<br />
flor de ovejo, 253<br />
flor de pascua, 253<br />
flor nacional, 259<br />
floresco, 145,259<br />
florestina, 256<br />
Florida boxwood, 247<br />
Florida cherrypalm, 239<br />
Florida elder, 233<br />
Florida forestiera, 284<br />
Florida privet, 284<br />
Florida trema, 30I<br />
flowerfence, 257 .<br />
Flueggea acidothamnus, 255<br />
fo jirof, 313<br />
fo kenkena, 313<br />
fo salsparey, 313<br />
folie des filles, 269<br />
Forchhammeria haitiensis, 245<br />
forest red gum, 278<br />
Forestiera porulosa, 284<br />
Forestiera rhamnifolia, 284<br />
Forestiera segregata, 284<br />
forte-ventura, 260<br />
Fonunelwjaponka, 292<br />
Fortunelw margarita, 292<br />
fougere arborescente, 249<br />
framboyan, 259<br />
framboyan azul, 241<br />
framboyan cubano, 257<br />
framboyan extranjero, 257, 259<br />
fraitchipagne, 235<br />
franchipayn, 313<br />
francillade, 257<br />
francillade afleurs jaunes, 257<br />
francillade afleurs rouges, 257<br />
francillane, 257<br />
frangipan, 236 .<br />
frangipane, 235, 236<br />
frangipane blanche, 236<br />
frangipani, 235, 236, 252<br />
frangipanier, 235, 236<br />
frangipanier blanc, 235<br />
.frangipanier epineux, 236<br />
frangipanier marron, 236<br />
frangipanier rose, 236<br />
frangipanier sauvage, 235<br />
franjipani, 200, 219, 313<br />
franjipann, 313<br />
franjipann blanch, 313<br />
franjipanye, 313<br />
franjipanye blan, 219, 313<br />
franjipanye mawon, 313<br />
franjipanye pikan, 313<br />
franjipanye sovaj, 314<br />
franjipanye woz, 314<br />
fransilad, 210; 314<br />
fransilad fle jon, 314<br />
fransilad fle wouj, 314<br />
fransilann, 314<br />
frasoigne, 235<br />
frasoyn, 314<br />
French physic nut, 254<br />
frene, 39, 297<br />
frene etranger, 39, 297<br />
Freziera bolleana, 299<br />
Freziera temstroemioides, 299<br />
Freziera vaccinioides, 300<br />
friegaplatos, 298<br />
frijol,245<br />
frijol de monte, 245<br />
frijolillo, 71, 245, 256, 260, 263<br />
fromager, 242, 290<br />
fruta de catey, 243<br />
fruto de paloma, 251<br />
fuego, 13,287<br />
Index 379
gomme baume, 285<br />
gommier, 244, 256<br />
gommier blanc, 244<br />
gommier rouge, 244<br />
gommier sauvage, 273<br />
Gomphia ilicifolia, 253, 283<br />
gomye, 160, 187,205,210,314,335<br />
gomye blan, 314<br />
gomye sovaj, 314<br />
gomye wouj, 314<br />
gorifwenn, 199,314<br />
goric,297<br />
gorie frene, 297<br />
gorik, 315<br />
gouane, 239<br />
Gouania paniculata, 252<br />
gouannegoul, 256<br />
gounelle,293<br />
goyave,282<br />
goyavier, 282<br />
Graffenriedia ottoschulzii, 272<br />
grain d'or, 252<br />
graines canique, 294<br />
graines de lin, 260<br />
graines de lin pays, 119,260<br />
graines plates, 258<br />
graines quinique, 257<br />
graines vertes, 293<br />
graines vertes pruneau, 237<br />
graines violettes, 293 .<br />
grajo, 278<br />
GRAMINAE. See POACEAE<br />
gran born, 315<br />
gran ley, 315<br />
gran kaymit, 315<br />
gran kokmolye, 315<br />
gran maho, 194,204,215,221,315<br />
gran medsinye, 315<br />
gran monben, 315<br />
gran sapoti, 315<br />
granada, 287<br />
granada agria, 287<br />
granadilla,279<br />
granadillo, 248, 250, 253, 257, 272, 279, 287, 294<br />
granadillo bobo, 119,260,272<br />
granadino, 119, 260<br />
granado, 250, 287<br />
granado enano, 287<br />
grand baume, 285<br />
grand coquemollier, 300<br />
grand leaf, 286<br />
grand mahaut, 270, 271<br />
grand medecinier, 254<br />
grand mombin, 234<br />
grand sapotillier, 297<br />
grande cai"mite, 295<br />
grande feuille, 267<br />
granolino, 119,258,260<br />
grape myrtle, 269<br />
grapefruit, 95, 292<br />
gratgal, 199,201,315<br />
grati-galle, 261, 288<br />
gratigal, 206, 315<br />
gratte-galle, 243, 261<br />
gray nickers, 257<br />
greadilla, 253<br />
green ebony, 255<br />
green wattle, 255<br />
greenheart, 13, 287<br />
gregre, 248<br />
grenad, 219, 315<br />
grenad mawon, 185, 189,212,315<br />
grenade, 287<br />
grenade marron, 251, 302<br />
grenadier, 287<br />
grenadya, 315<br />
grenaillit, 294<br />
grenarde, 302<br />
grenayit, 315<br />
grenn delen, 315<br />
grenn delen peyi, 315<br />
grenn db, 315<br />
grenn kanik, 315<br />
grenn kinik, 210, 315<br />
grenn kininn, 315<br />
grenn plat, 315<br />
grevilea, 287<br />
Grevillea peineta, 287<br />
Grevillea robusta, 193,287,311,315<br />
Grevillea umbratica, 287<br />
·greviIya, 193,315<br />
grigri, 13, 182,210,221,248,315<br />
grigrijon, 159, 186,315<br />
grigri mon, 187,315<br />
grigri sovaj, 13, 315<br />
Grimmeodendron eglandulosum, 253<br />
gris-gris, 248, 287, 302<br />
gris-gris des montagnes, 248<br />
gris-gris jaune, 248<br />
gros figuier, 247<br />
gros mahaut, 271<br />
gros mombin, 234<br />
gros peau, 295<br />
gros petites feuilles, 279<br />
grosela de Mexico, 280<br />
grosella, 254<br />
grosella china, 284<br />
grosella cimarr6n, 254<br />
grosella de Ceihiri, 265<br />
grosella de Otahiti, 284<br />
guaba, 260<br />
guaba nativa, 260<br />
guaba peluda, 260<br />
guaba venezolana, 260<br />
guaban,273<br />
guacacoa,300<br />
Index 381
382 Index<br />
guacacoa baria, 300<br />
guacalote, 257<br />
guacamaya, 257<br />
guacamaya de costa, 257<br />
guachape1e, 256<br />
gmicima, 299<br />
guacima cimaronna, 252,.299<br />
gmicima de caballo, 299<br />
guacimilla, 23, 243, 301<br />
guacimilla boba, 301<br />
guaconejillo, 291<br />
guaconejo, 291<br />
Guadeloupe marlberry, 276<br />
guafierro, 288<br />
guaguad, 265<br />
guaguasi, 265, 266<br />
guaiabara, 287<br />
Guaiabara uvifera, 287<br />
Guaiacum, 48, 193,309,314<br />
Guaiacum officinale, 205, 215,302,314<br />
Guaiacum sanctum, 215, 302, 314<br />
guaicaje, 254<br />
guairaje, 247,278,279<br />
guairaje blanco, 279<br />
guairaje colorado, 278<br />
guaita, 273<br />
Guajacum. See Guaiacum<br />
Guajacum guatemalense, 302<br />
Guajava pyrifera, 282<br />
Guajava pyriformis, 282<br />
guaje, 260<br />
guama, 258, 260<br />
guama americano, 262<br />
guama cande16n, 262<br />
guama de costa, 260<br />
guama de soga, 260<br />
guama hediondo, 262<br />
guama macho, 260<br />
guama venezolana, 260<br />
guamaca, 294<br />
guamuchil, 262<br />
guanabana, 234<br />
guanabana cimarrona, 234<br />
guanabana de corcho, 234<br />
guanabana de perro, 234<br />
guanabanita,234<br />
guanantesi, 301 .<br />
guanara, 294<br />
guanarita, 294<br />
guaney,266<br />
guaney negro, 284<br />
guango, 256<br />
guanilla, 301<br />
guanillo, 240<br />
guanina negra, 263<br />
guanito, 240<br />
guannegoul, 256<br />
guano, 239, 242<br />
guano campeche, 240<br />
guano de costa, 240<br />
guano de Guinea, 240<br />
guano de sierra, 240<br />
guao, 233, 234,249<br />
guao de costa, 233<br />
guao negro, 255<br />
Guapira brevipetiolata, 282<br />
Guapira discolor, 193,282<br />
Guapira domingensis, 282, 307<br />
Guapirafragrans, 193,282<br />
Guapira ligustrifolia, 282<br />
Guapira obtusata, 193,283,307<br />
Guapira rufescens, 283<br />
. guara, 294<br />
guara blanca, 294<br />
guaracabuya, 257<br />
guaraguao, 248, 273<br />
guarana, 294<br />
guarantel,30l<br />
guarapo, 245,287, 298<br />
Guarea,193<br />
Guarea cabirma, 273<br />
Guarea glabra, 273<br />
Guarea guara, 273<br />
Guarea guidonia, 133, 169,215,273,310,326<br />
Guarea humilis, 273<br />
Guarea obstusifoiia, 273<br />
Guarea perrottetiana, 273<br />
Guarea ramiflora, 273<br />
Guarea sphenophylla, 273<br />
Guarea trichilioides, 273<br />
guarema, 297<br />
guasabara, 279<br />
guasara, 279<br />
guasavara, 272<br />
guasima cereza, 250<br />
guasimilla, 301<br />
guasit6n, 270<br />
guatapana, 3, 257, 262<br />
guatapana, 3, 255,257,262<br />
guatapanal, 261<br />
guatemala, 261<br />
Guatteria berteriana, 252<br />
Guatteria blainii, 194,235,308<br />
Guatteria laurifolia, 235<br />
Guatteria prinoides, 252<br />
Guatteria virgata, 235<br />
guava, 282<br />
guavaberry, 280<br />
guayaba,282<br />
guayaba agria, 282<br />
guayaba cimarrona, 258, 272, 279<br />
guayaba comun, 282<br />
guayaba de mulo, 286<br />
guayaba silvestre, 279<br />
guayabacoa, 248<br />
guayabac6n,280
guayabilla, 265<br />
guayabillo, 280<br />
guayab6n, 280, 286,290<br />
guayabota, 250<br />
guayacan,302<br />
guayacan bastardo, 302<br />
guayacan blanco, 302<br />
guayacancillo, 286, 302<br />
guayaco, 302<br />
guayaquiI,256<br />
guayarote, 246<br />
gua<strong>yo</strong> blanco, 302<br />
gua<strong>yo</strong> prieto, 243, 302<br />
guayu<strong>yo</strong>, 285<br />
guayu<strong>yo</strong> blanco, 285<br />
guazara, 279<br />
guazuma, 299<br />
Guazuma bubroma, 299<br />
Guazuma guazuma, 299<br />
Guazuma polybotrya, 299<br />
Guazuma tomentosa, 299<br />
Guazuma ulmifolia, 169, 194,215,299,305,306<br />
Guazuma ulmifolia var. tomentosa, 299<br />
guazumilla, 297<br />
guazumillo, 243<br />
gue-gue, 248<br />
guenepa,294<br />
guepois, 280<br />
gtiera de olar, 241<br />
Guettarda, 194<br />
Guettarda elliptica, 290<br />
Guettarda laevis, 290<br />
Guettarda multinervis, 290, 317<br />
Guettarda ovalifolia, 290<br />
Guettarda pungens, 290<br />
Guettarda valenzuelana, 290<br />
Guiana plum, 253<br />
Guiana rapanea, 276<br />
Guidonia spinescens, 265<br />
Guilandina barkeriana, 257<br />
Guilandina bonduc, 257<br />
Guilandina bonducella, 257<br />
Guilandina ciliata, 257<br />
Guilandina major, 257<br />
Guilandina moringa, 275<br />
guilfoyle poIyscias, 237<br />
guina criolIa, 290<br />
guineo, 275<br />
guineos, 275<br />
gtiira, 241<br />
gtiira cimarrona, 241<br />
guisacillo, 301<br />
guitaran, 287, 294, 297<br />
gum arabic, 256<br />
gum tree, 244<br />
gumbo-limbo, 244,335.<br />
GUTIIFERAE. See CLUSIACEAE<br />
gwanegoul, 315<br />
Index 383<br />
gwaneI,315<br />
gwann, 315<br />
gwatapana, 3, 176, 187,200,210,219,315<br />
gwayabara, 316<br />
gwayav, 177,201,219,316<br />
gwenn,212,239,316<br />
gwo figye, 212, 316<br />
gwo maho, 316<br />
gwo monben, 316<br />
gwo po, 316<br />
gwo ti fey, 316<br />
Gymindia latifolia, 194, 246<br />
Gymnanthes lucida, 194,215,253,308<br />
Gymnanthes pallens, 253<br />
Gyrotenia myriocarpa, 274<br />
-H-<br />
haba,253<br />
habilla, 253<br />
Haematoxylon, 317<br />
Haematoxylon brasiletto, 194, 226, 228, 259<br />
Haematoxylon campechianum, 194,205,215,<br />
259,307<br />
Haemocharis alpestris, 300<br />
Haemocharis portoricensis, 300<br />
Haenianthus oblongatus, 284<br />
Haenianthus obovatus, 284<br />
Haenianthus salicifolius, 194<br />
Haenianthus salicifolius var. obvatus, 284<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong> catalpa, 29, 241<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>an oak, 29, 241<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>ella ekmanii, 239<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>ella munizii, 239<br />
haitier, 235<br />
<strong>Haiti</strong>mimosa extranea, 261<br />
Hamelia erecta, 290<br />
Hameliapatens, 194,215,290,313,320<br />
Hamelia ventricosa, 290<br />
harton,275<br />
havilla, 253<br />
Hawaiian Ieucaena, 119,260<br />
haya,235<br />
haya minga, 235<br />
hayao, 301<br />
hazel sterculia, 299<br />
hedionda, 290<br />
hediondilla, 119,260,263<br />
Hedwigia balsamifera, 244<br />
Hed<strong>yo</strong>smum nutans, 209, 247<br />
Hedysarum ecastaphyllum, 259<br />
helecho, 249, 287<br />
heIecho arb6reo, 249<br />
heIecho gigante, 249<br />
Helicteres altheaefolia, 299<br />
Helicteres apetala, 299<br />
Helicteres isora, 299<br />
I
lagetto, 30 I<br />
laguilla, 297, 39<br />
Laguncularia racemosa, 171, 195,216,248,315,<br />
323,324<br />
laitier, 235<br />
laitye,321<br />
lam veritab, 186,209,321<br />
lamandi, 321<br />
lamandye,321<br />
lamandye gran ley, 200, 219, 321<br />
lamandye ti ley, 200, 219, 321<br />
lana, 242, 252<br />
lancewood, 260, 267<br />
lanero,242<br />
lang bef, 321<br />
langue aboeuf, 300<br />
lanis sovaj, 321<br />
Lantana. See VERBENACEAE<br />
Lantanopsis. See ASTERACEAE<br />
Laplacea alpestris, 300<br />
Laplacea cymatoneura, 300<br />
Laplacea portoricensis, 300<br />
latanier, 239<br />
latanier balai, 239<br />
latanier bourrique, 239<br />
latanier chapeau, 240<br />
latanier de mer, 240<br />
latanier franc, 240<br />
latanier jaune, 240<br />
latanier lamer, 240<br />
. latanier marron, 239<br />
latanier piquant, 240<br />
latanier savanne, 239<br />
latanier zombi, 240<br />
latanye balay, 321<br />
latanye bourik, 321<br />
latanye chapo, 177,321<br />
latanye fran, 177, 321<br />
latanye jon, 177,321<br />
latanye lame, 182,204,221,321<br />
latanye mawon, 321<br />
latanye me, 321<br />
latanye pikan, 321<br />
latanye savann, 212, 321<br />
latanye zombi, 321<br />
Laugeria densiflora, 290<br />
Laugeria lucida, 289<br />
Laugeria resinosa, 290<br />
LAURACEAE, 267<br />
laurel, 267, 268, 274<br />
laurel amarillo, 268<br />
laurel benjamin, 274<br />
laurel blanco, 267, 268<br />
laurel bobo, 267<br />
laurel cambron, 267<br />
laurel criollo, 274<br />
laurel de costa, 246<br />
laurel de la India, 274<br />
laurel de lorna, 267<br />
laurel geo, 268<br />
laurel geo colorado, 268<br />
laurel macho, 268<br />
laurel prieto, 267<br />
laurel roseta, 268<br />
laurier, 267<br />
laurier agrandes feuilles, 267<br />
laurier blanc, 235, 267<br />
laurier. canneIle, 267<br />
laurier des jardins, 235<br />
laurier guepes, 267<br />
laurier jaune, 267" 268<br />
laurier petites feuilles, 267<br />
laurier puant, 267<br />
laurier rose, 235, 267<br />
laurier sassafras, 267<br />
laurier tropical, 235<br />
Laurocerasus myrtifolia, 289<br />
Laurocerasus occidentalis, 289<br />
Laurocerasus sphaerocarpa, 289<br />
Laurus americanus, 300<br />
Laurus cinnamomum, 267<br />
Laurus coriacea, 267<br />
Laurus floribunda, 267<br />
Laurus leucoxylon, 267<br />
Laurus membranacea; 268<br />
Laurus montana, 267<br />
Laurus patens, 268<br />
Laurus pendula, 267<br />
Laurus persea, 105,268<br />
Laurustriandra, 267<br />
Laurus"winterana, 245<br />
lavapen, 274<br />
Lawsonia inermis, 216, 269, 312, 313<br />
leadtree, 119<br />
lebisa,267<br />
lebiza,267<br />
leehe, 294<br />
lechecillo, 295<br />
lechosa,246<br />
LECYTHIDACEAE, 268<br />
legliz, 321<br />
LEGUMINOSAE. See FABACEAE<br />
lejio,301<br />
lele, 261<br />
lele, 321<br />
Lemaireocereus hystrix, 244, 318<br />
lemon, 292<br />
lefia amargo, 297<br />
lengua de mujer, 256<br />
lengua de vaca, 237, 255, 276<br />
lengua viperina, 256<br />
Leonardia haitiensis, 295<br />
Leonotis elliptica, 288<br />
Lepianthes. See PIPERACEAE<br />
lepine jaune, 292<br />
Leptogonum buchii, 287<br />
Index 389
.390 Index<br />
LeptogolJum domingense, 287<br />
Leptogonum molle, 287<br />
lete, 321<br />
leteuil,236<br />
leucaena, 119,260<br />
. Leucaena, 35, 112, 113, 305<br />
Leucaena bolivarensis, 260<br />
Leucaena brachycarpa, 260<br />
Leucaena canescens, 260<br />
Leucaena collinsii, 122<br />
Leucaena collinsii ssp. zacapana, 129,226,228<br />
Leucaena colombiana, 260<br />
Leucaena diversifolia, 119<br />
Leucaena diversifolia subsp. diversifolia, 119,<br />
120,127-130,171,260,322<br />
Leucaena diversifoiia x Leucaena leucocephala,<br />
129, 130<br />
Leucaena esculenta ssp. esculenta, 130<br />
Leucaena esculenta ssp. paniculata, 130<br />
Lellcaena glabrata, 119,260<br />
Leucaena glauca, 119, 260<br />
LeucaelJa lanceolata, 130<br />
Leucaena latisiliqlla, 119, 260<br />
Leucaena laxifolia, 260<br />
Leucaenaleucocephala, 34, 135, 139, 171<br />
Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata, Ill,<br />
118-131,195,205,224-226,228-230,260,<br />
312,322<br />
Leucaena leucocephala subsp. leucocephala,<br />
119-123, 196,216,260,312,315,323,324,<br />
331<br />
Leucaena macrophylla subsp. nelsonii, 130<br />
leucaena petite feuille, 260<br />
Leucaena pseudotichodes, 260<br />
Leucaena pulverulenta, 130<br />
Leucaena salvadorensis, 129, 130<br />
Lf!ucaena shannonii, 122, 129<br />
Leucaena shannonii ssp. shannonii, 129,226,<br />
228 .<br />
Leucaena trichandra, 260<br />
Leucaena trichodes, 260<br />
leviza, 267<br />
liane abarriques, 259<br />
liane aclous, 259<br />
Hane acoliques, 270<br />
liane barrique, 285<br />
liane bord-de-mer, 259<br />
liane bouhouque, 270<br />
liane croc-chien, 288<br />
lianejaune, 270<br />
liane panier, 285<br />
Hane taureau, 270<br />
liann barik, 321<br />
liann klou, 214, 321<br />
liann kolik, 187,210,321<br />
liann krbk chen, 321<br />
liann panye, 321<br />
liann towo, 160, 187,210,321<br />
libertad, 264,275<br />
libidibi:257, 321<br />
Libidibia coriaria, 257<br />
Licaria, 105<br />
Licaria jamaicensis, 267<br />
Licaria triandra, 196,216,267,322<br />
liege,234<br />
liej,321<br />
lignum vitae, 302<br />
lila, 173, 197,217,273,322<br />
lila etranje, 145, 169, 193,214,322<br />
lila nwi, 322<br />
lilaila, 273<br />
liIas; 273<br />
liIas de nuit, 298<br />
liIas etranger, 145, 259<br />
liIa<strong>yo</strong>, 273, 298<br />
LILIACEAE, 268<br />
lima, 291<br />
lima boba, 95, 291<br />
limasa, 291<br />
limber tree; 245<br />
lime, 291, 335<br />
limon, 292<br />
limon agrio, 291, 292<br />
limon de cabro, 292<br />
limon dulce, 291<br />
limon france, 212,292<br />
limon frans, 322<br />
limon persa, 292<br />
Limon vulgaris, 292<br />
limoncillo, 246, 264, 277, 283, 292, 294<br />
limoncillo cimarron, 278, 281<br />
limoncillo del monte, 278, 280<br />
Hmonejo decosta, 246<br />
Limonia aurantifolia, 291<br />
limpia botella, 277<br />
Linnaeobreynia ferruginea, 245<br />
Linnaeobreynia grisebachii, 245<br />
Linnaeobreynia indica, 245<br />
lino, 119, 260, 262<br />
lino criollo, 119, 260<br />
Linociera axilliflora, 284<br />
Linociera bumelioides, 284<br />
Linociera caribaea, 284<br />
Linociera dict<strong>yo</strong>phylla, 284<br />
Linociera domingensis, 284<br />
Linociera lanceolata, 284<br />
Linociera latifolia, 284<br />
Linociera ligustrina, 284<br />
Linociera miragoanae, 284<br />
Linociera phylliraeoides, 284<br />
lipstick bush, 242<br />
lirio,235,236,252,284,291<br />
lirio bobo, 290<br />
lirio santana, 290<br />
lirio tricolor, 236<br />
lisina, 118-131,171,195,205,322
394 Index<br />
mar pacffico, 270<br />
mar serena, 270<br />
mara, 247<br />
maravedi,246<br />
maray-maray, 259<br />
marble tree, 246<br />
margarabomba, 264<br />
Margaritaria nobilis, 196,254<br />
Margaritaria nobilia var. antillana, 254<br />
margot, 233<br />
marguerite, 235, 247<br />
mari jinn, 324<br />
marijon, 324<br />
marfa, 247<br />
maricao, 269, 270<br />
marie jaune, 260<br />
marie-jeanne, 273<br />
Marila biflora, 248<br />
Marila domingensis, 248<br />
marimofia, 270<br />
marmelade plum, 297<br />
marmelade-box genipe, 290<br />
martin avila, 289<br />
martinica, 235<br />
masa,244<br />
masaguaro, 256<br />
mascarite; 255<br />
mascristi,255<br />
maskarit, 324<br />
maskristi,324<br />
maskriti, 201, 324<br />
mastic-bully, 296<br />
Mastichodendronfoetidissimum, 196,216,296<br />
Mastichodendron foetidissimum ssp. foetidissi<br />
- mum, 296, 303, 319, 320<br />
mastwood, 29, 241<br />
mata becerro, 255, 256<br />
mata gallina, 298<br />
mata gallina cimarrona, 266<br />
mata puerco, 256<br />
mata raton, 145,259<br />
matabecerro, 245<br />
Matayba, 306<br />
Matayba apetala, 216, 294<br />
Matayba denticulata, 294<br />
Matayba domingensis, 196,294<br />
Matayba oppositifolia, 294<br />
Matayba scrobiculata, 216, 294, 311, 329<br />
matchwood, 238<br />
mate, 257<br />
" mate de chivo, 294<br />
mate de costa, 257<br />
mate prieto, 246, 257<br />
mato azul, 257<br />
mato de playa, 257<br />
matouren, 324<br />
matourin, 257<br />
matta becero, 302<br />
maurepas, 259<br />
maximier, 234<br />
Maximiliana crassispatha, 238<br />
Maximilianea vitifolia, 248<br />
maximilien, 253<br />
mayacaule, 283<br />
mayakayul, 324<br />
Mayepea axilliflora, 284<br />
Mayepea bumelioides, 284<br />
Mayepea caribaea, 284<br />
Mayepea domingensis, 284<br />
Mayepea ligustrina, 284<br />
mayi bouyi, 192, 324<br />
mayn lame, 325<br />
Maytenus, 197<br />
Maytenusbuxifolia,205,246,306,317,329,333<br />
Maytenus domingensis, 246<br />
Maytenus elliptica, 246<br />
Maytenus haitiensis, 246<br />
Maytenus jamaicensis, 246<br />
Maytenus microphylla, 246<br />
Maytenus mornicola, 246<br />
Mecranium, 309,323<br />
Mecranium alpestre, 271<br />
Mecranium amygdalinum, 197, 271<br />
Mecranium birimosum, 271<br />
Mecranium crassinerve, 271"<br />
Mecranium haitiense, 271<br />
Mecranium microdictyum, 271<br />
Mecranium multiflorum, 271<br />
Mecranium revolutum, 271<br />
Mecranium revolutum x M. haitiense, 272<br />
Mecranium salicfolium, 271<br />
Mecranium tricostatum, 272<br />
medecinier, 254<br />
medecinier agrandes feuilles, 254<br />
medecinier beni, 254<br />
medecinier carthartique, 254<br />
medecinier des Indes, 254<br />
medecinier espagnol, 254<br />
medecinier multifide, 254<br />
medisinye, 325<br />
medisinye beni, 325<br />
medisinye gran fey, 325<br />
medisinye miltifid, 325<br />
medisinye pan<strong>yo</strong>l, 325<br />
melaleuca, 280<br />
Melaleuca cajaputi, 280<br />
Melaleuca leucadendron, 280<br />
Melaleuca minor, 280<br />
Melaleuca quiquenervia, 197,217,280,325 .<br />
Melaleuca saligna, 280<br />
Melaleuca viridiflora, 280<br />
melalika, 197,217,325<br />
MELASTOMATACEAE, 271<br />
Melia azadirachta, 133, 273<br />
Melia azedarach, 133, 139, 173, 197,217,273,<br />
313, 322, 327
396 Index<br />
miraguano, 239,240<br />
mirto, 280,292<br />
Misanteca triandra, 267<br />
misimieu, 292<br />
miskad,325<br />
miskadye, 325<br />
mit, 197,217,325<br />
mit fey lorie, 325<br />
mit fey sitwon, 325<br />
miwobalann, 325<br />
moca, 256<br />
moca blanca, 256<br />
mock orange, 292<br />
molinero, 242<br />
molinillo, 242, 273<br />
mombin, 234<br />
mombina fruits jaunes, 234<br />
mombin batard, 273, 294<br />
mombin espagnol, 234<br />
mombin franc, 234<br />
mombin rouge, 234<br />
monben, 179,202,220,325<br />
monben bata, 182,204,221,325<br />
monben fran, 179, 325<br />
monben jon, 325<br />
monben pan<strong>yo</strong>l, 325<br />
mondacapullo, 278<br />
mongier, 289<br />
monkey apple, 247<br />
monkey bread tree, 242<br />
monkey pistol, 253<br />
Monteverdia buxifolia, 246<br />
mora, 274<br />
Mora abbottii, 261<br />
mora de la India, 290<br />
mora del pais, 274<br />
Mora ekmanii, 261, 330<br />
mora macho, 274<br />
mora negra, 275<br />
MORACEAE, 274<br />
moradilla, 299<br />
moral,243<br />
moral6n, 286<br />
morepa, 325<br />
morera negra, 275<br />
morero, 275<br />
morinda, 290<br />
Morinda citrifolia, 197,217,290,306,312,314<br />
Morinda macrophylla, 290 .<br />
moringa, 275<br />
Moringa nux-ben, 275<br />
Moringa oleifera, 174, 197,217,275,304,312,<br />
326<br />
Moringa pterygosperma, 275<br />
MORINGACEAE, 275<br />
Morisonia americana, 197,245<br />
Morisonia flexuosa, 245<br />
morivivi cimarr6n, 258<br />
Moronobea coccinea, 248<br />
mortel debout, 271<br />
mortelle, 259<br />
moruro blanco, 263<br />
Morus nigra,·197, 217,275,325<br />
Morus tinctoria, 274<br />
mostacilla, 245<br />
mostacilla chica, 245<br />
mostazo, 245<br />
motel, 145,325<br />
motel debou, 204, 221, 325<br />
motel etranje, 179, 202, 325<br />
mother-of-cocao, 145,259<br />
mountain ebony, 13,287<br />
mountain immortelle, 259<br />
mountain mahoe, 270<br />
mountain palm, 239<br />
mountain soursop, 234<br />
mountain wild olive, 248<br />
moureiller piquant, 270<br />
moureye pikan, 325<br />
Mouriri domingensis, 197, 272, 320<br />
Mouriria. See Mouriri<br />
mpanash, 325<br />
mucha gente, 265<br />
muco, 268<br />
mulfitre, 234<br />
mullein nightshade, 298<br />
Munchausia speciosa, 269<br />
mufieco, 243, 282<br />
mufieco baboso, 243<br />
mufieco blanco, 243<br />
Muntingia calabura, 197,217,250,306,310<br />
muralla,292 .<br />
murallera,292<br />
Murbeckia haitiensis, 245<br />
mures, 275<br />
Murianthe albescens, 296<br />
Muriea albescens, 296<br />
Muriea eyerdamii, 296<br />
Murraea exotica, 292<br />
Murrayapaniculata, 197,217,292,303,310,325<br />
murta, 272, 288<br />
AIusa,97,174,217 .<br />
AIusa acuminata x AI. balbisiand 'AAA', 275,<br />
313<br />
·AIusaacuminata x AI. balbisiana 'AAB', 275,<br />
303<br />
Musa paradisiaca, 275<br />
Musa sapientum, 275<br />
Musa x paradisiaca, 29, 39, 275<br />
MUSACEAE, 275<br />
muscade, 276<br />
muscadier, 276<br />
musimieu, 292<br />
musk wood, 273<br />
mustard shrub, 245<br />
Mycianthes umbellulifera, 281
Myginda cuneifolia, 247<br />
Myginda latifolia; 246<br />
Myginda rhacoma, 246<br />
MYOPORACEAE, 275<br />
Myrcia citrifolia, 197,217,280,305,323,325,<br />
328<br />
Myrcia coriacea, 280<br />
Myrcia deflexa, 198, 280<br />
Myrcia fenzliana, 280<br />
Myrcia ferruginea, 280<br />
Myrcia hotteana, 280<br />
Myrcia leptoclada, 198, 280<br />
Myrcia lindeniana, 280<br />
Myrcia saliana, 280<br />
Myrcia splendens, 198,280<br />
Myrcia tiburoniana, 280<br />
Myrcia umbellulifera, 281<br />
Myrcianthes esnardiana, 280, 323<br />
Myrcianthesfragrans, 280,305,308,309,325<br />
Myrciaria floribunda, 280, 308<br />
Myrica cerifera, 198,217,275,317,318<br />
Myrica mexicana, 275<br />
Myrica picardae, 275<br />
Myrica segregata, 284<br />
MYRICACEAE, 275<br />
Myristicafragrans, 198,217,276,325,326<br />
MYRISTICACEAE,276<br />
myrobalane, 234<br />
Myrobalanus catappa, 248<br />
Myrodia turbinata, 242<br />
Myrospermumfrutescens, 198,217,261<br />
Myroxylon balsamum, 198, 217<br />
Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae, 261<br />
Myroxylon buxifolium, 265<br />
Myroxylon coriaceum, 265<br />
Myroxylon pereirae, 261<br />
Myroxylon schaefferioides, 266<br />
MYRSINACEAE, 276<br />
Myrsine acrantha, 276<br />
Myrsine berterii, 276<br />
Myrsine coriacea, 198,276,309,324<br />
Myrsine ferruginea, 276<br />
Myrsine floridana, 276<br />
Myrsine guianensis, 198,276,312<br />
Myrsine laeta: 276<br />
Myrsine magnoliifolia, 276<br />
Myrsine punctata, 276<br />
MYRTACEAE,277<br />
myrte, 279, 292<br />
myrte afeuilles de citron, 280<br />
myrte afeuilles de laurier, 280, 281<br />
myrtle-of-the-river, 278<br />
Myrtus acris, 281<br />
Myrtus axillaris, 278<br />
Myrtus bahamensis, 282<br />
Myrtus biflora, 278<br />
Myrtus brachystemon, 279<br />
Myrtus buxifolia, 279<br />
Myrtus car<strong>yo</strong>phyllata, 281<br />
Myrtus citrifolia, 280<br />
Myrtus coriacea, 280<br />
Myrtus cumini, 282<br />
Myrtus dichotoma, 280<br />
Myrtus elliptica, 282<br />
Myrtus fragrans, 280<br />
Myrtus glabrata, 279<br />
Myrtus ligustrina, 279<br />
Myrtus lineata, 279<br />
Myrtus monticola, 279<br />
Myrtus patrisii, 279<br />
Myrtus procera, 279<br />
Myrtus splendens, 280<br />
Myrtus suzygium, 278<br />
Myrtus tiburona, 279<br />
Myrtus tussacii, 280<br />
Myrtus umbellulifera, 281<br />
-N-<br />
nabaco, 290<br />
nacascol, 257<br />
nago, 192,326<br />
nagot, 251<br />
najesf,273<br />
naked wood, 287<br />
naranja,95<br />
naranja agria, 95, 291<br />
naranja de babor, 291<br />
naranja de China, 292<br />
naranja dulce, 95, 292<br />
naranja mandarina, 95, 292<br />
naranjito, 290<br />
narciso, 235<br />
Narvalina. See ASTERACEAE<br />
naseberry, 296<br />
Nectandra antillana, 267<br />
Nectandra c(lUdato-acuminata, 267<br />
Nectandra coriacea, 267<br />
Nectandra cuneata, 268<br />
Nectandra krugii, 267<br />
Nectandra membranacea, 268<br />
Nectandra oligoneura, 268<br />
Nectandra patens, 268<br />
Nectandra pulchra, 268<br />
Nectandra sanguinea, 267<br />
Nectandra sintenisii, 268<br />
Nectandra willdemoviana, 267<br />
Neea collina, 283<br />
Neea demissa, 283<br />
neeb,133,273<br />
neem, 133, 273<br />
negra loca, 286<br />
negra lora, 275, 294<br />
Neltuma juliflora, 3, 262<br />
Nemodaphne cuneata, 268<br />
Index 397 '
398 Index<br />
Neobuchia paulinae, 242, 324<br />
Neocastela depressa, 297<br />
Neolaugeria resinosa, 198,290<br />
Nephelea woodwardioides var. hieonymi, 249<br />
Nerium divaricatum; 236<br />
Nerium oleander, 198,217,235,322<br />
Nicarago vesicaria, 257<br />
nickar tree, 257<br />
night-flowering acacia, 258<br />
nigua, 290<br />
nim, 132-143, 159, 186,205,209,273,326<br />
nimba, 133,273<br />
Niopa peregrina, 261<br />
nisperillo, 294, 296<br />
nisperillo de hoja finas, 296<br />
nispero, 296<br />
nispero del Japan, 289<br />
nogal, 195,215,267,326<br />
nogal de la India, 252<br />
nogal del pais, 267<br />
noisetier, 254<br />
noisetier d'Amerique, 254<br />
noisetier du pays, 254<br />
noisette, 252, 254<br />
noix, 252<br />
noix d'acjou, 233<br />
noix de coco, 79, 239<br />
noix de cola, 298<br />
noix de muscade, 276<br />
noix de serpent, 236<br />
noni,290<br />
Norfolk-Island pine, 238<br />
northern black wattle, 255<br />
noyer, 252<br />
.noyer des Indes, 252<br />
nuez,252,267<br />
nuez de cola, 298<br />
nuez moscada, 276<br />
nutmeg, 276<br />
nwa, 326<br />
nwa kajou, 157, 185,209,326<br />
nwa koko, 79, 326<br />
nwa kola, 213, 326<br />
nwa miskad, 198,217,326<br />
nwa sepan, 326<br />
nwaye, 326<br />
nwazet, 185,208,218,326<br />
nwazet'peyi, 326<br />
NYCTAGINACEAE, 282<br />
-0-<br />
Ochna ilicifolia, 283<br />
OCHNACEAE,283<br />
Ochroma bicolor, 242<br />
Ochroma boliviana, 242<br />
Ochroma grandiflora, 242<br />
Ochroma lagopus, 242<br />
Ochroma lagopus var. bicolor, 242<br />
Ochroma lagopus var. occigranatensis, 242<br />
Ochroma limonensis, 242<br />
Ochroma obtusa, 242<br />
Ochroma peruviana, 242<br />
Ochromapyramidale, 174, 198,217,242,308,<br />
313,320,323<br />
Ochroma tomentosa, 242<br />
Ochroma velutina, 242<br />
Ocotea, 105,322<br />
Ocotea acarina, 267<br />
Ocotea athroanthes, 267<br />
Ocotea caudato-acuminata, 267<br />
Ocotea cicatricosa, 267<br />
Ocotea coriacea, 198, 218, 267<br />
Ocotea cuneata, 268<br />
Ocoteafloribunda, 198,267,322<br />
Ocoteafoeniculacea, 267, 318<br />
Ocotea globosa, 198, 267, 322<br />
Ocotea krugii, 267<br />
Ocotea leucoxylon, 198,267,312,315,322<br />
Ocotea membranacea, 198,268,322<br />
Ocotea nemodaphne, ·198, 268<br />
Ocotea oligoneura, 268<br />
Ocoteapatens, 198,268.<br />
Ocotea pulchra, 268<br />
Ocotea sintenisii, 198, 268<br />
Ocotea wrightii, 268, 317<br />
oeuf de poule, 261<br />
ofon criollo, 302<br />
ojo de peje, 297<br />
OLACACEAE, 283<br />
OLEACEAE,284<br />
oleander, 235<br />
olive, 275<br />
olivier, 275<br />
olivier batard, 275<br />
olivo,39,245,297<br />
olivo bastardo, 275<br />
olivo frijol, 245<br />
olivye,326<br />
olivye bata, 326<br />
om de pay, 326<br />
Omphalandria commutata, 254<br />
Omphalea, 326<br />
Omphalea commutata, 254<br />
Omphalea ekmanii, 254<br />
Omphalea triandra, 218, 254<br />
Oothrinax anomala, 240<br />
Opuntiaficus-indica, 218, 244, 328<br />
Opuntia moniliformis, 244, 327, 328<br />
orange amer, 95, 291<br />
orange douce, 95, 292<br />
orange jessemine, 292<br />
orange sure, 291<br />
orangier, 95<br />
Orbignya crassispatha, 238
oreganillo, 249, 258<br />
oreja, 259<br />
oreja de burro, 286<br />
oreja de judfo, 259<br />
orej6n, 259<br />
Oreodaphne domingensis, 267<br />
Oreodoxa borinquena, 57, 240<br />
Oriwpanax capitatum, 218, 237, 305, 307<br />
Oreopanax capitatus. See Oreopanax capitatum<br />
onne d'Amerique, 299<br />
Ormosia_krugii, 198,261,308<br />
orteg6n:287 .<br />
ortie blanche, 301<br />
ortiga brava, 301<br />
os devants marrons, 246<br />
Ossaea woodsii, 272<br />
otaheiti gooseberry, 254<br />
Ottoschulzia domingensis, 266<br />
Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon, 199,266<br />
ouane primaire, 238<br />
ouary, 257<br />
Ouratea ilicifolia, 218, 283, 303<br />
Ouratea jaegeriana, 283<br />
Ouratea lenticellosa, 283<br />
Ouratea spinulosa, 283<br />
oval-leaved fiddlewood, 302<br />
OXALIDACEAE, 284<br />
Oxandra lariceolata, 199,218,235,307<br />
Oxandra laurifolia, 235, 307<br />
Oxandra virgata, 235<br />
oxhorn bucida, 248<br />
oyster-wood, 253<br />
ozua, 280, 281<br />
-p-<br />
pabe1l6n del rey, 285<br />
pacana, 268<br />
pachira, 242<br />
Pachira, 199<br />
Pachira aquatica, 218, 242, 319<br />
Pachira emarginata, 242<br />
Pachira grandiflora, 242<br />
Pachira insignis, 218, 242<br />
Pachyanthus hotteana, 272<br />
pae manuel, 253<br />
pagua, 105, 268<br />
paille, 240<br />
painkiller, 290<br />
pajua, 238<br />
pal, 239, 326<br />
pale lidflower, 277<br />
paletiviye, 326<br />
paletuvier, 248, 263, 302<br />
Palicourea, 199<br />
Palicourea alpina, 290<br />
Palicourea barbinervia, 290<br />
Index 399<br />
Palicourea brevithyrsa, 290<br />
Palicourea crocea, 290<br />
Palicourea domingensis, 290<br />
palingmin, 245<br />
palissandre, 261<br />
palito, 253<br />
palitode vara, 271<br />
Paliurus reticulatus, 288<br />
palm, 326, 335<br />
.palm dorada, 239<br />
palm ko<strong>yo</strong>, 326<br />
palma, 57, 238-240, 326<br />
palma areca, 239<br />
palma cana, 240<br />
palma Christi, 255<br />
palma cristi, 255<br />
palma de abanico, 275<br />
palma de arro<strong>yo</strong>, 238<br />
palma de cana, 240<br />
palma de catey, 238<br />
palma de coco, 79, 239<br />
palma de cojollo, 240<br />
palma de escoba, 240<br />
palma de guano, 239<br />
palma de guinea, 239<br />
palma de manacla, 239<br />
palma de sombrero, 240<br />
palma deyagua, 57, 240<br />
Palma gracilis, 238<br />
palma kristi, 326<br />
palma manaca, 238, 239<br />
palma real, 57, 240<br />
Palma spinosa, 238<br />
Palmas cocos, 79, 239<br />
palmaven, 326<br />
palme, 239<br />
palme coyau, 239<br />
palme-a-vin, 238, 239<br />
palmera, 239<br />
palmier royal, 57, 240<br />
palmilla, 239, 249<br />
palmis, 56-61, 201, 220, 326<br />
palmis chapelet, 326'<br />
palmis dezenn, 326<br />
palmistaven, 326<br />
palmiste, 57, 240, 273<br />
palmiste des lndes, 250<br />
palmiste-a-chapelet, 239<br />
palmiste-a-vin, 240<br />
palmita, 240<br />
palo amargo, 39, 236, 252, 254, 266,287,294,<br />
297,301<br />
palo amarillo, 247, 274, 284<br />
palo bellaco, 252<br />
palo berraco, 252<br />
palo blanco, 237, 246, 252, 253, 260, 265, 289,<br />
293,295,297<br />
palo blanco de sierra, 252
400 Index<br />
palo bobo, 243, 248<br />
palo cachumba, 237<br />
palo campeche, 259<br />
palo carre, 265<br />
palo catorra, 265<br />
palo cochino, 244<br />
palo colorado, 250<br />
palo coral, 290<br />
palo damaso, 254<br />
palo de abejas, 275<br />
palo de aceite, 244, 275<br />
palo de anastasio, 273<br />
palo de angel, 257<br />
palo de arana, 247<br />
palo de avispas, 264<br />
palo de berraco, 266<br />
palo de boya, 259<br />
palo de Brasil, 257<br />
palo de burro, 237, 256, 260, 263<br />
palo de cabra, 269, 301<br />
palo de cabrilla, 301<br />
palo de caiman, 257<br />
palo de caja, 293<br />
palo de candela, 265<br />
palo de caya prieto, 293<br />
palo de cera, 275<br />
palo de chivo, 263<br />
palo de corcho, 282<br />
palo de cotorra, 249, 265<br />
palo de cruz, 248, 290, 300<br />
palo de cucubano, 290<br />
palo de cuello, 289<br />
palo de dajao, 290<br />
palo de doneella, 270<br />
palo de doncello, 269<br />
palo de encaje, 301<br />
palo de gallina, 252, 289, 298<br />
palo de goma, 274<br />
palo de gongolf, 288<br />
palo de guitarra, 302<br />
palo de hacha, 289, 293<br />
palo de hierro, 288, 290<br />
palo de hormiga, 279<br />
palo de hueso, 253, 278, 284, 297<br />
palo de jab6n, 294<br />
palo de jaqueca, 271<br />
palo de lana, 242<br />
palo de leche, 235, 236, 253, 275<br />
palo de leche chiquita, 236<br />
palo de limoncillo, 264·<br />
palo de maca, 256<br />
palo de marfa, 247<br />
palo de matos,261<br />
palo de mora, 274<br />
palo de muleta, 279<br />
palo de muneco, 243<br />
palo de muneco blanco, 243<br />
palo de murta, 279<br />
palo de orejas, 288<br />
palo de orqufdeas, 257<br />
palo de paloma, 246<br />
palo de pan cimarr6n, 284<br />
palo de parque, 145,259<br />
palo de peje, 297<br />
palo de peonfa, 261<br />
palo de perico, 252, 264, 282<br />
palo de peronfa, 261<br />
palo de pez, 297<br />
palo de pallo, 237, 259, 263<br />
palo de puerco, 278<br />
palo de quina, 290<br />
palo de ra<strong>yo</strong>, 261<br />
palo de reina, 294<br />
palo de sabana, 276<br />
palo de sable, 238<br />
palo de sierra, 252<br />
palo de tabaco, 261<br />
palo de tabac6n, 253<br />
palo de tea, 291<br />
palo de taro, 250, 284, 288<br />
palo de vaca, 243, 257<br />
palo de vidrio, 302<br />
palo de viento, 237, 238<br />
palo de yagua, 265<br />
palo de yaqui, 265<br />
palo de yuca, 253<br />
palo del rey, 236, 294<br />
palo hediono, 260<br />
palo jeringa, 275<br />
palo lechoso, 236<br />
palo 1l0r6n, 289<br />
palo malo, 237<br />
palo marfa, 247<br />
palo misanteco, 267<br />
palo moro, 291<br />
palo muneco, 297<br />
palo perriro, 302<br />
palo prieto, 250, 254<br />
palo Robinson, 288<br />
palo rubrio, 292<br />
palo salvaje, 265, 282<br />
palo santo, 276, 302<br />
palo santo cimarron, 276<br />
palo seco, 260<br />
palo tabaco, 243, 288<br />
palo vara, 265<br />
palo verbena, 265<br />
paloma, 264<br />
palomino, 266<br />
palpaguano, 288<br />
pamplemous, 326<br />
pamplemousse, 95, 292<br />
pan de fruta, 274<br />
pana de pepitas, 274<br />
Panama tree, 299<br />
panapen, 274
Panax morotoni, 238<br />
pancho prieto, 288<br />
pandereta, 240<br />
panilla, 284<br />
pan<strong>yo</strong>l mawon, 326<br />
papailler, 246<br />
PAPAVERACEAE,284<br />
papay, 161, 188,211,326<br />
papay sovaj, 195,215,326<br />
papaya, 246<br />
Papaya carica, 246<br />
Papaya sativa, 246<br />
Papaya vulgaris, 246<br />
papaye, 246<br />
papaye sauvage, 254<br />
papayer, 246<br />
papelit, 192,211,326,327<br />
papelite, 251, 265, 286<br />
papillon, 264<br />
paragua, 241<br />
paragiiita, 242<br />
parafso frances, 275<br />
Paralabatia fuertesii, 296<br />
Paralabatia portoricensis, 296<br />
paralejo de pinares, 270<br />
Parathesis, 329<br />
Parathesis crenulata, 276<br />
Parathesis serrulata, 276<br />
parco prieto, 288<br />
parese, 219, 327<br />
parese kloti, 327<br />
paresol, 191,327<br />
paresol, 243<br />
paresseux, 237, 238<br />
paresseux des clotures, 238<br />
parfa, 295<br />
parici,238<br />
parida,293,295<br />
pariposa, 257<br />
Pariti elatum, 270<br />
Pariti tiliaceus, 270<br />
Paritium elatum, 270<br />
Parkia roxburghii, 261, 321<br />
Parkinsonia aculeata, 199,218,227,228,261,<br />
323<br />
Parkinsonia spinosa, 261<br />
parrilla, 288<br />
parrot weed, 284<br />
pascua, 253<br />
pascuita, 253<br />
pasilla, 273<br />
pat toti, 327<br />
pata de chivo, 257<br />
pata de vaca, 257<br />
pataban, 248<br />
pativier, 294<br />
pativiye, 327<br />
patte de tortue, 244<br />
Index 401<br />
pavona,270<br />
pawpaw, 246<br />
pay, 177,327,335<br />
peach,289<br />
pear, 289<br />
pech,219,327<br />
pech mawon, 199,327<br />
peche, 289<br />
.peche marron, 268<br />
pecher, 289<br />
pega polIo, 271<br />
pega-pega, 265<br />
pegoje, 236, 274<br />
pegojo, 236<br />
Peiranisia crista, 263<br />
Peiranisia fitchiana, 263<br />
Peiranisia haitiensis, 263<br />
Peiranisia polyphylla, 263<br />
pela burro, 264<br />
pela huevos, 255<br />
Peltophorum berteroanum, 261, 321<br />
Peltophorumferrugineum, 261<br />
Peltophorum pterocarpum, 199,261<br />
pen dostrali, 327<br />
penda,291,302<br />
pendejera, 298<br />
pendejera macho, 298<br />
pendejo, 252<br />
pendola, 259<br />
pendoula, 327<br />
. pendula, 302 .<br />
pendula blanca, 302<br />
pendula de sierra, 302<br />
pengwen, 327<br />
penipeniche de sabana, 246<br />
peonfa, 261<br />
pepinito, 284<br />
pepit porn, 327<br />
pepper cinnamon, 245<br />
pera, 282, 289,291<br />
Pera bumeliifolia, 218, 254, 318<br />
pera criolla, 291<br />
Pera depressa, 254<br />
Pera domingensis, 254<br />
Pera glomerata, 254, 320<br />
pera mexicana, 291<br />
peralejo, 250, 269, 270, 272, 280<br />
peralejo blanco, 269<br />
peralejo de sabana, 250, 269<br />
perce-pierre, 297<br />
perenqueta, 284<br />
perico,275,282<br />
perico macho; 276<br />
perita haitiana, 288<br />
peronfa, 256, 261<br />
peronfas, 256<br />
Persea, 327<br />
Persea americana, 29, 39, 97, 104--:109, 175, 199,
piman dlo, 327<br />
piment d'eau, 273<br />
P(menta acris, 281<br />
Pimenta acris var. grisea, 281<br />
, Pimenta anisomera, 281<br />
Pimenta crenulata, 281<br />
Pimenta dioica, 218, 281, 323, 328<br />
Pimenta haitiensis, 278<br />
Pimenta officinalis, 281<br />
Pimenta ozua, 281<br />
Pimenta pauciflora, 281<br />
Pimenta pimenta, 281<br />
Pimenta racemosa, 199,218,305<br />
Pimenta racemosa var. grisea, 281<br />
Pimenta racemosa var. ozua, 281<br />
Pimenta racemosa var. racemosa, 281, 305, 313,<br />
316,319,325<br />
Pimenta racemosa var. terebinthina, 281<br />
Pimenta terebinthina, 281<br />
pimienta, 234, 280, 281<br />
pimienta blanca, 281<br />
pimienta cimarrona, 280<br />
pimienta de Brasil, 234<br />
pirnienta de Guinea, 302<br />
pirnienta gorda, 281<br />
pimienta malagueta, 281<br />
pin, 285<br />
pin d'Australie, 246<br />
pina de puerto, 290<br />
PINACEAE,285<br />
pinchipin, 285<br />
pindoula, 302<br />
pine, 327<br />
pine, 292<br />
pine blan, 204, 222, 327<br />
pine jaune, 292<br />
pine jon, 222, 327<br />
pinga de perro, 237<br />
pinguin, 268<br />
pini,327<br />
pini-pini, 246, 290<br />
pinillo, 254<br />
pinit, 292<br />
pinit jaune, 292<br />
pink cedar, 241<br />
pink shower, 258<br />
pink trumpet tree, 241<br />
pino, 246,285,292<br />
pino amarillo, 285<br />
pino australiano, 246<br />
pino de Australia, 246<br />
pino de cuaba, 285<br />
pino de teta, 292<br />
pino japones, 261<br />
pino macho, 285, 292<br />
pino rubial, 292<br />
pin6n, 254<br />
piii6n amoroso, 145,259<br />
Index 403<br />
pin6n botija, 254<br />
pin6n criollo, 254<br />
pin6n cubano, .145, 259<br />
pin6n de Cuba, 145,259<br />
pifi.6n de Espana, 254, 259<br />
pin6n de punal, 268<br />
pin6n del cauto, 259<br />
pin6n espinoso, 259<br />
pin6n florido, 145,259<br />
pin6n frances, 259<br />
pin6n lechero, 254<br />
pin6n purgante, 254<br />
pin6n v6ci, 254<br />
Pinus, 309, 327<br />
Pinuscaribaea, 175, 199,218<br />
Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, 285<br />
Pinus hondurensis, 285<br />
Pinus occidentalis, 176,200,218,225,230,285,<br />
305<br />
Piper aduncum, 200, 219, 285, 308, 310, 330<br />
Piper amalago, 219, 285, 303,304,308,312-315,<br />
321,330<br />
Piper medium, 285<br />
Piper rugosum, 285<br />
Piper tuberculatum, 200, 285<br />
PIPERACEAE, 285<br />
Piptadenia peregrina, 200, 219, 261, 306, 307,<br />
332<br />
piquant arada, 264<br />
piquant carre, 265<br />
piquant rosie, 265<br />
piragua, 251, 265, 269, 270, 272<br />
pirulf, 235, 252<br />
Piscidia ekmanii, 262<br />
Piscidia indica, 259<br />
Piscidia piscipula, 219. 262, 306<br />
Pisoniaaculeata, 219, 283, 320, 324<br />
Pisonia albida, 200, 283<br />
Pisonia albida platyphylla, 283<br />
Pisonia albida var. glutinosa, 283<br />
Pisonia brevipetiolata, 282<br />
Pisonia calophylla rufescens, 283<br />
Pisonia discolor, 282<br />
Pisonia discolor var. bevipetiolata, 282<br />
Pisonia discolor var. camosa, 282<br />
Pisoniafragrans, 282<br />
Pisoniafragrans oblanceolata, 282<br />
Pisonia helleri, 283<br />
Pisonla ligustrifolia, 282<br />
Pisonia obtusata, 283<br />
Pisonia obtusata var. domingensis, 282<br />
Pisonia obtusata var. rufescens, 283<br />
Pisonia ochracea, 283<br />
Pisonia rotundata, 200, 283<br />
Pisonia rufescens, 283<br />
Pisonia subcordata var. rotundata, 283<br />
Pisonia subcorta typica albida, 283<br />
Pisonia villosa, 283
404 Index<br />
pistach, 203, 220, 327<br />
pistache des Indes, 299<br />
Pistacia simaruba, 244<br />
pita, 271<br />
pitangueira, 278<br />
pitch apple, 247<br />
Pithecellobium abbottii, 262, 332<br />
Pithecellobium arboreum, 200, 262, 307, 319, 328<br />
Pithecellobium berteroanum, 263<br />
Pithecellobium carbonarium, 262<br />
Pithecellobium circinale, 200, 206, 262, 314, 317,<br />
324<br />
Pithecellobium discolor, 262<br />
Pithecellobium domingense, 262<br />
Pithecellobium dulce, 176,200,219,227,228,<br />
262<br />
Pithecellobium filicifolium, 262<br />
Pithecellobium filipes, 263<br />
Pithecellobiumfragrans, 263<br />
Pithecellobium glaucum, 262<br />
Pithecellobium hystrix, 262<br />
Pithecellobium impressum, 263<br />
Pithecellobium latifolium, 264<br />
Pithecellobium lentiscifolium, 262, 322<br />
Pithecellobium micranthum, 262<br />
Pithecellobium nervosum, 258<br />
Pithecellobium obovale, 262<br />
Pithecellobium oppositifolium, 262<br />
Pithecellobium saman, 256<br />
Pithecellobium spinifolium, 262<br />
Pithecellobium striolatum, 262<br />
Pithecellobium trinitense, 262<br />
Pithecellobium truncatum, 262<br />
Pithecellobium unguis-cati, 200, 206, 219, 262<br />
pitimini, 236<br />
pi<strong>yo</strong>n, 144-151, 169, 193,214,259,327<br />
pi<strong>yo</strong>ng, 145, 169,327<br />
plantain, 275, 335<br />
plantanito, 271<br />
platanillo, 263<br />
platano, 275<br />
platano burro, 275<br />
platano hembra, 275<br />
platano macho, 275<br />
plateado, 290<br />
platinillo de Cuba, 285<br />
pie, 327<br />
Pleodendron, 200<br />
Pleodendron ekmanii, 245<br />
Plinia abeggii, 281<br />
Plinia acutissima, 281<br />
Plinia acutissima var. cidrensis, 281<br />
Plinia caricensis, 281<br />
Plinia cidrensis, 281<br />
Plinia ekmaniana, 281<br />
Plinia haitiensis, 281<br />
Plinia microcycla, 281<br />
Plinia montecristina, 281<br />
Pluchea. See ASTERACEAE<br />
plumeria, 235<br />
Plumeria, 200, 313<br />
Plumeria acutifolia, 236<br />
Plumeria alba, 219, 235, 313<br />
Plumeria barahonensis, 235<br />
Plumeria beatensis, 235<br />
Plumeria berterU, 236<br />
Plumeria biglandulosa, 236<br />
Plumeria cayensis, 235<br />
Plumeria cuneifolia, 235<br />
Plumeria discolor, 236<br />
Plumeria domingensis, 236<br />
Plumeria gibbosa, 236<br />
Plumeria incamata, 236<br />
Plumeria jaegeri, 236<br />
Plumeria krugii, 235<br />
Plumeria longiflora, 236<br />
Plumeria marchU, 235<br />
Plumeria obtusa, 219, 235, 313, 314<br />
Plumeria obtusa var. sericifolia,.236<br />
Plumeria obtusa x P. subsessilis, 236<br />
Plumeria ostenfeldU, 235<br />
Plumeria paulinae, 236<br />
Plumeria portoricensis, 235<br />
Plumeria purpurea, 236<br />
Plumeria rubra, 236, 314<br />
Plumeria rubra xl'. subsessilis, 236<br />
Plumeria sericifolia, 236<br />
Plumeria stenopetala, 236<br />
Plumeria subsessilis, 236, 313<br />
Plumeria tricolor, 236<br />
Plumeria trouinensis, 236<br />
Plumeria tuberculata, 236, 313<br />
plumo de oro, 3, 262<br />
POACEAE, 285<br />
PODOCARPACEAE, 285<br />
Podocarpus, 200<br />
Podocarpus angustifolius var. wrightii, 285, 308<br />
Podocarpus aristulatus, 285<br />
Podocarpus buchU, 285<br />
Poinciana bijugata, 257<br />
Poinciana coriaria, 257<br />
Poinciana regia, 259<br />
poinciana royal, 259<br />
Poincianella pellucida, 257<br />
Poincianella pulcherrima, 257<br />
poincillade, 257<br />
poinsettia, 253<br />
Poinsettia pulcherrima, 253<br />
poirier, 241, 251, 289<br />
pois confiture, 260<br />
pois doux, 260<br />
pois doux blanc, 260<br />
pois palmiste, 256<br />
pois sucrin, 260<br />
pois vache, 252<br />
pois valette, 264
406 Index<br />
Protium glaucescens, 244<br />
pruan, 289<br />
prune bord de mer, 246<br />
prune plum, 289<br />
prune tree, 289<br />
pruneau noir, 237<br />
prunier, 289<br />
Prunus, 321<br />
Prunus americana, 289<br />
Prunus domestica subsp. domestica, 289<br />
Prunus myrtifolia,200, 219, 289, 321, 324<br />
Prunus occidentalis, 200,219,289,321<br />
Prunus persica, 219, 327<br />
Prunus persica var. persica, 289<br />
Prunus sphaerocarpus, 289<br />
Pseudalbizzia berteriana, 263, 309<br />
Pseudanamomis umbellulifera, 281<br />
Pseudobombax ellipticum, 242<br />
Pseudocassia spectabilis, 264<br />
Pseudolmedia havanensis, 275<br />
Pseudolmedia spuria, 201, 275, 308, 322, 325<br />
Pseudophoenix elata, 239<br />
Pseudophoenix gracilis, 239<br />
Pseudophoenix insignis, 240<br />
Pseudophoenix lediniana, 239, 326, 33 i<br />
Pseudophoenix Iinearis, 239<br />
Pseudophoenix navassana, 239<br />
Pseudophoenix saonae, 239<br />
Pseudophoenix sargentii ssp. saonae, 239<br />
'Pseudophoenix vinifera, 240, 318, 326<br />
Pseudosamanea guachapele, 256<br />
Psidium acranthum, 281<br />
Psidium crispulum, 280<br />
Psidium dict<strong>yo</strong>phyllum, 281, 323<br />
Psidium guajava, 177,201; 219, 282,'315<br />
Psidium guayava, 282<br />
Psidium hotteanum, 282<br />
Psidium longipes, 282<br />
Psidium pomiferum, 282<br />
Psidium pyriferum, 282<br />
Psidium sapidissimum, 282<br />
Psidium sessilifoiium, 282<br />
Psidium trilobum, 282<br />
Psychotria,201<br />
Psychotria alpestris, 290<br />
Psychotrf,a berteriana, 291, 306<br />
Psychotria fuertesii, 291<br />
Psychotria grandis, 291<br />
Psychotria nutans, 291, 308<br />
Ptelea viscosa, 294<br />
Pterocarpus berterii, 258<br />
Pterocarpus buxifoiius; 257<br />
Pterocarpus draco, 263<br />
Pterocarpus ecastaphyllum, 259<br />
Pterocarpus gummifer, 257<br />
Pterocarpus lunatus, 261<br />
Pterocarpus microcarpus, 257<br />
Pterocarpus officinaiis f 201,219,263,308,329<br />
Puerto Rican hat palm, 240<br />
Puerto Rico royal palm, 57, 240<br />
pummelo, 95, 292<br />
Punica granatum, 219, 287, 315,327<br />
PUNICACEAE, 287<br />
punk,280<br />
purio, 301<br />
purple plum, 234<br />
pwa dou, 170, 195,215,328<br />
pwa konfiti, 195,215,328<br />
pwa palmis, 185,209,328<br />
pwa sikren, 328<br />
pwa vach; 185, 208, 328<br />
pwa valet, 328<br />
pwa valye, 220, 328<br />
pwa valye, 328<br />
pwav jamayik, 328<br />
pwavye, 328<br />
pwavye jamayik, 328<br />
pwaye, 180,328<br />
pwaye jamayik, 328<br />
pwazon lasinet, 200, 328<br />
pwensiyad,328<br />
pwensiyana, 328<br />
pwensiyeta, 328<br />
Pyrus communis, 289, 328<br />
-Q-<br />
Quadrella cynophallophora, 245<br />
Quadrella gonaivensis, 245<br />
Quararibea turbinata, 201, 242<br />
quasia, 297<br />
Quassia amara, 219, 297<br />
quassia amarga, 297<br />
Quassia excelsa, 297<br />
quassia wood, 297<br />
quatre chemins, 276<br />
queen of shrubs, 269<br />
quenepa, 294<br />
quenepe, 294<br />
quenepe chinois, 294<br />
quenepe-a-fruits, 294<br />
quenepier, 294<br />
quenepier chinois, 294<br />
quenepier male, 294<br />
quenepier marron, 294<br />
quenepo, 294<br />
quetembila, 265<br />
quick stick, 145,259<br />
quiebrahacha, 251, 279, 286; 288, 293, 295<br />
quimaque, 289<br />
quina criolla, 290<br />
quina de la tierra, 297<br />
quina del pais, 297 .<br />
quina-piton, 290<br />
quinine; 290
quinine bush, 266<br />
quinine des Antilles, 290<br />
quinique, 257<br />
quinique jaune, 257<br />
quino, 290<br />
quinquina caraibe, 290<br />
quinquina d'Europe, 39, 297"<br />
quinquina des Caraibes, 290<br />
quinquina des savanes, 269<br />
quinquina pays, 290<br />
quitaran, 294<br />
quitasolillo, 272<br />
-R-<br />
rabasco, 261<br />
rabi, 170, 195,215,253,328<br />
rabo rat6n, 265<br />
radegonde, 29, 241<br />
rain shrub, 298<br />
raintree, 256<br />
raisin, 276<br />
raisin bord de mer, 287<br />
raisin bouzin, 286<br />
raisin de fer, 287<br />
raisin de la mer, 287<br />
raisin des perroquets, 273<br />
raisin grandes feu illes, 286<br />
raisin marron, 246, 276<br />
raisinier, 276, 286<br />
raisinier marron, 286<br />
raizu, 289<br />
rajador, 272<br />
"raket, 213, 218, 328<br />
raket pan<strong>yo</strong>l, 328<br />
rameau, 275<br />
ramo,204,221,328<br />
ramo de navidad, 291<br />
ramon, 275, 328<br />
ram6n, 275<br />
ram6n blanco, 253<br />
ramon cheval, 275<br />
ramon chwal, 328<br />
ram6n de bestia, 237, 275<br />
ram6n de costa, 237<br />
ram6n de vaca, 237, 275<br />
Randia aculeata, 201, 219, 291, 320<br />
Randia aculeata var. mitis, 291<br />
Randia erythrocarpa, 291, 309<br />
Randia mitis, 291<br />
Rapanea acrantha, 276<br />
Rapanea coriacea, 276<br />
Rapaneajerruginea, 276<br />
Rapanea guianensis, 276<br />
Rapanea magnoliaejolia, 276<br />
Raphia vinifera, 240<br />
Raputia heterophylla, 292<br />
Index 407<br />
raqueta, 253<br />
raquette, 244, 253<br />
raquette espagnole, 244<br />
rascabarriga, 283<br />
rascagarganta, 276<br />
raspadura, 294<br />
raspalengua, 243<br />
rat apple, 245<br />
rat6n, 251, 287, 294<br />
Ratonia apetala, 294<br />
Ratonia domingensis, 294<br />
Ratonia spathulata, 294<br />
Rauvoljia biauriculata, 236<br />
Rauvolfia lamarckii, 236<br />
RauvolfUl nitida, 201, 219,236,307,308,310<br />
Rauvolfia oppositifolia, 236<br />
Rauvolfia tetraphylla, 236<br />
RauvolfUl viridis, 236<br />
Rauwolfia. See RauvolfUl<br />
Ravenala madagascariensis, 275<br />
red bean tree, 259<br />
red ironwood, 288<br />
red mammee, 297<br />
red mangrove, 289<br />
red manjack, 243<br />
.red mombin, 234<br />
red palicourea, 290<br />
red sandlewood, 256<br />
red tamarind,-262<br />
red wood, 251<br />
red zapotee, 297<br />
redberry eugenia, 278<br />
reglis, 185, 208, 328<br />
reglisse, 256<br />
reina del jardin, 269<br />
reina del prado, 269<br />
reseda, 269<br />
reseda de France, 269<br />
resuelesuele, 291<br />
retama, 236, 261, 263<br />
retama prieta, 263<br />
retamo, 273<br />
Reynosia a/finis, 288, 332<br />
Reynosia cuneifolia. 288<br />
Reynosia domingensis, 288<br />
Reynosia regia, 288<br />
Reynosia uncinata, 201, 288,304,306,314,315<br />
rezen, 190, 328<br />
rezen bodlame, p. 328<br />
rezen bouzen, 190,329<br />
rezen Ie, 190,212,329<br />
rezen gran Iey, 190, 329<br />
rezen lame, 190, 212, 329<br />
rezen mawon, 197,329<br />
rezen peroke, 329<br />
Rhacoma crossopetalum, 246<br />
RHAMNACEAE, 287<br />
Rhamnus colubrinus, 13,287
408 Index<br />
Rhamnus ellipticus, 287<br />
.Rhamnusferreus, 288<br />
Rhamnus jujuba, 288<br />
Rhamnus laevigatus, 246<br />
Rhamnus sphaerosperma, 288<br />
Rheedia, 201<br />
Rheedia aristata, 248<br />
Rheedia lateriflora, 248, 332<br />
Rheedia verticillata, 248, 305<br />
Rhitidophyllum. See GESNERIACEAE<br />
Rhizophora mangle, 177,201,220,289,324<br />
Rhizophora mangle var. samoensis, 289<br />
Rhizophora samoensis, 289<br />
RHIZOPHORACEAE, 288<br />
Rhus cominia, 293<br />
Rhus metopium, 234<br />
ricin, 255<br />
Ricinella pedunculosa, 251<br />
Ricinella ricinella, 251<br />
Ricinus communis, 201, 255, 312, 324, 326, 329,<br />
332<br />
Ricinus globosus, 252<br />
rima, 274<br />
risin, 329<br />
river red gum, 278<br />
Rivina octandra, 285<br />
robe, 234<br />
Robinia aculeata, 261<br />
Robinia grandijlora, 264<br />
Robinia maculata, 145,259<br />
Robinia sepium, 145,259<br />
Robinia spinijolia, 261<br />
roble, 29, 241<br />
rob1e amarillo, 241<br />
rob1e australiano, 287<br />
rob1e blanco, 241<br />
rob1e caiman, 241<br />
rob1e de costa, 241<br />
rob1e de gua<strong>yo</strong>, 243<br />
rob1e de mona, 241<br />
rob1e de olor, 29, 241, 302,<br />
rob1e de seda, 287<br />
rob1e de yugo, 241<br />
rob1e dominicano, 29, 241<br />
rob1e gua<strong>yo</strong>, 243, 302<br />
rob1e gtiira, 298<br />
rob1e plateado, 287<br />
roble prieto, 241, 243<br />
rob1ecillo, 243, 255, 297<br />
rob1illo, 243<br />
Rochejortia acanthophora, 201, 243, 312,314,<br />
315<br />
rodo, 251<br />
rockwood, 246<br />
rodwood, 278, 279 <br />
Rollinia mucosa, 235<br />
rolon, 262<br />
rompe ca1dero, 293<br />
rompe machete, 289<br />
rompe ropa, 243<br />
Rondeletia, 201<br />
Rondeletia carnea, 291<br />
Rondeletia christii, 291<br />
Rondeletia jormonia, 291<br />
Rondeletia selleana, 291<br />
rofioso, 246<br />
rosa, 269<br />
rosa cimarrona, 265<br />
rosa de cienega, 269<br />
rosa del Peru, 235<br />
rosa francesca, 235<br />
rosa imperial, 248<br />
ROSACEAE, 289<br />
rose marron, 265<br />
rose-apple, 280, 282<br />
roseta, 265, 290<br />
rosewood, 253, 291<br />
roucou, 242<br />
roucouyer, 242<br />
rougeole, 13, 287<br />
rough trichilia, 273<br />
rough-leaf tree, 250<br />
roujiol, 13<br />
royal palm, 240, 57<br />
Roystonea borinquena, 39, 56-61,82,201,220,<br />
240,326<br />
Roystonea hispaniolana, 57, 240<br />
Roystonea hispaniolana f. altissima, 57,240<br />
Roystonea peregrina, 57, 240<br />
RUBIACEAE, 289<br />
rufiana, 298<br />
rulo, 275 _<br />
Rumea coriacea, 265<br />
RUTACEAE, 291<br />
-5-<br />
Sabal,321<br />
Sabal causiarum, 82, 177, 240, 321<br />
Sabal domingensis, 177, 240, 327<br />
Sabal haitensis, 240<br />
Sabal neglecta, 240<br />
Sabalquesteliana, 240<br />
SABIACEAE, 293<br />
sabica de costa, 270<br />
sabicu, 71, 260<br />
sabicu amarillo, 71,260<br />
sabicu de pinares, 249<br />
sabicu marafi6n, 249<br />
sabina, 249, 250<br />
sabina cimarron, 285<br />
sabina- macho, 250<br />
sablier, 233, 253<br />
sablito, 238<br />
sabliye, 170, 195,215,329
412 Index<br />
Staphylea occidentalis, 298<br />
STAPHYLEACEAE, 298<br />
star fruit, 284<br />
star pickle, 284<br />
star-apple, 295, 335<br />
steel acacia, 255<br />
Stegnosperma cubense, 285<br />
Stegnosperma halimifolium, 285<br />
Stenocalyx ligustrinus, 279<br />
Stenocalyx portoricensis, 279<br />
Stenolobium incisum, 241<br />
Stenolobium stans, 241<br />
Stenostomum densiflorum, 290<br />
Stenostomum lucidum, 289<br />
Sterculia apetala, 203, 220, 299, 327<br />
Sterculia carthaginensis, 299<br />
SterculiafoeUda,299<br />
STERCULIACEAE.298<br />
Sterigmanthe splendens, 253<br />
Stevensia hotteana, 291<br />
Stillingia eglandulosa, 253<br />
Stillingia laurifolia, 255<br />
stinging nettle, 301<br />
stink casha, 255<br />
stinking toe, 260<br />
stinking-fish, 272<br />
stiagbnya,216,330<br />
stragonya blan, 330<br />
stragornia, 269<br />
stragornia blanc, 269<br />
stramoine-en-arbre, 298<br />
stramwann,.330<br />
Strumpfw maritima, 220, 291<br />
STYRACACEAE,299<br />
Styrax obtusifolius, 299<br />
Styrax ochraceus, 299<br />
sucrier, 260<br />
sucrier des montagnes, 244<br />
sucrin,260<br />
sugar apple, 23?<br />
sureau, 233, 285<br />
sureau plantain, 285<br />
Surenus brownei, 273<br />
Suriana'maritima;'203; 220, 297, 320; 327<br />
Surinam cherry, 280<br />
swamp blood wood, 263<br />
swamp immortelle, 259<br />
swamp sheoak, 246<br />
sweet acacia, 255<br />
sweet orange, 95, 292<br />
sweetpea, 260<br />
sweetsop, 235<br />
sweetwood, 267, 268<br />
Swietenia,29<br />
Swietenia belizensis, 47, 273<br />
Swietenia candollei, 47, 273<br />
Swietimiafabrilis, 47, 273<br />
Swietenia humilis, 47, 49'<br />
Swietenia krukovii, 47, 273 •<br />
Swietenia macrophylla, 47-55, 133, 139, 179,<br />
203,273,317<br />
Swietenia mahagoni, 29, 46-55, 133, 139, 179,<br />
203,221,273,317<br />
Swietenia mahogoni, 47,273<br />
'Swietenia tessmannii, 47, 273<br />
switch sorrel, 294<br />
sybilline, 254<br />
Symphonia globulifera, 203, 248, 307<br />
SYMPLOCACEAE, 299<br />
Symplocos berteroi, 299<br />
Symplocos domingensis, 299<br />
Symplocos hotteana, 299<br />
Symplocos hyboneura, 299<br />
Symplocos martinicensis var. berterii, 299<br />
Symplocos pilifera, 299<br />
Syzygium cumini, 282<br />
Syzygium jambolanum, 282<br />
Syzygiumjambos, 180,203,221,282,316,328<br />
Syzygium malaccense, 203, 282, 327<br />
-T-<br />
tabac marron, 298,<br />
tabaca,256<br />
tabaco,' 261<br />
tabaco cimarr6n, 298<br />
tabac6n, 298<br />
tabac6n aspero, 298<br />
tabacuelo, 258, 298<br />
tabaiba,235<br />
tabak mawon, 202, 330<br />
Tabebuia, 203<br />
Tabebuia acrophylla, 241, 308,309<br />
Tabebuia berteri, 241, 310, 330<br />
Tabebuia conferta, 241<br />
, Tabebuia dominicensis, 241<br />
Tabebuia heterophylla, 180,241,328<br />
Tabebuia heterophylla ssp. pallida, 241<br />
Tabebuia lucida, 241<br />
Tabebuia pallida, 241<br />
Tabebuia pallida ssp. dominicensis, 241<br />
Tabebuia pallida ssp. heterophylla, 241<br />
Tabebuia pentaphylla, 241<br />
tabeno, 71, 196,216,330<br />
Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia, 236<br />
Tabernaemontana berterii, 236<br />
Tabernaemontana citrifolia, 203, 221, 236, 307,<br />
308,321<br />
Tabernaemontana coronaria, 236<br />
Tabernaemontana divaricata, 236, 318<br />
Tabernaemontana oppositifolia, 236<br />
tabernon, 71, 260<br />
tabilla,253<br />
taburete, 290<br />
tachuela, 261
414 Index<br />
Thouinidium inaequilaterum, 295<br />
Thouinidium pinnatum, 295, 316<br />
Thouinidium pulverulentum, 295, 305<br />
Thrinax, 321<br />
Thrinax argentea, 239<br />
Thrinax bahamensis, 240<br />
Thrinax drudei, 240<br />
Thrinax ekmanii, 240<br />
Thrinax floridana, 240<br />
Thrinax keyensis, 240<br />
Thrinax longistyla, 239<br />
Thrinax martii, 240<br />
Thrinax microcarpa, 240<br />
Thrinax morrisii, 182,204,221,240<br />
Thrinax multiflora, 239<br />
Thrfnax ponceana, 240<br />
Thrinax punctulata, 240<br />
Thrinax radiata, 240<br />
Thrinax wendlandiana, 240<br />
Thyana trifoliata, 295<br />
THYMELIACEAE, 300<br />
ti abe, 208, 331<br />
ti bwa blan, 331<br />
ti bwa denn, 192, 331<br />
ti bwapen, 187,331<br />
ti bwi, 331<br />
ti ley, 205, 331<br />
ti flambwayan, 331<br />
ti gason, 202, 220, 331<br />
ti gayak, 331<br />
ti grenn, 194, 331<br />
ti kafe, 331<br />
ti kalson, 209, 331<br />
ti kaymit, 189,331<br />
ti koko, 331<br />
ti kwokwo, 331<br />
ti monben, 331<br />
ti palmis mawon, 331<br />
ti. pom, 222, 331<br />
ti rezen, 331<br />
ti rezen Mine, 331<br />
ti seriz, 216, 331<br />
ti soley, 190, 191,213,331<br />
ti wou, 215, 331<br />
Tibouchina longifolia, 272, 305<br />
tie tongue, 287 .<br />
tiguapen, 275<br />
tikimit, 331<br />
-TILIACEAE,301<br />
timaque,'289<br />
tinajero, 280<br />
tintillo, 291<br />
Tinus escallonioides, 276<br />
Tinus obovata, 276<br />
tiquimite, 295<br />
tirabuz6n, 252<br />
tirajala, 274<br />
Tobinia ternata, 293<br />
tocuma, 296<br />
Toluifera pereirae, 261<br />
Tom Bartein's bush, 297<br />
tomasina, 296<br />
tomegufn, 292<br />
toothache tree, 293<br />
toporite, 266<br />
torchwood,291<br />
toronja, 95, 292<br />
toronja de la India, 95, 292<br />
Torralbasia cunefolia, 204, 247<br />
Torralbasia domingensis, 247<br />
Torrubia brevipetiolata, 282<br />
Torrubia discolor, 282<br />
Torrubia domingensis, 282<br />
Torrubia fragrans, 282<br />
Torrubia inermis, 282<br />
Torrubia ligustrifolia, 282<br />
Torrubia obtusata, 283<br />
Torrubia rufescens, 283<br />
tortugo amarillo, 296<br />
toitugo colorado, 296<br />
toti marron, 296<br />
toti mawon, 331<br />
totuma, 296<br />
Tovomita clusioides, 247<br />
Tovomita grisebachiana, 247<br />
towo tig, 187,210,331<br />
tramble, 331<br />
traveler's palm, 275<br />
tree fern, 242, 249<br />
tree tomato, 298<br />
trejo, 243, 251, 287<br />
Trema lamarckiana, 204, 301, 323<br />
Trema lima, 301<br />
Trema micrantha, 204, 301, 310<br />
tremble, 238<br />
trembler, 238<br />
tres palabras, 293<br />
tresfilos, 272<br />
Tricera glomerata, 244<br />
Trichilia, 304, 324<br />
Trichiliaaquifolia, 273,305,308<br />
Trichilia cuneifolia, 273<br />
Trichilia dict<strong>yo</strong>neura, 297<br />
Trichilia diversifolia, 273<br />
Trichilia havanensis, 221, 273, 308<br />
Trichilia hirta, 133, 182,204,221,273,304,314,<br />
325,329,331<br />
Trichiliapallida, 221, 273, 312, 331<br />
Trichma spondioides, 273<br />
Trichilia truncata, 273 '<br />
Trichostigma octandrum, 285, 304, 321<br />
Trichostigma rivinoides, 285<br />
Trilix crucis, 265<br />
trois cotes, 272, 294<br />
trois feuilles, 293<br />
trois paroles, 273, 291, 293
trois pieds, 243<br />
trompeta de angel, 298<br />
trompette, 274<br />
trompette male, 238<br />
Trophis americana, 275<br />
Trophis racemosa, 204, 221, 275, 308, 328<br />
tropical almond, 248<br />
trumpet flower, 298<br />
trumpet-tree, 274<br />
tsewal,246<br />
tu-fais, 279<br />
tu-y-<strong>yo</strong>, 253<br />
tulipan africano, 241<br />
. tulipan sencillo, 298<br />
tuna, 244<br />
tuna de Espana, 244<br />
tuna mansa, 244<br />
tung-oil tree, 252<br />
turkey berry, 298<br />
turpentine tree, 244<br />
Turpina occidentalis, 204, 298<br />
Turpina paniculata, 298<br />
Turpina picardae, 298<br />
twa fey, 185, 208, 331<br />
twa kat, 331<br />
twa pawal, 185,221,331<br />
twa pye, 191,213,331<br />
twazokat, 191, 197,213,217,331<br />
twisted acacia, 256<br />
twompet, 162, 188,211,332<br />
twompet mal, 332<br />
-u-<br />
ucar, 248<br />
ucarillo, 269<br />
ULMACEAE,301<br />
umkokolo, 265<br />
una de gato, 262, 282, 283, 292,293<br />
Urania speciosa, 275<br />
Urbanoguarea sphenophylla, 273<br />
Urera baccifera, 301, 312, 324<br />
URTICACEAE; 301<br />
uva,270<br />
uva caleta, 287<br />
uva cimarrona, 286<br />
uva de mar, 287<br />
uva de playa, 287<br />
uva de sierra, 286<br />
uva gomosa, 243<br />
Uvaria lanceolata, 235<br />
Uvaria laurifolia, 235<br />
Uvaria odorata, 235<br />
, Uvaria virgata, 235<br />
uvas, 287<br />
uverillo, 286<br />
uvero, 286,287<br />
uvero de playa, 287<br />
. uvilla, 270, 286, 287<br />
uvilla de sierra, 286<br />
uvillo, 286<br />
uvill6n, 287<br />
uvita, 243<br />
-v-<br />
Vaccinium cubense, 251<br />
Vachellia farnesiana, 255<br />
vacme,252<br />
vaillant gan;on, 297<br />
vallahonda,3, 262<br />
Vargasia glabra, 295<br />
varia, 23,243<br />
varia amarilla, 23, 243<br />
varia blanca, 243<br />
varia colorado, 23, 243<br />
varfa prieta, 23, 243<br />
varita de San Jose, 145,259<br />
varital, 253<br />
varraco, 270<br />
Varronia calyptrata, 243<br />
vayan gason, 332<br />
vela muerto, 263<br />
velvet berry, 290<br />
velvetseed,290<br />
vencedor, 268<br />
Venezuelan mahogany, 47, 273<br />
vera, 294, 302<br />
VERBENACEAE, 302<br />
verdiseco, 272<br />
veritab, 332<br />
veritable, 274<br />
Vernonia. See ASTERACEAE<br />
verraco, 270<br />
vfbona, 237, 289<br />
vfbora, 237, 282, 283<br />
Victorinia acranda, 255<br />
vigueta, 290<br />
vinagrillo, 284<br />
vinuette, 288<br />
vinyet, 332<br />
violet cimarrona, 298<br />
violeta, 273, 298<br />
Vitex, 182<br />
Vitex agnus-castus, 221, 302<br />
Vitex divaricata, 204, 302, 308<br />
Vitex heptaphylla, 221, 302, 309, 315<br />
Vitex multiflora, 302<br />
vomitel colorado, 243<br />
-w-<br />
Wallenia apiculata, 276<br />
Wallenia clusiaefolia, 276<br />
Index41S
<strong>Bwa</strong> Yo: Important Trees of <strong>Haiti</strong><br />
Designed by Joel C. Timyan<br />
Electronic Prepress and printing at Warecraft Press, Inc.<br />
Fonts used: Tinles New Roman and Dom Casual<br />
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