Mahale Mountains National Park | Summary of Resource Base

MAHALE MOUNTAINS<br />

NATIONAL PARK<br />

SUMMARY OF<br />

RESOURCE BASE INFORMATION

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1. BIODIVERSITY<br />

Species inventories are still not fully comprehensive. Several studies have been<br />

conducted but these have not covered the full extent <strong>of</strong> the park. In particular the<br />

centre-east and south-east sections <strong>of</strong> the park remain completely unsurveyed.<br />

Biodiversity surveys that have been conducted have concentrated on medium and<br />

large mammals, and birds. There remains little known about small, shy and<br />

nocturnal mammals and virtually nothing is known about insect and amphibian life. A<br />

long-term camera trapping survey covering a wider geographic area within the park<br />

is well warranted.<br />

(a) MAMMALS<br />

Current species list, 87 species, compiled from the following sources:<br />

- JICA report (Itani, 1980) for the proposed establishment <strong>of</strong> MMNP;<br />

- Literature cited in Moore (1998);<br />

- Stanley’s small mammal survey (Stanley, 2003) (records shown in green);<br />

- Moyer’s biodiversity survey for MEMP (Moyer, 2005), which covered all<br />

habitats occurring within the park (records shown in blue).<br />

Species flagged with a yellow marker are those considered by Moyer (pers. comm.)<br />

to be represented in <strong>Mahale</strong> by distinct endemic subspecies.<br />

Common name Scientific name<br />

PRIMATES PRIMATA<br />

Apes Hominidae<br />

Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii 1<br />

Monkeys Cercopithecoidea<br />

Colobid monkeys Colobidae<br />

Central African Red Colobus Piliocolubus oustaleti tephrosceles<br />

Angolan Pied Colobus Colobus angolensis<br />

Cheek-pouch monkeys Cercopithecidae<br />

Yellow Baboon Papio cynocephalus<br />

Vervet Monkey Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus<br />

Red-tailed Monkey Cercopithecus ascanius<br />

Blue Monkey Cercopithecus mitis<br />

1 Listed as ‘endangered’ (IUCN Red Data List, 2007)<br />

2

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Galagos (bushbabies) Galagonidae<br />

Greater Galago Otolemur crassicaudatus<br />

Senegal Galago Galago senegalensis<br />

[unidentified Dwarf Forest Galago] Galagoides sp. 2<br />

BATS CHIROPTERA<br />

Fruit bats Megachiroptera<br />

Singing (or Franquet’s) Fruit Bat Epomops franqueti<br />

Epauletted Fruit Bat Epomophorus labiatus<br />

Insect bats Microchiroptera<br />

Tomb Bat Taphozous sp.<br />

Serotine Bat Eptesicus sp.<br />

INSECTIVORES INSECTIVORA<br />

Shrews Soricidae<br />

White-toothed Shrew Crocidura sp. 1<br />

White-toothed Shrew Crocidura sp. 2<br />

Climbing Shrew Sylvisorex sp. 1<br />

ELEPHANT SHREWS (SENGIS) MACROSCELIDEA<br />

Chequered Elephant Ehrew Rhynchocyon cirnei<br />

HARES LAGOMORPHA<br />

Cape Hare Lepus capensis<br />

RODENTS RODENTIA<br />

Squirrels Sciuridae<br />

Red-legged Sun Squirrel Heliosciurus rufobrachium<br />

African Giant Squirrel Protoxerus stangeri 3<br />

Dormice Myoxidae<br />

African Dormouse Graphiurus murinus<br />

Porcupines Hystricidae<br />

2 This species <strong>of</strong> galago has yet to be formally identified. <strong>Base</strong>d on recordings <strong>of</strong> vocalisations (Moyer,<br />

2005) it is either a new species or a major range extension <strong>of</strong> the Mozambique galago (Galagoides granti).<br />

3 <strong>Mahale</strong> is the only place in Tanzania where this West African species is found.<br />

3

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Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus africanus 4<br />

Crested Porcupine Hystrix cristata<br />

Rat-like Rodents Muroidea<br />

Climbing Mouse Dendromus nyikae<br />

Giant Pouched Rat Cricetomys gambianus<br />

Groove-toothed Rat Otomys sp.<br />

Cane Rats Thryonomyidae<br />

Savannah or Greater Cane Rat Thryonomys swinderianus<br />

Lesser or Marsh Cane Rat Thryonomys gregorianus<br />

Murid rats and mice Muridae<br />

Brush-furred Mouse Lophuromys flavopunctatus<br />

S<strong>of</strong>t-furred Mouse Praomys sp.<br />

African Wood Mouse Hylomyscus denniae<br />

Common Mouse Mus sp.<br />

Narrow-footed Woodland Mouse Grammomys sp.<br />

Rusty-nosed Rat Oenomys hypoxanthus<br />

Single-striped Grass Mouse Leminiscomys rosalia<br />

Striped Grass Mouse Leminiscomys striatus<br />

CARNIVORES CARNIVORA<br />

Dogs & allies Canidae<br />

Side-striped Jackal Canis adustus<br />

Black-backed Jackal Canis mesomelas<br />

Wild Dog Lycaon pictus 5<br />

Mustelids Mustelidae<br />

Zorilla (Striped Pole Cat) Ictonyx striatus<br />

Ratel (Honey Badger) Mellivora capensis<br />

African Clawless Otter Aonyx capensis<br />

Spot-necked Otter Lutra maculicollis<br />

Mongooses Herpestidae<br />

Egyptian Mongoose Herpestes ichneumon<br />

Slender Mongoose Herpestes sanguinea<br />

Dwarf Mongoose Helogale parvula<br />

4 <strong>Mahale</strong> is the only place in Tanzania where this West African species is found.<br />

5 Listed as ‘endangered’ (IUCN Red Data List, 2007)<br />

4

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Banded Mongoose Mungos mungo<br />

White-tailed Mongoose Ichneumia albicauda<br />

Bushy-tailed Mongoose Bdeogale crassicauda<br />

Hyaenids Hyaenidae<br />

Spotted Hyaena Crocuta crocuta<br />

Genets and civets Viverridae<br />

Common genet Genetta genetta<br />

Blotched genet Genetta tigrina<br />

(unidentified Small Forest Genet) Genetta sp.<br />

African civet Civettictis civetta<br />

Cats Felidae<br />

African Wild Cat Felis sylvestris<br />

Leopard Panthera pardus<br />

Lion Panthera leo 6<br />

Serval Felis serval<br />

SCALY ANT-EATERS PHOLIDOTA<br />

Pangolins Manidae<br />

Ground Pangolin Smutsia temminickii<br />

Giant Pangolin Smutsia gigantea 7<br />

AARDVARK TUBULIDENTATA<br />

Aardvark Orycteropodidae<br />

Aardvark Orycteropus afer<br />

HYRAXES HYRACOIDEA<br />

Hyraxes Procaviidae<br />

Bush hyrax (Yellow-spotted Rock Hyrax) Heterohyrax brucei<br />

Southern Tree Hyrax Dendrohyrax arboreus<br />

PROBOSCIDS PROBOSCIDEA<br />

Elephants Elephantidae<br />

African Elephant Loxodonta africana 8<br />

6 Listed as ‘vulnerable’ (IUCN Red Data List, 2007)<br />

7 This record (from a camera trap) is the only substantiated sighting in Tanzania <strong>of</strong> this W African species<br />

8 Listed as ‘vulnerable’ (IUCN Red Data List, 2007)<br />

5

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ODD-TOED UNGULATES PERISSODACTYLA<br />

Horses Equidae<br />

Common Zebra Equus quagga<br />

EVEN-TOED UNGULATES ARTIODACTYLA<br />

Hippopotamuses Hippopotamidae<br />

Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius 8<br />

Pigs Suidae<br />

Bush Pig Potamochoerus larvatus<br />

Red River Hog Potamochoerus porcus<br />

Common Warthog Phacochoerus africanus<br />

Giraffes Giraffidae<br />

Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis<br />

Bovids Bovidae<br />

African Buffalo Syncerus caffer<br />

Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus<br />

Greater Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros<br />

Eland Taurotragus oryx<br />

Bush Duiker Sylvicapra grimmia<br />

Blue Duiker Cephalophus monticola<br />

Weyn's Duiker Cephalophus callipygus weynsi<br />

Suni Neotragus moschatus<br />

Klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus<br />

Sharpe’s Grysbok Raphicerus sharpei<br />

Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus<br />

Impala Aepyceros melampus<br />

Topi Damaliscus lunatus<br />

Kongoni (Lichenstein's Hartebeest) Alcelaphus buselaphus<br />

Roan Antelope Hippotragus equinus<br />

Sable Antelope Hippotragus niger<br />

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Comments<br />

• The current (2008) MMNP mammal list totals 87 species.<br />

• There are a few large mammals that would be expected to be found in <strong>Mahale</strong><br />

but that have not yet been observed. These include Mountain and/or Southern<br />

Reedbuck, Smith’s Red Rock Hare and Marsh Mongoose.<br />

• Bat surveys have not yet been conducted. It is likely that many species <strong>of</strong> bats<br />

and other small and/or nocturnal mammals remain to be found in <strong>Mahale</strong>.<br />

• Old records exist <strong>of</strong> Black Rhinoceros but it appears that this species no longer<br />

occurs in the area.<br />

(b) BIRDS<br />

Bird list for MMNP, 367 species, compiled from:<br />

- All published records, including Moreau (1943) and Ulfstrand & Lamprey (1960);<br />

- Data gathered by MEMP surveys (Anderson & Baker (2004), Moyer (2005) and<br />

Baker & Baker (2006));<br />

- Recent records from contributors to the Tanzania Bird Atlas.<br />

Species highlighted in pink are represented in the <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> area by endemic<br />

subspecies.<br />

Species / Family Scientific name<br />

PHALACROCORACIDAE - CORMORANTS<br />

Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus<br />

ANHINGIDAE - DARTERS<br />

African Darter Anhinga rufa<br />

ARDEIDAE - BITTERNS, EGRETS and HERONS<br />

Dwarf Bittern Ixobrychus sturmii<br />

Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax<br />

White-backed Night Heron Gorsachius leuconotus<br />

Common Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides<br />

Rufous-bellied Heron Ardeola rufiventris<br />

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis<br />

Green-backed Heron Butorides striatus<br />

Black Heron Egretta ardesiaca<br />

Little Egret Egretta garzetta<br />

Yellow-billed Egret Egretta intermedia<br />

Purple Heron Ardea purpurea<br />

Grey Heron Ardea cinerea<br />

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Goliath Heron Ardea goliath<br />

Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala<br />

SCOPIDAE - HAMERKOP<br />

Hamerkop Scopus umbretta<br />

CICONIIDAE - STORKS<br />

Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis<br />

Open-billed Stork Anastomus lamelligerus<br />

White Stork Ciconia ciconia<br />

Black Stork Ciconia nigra<br />

Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus<br />

THRESKIORNITHIDAE - IBIS and SPOONBILLS<br />

Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus<br />

Hadada Ibis Bostrychia hagedash<br />

African Spoonbill Platalea alba<br />

ANATIDAE - DUCKS and GEESE<br />

Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiacus<br />

Knob-billed Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos<br />

Spur-winged Goose Plectropterus gambensis<br />

Black Duck Anas sparsa<br />

Red-billed Teal Anas erythrorhyncha<br />

ACCIPITRIDAE - VULTURES, EAGLES, KITES, HAWKS etc.<br />

Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus<br />

Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus<br />

Yellow-billed Kite Milvus parasiticus<br />

Black kite Milvus migrans<br />

Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer<br />

Palm-nut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis<br />

Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus<br />

White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus<br />

Brown Snake Eagle Circaetus cinereus<br />

Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotus 9<br />

White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis 9<br />

Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus<br />

Gymnogene Polyboroides typus<br />

Gabar Goshawk Micronisus gabar<br />

Great Sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus<br />

Ovambo Sparrowhawk Accipiter ovampensis<br />

Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus<br />

African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro<br />

Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicus<br />

Steppe Buzzard Buteo [buteo] vulpinus<br />

Mountain Buzzard Buteo oreophilus<br />

Augur Buzzard Buteo augur<br />

9 Listed as ‘vulnerable’ (IUCN Red Data List, 2007)<br />

8

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Wahlberg's Eagle Aquila wahlbergi<br />

Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax<br />

Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis<br />

African Hawk Eagle Hieraaetus spilogaster<br />

Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus<br />

Ayres' Hawk Eagle Hieraaetus ayresii<br />

Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis<br />

Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus<br />

Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus<br />

Osprey Pandion haliaetus<br />

FALCONIDAE - FALCONS<br />

Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo<br />

African Hobby Falco cuvierii<br />

Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus<br />

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus<br />

PHASIANIDAE - FRANCOLINS and QUAILS<br />

Hildebrandt's Francolin Francolinus hildebrandti<br />

Scaly Francolin Francolinus squamatus<br />

Common Quail Coturnix coturnix<br />

Harlequin Quail Coturnix delegorguei<br />

NUMIDIDAE - GUINEAFOWLS<br />

Crested Guinea Fowl Guttera pucherani<br />

TURNICIDAE - BUTTONQUAILS<br />

Common Buttonquail Turnix sylvatica<br />

RALLIDAE - RAILS and CRAKES<br />

Buff-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura elegans<br />

White-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura pulchra<br />

African Crake Crex egregia<br />

Black Crake Amauronis flavirostris<br />

Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus<br />

Purple Gallinule Porphyrio porphyrio<br />

Allen's Gallinule Porphyrula alleni<br />

JACANIDAE - JACANAS<br />

Jacana Actophilornis africanus<br />

RECURVIROSTRIDAE - STILTS and AVOCETS<br />

Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus<br />

BURHINIDAE - STONE CURLEWS<br />

Water Thicknee Burhinus vermiculatus<br />

GLAREOLIDAE - COURSERS and PRATINCOLES<br />

Rock Pratincole Glareola nuchalis<br />

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CHARADRIIDAE - PLOVERS<br />

Three-banded Plover Charadrius tricollaris<br />

Brown-chested Plover Vanellus superciliosus<br />

SCOLOPACIDAE - SNIPES, GODWITS, SANDPIPERS etc<br />

African Snipe Gallinago nigripennis<br />

Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus<br />

Curlew Numenius arquata<br />

Greenshank Tringa nebularia<br />

Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola<br />

Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis<br />

Little Stint Calidris minuta<br />

Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos<br />

LARIDAE - GULLS<br />

Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus<br />

Grey-headed Gull Larus cirrocephalus<br />

STERNIDAE - TERNS<br />

Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica<br />

White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus<br />

COLUMBIDAE - PIGEONS and DOVES<br />

Speckled Pigeon Columba guinea<br />

Olive Pigeon Columba arquatrix<br />

Lemon Dove Aplopelia larvata 10<br />

Dusky Turtle Dove Streptopelia lugens<br />

Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis<br />

Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola<br />

Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata<br />

Emerald-spotted Wood Dove Turtur chalcospilos<br />

Blue-spotted Wood Dove Turtur afer<br />

Tambourine Dove Turtur tympanistria<br />

Namaqua Dove Oena capensis<br />

Green Pigeon Treron calva<br />

PSITTACIDAE - PARROTS<br />

Brown Parrot Poicephalus meyeri<br />

Red-headed Lovebird Agapornis pullarius<br />

MUSOPHAGIDAE - TURACOS and GO-AWAY BIRDS<br />

Schalow's Turaco Tauraco schalowi<br />

Purple-crested Turaco Tauraco porphyreolophus<br />

Ross's Turaco Musophaga rossae<br />

CUCULIDAE - CUCKOOS<br />

Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius<br />

Levaillant's Cuckoo Oxylophus levaillantii<br />

10 A distinctive form, possibly a new, undescribed subspecies<br />

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Thick-billed Cuckoo Pachycoccyx audeberti<br />

Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius<br />

Black Cuckoo Cuculus clamosus<br />

Eurasian Cuckoo Cuculus canorus<br />

Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx cupreus<br />

Klaas' Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas<br />

Didric Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius<br />

CENTROPODIDAE - COUCALS<br />

Western Yellowbill Ceuthmochares aereus<br />

White-browed Coucal Centropus superciliosus<br />

TYTONIDAE - BARN OWLS<br />

Barn Owl Tyto alba<br />

STRIGIDAE - OWLS<br />

African Scops Owl Otus senegalensis<br />

Spotted Eagle Owl Bubo africanus<br />

Verreaux's Eagle Owl Bubo lacteus<br />

Pel's Fishing Owl Scotopelia peli<br />

Pearl-spotted Owlet Glaucidium perlatum<br />

Barred Owlet Glaucidium capense<br />

African Wood Owl Strix woodfordii<br />

CAPRIMULGIDAE - NIGHTJARS<br />

Fiery-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus pectoralis<br />

Gabon Nightjar Caprimulgus fossi<br />

Pennant-winged Nightjar Macrodipteryx vexillarius<br />

APODIDAE – SWIFTS<br />

Scarce Swift Schoutedenapus myoptilus<br />

Palm Swift Cypsiurus parvus<br />

Eurasian Swift Apus apus<br />

Black Swift Apus barbatus<br />

Little Swift Apus affinis<br />

White-rumped Swift Apus caffer<br />

COLIIDAE - MOUSEBIRDS<br />

Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus<br />

TROGONIDAE - TROGONS<br />

Narina Trogon Apaloderma narina<br />

ALCEDINIDAE - KINGFISHERS<br />

Malachite Kingfisher Corythornis cristata<br />

Half-collared Kingfisher Alcedo semitorquata<br />

Shining Blue Kingfisher Alcedo quadribrachys<br />

Pygmy Kingfisher Ceyx picta<br />

Brown-hooded Kingfisher Halcyon albiventris<br />

Chestnut-bellied Kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala<br />

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Blue-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon malimbica<br />

Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis<br />

Striped Kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti<br />

Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima<br />

Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis<br />

MEROPIDAE - BEE-EATERS<br />

Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus<br />

Blue-breasted Bee-eater Merops variegatus<br />

Cinnamon Bee-eater Merops oreobates<br />

White-fronted Bee-eater Merops bullockoides<br />

White-throated Bee-eater Merops albicollis<br />

Böhm's Bee-eater Merops boehmi<br />

Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus<br />

Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus<br />

Eurasian Bee-eater Merops apiaster<br />

Southern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicoides<br />

CORACIIDAE - ROLLERS<br />

Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudata<br />

Broad-billed Roller Eurystomus glacurus<br />

PHOENICULIDAE - WOOD HOOPES<br />

Green Wood Hoopoe Phoeniculus purpureus<br />

Common Scimitarbill Rhinopomastus cyanomelas<br />

UPUPIDAE - HOOPOES<br />

African Hoopoe Upupa africana<br />

BUCEROTIDAE - HORNBILLS<br />

Crowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus<br />

Trumpeter Hornbill Bycanistes bucinator<br />

Ground Hornbill Bucorvus caffer<br />

LYBIIDAE - BARBETS and TINKERBIRDS<br />

Grey-throated Barbet Gymnobucco bonapartei<br />

Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus chrysoconus<br />

Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus bilineatus<br />

Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus<br />

Black-backed Barbet Lybius minor<br />

INDICATORIDAE - HONEYGUIDES<br />

Scaly-throated Honeyguide Indicator variegatus<br />

Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator<br />

Lesser Honeyguide Indicator minor<br />

PICIDAE - WOODPECKERS<br />

Golden-tailed Woodpecker Campethera abingoni<br />

Fine-banded Woodpecker Campethera tullbergi<br />

Olive Woodpecker Dendropicos griseocephalus<br />

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EURYLAIMIDAE - BROADBILLS<br />

African Broadbill Smithornis capensis<br />

ALAUDIDAE - LARKS<br />

Fischer's Sparrowlark Eremopterix leucopareia<br />

HIRUNDINIDAE - SWALLOWS and MARTINS<br />

Black Roughwing Psalidoprocne holomelas<br />

White-headed Roughwing Psalidoprocne albiceps<br />

Sand Martin Riparia riparia<br />

Mosque Swallow Hirundo senegalensis<br />

Lesser Striped Swallow Hirundo abyssinica<br />

Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica<br />

Rock Martin Hirundo fuligula<br />

Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii<br />

European Swallow Hirundo rustica<br />

Angola Swallow Hirundo angolensis<br />

House Martin Delichon urbica<br />

MOTACILLIDAE - WAGTAILS, PIPITS, LONGCLAWS<br />

Mountain Wagtail Motacilla clara<br />

African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp<br />

African Pipit Anthus cinnamomeus<br />

Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis<br />

Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus<br />

Striped Pipit Anthus lineiventris<br />

CAMPEPHAGIDAE - CUCKOO SHRIKES<br />

Black Cuckoo Shrike Campephaga flava<br />

Grey Cuckoo Shrike Coracina caesia<br />

White-breasted Cuckoo Shrike Coracina pectoralis<br />

PYCNONOTIDAE - GREENBULS<br />

Shelley's Greenbul Andropadus masukuensis<br />

Little Greenbul Andropadus virens<br />

Slender-billed Greenbul Andropadus gracilirostris<br />

Yellow-whiskered Greenbul Andropadus latirostris<br />

Yellow-throated Leaflove Chlorocichla flavicollis<br />

Yellow-bellied Greenbul Chlorocichla flaviventris<br />

Leaflove Phyllastrephus scandens<br />

Fischer’s Greenbul Phyllastrephus fischeri<br />

Cabanis' Greenbul Phyllastrephus cabanisi<br />

Yellow-streaked Greenbul Phyllastrephus flavostriatus<br />

Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus<br />

Western Nicator Nicator chloris<br />

TURDIDAE - THRUSHES, ROBINS, WHEATEARS, CHATS<br />

Miombo Rock Thrush Monticola angolensis<br />

African Thrush Turdus pelios<br />

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Kurrichane Thrush Turdus libonyanus<br />

Orange Ground Thrush Zoothera gurneyi<br />

Ground Scraper Thrush Psophocichia litsipsirupa<br />

Brown-chested Alethe Alethe poliocephala<br />

Starred Robin Pogonocichla stellata<br />

Alexander's Akalat Sheppardia insulana kungwensis<br />

Cape Robinchat Cossypha caffra<br />

White-browed Robinchat Cossypha heuglini<br />

Red-capped Robinchat Cossypha natalensis<br />

Collared Palm Thrush Cichladusa arquata<br />

Miombo Scrub Robin Cercotrichas barbata<br />

White-browed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas leucophrys<br />

Stonechat Saxicola torquata<br />

Whinchat Saxicola rubetra<br />

Familiar Chat Cercomela familiaris<br />

Cliff Chat Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris<br />

SYLVIIDAE - WARBLERS<br />

Broad-tailed Warbler Schoenicola brevirostris<br />

Bamboo Warbler Bradypterus alfredi<br />

African Moustached Warbler Melocichla mentalis<br />

Olivaceous Warbler Hippolais pallida<br />

Yellow Warbler Chloropeta natalensis<br />

Mountain Yellow Warbler Chloropeta similis<br />

Green-capped Eremomela Eremomela scotops<br />

White-browed Crombec Sylvietta leucophrys<br />

Red-faced Crombec Sylvietta whytii<br />

Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus<br />

Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix<br />

Yellow-throated Warbler Phylloscopus ruficapilla<br />

Yellow-bellied Hyliota Hyliota flavigaster<br />

Garden Warbler Sylvia borin<br />

Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla<br />

Rattling Cisticola Cisticola chiniana<br />

Trilling Cisticola Cisticola woosnami<br />

Red-faced Cisticola Cisticola erythrops<br />

Singing Cisticola Cisticola cantans<br />

Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava<br />

White-chinned Prinia Prinia leucopogon<br />

Yellow-breasted Apalis Apalis flavida<br />

Kungwe Apalis Apalis argentea 11<br />

Grey-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brachyura<br />

Green-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brevicauda<br />

MUSCICAPIDAE - FLYCATCHERS<br />

Pale Flycatcher Bradornis pallidus<br />

Southern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis pammelaina<br />

Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata<br />

11 Listed as ‘endangered’ (IUCN Red Data List, 2007)<br />

14

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Dusky Flycatcher Muscicapa adusta<br />

Swamp Flycatcher Muscicapa aquatica<br />

Lead-coloured Flycatcher Myioparus plumbeus<br />

PLATYSTEIRDAE - WATTLE-EYES and BATIS<br />

Vanga Flycatcher Bias musicus<br />

Chin-spot Batis Batis molitor<br />

Yellow-bellied Wattle-eye Platysteira concreta<br />

Black-throated Wattle-eye Platysteira peltata<br />

MONARCHIDAE - MONARCH FLYCATCHERS<br />

White-tailed Blue Flycatcher Elminia albicauda<br />

Crested Flycatcher Trochocercus cyanomelas<br />

Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis<br />

TIMALIIDAE - BABBLERS, IIADOPSIS, CHATTERERS<br />

Brown Illadopsis Illadopsis fulvescens<br />

Mountain Illadopsis Illadopsis pyrrhoptera<br />

African Hill Babbler Alcippe abyssinica<br />

Arrow-marked Babbler Turdoides jardineii<br />

PARIDAE - TITS<br />

Black Tit Parus leucomelas<br />

REMIZIDAE - PENDULINE TITS<br />

African Penduline Tit Anthoscopus caroli<br />

NECTARINIIDAE -- SUNBIRDS<br />

Western Violet-backed Sunbird Anthreptes longuemarei<br />

Collared Sunbird Anthreptes collaris<br />

Western Olive Sunbird Nectarinia obscura<br />

Green-headed Sunbird Nectarinia verticalis<br />

Amethyst Sunbird Nectarinia amethystina<br />

Scarlet-chested Sunbird Nectarinia senegalensis<br />

Variable Sunbird Nectarinia venusta<br />

Olive-bellied Sunbird Nectarinia chloropygia<br />

Eastern Double-collared Sunbird Nectarinia mediocris<br />

Regal Sunbird Nectarinia regia<br />

Mariqua Sunbird Nectarinia mariquensis<br />

Red-chested Sunbird Nectarinia erythroceri<br />

Copper Sunbird Nectarinia cuprea<br />

Malachite Sunbird Nectarinia famosa<br />

ZOSTEROPIDAE - WHITE-EYES<br />

Yellow White-eye Zosterops senegalensis<br />

ORIOLIDAE – ORIOLES<br />

Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus<br />

African Golden Oriole Oriolus auratus<br />

Black-headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus<br />

15

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Montane Oriole Oriolus percivali<br />

Black-winged Oriole Oriolus nigripennis<br />

LANIIDAE – SHRIKES<br />

Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio<br />

Red-tailed Shrike Lanius isabellinus<br />

Common Fiscal Lanius collaris<br />

MALACONOTIDAE - PUFFBACKS, TCHAGRAS, BOUBOUS, BU<br />

Brubru Nilaus afer<br />

Black-backed Puffback Dryoscopus cubla<br />

Pink-footed Puffback Dryoscopus angolensis<br />

Marsh Tchagra Tchagra minuta<br />

Brown-crowned Tchagra Tchagra australis<br />

Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegala<br />

Lühder's Bush Shrike Laniarius luehderi<br />

Tropical Boubou Laniarius aethiopicus<br />

Sulphur-breasted Bush Shrike Malaconotus sulfureopectus<br />

Grey-headed Bush Shrike Malaconotus blanchoti<br />

PRIONOPIDAE -- HELMET SHRIKES<br />

White Helmet Shrike Prionops plumatus<br />

Retz's Helmet Shrike Prionops retzii<br />

DICRURIDAE - DRONGOS<br />

Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis<br />

CORVIDAE - CROWS<br />

Pied Crow Corvus albus<br />

White-necked Raven Corvus albicollis<br />

STURNIDAE - STARLINGS<br />

Stuhlmann's Starling Poeoptera stuhlmanni<br />

Waller's Starling Onychognathus walleri<br />

Red-winged Starling Onychognathus morio<br />

Sharpe's Starling Cinnyricinclus sharpii<br />

Violet-backed Starling Cinnyricinclus leucogaster<br />

PASSERIDAE -- SPARROWS and PETRONIAS<br />

Grey-headed Sparrow Passer griseus<br />

White-browed Petronia Petronia superciliaris<br />

PLOCEIDAE - WEAVERS, QUELEAS, BISHOPS<br />

Baglafecht Weaver Ploceus baglafecht<br />

Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis<br />

Holub's Golden Weaver Ploceus xanthops<br />

Vieillot's Black Weaver Ploceus nigerrimus<br />

Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus<br />

Golden-backed Weaver Ploceus jacksoni<br />

Dark-backed Weaver Ploceus bicolor<br />

16

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Brown-capped Weaver Ploceus insignis<br />

Crested Malimbe Malimbus malimbicus<br />

Red-headed Weaver Anaplectes rubriceps<br />

Cardinal Quelea Quelea cardinalis<br />

Red-headed Quelea Quelea erythrops<br />

Southern Red Bishop Euplectes orix<br />

Yellow Bishop Euplectes capensis<br />

Yellow-mantled Widowbird Euplectes macrourus<br />

Black-winged Red Bishop Euplectes hordeaceus<br />

Red-collared Widowbird Euplectes ardens<br />

Grosbeak Weaver Amblyospiza albifrons<br />

ESTRILDIDAE - WAXBILLS, CORDON-BLEUS, MANNIKINS etc<br />

Grey-headed Negr<strong>of</strong>inch Nigrita canicapilla<br />

Green-winged Pytilia Pytilia melba<br />

Orange-winged Pytilia Pytilia afra<br />

Red-faced Crimsonwing Cryptospiza reichenovii<br />

Red-headed Bluebill Spermophaga ruficapilla<br />

Peters' Twinspot Hypargos niveoguttatus<br />

Green-backed Twinspot Mandingoa nitidula<br />

Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala<br />

African Firefinch Lagonosticta rubricata<br />

Grey Waxbill Estrilda perreini<br />

Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild<br />

Yellow-bellied Waxbill Estrilda quartinia<br />

Red-cheeked Cordonbleu Uraeginthus bengalus<br />

Bronze Mannikin Lonchura cucullata<br />

Black and White Mannikin Lonchura bicolor<br />

VIDUIDAE - INDIGOBIRDS AND WHYDAHS<br />

Village Indigobird Vidua chalybeata<br />

Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura<br />

FRINGILLIDAE - CANARYS and SEED-EATERS<br />

Western Citril Serinus frontalis<br />

Brimstone Canary Serinus sulphuratus<br />

Streaky seedeater Serinus striolatus<br />

Thick-billed Seedeater Serinus burtoni<br />

Oriole Finch Linurgus olivaceus<br />

EMBERIZIDAE - BUNTINGS<br />

Cinnamon Rock Bunting Emberiza tahapisi<br />

Cabanis' Bunting Emberiza cabanisi<br />

17

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Comments<br />

• The MMNP bird list currently (2008) stands at 367 species.<br />

• There are 32 endemic or near-endemic species and subspecies. 12 <strong>of</strong> these are<br />

subspecies that are endemic to the <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> area (see below).<br />

Endemic / near-endemic birds found in <strong>Mahale</strong><br />

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME<br />

Lemon Dove Aplopelia larvata * (undescribed subspecies)<br />

Grey-throated Barbet Gymnobucco bonapartei cinereceps<br />

Olive Woodpecker Mesopicos griseocephalus ruwenzori<br />

Black Roughwing Psalidoprocne pristoptera ruwenzori<br />

Montane Oriole Oriolus percivali<br />

Mountain Illadopsis Illadopsis pyrrhoptera pyrrhoptera<br />

Slender-billed Greenbul Andropadus gracilirostris congensis<br />

Yellow-whiskered Greenbul Andropadus latirostris eugenius<br />

Shelley’s Greenbul Andropadus masukuensis kungwensis *<br />

Yellow-streaked Greenbul Phyllastrephus flavostriatus kungwensis *<br />

Brown-chested Alethe Alethe poliocephala kungwensis *<br />

Alexander's Akalat Sheppardia insulana kungwensis *<br />

Kungwe Apalis Apalis argentea argentea *<br />

Bamboo Warbler Bradypterus alfredi kungwensis *<br />

Yellow-throated Warbler Phlylloscopus ruficapilla ochrogularis *<br />

Yellow-bellied Wattle-eye Platysteira concreta kungwensis *<br />

Black-throated Wattle-eye Platysteira peltata mentalis<br />

White-tailed Blue Flycatcher Elminia albicauda kivuensis<br />

Crested Flycatcher Trochocercus cyanomelas vivax<br />

Pink-footed Puffback Dryoscopus angolensis kungwensis *<br />

Lühder's Bush Shrike Laniarius luehderi luehderi<br />

Waller's Starling Onychognathus walleri<br />

Sharpe's Starling Cinnyricinclus sharpii<br />

Olive Sunbird Nectarinia obscura ragazzii<br />

Regal Sunbird Nectarinia regia anderseni *<br />

Green-headed Sunbird Nectarinia verticalis viridisplendens<br />

Baglafecht Weaver Ploceus baglafecht stuhlmannii<br />

Dark-backed Weaver Ploceus bicolor kigomaensis<br />

Brown-capped Weaver Ploceus insignis<br />

Vieillot's Black Weaver Ploceus nigerrimus nigerrimus<br />

Red-headed Bluebill Spermophaga ruficapilla ruficapilla<br />

Grey-headed Negr<strong>of</strong>inch Nigrita canicapilla candida *<br />

18<br />

* Subspecies endemic to <strong>Mahale</strong>

---

• Large numbers <strong>of</strong> migratory birds are observed in, and passing over, MMNP at<br />

certain times <strong>of</strong> the year (e.g., October and November).<br />

• <strong>Mahale</strong> is likely to be critically important for Palearctic and Intra-African birds<br />

migrating through western Tanzania.<br />

• Large numbers <strong>of</strong> passerine migrants are also observed. For example, European<br />

Orioles, Oriolus oriolus, feed on fruit in <strong>Mahale</strong> in October/November, before<br />

continuing their southward journey. Some migrants, e.g., Garden Warblers,<br />

Sylvia borin, Willow Warblers, Phylloscopus trochillus, and Blackcaps, Sylvia<br />

atricapilla, over-winter in <strong>Mahale</strong>.<br />

• The Tanzanian Bird Atlas lists MMNP as an Important Bird Area (IBA). To be listed<br />

as an IBA, a site must meet at least one <strong>of</strong> the following criteria:<br />

- Category A1 - globally threatened species (site regularly holds significant<br />

numbers <strong>of</strong> a globally threatened species);<br />

- Category A2 - restricted range (site known or thought to hold a significant<br />

component <strong>of</strong> the group <strong>of</strong> species whose distributions define an Endemic Bird<br />

Area (EBA));<br />

- Category A3 - biome restricted assemblage (site known or thought to<br />

hold a significant component <strong>of</strong> the group <strong>of</strong> species whose distributions are<br />

largely or wholly confined within one biome);<br />

- Category A4 – congregations ((i) site known to hold more than 1% <strong>of</strong> a<br />

biogeographical population <strong>of</strong> a waterbird species; (ii) site known or thought<br />

to hold more than 1% <strong>of</strong> the global population <strong>of</strong> a congregatory nonwaterbird<br />

species; (iii) site known or thought to hold more than 20,000<br />

waterbirds or 10,000 pairs <strong>of</strong> seabirds <strong>of</strong> one or more species; (iv) site known<br />

or thought to exceed thresholds set for migratory species at bottleneck sites.<br />

MMNP meets three <strong>of</strong> these criteria:<br />

- Category A1 – globally threatened species: the Kungwe Apalis (Apalis<br />

argentea) is listed as endangered (IUCN Red Data List, 2007);<br />

- Category A2 – restricted range - EBA 106 (Albertine Rift <strong>Mountains</strong>):<br />

the Kungwe Apalis (Apalis argentea) and the Regal Sunbird (Cinnyris regia);<br />

- Category A3 – biome restricted assemblages: African highlands biome -<br />

24 species (26%) out <strong>of</strong> a country total <strong>of</strong> 91 have been recorded.<br />

19

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(c) REPTILES<br />

Reptile list for MMNP, 40 species, compiled using combined records from three<br />

surveys conducted for MEMP (Moyer, 2005 & 2006 and Menegon, 2006).<br />

Highlighted species are as yet unidentified and are probably new to science<br />

(Menegon and Moyer, pers. com.).<br />

Land Tortoises Testudinidae<br />

Bell's Hinged Tortoise Kinixys belliana<br />

Terrapins Pelomedusidae<br />

Serrated Hinged Terrapin Pelusios sinuatus<br />

Geckos Gekkonidae<br />

Flat-headed House Gecko Hemidactylus platycephalus<br />

Cape Dwarf Gecko Lygodactylus capensis<br />

Dwarf Gecko Lygodactylus angularis 12<br />

20<br />

Cnemaspis sp.<br />

Skinks Scincidae<br />

Speckled-lipped Skink Mabuya maculilabris<br />

Striped Skink Mabuya striata<br />

Variable Skink Mabuya varia<br />

Peter's Writhing Skink Lygosoma afrum<br />

Sundevall’s Writhing Skink Lygosoma sundevalli<br />

Leptosiaphos sp. 12<br />

Chameleons Chamaleonidae<br />

Graceful Chameleon Chamaeleo gracilis 12<br />

Agamas Agamidae<br />

Blue-headed Tree Agama Acanthocerus atricollis<br />

Red-headed Rock Agama Agama agama<br />

Monitor Lizards Varanidae<br />

Nile monitor Varanus niloticus<br />

Crocodiles Crocodylidae<br />

Nile Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus<br />

Blind Snakes and Thread Snakes Leptotyphlopidae<br />

Black Thread Snake Leptotyphlops nigricans<br />

Pythons Boidae<br />

Southern African Rock Python Python natalensis<br />

Typical Snakes Colubridae<br />

Eastern Vine Snake Thelotornis mossambicanus<br />

Blanding’s Tree Snake Boiga blandingii<br />

Lake Tanganyika Water Snake Lycodonomorphus bicolor<br />

12 Recorded 20km NE <strong>of</strong> MMNP (Menegon, 2006)

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Brown House Snake Lamprophis fuliginosus<br />

Large-eyed Green Tree Snake Rhamnophis aethiopissa<br />

Angolan Green-snake Philothamnus angolensis<br />

Thirteen-scaled Green Snake Philothamnus carinatus<br />

White-lipped Snake Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia<br />

Uganda House Snake Hormonotus modestus<br />

Gϋnther’s Green Tree Snake Dipsadoboa unicolor<br />

Jackson’s Cape Wolf Snake Lycophidion capense jacksonii 12<br />

Boomslang Dispholidus typus<br />

Rukwa Sand Racer Psammophis rukwae<br />

Olive Whip Snake Psammophis mossambicus<br />

Cobras, Mambas and relatives Elapidae<br />

Banded Water Cobra Boulengerina annulata stormsi<br />

Forest Cobra Naja melanoleuca<br />

Black-necked Spitting Cobra Naja nigricollis<br />

Jameson's Mamba Dendroaspis jamesonii kaimosae<br />

Black Mamba Dendroaspis polylepis<br />

Vipers Viperidae<br />

Puff Adder Bitis aeritans<br />

Mt. Rungwe Bush Viper Atheris rungweensis<br />

Comments<br />

• Two species (Serrated Hinged Terrapin and Black-necked Spitting Cobra) are<br />

included in the <strong>Mahale</strong> list despite not having been directly observed. This is on<br />

the basis <strong>of</strong> indirect evidence, such as interviews, and because they are found in<br />

similar habitats north and south <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong>.<br />

• No records have been found <strong>of</strong> the Slender-snouted Crocodile but it should occur<br />

in <strong>Mahale</strong>.<br />

• The two undescribed species (Leptosiaphos sp. and Cnemaspis sp.) are likely to<br />

be endemic to the <strong>Mahale</strong> area (Menegon and Moyer, pers. com.).<br />

• Three species (Lake Tanganyika Water Snake, Banded Water Cobra and Mt<br />

Rungwe Bush Viper) are Albertine Rift endemics.<br />

• In Tanzania, the Jameson’s Mamba has only ever been recorded in <strong>Mahale</strong> and<br />

Gombe <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>s.<br />

• As <strong>of</strong> 2008, the reptile list stands at 40 species, but the area has not been<br />

comprehensively surveyed and there are likely to be many species that remain to<br />

be found here.<br />

21

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(d) AMPHIBIANS<br />

List <strong>of</strong> amphibians for MMNP, 23 species, compiled from records <strong>of</strong> three surveys<br />

conducted for MEMP (Moyer, 2005 & 2006 and Menegon, 2006).<br />

The highlighted species is almost certainly new to science, based on morphology and<br />

bioacoustics (Menegon and Moyer, pers. com.).<br />

Common Squeaker<br />

ARTHROLEPTIDAE<br />

Arthroleptis stenodactylus<br />

Dwarf Squeaker Arthroleptis xenodactyloides<br />

Plain Squeaker Arthroleptis xenochirus<br />

Kivu Tree Frog Leptopelis kivuensis 13<br />

Mozambique Forest Tree Frog Leptopelis mossambicus<br />

Leptopelis sp.<br />

BUFONIDAE<br />

Cameroon Toad or Oban Toad Amietophrynus camerunensis<br />

Flat-backed Toad or Guttural Toad Amietophrynus gutturalis<br />

Taita Toad or Dwarf Toad Mertensophryne taitana 13<br />

HYPEROLIIDAE<br />

Kivu Reed Frog Hyperolius kivuensis<br />

Margined or Ahl’s Reed Frog Hyperolius argentovittis<br />

Bocage’s Reed Frog Hyperolius bocagei 13<br />

Long Reed Frog Hyperolius acuticeps 13<br />

De Witte’s Banana Frog Afrixalus wittei<br />

Banded Banana Frog Afrixalus fulvovittatus<br />

Zaire Banana Frog or Fornasini's Leaf-folding Frog Afrixalus fornasinii<br />

Senegal Running Frog or Bubbling Kassina<br />

PIPIDAE<br />

Kassina senegalensis<br />

Lake Victoria Clawed Frog Xenopus victorianus<br />

PHRYNOBATRACHIDAE<br />

Mababe River Frog or Common Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus mababiensis<br />

Natal River Frog or Snoring Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus natalensis<br />

Lake Mwero River Frog or Webbed Puddle Frog Phyrnobatrachus perpalmatus<br />

PTYCHADENIDAE<br />

Benguella Grassland Frog or Savanna Ridged Frog Ptychadena anchietae<br />

Angola River Frog<br />

PYXICEPHALIDAE<br />

Amietia angolensis<br />

Comments<br />

• A total <strong>of</strong> 23 species <strong>of</strong> amphibians are currently (2008) listed for <strong>Mahale</strong>, but this<br />

is likely to be a fraction <strong>of</strong> the number actually occurring in the area. Much<br />

surveying work remains to be done here with regards to amphibian life.<br />

• The new (or unidentified) Leptopelis species was collected on Pasagulu Mountain<br />

in 2006 (Moyer) and again in Ntakata (20km NE <strong>of</strong> MMNP) later in the same year<br />

(Menegon). It has white heel spots, like vermiculatus, but analysis <strong>of</strong> its calls<br />

13 Recorded 20km NE <strong>of</strong> MMNP (Menegon, 2006)<br />

22

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showed that it was not this species. It is likely to be new to science, since all<br />

other possible western members <strong>of</strong> this genus do not have white heels. Assuming<br />

this is an undescribed species, it is almost certainly endemic to the <strong>Mahale</strong> area.<br />

• Leptopelis kivuensis (Kivu Tree Frog) is endemic to the Albertine rift.<br />

(e) FISH<br />

The aquatic survey conducted by BIOSS (2000) confirmed the presence <strong>of</strong> all the<br />

following 127 fish species within MMNP protected waters:<br />

Order Family Scientific Name<br />

Catfish<br />

(Siluriformes)<br />

Perch-likes<br />

(Perciformes)<br />

Bagridae Auchenoglanis occidentalis<br />

Phyllonemus filinemus<br />

Claroteidae Chrysichthys platycephalus<br />

Chrysichthys brachynema<br />

Chrysichthys sianenna<br />

Clariidae Tanganikallabes mortiauxi<br />

Malapteruridae Malapterurus electricus<br />

Mochokidae Synodontis granulosus<br />

Synodontis multipunctatus<br />

Synodontis nigromaculatus<br />

Synodontis petricola<br />

Synodontis polli<br />

Centropomidae Lates angustifrons<br />

Lates mariae<br />

Lates microlepis<br />

Cichlidae Altolamprologus calvus<br />

Altolamprologus compressiceps<br />

Asprotilapia leptura<br />

Aulonocranus dewindti<br />

Bathybates fasciatus<br />

Bathybates ferox<br />

Bathybates graueri<br />

Bathybates horni<br />

Bathybates leo<br />

Bathybates vittatus<br />

Benthochromis tricoti<br />

Boulengerochromis microlepis<br />

Callochromis macrops<br />

Callochromis melanostigma<br />

Chalinochromis brichardi<br />

Cyathopharynx furcifer<br />

Cyphotilapia frontosa<br />

Cyprichromis leptosoma<br />

Cyprichromis microlepidotus<br />

Ectodus descampsi<br />

23

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Order Family Scientific Name<br />

Perch-likes<br />

(Perciformes)<br />

contd.<br />

Cichlidae Enantiopus melanogenys<br />

(contd.) Eretmodus cyanostictus<br />

Gnathochromis pfefferi<br />

Grammatotria lemairii<br />

Haplotaxodon microlepis<br />

Julidochromis marlieri<br />

Julidochromis regain<br />

Julidochromis transcriptus<br />

Lamprologus callipterus<br />

Lamprologus lemairii<br />

Lamprologus ocellatus<br />

Lamprologus ornatipinnis<br />

Lamprologus signatus<br />

Lepidiolamprologus attenuatus<br />

Lepidiolamprologus cunnungtoni<br />

Lepidiolamprologus elongatus<br />

Lepidiolamprologus pr<strong>of</strong>undicola<br />

Lestradea perspicax<br />

Limnochromis auritus<br />

Limnotilapia dardennii<br />

Lobochilotes labiatus<br />

Neolamprologus brevis<br />

Neolamprologus brichardi<br />

Neolamprologus buescheri<br />

Neolamprologus caudopunctatus<br />

Neolamprologus christyi<br />

Neolamprologus fasciatus<br />

Neolamprologus furcifer<br />

Neolamprologus gracilis<br />

Neolamprologus hecqui<br />

Neolamprologus leleupi<br />

Neolamprologus meeli<br />

Neolamprologus modestus<br />

Neolamprologus mondabu<br />

Neolamprologus morrii<br />

Neolamprologus multifasciatus<br />

Neolamprologus niger<br />

Neolamprologus pleuromaculatus<br />

Neolamprologus savoryi<br />

Neolamprologus sexfasciatus<br />

Neolamprologus tetracanthus<br />

Neolamprologus toae<br />

Neolamprologus tretocephalus<br />

Neolamprologus wauthioni<br />

Opthalmotilapia heterodonta<br />

Opthalmotilapia nasutus<br />

Opthalmotilapia ventralis<br />

24

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Order Family Scientific Name<br />

Perch-likes<br />

(Perciformes)<br />

contd.<br />

Loaches, Minnows,<br />

Suckers, Carp<br />

(Cypriniformes)<br />

Cichlidae Oreochromis tanganicae<br />

(contd.) Perissodus microlepis<br />

Perissodus straeleni<br />

Petrochromis famula<br />

Petrochromis fasiolatus<br />

Petrochromis macrognathus<br />

Petrochromis orthognathus<br />

Petrochromis polyodon<br />

Petrochromis trewavasae<br />

Plecodus multidentatus<br />

Plecodus paradoxus<br />

Plecodus straeleni<br />

Simochromis babaulti<br />

Simochromis diagramma<br />

Spathodus erythrodon<br />

Tanganicodus irsacae<br />

Telmatochromis bifrenatus<br />

Telmatochromis brichardi<br />

Telmatochromis burgeoni<br />

Telmatochromis dhonti<br />

Telmatochromis temporalis<br />

Telmatochromis vittatus<br />

Trematocara marginatum<br />

Tropheus brichardi<br />

Tropheus duboisi<br />

Tropheus moorii<br />

Tropheus polli<br />

Tylochromis polylepis<br />

Xenochromis hecqui<br />

Xenotilapia boulengeri<br />

Xentotilapia flavipinnis<br />

Xentotilapia ochrogenys<br />

Xenotilapia sima<br />

Xenotilapia spilopterus<br />

Cyprinidae Acapoeta tanganicae<br />

Barbus taeniopleura<br />

Barbus tropidolepis<br />

Labeo dhonti<br />

Cyprinodontidae Lamprichthys tanganicanus<br />

Herrings (Clupeiformes) Clupeidae Limnothrissa miodon<br />

Eels (Synbranchiformes)<br />

Mastacembelidae Aethiomastacembelus ellipsifer<br />

Aethiomastacembelus platysoma<br />

Caecomastacembelus frenatus<br />

Caecomastacembelus moorii<br />

Caecomastacembelus ophidium<br />

25

---

Comments<br />

• Of these 127 species, 96% are endemic to Lake Tanganyika, and 80% (101<br />

species) are cichlids.<br />

• The BIOSS study (2000) found that sites with the greatest diversity <strong>of</strong> species<br />

were, in the most part, located in the central portion <strong>of</strong> MMNP between<br />

Luahagala point and Lumbiye Bay, although other locations both in the north<br />

(Nsele) and south (Mankungwe) were also rich in species.<br />

• The BIOSS survey <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> revealed a wide spectrum <strong>of</strong> aquatic littoral habitat<br />

types, including emergent macrophytes, submerged macrophytes, stromatolite<br />

reefs, shell beds and all combinations <strong>of</strong> s<strong>of</strong>t and hard substrates.<br />

• The majority <strong>of</strong> fish and molluscs found in Lake Tanganyika inhabit the sublittoral<br />

zone (down to 40m), and species diversity is highest in rocky habitats.<br />

(f) AQUATIC MOLLUSCS<br />

The aquatic survey conducted by BIOSS (2000) confirmed the presence <strong>of</strong> all the<br />

following 23 mollusc species within MMNP protected waters.<br />

Class/Order Family Scientific Name<br />

Paludomidae Tanganyicia neritinoides<br />

Tanganycia ruf<strong>of</strong>ilosa<br />

Pleuroceridae Bridouxia giraudi<br />

Lavigeria grandis<br />

Lavigeria paucicostata<br />

Lavigeria species A 14<br />

Gastropoda/<br />

Mesogastropoda<br />

Bivalvia/Unionoida<br />

Lavigeria species B 14<br />

Neothauma tanganyicensis<br />

Paramelania crassigranulata<br />

Reymondia horei<br />

Reymondia minor<br />

Reymondia species A 14<br />

Spekia zonata<br />

Stormsia minima<br />

Syrnolopsis lacustris<br />

Syrnolopsis minuta<br />

Syrnolopsidae Anceya giraudi<br />

Thiaridae Paramelania iridescens #2<br />

Unknown Novel genus new species 15<br />

Novel genus spinulosa 15<br />

Mutelidae Cealatura burtoni<br />

Mutela spekii<br />

Pseudospatha tanganyicensis<br />

14 Individual molluscs not identified to species level with certainty, but not considered to be new species<br />

15 Thought to be a species new to science<br />

26

---

Comments<br />

• All these aquatic molluscs are endemic to Lake Tanganyika.<br />

• Of the total number <strong>of</strong> molluscs described in Lake Tanganyika, 40% <strong>of</strong> the<br />

gastropod and 13% <strong>of</strong> the bivalve species are found in MMNP.<br />

(g) PLANTS<br />

List <strong>of</strong> 1174 plant species known from <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />

Compiled from plant lists in published literature (Nishida & Uehara, 1981; Plumptre<br />

et al. 2003, Nishida in litt.) and from specimens collected during MEMP surveys<br />

(Moyer, 2005).<br />

*Introduced; †Albertine Rift Endemic<br />

Genus /Family Species<br />

Acanthaceae<br />

†Whitfieldia elongata<br />

Acanthus sp1<br />

Acanthus ueleensis<br />

Asystasia albiflora<br />

Asystasia gangetica<br />

Barleria sp2<br />

Barleria splendens<br />

Blepharis buchneri<br />

Blepharis glumacea<br />

Blepharis inopinata<br />

Blepharis katangensis<br />

Blepharis menocotyle<br />

Blepharis pungens<br />

Blepharis uzondoensis<br />

Brillantaisia owariensis<br />

Crabbea velutina<br />

Crossandra nilotica<br />

Dicliptera hyalina<br />

Duosperma densiflorum<br />

Duosperma fimbriatum<br />

Duosperma sp1<br />

Dyschoriste trichocalyx<br />

Hygrophila cataractea<br />

Hypoestes sp1<br />

Isoglossa ufipensis<br />

Justicia anagalloides<br />

Justicia betonica<br />

27<br />

Justicia boaleri<br />

Justicia heterocarpa<br />

Justicia lithospermoides<br />

Justicia mollugo<br />

Justicia sp1<br />

Justicia sp4<br />

Justicia striolata<br />

Lepidagathis andersoniana<br />

Lepidagathis sparsiceps<br />

Mellera lobulata<br />

Mimulopsis sp2<br />

Nelsonia canescens<br />

Oreacanthus sp1<br />

Phaulopsis imbricata<br />

Phaulopsis johnstonii<br />

Ruspolia seticalyx<br />

Sclerochiton vogelii<br />

Thunbergia alata<br />

Thunbergia huillensis<br />

Thunbergia microchlamys<br />

Thunbergia natalensis<br />

Thunbergia sp1<br />

Thunbergia vogeliana<br />

Whitfieldia arnoldiana<br />

Whitfieldia sp1<br />

Adiantum patens<br />

Adiantum philippense<br />

Adiantum poiretii<br />

Cheilanthes farinosa

---

Cheilanthes multifida<br />

Cheilanthes similis<br />

Doryopteris concolor<br />

Pellaea doniana<br />

Adiantaceae<br />

Pteris catoptera<br />

Pteris friesii<br />

Aloaceae<br />

Aloe christianii<br />

Aloe duckeri<br />

Aloe sp1<br />

Amarantaceae<br />

Psilotrichum majus<br />

*Amaranthus dubius<br />

*Amaranthus hybridus<br />

†Celosia stuhlmanniana<br />

Achyranthes aspera<br />

Achyropsis filifolia<br />

Achyropsis laniceps<br />

Alternanthera sessilis<br />

Celosia isertii<br />

Celosia trigyna<br />

Centemopsis conferta<br />

Cyathula prostrata<br />

Boophone disticha<br />

Anacardiaceae<br />

Heeria mucronata<br />

Lannea schimperi<br />

*Mangifera indica<br />

Ozoroa reticulata<br />

Ozoroa stenophylla<br />

Pseudospondias microcarpa<br />

Sclerocarya caffra<br />

Anisophylleaceae<br />

Anisophyllea boehmii<br />

Annonaceae<br />

Annona senegalensis<br />

Artabotrys monteiroae<br />

Hexalobus sp1<br />

Monanthotaxis buchananii<br />

Monanthotaxis ferruginea<br />

Monanthotaxis littoralis<br />

Monanthotaxis parviflora<br />

Monanthotaxis poggei<br />

Uvaria angolensis<br />

Uvaria sp1<br />

28<br />

Uvaria sp2<br />

Uvaria welwitschii<br />

Uvariopsis sp1<br />

Xylopia parviflora<br />

Xylopia sp1<br />

Anthericaceae<br />

Anthericum sp1<br />

Chlorophytum comosum<br />

Chlorophytum lancifolium<br />

Chlorophytum minor<br />

Chlorophytum sp1<br />

Chlorophytum stolzii<br />

Apiaceae<br />

†Pimpinella richardsiae<br />

Diplolophium zambesianum<br />

Heteromorpha trifoliata<br />

Pimpinella hirtella<br />

Pimpinella ledermannii<br />

Steganotaenia araliacea<br />

Apocynaceae<br />

Ancylobotrys amoena<br />

Baissea myrtifolia<br />

Dictyophleba lucida<br />

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon<br />

Landolphia kirkii<br />

Landolphia owariensis<br />

Landolphia sp1<br />

Oncinotis tenuiloba<br />

Rauvolfia caffra<br />

Saba comorensis<br />

Tabernaemontana pachysiphon<br />

Voacanga africana<br />

Voacanga sp1<br />

Araceae<br />

*Colocasia esculenta<br />

Anchomanes sp<br />

Anchomanes sp2<br />

Culcasia scandens<br />

Pistia stratiotes<br />

Araliaceae<br />

Cussonia zimmermannii<br />

Polyscias fulva<br />

Schefflera abyssinica<br />

Aristolochiaceae<br />

Aristolochia albida<br />

Aristolochia petersiana

---

Asclepiadaceae<br />

Ceropegia nilotica<br />

Ceropegia papillata<br />

Ceropegia sp2<br />

Cynanchum sp1<br />

Cynanchum sp1<br />

Dregea schimperi<br />

Ectadiopsis oblongifolia<br />

Gongronema sp1<br />

Mondia whytei<br />

Pentarrhinum abyssinica<br />

Pergularia daemia<br />

Periploca linearifolia<br />

Riocreuxia pr<strong>of</strong>usa<br />

Secamone punctulata<br />

Stathmostelma sp1<br />

Tacazzea apiculata<br />

Tylophora sp1<br />

Asparagaceae<br />

Asparagus africanus<br />

Asparagus buchananii<br />

Asparagus flagellaris<br />

Asparagus setaceus<br />

Asparagus sp2<br />

Aspidiaceae<br />

Dryopteris inaequalis<br />

Tectaria gemmifera<br />

Aspleniaceae<br />

Asplenium buettneri<br />

Asplenium dregeanum<br />

Asplenium formosum<br />

Asplenium lunulatum<br />

Asplenium pumilum<br />

Asteraceae<br />

*Conyza sumatrensis<br />

†Gutenbergia spermacoceoides<br />

†Helichrysum gaharoense<br />

†Melanthera richardsiae<br />

†Pleiotaxis gombensis<br />

†Vernonia congolensis<br />

Acmella uliginosa<br />

Adenostemma perrottetii<br />

Anisopappus abercornensis<br />

Anisopappus chinensis<br />

Aspilia mossambicensis<br />

Aspilia rudis<br />

Bidens acuticaulis<br />

29<br />

Bidens cinerea<br />

Bidens grantii<br />

Bidens kilimandscharica<br />

Bidens pilosa<br />

Bidens steppia<br />

Blumea crispata<br />

Blumea sp1<br />

Blumea<br />

Carduus sp1<br />

Conyza sp3<br />

Crassocephalum crepidioides<br />

Crassocephalum picridifolium<br />

Crassocephalum rubens<br />

Crassocephalum vitellinum<br />

Dicoma plantaginifolia<br />

Dicoma poggei<br />

Echinops amplexicaulis<br />

Elephantopus scaber<br />

Emilia helianthella<br />

Emilia integrifolia<br />

Felicia boehmii<br />

Gutenbergia sp1<br />

Gynura scandens<br />

Helichrysum kirkii<br />

Helichrysum patulifolium<br />

Hypericophyllum elatum<br />

Inula glomerata<br />

Melanthera scandens<br />

Microglossa pyrifolia<br />

Mikania chenopodifolia<br />

Mikania sp1<br />

Nicolasia coronata<br />

Nicolasia nitens<br />

Nidorella spartioides<br />

Pasaccardoa grantii<br />

Pleiotaxis dewevrei<br />

Solanecio angulatus<br />

Solanecio mannii<br />

Sonchus luxurians<br />

Sonchus schweinfurthii<br />

Sphaeranthus suaveolens<br />

Vernonia adoensis<br />

Vernonia amygdalina<br />

Vernonia anthelmintica<br />

Vernonia colorata<br />

Vernonia holstii<br />

Vernonia incompta<br />

Vernonia ituriensis

---

Vernonia jelfiae<br />

Vernonia karaguensis<br />

Vernonia miombicola<br />

Vernonia muelleri<br />

Vernonia mus<strong>of</strong>ensis<br />

Vernonia nestor<br />

Vernonia rhodantoidea<br />

Vernonia sp2<br />

Vernonia stenocephala<br />

Vernonia tolypophora<br />

Vernonia ugandensis<br />

Vernonia violacea<br />

Athyrium annae<br />

Balanophoraceae<br />

Thonningia sanguinea<br />

Balsaminaceae<br />

†Impatiens percordata<br />

Impatiens niamniamensis<br />

Impatiens sp2<br />

Begoniaceae<br />

Begonia princeae<br />

Begonia sutherlandii<br />

Bignoniaceae<br />

Kigelia africana<br />

Markhamia lutea<br />

Markhamia obtusifolia<br />

Spathodea campanulata<br />

Stereospermum kunthianum<br />

Bixaceae<br />

*Bixa orellana<br />

Bombacaceae<br />

*Ceiba sp.<br />

Boraginaceae<br />

Cordia africana<br />

Cordia millenii<br />

Trichodesma ambacense<br />

Brassicaceae<br />

Brassica carinata<br />

Burmanniaceae<br />

Burmannia madagascariensis<br />

Gymnosiphon usambaricus<br />

Tacca leontapelatoides<br />

Burseraceae<br />

Canarium schweinfurthii<br />

Commiphora eminii<br />

Commiphora sp1<br />

30<br />

Caesalpiniaceae<br />

Brachystegia longifolia<br />

*Cassia siamea<br />

†Monopetalanthus richardsiae<br />

†Tessmannia burttii<br />

Afzelia africana<br />

Afzelia quanzensis<br />

Anthonotha macrophylla<br />

Anthonotha noldeae<br />

Baikaea insignis<br />

Baphiopsis parviflora<br />

Bauhinia petersiana<br />

Brachystegia boehmii<br />

Brachystegia bussei<br />

Brachystegia floribunda<br />

Brachystegia manga<br />

Brachystegia sp1<br />

Brachystegia spiciformis<br />

Brachystegia stipulata<br />

Caesalpinia welwitschiana<br />

Cassia parva<br />

Cassia sp2<br />

Cynometra sp1<br />

Erythrophleum guineense<br />

Isoberlinia angolensis<br />

Julbernardia globiflora<br />

Julbernardia magnistipulata<br />

Julbernardia paniculata<br />

Julbernardia seretii<br />

Julbernardia sp1<br />

Julbernardia unijugata<br />

Piliostigma thonningii<br />

Tamarindus indica<br />

Campanulaceae<br />

†Wahlenbergia pulchella<br />

Wahlenbergia capitata<br />

Wahlenbergia denticulata<br />

Wahlenbergia flexuosa<br />

Wahlenbergia hirsuta<br />

Wahlenbergia sp1<br />

Cannaceae<br />

*Canna indica<br />

Cannaraceae<br />

Rourea thomsonii<br />

Capparidaceae<br />

Gynandropsis gynandra<br />

Maerua sp1

---

Celastraceae<br />

Maytenus heterophylla<br />

Maytenus undata<br />

Mystroxylon aethiopicum<br />

Chenopodiaceae<br />

Chenopodium sp1<br />

Chrysobalanaceae<br />

Parinari capensis<br />

Parinari curatellifolia<br />

Parinari excelsa<br />

Colchicaceae<br />

Littonia lindeni<br />

Combretaceae<br />

Combretum adenogonium<br />

Combretum apiculatum<br />

Combretum collinum<br />

Combretum molleri<br />

Combretum paniculatum<br />

Combretum sp2<br />

Combretum umbricola<br />

Terminalia kaiserana<br />

Terminalia mollis<br />

Terminalia sericea<br />

Terminalia stenostachya<br />

Commelinaceae<br />

Aneilema beniniense<br />

Aneilema hirtum<br />

Aneilema pedunculosum<br />

Aneilema sp1<br />

Commelina aspera<br />

Commelina imberbis<br />

Commelina nyasensis<br />

Commelina polhillii<br />

Commelina sp2<br />

Commelina subulata<br />

Cyanotis barbata<br />

Floscopa tuberculata<br />

Murdannia simplex<br />

Connaraceae<br />

Agelaea pentagyna<br />

Rourea sp<br />

Convolvulaceae<br />

Batatas edulis<br />

Hewittia scandens<br />

Ipomoea barteri<br />

Ipomoea cairica<br />

31<br />

Ipomoea crassipes<br />

Ipomoea crepidiformis<br />

Ipomoea involucrata<br />

Ipomoea mauritiana<br />

Ipomoea ochracea<br />

Ipomoea rubens<br />

Ipomoea sp1<br />

Ipomoea tenuirostris<br />

Ipomoea turbinata<br />

Lepistemon owariense<br />

Merremia pterygocaulos<br />

Crassulaceae<br />

Kalanchoe lateritia<br />

Cucurbitaceae<br />

Coccinia adoensis<br />

Coccinia barteri<br />

Coccinia grandis<br />

Cucumella bryoniifolia<br />

Cucumis dipsaceus<br />

Cucumis globosus<br />

Cucurbita maxima<br />

Eureiandra dawei<br />

Eureiandra formosa<br />

Lagenaria siceraria<br />

Lagenaria sp1<br />

Luffa cylindrica<br />

Mukia maderaspatana<br />

Zehneria sp1<br />

Zehneria thwaitesii<br />

Cyatheaceae<br />

Cyathea dregei<br />

Cyperaceae<br />

Abildgaardia abortiva<br />

Abildgaardia filamentosa<br />

Ascolepis protea<br />

Cyperus articulatus<br />

Cyperus koyaliensis<br />

Cyperus laxus<br />

Cyperus mapanioides<br />

Cyperus sp5<br />

Cyperus tenax<br />

Cyperus tenuispica<br />

Diplacrum africanum<br />

Eleocharis complanata<br />

Fimbristylis dichotoma<br />

Kyllinga alba<br />

Kyllinga sp1

---

Lipocarpha monostachya<br />

Mariscus macrocarpus<br />

Mariscus sp1<br />

Mariscus sumatrensis<br />

Scleria pusilla<br />

Scleria racemosa<br />

Dennstaedtiaceae<br />

Pteridium aquilinum<br />

Dichapetalaceae<br />

Dichapetalum angolense<br />

Dichapetalum heudelotii<br />

Dilleniaceae<br />

Tetracera potatoria<br />

Dioscoreaceae<br />

Dioscorea cochleariapiculata<br />

Dioscorea dumentorum<br />

Dioscorea hirtiflora<br />

Dioscorea longicuspis<br />

Dioscorea odoratissima<br />

Dioscorea sp1<br />

Dipsacaceae<br />

Cephalaria katangensis<br />

Dipterocarpaceae<br />

Monotes elegans<br />

Dracaenaceae<br />

Dracaena laxissima<br />

Dracaena mannii<br />

Dracaena reflexa<br />

Sansevieria sp1<br />

Droseraceae<br />

Drosera indica<br />

Ebenaceae<br />

Diospyros abyssinica<br />

Diospyros gabunensis<br />

Diospyros kirkii<br />

Diospyros mespiliformis<br />

Ericaceae<br />

Erica benguelensis<br />

Eriocaulaceae<br />

†Eriocaulon laniceps<br />

Eriocaulon afzelianum<br />

Eriocaulon bongense<br />

Eriocaulon buchananii<br />

Eriocaulon mutatum<br />

Eriocaulon setaceum<br />

32<br />

Eriocaulon teusczii<br />

Paepalanthus lamarckii<br />

Euphorbiaceae<br />

*Jatropha curcas<br />

†Euphorbia bwambensis<br />

†Macaranga capensis<br />

Acalypha chirindica<br />

Acalypha ciliata<br />

Acalypha ornata<br />

Acalypha psilostachya<br />

Acalypha villicaulis<br />

Alchornea laxiflora<br />

Antidesma membranaceum<br />

Antidesma venosum<br />

Argomuellera macrophylla<br />

Bridelia atroviridis<br />

Bridelia brideliifolia<br />

Bridelia duvigneaudii<br />

Bridelia micrantha<br />

Caperonia serrata<br />

Caperonia stuhlmannii<br />

Cleistanthus polystachyus<br />

Croton macrostachyus<br />

Croton sylvaticus<br />

Drypetes gerrardii<br />

Drypetes natalensis<br />

Erythrococca atrovirens<br />

Euphorbia polycnemoides<br />

Euphorbia sp2<br />

Euphorbia taboraensis<br />

Euphorbia tirucalli<br />

Manihot dichotoma<br />

Margaritaria discoidea<br />

Mildbraedia carpinifolia<br />

Monadenium depauperatum<br />

Monadenium goetzei<br />

Monadenium herbaceum<br />

Monadenium laeve<br />

Neoboutonia sp1<br />

Phyllanthus boehmii<br />

Phyllanthus muellerianus<br />

Phyllanthus ovalifolius<br />

Phyllanthus paxii<br />

Phyllanthus reticulatus<br />

Phyllanthus sp1<br />

Phyllanthus suffrutescens<br />

Phyllanthus taylorianus

---

Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia<br />

Ricinodendron heudelotii<br />

Ricinus communis<br />

Sapium ellipticum<br />

Tragia benthamii<br />

Tragia brevipes<br />

Tragia sp1<br />

Uapaca kirkiana<br />

Uapaca nitida<br />

Uapaca sansibarica<br />

Fabaceae<br />

*Cajanus cajan<br />

*Desmodium intortum<br />

†Baphia punctulata<br />

†Crotalaria annua<br />

†Crotalaria bequaertii<br />

†Crotalaria glauca<br />

†Crotalaria subcapitata<br />

†Humularia multifoliolata<br />

†Indig<strong>of</strong>era peltata<br />

†Kotschya bullockii<br />

†Millettia angustidentata<br />

†Vigna membranacea<br />

Abrus precatorius<br />

Adenodolichos punctatus<br />

Aeschynomene abyssinica<br />

Aeschynomene baumii<br />

Aeschynomene bracteosa<br />

Aeschynomene cristata<br />

Aeschynomene leptophylla<br />

Aeschynomene sp1<br />

Alysicarpus zeyheri<br />

Amphicarpaea africana<br />

Baphia capparidifolia<br />

Craibia affinis<br />

Craibia grandiflora<br />

Crotalaria alexandri<br />

Crotalaria caudata<br />

Crotalaria cephalotes<br />

Crotalaria duboisii<br />

Crotalaria ephemera<br />

Crotalaria goodiiformis<br />

Crotalaria involutifolia<br />

Crotalaria kipandensis<br />

Crotalaria lachnophora<br />

Crotalaria leptoclada<br />

Crotalaria miranda<br />

33<br />

Crotalaria nigricans<br />

Crotalaria pallida<br />

Crotalaria reclinata<br />

Crotalaria ringoetii<br />

Crotalaria shirensis<br />

Crotalaria sp2<br />

Crotalaria sphaerocarpa<br />

Crotalaria valida<br />

Dalbergia boehmii<br />

Dalbergia lactea<br />

Dalbergia malangensis<br />

Dalbergia nitidula<br />

Desmodium barbatum<br />

Desmodium salicifolium<br />

Desmodium sp1<br />

Desmodium stolzii<br />

Dolichos kilimandscharicus<br />

Dolichos pseudocajanus<br />

Dolichos sp1<br />

Dolichos sp1<br />

Eriosema parviflorum<br />

Eriosema rhodesicum<br />

Erythrina abyssinica<br />

Erythrina excelsa<br />

Glycine sp1<br />

Glycine wightii<br />

Indig<strong>of</strong>era atriceps<br />

Indig<strong>of</strong>era brevifilamenta<br />

Indig<strong>of</strong>era conjugata<br />

Indig<strong>of</strong>era deightonii<br />

Indig<strong>of</strong>era dendroides<br />

Indig<strong>of</strong>era emarginella<br />

Indig<strong>of</strong>era griseoides<br />

Indig<strong>of</strong>era hochstetteri<br />

Indig<strong>of</strong>era menanthoides<br />

Indig<strong>of</strong>era micropetala<br />

Indig<strong>of</strong>era monantha<br />

Indig<strong>of</strong>era monanthoides<br />

Indig<strong>of</strong>era podocarpa<br />

Indig<strong>of</strong>era subargentea<br />

Indig<strong>of</strong>era trachyphylla<br />

Indig<strong>of</strong>era vohemarensis<br />

Kotschya aeschynomenoides<br />

Kotschya africana<br />

Kotschya capitulifera<br />

Kotschya prittwitzii<br />

Kotschya strigosa<br />

Macrotyloma prostratum

---

Microcharis asparagoides<br />

Microcharis ephemera<br />

Millettia sp1<br />

Millettia sp2<br />

Mucuna coriacea<br />

Mucuna gigantea<br />

Mucuna poggei<br />

Mucuna pruriens<br />

Neonotonia wightii<br />

Pericopsis angolensis<br />

Phaseolus lanatus<br />

Physostigma mesoponticum<br />

Pseudarthria hookeri<br />

Psophocarpus scandens<br />

Pterocarpus angolensis<br />

Pterocarpus tinctorius<br />

Rhynchosia goetzei<br />

Rhynchosia hirta<br />

Rhynchosia luteola<br />

Rhynchosia monophylla<br />

Rhynchosia sp2<br />

Rhynchosia vigna<br />

Sesbania sesban<br />

Sesbania sp1<br />

Sesbania sp2<br />

Sphenostylis erecta<br />

Sphenostylis stenocarpa<br />

Tephrosia dasyphylla<br />

Tephrosia elata<br />

Tephrosia interrupta<br />

Tephrosia purpurea<br />

Tephrosia richardsiae<br />

Tephrosia tanganicensis<br />

Vigna ambacensis<br />

Vigna comosa<br />

Vigna kirkii<br />

Vigna macrorrhyncha<br />

Vigna monophylla<br />

Vigna platyloba<br />

Vigna reticulata<br />

Vigna sp1<br />

Vigna sp2<br />

Vigna wittei<br />

Flacourtiaceae<br />

Flacourtia indica<br />

Lindackeria bukobensis<br />

Lindackeria schweinfurthii<br />

34<br />

Oncoba spinosa<br />

Phylloclinium paradoxum<br />

Rawsonia lucida<br />

Scolopia sp1<br />

Gentianaceae<br />

Canscora diffusa<br />

Chironia palustris<br />

Faroa axillaris<br />

Faroa graveolens<br />

Faroa pusilla<br />

Sebaea brevicaulis<br />

Sebaea fernandesiana<br />

Sebaea lineariformis<br />

Sebaea macroptera<br />

Sebaea oligantha<br />

Sebaea platyptera<br />

Sebaea pumila<br />

Sebaea teuszii<br />

Swertia eminii<br />

Hernandiaceae<br />

Illigera pentaphylla<br />

Hippocrateceae<br />

Apodostigma<br />

Salacia congolensis<br />

Salacia erecta<br />

Salacia lehmbachii<br />

Salacia madagascariensis<br />

Salacia sp1<br />

Hyacinthaceae<br />

Albuca kirkii<br />

Walleria mackenzii<br />

Hymenocardiaceae<br />

Hymenocardia acida<br />

Hypericaceae<br />

Harungana madagascariensis<br />

Psorospermum febrifugum<br />

Icacinaceae<br />

Apodytes dimidiata<br />

Pyrenacantha vogeliana<br />

Iridaceae<br />

Crocosmia aurea<br />

Gladiolus dalenii<br />

Gladiolus erectiflorus<br />

Gladiolus gregarius<br />

Gladiolus sp1<br />

Moraea bella

---

Moraea schimperi<br />

Lamiaceae<br />

†Leucas aff.<br />

†Leucas aff.<br />

Aeollanthus alternatus<br />

Aeollanthus myrianthus<br />

Aeollanthus subacaulis<br />

Coleus longipetiolatus<br />

Geniosporum affine<br />

Haumaniastrum callianthum<br />

Haumaniastrum coeruleum<br />

Haumaniastrum sp1<br />

Haumaniastrum villosum<br />

Holostylon sp1<br />

Leonotis nepetifolia<br />

Leucas menthifolia<br />

Leucas songeana<br />

Ocimum citriodorum<br />

Ocimum gratissimum<br />

Platostoma africanum<br />

Plectranthus equisetiformis<br />

Plectranthus laxiflorus<br />

Plectranthus masukensis<br />

Plectranthus sereti<br />

Plectranthus stachytarphetoides<br />

Pycnostachys dewildemaniana<br />

Pycnostachys graminifolia<br />

Pycnostachys kassneri<br />

Pycnostachys orthodonta<br />

Pycnostachys prittwitzii<br />

Pycnostachys speciosa<br />

Pycnostachys stuhlmannii<br />

Scutellaria schweinfurthii<br />

Solenostemon latifolius<br />

Stachys pseudonigricans<br />

Tetradenia riparia<br />

Tinnea apiculata<br />

Cassytha filiformis<br />

Leea guineensis<br />

Lentibulariaceae<br />

Genlisea margaretea<br />

Utricularia arenaria<br />

Utricularia inflexa<br />

Utricularia microcalyx<br />

Utricularia prehensilis<br />

Utricularia reflexa<br />

Utricularia subulata<br />

35<br />

Utricularia welwitschii<br />

Lobeliaceae<br />

†Lobelia uliginosa<br />

Lobelia adnexa<br />

Lobelia inconspicua<br />

Lobelia stricklandae<br />

Anthocleista schweinfurthii<br />

Anthocleista sp1<br />

Mostuea brunonis<br />

Nuxia congesta<br />

Strychnos cocculoides<br />

Strychnos innocua<br />

Strychnos lucida<br />

Strychnos matopensis<br />

Strychnos potatorum<br />

Strychnos sp1<br />

Lomariopsidaceae<br />

Bolbitis acrostichoides<br />

Loranthaceae<br />

Agelanthus irangensis<br />

Agelanthus molleri<br />

Agelanthus zizyphifolius<br />

Loranthus sp2<br />

Phragmanthera eminii<br />

Phragmanthera rufescens<br />

Viscum loranthicola<br />

Viscum triflorum<br />

Lythraceae<br />

Ammannia auriculata<br />

Ammannia baccifera<br />

Nesaea aspera<br />

Nesaea cordata<br />

Malvaceae<br />

*Hibiscus cannabinus<br />

Hibiscus aponeurus<br />

Hibiscus debeerstii<br />

Hibiscus ovalifolius<br />

Hibiscus rhodanthus<br />

Hibiscus rostellatus<br />

Hibiscus sp3<br />

Hibiscus surattensis<br />

Pavonia sp1<br />

Pavonia urens<br />

Sida rhombifolia<br />

Thespesia garckeana<br />

Wissadula rostrata

---

Marantaceae<br />

Marantochloa leucantha<br />

Melastomataceae<br />

†Dichaetanthera verdcourtii<br />

Cincinnobotrys acaulis<br />

Dissotis arborescens<br />

Dissotis caloneura<br />

Dissotis densiflora<br />

Dissotis fruticosa<br />

Dissotis pachytricha<br />

Dissotis phaeotricha<br />

Dissotis speciosa<br />

Dissotis trothae<br />

Heterotis canescens<br />

Melastomastrum capitatum<br />

Meliaceae<br />

Carapa procera<br />

Entandrophragma utile<br />

Khaya grandifoliola<br />

Khaya sp1<br />

Trichilia dregeana<br />

Trichilia emetica<br />

Trichilia prieuriana<br />

Trichilia sp1<br />

Turraea vogelioides<br />

Melianthaceae<br />

Bersama abyssinica<br />

Menispermaceae<br />

Dioscoreophyllum volkensii<br />

Stephania abyssinica<br />

Tinospora caffra<br />

Mimosaceae<br />

Acacia drepanolobium<br />

Acacia hockii<br />

Acacia polyacantha<br />

Acacia sieberiana<br />

Albizia adianthifolia<br />

Albizia antunesiana<br />

Albizia glaberrima<br />

Albizia gummifera<br />

Albizia versicolor<br />

Entada abyssinica<br />

Entada sp1<br />

Faidherbia albida<br />

Newtonia buchananii<br />

<strong>Park</strong>ia filicoidea<br />

36<br />

Moraceae<br />

Antiaris toxicaria<br />

Dorstenia hildebrandtii<br />

Dorstenia preussii<br />

Dorstenia sp2<br />

Ficus amadiensis<br />

Ficus asperifolia<br />

Ficus conraui<br />

Ficus cyathistipula<br />

Ficus exasperata<br />

Ficus glumosa<br />

Ficus glumosa<br />

Ficus ingens<br />

Ficus ottoniifolia<br />

Ficus scassellatii<br />

Ficus sp2<br />

Ficus sur<br />

Ficus sycomorus<br />

Ficus thonningii<br />

Ficus trichopoda<br />

Ficus vallis-choudae<br />

Milicia excelsa<br />

Myrianthus arboreus<br />

Myrianthus holstii<br />

Musaceae<br />

Ensete ventricosum<br />

*Musa sp1<br />

Myristicaceae<br />

Pycnanthus angolensis<br />

Myrsinaceae<br />

Maesa lanceolata<br />

Maesa welwitschii<br />

Rapanea melanophloeos<br />

Myrtaceae<br />

*Psidium guajava<br />

Syzygium cordatum<br />

Syzygium cumini<br />

Syzygium guineense<br />

Nephrolipidaceae<br />

Nephrolepis undulata<br />

Nyctaginaceae<br />

Boerhavia diffusa<br />

Ochnaceae<br />

Ochna atropurpurea<br />

Ochna cyanophylla<br />

Ochna holstii

---

Ochna sp2<br />

Olacaceae<br />

Ximenia americana<br />

Oleaceae<br />

Chionanthus niloticus<br />

Jasminum dichotomum<br />

Jasminum sp3<br />

Schrebera alata<br />

Schrebera trichoclada<br />

Onagraceae<br />

Ludwigia stenorraphe<br />

Opiliaceae<br />

†Thecacoris lucida<br />

Orchidaceae<br />

Aerangis luteoalba<br />

Eulophia sp2<br />

Eulophia<br />

Nervilia adolphi<br />

Nervilia crociformis<br />

Nervilia petraea<br />

Polystachya dendrobiiflora<br />

Oxalidaceae<br />

Biophytum crassipes<br />

Biophytum helenae<br />

Biophytum nyikense<br />

Palmae<br />

Borassus aethiopum<br />

Elaeis guineensis<br />

Phoenix reclinata<br />

Pandanaceae<br />

Pandanus sp1<br />

<strong>Park</strong>eriaceae<br />

Ceratopteris thalictroides<br />

Passifloraceae<br />

Adenia reticulata<br />

Adenia rumicifolia<br />

Adenia sp1<br />

Pedaliaceae<br />

Sesamum angolense<br />

Sesamum indicum<br />

Phytolaccaceae<br />

Phytolacca dodecandra<br />

Piperaceae<br />

Pothomorphe umbellata<br />

Pittosporaceae<br />

37<br />

Pittosporum spathicalyx<br />

Poaceae<br />

Andropogon schirensis<br />

Aristida sp1<br />

Brachiaria brizantha<br />

Cymbopogon densiflorus<br />

Cynodon aethiopicus<br />

Digitaria diagonalis<br />

Digitaria siderograpta<br />

Digitaria ternata<br />

Eleusine indica<br />

Eragrostis aspera<br />

Eragrostis olivacea<br />

Eremospatha haullevilleana<br />

Hyparrhenia cymbaria<br />

Hyparrhenia newtonii<br />

Hyparrhenia nyassae<br />

Hyparrhenia pilgeriana<br />

Hyparrhenia rufa<br />

Hyparrhenia variabilis<br />

Imperata cylindrica<br />

Leersia hexandra<br />

Leersia tisserantii<br />

Loudetia arundinacea<br />

Loudetia flavida<br />

Loudetia simplex<br />

Melinis sp1<br />

Neyraudia arundinaceae<br />

Olyra latifolia<br />

Panicum issongense<br />

Panicum maximum<br />

Panicum phragmitoides<br />

Panicum repens<br />

Panicum sp1<br />

Panicum tenellum<br />

Panicum trichocladum<br />

Pennisetum purpureum<br />

Pennisetum unisetum<br />

Phragmites mauritianus<br />

Rottboellia cochinchinensis<br />

Saccharum <strong>of</strong>ficinarum<br />

Sacciolepis spiciformis<br />

Setaria homonyma<br />

Setaria petiolata<br />

Setaria poiretiana<br />

Setaria sp1<br />

Sinarundinaria alpina

---

Sorghum bicolor<br />

Sorghum brevicarinatum<br />

Sporobolus fimbriatus<br />

Sporobolus sanguineus<br />

Themeda triandra<br />

Trichopteryx sp1<br />

Tristachya nodiglumis<br />

Urelytrum digitatum<br />

Vossia cuspidata<br />

*Zea mays<br />

Podostemaceae<br />

Tristicha trifaria<br />

Polygalaceae<br />

Carpolobia alba<br />

Carpolobia goetzei<br />

Polygala albida<br />

Polygala exelliana<br />

Polygala macrostigma<br />

Polygala melilotoides<br />

Polygala persicariaefolia<br />

Polygala ukirensis<br />

Polygala usafuensis<br />

Polygala virgata<br />

Polygala xanthina<br />

Securidaca longipedunculata<br />

Polygonaceae<br />

Oxytenanthera abyssinica<br />

Polygonum salicifolium<br />

Rumex abyssinicus<br />

Rumex usambarensis<br />

Polypodiaceae<br />

Drynaria volkensii<br />

Primulaceae<br />

Anagallis acuminata<br />

Anagallis djalonis<br />

Anagallis pumila<br />

Proteaceae<br />

Faurea rochetiana<br />

Protea angolensis<br />

Protea gaguedi<br />

Protea petiolaris<br />

Protea rupestris<br />

Rafflesiaceae<br />

Berlinianche aethiopica<br />

Ranunculaceae<br />

Clematopsis villosa<br />

38<br />

Delphinium dasycaulon<br />

Rhamnaceae<br />

Gouania longispicata<br />

Maesopsis eminii<br />

Ventilago diffusa<br />

Ziziphus abyssinica<br />

Ziziphus mucronata<br />

Rhizophoraceae<br />

Cassipourea malosana<br />

Rosaceae<br />

Prunus africana<br />

Rubus pinnatus<br />

Rubiaceae<br />

†Keetia ferruginea<br />

†Oxyanthus speciosus<br />

†Pavetta bagshawei<br />

†Pentas decora<br />

†Psychotria butayei<br />

†Psychotria cinerea<br />

†Psydrax parviflora<br />

Agathisanthemum quadricostatum<br />

Aidia micrantha<br />

Bertiera adamsii<br />

Canthium sp2<br />

Catunaregam<br />

Chassalia cristata<br />

Chazaliella abrupta<br />

C<strong>of</strong>fea eugenioides<br />

Cremaspora triflora<br />

Crossopteryx febrifuga<br />

Diodia sarmentosa<br />

Fadogia arenicola<br />

Gardenia imperialis<br />

Gardenia ternifolia<br />

Geophila obvallata<br />

Hallea rubrostipulata<br />

Heinsenia diervilleoides<br />

Hymenodictyon floribundum<br />

Keetia gueinzii<br />

Keetia hispidum<br />

Keetia venosa<br />

Leptactina platyphylla<br />

Mitracarpus villosus<br />

Mitrasacmopsis quadrivalvis<br />

Multidentia crassa<br />

Mussaenda arcuata<br />

Mussaenda erythrophylla

---

Mussaenda monticola<br />

Oldenlandia hockii<br />

Oldenlandia microcarpa<br />

Oldenlandia scopulorum<br />

Oldenlandia taborensis<br />

Otiophora scabra<br />

Oxyanthus haerdii<br />

Oxyanthus sp1<br />

Pavetta crassipes<br />

Pavetta gardeniifolia<br />

Pavetta hymenophylla<br />

Pavetta sp1<br />

Pavetta sp3<br />

Pavetta sp4<br />

Pentas bussei<br />

Pentas herbacea<br />

Pentas purpurea<br />

Polysphaeria lanceolata<br />

Psychotria capensis<br />

Psychotria eminiana<br />

Psychotria fractinervata<br />

Psychotria heterosticta<br />

Psychotria mahonii<br />

Psychotria sp1<br />

Psychotria spithamea<br />

Psychotria tabouensis<br />

Psychotria tanganyicensis<br />

Pyrostria bibracteatum<br />

Rothmannia engleriana<br />

Rothmannia longiflora<br />

Rothmannia manganjae<br />

Rothmannia urcelliformis<br />

Rutidea insculpta<br />

Rytigynia sp1<br />

Rytigynia uhligii<br />

Sabicea orientalis<br />

Spermacoce congensis<br />

Spermacoce dibrachiata<br />

Spermacoce mauritiana<br />

Spermacoce pusilla<br />

Spermacoce sp1<br />

Spermacoce subvulgata<br />

Tapiphyllum cinerascens<br />

Tarenna neurophylla<br />

Tarenna pavettoides<br />

Temnocalyx sp1<br />

Tricalysia bagshawei<br />

Tricalysia sp1<br />

39<br />

Uncaria africana<br />

Rutaceae<br />

*Citrus aurantium<br />

*Citrus limon<br />

†Zanthoxylum rubescens<br />

Teclea nobilis<br />

Toddalia asiatica<br />

Vepris trichorpa<br />

Sapindaceae<br />

Allophylus africanus<br />

Allophylus calophyllus<br />

Allophylus congolanus<br />

Allophylus richardsiae<br />

Allophylus sp2<br />

Allophylus welwitschii<br />

Blighia unijugata<br />

Chytranthus sp1<br />

Deinbollia fulvotomentella<br />

Dodonaea viscosa<br />

Haplocoelum foliolosum<br />

Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius<br />

Pancovia pedicellaris<br />

Pancovia sp1<br />

Paullinia pinnata<br />

Sapindus saponaria<br />

Zanha golungensis<br />

Sapotaceae<br />

Chrysophyllum gorungosanum<br />

Englerophytum magalismontanum<br />

Englerophytum natalense<br />

Englerophytum sp1<br />

Manilkara dawei<br />

Mimusops penduliflora<br />

Mimusops sp2<br />

Pouteria adolfi-friedericii<br />

Synsepalum cerasiferum<br />

Scrophulariaceae<br />

Alectra dolichocalyx<br />

Alectra sessiliflora<br />

Buchnera capitata<br />

Buchnera cryptocephala<br />

Buchnera hispida<br />

Buchnera nuttii<br />

Buchnera quadrifaria<br />

Buchnera speciosa<br />

Crepidorhopalon<br />

Crepidorhopalon

---

Crepidorhopalon<br />

Cycnium adonense<br />

Cycnium recurvum<br />

Diclis ovata<br />

Dopatrium stachytarphetoides<br />

Lindernia exilis<br />

Lindernia hepperi<br />

Lindernia nummulariifolia<br />

Lindernia oliveriana<br />

Lindernia schweinfurthii<br />

Lindernia wilmsii<br />

Lindolphia sp1<br />

Orthoclada africana<br />

Rhamphicarpa fistulosa<br />

Scoparia dulcis<br />

Sopubia eminii<br />

Striga gracilima<br />

Selaginellaceae<br />

Selaginella phillipsiana<br />

Simaroubaceae<br />

Harrisonia occidentalis<br />

Smilacaceae<br />

Smilax anceps<br />

Solanaceae<br />

Physalis angulata<br />

Solanum anguivi<br />

Solanum nigrum<br />

Solanum sp1<br />

Sterculiaceae<br />

Cola greenwayi<br />

Dombeya burgessiae<br />

Dombeya kirkii<br />

Dombeya rotundifolia<br />

Dombeya sp1<br />

Pterygota macrocarpa<br />

Pterygota mildbraedii<br />

Sterculia quinqueloba<br />

Sterculia tragacantha<br />

Tecophilaeaceae<br />

Cyanastrum johnstonii<br />

Theaceae<br />

Ficalhoa laurifolia<br />

Garcinia buchananii<br />

Garcinia sp1<br />

Thelypteridaceae<br />

Christella dentata<br />

40<br />

Cyclosorus sp1<br />

Pseudocyclosorus pulcher<br />

Thymelaeaceae<br />

Gnidia microcephala<br />

Peddiea fischeri<br />

Tiliaceae<br />

Corchorus olitorius<br />

Glyphaea brevis<br />

Grewia bicolor<br />

Grewia flavescens<br />

Grewia forbesii<br />

Grewia mollis<br />

Grewia platyclada<br />

Triumfetta cordifolia<br />

Triumfetta sp1<br />

Triumfetta welwitschii<br />

Ulmaceae<br />

Celtis africana<br />

Celtis gomphophylla<br />

Chaetacme aristata<br />

Trema orientalis<br />

Urticaceae<br />

Boehmeria macrophylla<br />

Girardinia diversifolia<br />

Laportea aestuans<br />

Laportea peduncularis<br />

Pilea angolensis<br />

Pilea tetraphylla<br />

Pouzolzia guineensis<br />

Verbenaceae<br />

†Clerodendrum myricoides<br />

Clerodendrum bukobense<br />

Clerodendrum poggei<br />

Clerodendrum schweinfurthii<br />

Clerodendrum silvanum<br />

Clerodendrum sinuatum<br />

Clerodendrum sp2<br />

Clerodendrum volubile<br />

Lippia plicata<br />

Premna mooiensis<br />

Premna sp1<br />

Vitex buchananii<br />

Vitex doniana<br />

Vitex ferruginea<br />

Vitex madiensis<br />

Vitex sp1

---

Violaceae<br />

Rinorea brachypetala<br />

Rinorea ilicifolia<br />

Vitaceae<br />

Ampelocissus abyssinica<br />

Ampelocissus africana<br />

Cayratia debilis<br />

Cayratia gracilis<br />

Cissus integrifolia<br />

Cissus migeodii<br />

Cissus petiolata<br />

Cissus producta<br />

Cissus pseudoguerkeana<br />

Cissus rubiginosa<br />

Cyphostemma sp2<br />

Cyphostemma vollesenii<br />

Rhoicissus sp1<br />

Rhoicissus sp2<br />

Rhoicissus tridentata<br />

Xyridaceae<br />

Xyris anceps<br />

Xyris capensis<br />

Comments<br />

41<br />

Xyris capillaris<br />

Xyris sp1<br />

Xyris sp2<br />

Xyris straminea<br />

Zingiberaceae<br />

*Curcuma domestica<br />

Aframomum alboviolaceum<br />

Aframomum mala<br />

Aframomum sp1<br />

Costus afer<br />

Costus dubius<br />

Costus spectabilis<br />

Renealmia engleri<br />

Siphonochilus aethiopicus<br />

Siphonochilus sp1<br />

unknown<br />

• The total number <strong>of</strong> plant species recorded in MMNP is 1174.<br />

Anildesma membranaceum<br />

Neprautanenia mitis<br />

Ramalina sp1<br />

Rynchosia luteola<br />

Rynchosia sp1<br />

Seamum sp1<br />

• This current (2008) species list may contain fewer than half <strong>of</strong> the plants actually<br />

found in MMNP.<br />

• This plant list is largely the work <strong>of</strong> many years <strong>of</strong> collecting done in the park by<br />

the Kyoto University research team. However, their focus was mostly on<br />

chimpanzee food plants and there remains much general botanical fieldwork to be<br />

done in <strong>Mahale</strong> before the park can be considered well collected.<br />

• The Albertine rift has a very high number <strong>of</strong> plant species (5793) and 567 <strong>of</strong><br />

those are endemic (Plumptre 2003). With the present state <strong>of</strong> knowledge <strong>of</strong> its<br />

flora, it is not possible to rank the conservation importance <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> against the<br />

other Albertine Rift protected areas in any meaningful way. More general<br />

botanical collecting in habitats that have been poorly sampled is required.

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2. LAKE TANGANYIKA<br />

LENGTH (NORTH-SOUTH) 673km<br />

AVERAGE WIDTH 50km<br />

VOLUME 18,900km 3<br />

MAXIMUM DEPTH 1,470m<br />

AVERAGE SURFACE TEMP. 25 o C<br />

Ruzizi River (N end, from Lake Kivu), Malagarasi<br />

MAJOR INFLOWS<br />

River (Tanzania’s 2 nd largest river), Rungwe River (S<br />

end, Tanzania) & Kalambo River (S end, Zambia)<br />

MAJOR OUTFLOWS Lukugu River (empties into Congo River system)<br />

• Longest & second deepest lake in the world;<br />

• Second largest lake in the world by volume;<br />

• Spans the borders <strong>of</strong> four nations - Burundi, Zambia, Tanzania and the DRC;<br />

• Contains 17% <strong>of</strong> the Earth’s fresh water;<br />

• Part <strong>of</strong> the western Rift Valley, or Albertine Rift, which extends from Lake Albert<br />

in the north to Lake Malawi in the south.<br />

The geology <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong> area is an extension <strong>of</strong> that developed to the south on the<br />

Ufipa Plateau (McConnell, 1950). The MMNP peninsular comprises granulitic augengneisses<br />

except for its southern shore, which comprises a narrow belt <strong>of</strong> mbuga<br />

clays, silts and gravels, and culminates in the granite Sibwesa point.<br />

A sharp fault line runs parallel to the <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong>’ eastern edge, clearly<br />

separating the granite <strong>of</strong> the mountain range from the metamorphic bed rock lying<br />

to the east (McConnell, 1950).<br />

The peninsular on which the <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> rest represents a bend in Lake<br />

Tanganyika’s north-south axis and a transition zone between two major fault<br />

systems. The mountains form the eastern extreme <strong>of</strong> what is known as the Kalemi-<br />

<strong>Mahale</strong> Shoal, which divides the lake into a northern and southern basin, a feature<br />

born out by the differences between cichlids that have evolved in either basin.<br />

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3. VEGETATION AND HABITAT TYPES<br />

Ground and aerial surveys and high-resolution satellite imagery have identified seven<br />

broad vegetation types in the park:<br />

- Miombo woodland<br />

- Lowland bamboo<br />

- Lowland (evergreen) forest<br />

- Mountain forest<br />

- High-altitude grassland<br />

- Highland bamboo<br />

- Acacia woodland<br />

HABITAT TYPE LOCATION IN MMNP DOMINANT PLANTS<br />

Miombo woodland<br />

E <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong> Mts and to<br />

the N and S <strong>of</strong> the<br />

evergreen forest on the<br />

western slopes; covers up<br />

to ¾ <strong>of</strong> the park’s area<br />

43<br />

Brachystegia*, Isoberlinia and<br />

Julbernadia species<br />

Lowland bamboo forest E <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong> Mts Oxytenanthera abyssinica<br />

Lowland evergreen forest<br />

Mountain forest<br />

On the western mountain<br />

slopes, stretching for 7km<br />

from Myako Valley to<br />

Lubulungu River, at<br />

altitudes up to 1300m asl;<br />

also found in narrow belts<br />

along water courses, crisscrossing<br />

miombo woodland<br />

Altitudes above 1500m;<br />

particularly dense in high<br />

altitude valleys where<br />

streams flow<br />

High-altitude grassland Adjoins mountain forest<br />

Tall canopy trees include species<br />

belonging to: Canarium, Albizia,<br />

Cynometra, Khaya, Xylopia,<br />

Pseudospondias, Ficus,<br />

Pycanthus and Garcinina genera<br />

Parinari excelsa (Rosaceae),<br />

Anthonotha noldeae<br />

(Legminosae), Croton<br />

megalocarpus (Euphorbiaceae),<br />

Ficalhoa laurifolia, and<br />

Podocarpus milanjianus<br />

(Podocarpacea) (one <strong>of</strong> the few<br />

conifers in Africa)<br />

Hyparrhenia sp. & Themeda<br />

triandra; scattered Protea<br />

gauguedi, Erythrina abyssinica,<br />

Cusonia arborea & Parinari<br />

curatelifolia<br />

Highland bamboo Adjoins mountain forest Sinrundinaria alpina<br />

Acacia woodland An isolated patch in the NW<br />

Acacia sierberiana, A. albida, A.<br />

polyacantha<br />

*Within the park the Brachystegia genus exhibits vertical zonation. B. longfolia flourishes in the lower<br />

basins <strong>of</strong> large rivers, and is replaced by B. bussei above 800-1000m asl. Between 1200m and 1700m B.<br />

manga and B. spiciformis are more common, while on the higher slopes, B. boehmii is dominant.

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Vegetation map for the MMNP area, from high-resolution satellite imagery<br />

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4. NEIGHBOURING COMMUNITIES AND<br />

ANTHROPOLOGICAL HISTORY<br />

The anthropological history <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong> peninsula and hinterland is one <strong>of</strong><br />

successive waves <strong>of</strong> immigration from across the lake in Congo, south from the<br />

Malagarasi River basin and north from Ufipa and northern Zambia (Hatchel, 1941).<br />

In most cases, the immigrants either conquered or absorbed the inhabitants they<br />

found in the area.<br />

Until 1974 the Baholoholo or Wasowa people inhabited many parts <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong><br />

Peninsula. These people came from what is now the DRC 16 generations ago, having<br />

been driven out by the Wemba tribe who were being driven north by the Angoni. The<br />

Baholoholo drove the original inhabitants, the Wamahare (Wanyakungwe) from the<br />

lake shore up into the <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> and later absorbed them entirely (Hatchel,<br />

1941).<br />

The area to the south and east <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> from the Lubugwe to Karema and inland to<br />

Katavi, was formerly known as Ubende or Ukabende. The people <strong>of</strong> this area<br />

originated from Congo or came south from the Malagarasi Valley (Hatchel, 1928).<br />

The area north <strong>of</strong> Ubende and east <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> was known as Tongwe and was<br />

inhabited by the Waganza and Wagalawa people, who also came across the lake<br />

from Congo around the same time as the Baholoholo.<br />

In 1925 when the British Administration established governmental control over<br />

Tongwe and Ubende, there were dozens <strong>of</strong> small chieftainships in the area and no<br />

cohesive tribal identity. This has changed considerably, and today the Baholoholo,<br />

Waganza and Wagalawa speak a common language know as Tongwe and are<br />

collectively know as the Watongwe. However, dialectal differences are still evident in<br />

slightly different names and/or pronunciations used for animals and plants in<br />

disparate parts <strong>of</strong> Mpanda and Kigoma districts inhabited by Tongwe speaking<br />

people.<br />

In more recent times, members <strong>of</strong> the Bembe, Tabwa, Ha, and Sukuma tribes have<br />

also immigrated into the area searching for favourable land and well-stocked fishing<br />

grounds, or fleeing military conflicts.<br />

Legends <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong><br />

A chief called Mkungwe once quarrelled with his son, Lubadyu, and in his rage,<br />

picked him up and threw him across the lake. Lubadyu disintegrated when he fell, so<br />

his form can be seen in the Lubadyu <strong>Mountains</strong>, but not his shape. Mkungwe, tired<br />

from his exertion, lay down to rest and never rose again, forming Mt Nkungwe and<br />

the other <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong>. It is said that from the north one can clearly see the<br />

shape <strong>of</strong> Mkungwe reclining, his head positioned towards the water, his knees raised<br />

and his hands clasped across his stomach.<br />

The notch that is visible in Mkungwe’s head was cleaved by another tempestuous<br />

son, Katavi. In return for disfiguring him, Mkungwe banished Katavi to the east,<br />

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where he may be seen in the whirlwinds that cross the Katavi plains, and from which<br />

small-pox is cast upon human populations.<br />

Occassionally Mkungwe’s children visit him, and at such times his head is shrouded<br />

in clouds, and muddy torrents <strong>of</strong> water descend his slopes.<br />

The Wabende people, who occupy the ‘hinterland <strong>of</strong> Karema’, so fear Katavi that<br />

they supply him with a virgin girl as a wife. She grows up respected by other<br />

members <strong>of</strong> her community and infertile women present her with cloth to ‘please her<br />

lord and obtain conjugal blessing’.<br />

Kirchstein (1937) claims that Mkungwe is perceived as pr<strong>of</strong>oundly evil, but he does<br />

no harm provided people continue to perform sacrifices to him on his summit. This<br />

practice contiuned until the <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> was formed in 1985, and the place <strong>of</strong><br />

Mkungwe remains very important in the beliefs <strong>of</strong> local people.<br />

Mountain peak names<br />

From north to south along the ridge: Pasagulu, Mhensabantu, Humo, Nkungwe,<br />

Sibindi, Mfitwa, Sisaga, Tambila.<br />

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Tongwe culture<br />

Tongwe people believe many <strong>of</strong> their ancestral spirits are found in the various<br />

mountains, rivers, and wetlands <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong> region. In the past, they used<br />

Nkungwe, Mwesabantu, Mswabantu, Lubugo, Sibwesa, Kasunga, Mgelwa, Lubadyu,<br />

and Syahe mountains as sites for prayer and sacrifice to ancestral spirits. Sacred<br />

rivers included Kitu, Karungu, Mahatwe and Nkungwe. With the exception <strong>of</strong> the<br />

Katavi pool or swamp located in Katavi NP, and Lubadyu Mountain found in the DRC,<br />

all <strong>of</strong> the scared sites listed are located inside MMNP.<br />

Traditionally, lands were set aside for preservation within all sacred areas. Only<br />

individuals on <strong>of</strong>ficial prayer or sacrificial visits were allowed to enter. This included<br />

the river watersheds, which effectively established water catchment protection areas.<br />

Information gathered by MEMP (2003) during interviews with Tongwe people living<br />

close to MMNP showed little evidence that the cultural histories recounted by<br />

Kirchstein (1937) survive today, if they ever existed. Interviews with surviving<br />

traditional Tongwe leaders suggest that the stories told to such researchers were<br />

possibly concocted at the time to hide cultural secrets, or to frighten strangers away<br />

from sacred lands. It is also possible that some <strong>of</strong> these old tales have been<br />

gradually forgotten as a result <strong>of</strong> cultural change and the erosion <strong>of</strong> oral histories.<br />

The current religious beliefs <strong>of</strong> the Tongwe people appear to be rapidly eroding<br />

(Kinyau, pers. comm.). This may be due in part to the loss <strong>of</strong> sacred grounds<br />

following their inclusion within MMNP. Several traditional Tongwe leaders believe that<br />

a number <strong>of</strong> recent natural disasters (e.g. sicknesses, drought and poor agricultural<br />

harvests) are a result <strong>of</strong> the discontinuation <strong>of</strong> prayer and sacrifice within the park.<br />

However, despite the fact that TANAPA rules do not prohibit the practicing <strong>of</strong> cultural<br />

traditions within park boundaries, traditional leaders have never formally applied to<br />

MMNP management for a permit to visit their traditional lands.<br />

The park-adjacent communities today<br />

Eight villages, contained within three wards, one division, one district, and one<br />

region, border MMNP. These villages are (north to south): Rukoma, Igalula, Buhingu,<br />

Nkonkwa, Kalilani, Sibwesa, Kalya and Kashagulu. All <strong>of</strong> these villages are located on<br />

the lakeshore, five to the north <strong>of</strong> MMNP and three to the south. Nkonkwa and<br />

Kalilani are located in Buhingu Ward, Igalula and Rukoma in Igalula ward, and Kalya,<br />

Sibwesa and Kashagulu are in Kalya ward. All three wards belong to the division <strong>of</strong><br />

Buhingu, and the district and region <strong>of</strong> Kigoma. According to the 2002 national<br />

census, 39,176 inhabitants populate these three wards (<strong>National</strong> Bureau <strong>of</strong><br />

Statistics, 2002). The wards also contain villages outside the MMNP periphery, but as<br />

the current census data are only categorized by ward, this count should be<br />

considered generous for MMNP-adjacent communities. Kigoma Region has the<br />

highest population growth rate in the country at 4.8%, compared to the national<br />

average <strong>of</strong> 2.9% (<strong>National</strong> Bureau <strong>of</strong> Statistics, 2002).<br />

The area to the east <strong>of</strong> MMNP is largely uninhabited. However, small hamlets and<br />

subvillages have recently started to appear in this area, possibly due to the<br />

government’s plans to construct a road linking the southern villages <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong><br />

peninsula to Kigoma. Subvillages to the south-east <strong>of</strong> MMNP are part <strong>of</strong> Kashagulu<br />

47

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village, and most <strong>of</strong> those to the immediate north-east <strong>of</strong> the park are located within<br />

Rukoma village lands.<br />

48

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REFERENCES<br />

Anderson, S. J. & Baker, M. (2004). A Survey <strong>of</strong> the Avifauna <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong><br />

<strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>. Report to the <strong>Mahale</strong> Ecosystem Management Project (MEMP)<br />

Baker, N. & Baker, L. (2006). The Avifauna <strong>of</strong> Ntakata Forest, A Preliminary<br />

Assessment. Report to the <strong>Mahale</strong> Ecosystem Management Project (MEMP)<br />

BIOSS (2000). Biodiversity Special Study Final Report: <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>,<br />

Tanzania March/April 1999 Aquatic Survey. Lake Tanganyika Biodiversity Project,<br />

Final Report<br />

Hatchell, G. W. (1928). Vibangwa: A form <strong>of</strong> Insignia Used in the Eastern Hinterland<br />

<strong>of</strong> Lake Tanganyika. Man. 28: 27-30<br />

Hatchell, G. W. (1941). Some Account <strong>of</strong> the People Living under the Protection <strong>of</strong><br />

Mount Kungwe. Tanganyika Notes and Records. 11: 41-46<br />

Itani, J. (1980). Study for the proposed <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>, Japan<br />

International Cooperation Agency (JICA)<br />

Kingdon, J. (1997). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. New York,<br />

Harcourt Brace & Company<br />

Kirschstein, E. F. (1937). Some Tales <strong>of</strong> Tanganyika Natives. Tanganyika Notes and<br />

Records. 4: 82-83<br />

McConnell, R. B. (1950). Outline <strong>of</strong> the Geology <strong>of</strong> Ufipa and Ubende. Geological<br />

Survey Department Bulletin No. 19. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam<br />

Menegon, M. (2006). Working Checklist <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> Herpet<strong>of</strong>auna. Report<br />

to the <strong>Mahale</strong> Ecosystem Management Project<br />

Moore, J. J. (1998). African Ape Study Sites- <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>,<br />

Tanzanaia, http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jmoore/apesites/<strong>Mahale</strong>/<strong>Mahale</strong>fauna.html<br />

Moreau, R. E. (1943). A contribution to the ornithology <strong>of</strong> the east side <strong>of</strong> Lake<br />

Tanganyika. Ibis. 85: 377-412<br />

Moyer, D. C. (2005). The Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>. Report to<br />

the <strong>Mahale</strong> Ecosystem Management Project (MEMP)<br />

Nishida, T. & Uehara, S. (1981). Kitongwe name <strong>of</strong> plants: a preliminary listing.<br />

African Study Monographs, 1, 109-131<br />

Plumptre, A. J., Eilu, G., Ewango, C., Ssegawa, P., Nkuutu, D., Gereau, R., Beentje,<br />

H., Poulsen, A. D., Fischer, E., Goyder, D., Pearce, T. R., & Hafashimana, D.<br />

(2003). The Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> the Albertine Rift. Section 7: Plants. Albertine Rift<br />

Technical Reports No. 3. Wildlife Conservation Society. pp. 63–72<br />

Stanley, B. (2003). Small Mammal Survey in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>. Report<br />

to the <strong>Mahale</strong> Ecosystem Management Project (MEMP)<br />

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Ulfstrand, S. & Lamprey, H. (1960). On the birds <strong>of</strong> the Kungwe-Mahari area in<br />

western Tanzania. Journal <strong>of</strong> the East African Natural History Society, 23: 223-<br />

232<br />

Wilson, V. J. (2001). Duikers <strong>of</strong> Africa. Bulawayo, Chipangali Wildlife Trust<br />

50