Karadelev et al_Checklist.p65 - Македонско еколошко друштво

Mitko KARADELEV et al. 

CHECKLIST OF HUMANO-TOXIC MACROMYCETES IN THE 

REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 

Mitko KARADELEV, Snezana MITEVA & Kristina STOJKOSKA 

Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, P.O. Box 162, Gazi Baba bb, 1000 Skopje 

Introduction 

The checklist of hallucinogenic species in the Republic 

of Macedonia is created according to the published 

data from the previous investigations (Tortich 

1988, Karadelev 1993, 1994, 1995, 2000), the 

database MACFUNGI of the Mycological laboratory 

at the Faculty of Natural Science in Skopje, and 

from the field investigations of the authors. The investigations 

were carried out on various localities in 

the Republic of Macedonia, such as the mountains: 

Osogovo, Kožuf, Kitka, Plačkovica, Karadìca, Serta, 

Golak, Belasica, Dešat, Niđe, Korab, Karaorman, 

Jelak, Vodno, Jakupica, Šar Planina, Ogražden, the 

National Parks: Pelister, Mavrovo, and Galicica, and 

the area of the towns and villages: Kruševo, Resen, 

Katlanovo, Kičevo, Kumanovo, Bitola, Delčevo, 

Demir Hisar, Skopje, Strumica, Gevgelija, etc. 

ABSTRACT 

Karadelev M., Miteva S. & Stojkoska K. (2004). Checklist of humano-toxic macromycetes in the Republic of 

Macedonia. Proceedings of the 2 nd Congress of Ecologists of the Republic of Macedonia with International 

Participation, 25-29.10.2003, Ohrid. Special issues of Macedonian Ecological Society, Vol. 6, Skopje. 

According to the recent research into fungi biodiversity of R. Macedonia, 1,250 species have been registered. A 

part of these fungi show proved poisonous effects. These species mainly belong to the following genera: Amanita, 

Boletus, Clitocybe Cortinarius, Entoloma, Inocybe, Lepiota, Psilocybe, Russula, Tricholoma, Lactarius, Scleroderma 

and Mycena. Fungi toxicity manifests through the following syndromes: Phalloidine syndrome, Orellanine syndrome, 

Gyromitrin syndrome, Muscarine syndrome, Gastrointestinal syndrome and Coprinus syndrome. In most of them, 

these effects are due to the presence of toxic compounds such as: phalotoxins, amatoxins, orellanin, gyromitrin, 

muscarin, coprinmin, and different hallucinogenic and psychotropic compounds. In this work a checklist of 114 

species of humano-toxic macromycetes registered in the Republic of Macedonia is given. 

Key words: humano-toxic macromycetes, distribution, toxic effects, the Republic of Macedonia. 

IZVOD 

Karadelev M., Miteva S. i Stojkoska K. (2004). Lista na humano-toksi~ni makromiceti vo 

Republika Makedonija. Zbornik na trudovi od 2-ot Kongres na ekolozite na Makedonija so 

me|unarodno u~estvo, 25-29.10.2003, Ohrid. Posebni izdanija na Makedonskoto ekolo{ko dru{tvo, 

Kn. 6, Skopje. 

Od dosega{nite ispituvawa vo Republika Makedonija se registrirani 114 vidovi na otrovni 

gabi. Ovie vidovi rastat vo listopadni, ~etinarski {umi, na livada, degradirani povr{ini, na 

izmet, na padnati granki i dr. Najgolem del od niv se terikolni. Toksi~niot efekt kaj ovie gabi se 

izrazuva preku toksi~nite materii koi {to se prisutni vo niv kako: falotoksini, amatoksini, 

orelanin, giromitrin, muskarin, koprinmin i razli~ni halucinogeni i psihotropni komponenti. 

Klu~ni zborovi: humano-toksi~ni makromiceti, distribucija, toksi~ni efekti, Republika Makedonija. 

Materials and methods 

The material was collected in various kinds of forests, 

associations and on mountain pastures, on soil 

or on fallen branches, trunks and logs, as well as on 

enriched soil, dung, etc. The identification of the species 

was done either on the field or in the mycological 

laboratory at the Faculty of Science and Mathematics 

in Skopje, using microscopes and reagents 

(Melzer, KOH, Sulphovaniline, etc.). Some of the 

collected fungi were preserved in the National Mycological 

Collection (FUNGI MACEDONICI), while 

the data were put in the database MACFUNGI. For 

identification are used the following: Moser (1983), 

Breitenbach & Kränzlin (1981, 1986, 1991, 1995, 

2000), Däncke, R. M. (2001), Krieglsteiner, G. J. 

(2000), Flammer (1980), Flammer & Horak (1983), 

etc. 

472 Zbornik na trudovi od 2-ot Kongres na ekolozite na Makedonija

Results 

Agaricus xanthoderma: Pelister Mt., in meadow; 

Katlanovo, oak-hornbeam forest; Skopje, in park, 

planted forest; Serta Mt. oak forest, in meadow. April- 

November. 

Amanita citrina: Šar planina Mt., beech forest; Belasica 

Mt. alder and birch forest; Gali~ica Mt. oak 

forest; Prespa Lake, oak forest; Maleševski Mt. beech 

and fir forest; Pla~kovica Mt. beech forest; Skopska 

Crna Gora Mt, beech forest; Vodno, chestnut forest; 

Jakupica Mt., oak forest, beech and oak forest; Koùf 

Mt., beech forest; Kitka Mt., oak forest; Karadjica 

Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt, forest of P. peuce. January-October. 

Amanita gemmata: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. July. 

Amanita muscaria: Mavrovo, wood of Abies and 

Fagus; Jakupica Mt., oak forest, beech forest, forest 

of Pinus mugo and conifer plantation; Kruševo, wood 

of Fagus and Pinus, conifer plantation; Pelister Mt., 

forest of P. peuce; Koùf, beech forest, mixed fir and 

beech forest, Osogovo Mt. beech forest; Bistra Mt., 

beech forest. August-November. 

Amanita pantherina: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; 

Karadzica, oak forest, Mavrovo, fir forest; Skopska 

Crna Gora Mt., beech forest; Katlanovo, oak-hornbeam; 

Kumanovo, in meadow; Pelister Mt., mixed 

forest (Betula, Populus, Pinus peuce, Abies), forest 

of P. peuce; Pla~kovica Mt., beech forest; Jakupica 

Mt., oak forest, beech forest; Kruševo, beech forest; 

Koùf Mt., beech forest; Osogovo Mt., beech forest; 

Bistra Mt., beech forest. June-November. 

Amanita phalloides: Gali~ica Mt., oak forest; Jakupica 

Mt., oak and beech forest; Kruševo, beech forest; 

Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam; Ki~evo, oak forest; 

Bistra Mt., beech forest. June-November. 

Amanita vaginata: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; 

Pelister Mt., forest of P. Peuce; Bistra Mt., beech forest; 

Golak Mt., beech forest; Pla~kovica Mt., beech 

forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest, oak forest conifer 

plantation, Vodno Mt., oak forest; Skopska Crna Gora 

Mt., beech forest; Mavrovo, beech forest. May-October. 

Amanita verna: Karadìca Mt., beech forest; Jakupica 

Mt., beech forest. July. 

Armillaria mellea: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; 

Gali~ica Mt., oak and beech forest; Koùf Mt., oak 

and beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak and beech forest; 

Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce and beech forest; 

Mavrovo, beech and fir forest; Bistra Mt., oak forest, 

mixed fir and beech forest, beech forest; Belasica Mt., 

mixed alder and birch forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., 

beech forest; Bukovi}, oak forest; Debarska Banja, 

oak forest; Buševa Mt., beech forest; Kajmak~alan 

Mt., mixed beech and fir forest; Strumica, Alder for- 

Checklist of humano-toxic macromycetes in the Republic of Macedonia 

Proceedings of the 2 nd Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia 

est; Karadìca Mt., beech forest. Growing on stump 

of Quercus frainetto, Q. cerris, Fagus, Abies, Alnus, 

Pinus peuce. July-October. 

Boletus calopus: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Jakupica 

Mt., beech forest; Dešat Mt., beech forest; Pelister 

Mt., forest of P. peuce with Fagus; Koùf Mt., 

beech forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. June-October. 

Boletus luridus: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Bistra 

Mt., oak and beech forest;; Kumanovo, in meadow; 

Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce; Katlanovska Banja, 

oak-hornbeam forest; Negorski Banji, ash forest; 

Koùf Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest. 

June-October. 

Boletus purpureus: Jakupica Mt., oak forest. July. 

Boletus radicans: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest. July. 

Boletus satanas: Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce; 

Del~evo, oak forest; Gali~ica, oak forest; Bistra Mt., 

beech forest. July-November. 

Clitocybe candicans: Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce, 

September 

Clitocybe cerussata: Pelister Mt., mixed forest (Betula, 

Populus, Pinus peuce, Abies); Jakupica Mt., Pinus 

mugo forest. July-September. 

Clitocybe clavipes: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with 

Fagus; Karadìca Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., 

mixed fir and beech forest, Pinus mugo forest. July- 

October. 

Clitocybe dealbata: Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Vodno 

Mt., oak-hornbeam; Strict Nature Rezerve „Ezerani“, 

willow shrub land; Serta Mt., oak-hornbeam. 

April-September. 

Clitocybe diatreta: Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce. 

October 

Clitocybe nebularis: Mavrovo, beech forest; Karadjica 

Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest; Pelister 

Mt., forest of P. peuce; Bistra, Mt. beech forest. 

October. 

Clitocybe phyllophila: Pelister Mt., P. peuce with 

Fagus. September. 

Collybia peronata: Korab Mt., beech forest; Jakupica 

Mt., oak forest, beech forest; Debarska Banja, oak 

forest; Karaorman Mt., beech forest; Bogdanci, oakhornbeam 

forest. 

Coprinus atramentarius: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; 

Karadìca Mt. beech forest; Skopje, city park; 

Jakupica Mt., close to road, beech forest; Karaorman 

Mt., beech forest; Koùf Mt., beech forest; Demir 

Hisar, oak forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. May-November. 

Coprinus micaceus: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; 

Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Karadjica Mt., beech 

forest; Koùf Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech 

forest; Kruševo, beech forest; Skopje, in botanical 

garden; Bistra Mt., beech forest. On stump of deciduous 

trees, mainly Fagus. May-October. 

473


Cortinarius croceus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce with Fagus. 

October. 

Cortinarius cinnamomeus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce 

forest. September. 

Cortinarius limonius: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. 

September. 

Cortinarius vitellinus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. 

October. 

Entoloma aprile: Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam forest; 

Vodno Mt., oak forest April. 

Entoloma clypeatum: Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam forest; 

Demir Hisar, oak forest. May-November. 

Entoloma nidorosum: Skopska Crna Gora Mt., beech 

forest; Vodno Mt., chestnut forest; Jakupica Mt., oak 

forest, beech forest. October. 

Entoloma politum: Pla~kovica Mt., beech forest. 

October. 

Entoloma rhodopolium: Šar Planina Mt., subalpine 

beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Karadjica 

Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with 

Fagus. July-October. 

Entoloma sericellum: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; 

Belasica Mt., mixed forest alder and birch; Strumica, 

oak-hornbeam.August-October. 

Entoloma serrulatum: Belasica Mt., mixed forest 

alder and birch. October. 

Entoloma sinuatum: Jakupica Mt., oak forest. October. 

Entoloma vernum: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. October. 

Galerina marginata: Šar Planina Mt., spruce forest; 

Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Fagus. October. 

Gymnopilus spectabilis: Mavrovo Mt., beech forest. 

September. 

Gyromitra infula: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with 

Fagus. October. 

Hebeloma crustuliniforme: Pelister Mt., P. peuce 

forest with Fagus. September-October. 

Hebeloma mesophaeum: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest, 

oak and beech forest. September. 

Hebeloma sinapizans: Kumanovo, pine plantation; 

Katlanovo, greek juniper forest, oak-hornbeam forest; 

Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Vita~evo; Bistra Mt., 

beech forest. October. 

Helvella crispa: Karadzica Mt., mixed fir and beech 

wood; Vodno Mt., oak and chestnut forest; Debarska 

Banja, oak-hornbeam forest; Jakupica Mt., mixed fir 

and beech forest; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest. 

July. 

Helvella lacunosa: Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam forest; 

Karadìca Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., beech forest; 

Koùf Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest; 

Vodno Mt., pine plantation; Belasica Mt., beech 

forest; Demir Hisar, oak forest. May-October. 

Hydnum repandum: Mavrovo Mt., mixed beech and 

fir forest, beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest, 

oak forest; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam; Pelister Mt., 

P. peuce forest with Fagus; Koùf Mt., beech forest; 

Maleševski Planini Mt., beech and fir forest; Bistra 

Mt., beech forest. July-October. 

Hydnum rufescens: Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam. October. 

Hygrocybe conica: Šar Planina Mt., on pasture, subalpine 

and alpine meadow; Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; 

Belasica Mt., mixed forest alder and birch; Vodno 

Mt., on meadow, oak-hornbeam; Jakupica Mt., oak 

forest, on meadow; Strumica, Alder forest, on meadow 

Bistra Mt., beech forest. June-October. 

Hygrocybe psitacina: Karadjica Mt., mixed fir and 

beech forest; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam forest. June- 

October. 

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca: Mavrovo, beech forest; 

Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam 

forest; Vodno Mt., chestnut; Ki~evo, oak forest; 

Bistra Mt., beech forest. September-November. 

Hypholoma fasciculare: Šar Planina Mt., mixed fir 

and spruce forest; Bogdanci, willow shrub land; Jakupica, 

Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest 

with Fagus; Skopje; Bistra Mt., beech forest. On 

stump of Abies, Fagus, Salix, Pinus peuce, Populus. 

April-September. 

Inocybe fastigiata: Jakupica Mt., mixed fir and beech 

forest. September. 

Inocybe fuscidula: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with 

Fagus; Kitka Mt., pine plantation. October. 

Inocybe geophylla: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. October. 

Inocybe godeyi: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. September. 

Inocybe patouillardii: Jakupica Mt., beech forest; 

Skopska Crna Gora Mt., oak-hornbeam forest. October. 

Lactarius chrysorrheus: Jakupica Mt., oak, beech and 

chestnut forest; Demir Hisar, oak forest. October. 

Lactarius pubescens: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with 

Fagus. October. 

Lactarius scrobiculatus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest 

with Fagus. September. 

Lactarius torminosus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce with 

Fagus; Koùf Mt. beech forest; Belasica Mt., mixed 

forest alder and birch; Jakupica Mt., beech forest. In 

forest under birch. September-October. 

Laetiporus sulphureus: Valandovo, in town; Bistra 

Mt., beech forest; Matka, near the lake. On stumps 

and fallen trunks of Morus, Fagus, Salix. March-December. 

Leccinum aurantiacum: Mavrovo, beech forest; Jakupica 

Mt., beech forest; Koùf Mt., beech forest; Bistra 

Mt., beech forest. Under Populus tremula. Octo- 


er. 

Lepiota castanea: Pelister Mt. beech forest; Skopje, 

in park. September-October. 

Lepiota clypeolaria: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Jakupica 

Mt., oak and beech forest; Katlanovo, greek 

juniper forest. September-October. 

Lepiota cristata: Jakupica Mt., oak forest; Vodno Mt., 

oak-hornbeam forest; Pelister Mt., beech forest; Bistra 

Mt. beech forest; Skopje, in meadow. September- 

October. 

Lepista nuda: Pelister Mt., beech forest; Skopje, city 

park; Vodno Mt., chestnut forest, oak-hornbeam forest; 

Jakupica Mt., oak forest, beech forest; Kruševo, 

pine forest. May-October. 

Leptopodia elastica: Pelister Mt., beech forest, P. 

peuce forest; Vodno Mt. oak-hornbeam forest. July- 

October. 

Leucoagaricus badhamii: Katlanovo, oak-hornbeam 

forest. October. 

Macrolepiota rhacodes: Pelister Mt., P. peuce; 

Karadìca Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak-hornbeam, 

beech forest; Skopje, planted deciduous forest; 

Bistra Mt., pasture; around vill. Dolno Kolicani, 

oak forest. July-October. 

Mycena pelianthina: Skopska Crna Gora Mt., beech 

forest; Vodno Mt., chestnut forest; Mavrovo, beech 

forest. September-November. 

Mycena pura: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Mavrovo, 

beech forest; Gali~ica Mt., macedonian oak forest; 

Jakupica Mt., beech and oak forest, subalpine 

beech forest, conifer plantation; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam 

forest; Karadìca Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., 

P. peuce forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., beech forest; 

Vodno Mt., chestnut and planted spruce forest; 

Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam forest; Bistra Mt., beech 

forest. July-October. 

Mycena rosea: Pelister Mt., beech, oak, P. peuce forest; 

Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest; Skopska Crna 

Gora Mt., beech forest; Mavrovo, beech forest. September-Novermber. 

Omphalotus olearius: Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam forest, 

on stump of Carpinus; Jakupica Mt., on stump of 

Quercus; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam forest; Serta Mt., 

oak forest; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest. October-November. 

Otidea onotica: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. October. 

Panaeolus granulatus: Jakupica Mt., êples, beech 

forest. July. 

Panaeolus papilionaceus: Vodno Mt., on enriched 

soil; Pelister Mt., around Kopanki, P. peuce forest. 

May-September. 

Panaeolus semiovatus: Pelister Mt., around Kopanki, 

in meadow, on dung. September. 

Panellus stypticus: Šar Planina Mt., Fagus; Valando- 



vo, on stump of Quercus pubescens and fallen trunk 

of Morus alba, Salix sp.; Koùf Mt., beech forest, on 

stump of Fagus, fir forest, on stump of Abies borisii 

regis, Fagus; Gali~ica Mt., on stump of Amygdalus 

webbii, Salix sp., on fallen stump of Carpinus betulus, 

Carpinus orientalis, Fagus sylvatica, Ostrya carpinifolia, 

Quercus cerris, Q. frainetto, Q. pubescens, 

Q. trojana; Bogdanci, on stump of Gleditsia triacanthos, 

Platanus orientalis, Salix alba; Mariovo, on 

stump of Q. pubescens; Pelister Mt., on stump of 

Fagus; Belasica Mt., on log of Corylus avellana, 

Quercus petrea, Alnus; Golak Mt., on branch of Fagus; 

Skopska Crna Gora Mt., on Fagus; Mavrovo, 

on Fagus, Quercus, Abies; Jakupica Mt., on Fagus, 

Quercus; Bukovi~, on Fagus; Debarska Banja, on 

Quercus pubescens; Karaorman Mt., on Fagus; 

Kruševo, on Fagus; Skopje, on Quercus, Carpinus; 

Bistra Mt., on Fagus. January-December. 

Paxillus involutus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Belasica 

Mt., mixed forest alder and birch; Kruševo, 

conifer plantation; Koùf Mt., beech forest; Bistra Mt., 

beech forest. September-Octomber. 

Peziza badia: Bistra Mt., beech forest; Koùf Mt., 

oak-hornbeam. April 

Pholiota squarosa: Pelster Mt., P. peuce forest, beech 

forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. September. 

Pluteus salicinus: Ogra`den Mt., mixed forest of 

Fagus, P. sylvestris and P. nigra, on rotten branches 

of Fagus; Gali~ica Mt., Pljuska, oak forest, on soil; 

Jakupica Mt., êples, beech forest, on stump of Fagus; 

Koùf Mt., on stump of Fagus and P. nigra. July- 

October. 

Polyporus squamosus: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest, 

on stump of Fagus and Acer; Koùf Mt. beech 

forest, on dry trunk of Fagus; Skopje, unknown substrate; 

Karadjica Mt., beech forest, parasite on Fagus; 

Belasica Mt., on stump of Platanus orientalis; 

Gali~ica Mt., beech forest, parasite on Fagus, Carpinus 

betulus; Mariovo, beech forest, parasite on Fagus; 

Pelister Mt., beech forest, parasite and saprotroph 

on Fagus; Valandovo, parasite and saprotroph on 

Juglans regia and Ulmus minor; Bogdanci, on Morus 

sp., Robinia pseudacacia; Skopje, city park, on Salix, 

Fraxinus, Acer negundo; Korab Mt., Fagus; Jakupica 

Mt., Quercus, Fagus; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., 

Fagus; Karaorman Mt., Fagus; Koùf Mt., Fagus; 

Povardarie, Alnus, Platanus, Salix, Populus. April- 

October. 

Psathyrella candoleana: Šar Planina, beech forest on 

Fagus; Karadjica Mt., beech forest. July. 

Psathyrella velutina: Jakupica Mt., beech forest. 

October. 

Psilocybe bullacea: Pelister Mt., plantation of 

P.peuce, on fallen branch of P.peuce, beech forest, on 

leaves remnants of Populus tremula; Prespa, Strict 

Nature Reserve „Ezerani“, willow shrub land, in 

meadow. April-September. 

475


Psilocybe coprophylla: Jakupica Mt., v. Gorno Vranovce, 

beech forest, on dung. October- November. 

Psilocybe montana: Pelister Mt., on soil, P. peuce 

forest. October. 

Psilocybe muscorum: Pelister Mt., forest of 

Q.frainetto, in moss Rhacomitrum. April. 

Psylocybe physaloides: Prespa, Strict Nature Reserve 

„Ezerani“, in meadow, on soil. April. 

Psylocybe subcoprophylla: Katlanovo, greek juniper 

forest, on dung. October. 

Ptichoverpa bochemica: Skopje, plantation of Populus 

nigra, lendmark of arable lend; Pelister Mt., Alnus 

forest. March-April. 

Ramaria formosa: Korab Mt., beech forest; Jakupica 

Mt., beech, oak forest. October. 

Russula badia: Pelister Mt., fir and P. peuce forest. 

October. 

Russula emetica: Jakupica Mt., oak forest. October. 

Russula foetens: Karadjica Mt., beech forest; Pelister 

Mt., P. peuce forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest; 

Kruševo, beech forest; Ogra`den Mt., beech forest; 

Dešat Mt., beech forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. July- 

September. 

Russula luteotacta: Katlanovska Banja, oak-hornbeam 

forest. 

Russula olivacea: Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest. October. 

Russula quelettii: Bogdanci, pine plantation. November. 

Russula sanguinea: Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest; Skopje, 

planted pine forest. September-October. 

Sarcodon imbricatus: Šar Planina Mt., mixed fir and 

spruce forest. July. 

Sarcosphaera crassa: Jakupica Mt., mixed fir and 

beech forest. July. 

Scleroderma citrinum: Pelister Mt., mixed forest 

(Fagus, Quercus, Pinus peuce); Mavrovo, beech forest; 

Bistra Mt., beech forest, in meadow. September. 

Scleroderma verrucosum: Pelister Mt., planted Pinus 

forest, mixed fir and beech forest; Korab Mt., 

beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest. October. 

Stropharia aeruginosa: Pelister Mt., in meadow, pine 

plantation; Bistra Mt., beech forest. September. 

Stropharia coronilla: Pelister Mt., on pasture; Vodno 

Mt., oak-hornbeam forest. April. 

Stropharia semiglobata: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest, 

in meadow; Karadjica Mt., oak and beech forest, 

in meadow; Jakupica Mt., in meadow on dung; Pelister 

Mt., in meadow on dung; Gali~ica Mt., forest of 

Q. trojana; Gevgelija, in meadow. July-December. 

Suilus luteus: Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest; Koùf Mt., 

pine plantation; Kitka Mt., pine plantation; Vodno Mt., 

oak-hornbeam forest, P.nigra; Pelister Mt., P.peuce 

forest; Kruševo, conifer plantation under P. nigra, P. 

peuce; Jakupica Mt., under P. mugo, under P. nigra 

in conifer plantation; Bistra Mt., pine plantation. September-October. 

Tricholoma bufonium: Pelister Mt., Abies, Pinus, 

Fagus, P. peuce forest; Karadjica Mt., beech forest. 

May-October. 

Tricholoma saponaceum: Jakupica Mt., oak and 

beech forest; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest; Pelister 

Mt., P.peuce forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., oakhornbeam 

forest. September-November. 

Tricholoma sciodes: Jakupica Mt., beech forest. October. 

Tricholoma sulphureum: Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest; 

Bistra Mt., beech forest. September. 

Tricholomopsis rutilans: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest. 

July. 

Xerocomus badius: Jelak Mt., Picea plantation; Bigla 

Mt., beech forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., oak-hornbeam 

forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. July-October. 

Disscucion 

In the Republic of Macedonia, so far, 114 species of 

poisonous fungi have been registered. The most frequent 

of these species are Amanita citrina, Amanita 

pantherina, Amanita vaginata, Armillaria mellea, 

Coprinus micaceus, Hydnum repandum, Hygrocybe 

conica, Mycena pura, Panellus stypticus, Polyporus 

squamosus, etc. Some of he species such as: Leucoagaricus 

badhamii, Peziza badia and Sarcosphaera 

crassa are known as a rare species, while others, such 

as: Amanita gemmata, A.verna, Boletus purpureus, 

B.radicans, Clitocybe candicans, C.diatreta, 

C.phyllophila, Cortinarius croceus, C.cinnamomeus, 

C.limonius, C.vitelinus, Entoloma aprile, E.politum, 

E.serrulatum, E.sinuatum, E.vernum, Gymnopilus 

spectabilis, Gyromitra infula, Hebeloma crustuliniforme, 

H.mesophaeum, Hydnum rufescens, Inocybe 

fastigiata, I.fuscidula, I.godeyi, Lactarius pubescens, 

L.scrobiculatus, Lepiota castanea, Otidea onotica, 

Panaeolus granulatus, P.semiovatus, Psathyrella velutina, 

Psilocybe physaloides, P.subcoprophylla, Ramaria 

badia, Russula emetica, R.luteotacta, 

R.olivacea, R.queletii, Sarciodon imbricatus, Tricholoma 

sciodes, and Tricholomopsis rutilans are not rare, 

but their distribution is not yet enough investigated in 

the Republic of Macedonia. The reason that some 

edible species such as: Armillaria mellea, Hydnum 

repandum, Macrolepiota rhacode and Polyporus 

squamosus are putted in the list is that in the literature 

exist some cases of poisoning caused by this species. 

All these fungi were found growing on various substrates. 

The main part of them are terricolous and were 

found growing on soil (Amanita, Boletus, Cortinarius, 

Entoloma, Mycena, Lepiota, Russula, Lactarius, 

Tricholoma, Stropharia, etc.), while the others such 


as: Coprinus micaceus, Hypholoma fasciculare, Laetiporus 

sulphureus, Omphalotus olearius, Panellus 

stypticus, Polyporus squamosus and Pluteus salicinus 

are lignicolous, and were registered growing on 

rotten branches and stumps of different kind of trees. 

Some of the species such as: Psilocybe subcoprophyla, 

Psilocybe coprophylla and Panaeolus semiovatus 

were collected on dung. 

All this species caused the following syndromes: 

– Phalloidine syndrome is caused by: Amanita 

phalloides, A.verna, Galerina marginata and 

Lepiota cristata. One of the most deadly syndromes 

is phalloidine. Latency period is 10-24 

hours. It is manifesting with liver damage, tubular 

necrosis, renal damage, rising ammonia levels, 

hepatic coma followed by respiratory failure, 

hemorrhage, and death by 4-7 days. Deadly 

quantity is 0,1-0,3 mg/kg. 

– Pantherinien sindrome is caused by Amanita pantherina. 

Latency period is 30 min to 3 hours. It is 

manifesting with following symptoms: the first 

signs are reminding of alcohol intoxication (language, 

co-ordination, visual disturbances, disturbances 

of movements, the feeling for personality, 

the space, and the time is disturbed. The patients 

fall into a kind deep sleep, from which they 

awake after 10 to 15 hours again. They do not 

have memory of the happening. Deadly quantity 

is 100 g fresh mushrooms for adults. 

– Orellanine syndrome is caused by species of the 

complex gender Cortinarius. The syndrome is 

manifesting symptoms such as: digestive disorders 

(vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, headaches, 

sweats nights (without fever), renal insufficiency, 

damage of kidney (oligurie up to anuria). Latency 

period is 36 hours until 14 days. (2-20 

days). Deadly quantity is 2-3 mushrooms (100 

g). 

– Gyromitrin syndrome is caused by Gyromitra 

infula. The main poison is giromitrin. Latency 

period is 6 to 24 hours. It is manifesting with this 

symptoms (headaches, nausea, vomiting, cramps, 

abdominal pains, damage of liver. The patients 

show a ikterus, have a haemoglobinure up to anuria). 

Deadly quantity is 10-30 mg/kg for children, 

and 20-50 mg/kg for adults. 

– Muscarinien syndrome is caused by fungi of a 

number of genders: Inocybe, Clitocybe and 

Amanita muscaria. The main poison is muscarin. 

Latency period is 15 min. to 2 hours. Symptoms 

are a strong production of sweat, saliva, and 

tear liquid; hypotonie is additional to recognize 

a bradicardia. Deadly quantity is 400-500g fresh 

mushrooms. 

– Gastrointestinal irritants are the most of the species 

from the list. They belong to the following 

genera: Agaricus, Boletus, Entoloma, Hebeloma, 

Hydnum, Hygrocybe, Hypholoma, Lactarius, 



Lepiota, Lepista, Macrolepiota, Mycena, Pholiota, 

Pluteus, Polyporus, Ramaria, Russula, 

Suillus, Scleroderma, Tricholoma and Xerocomus. 

Latency period is 15 min-4 hours. It is manifesting 

with this symptoms: it comes to abdominally 

pain with colic attacks, nausea, vomiting 

and failure. With more serious poisonings cramping 

the skeletal musculature and cycle disturbances 

are to be recognized. After to two days the 

symptomatology fades away. There is well know 

to today no deaths. 

– Coprinus syndrome is caused by: Coprinus atramentarius, 

Coprinus micaceus and Clitocybe 

clavipes. Latency period is 30 min. till 72 hours. 

It is manifesting with this symptoms: minutes after 

the benefit of alcohol (or up to 72 hours) it 

comes to a heat feeling, and a strong turning red 

in the range of the face, the neck and the chest. 

The patients feels metallic taste, tachycardia, 

dyspnea, sweats, it comes rarely to nausea, vomiting. 

There is well know to today no deaths. 

Conclusions 

The so far registered poisonous fungi in R. Macedonia 

are 114 species. These fungi were found growing in 

various deciduous, coniferous forests, in meadows, 

on enriched soil, on dung, on wood, on stump, on fallen 

branches, etc. The main part of them are terricolous, 

7 species are lignicolous, and 3 species were 

collected on dung. The poisonous species of fungi 

registered in Republic of Macedonia belong to the 

following genera: Amanita, Boletus, Clitocybe, Collybia, 

Coprinus, Cortinarius, Entoloma, Galerina, 

Gymnopilus, Gyromitra, Hebeloma, Helvella, Hydnum, 

Hygrocybe, Hygrophoropsis, Hypholoma, Inocybe, 

Lactarius, Laetiporus, Leccinum, Lepiota, 

Lepista, Leptopodia, Leucoagaricus, Macrolepiota, 

Mycena, Omphalotus, Otidea, Panaeolus, Panellus, 

Paxillus, Peziza, Pholiota,Pluteus, Polyporus, 

Psathyrella, Psilocybe, Ptichoverpa, Ramaria, Russula, 

Sarcodon, Scleroderma, Stropharia, Suillus, 

Tricholoma, Tricholomopsis and Xerocomus. Fungi 

toxicity manifests through the following syndromes: 

Phalloidine syndrome, Orellanine syndrome, Gyromitrin 

syndrome, Muscarinien syndrome, Gastrointestinal 

syndrome and Coprinus syndrome. In most of 

them, these effects are due to the presence of toxic 

compounds such as: phalotoxins, amatoxins, orellanin, 

gyromitrin, muscarin, coprinmin, and different 

hallucinogenic and psychotropic compounds. 

477


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New York. 

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Sporenschlűssel. Kosmos, Gesellshaft der 

Naturfreunde Franckh’sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart. 

Karadelev, M. (1993): Contribution to the knowledge 

of wood-destroying fungi in the Republic of Macedonia, 

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78; 

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analysis of lignicolous macromycetes in different 

LISTA NA HUMANO-TOKSI^NI MAKROMICETI VO REPUBLIKA 

MAKEDONIJA 

Mitko KARADELEV, Sneàna MITEVA i Kristina STOJKOSKA 

Institut za Biologija, Prirodno-matemati~ki fakultet, P.Fah 162, Gazi Baba bb, 1000 Skopje 

Rezime 

forest associations on Galicica Mountain. 

Ekol.Za{t.@iv.Sred., 2(1), 3-16; 

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gabi vo Makedonija II. Kvalitativnokvantitativni 

istraùvawa na 

lignikolnite makromiceti vo razni 

{umski zaednici na planinata Pelister. 

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Karadelev, M. (2000). Kvalitativnokvantitativen 

sostav na makromicetite 

(Basidiomycetes i Ascomycetes) vo 

fitocenozata Calamintho grandiflorae- 

Fagetum vo sostav na Nacionalniot Park 

„Mavrovo“. Skopje. 

Krieglsteiner, G. J. (2000). Die Großpilze Baden- 

Wurttembergs Band 2, Eugen Ulmer GmbH & 

Co., Germany. 620 pp. 

Krieglsteiner, G. J. (2000). Die Großpilze Baden- 

Wurttembergs Band 3, Eugen Ulmer GmbH & 

Co., Germany. 634 pp. 

Moser, M. (1983). Die Röhrlinge und Blatterpilze. 

Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgard, 533 pp. 

Stamets, P. (1996). Psilocybin mushrooms of the 

World. An identification guide. Ten Speed Press, 

Berkeley, California. 

Tortić, M. (1988). Materials for the mycoflora of 

Macedonia. Maked. akad. na naukite i umetnostite. 

Skopje, 64p. 

Dosega vo R. Makedonija se registrirani 114 vida na otrovni gabi. Ovie vidovi pripa|aat 

na rodovite: Amanita, Boletus, Clitocybe, Collybia, Coprinus, Cortinarius, Entoloma, Galerina, Gymnopilus, 

Gyromitra, Hebeloma, Helvella, Hydnum, Hygrocybe, Hygrophoropsis, Hypholoma, Inocybe, Lactarius, 

Laetiporus, Leccinum, Lepiota, Lepista, Leptopodia, Leucoagaricus, Macrolepiota, Mycena, Omphalotus, Otidea, 

Panaeolus, Panellus, Paxillus, Peziza, Pholiota,Pluteus, Polyporus, Psathyrella, Psilocybe, Ptichoverpa, 

Ramaria, Russula, Sarcodon, Scleroderma, Stropharia, Suillus, Tricholoma, Tricholomopsis i Xerocomus. Ovie 

gabi se sobrani vo listopadni i ~etinarski {umi, na livadi, na po~vi bogati so organska materija, 

na izmet itn. Najgolem del od niv se terikolni, 7 vida se lignikolni, a 3 vida se sobrani na 

izmet. Kako rezultat na prisustvoto na odredeni halucinogeni materii, tie predizvikuvaat 

sedum razli~ni sindromi: faloiden, panterinski, giromitrinski, orelaninski, 

gastrointestinalen, muskarinski i koprinusen. Halucinogenite materii vo ovie gabi se 

razli~ni falotoksini, amatoksini, orelanin, giromitrin, muskarin, koprinmin, kako i razni 

halucinogeni i psihotropni supstanci.

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