Pfister-1973-The-psilopezioid-fungi-IV-Pachyella-0001 - ASCOfrance

Published bi 

THE N' YTlON KL Ri-ShARC'H COl \CIL 0 1 C \\AD 1 

Volume 51 Number 1 1 November 1973 

/'i/h/;& par 1c' 

C'ONSEIL NATIONAL Dfc RECHERCHES DL CAN-\I34 

- - 

Volume 51 numb 1 1 iiovembre 1973 

Pf-I~TER. 13 H. 197.3. rhe p-iitoptvioici fung. I\'. 

2023. 

The genus Pu&ella (Pezizaies). Can. J. Bot. 51: 2009- 

/'~~ch\di~~, chaiactend (3) a q loid a'-ci. globose cell\ 111 the ectai excipulum. hyphoid hairh. and 

gelatinous tissue, is ~eated mono graphic all^. A total of six species are discussed. The new combinations 

P. adnar~. P. vidaceonigra. and P. megafospern~~~ aie pioposed and one ne\v specie's. P. puncfi~ora. 

is described 

'FISTLR. D. H. 1973. The psilopc~iod fungi, IV. The genus Mi\ dlu (Pezszales). Can. J. Eot. 51 : 2009- 

2023. 

L'auteur pi6ente un tiaitement monogi aphique du genre Pmhj ella. qui est caractkrise par des asqueh 

amyloide;). des cellules glohiilasrcs dans la partie externe de l'excspulum, des poils hyphoides et un tissu 

gelatmeus. Un total iie ;)ix especes sont discutees. Une nouvelle espkce. P. pmctispora, est dkcri te et ti oi-i 

now elle;) combinakons ;>or1 i effec tuees : P. adr~ita. 

Much of the confusion concerning the genus 

Pacl~y~lla Boud. has already been discussed by 

Pfister (19730, 1973b). The genus at its inception 

was listed with 10 European species, most of 

which were previously described as psilopezias. 

Though the name was used to some extent in 

Europe, it was not generally accepted until Le 

Gal's (19536) study of the aenus. From. the 

original species, Le Gal chose Pezizc; barlaemu 

Bres. as lectotype of the 2;enus; at that time 

Pac?zyellci cl\peata (Sch~ .) Le Gal was the only 

other ~~eciesincluded. 

Le Gal distinpished Pcichjvli'u from Psilopezia 

Berk.. a genus with which Puchyellc~ has 

often been confused, by the amyloid reaction of 

- 

Presented in pan to the Graduate School of Cornell 

University iii partial fulfillment of the Doctor of Philosophy 

Degree. Supported in part by National Science 

Foundation grant GB-8548 and a Cornell University 

Faculty Research grant to Dr. R. P. Korf. a University 

of Michigan Biological Station grant to the author, and a 

University of Puerto Rico faculty-research grant. 

Present address : Tropical Mycology Laboratory, 

Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, 

Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 00708. 

P. viu/uceon&a et P. mquiu~perma. 

[Traduit par le journal] 

the asci of Paclzyella. These circumscriptions 

were followed by Gamundi (1964). Later Le Gal 

(1963) stated, "Le genre Pachyella ainsi amende, 

se montre si affine aux Golactima qu'il n'y pas 

lieu de 1'6loigner de ces espkces." On this basis, 

Pc1chyeUa was synonymized with Peziza [Dill. ] 

St-An~ans by Eckblad (1968) as it had been 

previously by Seaver (1928). 

Pfister (l97h j has accepted both Psilopezia 

and Paclzyella and has provided restricted de- 

limitations based on anatomical and histo- 

chemical studies of the species. Psilopezia has 

been treated elsewhere (Pfister 19736). 

Puchyella as here delimited includes six 

species; most of these were originally described 

in Paiza. As suggested by Le Gal (1963), 

Pcichyella clearly shows affinities to Peziza. Both 

genera have large globose or subglobose cells in 

the ectal excipulum. Both genera also have 

amyloid asci. Pachyella differs from Peziza in that 

Pachyella possesses gelatinous tissues and hy- 

phoid hairs embedded in gel. These hairs have 

been considered to be an outer layer of the

201 0 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 51, 1973 

excipulum by some authors (Eckblad 1968). 

Another distinction can be made on the basis of 

the ascus reaction in iodine solution. The asci of 

Pachyella are diffusely amyloid while those of 

Peziza generally have an apical amyloid ring. 

In species of both genera, the flesh of the apothe- 

cium sometimes becomes discolored when 

broken. The value of this characteristic in 

differentiating species of Pachyella is not known, 

since several of the species have not been seen in 

fresh condition. 

Undoubtedly there remain species of Pachyella 

masquerading as pezizas. Because Peziza is a 

large, difficult genus, these species will probably 

remain concealed until comprehensive mono- 

graphic work is completed on Peziza. 

The species now included in Pachyella form a 

closely related group. They all share the same 

general apothecial anatomy. Four of the species, 

P. adnata (Berk. & Curt.) Pfist., P. clypeata 

(Schw.) Le Gal, P. megalosperma (Le Gal) Pfist., 

and P. violaceonigra (Rehm) Pfist., are distin- 

guished from one another by differences in their 

spore ornamentations; their apothecial anatomy 

is almost identical. 

Materials, methods, and terminology are those 

used by Pfister (1973b). When large numbers of 

specimens were examined, herbaria abbreviations 

and numbers alone are given rather than com- 

plete specimen citations. 

PACHYELLA Boud. emend. Pfister 

=Pachyella Boud., Hist. Class. Discom. Eur . 

p. 50. 1907. (Lectotype species: Peziza 

barlaeana Bres. = Pachyella violaceonigra 

(Rehm) Pfister, selected by Le Gal 1953b.) 

=Peltidium Kalchb., Hedwigia, 2: 58. 1862. 

(Holotype species : Peltidium oocardii 

Kalchb.) non Peltidium Zoll. 1820 (Compositae). 

= Pulvinaria Velen., Mon. Discom. Boh. 1 : 

3 32. 1934. (Lectotype species : Peltidium 

oocardii Kalchb., selected by Eckblad 1968) 

non Pulvinaria Bonorden, 195 1 (Sphaeriales), 

nec Pulvinaria Rodway, 19 18 (Sphaeropsidales). 

Apothecia flat, generally broadly attached to 

the substrate, occasionally more centrally attached, 

0.4-8 cm in diam, becoming convoluted 

in some species, sometimes the apothecial flesh 

becoming yellow when broken, generally drying 

to a thin film; hymenium dark to pallid, some- 

times with vinaceous or reddish tints; on the 

outside pallid with grey or vinaceous tints, 

smooth and shining when fresh. Ectal excipulum 

with a discrete layer of textura globulosa to 

textura angularis, outer cells terminating in 

flexuous hairs which are embedded in a gela- 

tinous matrix. Medullary exciplum of textura 

intricata, either loosely woven or dense, J+ or 

J- gel present. Subhymenium not differentiated 

from the medullary excipulum, J+ or J-. 

Margin not present as a distinct zone, the hairs of 

the ectal excipulurn continuing (though some- 

times becoming shorter) toward the hymenium. 

Asci with a terminal operculum, without promi- 

nent croziers, usually J+, sometimes J- in dried 

material, contents sometimes golden in Melzer's 

reagent, eight-spored, long-cylindrical, 250-500 

X 15-20 p.m. Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoidal, 

mostly less than 25 pm long, smooth or variously 

marked with cyanophilic ornamentation, outer 

spore wall usually cyanophilic, two-guttulate, 

with or without deBary bubbles, uninucleate. 

Paraphyses septate clavate, generally with definite 

internal dark granules in the apical cells, neither 

branching nor anastornosing frequently. 

SUBSTRATE AND RANGE: Usually on water- 

soaked rotten wood, though occasionally on soil 

surrounding wood, or on other decaying plant 

parts, also on wood submerged in water; world- 

wide. 

NAME: From the Greek "pachy" thick or stout, 

and "ella," the diminutive suffix. 

NOTES: The asci of Pachyella species are usually 

amyloid. The nature of the amyloid material is 

not known chemically. The amyloid reaction is 

not restricted to the ascus; it is also present in the 

subhymenium and medullary excipulum of P. 

adnata. In Pachyella species, the amyloid mate- 

rial is present either as an external layer on the 

ascus wall (which may separate from the ascus 

wall proper), or occurs in the gel which sur- 

rounds the asci and paraphyses and is not re- 

stricted to the wall. Since the reaction is not 

restricted to the apex of the ascus, nor is it in the 

form of a J+ ring at the apex of the ascus as in 

Peziza, the reaction in Pachyella is said to be 

diffuse. This diffuse reaction is also common in 

the Ascobolaceae, which, however, can be dis- 

tinguished by their eguttulate spores. 

Le Gal (1953b) described the asci of Pachyella 

babingtonii (Berk. & Br.) Boud. as J- and in- 

cluded the species in Psilopezia. Rehm (1 8%) and

on the 

is tints, 

(dpulum 

dosa to 

iting in 

a gela- 

textura 

. J+ or 

entiated 

or J-. 

hairs of 

h some- 

nenium. 

t promi- 

in dried 

Melzer's 

250-500 

ipsoidal, 

ariously 

n, outer 

uttulate, 

lucleate. 

I definite 

, neither 

1 water- 

y on soil 

ng plant 

- ; world- 

or stout, 

e usually 

Serial is 

action is 

,nt in the 

m of P. 

id mate- 

r on the 

he ascus 

ich sur- 

not re- 

ii is not 

it in the 

:us as in 

id to be 

nmon in 

1 be dis- 

'achyella 

and in- 

895) and 

* j 

Bayliss Elliott (1927) both had previously re- 

ported the asci as J+. Study of both fresh and 

dried material indicates the blueing is usually pres- 

ent in fresh material, but may be lacking in dried 

specimens. In this species the amyloid reaction is 

not restricted to the wall, but is present in the 

hymenial gel. Le Gal (19.536) was followed by 

Gamundi (1 964) and Eckblad (1 968) in her place- 

ment of Pachyella babingtonii in Psilopezia. Since 

anatomically and histochemically Pachyella 

babingtonii agrees with the present delimitation 

of Pachyella, it is treated here in Pachyella. 

Ingold (1954), in his observation of Pachyella 

babingtonii (as P. depressa (Phill.) Boud.), des- 

cribed the contents of the asci at one stage of 

developnlent as forming a granular mass which 

separates into eight parts, the parts becoming 

ascospores. Though the cytoplasm of the asci has 

been observed to become dense because of the 

presence of large granules, the direct origin of 

ascospores from this mass has not been ob- 

served. The contents of the asci of some species 

of Puchyella have been observed to become 

golden in Melzer's reagent. This phenomenon is 

most pronounced in P. babingtonii and P. 

clypeata. 

PFISTER: PSILOPEZIOID FUNGI 

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Pachyella 

Though never placed in the Sarcoscyphineae, 

Pachyella babingtonii has been described as hav- 

ing suboperculate asci (Le Gal 1953A). In this 

study of both fresh and dried material, no sub- 

operculum has been observed in this or any other 

species of Pachyella. 

The excipular structure distinguishes Pachyella 

both from Peziza and from other operculate 

Discomycetes. In Pachyella there is always a well- 

developed cortical zone of globose to compressed 

globose cells which, on the outside, terminate in 

hyaline, hyphoid hairs. Gel is always present in 

the medullary excipulum and also surrounds the 

hairs. Excipular gel has been noted in Pachyella 

babingtonii (as P. depressa) by Ingold (1954). 

Because of the large size of the excipular cells 

and the large amounts of gel in some species, the 

apothecia often collapse when dried. In P. 

babingtonii, dried apothecia are so poorly pre- 

served that almost no anatomical features re- 

main. Differences in apothecial anatomy may be 

used to distinguish species in some cases. Four 

species, P. aclnata, P. clypeata, P. megalosperm, 

and P. violaceonigra, have almost identica. 

excipular structure while P. babingtonii and PI 

punctispora Pfist. are both distinctive. 

A. Hyphoid hairs forming a palisade layer at the base of the apothecium ............................................................ B 

A. Hyphoid hairs not forming a discrete palisade layer at the base of the apothecium ........................................ E 

B. Ascospores smooth, apothecium umber to chestnut color ........................................................ P. clypeata 

................................................................................................................... 

B. Ascospores variously ornamented C 

C. Ascospores warted,warts large(greater than 1 pm high),each wart with parallel sides and flat top; apothe- 

cium umber to sepia (sometimes reddish) P. adnata 

C. Ascospores with smaller warts (less than lpm high) . D 

D. Warts anastomosing, hymenium reddish brown with yellow areas P. megalusperma 

D. Warts not anastomosing, hymenium dark brick to sepia P. violaceonigra 

E. Ascospores smooth or punctate, margin attached, apothecia less than 1 cm in diam .......... P. babingtonii 

E. Ascospores ornamented with fine warts, margin free, apothecia larger than 1 cm in diam P. punctispora 

ata (Berk. & Curt). Pfister, comb. 

nov. Fig. ld-f 

Â¥==Peziz adnata Berk. & Curt., J. Linn. Soc. 

Eot. 10: 365. 1869. 

=Discha adnata (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc., Syll. 

Fung. 8: 100. 1889. 

= Psilopezia trachyspora Ell. & Everh., Erythea 

1 : 200.1893. 

= Peziza pseudoclypeata Seaver, The North 

American cup-fungi (operculates). Supplemented 

ed. p. 332. 1942. 

Apothecium flat, sometimes becoming convo- 

luted, appressed, in age sometimes becoming 

shallow-cupulate, to 5 cm in diam, gregarious or 

scattered; hymenium umber to sepia, black when 

dried. Ectal excipulum textura globulosa, some- 

what compressed, 5-10 cells thick, outer cells 

25-40 pm in diam, terminating in hyphoid hairs, 

3-4 pm in diam, up to 400 pm long, embedded in 

gel, hairs sometimes slightly swollen at the tip. 

Medullary excipulum textura intricata, gel spar- 

ingly present, .?+ or J- , cells 5-22 pm in diam.

Asci diffusely J+, 387-450 x 18-20 pm. Asco- 

spores relatively thin-walled, ellipsoid, 10-1 2(- 14) 

X 18-20 pm (exclusive of markings), orna- 

mented with long blunt warts (exceeding 1 pn1 

in length), warts sometimes anastornosing, two- 

or sometimes one-guttulate (sometimes obscure), 

deBary bubbles absent. Paraphyses expanded at 

the tip to 6-9 pm, extending beyond the asci, the 

apical cells containing large dark granules, not 

reacting in Melzer's reagent. 

SUBSTRATE AND RANGE: On rotten, usually 

water-soaked wood; North America, the Carib- 

bean, and Japan. 

NAME: from the Latin 6'adnatus,'' broadly 

attached, referring to the broad attachment of the 

apothecium to the substrate. 

ILLUSTRATIONS: Cooke, Mycographia, 1. PI. 67, 

Fig. 259. 1879 (as Peziza adnata); Seaver, The 

North American cup-fungi (operculates), sup- 

plemented ed. PI. 62. 1942 (as Peziza pseudo- 

clypeata). 

EXSICCATI : None. 

HOLOTYPE: Wright, Fungi Cubensis 658 (K). 

SPECIMENS EXAMINED : U.S.A. : Montana : on 

fallen log, Lake McDonald, Glacier Natl. Park, 

Montana, 19.VIII.1948, F. Korf and R. P. Korf 

(R.P.K. 1422). New York: on wood, Six-Mile 

Creek, near Ithaca, l7.X. 1960, R. P. Korf and 

E. J. Moore (R.P.K. 3087); on wood, Ringwood 

near Ithaca, 3 .X. 1960, R. P. Korf (R.P.K. 3093) ; 

rotting wood, Michigan Hollow, Danby, 

8.X.1956, L. R. Batra (R.P.K. 56-44). Ohio: 

Holotype of Peziza pseudoclypeata, on water- 

soaked log of Tilia americana, Cleveland (no 

date), Maurice B. Walters (NY = CUP 50905); 

on decayed sugar maple log, Cleveland, l5.VIII. 

1948, M. B. Walters (FH = CUP 51609). Penn- 

sylvania: wood, Bethlehem (no date), Schweinitz 

(PH, Schw. Syn. No. 765 = CUP 51619, CUP- 

D-3460, CUP-D-3849). Washington: Holotype 

of Psilopezia trachyspora, on rotten wood, North 

Bend, King Co., Aug. 1872, Adella M. Parker, 

No. 92 (NY = CUP-D-4644). Puerto Rico: on 

Cecropia peltata, El Yunque, 5.VI.1970, R. P. 

Korf et al. (CUP-PR-3844, NY); (as above) 

(CUP-PR-3847, NY); on fallen log of CyriZla 

racemiflora (as above) (CUP-PR-3852, NY) ; on 

fallen log of Cecropia peltata, El Yunque, 

lO.VI.1970, R. P. Korf et al. (CUP-PR-4007); 

on wood, El Yunque, January 24 to April 5, 

1923, F. J. Seaver and Carlos E. Chardon 


(CUP-PR- 183 1, NY). CUBA : Wright, Fungi 

Cubensis No. 658 (K, FH). JAPAN: on dead wood 

(Shiia), 7.X. 1964, K. Tubaki (CUP-J-2904). 

TRINIDAD: on wood, Heights of Aripo, 16.111.1921, 

F. J. Seaver (NY). 

NOTES: Several collections of this species have 

asci which appear to be spirally thickened. This 

characteristic was mentioned by Seaver in his 

description of Psilopezia trachyspora. Since it has 

not been observed in fresh material, this is 

apparently an artifact produced by drying. The 

large warts are characteristic of this species and 

distinguish it from the other species in the genus. 

This is the only species of Pachyella which may 

have J+ sterile tissue in the subhyrnenium and 

medullary excipulum. The significance of this 

characteristic is not known. 

The excipular structure is similar to that of 

P. clypeata, P. violaceonigra, and P. megalosperma. 

Morgan (1902) mistakenly synonymized 

Peziza adnata with P. clypeata. 

The distribution of the species is undoubtedly 

much more uniform than the collections cited 

above would indicate. I11 the north its fruiting 

time coincides with that of Pachyella clypeata', 

thus the two may be confused. 

Pachyella babingtonii (Berk. & Br.) Boud. 

Fig. la-f 

== Peziza babingtonii Berk. & Br., Ann. Mag. 

Nat. Hist. II,7 : 179. 1851 (ut "Babingtonii"). 

= Psilopezia babingtonii (Berk. & Br.) Berk., 

Outlines of Fungology. p. 373. 1860; as 

"(Berk. & Br.) Le Gal," Prodr. Flore Mycol. 

Madagascar, 4: 17 1. 1953. 

== Rlzizina babingtonii (Berk. & Br.) Massee, 

Br. Fung. Flora, 4: 455. 1895. 

=Pachyella babingtonii (Berk. & Br.) Boud., 

Hist. Class. Discom. Eur. p. 51. 1907. 

= Peltidium oocardii Kalchb., Hedwigia, 2 : 58. 

1862 (ut "Oocardii"). 

== Peziza oocardii(Ka1chb.) Karst., Myc. Fenn. 

1: 84. 1871. 

= Humaria oocardii (Kalchb.) Rehm in 

Rabenh. Kryptog-Fl. l(3): 954. 1894. 

Rhizina oocardii (Kalchb.) Massee & Crossl., 

: 

Fungus Flora of Yorkshire p. 25 1. 1905. 

iPsilopezia oocardii (Kalchb.) Sacc. & D. 

Sacc., Syll. Fung. 18 : 11. 1906. 

== Pulvinaria oocardii (Kalchb.) Velen., Mon.

CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 51, 1973

: 


= Peziza rivularis Cr. & Cr., Florule du Finistere, drying to a thin film, up to 1 cm in diarn, 

p. 55. 1867 (non Peziza rivularis Clements. attached at the margin, gregarious to scattered; 

1894). 

=Humaria rivularis (Cr. & Cr.) Sacc., Syll. 

hymenium hazel to umber, drying 

- black. Ectal 

excipulum of textura globulosa, sometimes 

Fung. 8: 144. 1889. 

= Pachyella rivularis (Cr. & Cr.) Bond., Hist. 

slightly compressed, three to five cells thick, 

outer cells 20-60 pm in diam, terminating in 

Class. Discom. Eur. p. 5 1. 1907. hyphoid hairs 7-10 pm in diam and up to 100 

= Peziza oocardii (Kalchb.) Karst. var. lignaria pm long, embedded in gel, hairs shorter toward 

Karst., Mon. Fez. Fenn. p. 128. 1869. 

= Peltidium lignarium (Karst.) Hazsl., Oesterr. 

the margin than at the base of the apothecium. 

Medullary excipulum very loose textura intricata, 

Bot. Z. 32: 7. 1882. highly gelatinous, cells sometimes constricted at 

= Psilopezia myrothecioides Berk. & Br., Ann. the septa, 5-12 ,urn in diam. Asci J+ (or J - , 

Mag. Nat. Hist. IV, 15: 39. 1875. 

= Rhizina myro thecioides (Berk. & Br.) Massee, 

especially in dried material), contents sometimes 

golden in Melzer's reagent, 250-325 X 15-20 

Br. Fung. Flora, 4: 455. 1895. pm. Ascospores thick-walled, broadly ellipsoid, 

=Humaria myrothecioides (Berk. & Br.) Boud., (9-)lo-16 X 17-23 pm, smooth or with small 

Hist. Class. Discom. Eur. p. 70. 1907. puncti, epispore highly cyanophilic, two- or 

= Peziza depresses Phill. in Cooke, Mycographia, sometimes one-guttulate (indistinct in some 

1 : 233. 1879 (non Peziza depressa Pers., cases), deBary bubbles sometimes present. Pura- 

1822). physes expanded at the tip to 7-1 5 pm extending 

=- Geoscypha depressa (Phill.) Rehm in Sydow. beyond the ascus, apically pigmented with small, 

Mycoth. March. No. 884. 1886. dark, highly cyanophilic granules. 

=Humaria depressa (Phill.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. SUBSTRATE AND RANGE: On water-soaked, 

8: 145. 1889. rotten logs, sometimes underwater, or on leaves 

=PachyelIa depressa (Phill.) Boud., Hist. and woody debris or on encrusted algae; cosmo- 

Class. Discom. Eur. p. 5 1. 1907. politan, 

= Pezizapsilopezioides Cooke & Phill., Grevillea, NAME: For Mr. Babington, collector of the 

9: 104. 1880. holotype. 

=Humaria psilopezioides (Cooke & Phill.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Berkeley and Broome, Ann. 

Sacc., Syll. Fung. 8: 144. 1889. Mag. Nat. Hist. IV. 15, PI. 2, Fig. 5. 1875 (as 

= Peltidium cookei Hazsl., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 32:7. Psilopezia myrothecioides); Boudier, Icones My- 

1882. col. 2, PI. 312. 1910. (as Pachyella depressa); 

= Peziza saccharina Bres., Fungi Trid. 1 : 24. Bresadola, Fungi Trid. 1, Pl. 29, Fig. 1. 1882 (as 

1882. Peziza saccharina) ; Bresadola, Icon. Mycol. 25, 

dezicula saccharina (Bres.) Sacc., Michelia, PI. l237(l). 1933 (as Pezicula saccharim) ; Cooke, 

2: 536. 1878. Mycographia, 1, PI. 110, Fig. 392. 1879 (as 

dachyella saccharina (Bres.) Boud., Hist. Peziza depressa); Dennis, British Cup-Fungi, 

- 

Class. Discom. Eur. p. 5 1. 1907. PI. 4, k, 1960 (as Psilopezia babingtonii); Dennis, 

= Psilopezia bohemica ?elen., Ceskk Houby, British Ascomycetes, PI. 4, k, 1968 (as Psilopezia 

p. 879. 1922. babingtonii); Ingold, Trans. Br. Mycol. SOC. 37, 

=Pulvinaria bohemica (Velen.) Velen., Mon. Fig. 1. 1954 (as Pachyella depressa) ; Kalch- 

Discom. 1 : 332. 1934. brenner, Hedwigia, 2, PI. 10,3. 1862 (as Peltidium 

= =Humria oocardii (Kalchb.) Rehm var. stadleri oocardii); Le Gal, Prodr. Flore Mycol. Mada- 

Ade, Allg. Bot. Z. 30-3 1 : 2 1. 1925. gascar, 4: 174, 175. 1953 (as Psilopezia babing- 

= Pachyella depressa (Phill,) Boud. var. pallida tonii). 

Rea in Bayliss Elliott, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. EXSICCATI: Karsten, Fungi Fenn. No. 636 

12: 294. 1927. (as Peltidium oocardii var. lignaria); Rabenhorst, 

ezia albida Kanouse, Pap. Michigan Fungi Europ. No. 521 (as Peltidium oocardii). 

. Sci. 19: 99. 1934. HOLOTYPE: On rotten wood, Grace Dieu Wood, 

achyella dearnessii Gamundi, Darwinians, Lancashire, Great Britain, Rev. C. Babington 

(K). 

cizm flat, convex-pulvinate, appressed, SPECIMENS EXAMINED: u.s.A.: Idaho: MICH

2016 CAN. J. BOT. 

( = CUP 50962). Maryland: CUP 5 1573. Massa- 

chusetts: CUP 51625, 51626, 5 1615, 51636. 

Michigan : Holotype of Psilopezia albida, on 

sticks submerged in running water, Au Sable 

Falls, Grand Marais, Alger Co., 8.IX. 1932, 

. Mains (32-646), (MICH = CUP 50893), 

12 specimens in MICH, slides of which are 

deposited in CUP under the following accession 

numbers: CUP 50896, 50900, 50901, 50904, 

50950-50954,50957,50660,50963,50964, 52305. 

Minnesota: CUP-D- 10706. Montana: MICH 

(= CUP 50192). New York: CUP 52277, 52283, 

51620-51624, 51627-51634, 51637-51639, 51641, 

5 I642,5 l649,5 1650,52284,49856,49858,49859, 

52308, 52309, NY (= CUP 49546), R.P.K. 53- 

110, R.P.K. 53-22, R.P.K. 2745. Ohio: NY 

(= CUP 49548), R.P.K. 3966. Oregon: OSC 

25047, OSC 23944. South Carolina: CUP-D- 

2550. Vermont: CUP 51640. Virginia: CUP 

52303,52304. Washington : CUP 50897. AUSTRIA : 

Two specimens in the Herb. von Hohnel, FH, 

slides deposited = CUP 5 1610, 51 61 1 ; one 

specimen Herb. Rehm, S = CUP 50932. ARGEN- 

TINA: BAFC 20015 (= R.P.K. 2959). BELGIUM: 

Isotype of Peziza psilopezioides, on rotten wood, 

Libert No. 895 (NY). CZECHOSLOVAKIA : Holo- 

type of Psilopezia bohemica, no substrate, 

Mnichovice: Mirosovicey VII.1926, J. Velen- 

ovsky (PR 150227 = CUP 52290), PR 152885 

(= CUP 52291), PR 152883 (= CUP 52288), 

PR 152886 (= CUP 52289). CANADA: Ontario: 

Holotype of Pachyella dearnessii, on wet rotten 

Three specimens in Herb. Rehm, S (= CUP 

50925, 5093 8, 5094 1). GREAT BRITAIN : Holotype 

of Peziza depressa, on willow on ground, July 

1878, W. Phillips (K. sub Peziza convexa Phill.), 

Holotype of Psilopezia myrothecioides, on Prunus 

padus, New Pitsligo, 1876, Rev. J. Fergusson 

(K), CUP-D-198, CUP 49544, one specimen 

Herb. Rehm, S (= CUP 50929). HUNGARY: One 

specimen in Herb. E. Fries, UPS ( = CUP 50923), 

Isotype of Peltidium oocardii, in Oocardio strata 

(Naig.) ad lapides submerses rivuli montani ad 

Olaszinurn Scepusii (Hungar, superioris), C. 

Kalchbrenner (Rabenh., Fungi europaei No. 

52 1 ; CUP, FH, BPI). INDIA: CUP-1-25, CUP-I- 

462. ITALY: Holotype of Peziza saccharina, ad 

Tiliae parvifoliae, 1882, Bresadola (Herb. Bresa- 

dola, S = CUP 50948). JAMAICA: CUP-MJ-313, 

CUP-MJ-3 14. JAPAN: CUP-J-1426, CUP-J-2738, 

CUP-J-2839. JAVA: CUP-SEA-470. SWEDEN: One 

specimen in UPS (= CUP 50917). VENEZUELA: 

Dumont-VE-243 and 2366 (NY). 

NOTES: This is the most common, most widely 

distributed, and most often described of the 

Pachyella species. Seaver's (1928) concept of 

Psilopezia nwnmdaria was based in part on specimens 

of this species. PachyelJa babingtonii has 

been placed in Psilopezia (Le Gal 1953 b ; Eckblad 

1968; Gamundi 1964) because the asci were 

thought to be J - . 

The species is quite variable in size, shape, and 

color of the apothecium. Pachyella babingtonii 

shows little substrate preference, occurring on 

wood, leaves, and encrusted algae. Fruit bodies, 

though sometimes found on water-soaked wood, 

are often situated below the surface of swiftly 

flowing water. 

Some specimens have ascospores which are 

punctate. The specimens with these spores are 

anatomically identical with those with smooth 

spores. The punctate spores occur in few collections 

and are few in number in any given specimen. 

The collections having these spores come 

wood, London, 3.VIII. 1889, J. Dearness (359) from throughout the geographic range of the 

(NY), CUP 52276, 51635, 51646. CHINA: CUP- species. It is thought that these puncta develop 

CH-322 (also duplicate specimen BPI). COSTA very late in the ontogeny of the spore and may 

RICA: CUP-CA-25, CUP-CA-53. FINLAND : Iso- characterize the completely mature spore. 

type of Peziza oocardii var. lignaria, ad lignum Type material of several synonymized species 

putridurn, Tavastia australis, Tammela, Mustiala, has not been seen. Peziza rivularis Cr. & Cr. is 

Fennia (Fung. Fern. No. 636, H == CUP 50946, synonymized here on the basis of Le Gal's 

FH), two specimens in H, slides deposited = (1953a) study of the holotype. Pachyella depressa 

CUP 50945, 50947. FRANCE: One specimen in var. pallida is synonymized on the basis of the 

Herb. Bresadola, S (= CUP 50949). GERMANY: original description, since type material has not 

been located at either the British Museum or 

Kew. Humaria oocardii var. stadleri was also 

synonymized on the basis of the original description, 

since Ade's specimens seem to have been 

destroyed during World War 11. 

Pachyella clypeata (Schw.) Le Gal Figs. la-c, 3 

= Peziza clypeata Schw., Schrift. Naturf. Ges. 

Leipzig, 1 : 1 17. 1822 (non Peziza clypeata 

Boud. ex. Sacc. 1889).

ntani ad 

Iris), C. 

aei No. 

CUP-I- 

rina, ad 

1. Bresa- 

J-3 13, 

-J-2 73 8, 

EN: One 

ZZUELA : 

- widely 

of the 

:ept of 

n speci- 

nii has 

ckblad 

1 were 

Ie, and 

ngtonii 

ng on 

Iodies, 

wood, 

swiftly 

-h are 

2s are 

nooth 

ollec- 

speci- 

come 

f the 

velop 

may 

)ecies 

3. is 

3al's 

wssa 

f the 

not 

a or 

also 

;rip- 

3een 

-c, 3 

Jes. 

PFISTER : PSILOPEZIOID FUNGI

201 8 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 51, 1973 

== Discina clypeata (Schw.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 

8: 101. 1889. 

= Pachyella clypeata (Schw.) Le Gal. Prodr. 

Flore Mycol. Madagascar, 4: 27. 1953. 

=Bulgaria bicolor Peck, Ann. Rep. N.Y. State 

Mils. 32: 49. 1879. 

deziza orbicularis Peck, Bull. N.Y. State 

Mus. 1 : 20. 1887. (a name change, non 

Peziza bicolor Bull. ex Fr. 1822). 

= Discina orbicularis (Peck) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 

8: 103. 1889. 

Psilopezia orbicularis (Peck) Dodge, Trans. 

: 

Wis. Acad. Sci. 17: 1052. 1914 (ut "Psilop 

eziza ' ' ) . 

Apothecium flat, sometimes becoming convoluted, 

appressed, in age sometimes becoming 

shallow cupulate, up to 8 cm in diam, flesh 

sometimes becoming yellow when broken, pallid 

to glaucous grey on the outside, gregarious to 

scattered; hymeniurn umber to chestnut. Ectal 

excipulum textura globulosa, somewhat compressed, 

three to five cells thick, outer cells 10-30 

pm in diam, terminating in hyphoid hairs up to 

400 pm long, hairs sometimes pigmented and 

swollen at the tip, hairs embedded in gel. 

Medullary excipulum dense textura intricata, gel 

sparingly present, hyphae 3-16 pm in diam. Asci 

diffusely J+ , rarely J - , 387-500 X 20-25 prn. 

Ascospores at maturity : hyaline, thin-walled, 

smooth, ellipsoid, 13-16 X 18-25(28) pm, twoguttulate, 

guttules sometimes appearing granular 

or resinous, deBary bubbles sometimes present. 

Paraphyses expanded at the tip to 10 urn, extending 

beyond the asci, pigmented with large, dark, 

internal amorphous granules in the apical cell, 

granules becoming reddish purple in Melzer's 

reagent (in fresh material). 

SUBSTRATE AND RANGE: On rotten logs and 

stumps, mostly water-soaked; North America 

and Japan. 

NAME: From the Latin "clypeatus," like the 

circular Roman shield (clypeus) ; referring to the 

form of the apothecia. 

ILLUSTRATIONS: Peck, Ann. Rep. N.Y. State 

Mus. 32. PI. 2, Figs. 4-6. 1879 (as Bulgaria bicolor). 

Peck, Bull. N.Y. State Mus. 1. PI. 2, 

Figs. 4-6. 1 887 (as Peziza orbicularis). Seaver, 

Mycologia, 8. PI. 191. 1916. Seaver, North 

American cup-fungi (operculates). PI. 34. 1928. 

EXSICCATI: Ellis and Everhart, North American 

Fungi, No. 568 (as Psilopezia nwnmularia). 

HOLOTYPE: Synopsis Fungorum Carolinae 

Superioria No. 1170 (PH = CUP-D-3839, CU 

50 198). 

SPECIMENS EXAMINED : U.S.A. : Delaware : CUP- 

D-4638. Illinois : CUP-D- 10838. Indiana : CUP- 

D-2688, NY (= CUP 49550). Hawaii: BPI 

(Shear). Iowa: CUP-D-4641. Maine: NY (= 

CUP 49553). Michigan: CUP 5 1535. Nebraska: 

CUP-D-109 14. North Carolina: CUP 52279. 

New York: CUP 51534, 51536, 51562, 51564, 

5 1620,5 1621,52278,52297-52301,22991, 19472, 

2955, 15889, 43155, 35988, 33105,25724, 37254, 

36692, 22987, CUP-A-3 16, CUP-D-3 54, CUP- 

D-463 5, CUP-D-653, CUP-D- 1003, CUP-D- 

1031, CUP-D-1068, CUP-D-1211, CUP-D-1637 

CUP-D- 1740, CUP-D- 1769, CUP-D- 1802, CUP- 

D-9580, Isotype of Bulgaria bicolor, on wet 

decaying birch wood, Brewerton, Sept., Dr. Peck 

(CUP-D-3026), CUP-D-5778, CUP-D-6 19 1, 

R.P.K. 53-224, R.P.K. 53-228, R.P.K. 53-242, 

R.P.K. 54-36, R.P.K. 55-1, R.P.K. 335, R.P.K. 

796, R.P.K. 1696, R.P.K. 1992, R.P.K. 2676, 

R.P.K. 2715, R.P.K. 2719, R.P.K. 2864, R.P.K. 

3242, NY (= CUP 49549). Ohio: CUP-D-2706, 

CUP-D-2 137, R.P.K. 400 1. Pennsylvania : CUP- 

A-2 1 573, CUP-A-(no number, collected by 

Ravenel), CUP-D-9223, CUP-D-5 122. South 

Carolina: CUP-D-3445, CUP-D-2755, CUP-D- 

3443, CUP-D-3350, UPS Herb. E. Fries (= 

CUP 50920). Tennessee: CUP 52280 - CUP 

52282. CANADA: Ontario: CUP 51563, CUP- 

D-4636, CUP-D-4639. JAPAN: CUP-J-1824. 

NOTES: This is the largest of the Pachyella 

species and is commonly collected. It is ana- 

tomically similar to P. violaceonigra, P. adna fa, 

and P. megalosperma, but is easily distinguished 

by its smooth spores. Its distribution in North 

America and Japan coincides with that of P. 

FIG. 4. a-c. Camera-lucida drawings of the ascospores 

of Pachyella megalosperma. X 1000. Drawn from the 

holotype.

39, CUP 

: CUP- 

i: CUP- 

ii: BPI 

NY (= 

braska : 

52279. 

5 1564, 

, 19472, 

37254, 

In wet 

r. Peck 

1-6191, 

3-242, 

-LP.K. 

2676, 

W.K. 

-2706, 

CUP- 

d by 

CUP- 

hyella 

ana- 

hata, 

ished 

forth 

)f P. 

^ 

J 

adnata. Recently I have seen photographs of a 

specimen from India which also appears to be 

P. clypeata. Seaver (1928) treats this species as 

Peziza clypeata. 

a (Le Gal) Pfister, comb. 

nov. Fig. 4a-c 

= Galactinia inegalosperma Le Gal, Prodr. 

Flore Mycol. Madagascar, 4: 63. 1953. A 

name change, non Galactinia macrospora 

(Wallr .) Boud. 

==. Galactinia pseudosuccosa Le Gal forma 

macrospora Le Gal, Rev. Mycol. lO(5-6): 

95. 1945. 

deziza megulosperma (Le Gal) Eckblad, 

Nytt Mag. Bot. 15 : 76. 1968. 

Apothecia flat, sessile, becoming somewhat 

convoluted and lobed, smooth, blue gray on the 

outside, exuding a yellow juice when broken; 

hynzenium according to Le Gal "brun roux 

brillant" with yellow zones. Ectal excipulum of 

globose to elongate cells intermixed with fila- 

mentous cells, the globose and elongate cells 

reaching a diameter of 32-40 pm, these cells 

become smaller toward the outside, and termi- 

nate in hyphoid hairs, 5-7 pm in diam, 165-198 

pm long, hairs sometimes densely cytoplasmic, 

embedded in gel. Medullary excipulum of closely 

woven textura intricata, the cells reaching a 

diameter of 5-9.6(12.8) pm, occasionally globose 

swellings up to 24 pm in diameter present. Sub- 

hymenium 50-60 pm thick, composed of globose 

and filamentous cells, the walls of which may be 

slightly pigmented. Asci J+ (in some cases 

slight), long cylindrical, 330-500 X 19-24 /mi. 

Ascospores ellipsoid, sometimes almost subfusi- 

form (20.5)22.5-28.5 X 10.5-14.5 pm. Para- 

physes expanded at the tip to 8-10 pm, filled 

apically with dark granules (appearing at times 

to be embedded in a gelatinous matrix). 

SUBSTRATE AND RANGE: On rotten wood, 

among mosses. Madagascar. 

NAME: From greek "megus,^ large, and 

'sperm," seed or spore, referring to the large 

ascospores. 

ILLUSTRATIONS: Le Gal, Rev. Mycol. 10. Figs. 

1 and 2. 1945. Le Gal, Prodr. Flore Mycol. 

Madagascar, 4. Figs. 22-25. 1953. 


HOLOTYPE: "Ad vetus lignum putridum mus- 

cisque coopertum, la fort3 de Fotsialana, Ie 12 

novembre 1934." Madagascar. 

PFISTER : PSILOPEZIOID FUNGI 2019 

SPECIMENS EXAMINED : MADAGASCAR : Sur bois 

pourri, for& Fotsialana, 12 novembre 1934, leg. 

R. Heim. 

NOTES: I find the specimen much as described 

by Le Gal (1953b) except for some differences in 

measurements. In the only specimen available 

to me for study, I found no spores with measure- 

ments as large as those listed by Le Gal, though 

the spores present appeared to be completely 

mature. I did not observe the anastomosis of 

paraphyses illustrated and described by Le Gal. 

The apothecial anatomy agrees perfectly with 

that of P. adnata, P. violaceonigra, and P. 

clypeata, from which P. megalosperma differs in 

its type of spore ornamentation. Eckblad (1968) 

included this species in Peziza and stated that the 

anatomy "differs slightly from the rest of the 

genus [Peziza]." 

This species seems rare. It will most likely be 

confused with P. violaceonigra, but in that 

species the spores are finely marked with small 

isolated cyanophilic dots which do not anasto- 

mose. 

ellapnetisporn Pfister, sp. nov. Fig. 5a-d 

Apothecium bubalinum, usque ad 2.5 cm 

diam, planum. Asci cylindracei, jodo caeru- 

lescentes, usque ad 450 pm longi, 19-25 pm diam, 

octospori. Ascospori ellipsoidei, biguttulati, 12- 

15 X 2 1-25 pm, verrucati, hyalini. Paraphyses 

usque ad 8 pm diam, rectae, brunneae. 

TYPUS: On wet wood, Gorge of Carp Creek, 

Cheboygan Co., Michigan, 27.VI.1969, N. J. 

Smith (CUP 52285). 

Apothecium flat to concave, attached broadly 

but margins free, reaching a diameter of 2.5 cm, 

gregarious to scattered, hymenium bay to umber 

sometimes with vinaceous tints. Ectal excipulum 

textura globulosa to angularis, up to s& cells 

thick, merging on the inside almost impercep- 

tibly with the medullary excipulum; outer cells 

(especially toward the base) 20-40 pm in diam, 

terminating in short hyphoid, septate, some- 

times appressed hairs up to 5 pm in diam, hairs 

longer at point of attachment, sometimes inter- 

woven, embedded in gel. Medullary excipulum 

textura intricata, gel present, cells short, some- 

times constricted at the septa, 5-7 pm in diam. 

Asci diffusely J+, contentssometimes becomi 

golden in Melzer's reagent, (375-)400-450 X 1 

25 jinn. Ascospores ellipsoid, 12-15 X 21-25 pm, 

marked with minute cyanophilic warts, one-

CAN. 1. BOT. VOL. 51, 1973

guttulate, more commonly two-guttulate, deBary 

bubbles absent. Paraphyses expanded at the tip 

to 8 pm, extending beyond the asci to form a thin 

epithecium, with internal dark granules in the 

apical cells, granules not reacting in iodine. 

SUBSTRATE AND RANGE: On water-soaked 

rotten wood. New York, Michigan, and Illinois. 

NAME: From Latin "punctus," dotted, and 

'spora," spore, referring to the spore surface. 

ILLUSTRATIONS : None. 


HOLOTYPE: On wet wood, Gorge of Carp 

Creek, Cheboygan Co., Michigan, 27.VI.1969, 

N. J. Smith (CUP 52285). 

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A. : Illinois: (NO sub- 

strate), Glencoe, VI. 1903, E. T. and S. A. Harper 

(S, Herb. Rehm = CUP 50924). Michigan: On 

wet wood, Gorge of Carp Creek, Cheboygan Co., 

27.VI. 1969, N. J. Smith (Holotype CUP 52285); 

on rotten wood, Carp Creek Gorge, UMBS, 

Cheboygan Co., 7.IX.1969, N. J. Smith (2324) 

(CUP 52265) ; on moss-covered wood, Reese's 

Bog near UMBS, Cheboygan Co., 30.VII. 1969, 

N. J. Smith (CUP on rotten wood, 

Reese's Bog near Cheboygan Co., 

30.VIL 1969, N. J. S P 52267); as above 

(CUP 52268); as above (CUP 52269); on water- 

soaked wood, Carp Creek 

Cheboygan Co., 3.VII. 1969 

52270); on wood in runnin 

near UMBS, Cheboygan Co., 8.VIII. 1969, D. H. 

Pfister and E. Wells (CUP 5227 1); on wet wood, 

y as above, 30.VII.1969, N. J. Smith 

52272); on wet wood, Tahquamenon Falls 

Park, at lower falls, 15.VIII.1969, D. H. 

ster (CUP 52273); on water-soaked wood, 

Carp Creek Gorge, Cheboygan Co., 7.1X.1969, 

J. Smith (CUP 52275); on wood, Old Saw 

ill N. of Burt Lake, Cheboygan Co., 8.VII. 

67, N. J. Smith (1 94) (CUP 50965, MICH); on 

ood, the Gorge, UMBS, Cheboygan Co., 

12.VII.1967, N. J. Smith (237) (CUP 50958, 

MICH). New York: On wet wood, Pack Forest, 

Warrensburg, 28.1X.1969, R. P. Korf, D. H. 

xon (CUP 52307). 

istically this species is more 

an other species of Pachyella, 

res and short hairs em- 

be mistaken for a Peziza 

be transitional between 

pie P. babingtonii and the 

PFISTER: PSILOPEZIOlD FUNGI 202 1 

other larger more complex species of the genus. 

It is probably more common than the number of 

specimens listed here indicates. Since it re- 

sembles a Peziza in its attachment and coloration, 

and since Peziza species are seldom properly 

identified, more specimens are likely located 

among the unknown pezizas of various herbaria. 

Pachyella violaceonigra (Rehm) Pfister, comb. 

nov. Fig. lg-i 

= Pustularia violaceonigra Rehm, Hedwigia, 

2 1 : 98. 1882 (ut "violaceo-nigra"). 

Â¥ Humaria violaceonigra (Rehm) Sacc., Syll. 

Fung. 8 : 150. 1889. 

=Plicaria violaceonigra (Rehm) Rehm in 

Rabenh. Kryptog-Fl. l(3): 1007. 1894. 

=Peziza barlaeana Bres., Fungi Trid. 2: 74. 

1898 (ut "Barleana"). 

dachyella barlaeana (Bres.) Boud., Hist. 

Class. Discom. Eur. p. 50. 1907 (ut "Bar- 

laeana"), 

== Aleuria barlaeana (Bres.) Bres., Icon. Myco- 

logia, 25. PI. 1202. 1933 (ut "Barlaeana"). 

Apothecium flat, becoming somewhat convo- 

luted, appressed, the margin sometimes turned 

up, to 5 cm in diam; hymenium dark brick to 

sepia (from Boudier's plate), drying black. Ectal 

excipulum textura globulosa, somewhat com- 

pressed, three to five cells thick, outer cells 25-55 

pm in diam, terminating in hyphoid hairs 3-5 pm 

in diam, embedded in gel, hairs up to 400 pm 

long, not swollen at the tip. Medullary excipulum 

dense textura intricata, becoming less dense to- 

ward the ectal excipulum, gel sparingly present, 

cells 5-1 2 pm in diam. Asci diffusely J+ , 4 10- 

425 X 19-20 pm. Ascospores thin-walled, ellip- 

soid, I 9-27 X 1 1-13 pm, marked with fine 

cyanophilic warts which do not anastomose, 

- - 

two-guttulate, deBary bubbles sometimes pre- 

sent. Paraphyses expanded at the tip to 8 pm, 

extending beyond the asci, the apical cells con- 

- . 

taining amorphous dark granules, granules not 

reacting in Melzer's reagent. 

SUBSTRATE AND RANGE : On moss-covered wood 

and on soil, Europe. 

NAME: From Latin "violaceous," violet, and 

"niger," black, especially glossy black. 

ILLUSTRATIONS : Boudier, Icones Mycol. 2. PI. 

3 10. 19 10 (as PachyeUa barlaeana); Bresadola, 

Fungi Trid .2. PI. 1 8 7. 1 898 (as Peziza barlaeana) ; 

Bresadola, Icon. Mycologia, 25. PI. 1202. 1933 

(as Aleuria barlaeana).

2022 CAN. J. BOT, VOL. 51, 1973 


HOLOTYPE: Auf faulen Holz und der daneben 

befindlichen Erde, Alpen bei Partenkirchen, bei 

Munchen, IX. 1874. Arnold (S, Herb. Rehm = 

CUP 50934). 

SPECIMENS EXAMINED : AUSTRIA: On wood and 

soil, Vorarlberg, IX.1897, (no collector) (S, 

Herb. Rehm). FRANCE: Holotype of Peziza 

barlaeana (no substrate), Nice (no date), M. 

Barla (PC = CUP 52293). GERMANY: (Substrate 

and locality unknown), VII.1887, Dr. Arnold 

(S, Herb. Rehm = CUP 50943). RUSSIA: Ad 

truncum putridurn, Tsebelda, Furjerosvoje 

(Alchariaj, 20.111.1912, G. Woronow (S, Herb. 

Rehm = CUP 50942). SWITZERLAND: Kant 

Graubunden : Arosa, Seetobelbach, 2 1 .VII. 1961, 

E. Rahm (UPS = CUP 50922); (same as above), 

30.IX. 196 1, E. Rahm (UPS = CUP 5092 1). 

NOTES: Pustularia violaceonigra, published in 

1882, is conspecific with Peziza barlaeana Bres., 

published in 1898. It thus provides an older name 

for PachyeUa barlaeana. Pachyella barlaeana 

was selected as type of Pachyella by Le Gal 

(1 9536). Anatomically this species is nearly 

identical in excipular structure with P. clypeata, 

P. adwta, and P. megalosperma. Pachyella 

violaceonigra appears to be limited to Europe 

whereas P. clypeata is primarily North American. 

Pachyella clypeata always occurs on rotten wood, 

but P. violaceonigra is sometimes found on soil. 

The other species which it closely resembles, P. 

adnata and P. megalosperma, both differ in the 

form of their spore markings. 

1. Pachyella barlaeana (Bres.) Boud. var. steven- 

, pro synon. (ut "Stephen- 

nsoniana (Ellis in Rehm ex 

Rabenh. Kryptog.-Fl. l(3) : 

t "Stevensoniana (Ellis j 

niana Ellis ex Mussat in 

Sacc., Syll. Fung. 15: 126. 1901, pro synon. 

(ut Wephensoniana Ellis"). 

This taxon was synonymized by Seaver (1928) 

with Peziza repanda Pers. ex Pers. Examination 

of an isotype specimen (Oct. 11, 1878, W. C. 

Stevenson 320, CUP-D-447) indicates that his 

conclusions were correct. 

2. Pachyella melaleuca (Bres.) Boud., Hist. Class. 

Discom. Eur. p. 51. 1907. 

~Discina melaleuca Bres., Fungi Trid. 2: 

74. 1898. 

deziza melaleuca (Bres.) Seaver, North 

American cup-fungi (operculates). p. 225. 

1928. 

= Paradiscina melaleuca (Bres.) Benedix, Die 

Kulturpflanze, 17: 255. 1969. 

Despite the smooth, non-apiculate spores, this 

species is here referred to Discina on the basis of 

its apothecial anatomy. This species is also the 

type of the genus Paradiscina Benedix. 

HOLOTYPE EXAMINED : Sub Pino ~ylvestri, 

Gocciador, Italy, 1897, Bresadola (Herb. Rehm, 

S = CUP 50937). 

3. Pachyella rhizinoides (Rabenh.) Boud.. Hist. 

Class. Discom. Eur. p. 51. 1907. 

= Fleischhakia rhizinoides Rabenh., Hedwigia, 

17: 114. 1878. 

== Psilopezia rhizinoides (Rabenh.) Rehm, 

Rabenhorst Kryptog.-Fl. l(3) : 1 137. 1895. 

Neither type nor authentic material has been 

located. This taxon has been treated by Hennings 

(1903) and Rehm (1895) as a species of Psilo- 

pezia. It was synonymized with P. nummularia by

, pro synon. 

eaver (1 928) 

examination 

tes that his 

Hist. Class. 

;i Trid. 2: 

ver, North 

:s). p. 225. 

:nedix, Die 

spores, this 

:he basis of 

is also the 

sylvestri, 

x-b. Rehm, 

xid., Hist. 

Hedwigia, 

) Rehm, 

37. 1895. 

has been 

ennings 

of Psilo- 

nularia by 

the loan 

la : Royal 

Museum, 

Jaturelle, 

/, Stock- 

, Ham- 

Helsinki ; 

titute of 

Ippsala ; 

delphia ; 


National Fungus Collections, Beltsville ; and LE GAL, M. 1953a. Les Discomycktes de l'herbier 

Crouan. Rev. Mycol. (Paris), 18: 73-132. 

The Farlow Herbarium and Library of Crypto- 19536. Les Discomyc~tes de Madagascar. 

gamic Botany, Cambridge. 

Prodr. Flore Mycol. Madagascar, 4: 1-465. 

The author also thanks Dr. Richard P. Korf 1963. Valeur taxonomique particulikre de 

certains caracteres chez Ie Discomycktes sugkrieurs. 

for his guidance throughout this study and Bull. Soc. Mycol. (France), 79: 456-470. 

cathleen Pfister for proofreading the manuscript. MORGAN, A. P. 1902. The discomycetes of the Miami 

Valley, Ohio. J. Mycol. 8: 179-180. 

BAYLISS ELLIOTT, J. S. 1927. Studies in Discomycetes. PFISTER, D. H. 1973~. The psilopezioid fungi. I. His- 

IV. Trans. Br. Mycol. SOC. 12: 290-294. 

tory, nomenclature, and delimitation of the psil- 

ECKBLAD, F.-E. 1968. The genera of the operculate opezioid genera. Mycologia, 65 (2) : 32 1-328. 

discomycetes. A re-evaluation of their taxonomy, -- 19736. The psilopezioid fungi. 111. The genus 

phylogeny and nomenclature. Nytt Mag. Bot. 15: Psilopezia (Pezizales) . Am. J. Bot. 60 (4) : 355-3 65. 

1-191. 

REHM, H. 1887-1 896. Ascomyceten: Histeriaceen und 

GAMUNDI, I. J. 1964. "Discomycetes" operculados del Discomyceten. In Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen- 

Nahuel Huapi, Darwinians (Buenos Aires) , 13 : Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz. 

580-591. 

Vol. 1. Part 3. Edited by G. Winter and H. Rehm. 

HENNINGS, P. 1903. Einige neue und interessante pp. 1-1275. 

deutsche Pezizeen 11. Hedwigia, 42: 17-20. 

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Pfister-1973-The-psilopezioid-fungi-IV-Pachyella-0001 - ASCOfrance

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