1993 - Mycological Society of America

I 

Is Georgia on your mind? 

It ought to be! 

Look what's planned with YOU in mind: 

This year's Annual Meeting of the Mycological Society of America will be occurring 18- 

23 June 1993 at the Georgia Center for Continuing Education on the lovely campus of the 

University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia. A very full slate of activities and scientific sessions 

has been carefully planned to allow all those in attendance to make maximal benefit of the 

broadest possible range of offerings. You will find more detail inside, including the prelimi- 

nary program and abstracts for the presentations, but here are some of the highlights: 

Premeeting workshops on Friday, 18 June: 

@ PolyKey - A Computerized Synoptic Key to the Polyporaceous Fungi of N. America 

Led by J. E. Adaskaveg and R. L. Gilbertson. 

This is a difficult group to identify. Let your fingertips do the keying! 

This workshop will include an introduction to polypores of North America, a guide to the operation and prin- 

ciples of PolyKey, and practice in identification of unknown polypores using PolyKey. Computers (one per par- 

ticipant), specimens and drawings of specimens, copies of North American Polypores by R. L. Gilbertson and L. 

Ryvarden, and PolyKey manuals will be available to assist participants in learning to identify polyporaceous, 

wood rotting fungi. Because space and computers are limited, registration is limited to 24 people. For informa- 

tion about this workshop, contact Dr. I. E. Adaskaveg, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 

9561 6 [phone 91 6-752-031 0; FAX 91 6-752-56741. Cost for this workshop will be $1 5 per person. To reserve 

space in this workshop, send a check made payable to 'The Mycological Society of America' to Charles W. 

Mims, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. 

1993 Annual Meeting president's Letter ..................................................... 65 

General Information ......................................... 1-4 

Preliminary Program ....................................... 5-12 Membership News ................... : .................... 66-71 

Index of Abstract Authors ............................ 22-23 Deaths Reported .................................................. 70 

Abstracts ........................................................ 24-64 Vera Holubova-Jechova Mildred K. Nobles 

Instructions for Poster Presentations ................ 65 Lauritz Olson Leland Shanor 

Housing lnforrnationlReservation Form ............ 78 

Registration Form .............................................. 80 Mycological Classifieds 71-73 

..................................... 

Letters to lnoculum ....................................... 13-14 The Last Word .......................................................... 74 

IMC-5 ............................................................... 1 5-1 7 lnoculum Questionnaire ................................... 75-76 

Amateur Mycological ClubslSocieties .... 18-19 Application for MSA Membership .................. 77 

Upcoming Events ........................................... 20-21 MSA Sustaining Members ..................................... 79

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Presidential Address and Annual Lecture: 

@ Minute Mycological Mysteries: The Influence of Arthropods on the Lives of Fungi 

Dr. Meredith Blackwell - Professor of Botany, Louisiana State University 

@ Basidiomycetes and the New Genetics 

Dr. Paul Lemke - Professor of Molecular Genetics, Auburn University 

Several Social Events: 

@ MSA Social and Auction 

Proceeds of the auction go the the MSA Endowment Fund. 

The Social and Auction will be held Monday evening, June 21, at 7 PM at the Georgia State Botanical Garden. The Garden is 

about a 10-15 minute drive from the Georgia Center. Buses will depart the Georgia Center at 6:45 PM. This event will be 

held indoors in a very nice facility. Refreshments and a light buffet will be served. Cost of the event is $20 per person. NOTE: 

Items for the auction should be sent to David Porter, Department of Botany, UGA, Athens, GA 30602. If you plant to bring 

items for the auction with you, please let David know ahead of time by calling him at 706-542-1 782 or FAX 706-542-1 805. 

Let's make this our largest and best auction ever. Remember, all proceeds go into the MSA Endowment Fund. 

@ MSA Dinner and Awards Ceremony 

Black Tie, Optional. Always a bundle of fun and surprises. 

The Annual Business Meeting and Awards Ceremony will take place following an evening banquet at the Georgia Center on 

Tuesday, June 22. The cost of the banquet is included in the registration fee. 

. and a large and diverse spectrum of contributed papers and posters 

filled with exciting new data. mycological marvels and mysteries. 

and useful information!

How to Get to Athens: 

BY AIR: While it is possible to fly directly into 

Athens Municipal Airport from Charlotte, NC, 

most of you coming from the West may find that 

it is cheaper to fly into ~tlanta's Hartsfield Inter- 

national Airport. Hartsfield Airport is about 90 

minutes away from Athens via ground transpor- 

tation and is served by AAA Airport Express 

(706-725-5573). This is a dependable shuttle ser- 

vice, but be sure to call ahead for reservations. 

The cost of the shuttle service is currently about 

$50 for a round-trip ticket. You will be dropped 

off directly at the Georgia Center or at the Holi- 

day Inn. If you identify yourself as a Georgia 

Center conferee, discounted rates may apply. 

BY CAR: Athens may be reached by US High- 

ways 29, 78, 129, and 441 ; Interstate Highways 

1-85 and 1-20 are nearby. Parking is in the South 

Campus Parking Deck adjacent to the Georgia 

Center on Lumpkin Street at a cost of 4$ per 24- 

hour period parked. 

Registration, Housing, and 

Meeting Venue: 

Registration and housing reservations forms are pro- 

vided at the back of this newsletter and should be 

sent to the Georgia center for Continuing Education. 

To avoid a late fee of $20, your registration materi- 

als must be postmarked no later than June 8,1993. 

To cancel your registration, make a substitution, or to 

confirm your registration, call 706-542-1 234. A fee 

of $1 5 will be assessed for cancellations received af- 

ter June 8, 1993. 

THE GEORGIA CENTER has been completely re- 

modeled and updated, and is a full service meeting 

facility with more than 200 hotel rooms. The facility 

includes a snack bar serving breakfast and lunch as 

well as an excellent restaurant, and is next door to a 

university cafeteria. 

All platform and poster sessions, as well as special 

lectures, will be presented in the Georgia Center. 

The only 'off-site' events include the foray and the 

Social/Auction. Transportation will be provided for 

both of these events.

Annual Meeting of the Mycological Society of America 

June 18-24,1993 

University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 

Tentative Program 

The final program, including exact times and locations for presentations, will be distributed as part of the packet received 

during registration for the meeting. 

Authors whose names are marked by an asterisk (*) are participating in the competitions for the Graduate Student 

Research Prize to be awarded for the best oral talks and posters presented by graduate students or by those who received 

their MS or PhD within the last year. 

Tentative scheduled times for presentations and the designated presenter are listed in the abstracts included elsewhere in 

this issue of Inoculum. 

FRIDAY, 19 Iune 1993 Charles E. Bracker - Introduction 

MSA COUNCIL MEETING 

Meredith Blackwell, Presiding 

MSA WORKSHOPS: 

Computers and Specimen Information 

9:00 am - 5:00 pm. 

Organizer: David Farr (USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; 

phone: 301 -504-5274) 

PolyKey - A Computerized, Synoptic Key to the 

Polyporaceous Fungi of North America 

3:00 pm - 8:00 pm. 

Organizers: J. E. Adaskaveg (Univ. of California, Davis, 

CA; phone: 91 6-752-031 0) and R. L. Gilbertson (Univ. of 

Arizona, Tucson, AZ; phone 602-621 -721 2) 

SATURDAY MORNING, 20 lune 1993 

MSA Foray 

Organizer: Richard T. Hanlin (University of Georgia, 

Athens, GA; phone: 706-542-1 280) 

SATURDAY AFTERNOON, 20 June 1993 

Registration, 5:00 pm - 200 pm. 

Georgia Center for Continuing Education 

SUNDAY MORNING. 20 lune 1993 

Session 1. Masters Hall, 8:00 am - 12:OO noon. 

SYMPOSIUM: Principles and Applications of 

Contemporary Techniques in Fungal Cell Biology 

Organizer: Charles E. Bracker (Purdue University, 

West Lafayette, IN; phone 317-494-7750) 

H. C. Hoch - Microinjection techniques 

Nicholas P. Money - Methods for measuring 

fungal turgor pressure 

Roger R. Lew - Patch clamping techniques 

Martha J. Powell - Cryofixation of biological 

materials at high pressure 

Kirk Czymmek and Karen L. Klomparens - Laser 

confocal microscopy 

General Discussion 

Session 2. Mahler Auditorium, 8:00 am - 12:OO noon. 

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS: 

Morphology and Taxonomy 

Presiding: Jo Taylor (Stephen F. Austin State University, 

Nacogdoches, TX; phone 409-568-2268) 

Y.-M. Ju* and Jack D. Rogers - Investigations of 

Xylobotryum andinum in pure culture 

Samuel Hammer* - Primary tissue and its role in 

the development of the podetium in Cladonia 

Steven Cassar* and Meredith Blackwell - 

Assessment of patterns of host-mediated 

isolation in mutualistic fungi of ambrosia 

beetles (Coleoptera; Scol ytidae) 

Rosalind Lowen - Lichenicolous species of 

Acremonium 

Donald H. Pfister - Ascomatal development in 

two species of Byssonectria (Pezizales) 

Audrey C. Gabel, Steven Metz and Rebecca 

Studt - Studies of Cryptomycina pteridis 

Gerard C. Adams and John W. Taylor - 

Phylogenetic utility of the internal transcribed 

spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA in 

~eucostoma and Valsa

S. A. Rehner - Orotidine-5'-monophosphate 

decarboxylase: a single copy nuclear gene for 

molecular phylogenetic analyses of pyreno- 

mycetes 

K. OIDonnell, N. S. Weber, J. H. Hains and G.L. 

Mills - Molecular systematics and 

phylogenetics of the Morchellaceae 

Katherine F. LoBuglio, Mary L. Berbee and John 

W. Taylor - Phylogenetic relationship of 

Trichocoma paradoxa to other ascomycetous 

genera with Penicillium anamorphic states 

Francis A. Harrington* - Evolutionary relation- 

ships within the Sarcoscyphaceae (Pezizales, 

Discomycetes) based on morphological 

characters 

Ann Bell and Daniel P. Mahoney - Coprophilous 

Sordariaceae of New Zealand: I. Podospora 

species with agglutinated perithecial hairs 

David Malloch and Meredith Blackwell - Life 

histories of three undescribed species of Pyxi- 

diophora occurring on beached marine algae 

Wendy A. Untereiner and G.S. de Hoog - 

Physiological studies of black yeast 

anamorphs of Capronia (Herpotrichiellaceae) 

SUNDAY AFTERNOON, 20 June 1993 

Session 3. Mahler Auditorium, 1 :00 - 2:00 pm. 

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 

Meredith Blackwell - Minute Mycological 

Mysteries: The Influence of Arthropods on the 

Lives of Fungi 

Session 4. Lobby Area, 2:15 - 5:30 pm. 

Note: Posters should be put up on Sunday 

morning and taken down Tuesday afternoon. 

POSTERS, GROUP A: 

Physiology and Biochemistry 

Joseph J. Podrez* and David N. Kuhn - The 

purification and characterization of alpha- 

amylase from Phytophythora megasperma 

Dawn M. Smiley, A. Ramesh and M. 

Gunasekaran P. Narayanasamy - Chitinolytic 

activity of the entomopathogenic fungus 

Pandora delphacis (Zygomycotina: 

Entomophthorales) 

Terry W. Hill - An electrophorectic comparison 

of cellulases secreted during sexual morpho- 

genesis and vegetative growth of Achlya 

ambisexualis 

Yolande Dalp6 and Michel Sancholle - 

Comparative analysis of fatty acids from 

vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal and non- 

mycorrhizal leek roots (Allium porrum L.) 

Richard E. Baird - Utilization of sucrose and 

raffinose by several pathogens which cause 

seed rot and seedling blight of super sweet 

(sh2) sweet corn 

L. A. Castlebury, D. A. Glawe and J.V. Maddox - 

Techniques for extraction and purification 

viable Plasmodiophora brassicae resting 

spores 

Monique Thibaut and Jeannine Pontet - Study of 

Trichothecium roseum by means of 

spectrocolorimetry 

Robert V. Gessner, Jeonggu Sim and Michael A. 

Romano - Effects of temperature and salinity 

on Dendryphiella salina 

Dorothy Plummer, Jeffrey F. D. Dean and 

Karl-Erik L. Eriksson - Lignin- associated 

enzymes inducted in tree cell suspension 

cultures by fungal cell walls 

Michael D. Richardson, Charles W. Bacon, 

Dorothy M. Hinton and James K. Porter - 

Metabolism of benzoxazolinones by 

Fusarium moniliforme 

Alice M. Bonnen, Lori H. Anton, and Ann B. 

Orth - Identification of lignin-degrading 

enzymes in Agaricus bisporus 

POSTERS, CROUP B: 

Cytology and Ultrastructure 

Haisheng Lu and David J. McLaughlin -A light 

and electron microscopic study of mitosis in 

the clamp connection of Auricularia 

auricula-judae 

Elizabeth M. Frieders* and avid J. McLaughlin 

- Cultural and cytological studies of Jola, a 

tropical heterobasidiomycetous moss 

symbiont 

David J. Jacobson and Karen L. Klomparens - 

Microscopic and ultrastructural examination 

of heterokaryon incompatibility in parital 

diploids heterozygous at het loci in 

Neurospora crassa 

Rosamaria Lopez-Franco and Charles E. Bracker 

- Morphological variation of the Spitzen- 

korper in growing hyphal tips 

M. S. Manocha and A. S. Sahai - 

lmmunocytological localization of chitinase 

in mucoraceous host and nonhost fungi of a 

mycoparasite 

Edward Braun and Richard 1. Howard - 

Adhesion of Cochliobolus heterostrophus 

germlings to leaves and artifical surfaces 

Timothy M. Bourett and Richard J. Howard - 

Differences in the distribution of intracellular 

ConA binding sites in hyphal tip cells of two 

filamentous fungi 

Monica L. C. Czymmek and Karen L. 

Klomparens - Ultrastructure observations of 

high-pressure forzen freeze-substituted 

Physarum polycephalum plasmodia

John P. Shields* and Melvin S. Fuller - 

Ultrastructure of zoospores using a modified 

freeze-substitution fixation 

Dorothy M. Hinton, Charles W. Bacon and Rita 

M. Bennett - Effects of Enterobacter cloacae 

infection in corn 

POSTER GROUP C: 

Ecology and Population Biology 

K. Suberkropp, M.O. Gessner and E. Chauvet - 

Comparison of ATP and ergosterol as 

indicators of fungal biomass associated with 

decomposing leaves in streams 

K. A. Kuehn and K. Suberkropp - Fungi associat- 

ed with the decomposition of Juncus efistis 

C. C. Jenkins and K. Suberkropp - Effects of pH 

on enzymatic degradation of leaf litter in 

streams 

Qishui Zhang*, John Zak and Daryl Moorhead - 

Decomposition dynamics and fungal activity 

of three litter types under controlled 

conditions 

John Zak, Robert Sinsabaugh and Daryl 

Moorhead - Interrelationships among fungal 

community development, enzymic activity, 

and wood decomposition in desert 

ecosystems 

David Porter, Wilma L. Lingle and Steven Y. 

Newell - TEM observations of the growth of 

the four common ascomycetes involved in 

the decomposiiton of saltmarsh cordgrass 

C. L. Cripps* and O.K. Miller, Jr - A comparison 

of three ectomycorrhizal communities 

associated with Populus tremuloides in the 

northcentral Rocky Mountains 

Shivcharn S. Dhillion and John C. Zak - 

Mycorrhizal colonizaiton of grasses and spore 

abundance in semi-arid regions of west Texas 

D. W. Buckalew, E. Jackson, D. Smith, E. 

McKinnon, M. Watkins and A. Robillard - An 

assay to determine the phytotoxic effects of 

jet fuel: effects on vesicular-arbuscular 

mycorrhizae 

George Mapus and Robert Koehn - Fungal 

communities from the transitional zone of a 

cove on the Rio Grande River 

Lisa A. Pedigo, Vaughn R. Stienecker, Dwight D. 

Baker and Graham S. Byng - Diversity of 

active fungal isolates in a natural product 

screening program 

Richard A. Roeper, Kristopher L. Giles, Justin G. 

Atkins and Steven C. Cassar - Ambrosia fungi 

associated with Xyloterinus politus 

(Coleoptera: Scolytidae) 

Thomas C. Harrington and Portia T. W. Hsiau - 

Identification of Ceratocystiopsis ranaculosus 

from the mycangium of western pine beetle 

Maren A. Klich, Karen S. Arthur, Alan R. Lax and 

John M. Bland - lturin A: A potential new 

fungicide for stored grains 

R. Vilgalys, M. Volovsek, E. Lim and T.G. 

Mitchell - Genetic analysis of life history in 

Candida albicans using codominant 

molecular " genetic markers 

Mary Malik* and Rytas Vilgalys -Towards the 

genetic basis of somatic incompatibility in 

Pleurotus ostreatus 

Robert Fogel - Evolutionary processes in truffles 

and false-truffles: evidence from distribution 

of hypogeous fungi in the Great Basin, USA 

Paul De La Bastide, Bradley Kropp and Yves 

PichC - Population genetics of the 

ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor 

Omar Paino Perdomo* - Distribuci6n de la 

micoflora domingensis en las zonas 

bioclimhticas de la Repliblica Dominicana 

Howard G. Wildman -A technique and medium 

for the isolation of basidiomycetes from root 

samples which are not obvioulsy mycorrhizal 

Walter J. Sundberg - Entonaema liquescens 

(Ascomycetes, Xylariales, Xylariaceae) in 

southern Illinois and northwestern Kentucky 

De-Wei Li and Bryce Kendrick - Canonical 

correspondence analysis of airborne fungal 

spora and its relationships to environmental 

factos in Kitchener-Waterloo, southern 

Ontario. 

POSTER GROUP D: 

Genetics and Molecular Biology 

Donna L. Ritch and Stephen S. Daggett - 

Nuclear DNA content and chromosome 

number in German isolates of Phytophthora 

infestans 

Mayra Oberto* and David Kuhn - Parasexual 

transfer of double stranded RNA between 

drug resistant mutants of Phytophthora 

megasperma 

Min Liu* and Steven B. Lee - Multiplex PCR of 

ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers 

from Phytophthora: P. cinnamomi, P. 

palmivora, P. capsici and P. megakarya as a 

potenital diagnostic tool 

Lucrecia Gonzalez* and David N. Kuhn- 

Genetic recombination in the parasexual 

cycle in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense 

David N. Kuhn*, ~enjam.in Allen and Jose Soto - 

Double-standed RNA from Phytophthora 

megasperma as a probe for the imitation of 

the parasexual cycle 

Han Xiaoguang* and David N. Kuhn - 

Multidemensional scaling analysis of 

RAPD-PCR data from Candida albicans

Naomi DIAlessio* and David N. Kuhn - A PCR 

assay for mitochondrial inheritance in a 

parasexual cross of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. 

cubense 

Kimberly Chernov*, Diane TeStrake and Bruce J. 

Cochrane - Correlated genetic and 

physiological differences between isolates of 

Basidiobolus 

Abbes Belkhiri* and Glen Klassen - 

Organization of 5s rRNA gene families in 

Pythium species 

Michael S. Nicholson*, Daniel J. Royse and Britt 

A. Bunyard - Restriction fragment length 

polymorphisms (RFLPs) of ribosomal DNA 

(rDNA) of shiitake, Lentinula edodes 

Patrick A. Lennon, Ira F. Salkin and Steven B. 

Lee - Molecular phylogeny and identification 

of the human fungal pathogens Scedosporium 

inflatum, Lomentospora prolificans and 

Scedosporium apiospermum 

lgnazio Carbone and Linda M. Kohn -An intron 

in the small mitochondrial rRNA gene of 

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 

Edward Mullaney, Catherine Daly, Jaffor Ullah 

and Kenneth Ehrlich - Comparison of the 

DNA and amino acid sequence of the 

Aspergillus ficuum acid phosp hatase pH 

optimum 6.0 gene and an Aspergillus niger 

acid phosphatase gene 

Hack S. Jung, Young-Won Kang, and Soon-Gyu 

Hong - Systematics of a basidiomycetous 

yeast, Trimorphomyces papilionaceus, based 

on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence of 

mitochondria 

Sarah F. Covert and Hans D. VanEtten - Cloning 

of a maackian detoxification gene from an 

unstable chromosome in Nectria 

haematococca 

Robert C. Ullrich, Lee C. Hanson, Gerard 

Bouffard and Charles P. Novotny -Two 

subfamilies of combinatorial homeodomain 

mating-type proteins of basidiomycetes 

POSTER CROUP E: 


Samuel Hammer* - Underground structures in 

Cladonia 

Richard P. Korf and Pavel Lizon - Lamberfellinia 

scutuloides, a new genus and species of 

Sclerotiniaceae, and its relationships 

J. W. Spatafora, R. Vilgalys and T. G. Mitchell - 

Phylogenetic placement of the "black yeasts" 

(Ascomycota) 

Britt A. Bunyard*, Michael S. Nicholson and 

Daniel 1. Royse - A taxonomic assessment of 

Morchella [Ascomycotina] using ribosomal 

DNA 

Anthony E. Glenn and James F. White, Jr - 

Structural features and ascospore develop- 

ment in the grass-eqiphytic species Myrio- 

genospora atramentosa and Balansia linearis 

Lawrence W. Coleman, Angela C. Morrow, Mary 

S. Thomson and James F. White, Jr - A 

preliminary examination of variation among 

fungi referred to Balansia epichloe 

(Clavicipitales; Ascomycotina) 

Joe Ammirati, Lorelei Norvell, Tom OIDell, 

Michelle Seidl and Glenn Walker - Some 

fungi of Pacific Northwest old-growth forests 

Will H. Blackwell and Martha J. Powell - 

Phenetic analysis of genera of the 

Saprolegniaceae (Oomycetes). 

Peng Shen, Francis I. Molina and Shung-Chang 

Jong - Analysis of ribsomal DNA restriction 

patterns in the genus Kluyveromyces 

John C. Krug and James A. Scott - The ecology 

and taxonomy of Bombardioidea 

(Lasiosphaeriaceae) 

Brian P. Akers* and Fabienne Boncy - An edible 

Psathyrella species from Haiti 

Nancy S. Weber - An unusual fruiting of Boudi- 

era Cooke (Pezizales, Pezizaceae) in Oregon 

J. D. Polishook, and G. F. Bills - Isolation of 

microfungi from leaf litter of a lowland 

rainforest in Costa Rica 

Angela F. Purchio and J. J. Muchovej - Conidial 

morphology of Pyricularia from amenity 

grasses and cereals 

Patrick R. Leacock - The Lactarius species of 

Minnesota, systematics and biogeography of 

section Dapetes Fr. ex Burl 

Partha Banerjee* and John H. Haines - A 

relational database for the type specimens of 

C. H. Peck 

Scott LaGreca* -The systematics of the 

Ramalina americana group 

Susan B. Mitchell* - Hypocrea rufa Pers.: Fr., H. 

schweinitzii (Fr.: Fr.) Sacc., and H. sp.: 

formation of ascostroma in vitro 

R. Bortnick and F. W. Spiegel - Problems with 

analyzing phylogenetic relationships among 

the protostelids 

Chiu-Yuan Chien and Li-Huei Hsieh - Some first 

record species of Trichomycetes from Taiwan 

(Formosa) 

Elizabeth M. Pine and Gregory M. Mueller - 

Clarifying evolutionary relationships between 

and within two major groups of basidiomy- 

cetous fungi (mushrooms and false-truffles) by 

means of rDNA sequencing

SUNDAY EVENING, June 20 

Session 5. Conference Room KIM 

ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION: 

Conservation of Fungi and Fungal Biodiversity 

Organizer: D. Jean Lodge (USDA-FS, Forest Products 

Lab., Palmer, Puerto Rico) 

MONDAY, MORNING, June 21,1993 


SYMPOSIUM: 

Wood Rotting Fungi: Taxonomy, Genetics, Modes 

of Activity and Industrial Applications (Part 1) 

Organizer: Karl-Erik L. Eriksson (University of 

Georgia, Athens, GA; phone 706-542-7640) 

Karl-Erik Eriksson - Introduction 

J. E. Adaskaveg - Taxonomy of industrially 

important wood rotting fungi 

Dan Cullen - Genetics of Phanerochaete 

chrysosporium 

Robert A. Blanchette - Insights on wood 

degradation and significance for biological 

processing technology 

Karl-Erik L. Eriksson - Enzyme mechanisms 

involved in cellulose and hemicellulose 

degradation 

Ming Tien - Enzyme mechanisms involved in 

lignin degradation 

MONDAY MORNING, 21 lune 1993 

Session 7. Mahler Auditorium, 8:00 am - 11 :45 am. 



Presiding: F. A. Uecker (USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; 

phone 301 1-504-5270) 

David S. Hibbett, S. Murakami and A. Tsuneda - 

Sporocarp ontogeny in Panus: evolution and 

classification 

Dennis E. Desjardin - A revision of the world- 

wide members of Mycena sect. Sacchariferae 

based on type analyses 

D. Jean Lodge -Addition of Mycena spp. to 

Sect. Carolinenses Maas G 

Eric C. Swann* and John W. Taylor - Small 

subunit rRNA phylogeny of basidiomycetes: 

the simple-septate lineage 

Lorelei L. Norvell* and Joe F. Ammirati - Further 

observations on the genus Phaeocollybia 

S. Coleman McCleneghan* and Ronald H. 

Petersen - Mating system of Pholiora 

spumosa (Basidiomycete, Strophariaceae) 

from western North America 

Francois Lutzoni* and Rytas Vilgalys - Life 

history features associated with the evolution 

of mutualism in the genus Omphalina 

(Basidiomycota, Agaricales) 

Scott A. Gordon* and Ronald H. Petersen - 

Intercontinental variation in three species of 

Marasmius 

Sharyn A. Rusk*, Frederick W. Spiegel and 

Steven B. Lee - Phylogenetic relationships of 

slime molds inferred from ribosomal DNA 

Harold W. Keller and Karl L. Braun - 

Myxomycetes of Ohio 

E. M. Vadell*, J. C. Cavender and E. C. Cox - 

Electrophoretic karyotype of the dictyostel- 

idae of Tikal, Guatemala 

F. W. Spiegel -A hypha is a hypha, oh, my best 

beloved - NOT! 

Michael J. Dykstra and Richard A. Humber - 

Morphology and development of an new fun- 

gus in the Basidiobolacea (Entomophthorales) 

Steven B. Lee, Antonio lzzo and David Porter - 

Phylogeny of Labyrinthulomycetes inferred 

from ribosomal DNA 

MONDAY AFTERNOON, 21 lune 1993 

Session 8. Masters Hall, 12:40 pm - 5:00 pm . 

SYMPOSIUM: 

Wood Rotting Fungi: Taxonomy, Genetics, Modes 

of Activity and Industrial Applications (Part 2) 

Organizer: Karl-Erik L. Eriksson (University of 

Georgia, Athens, GA; phone 706-542-7640) 

Masood Akhtar - Use of white-rot fungi in 

biopulping 

Ian D. Reid - Use of white-rot fungi in 

biobleaching 

Jan I. Yang - Biobleaching with xylanases 

Roberta Farrell, Robert A. Blanchette, Theresa S. 

Brush, Yitzhak Hadar, Sara Iverson, Keith 

Krisa, Philip A. Wendler and Wendy 

Zimmerman - Fungal Pitch Removal 

Rich Lamar - Use of white-rot fungi in 

bioremediation of contaminated soil 

Roundtable Discussion: Possibilities for 

additional biotechnological uses of wood 

degrading fungi and their enzymes

Session 9. Mahler Auditorium, 1 :00 prn - 4:30 pm. 



Presiding: O.K. Miller, Jr. (Virginia Polytechnic 

Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA; 

phone 703-23 1-6765) 

J.C. Cavender and E.M. Vadell* - 

Biogeographical distribution of dictyostelid 

cellular slime molds in light of recent 

discoveries 

Andrew R. Swanson and James C. Cavender - 

Distribution of dictyostelid cellular slime 

molds in different plant community sites of 

Belize and northern Guatemala, Central 

America 

David M. Geisert* Michael L. Arnold and 

William E. Timberlake -Analysis of 

molecular variation in Aspergillus nidulans 

group species - population genetic and 

taxonomic implications 

James Bier* and Keith Clay - lsozyme variation 

in Acremonium endophytes infecting two 

sympatric woodland grasses 

John W. Taylor, Deidre Carter, Austin C. Burt, 

and Thomas J. White - Population genetic 

studies of human pathogenic fungi: strategies 

for Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma 

capsulatum 

R. Vilgalys - Analysis of gene flow and parentage 

in the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus 

John F. Murphy* and Orson K. Miller, Jr. - 

Diversity and distribution of mating alleles in 

Marasmiellus praeacutus and Collybia 

subnuda 

Toby Feibelman*, William G. Cibula, j. W. 

Bennett, and Dan-Vy Mui -The use of edible 

fungi to recycle agricultural waste products in 

a closed system 

Lauraine Hawkins* - The mold communities of 

burrows of the banner-tailed kangaroo rat 

and the surrounding grassland soil 

Thomas E. O'Dell* and Joseph F. Ammirati - 

Diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in old 

growth Pseudotsuga menziesii - Tsuga 

heterophylla 

Rodney G. Roberts and Frank M. Dugan - A 

disease of sweet cherry fruit caused by 

Aureobasidium 

Chen, A.W. , K.W. McLeod, and H.G. Cutler - 

Ecological studies on a Ganoderma species 

with long spores insavannah River Site, South 

Carolina 

Alok Adholeya - Selective dominance of 

vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a 

field trail with Prosopis juliflora and soils of 

high alkalinity 

Anita Kapoor and Alok Adholeya - Application 

of VAM fungi in an extended field trial - an 

approach 

MONDAY EVENING, 21 June 1993 

7:00 MSA Social & Auction 

Georgia State Botanical Garden 

Bus transportation provided from 

Georgia Center 

TUESDAY MORNING, 22 June 1993 

Session 10 - Masters Hall, 8:00 am - 12:OO noon. 

SYMPOSIUM: 

Molecular Medical Mycology 

Organizer: Chester Cooper (State of New York 

Department of Health, Albany, NY; phone 

5 1 8-486-3821 ) 

Chester Cooper - Introduction 

Jon P. Woods - Molecular genetic approaches to 

the dimorphic fungal pathogen Histoplasma 

capsulatum 

Paul J. Szaniszlo - Chitin synthase conserved 

region homologues in Wangiella dermatitidis 

and other fungi 

Richard Calderone and Joy Sturtevant - 

Recognition of mammalian cells by the 

pathogenic yeast Candida albicans 

Brent Lasker - Current trends in the molecular 

epidemiology of fungal infections 

Steven B. Lee - Phylogeny and identification of 

pathogens using ribosomal DNA characters 

Session 11 - Mahler Auditorium, 8:00 am - 12:OO 

noon. 


Cytology and Ultrastructure 

Presiding: Wilma L. Lingle (University of Georgia, 

Athens, GA; phone 706-542-1 790) 

Robert W. Roberson and Harry Pittman - 

Observations of the actin cytoskeleton in 

germl ings of Aspergillus nidulans 

Geoffrey j. Hyde and Adrienne R. Hardham - 

Zoospore assembly: rnicrotubules help to 

make the package and arrange the contents ' 

Catherine Bachewich* and I. B. Heath - Effects 

of cell wall-cytoskeleton linkage inhibition on 

growth and development in Saprolegnia ferax 

M. S. Huffine* and H. 1: Arnott- The role of cell 

structure in the hygroscopic activites of 

Astraeus hygrometricus . 

Susan Karninskyj* and I. Brent Heath - Immuno- 

labelling the cytoskeleton of Saprolegnia 

Faye Murrin -The function of rnicrotubules in 

protoplasts of the entomopathogen 

Entomophaga aulicae 

Li -Tzu Li* and James W. Kimbrough - Ultra- 

structural evidence for a linkage of the truffle

genus Genea to the epigeous Otideaceae 

(Pezizales) 

Donald R. Roberts* and Melvin S. Fuller - 

Adhesion of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei 

conidia to artificial substrates 

Michael J. Dykstra - Adhesives in fungi: the 

adhesive knob of capilliconidia of Basidio- 

bolus ranarum exhibits unique ultrastructural 

features 

Kirk J. Czymmek and Karen L. Klomparens - 

Ascosporogenesis in high-pressure frozen 

freeze-substituted Euascomycetes 

Karen M. Snetselaar - In virro sporidial mating 

by Ustilago maydis 

C. W. Mims, E. A. Richardson, and T. Sewall - 

U ltrastructure of Photinia leafspot disease 

caused by Enromosporium mespili 

Josephine Taylor - Attempted infection of two 

nonhosts by the pearl millet rust fungus 

(Puccinia subsrriara var. indica) 

J. S. MacFall and G. A. Johnson and P. C. Spaine 

- Observation of fusiform rust galls with 

magnetic resonance microscopy 

Mei-Lee Wu - Ultrastructural study of ascomal. 

development in Leprosphaerulina crassiasca 

TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 22 June 1993 

Section 12 - Mahler Auditorium, 1 :00 pm - 2:00 pm. 

ANNUAL LECTURE 

Paul A. Lemke - Basidiomycetes and the New 

Genetics 

Session 13 - Mahler Auditorium, 2:30 pm - 5:15 pm. 

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS : 


Presiding: J.F. Ammirati (University of Washington, 

Seattle, WA; phone 206-543-1 986) 

John Haines and Lawrence D. Syzdek - Burkard 

spore trap monitoring of a yard waste 

composting facility 

Sharon A. Cantrell and Carlos Betancourt - ' 

Fusarium spp. in rearing ponds of the prawn 

Macrobrachium rosenbergi in Puerto Rico 

William G. Cibula, Clark Ovrebo and Annamari 

Markkola - Relationships between forest 

mycorrhizae in southern pine plantations and 

remote sensing 

Jeffrey Stone - Patterns of colonization of conifer 

foliage by endophytic Phyllosricra species 

Dennis Wilson and Stan Faeth - Spatial 

distribution of fungal endophytes within and 

between individuals and groups of an 

evergreen oak (Quercus emeryi) and their 

affects on a leafmining moth (Cameraria sp.) 

Richard A. Roeper, Paul F. Emling, Bill F. Nelson 

and Jennifer A. England - Ambrosia fungi of 

the southern United States 

Joyce E. Longcore and Richard L. Homola - 

Chytrids in culture from two Maine lakes with 

different pH 

Tara Dubey, Steven L. Stephenson, and Pamela J. 

Edwards - Aquatic fungi associated with West 

Virginia mountain streams 

Lois H. Tiffany, George Knaphus, and 1 Donald 

Huffman -The ten year Great Iowa Morel 

Hunt 

Steven L. Stephenson, Tara Dubey, Gary A. 

Laursen, and Roseann Densmore - A 

preliminary report on the aquatic fungi 

associated with streams in Denali National 

Park and Preserve, Alaska 

Session 14 - Mahler Auditorium, 2:30 pm - 5:15 pm. 

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS : 

Genetics and Molecular Biology 

Presiding: Diane TeStrake (University of South Florida, 

Tampa, FL; phone 81 3-974-2676) 

Jianping Xu*, Paul A. Horgen, and James B. 

.Anderson - Genetics of mating type in 

Agaricus bisporus 

Daisy B. Carvalho* and James B. Anderson - 

Interactions between haploid and diploid 

mycelia of the fungus Armillaria bulbosa 

Stephen S. DaggetrC - Ploidy and parasexual 

recombination among isolates of 

Phytophrhora infesrans 

Kathie T. Hodge*, Alan J. Sawyer, and Richard 

A. Humber - RAPD-PCR for identification of 

Zoophrhora radicans isolates in biological 

control of the potato leafhopper 

Rolf A. Prade and William E. Timberlake -The 

Aspergillus nidulans brlA regulatory locus 

encodes two functionally redundant 

polypeptides that are individually required for 

conidiophore development 

Reinhard Fischer and William E. Timberlake - 

apsA (= anucleate primary sterigmata), a gene 

involved in nuclear migration in Aspergillus 

nidulans 

W. Meyer, E. Z. Freedman, R. Vilgalys and T. G. 

Mitchell - Identification of pathogenic yeast 

by PCR-fingerprinting 

M. Fukuda, *Y. Nakai, **D. S. Hibbett, *T. 

Matsumoto, and Y. Hayashi - Phenetic 

relationships of the mitochondria1 genome in 

shiitake 

Bruce J. Cochrane, Diane TeStrake, Kimberly 

Chernov, and Rex Nelson - The genetic 

structure of populations of Basidiobolus: 

inferring the relative importance of clonal 

diversity and genetic rearrangement and 

exchange as sources of diversity

M. A. Cubeta, R. Briones-Ortega, R. Vilgalys - 

Reassessment of heterokaryon formation in 

Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 4 

TUESDAY EVENING, 22 June 1993 

7:OOPM Banquet 

8:OOPM . IMC-5 Update - T. Griffiths 

8:15PM MSA Business Meeting 

WEDNESDAY MORNING, 23 June 1993 




Presiding: Paula Spaine (USDA Forest Service, GA; 

phone 706-546-2455) 

Donald E. Gardner - Hawaii's native rust flora 

Alice W. Chen, L.J. Tanghe, and *K.W. McLeod 

- Notes on a Ganoderma species with long 

spores, designated as Ganoderma sp. SRS 

8892, in South Carolina 

C. B. Wolfe and N. L. Bougher - Tylopilus subg. 

Roseoscabra in Australia 

Joe F. Hennen and Pablo Buritica - Peridipes 

arachidis, a conidial anamorph of the peanut 

rust fungs (Uredinales) 

Thomas J. Volk and Harold H. Burdsall, Jr - 

Prelininary survey of wood-decay fungj in 

old-growth forests of Alaska 

R. H. Petersen - Cultural characters and asexual 

reproduction as aids in separating genera of 

pleurotoid basidiomycetes 

T. J. Baroni and D. L. Largent - The enigma of 

Entoloma nitidum Quel. Observations on its 

occurrence in North America and proposal 

for realignment in the Entolomataceae 

(Agaricales) 

R. Vilgalys and S. A. Rehner - A preliminary 

phylogenetic analysis of several genera in the 

Tricholomataceae based on nuclear large 

subunit ribosomal RNA sequence data 

Orson K. Miller, Jr. - Observations on unusual 

Gasteromycetes from North America 

Frank M. Dugan and Rodney G. Roberts - 

Unusual fungi recovered from cherry fruits 

Sharon Harney, S.O. Rogers, and C.J.K. Wang - 

Comparison of sterile dematiaceous fungi 

isolated from mycorrhizal white pine roots 

using RFLP analysis 

See you in Athens! 

F. A. Uecker and S. A. Rehner - Sequence 

variation in nuclear ribosomal DNA spacers 

ITS-1 and ITS-2 in Phomopsis 

K. O'Donnell, G. J. Samuels, and H. Nirenberg - 

Molecular evolutionary relationships within 

sections Martiella/Ventriccosum of Fusariurn 

Leonard J. Hutchison, Priyotosh Chakravarty and 

Yasu Hiratsuka - The identity and ecology of 

filamentous fungi isolated from black galls of 

trembling aspen 

Gary J. Samuels, Orlando Petrini and Sylvie 

Manguin -Variation in Hypocrea 

schweinitzii and its Trichoderma anamorph 

Session 16 - Conference Room K/L, 8:30 - 1 1 :15 am. 


Physiology and Biochemistry 

-Presiding: Albert P. Torzilli (George Mason 

Universitv Fairfax. VA) 

Steven L. Miller and Terry M. McClean - Visuali- 

zation and localiztion of enzyme activity in 

ectomycorrhizal and saptrotrophic basidio- 

mycetes 

Steven L. Miller, Malavika Ghosh and Terry 

McClean - Comparative utiliztion of protein 

by eaomycorrhizal and saprotrophic 

ba~idiom~cetes 

Tara Dubey, Steven L. Stephenson and Pamela J. 

Edwards - The possible effects of Difluben- 

zuron on the growth, sporulation, and enzy- 

matic activities of aquatic hyphomycetes 

Albert P. Torzilli, Jenefir D. lsbister and Jean 

Toth-Allen - Comparison of coal-solubilizing 

agents from bacteria and fungi 

Zahid Mozaffar and John D. Weete - Purification 

and properties of an extracellular lipase from 

Pythium ultimum 

Terry W. Hill and Nicholas P. Money - 

Increased secretion of endoglucanases during 

yeast-like growth of Achlya 

Richard J. Ellis and Kristen Opdyke - 

Light-enhanced zoospore formation in the 

chytrid Rhizophydium littoreurn Amon 

Richard J. Ellis - A re-examination of the 

photomorphogenesis of Pilobolus 

Alice W. Chen, *J. Henson, and **R.S. Hseu - 

Studies on Ganoderma species of biomedical 

importance. II: Cultivation of Ganoderma 

species 

Georgianna May - Conserved structure of the A 

mating-type locus in Coprinus cinereus

Dear Inoculum ... 

Charging Fees for Taxonomic Services 

I have xeroxed a number of copies of [the article 'Charging Fees for Taxonomic 

Services'] and distributed it to hard-pressed taxonomists here in New Zealand. 

One would think that a country such as New'Zealand which relies upon the ex- 

port of primary produce as a major revenue earners, that systematics/taxonomists 

might be more valued here 'down-under'. However, the situation is as bad here 

as it is in the States. Our University is the only remaining tertiary institution that 

teaches mycology. As other professional mycologists have retired, their positions 

have been terminated. Insofar as money for research is concerned, taxonomists 

have the usual difficulty of justifying their existence until some 'crisis'occurs. 

Such a crisis has just occurred here in New Zealand. The shellfish industry which 

grosses some 25 million dollars annually, has been struck down by the blooming 

of one or more dinoflagellates which are making the shellfish toxic for human 

consumption. Of course, if there had not been the down-grading of systematic 

algologists over the years, a good database of information concerning the annual 

cycles of thes'e organisms would have been known. But I do not anticipate that 

this event will change attitudes dramatically. Memories are short, and all too 

soon monies will return to such 'glamour areas' as molecular genetics and bio- 

chemistry. 

Sadly, I have come to the conclusion that the tradition of identifying specimens 

for free is over. There simply is not the time to spend hours (days or even a week' 

or so) in identifying specimens for interested members of the public or other insti- 

tutions, when much of our time must be spent scratching around to find the funds 

to simple continue. However, continue we will, although we might become 

rather bitter and twisted! 

Ann Bell 

Victoria University of Wellington 

RE: Taxonomists: charging into oblivion 

Dammit be careful out there!!! 

Some years ago, the Botany Division of New Zealand's Division of Scientific and 

Industrial Research (DSIR) came to a similar conclusion, that the day of free tax- 

onomic IDS was at an end. Hence they began charging. 

From that day these guys were dead. Identifications made for clients dropped 

from several per day to a few per month. Didn't matter what the fee was, the cli- 

ents didn't come back. Didn't take the administrators more than a few clicks on 

their calculators to discover that the users were not paying for the service and 

were not going to. Within two years, Botany Division was dead, with most of its 

staff in taxonomy gone or going (I think the herbarium curator is all that remains).. 

The New Zealand Government refuses to fund taxonomy - there is the occasional 

murmuring from a scientific review, which Government tosses a few platitudes 

over in the way of last rites and then ignores. And no New Zealand University 

teaches taxonomy. Just as well given the caliber of the students who fool them- 

selves'into thinking they're learning it. 

Get real. Underpayment is better than no payment. And it may mean that there 

are a few individuals left to pass on their expertise when, in thirty years, folk fi- 

nally recognize what they've done by killing off the field that answers the first 

question of biology ("What is it?"). 

Charley O'Kelly 

Mad Phycologist~Protistologist 

[Editor's Note: This is a response appearing in the electronic networks to a much 

abridged version in the Botanical Electronic News (#48, January 1993) of the HK 

Townes article on charging for taxonomic services publi'shed in the Association of 

Systematics Collections Newsletter and in the last issue of Inoculum.] 

inoculum 

The Newsletter 

of the 

Mycological 

Society of 

America 

ISSN 05414938 

Volume 44, no. 2 

April 1993 

Richard A. Humber, Editor 

USDA-ARS Plant Protection Research 

US Plant, Soil, & Nutrition Laboratory 

Tower Road 

Ithaca, NY 14853-2901 

phone: (607) 255-1276 (office) 

(607) 255-1274 (lab) 

(607) 272-6801 (home) 

fax: (607) 255-2459 

e-mail rah30cornell.edu 

Members are heartily encouraged 

to submit news, views, tips, 

graphics, and other material for 

the newsletter. lnoculum will be 

mailed four times a year - in January, 

April, May/June/July (according to the 

dates of the MSA Annual Meeting), 

and October. Submission deadlines 

are the second Fridays of September, 

December, March and of April, May or 

June when the Annual Meeting 

occurs in June, July, or August, 

respectively. 

I welcome and encourage you to 

submit items by electronic mail 

or, for extended or complicated 

items, on 3.5 " computer disks 

(together with hard copy). 

NB: Disks are NOT needed for 

simple or short items! Include a 

self-addressed, stamped envelope if 

you want the disk returned. Disk 

labels should list disk format (Mac or 

DOS) and file name(s); formatted 

word processing files created by 

MS-Word (Mac or DOS versions), 

WriteNow!, MacWrite, or Wordperfect 

or unformatted ASCII text files are 

acceptable.

Commerical users of facilities, holdings, and/or personnel at the And to every cloud silver lining? 

New York Botanical Garden pay user fees. This has been instituted 

only within the past year or so. For example, I have 

charged (and received payment) the ~~~~~~~~~~~l 

community for identification of possible poisonous mushrooms. 

The physicians or labs were informed at the outset that there 

would be a consulting fee. The monies have been deposited into 

a restricted mycology account at the Garden. 

Roy Hulling 

New York Botanical Garden 

In my opinion the golden days of classical mycology were shen 

the field was dominated by enthusiastic amateurs. Way back 

then, there were a few rich gentlement scientim, some 

teachers, a few preachers, and a lot of enthusiastic amateurs. 

With the demise of the "classical" mycology programs the field 

may one again to the amateurs, And once 

more become the domain of people who are in it for the love, 

not the money. Perhaps "Another Outmoded Tradition" will be 

brought - back. 

Martin MacKenzie 

Enthusiastic Amateur 

USDA-Forest Service 

Morgantown, WV 

A Proposal for Emending the Class "Diskomycetes"* 

by John W. McCain' 

Fungi are classified by many mycologists accord- 

ing to comparative morphology and cytology. There- 

fore, the Class Discomycetes has been held to in- 

clude those fungi producing asci in apothecia. 

Fungi are also classified by industrial and medical 

mycologists, microbiologists, and plant pathologists 

according to substrate. By this latter system, I pro- 

pose to resurrect the category of Diskomycetes [sic] 

for those fungi I have found growing on the surfaces 

of computer diskettes. Because such "diskophagous" 

fungi have not yet been retrieved from metal hard 

disks but only from plastic-based diskettes, the spell- 

ing of the group name may need to be corrected to 

Di s kettomycetes. 

The format of the new class Diskettomycetes is a 

polyphyletic array of opportunistic saprophytes, in- 

cluding species from soft sectors of the genera Asper- 

gillus, Penicillium, and Trichoderma. This group 

was initialized with Paecilomyces variotii. All byte- 

sized fungi in our program to date are ASCII- 

mycetes. As some isolates can also colonize magnet- 

ic media used for video and audio recording, back- 

up specimens will be on-line at the American TAPE 

Culture Collection. 

The mode of nutrition of Diskettomycetes remains 

cryptic. Preliminary tests of diskettes obtained from 

lawyers' offices have eliminated the organic content 

of stored datafiles as potential growth factors. Fur- 

ther tests will input a menu of chips or of mouse or 

daisychain buffer. 

In preliminary genetic tests, known DNA se- 

quences were stored as datafields, but none of the 

codes were copied to the "diskophilous" fungi. Thus, 

there appears to be no gene-for-gene interface ex- 

plaining "resistance" in diskettes; i.e., Ohm's Law 

was a better fit than Flor's Law. 

Taxonomy of computer fungi requires new soft- 

ware - in humid climates, new software may be 

needed every few weeks!. In this group, classifica- 

tion should not be rigid; it should be floppy. 

Based on the abstract: McCain, J.W. & C.J. Mirocha. 1990. Fungi iso- 

lated from computer miaodiskettes. MSA Newslefter41(1): 28. 

Figure 1. No fungi have yet been found growing directly Figure 2. Diskettomycetes aresaprophytes whose intake/ 

on computer hardware as depicted here. output devices can crunch byte-sized software.

5th INTERNATIONAL MYCOLOGICAL CONGRESS 

University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada 

14-21 August 1994 

IMC5 Contributed Symposia 

(as of 1 8 March, 1993) 

Organizer Title Organizer Title 

Roger Goos Meliolaceae 

Jack Rogers, Xylariaceae 

John Krug 

Pat Wolseley Conservation of lichen biodiversity - 

a world view 

Edit Farkas Foliicolous fungi 

S Hassan Mycoherbicides (tentative) Ian Reid 

Applications of fungi in pulp and 

Ajit Varma Scope to manage VAM fungi in 

paper manufacture 

tropical and stressed oil for crop Ian Reid 

Lignin-degrading enzymes 

production 

Lauro Xavier Filho Lichen biotechnology 

SK Mishra Fungi and environmental health 

A K Sarbhoy Current trends in identification of 

Kerry O'Donnell Fusarium taxonomy (tentative) phytopathogenic fungi 

A Peerally African mycology: status and Teun Boekhout, Systematics of heterobasidio- 

prospects Jack Fell mycetcetous yeasts and filamentous 

fungi I and II 

A Peerallv Cylindrocladium 

Bhavdish Johri Thermophilic fungi: Miehe to 

Emerson to modern biology 

David Galloway History of lichenology 

lngvar Karnefelt, Systematics of lichenized ascomy- 

Irwin Brodo cetes, especially Teloschistales 

-, 

Keith Seifert, Hyphomycete and deuteromycete 

Lynne Sigler taxonomy 

Felix Baerlorcher The ecology of lngoldian fungi 

Thomas O'Dell Fungi of old growth forests in northwestern 

North America 

Thomas Nash, John Thomson and arctic and alpine 

Additional Contrbuted Symposia can be accommodated until 

Rodney Seppelt, ecology 

31 January 1994. Potential organizers of Contributed Sympo- 

Darwyn Coxon 

sia should contact Brent Heath (Chairman, Programme - 

Thomas Nash Lichen ecology and ecophysiology Committee) as soon as possible. 

Scope: Contributed symposia should more narrowly focussed 

(and draw smaller, more specialized audiences) than Congress 

Symposia. 'Contributed Symposia' is a category that includes 

'minisymposia', workshops, and discussion groups. 

Format: Contributed Symposia can have any format deemed 

suitable by the organizer. 

Scheduling: Contributed Symposia will be held during late after- 

noons and evenings; they will not run concurrently with Con- 

gress Symposia or Poster Sessions. There will be numerous 

parallel Contributed Symposium sessions. No attempt will be 

made to synchronize the startlend times of these sessions, but 

subjects will be scheduled to try to avoid conflicts. 

Funding: No Congress funds will be allocated to Contributed 

Symposia. Organizers may seek funds from any sources but 

are requested to consult the Congress Treasurer [Dr. Clarence 

Madhosingh, IMC5 Finance chairman, London Research Centre, 

Agriculture Canada, 1400 Western Road, London, Ontario' 

Call for Additional Contributed Symposia 

Essential Information for Organizers 

N6A 2V4, Canada] to avoid competing applications to the 

same source for support of Congress events. 

lnformation and Deadlines: Planned Contributed Symposia will 

be listed by title and organizer in the Final Circular. For inclu- 

sion therein, information must be received by the Programme 

Chairman [Dr. Brent Heath, Biology Dept., York Univ., North 

York, Ontario M3H 1 P3, Canada; phone 41 6-736-5511 or fax 

41 6-736-5731 ) by 1 July 1993. 

Publication: Proceedings of Contributed Symposia will not be 

published by the Congress but organizers may arrange for pub- 

lications of their sessions; such arrangements will not require 

any communication with the Congress organization. 

For issuance of formal invitations to organizers and/or participants 

for Contributed Symposia: Contact Dr. A.J.F. Grifftths 

[IMC5 Secretary General, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of British Colurnbia, 

3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British 

Columbia V6T 281, Canada].

IMC5 Congress Symposia 

(Titles, organizers, and confirmed speakers as of 19 March 1993) 

Organizers names marked with an asterisk (*) are not scheduled to speak. 

The following is the complete listing for the Congress Symposia; all other symposia, workshops and 

discussion sessions will be organised as Contributed Symposia. Each Congress Symposium will have six 

speakers; the majority of the unfilled spaces in these lists are being held open until the spring of 1994 in 

order to accommodate new and exciting work which emerges closer to the congress, thereby ensuring 

that the symposia will be as current as possible. 

Genetics 

Gene expression 

and regulation 

Claudio Scazzocchio, France 

George Marzluf, USA 

Herb Arst ,UK 

Population genetics Jim Anderson*, Canada 

Micheal Milgroom, USA 

Bruce MacDonald, USA 

Richard Ennos, UK 

Rytas Vilgalys, USA 

Fungal chromosome 

~tability~instability 

and evolution 

Mitochondria1 

genetics and 

plasmids 

Symbioses 

Obligate parasites: 

the intimacy of . 

interorganismal 

relationships 

The lichen 

symbiosis: 

molecular, cellular 

and organismal 

interactions 

Pat Pukkila, USA 

Carol Newlon, USA 

Tom Cavalier-Smith, Canada Mycorrhizae: the 

Alan Lambowitz ,USA 

Walter Neupert, Germany 

Helmut Bertrand, USA 

Fungal Development. Lorna Casselton, UK 

Jos Wessels, The Netherlands 

J.Wostemeyer, Germany 

Cell Biology 

Secretion and protein Susan Ferro-Novick, USA 

targeting in fungi Art Horwich, USA 

Elizabeth Jones, USA 

Suresh Subramani, USA 

Genetic regulation 

of dimorphism 

Neil Cow, UK 

Gerry Fink, USA 

Bill Fonzi, USA 

Regine Kahmann, Germany 

Michael Orlowski, USA 

Bruno Maresca, Italy 

Cell walls Salomon Bartnicki-Garcia, USA 

R. Sentandreu, Spain 

(?)Hans Sietsma, Netherlands 

Nicole Benhamou, Canada 

Cytoskeleton Berl Oakley, USA 

Ron Morris, USA 

Susan Brown, USA 

Takashi Kamada, Japan 

Immunological/ Adrienne Hardham, Australia 

cytochemical Richard Howard, USA 

characterization of Jonathon Green, UK 

fungalcomponents lssei Kobayashi, Japan 

molecular and 

cellular bases of their 

establishment 

Molecular and 

genetic aspects of 

fungal toxin-plant 

interactions 

Toxic metabolic 

host products: how 

do fungi deal with 

them? 

Ecology 

Ecological genetics 

and fungal 

adaptation 

The development of 

fungal populations 

and communities 

Species interactions 

in fungal 

communities 

Mutualism and 

parasitism in 

fungal communities 

Kurt Mendgen, Germany 

Ralph Nicholson, USA 

Michele Heath, Canada 

Les Szabo, USA 

Jim Lawrey, USA 

Paula DePriest, USA 

Yoshikazu Yamamoto, Japan 

Rosmarie Honeggar, Switzerland 

E. Stocker & R. Turk, Austria 

H. Jahns & S. Ott, Germany 

Paola Bonfante-Fasola, ltaly 

Vivienne Cianinazzi-Pearson, 

France 

Francis Martin, France 

Monique Gardes, USA 

Larry Dunkle , USA 

Steven Briggs, USA 

Hiroshi Otani, Japan 

Thomas Wolpert, USA 

Ulrich Matern, Germany 

Pierre de Wit, Netherlands 

Pamela Dunsmuir, USA 

Jurgen Ebel, Germany 

Alan Rayner ,UK 

John Andrews, USA 

Clive Brasier, UK 

Linda Kohn, Canada 

Naohiko Sagara, Japan 

John Zak, USA 

Juliet Frankland, UK 

Jean Lodge, USA 

Don Wicklow*, USA 

George Barron, Canada 

J.B.Gloer, -USA 

Peter Jeffries, UK 

Robert Nout, The Netherlands 

Carol Shearer, USA 

Dave Malloch, Canada 

George Carroll, USA 

Rostislav Fellner, Czechland 

David Read, UK

Fungi in decompo- Bengt Soderstrom, Sweden 

sition and nutrient Lynne Boddy, UK 

cycling John Dighton, UK 

Keller Suberkropp, USA 

Systematics 

Phenotype and Meredith Blackwell, USA 

genotype: integrating Junta Sugiyama, Japan 

morphological and David McLaughlin, USA 

molecular characters 

Classifying sexual John Taylor, USA 

and asexual fungi: John Pitt, Australia 

do we need the Don Reynolds, USA 

Deuteromycota? 

Systematics of the Rytas Vilgalys*, USA 

Basidiomycota Franz Oberwinkler, Germany 

Thomas Bruns, USA 

Erast Parmasto, Estonia 

Systematics of the Clete Kurtzman, USA 

Ascom ycota Ove Eriksson, Sweden 

David Hawksworth, UK 

Garreth Jones, UK 

Ways of applying Michael Dick, UK 

different types Martha Powell, USA 

of characters to Robert Lichtwardt, USA 

systematic analyses in Paul Kirk, UK ' 

lower fungi and protists 

Industrial 

Recombinant Mogens Hansen, Denmark 

proteins Ces van den Hondel, 

Netherlands 

James Cregg, USA 

Hal Blumberg, USA 

Edible mushrooms Rick Kerrigan, USA 

S.T. Chang, Hong Kong 

Keisuke Tokimoto, Japan 

Jean-Marc Oliver, France 

Eef Arnolds, Netherlands 

Secondary Joan Bennett ,USA 

metabolites Linda Lasure, USA 

Bioconversion and Ian Reid, Canada 

biodegradation Robert Blanchette, USA 

Carl Cerniglia, USA 

Nicholas Lindley, France 

Owen Ward, Canada 

New products 

Medical 

Fungal vaccines, 

antimycotic agents 

and immunotherapy 

Comparison of 

fungal molecules 

producedin vivo 

and in vitro, and 

their role in 

pathogenesis 

Identification of 

pathogenicity 

genes in fungi 

Fungal hydrolases 

and pathogenicity 

Signals and signal 

receptors in 

establishment 

of host-parasite 

interactions 

General 

Tip growth - 

ha1 lmark 

of the fungal 

kingdom 

The role of,fungi 

in the biological 

control of pests 

Assesment of fungal 

biodiversity 

Francis Fox*, U K 

L. Huang, USA 

D. Langley, UK 

B. Katz, USA 

N. Porter, UK 

George Deepe, USA 

John Perfect, USA 

Peter DeMarsh, USA 

Antonio Cassone, Italy 

Jean-Paul Latge, France 

M. Monod, Switzerland 

D. Boucias, USA 

Alan Darvill, USA 

Olen Yoder*, USA 

Gillian Turgeon, USA 

Hahs van Etten, USA 

Barbara Valent, USA 

David Soll, USA 

Carry Cole, USA 

J.D.Walton, USA 

W.Koeller, USA 

F.Odds, Belgium 

Harvey Hoch, USA 

Julia Douglas, UK 

Richard Calderone, USA 

William Goldman, USA 

Pappachan Kolattukudy, USA 

Marty Dickman, USA 

Brent Heath, Canada 

Charles Bracker, USA 

Nicholas Money, USA 

James Aist, USA 

James Traquair, Canada 

Robert Samson, Netherlands 

Steven Miller, USA 

Roy Watling, UK 

Joe Morton, USA 

Gerald Bills, USA 

Keith Clay, USA

NORTH AMERICAN MYCOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 

Affiliated Societies, Associations, and Clubs 

The number and distribution of major amateur mycological groups within North America may come as a surprise to 

many professional mycologists. In addition to these more formally organized groups, there is an even greater number of 

less well organized groups of amateur mycologists and mycophagists scattered across North America that are not affili- 

ated with NAMA. These groups welcome and heartily appreciate participation by professional mycologists in any and all 

of their activities. At least two widely distributed journals, Mcllvainea and Mushroom: The Journal of Wild Mushrooming 

are significant sources of information for and about the efforts of amateur mycology in North America. 

Many of the amateur groups listed here distribute their own newsletters that often contain serious and humorous items 

that may be of general interest to the MSA membership. You are encouraged to send these items on to Inoculum. Please 

include name of the source newsletter and the name and address of its editor in order to get permission to reprint materi- 

al in Inoculum. The editor of Inoculum has a list of presidents and editors of these NAMA-affiliated organizations. 

Any questions may be addressed to: Kenneth W. Cochran, Executive Secretary 

North American Mycological Association 

3556 Oakwood, Ann Arbor, MI 481 04-521 3 

(31 3) 971-2552; e-mail: Kenneth.W.CochranOurn.cc.umich.edu or userGDC6@umichurn 

ARKANSAS 

Arkansas Mycological Society 

51 15 S Main St 

Pine Bluff, AR 71 601 -7452 

CALIFORNIA 

Los Angles Mycological Society 

Biology 51 51, State Univ Dr 

Los Angeles, CA 90032 

Mount Shasta Mycological Society 

623 Pont Trl 

Mount Shasta, CA 96067-9769 

Mycological Society of San Francisco 

PO Box 8821 63 

San Francisco, CA 841 88-21 63 

Fungus Federation of Santa Cruz 

1305 E Cliff Dr 

Santa Cruz, CA 95062-3722 

COLORADO 

Colorado Mycological Society 

PO Box 9621 

Denver, CO 80209-0621 

CONNECTICUT 

Conn. Valley Mycological Society 

21 Johnson St 

Naugatuck, CT 06770421 4 

Nutmeg Mycological Society 

191 Mile Creek Rd %Kovak 

Old Lyme, CT 06371 -1 71 9 

IDAHO 

North ldaho Mycological Association 

10543a Friar Dr 

Hayden Lake, ID 83835 

United States 

Southern ldaho Mycological Assoc. 

PO Box 843 

Boise, ID 83701-0843 

ILLINOIS 

Illinois Mycological Association 

562 Iroquois Trl %Serra 

Carol Stream, IL 601 88 

IOWA 

Prairie States Mushroom Club 

31 0 Central Dr 

Pella, IA 5021 9-1901 

KANSAS 

Kaw Valley Mycological Society 

601 Mississippi St 

Lawrence, KS 66044-2349 

LOUISIANA 

Gulf States Mycological Society 

1000 Adarns St 

New Orleans, LA 701 18-3540 

MARYLAND 

Lower East Shore Mushroom Club 

RR 1 Box 94b 

Princess Anne, MD 21 853-9801 

Mycological Assoc. of Washington 

12200 Rernington Dr 

Silver Spring, MD 20902 

MASSACHUSETTS 

Boston Mycological Club 

100 Memorial Dr 

Cambridge, MA 021 42-1 31 4 

MICHIGAN 

Michigan Mushroom Hunters Club 

1 1855 Centerline %Stevenson 

Pinckney, MI 481 69-901 5 

West Michigan Mycological Society 

923 E Ludington Ave 

Ludington, MI 49431 -2437 

MINNESOTA 

Minnesota Mycological Society 

4424 Judson Ln 

Edina, MN 55435 

MISSOURI 

Missouri Mycological Society 

2888 Ossenfort Rd 

Glencoe, MO 63038-1 71 6 

MONTANA 

SW Montana Mycological Association 

205 W Graf St 

Bozeman, MT 5971 5-61 06 

NEW HAMPSHIRE 

Monadnock Mushroomers Unltd. 

PO Box 6296 

Keene, NH 03431 -6296 

New Hampshire Mycological Society 

84 Canongate Ill 

Nashua, NH 03063-1 948 

NEW JERSEY 

New Jersey Mycological Association 

19 Oak Ave %Adamsflitus 

Denville, NJ 07834 

NEW MEXICO 

New Mexico Mycological Society 

151 1 Marble Ave NW 

Albuquerque, NM 871 04-1 347 

NEW YORK 

Central New York Mycological Society 

343 Randolph St 

Syracuse, NY 13205-2357

Coma % Sheine 

93 Old Mill River Rd 

Pound Ridge, NY 10576-9625 

Long Island Mycological Club 

128 Audley St 

Kew Gardens, NY 1 141 8-1 005 

Mid Hudson Mycological Association 

43 South St 

Highland, NY 12528-241 8 

Mid York Mycological Society 

2995 Mohawk St %Smith 

Sauquoit, NY 13456 

Rochester Area Mycological Assoc. 

71 1 Corwin Rd 

Rochester, NY 1461 0-21 24 

New York Mycological Society 

140 W 13th St %Williams 

New York, NY 1001 1-7802 

NORTH CAROLINA 

Asheville Mushroom Club 

WNC 75 Gashes Creek Rd 

Asheville, NC 28805 

Blue Ridge Mushroom Club 

PO Box 2032 

N Wilkesboro, NC 28659-2032 

OREGON 

Lincoln County Mycological Society 

207 Hudson Loop 

Toledo, OR 97391 

North American Truffling Society 

PO Box 296 

Corvallis. OR 97339-0296 

Oregon Mycological Society 

2781 Sw Sherwood Dr 

Portland, OR 97201 -2250 

TEXAS 

Texas Mycological Society 

7445 Dillon St 

Houston, TX 77061 -2721 

WASHINGTON 

Kitsap Peninsula Mycological Society 

PO Box 265 

Bremerton, WA 9831 0-0054 

Snohomish County Mycological Soc. 

PO Box 2822 

Everett, WA 98203-0822 

Wenatchee Valley Mushroom Society 

287 N Iowa Ave 

East Wenatchee, WA 98802-5205 

South Sound Mushroom Club 

6439 32nd Ave Nw 

Triangle Area Mushroom Club Olympia, WA 98502-951 9 

PO Box 61061 

Durham, NC 2771 5-1 061 . Spokane Mushroom Club 

PO Box 2791 

OHIO Spokane, WA 99220-2791 

Ohio Mushroom Society 

288 E North Ave Tacoma Mushroom Society 

East Palestine, OH 4441 3-2369 PO Box 99577 

Tacoma, WA 98499-0577 

Puget Sound Mycological Society 

U Wash Urban Hort GF-15 

Seattle, WA 981 85-0001 

WISCONSIN 

Wisconsin Mycological Society 

800 W Wells St Rm 614 

Milwaukee, WI 53233-1 404 

VERMONT 

Vermont Mycology Club 

PO Box 1 64 

Richmond, VF 05477 

Canada 

How About Helping Amateur Mycology? 

Walter Litten wrote to note that in 1986, in Mcllvainea, 

the journal of amateur mycology published by the North 

American Mycological Association, he started writing an 

annual feature entitled "Recent Referee-Reveiwed 

Research reports" (5R for short). It summarizes papers he 

selected from Mycologia and Mycotaxon for amateurs. 

He would welcome reprints of mycological papers from 

other journals to consider for treatment in 5R. He warns, 

however, that his treatment uses techniques to entrap the 

interest of readers in material they didn't know to be of 

interest. That makes it different from abstracts in research 

journals read from professional necessity to stay abreast. 

He began writing 5R upon being appointed to MSA's 

Ad Hoc Committee on Liaison with Amateur Mycological 

Societies and Clubs. As to why such liaison was desirable, 

he says he was not told, but figured it was probably to 

help bridge the gulf that expensive technology widens be- 

tween amateurs and professionals. He noted that probably 

BRITISH COLUMBIA 

Vancouver Mycological Society 

403 Third St 

Vancouver, BC V3L 2S1 

ONTARIO 

Mycological Society of Toronto 

2 Deepwood Crescent 

North York, ON M3C 1 N8 

Canada 

QUEBEC 

Cercle Mycologues Montr$al 

41 01 Rue Sherbrooke Est 125 

Montr$al, PQ Hl x 2b2 

Cercle Mycologues Quebec 

Pav Comtois Univ Laval . 

Ste Foy, PQ G1 K 7P4 

Canada 

Cercle Mycologues Saguenay 

438 Rue Perrault 

Chicoutimi, PQ G7J 3Y9 

Canada 

few members of the amateur societies and clubs are even 

mildly interested in learning what else mycologists do 

besides authoritatively labelling mushrooms. There are a 

few, though, and he sees it as his task to avoid putting 

them off with the kind of language that authors of the 

scientific journal articles must use on pain of rejection by 

editors. His technique comes out of journalism and adver- 

tising, occupations which afforded him a living before 

mycology. He adds that he hopes his efforts do not offend 

career scientists. 

Mr. Litten requests that you send reprints to him not by 

fax ["What's the hurry?"] or e-mail ["Had to ask my neigh- 

bor what it is."] but by US Postal Service to Walter Litten, 

RFD #2, Box 261, Lamoine, ME 04605-9624. In case any 

of you should wonder about how accurate these sum- 

maries may be, what he writes is reviewed and corrected 

as necessary by the current chair of the MSA Committee 

on Liaison with Amateur Mycological Societies and Clubs.

UPCOMING EVENTS - 

ATCC Laboratory Workshops for 1993 (partial listing). 

Contact ATCUWorkshop Manager, 12301 Parklawn Dr., 

Rockville, MD 20852; phone 301 -231 -5566 or fax 301 - 

770-1 805. 

Microscopy/Photomicrography - May 5-7 

Recombinant DNA: Techniques & Applications -- 

June 7-1 1 ; October 25-29 

Polymerase Chain Reaction / Cycle DNA Sequencing - 

June 15-1 8; November 2-5 

Fermentation Microbiology - August 3-6; August 10-1 3 

Advanced Recombinant DNA Methodology - Aug. 23-27 

Basic Cytogenetics September 15-1 7 

Downstream Processing September 21 -23 

Diagnostic Virology - October 5-8 

May 7-9, 1993: Public Relations for Systematic Collec- 

tions and Research is the theme for the annual meeting of 

the Association of Systematics Collections (ASC).to be held 

in Pittsburgh, PA. Contact ASC, 730 -.llth St. NW, 2nd 

Floor, Washington, DC 20001 [phone 202-347-2850]. 

June 28-30, 1993: Biological Diversity in Latin America 

(BIOLAT). An interdisciplinary symposium on biodiversity 

of Pakitza, Peru, and nearby locales. Contact Dr. Don E. 

Wilson, Director, Biodiversity Programs, BIOLAT, National 

Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institute, Washing- 

ton, DC 20560. 

1 May 11 -1 4, 1 993 - 1 st lnternational Workshop on As- 

comycete Systematics: Problems and Perspectives in 

the Nineties [a NATO Advanced Research Workshop]. 

will be held in Paris. Participation is limited; please indicate 

your interest promptly! The program and circulars are avail- 

able from: 1 st Ascomycete Systematics Workshop, Uni- 

versite Paris 6, Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Boite 33, 7 quai 

St.-Bernard, Paris [phone 33 1 44 27 59 70 or fax 33 1 44 

07 15 851. See Mycotaxon 44: 51 7 for further information. 

I 

25 May5 June, 1993: Introductory Mycology (3 credits, 

grad or undergrad) at the Univ. of Oklahoma Biological 

Station; instructor: Clark L. Ovrebo-. Contact: Dr. Loren 

Hill, Director, Univ. of Oklahoma, Biological Station, 

,&Norman, Oklahoma 7301 94235; phone 405-325-5391. 

May 1993: A workshop in medical mycology will be held 

prior to the annual meeting of the American Society for Mi- 

crobiology in Atlanta. Contact: James L. Harris, 51 3-458- 

7566 or fax 51 2-458-7294. 

June 13-1 8, 1993: LABSHOP: a Different Kind of Faculty 

Workshop for Instructors of Large Enrollment, Multiple 

Section Biology Laboratories. Illinois St. University, Normal, 

IL. Contact Marshall Sundberg, Biology Coordinator, LSU, 

32 Agricultural Administration Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA 

70803 [phone 504-388-8563; fax 504-388-8459] and see 

announcement elsewhere in this newsletter. 

June 19-23 1993: Annual Meeting of the MSA. See the An- 

nouncements elsewhere in this newsletter. 

BL SUM TO /NcunC: THE FORAY /N YOUR PLANN~NGGI 

June 24-26, 1993: Workshop on Molecular Medical 

Mycology, to be held at the University of Minnesota (Min- 

neapolis), will be sponsored by the University of Minnesota 

and NIH National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease 

to consider the growing importance of medical mycology 

and opportunities afforded by advances in molecular biol- 

ogy. The workshop offers and overview of the systems repre- 

sented by fungal pathogens of humans and encourages in- 

novative approaches to public health programs posed by 

fungi. Sessions will include morphogenesis, sexual and 

asexual cycles, secretion, cell surface & signalling, and 

genome structure in various medical and non-medical mod- 

el systems. Registration $50 (nonrefundable; deadline for 

receipt: 1 June 1993); roomhard $1 25 (3 days and 4 

nights in a University residence hall). For further informa- 

tion, contact: Dennis Dixon (see MSA Directory) or write: 

Professional Development and Conference Service, 21 4 

Nolte Center for Continuing Education, 31 5 Pillsbury Dr SE, 

Minneapolis, MN 55455. 

July 19-23, 1993. Gordon Conference: Plant and Fungal 

Cytoskeleton will be held at Proctor Academy in Andover, 

NH. The complete list of talkss will appear in Science, 79 

February 1993. For information on this conference, contact 

Don Fosket, Dept. of Developmental & Cell Biology, Univ. 

of California, Irvine, CA 9271 7 (phone 71 4-856-5851). For 

information on the open poster session, contact Sue Wick, 

Dept. of Genetics and Cell Biology, Univ. of Minnesota, St. 

Paul, MN 551 08-1095 (phone 61 2-625-471 8). 

July 19-31, 1993: Field Mycology course at the Outdoor 

Education Center, SUNY College at Cortland, Raquette 

Lake, NY (in the Adirondack State Park). 3 credits; emphasis 

on fleshy Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes. Instructor: Tim 

Baroni. Contact Tim for further information. 

July 28-August 6, 1993: 6th International Congress of 

Plant Pathology, Palais des Congr6s de Montrkal, Canada. 

If you plan to attend but have not contacted the Secretariat, 

do so NOW. Abstracts are due 29 January 1993. Contact: 

Secretariat, 6th lnternational Congress of Plant Pathology 

[Attention: Mrs. Doris Ruest], National Research Council 

Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1 A OR6 [phone 61 3- 

993-9228; fax 61 3-957-98281. 

August 1-6,1993: Society for Industrial Microbiology 

Canadian Society for Microbiology, Joint Meeting; 

Toronto, Ontario. 

August 1-6, 1993: Society for Invertebrate Pathology, 

annual meeting, Hilton Resort and Conferemce Center, 

Asheville, North Carolina. 

August 8-1 2, 1993: 8th Sclerofinia Workshop. Univ. of 

Toronto, Erindale Campus, Mississauga, Ontario. Contact: 

Linda Kohn. 

National Winner of lBB3 

Westinghouse Talent 

Search Will Be Guest of scholarship, was won by Elizabeth Pine, 17, of the Illinois 

MSA in Athens 

Over 1600 high school students competed in this year's 

Westinehouse Science Talent Search. one of the nation's 

V 

most prestigious science and mathenktics competitions. 

The coveted first prize, which includes a $40,000 college 

Mathematics and Science Academy. Elizabeth has been 

working with Greg Mueller for over two years as part of 

her school's Mentorship and Field Museum's Summer

August 8-1 3, 1993: 9th lnternational Congress of 

Virology. Glasgow, Scotland. Contact: Registration Sec- 

retariat ICV 93, CEP Sconsultants Ltd., 26-28 Albany Street, 

Edinburgh EH1 3QH, Scotland, UK. 

August 16-27, 1993: The Centraalbureau voor Schimmel- 

cultures course "An Introduction to Food-Borne Fungi" 

will be offered for the first time in North America, at 

Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. For morE informa- 

tion, contact Glen McGill, Carleton Professional Develop 

ment Centre (phone 61 3-788-2600 ext. 11 56 or fax 

61 3-788-3980). 

August 28 - September 3, 1993: 15th lnternational . 

Botanical Congress, Congress Cqter of Pacifico, Yokohama, 

Japan. Contact Registration Secretariat, XV International 

Botanical Congress, do lnternational Communications 

Inc. (ICS), Kasho Bldg. 2f, 2-14-9, Nihombashi, Chuoku, 

Tokyo 103, Japan. Fax: [81] 3-3273-2445; telex: 

72-0222-3585 ICS J. Advance registration and abstracts are 

due by 10 April 1993. 

September 5-1 0, 1-993: The 9th lnternational Biodeterio- 

ration and Biodegradation Symposium (sponsored by 

the lnternational Biodeterioration Association), University of 

Leeds, UK. Organizers solicit tentative titles of presenta- 

tions, suggestions for topic areas to be covered and early in- 

dications of intent to attend. Contaa: Conference Secretary 

(RE), Department of Chemical Engineering, The University 

of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK [phone (0532) 332424 or fax 

(0532) 3324051 for first circular or other information. 

September 6-1 1 , 1 993: The British Mycological Society is 

sponsoring the 1 st lnternational Conference on 

Myxomycete Taxonomy and Ecology, to be held at 

Chester College. Organizer: B. Ing. 

October 8-1 0.1993: 40th Annual Charles Horton Peck 

Foray will be held at the Arnot Forest, Van Etten, NY, a 

short distance from lthaca and the Cornell University cam- 

pus. Accommodations in forest cabins ($lO/night without 

bedding or towels) will be available along with those for 

examining specimens and space for driers (bring your own). 

Meals may be catered (express any interest in this!) or road- 

house diners are available nearby. Indicate interest by 31 

May 1993 to receive further information and the second 

mailing. Contact: Dr. Richard P. Korf at 607-255-3292, fax 

607-255-4471, or by e-mail to rpkl @cornell.edu; he needs 

to know (1) probable number in your party, (2) if you want 

housing at the camp, (3) if you would be interested in 

catered meals. 

October 23-24, 1 993: Fungal Palynomorph Shortcourse, 

sponsored by the American Association of Stratigraphic 

Palynologists will be offered in association with the 

AASP's annual meeting in New Orleans, LA. Contact: 

Dr. John H.I. Wrenn, Amoco Production Company, 

PO Box 3092, Houston, TX 77253. 

lnternship programs. She used rDNA sequence data (ITS) 

to study phylogenetic relationships among Hydnangium, 

Laccaria, Podohydnangium, and several other mushroom 

and false-truffle genera. The Westinghouse competition 

recognized students with exceptional potential for affect- 

ing science. The New York Times quotes the Public Rela- 

tions Manager of Westinghouse as saying that, "They are 

looking for that spark that makes a great scientist." 

October 27-29, 1993: IV Cuban Congress on Micro- 

biology and Parasitology. Contact: Gustavo Kouri, 

President, Organization Committee, P.O. Box 601, 

Marianao 13, Havana, Cuba [fax 537-21 595712019381. 

Meredith Blackwell also has information and registra- 

tion forms for this meeting. 

December 4-8, 1993: lnternational Symposium on 

Pulses Research. Kanpur, India. Contact: Dr. A.N. 

Asthana, Organizing Secretary, lnternational Symposi- 

um, ISPRD, Directorate of Pulses Research, Kanpur - 

208 024, India, for first circular or other information. 

June 26-July 1, 1994: 7th lnternational Symposium on 

the Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms will be 

held at the Palais des Congrh, Montreal, QuCbec, Can- 

ada. First circulars are available from Nicole LCger, 

Symposium Manager, GIM-94, National Research 

Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1 A OR6 

(phone 61 3-993-9431 ; fax 61 3-957-9828). Second 

circulars will be distributed in fall 1993. 

August 14-21, 1994: 5th lnternational Mycological 

Congress. Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, 

Canada. There will be continuing notices in lnoculum 

about the planning and program for this meeting. 

For Other Long-Range Planning: 11 

1994 (March 13-1 8): The 12th Congress of the lnterational 

Society for Human and Animal Mycology. Adelaide 

Con- vention Centre, Adelaide, Australia). Contaa: 

Congress of the lnternational Soc. for Human and 

Animal Mycology, 80 Brougham Place, North Adelaide 

5006, S. Australia. 

1994 Oune 26-July 1 ): 7th lnternational Symposium on 

Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms (GIM-941, 

Montreal, Quebec. The First Circular is available. 

Contact: Claude V6zina or Nicole LCger, Symposium 

Manager - GIM94, National Research Council Canada, 

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIA OR6 (phone 61 3-993- 

9431 or fax 61 3-957-9828). 

1994 Uuly 3-81: 7th International Congress, IUMS Divisions 

of Bacteriology & Applied Microbiology and of Myco- 

logy. Contact Dr. Mah Lee Ng [Dept. of Microbiology, 

Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 

Lower Kent Ridge Road, Kent Ridge, Singapore 051 1; 

fax 65-77668721 for the First Circular and/or a list of 

scheduled symposium topics for these joint congresses. 

1995 (August 11 -1 5): Mycological Society of America meets 

with AlBS at San Diego (CA) Town & Country. 

1996 (August): IUMS, Bacteriology and Applied Microbio- 

logy Division. Three back-to-back congresses will occur 

in Jerusalem, Israel: Virology (1 2-1 6 August), Bacteri- 

ology (1 9-23 August), and Mycology (1 9-23 August). I 

Elizabeth received another Field Museum lnternship for 

this summer to undertake field work in Costa Rica with 

Greg. This Fall, she will enter Harvard University where 

she will pursue a degree in biology. 

To learn more about her project, be sure to come to the 

MSA's meeting in Athens. Elizabeth will be there, and she 

and Greg will have a poster showing her award winning 

work.

1993 Annual Meeting of the Mycological Society of America 

AUTHORS OF ABSTRACTS 

Persons l i i in boldface type are scheduled to present papers or posters at the meeting in Athens. The page numbers 

of any papers or posters being presented by this person appear in boldface. Within the abstracts, the name of the 

scheduled presenter is underlined. 

Names and page numbers in light type indicate co-authors or abstracts for which the listed author is not scheduled to 

present the paper and may or may not be attending the meeting in Athens. 

Adams, G 24 

Adaskaveg, JE 24 

Adholeya, A 24,61 

Akers, BP 24 

Akhtar, M 24 

Allen, B 44 

Ammirati, JF 25, 51, 52 

Anderson, JB 29,64 

Anton, LH 27 

Arnold, ML 37 

Arnott, HJ 4 1 

Arthur, KS 43 

Atkins, JG 56 

Bachewich, C 25 

Bacon, CW 40.55 

Baird, RE 25 

Baker, DD 52 

Banerjee, P 25 

Baroni, TJ 26 

Bastide, P de la 26 

Belkhiri, A 26 

Bell, A 25 

Bennett, JW 36 

Bennett, RM 40 

Berbee, ML 46 

Betancourt, C 28 

Bier, J 26 

Bills, GF 53 

Blackwell, M 27.29.48 

Blackwell, WH 27 

Blanchette, RA 27, 36 

Bland, JM 43 

Boncy, F 24 

Bonnen, AM 27 

Bortnick, R 27 

Bouffard, G 6 1 

Bougher, NL 63 

Bourett, TJ 27 

Bracker, CE 47 

Braun, E 28 

Braun, KL 43 

Briones-Ortega, R 32 

Brush, TS 36 

Buckalew, DW 28 

Bunyard, BA 28.51 

Burdsall, HH, Jr. 62 

Buriticd, P 40 

Burt, AC 59 

Byng, GS 52 

Calderone, R 28 

Cantrell, SA 28 

Carbone, I 29 

Carter, D 59 

Carvalho, DB 29 

Cassar, SC 29.56 

Castlebury, LA 29 

Cates DH 64 

Cavender, JC 29, 51,61 

Chakravarty, P 4 1 

Chauvet, E 58 

Chen, AW 30,30,30 

Chernov, K 30,31 

Chien, C-Y 30 

Cibula, WG 31,36 

Clay, K 26 

Cochrane, BJ 30.31 

Coleman, LW 3 1 

Corr8a. A, Jr. 41 

Covert, SF 31 

Cox, EC 61 

Cripps, CL 31 

Cubeta, A 32 

Cullen, D 32 

Cutler, HG 30 

Czymmek, KJ 32,32 

Czymmek, MLC 33 

Daggett, SS 32.55 

D'Alessio, N 33 

Dalpe, Y 33 

Daly, C 51 

Dean, JFD 53 

Densmore, R 58 

Desjardin, D 33 

Dhillion, SS 34 

Dubey, T 34,34,58 

Dugan, FM 34,56 

Dykstra, MJ 34.35 

Edwards, PJ 34.34 

Ehrlich, K 51 

Ellis, RJ 35,35 

Ernling, PF 56 

England, JA 56 

Eriksson, K-EL 35, 53, 64 

Faeth, 5 63 

Farrell, RL 36 

Feibelman, T 36 

Fischer, R 36 

Fogel, R 36 

Freedman, EZ 49 

Frieders, EM 36 

Fukuda, M 37 

Fuller, MS 55.57 

Gabel, AC 37 

Gardner, DE 37 

Geiser, DM 37 

Gessner, MO 58 

Gessner, RV 37 

Giles, KL 56 

Ghosh, M 50 

Glawe, DA 29 

Glenn, AE 38 

Gonzalez, L 38 

Gordon, SA 38 

Gunasekaran, M 57 

Hadar, Y 36 

Haines, J 25, 38,52 

Hammer, S 38.38 

Han, X 39 

Hanson, LC 61 

Hardham, AR 41 

Harney, 5 39 

Harrington, FA 39 

Harrington, TC 30 

Hawkins, L 

Hayashi, Y 

Heath, IB 

Hennen, JF 

Henson, J 

Hibbett, DS 

Hill, TW 

Hinton, DM 

Hiratsuka, Y 

Hoch, HC 

Hodge, KT 

Hornola, RL 

Hong, S-G 

Hoog, GS de 

Horgen, PA 

Howard, RJ 

Hseu, RS 

Hsiau, PTW 

Hsieh, L-H 

Huffine, MS 

Huffman, D 

Humber, RA 

Hutchison, U 

Hyde, GJ 

Isbister, JD 

Iverson, 5 

Ino, A 

Jackson, E 

Jacobson, DJ 

Jenkins, CC 

Jong, SC 

Johnson, GA 

Ju, Y-M 

Jung, HS 

Kaminskyj, S 

Kang, Y-W 

Kapoor, A 

Keller, HW 

Kendrick, B 

Kimbrough, JW 

Klassen, G

Klich, MA 43 

Klomparens, KL 32, 32, 

33.42 

Knaphus, G 60 

Koehn, R 49 

Kohn, LM 29 

Korf, RP 43 

Krisa, K 36 

Kropp. B xx 

Krug, JC 26 

Kuehn, KA xx 

Kuhn, DN 33.38. 39, 

44,52,53 

LaGreca, S 44 

Lamar, RT 44 

Largent, DL 26 

Lasker, B 44 

Laursen, GA 58 

Lax, AR 43 

Leacock, PR 44 

Lee, SB 45.45.45. 

46.56 

Lemke, PA 45 

Lennon, PA 45 

Lew, RR 46 

Li, LT 46 

Li, D-w XX 

Lim, E 62 

Lingle, W 54 

Liu, M 46 

Lizois, P 43 

LoBuglio, KF 46 

Lodge, DJ 47 

Longcore, JE 47 

Lopez-Franco, R 47 

Lowen, R 47 

Lu. H 47 

Lutzoni, F 48 

MacFall, JS 48 

Maddox, JV 29 

Mahoney, DP 26 

Malik, M 48 

Malloch, D 48 

Manguin, S 56 

Manocha, MS x48x 

Mapus, G 49 

Markkola, A 31 

Matsumoto, T 37 

May, G 49 

McClean, TM 50.51 

McClenaghan, SC 49 

McKinnon, E 28 

McLaughlin, DJ 36.47 

McLeod, KW 30,30 

Metz, S 37 

Meyer, W 49 

Miller, OK, Jr. 31.49. 51 

Miller, SL 50.50 

Mills, GL 52 

Mims, CW 50 

Mitchell, SB 50 

Mitchell, TG 49, 57, 62 

Molina, FI 57 

Money, NP 40, 50 

Morrow, AC 3 1 

Moorhead, D 64.64 

Mozaffar, Z 51 

Muchovej, JJ 54 

Mueller, GM 53 

Mui, D-V 36 

Mullaney, E 51 

Murakami, S 40 

Murphy, JF 51 

Murrin, F 51 

Nakai, Y 37 

Narayanasamy, P 57 

Nelson, BF 56 

Nelson, R 31 

Newell, S 54 

Nicholson, MS 28, 51 

Nirenberg, H 52 

Norvell, LL 25.51 

Novotny, CP 6 1 

Oberto, M 52 

O'Dell, T 25.52 

O'Donnell, K 52, 52 

Opdyke, K 35 

Orth, AM 27 

Ovrebo, C 31 

Pedigo, LA 52 

Perdomo, OP 52 

Petersen, RH 38,49, 53 

Petrini, 0 56 

Pfister, D 53 

Piche, Y 26 

Pine, EM 53 

Pittman, H 55 

Plummer, D 53 

Podrez, JJ 53 

Polishook, ID 53 

Pontet, J 60 

Porter, D 45, 54 

Porter, JK 55 

Powell, MJ 27,54 

Prade, RA 54 

Puget Sound Myco- 

logical Society 25 

Purchio, AF 54 

Rarnesh, A 57 

Rehner, SA 55,60,62 

Reid, ID 55 

Richardson, EA 50 

Richardson, MD 55 

Ritch, DL 55 

Roberson, RW 55 

Roberts, DR 5 

Roberts, RG 34,56 

Robillard, A 42 

Roeper, RA 56.56 

Rogers, JD 42 

Rogers, SO 39 

Romano, MA 37 

Rope, DJ 28.51 

Rusk, SA 56 

Sahai, AS 48 

Salkin, IF 45 

Samuels, GJ 52.56 

Sancholle, M 33 

Sawyer, Al 41 

Scott, JA 43 

Seidl, M 25 

Sewall, T 50 

Shen, P 57 

Shields, JP 57 

Sim, JG 37 

Sinsabaugh, R 64 

Srniley, DD 57 

Smith, D 28 

Snetselaar, KM 57 

Soto, J 44 

Spaine, PC 48 

Spatafora, MI 57 

Spiegel, FW 27, 56, 58 

Stephenson, SL 34,34,58 

Stienecker, VR 52 

Stone, J 58 

Studt, R 37 

Sturtevant, J 28 

Sundberg, WJ 58 

Superkropp, K 42.43, 58 

Swann, EC 59 

Swanson, AR 59 

Syzdek, D 38 

Szaniszlo, PJ 59 

Tanghe, U 30 

Taylor, JW 24,46, 

59.59 

Taylor, J 59 

Testrake, D 30,31 

Thibaut, M 60 

Thomson, MS 31 

Tien, M 60 

Tiffany, LH 60 

Timberlake, WE 36, 37, 54 

Torzilli, AP 60 

Toth-Allen, J 60 

Tsundeda, A 44 

Uecker, FA 60 

Ullah, J 5 1 

Ullrich, RC 61 

Untereiner; WA 61 

Vadell, EM 29.61 

VanEtten, HD 3 1 

Vilgalys, R 32.48.48. 

49, 57, 61, 62,62 

Volk, TJ 62 

Volovosek, M 62 

Walker, G . 25 

Wang, CJK 39 

Watkins, M 28 

Weber, NS 52.62 

Weete, JD 5 1 

Wendler, PA 36 

White, JF, Jr 31,38 

White, TJ 59 

Wildman, HG 62 

Wilson, D 63 

Wolfe, CB, 63 

Wdods, JP 63 

Wu, ML 63 

XU, J 64 

Yang, JL 64 

Zak, JC 34, 64, 64 

Zimmerman, W 36

Abstracts for Presentations at the 1993 Annual Meetinq 

of the Mycological Society of America 

Abstracts of all symposium presentations, posters, and special lectures are noted as such at the 

start of eaeh abstract. Contributed oral resentations are not specifically marked at the start 

of each abstract except with the day an 8 time of presentation. 

Sunday, 9:30 am 

Phylogenetic utility of the internal transcribed spacers 

of nuclear ribosomal DNA in Leucostoma and Valsa 

Gerard C. Adam and John W. Taylor. Dept. Botany & Plant 

Pathology, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824, and 

Dept Plant Biology, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720. 

The 626 base pair @p) internal transmibed spacer region (m), indusive 

of the 5.8s DNA, was sequenced in nine species of Leuwstoma 

(Nits.) von Hoehnel and three species of Valsa Fries. The sequences 

were highly alignable. Base pair substitution occurred at 86 sites, 34% 

of which were also sites of deletions/insertions. Single bp deletions/ 

insertions occurred at 18 other sites. The lTS of L. sequoriae contained 

two unique length deletions of 8 bp and 13 bp. The species is also 

unique in being the only Lawstoma with an anamorph in the Torsellin 

(Fr.) Gvrit. section of Cytospora, rather than in Leuwcyfospwa. Separate 

lines of evolutionary descent were not evident between Valsa &d 

Leuwstoma species nor between species with host ranges restricted to 

conifers and angiosperms. L, persoonti was most similar in sequence to 

V. japonica, with an anamorph in Section Cytospora, and L. massariana, 

respectively. The three's4es were grouped separately by parsimony 

analysis from other Lawstom and Valsa species, including L. cincta. 

The generic distinction between Leucostoma and Valsa is not supported 

by this limited study. Apparently, the lTS is not evolving sufficiently 

fast to allow resolution of speciation events but might be potentially 

useful for phylogeny reconstruction of Valsa sensu lato at the level of 

section. 

Symposium; Monday am 

Taxonomy of industrially important 

wood-rotting fungi 

J. E. Adaskaveg. Dept. of Plant Pathology, Univ. of California, 

Davis, CA 95616. 

Wood-rotting fungi have been mainly recognized for their pathologi- 

cal, wood destructive, and ecological roles in forest communities, as 

well as their medicinal and artistic use in numerous social cultures. 

Based on appearance and degradation of cellular components, fungi 

can be physiologically grouped into those that cause white, brown, 

and soft rots, and those that cause stains in wood. Currently, the 

potential of white rot and stain fungi in industrial applications is being 

realized and developed in the bioprocessing of wood (i.e., biopulping, 

biobleaching, pitch removal) and in bioremediation of industrial 

wastes. To date, only a limited number of these fungi have been aitic- ' 

ally evaluated for biotechnological applications. In North America 

over 1700 wood-rotting species are classified in 33 families in the Basi- 

diomycotina, whereas thousands of wood colonizing fungi are dassi- 

fied in the Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina. Thus, the ,complexity 

and number of organisms involved emphasizes the importance of 

taxonomy, classification, and identification of this evolutionarily 

diverse group of organisms. On the basis of macro- and microscopic 

morphological characters, physiological characteristics, and interfer- 

tility data, progress has been made in recent taxonomic treatments. 

Molecular evaluations, as well as additional biological studies of wood 

rotting fungi will allow the development of diverse informational 

databases, new classification systems, and improve our understanding 

of relationshG of fungi. Furthermore, computer programs are avail- 

able and are being developed to assist in analysis and development of 

dassification schemes and to aid in the identification of taxa of wood 

decaying fungi. 

MondayP:OO pm 

Selective dominance of vesicular-arbuscular 

mycorrhizal fungi in a field trial with 

Prosopis juliflora and soils of high alkalinity 

Nok Adholeya. Microbiology Unit, Tata Energy Research 

Institute, New Delhi - 110 003, India. 

A tree legume species, namely P. jul~flwa, was selected to use as target 

hee in highly alkaline, degraded poor soil conditions to evaluate the 

performance of a certain VAM genus over a period of three years. The 

interesting interactions and selectivity in terms of soil, plant, and 

causal organism were found. The growth of P. juliflma and soil im- 

provement has shown a direct correlation with the dominant genus 

Glomus over a period of three years. 

Poster Ell; Sunday pm 

An edible Psathyrella species from Haiti 

Brian P. Akers and Fabienne Boncy. Dept of Plant Biology, 

Southern Illinois Univ. at Carbondale, Carbondale, lL 

62901-2237. 

The diondion is a Psathyrella species from Haiti and is an object of com- 

merce there as a food item. Following Smith's dassification of the 

genus (1972; The North American species of Psathyrella; Memoirs of the 

New York Botanical Garden 24: 1433), it is an undesaibed species of 

section Candollerma, subgenus Cnndollem. This determination was 

based on the presence of appendiculate veil remnants and the absence 

of pleumqstidia from the hymenium. The species most similar to the 

diondion is P. hpemcephala (Pk.) Smith, from which it differs primari- 

ly in having distinctly smaller cheilocystidia. Smith hypothesizes a 

relationship between subgenus Crmdolleana and section Subatratae of 

subgenus Psathyrella. The diondion shares a number of characters with 

section Subatratae, especially series Atricastanea. Cheilocystidial mea- 

surements of several Caribbean species in series Attiu1stanea corre- 

spond closely to the diondion, but their velar characters differ. Because 

of its intermediate set of characters, the diondion reinforces Smith's 

hypothesis. 

Symposium; Monday pm 

Use of white-rot fungi in biopulping 

Masood Akhtar. Univ. of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center and 

Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Technology, USDA 

Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53705. 

Pulp is produced from wood by either chemical delignification, mech- 

anical separation of the fibers, or by the combinations of chemical and 

mechanical methods. Mechanical pulping methods are used increas- 

ingly because they give much higher yields than chemical methods. 

They also are less polluting than chemical methods, and mills using 

these methods are less expensive to build. The main disadvantages of

mechanical pulping methods are, however, the production of lower 

quality pulps, which are unsuitable for fiber products that need high 

strength properties, and the amount of energy required for production 

Problems associated with mechanical pulping methods can be overcome 

with the use of white-rot fungi as a pretreatment (biopulping). 

Last year, we completed a 5-year Biopulping Consortium I (April 

1987-March 1992) involving the USDA Forest Products Laboratory, the 

University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center and 21 companies, and 

established the technical feasibility of biopulping. A fungal pretreatment 

of softwood and hardwood species prior to mechnical pulping 

reduced the energy requirement b; 50%, hnproved paper strength - 

properties, and reduced the environmental impact of pulping during a 

comprehensive bench-scale investigation. Encouraged by these results, 

another ?-year Biopulping Consortium I1 (April 1992-March 1995) has 

been established to determine the commercial feasibility of biopulpinp;. 

This paper will summarize the results of the ~io~ul~ing consdrtiefforts, 

and describe the objectives of the Biopulping Consortium 11. 

Poster E7; Sunday pm 

Some fungi of Pacific Northwest old-growth forests 

Joe Amrnirati, Lorelei Norvell, Tom O'Dell , Michelle Seidl, 

Glenn Walker: and the Puget Sound Mycological Society. Dept. 

of Botany, KB15, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. 

For several years we have been studying the macrofungi of True Fir- 

Hemlock, Sitka Spruce-Hemlock and Douglas Fir-Hemlock old-growth 

forests in western Washington State. Basic to this study are the compi- 

lation of fungus species by forest type and the phenologies (fruiting 

periods) of individual species. Also, we are determining which macro- 

fungi are characteristic of old-growth forests and whether or not there 

are rare or endangered taxa. This preliminary report will indude spe- 

cies lists by forest type, present basic phenological patterns, and indi- 

cate some of the potentially rare and perhaps endangered species. 

Tuesday, 8.30 am 

Effects of cell wall-cytoskeleton linkage inhibition 

on growth and development in Saprolegnia ferax 

Catherine Bachewich and I.B. Heath. Dept. of Biology, York 

Univ., 4700 Keele Street, North York, Ontario, M3J 1P3. 

It has been demonstrated in animal and plant cells that peptides 

containing the arginine-glycine-asparagine amino acid sequence 

(RGD) can compete with extracellular matrix molecules for binding to 

plasma membrane receptors which link the extracellular matrix to the 

cytoskeleton. The resulting interruption in the plasma membrane 

-extracellular matrix linkage leads to a disruption of cellular processes 

ranging from migration todifferentiation. similar linkages may be 

important in hyphal tip growth in Saprolegnia . 

To determine the effects of peptides on tip growth, colonies were 

grown in media containing RGD and controls such as RAD, RGE , 

glycine,and peptone, a mixture of peptides. RGD significantly inhibit- 

ed the growth of colonies compared to the other controls. The degree 

of inhibition increased with increasing concentration of peptide. 

Growth rates of individual tips decreased with the addition of RGD 

and developed a distinctive morphology characterized by disorgan- 

ized cytoplasm. RAD also inhibited growth, suggesting that exad spe- 

cificity in the RGD sequence is not as strong a requirement in Sapro- 

legnia as in animal cells. In comparing the effects of RGD, RAD and 

RGE, asparagine @) appears to be necessary for the effects on growth. 

In regenerating protoplasts, RGD and RAD inhibited both wall 

synthesis and hyphal regeneration. 

The evidence presented suggests the involvement of substrate adhe- 

sion molecules in the growth of hyphal tips of Saprolegnia. This indi- 

cates the possible importance of cell wall-plasma membranecytoske- 

leton linkages in tip growth. 

Poster A5; Sunday pm 

Utilization of suaose and raffinose bv several 

pathogens which cause seed rot and seedling 

blight of super sweet (sh2) sweet corn 

Richard E. Baird. Botany and Plant Pathology Dept., Purdue 

University, Southwest Purdue Agricultural Program, RR6, Box 

139A, Vincennes, IN 47591. 

Shntnken-2 (sh2) sweet com hybrids have severe problems with stand 

establishment caused by seed rot and seedling blight pathogens. 

Approximately, 70% of the seeds dry weight is sugar (over two-thirds 

suaose and one-third raffinose), which is believed to be responsible 

for the increased disease levels. Current research (Baird, unpub. data) 

has shown that the primary pathogens occur internally within the 

seeds. The most common fungi routinely isolated from seed tissue 

were Fusmium monilifonne (primary pathogen), F. oxysparm (non- 

pathogen), Penicillium oxalicum (highly pathogenic), Rhizopus arrhizus 

(nonpathogen) and Aspergillus niger (nonpathogen); however, F. moni- 

lifane was isolated from a lower percentage of internal tissue than P. 

oxalim. It is hypothesized that F. moniliforme and P. oxalicum could 

utilize sucrose and raffinose more readily than the other fungi isolated 

from the internal tissues, but no data was available to support this 

belief. The fungi were grown at room temperature on a Basal Medium 

developed by Lilly and Bamett, 1953, with the two sugars compared 

separately and in combination (sucrose and raffinose 7:3). The results 

showed that the dry weights were similar between the carbon sources 

sucrose, raffinose, and suaose + raffinose. On suaose alone, A. niger 

had the highest dry weights compared to P. oxalicum and F. monili- 

fane. On raffinose, F. monilifonne had greater dry weights followed by 

R. mrhizus and A. nip. When suaose + raffinose were analyzed, P. 

oxalinrm, R. mrhirus, and F. monilifm had the highest dry weights, 

but they were all similar. The results indicated that no difference in 

growth occurred between the primary pathogens, excluding R. 

arrhirus, but other parameters such as temperature and precipitation 

are aitical in fungal colonization. 


A relational database for the type 

specimens of C. H. Peck 

Partha Banerie and John H. Haines. New York State Museum, 

Rm. 3132 CEC, Albany, NY 12230. 

Information on fungal types desaibed between 1868 and 1913 by 

American mycologist Charles H. Peck is being included in a detailed 

database at the New York State Museum. When completed, informa- 

tion on the status and location of the type specimens as well as original 

illustratim, synonyms, descriptions, locality, references to field notes 

and original correspondence will be available on a printout for users of 

the herbarium. In addition, loan records, specimen condition, speci- 

men size and other curatorial information will be kept in the same 

database. PARADOX 4.0 has been chosen as the program for the 

project because of its versatility as a relational database, widespread 

usage, and compatibility with other systems. Fields pertaining to loans, 

localities, and illustrations are being developed with and shared by 

other members of the museum staff. 

In general, decisions about lectotypificationand identification of spe- 

cies are made by monographers, but questions involving the status and 

identification of herbarium specimens as types can best be answered 

by curators, and it is these questions that are being addressed by the 

Peck database project. Some information is available on line at the 

present time, and the basic project is scheduled for completion by 

October 1994. Eventually, information on all types specimens and 

"herbarium names" at the New York State Mycological Herbarium will 

be included.

Wednesday, 990 am 

The enigma of Entoloma nitidum Qu6l. 

Observations on its occurrence in North 

America and proposal for realignment 

in the Entolomataceae (Agaricales). 

T. 1. Baroni and D. L. Largent. Dept. of Biological Sciences, 

State Univ. of New York - College at Cortland, Cortland, NY 

1304 and Dept. of Biological Sciences, Hurnboldt State UNv., 

Arcata, CA 95221. 

This report documents the occurrence of Entoloma nitidum from North 

America. At present, this species is known only from the state of 

Washington k~ the Pacific Northwest. In comparing European and 

North American collections of this taxon, surface characteristics of the 

basidiospores, as visualized using SEM, indicate that this species 

should be removed from Entoloma sensu stricto and placed into the 

Renus Rhodwbe of the Entolomataceae. The combination of basidio- 

spore and biidiome hyphal features dsplayed by E. nitidurn, indicate 

a close relationship with Rhodocybe trachyospora, R. prism, R. speciosa 

and a new, yet to be desaibed, taxon of Rhodocybe recently collected 

from South Carolina. Because of several unusual and cohesive char- 

acteristics, this satellite group of taxa will be removed from Section 

Rhodophana of Rhodocybe and placed in a new section in the genus. A 

phylogeny of the ~ntolomataceae will also be discussed. 

Poster Cl8; Sunday pm 

Population genetics of the ectomycorrhizal 

fungus Laccaria bicolor 

Paul de la Bastide *Bradley Kropp, and Yves Pich6. Centre de 

recherche en biologie foresti&re, UniversiM Laval, Sainte-Foy, 

Qubbec, Canada, G1V 1S7, and *Dept. of Biology, Utah State 

University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA. 

Lamria biwlor is an ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycete with a broad host 

range, including both coniferous and deciduous tree species. As an 

early-stage mycobiont, this species plays an important role in forest 

regeneration. Previous laboratory studies with this species have identi- 

fied substantial phenotypic and genotypic variability among different 

isolates. Different aspects of its population genetics and the level of 

variability existing in natural populations were investigated in the 

current study. 

The temporal persistence of L. bicolur genotypes was assessed and it 

was determined that a single individual can remain mycomhizal with a 

host root system for at least two years, as confirmed by isozyme mark- 

ers and mating type analysis of mapped sporophore hpul&ions. As 

well, the spacial distribution of these genotypes varied signihcantly 

over time and appeared to be correlated with radial root system 

growth- 

The distribution of mating type alleles was determined in coammhg 

populations of L. bicolor and found to be highly variable, demonstrat- 

ing the genetic heterogeneity of these populations and the importance 

of outaossing for this heterothallic species. The level of variability 

existing within a single thallus is currently being assessed for selected 

phenotypic characters and verified with molecular markers. 

Poster Dl; Sunday pm 

Organization of 5s rRNA gene 

families in Pythium species 

Abbes Belkhi~ and Glen Klassen. Dept. of Microbiology, Univ. 

of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2. 

Most Pythium species with globose sporangia have their 5s rRNA 

genes in tandem arrays unlinked to the rDNA repeat unit containing 

the other ribosomal genes (Belkhiri et al., Mol. Biol. EvoL 9,1089-1102, 

1992). Several gene libraries were constructed and clones containing 5s 

arrays were characterized to determine 5s rRNA gene family arrange- 

ment. In P. irrepbe the arrays of 5s rRNA genes consisted of regular 

tandem direct repeats but in P. ultimum the arrays were more complex. 

These gene families were compared with those known for plank and 

animals. 

Sunday, 11:OO am 

Coprophilous Sordariaceae of New Zealand: 

I. Podospora species with agglutinated 

perithecial hairs 

Ann Bell and Daniel P. Mahoney. Botany Dept., Victoria UNv., 

Wellington, New Zealand, and Dept. of Biology and Miaobio- 

logy, California State Univ., Los Angeles, CA 90032. 

New Zealand coprophilous Podospora species with agglutinated peri- 

thecial hairs include P. m tbla (29 collections in this study), P. tetra- 

spora (26), P. mica (= P. cumla) (40), P. abides (2), P. miniilitinans (8), 

P. glufinmrs (4), P. dakotensis (16), and P. cumloides (6). All species 

share perithecia with dark, translucent, membranaceous, pseudoparen- 

chymatous peridia. One- to several-celled hairs are adjoined laterally 

on-the lower perithecial neck (more scattered in someipecies) to fo& 

inconspicuous to spectacular wedges or slightly elevated collars. Asco- 

spores are similar kansversely septate at an early hyaline stage and 

ultimately consisting of a large dark apical cell with apical germ pore 

and a small, hyaline, often fugacious, finger-like basal cell (= pedicel). 

Long, single, gelatinous, whiplash-like caudae arise from both germ 

+re and pedicel extremities but these are frequently absent from 

discharged spores and in slide mounts (particularly non-aqueous 

ones). Species are distinguished by the size and morphology of the 

ascospores and their number per ascus, the agglutinated perithecial 

hair differences and the Phialophora anamorphic stages (or absence of 

any anamorph) in agar culture. Correlations between species and 

herbivore dung preference require further study. 

Monday, 1:45 pm 

Isozyme variation in Acremonium endophytes 

infecting two sympatric woodland grasses 

bmes Bier and Keith Clay. Dept. of Biology, Indiana Univ., 

Bloomington, IN 47405. 

This study examined the level of population variation within Acremonium 

endophytes to determine if isolates are more closely related 

within a host species (taxonomic relatedness hypothesis) or within a 

site (geographic proximity hypothesis) where multiple host species 

coacur. The endophytes are transmitted both vegetatively through 

daughter tillers and maternally from mother to seed. Data suggest that 

the endophytes may also be contagiously spread because: 1) Acremonium 

isolates of these two species clustered more closely than their host 

grasses in an isozyme study (Leuchhnann and Clay, 1990), 2) these 

fund form spores on rare occasions. and 3) individuals of both hosts 

are&npat-c. Endophytes were isolated from two sympatric woodland 

mass hosts, Festwa o h and Poa svlvestris, from three sites. 

~etw- 90% and 100% of 30 plants fro& each -es in each sampled 

site were infected. Isozyme variation of isolates was examined using 

horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Seven of twelve isozyme systems 

were variable with the number of electromorpb ranging between two 

and seven. Variation was found among the isolates from each host 

species and in each site. 35 different isozyme phenotypes, three of 

which were found from both hosts, were identified from the 165 isolates 

tested. Isolates clustered more closely within species than within 

sites, supporting the taxonomic relatedness hypothesis. However, 

contagious spread can not be ruled out because of the cooccurrence of 

three isozyme phenotypes in both host species. This study supports 

previous work showing host sped? identity is a better predictor of 

endophyte genotype than geographic proximity.

Presidential Lecture; Sunday, 1:00 pm 

Minute mycological mysteries: the influence 

of arthropods on the lives of fungi 

Meredith Blackwell. Dept. of Botany, Louisiana State Univ., 

Baton Rouge, LA 70803. 


Phenetic analysis of genera of the 

Saprolegniaceae (Oomycetes) 

Will H. Blackwell and Martha J. Powell. Dept. of Botany, 

Miami Univ., Oxford, OH 45056. 

Phylogenetic relationships of genera of the Saprolegniaceae are not 

adequately determined, nor are potential outgroup relations to other 

ps&do&gi or to various chromophytous algae. ~henetic analyses 

were performed to determine overall resemblance among genera and 

characters useful in their delimitation Because of its applicability to 

qualitative multistate data, the Rogers and Tanimoto association 

coefficient was selected to generate the similarity matrix. Due to the 

plasticity of traditional generic features, relatively few characters (ca. 

20), predominantly asexual, were used in the analyses. Hierarchical 

clustering algorithms provided insight into overall similarity of known 

genera. Different clustering algorithms were compared to optimize 

phenogram output. Additional numerical procedures, such as prinapal 

coordinate analysis and principal component analysis, provided 

exuanded visualization of OTU relationships. From these analyses, in 

< . 

particular clustering procedures, phenon groupings (of genera) are 

established which provide a more explicit foundation for further quali- 

tative and quantitative analysis, and dtimately, cladistic protocok 

Some of the phenons are distinct from groupings implidtin traditional 

generic keys and synopses of the family. 


Insights on wood degradation and significance for 

biological processing technology 

Robert A. Blanchette. Dept. of Plant Pathology, Univ. of 

Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. 

Wood-rotting fungi and the enzymes they produce are just beginning 

to be used for biological processing applications by the pulp and paper 

industry. In order to utilize them effectively, and to find new uses for 

these funrri, it is essential that a more complete understandim of wood 

degrada6& processes be obtained. h4any'spedes of white rotfungi 

selectively degrade lignin and are ideally suited for biological pulping. 

~ - . ... 

The type, concentration and microstrudural distriiution of li& are 

impo&r~t factors that affect rate and extent of lignin degradation. 

Inoculation of wood chi~s with certain strains of Ceriooriosis SUM- 

sporn and Phrmerochaete ~hnjmqorium for short incubation periods of 

10-14 days results in substantial energy savings (40%) in mechanical 

pulping processes and improves paper strength properties Changes in 

woody cell walls during inapient stages of decay have been characterized 

by using histological stains and ultrastructural methods. Other 

wood colonizing fungi, such as species of Ophiostm, do not degrade 

cell wall components but remove pitch and other extractives. These 

fungi may be utilized to remove problematic pitch from wood chips 

before pulping. Colorless isolates of Ophiostoma piliferum are ideally 

suited for use to biologically remwe pitch and have proven to be 

successful in commercial operations. Pitch removal by Ophiosfm 

occurs on chip surfaces, within ray parenchyma cells, and in resin 

ducts of loblolly pine wood. 

Poster All; Sunday pm 

Identification of lignin-degrading 

enzymes in Agaricus bispoms 

Alice M. Bonnen. Lori H. Anton, and *Ann B. 01th. Dept. of 

Plant Pathology, and *Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 

Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA 16802 

Heterologous probing of the genome of Agaricus b i s p with ~ the 

Phamhaete chysosporium cloned genes, H2 and H4, indicates the 

presence of both the lignin peroxidase and the Mn-dependent peroxidase 

genes, respectively, in Agm'cus. The activity of the Mn-dependent 

peroidase fr& ~~mifus w& followed throughout the 

cyde of the fungus and is characterized in a crude compost extract. 

lks enzyme was found to have a pH optimum of 5.5 dith maximal 

activity during the initial stages of fruiting (pin stage). The activity 

declines considerably during fruit-body ripening (first break). This 

pattern parallels that observed for laccase activity in Agaricus. Isoelectric 

focussing indicates a pI of 3.5 for the MN-dependent peroxidase. 

We were unable to characterize the lignin peroxidase activity in the 

aude compost extract due to interference with the assay by other 

components of the extract. Future work will include the purification 

and further characterization of the enzymes (and genes). This research 

should allow us to begin to understand the nutritional components of 

the compost which are important in the culturing of Agmicus. 


Problems with analyzing phylogenetic 

relationships among the protostelids 

R. Bortnia and F. W. Spiegel. Dept. of Biological Sciences, 

Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701. 

Attempts to determine phylogenetic relationships among protostelids 

using morphological characters are hindered by several factors. The 

major E that of determining homolog& states of the life 

cyde for analysis purposes. This is a particular obstacle with the non- 

flagellated species. The primary dilemma is that nonflagellated trophic 

cells could be interpreted as either (1) an amoeboflagellate that cannot 

produce flagella, o; (2) an obligate amoeba. ~econd,;f a nonflagellated 

amoeba is an obligate amoeba, assumptions about which flagellated 

group it belongs with affects tree topology. 

"Schizopkrsmodiopsis" mnwboiden and Solifmmm irregularis are two 

examples of nonflagellated protostelids with morphologically similar 

trophic cells. Morphological characteristics were used to analyze their 

phylogenetic positions. The data were run under several differing 

assumptions on the nature of trophic cells. Differences among the trees 

generated based on these assumptions and their implicatiokfor 

protostelid systematics are discussed. 

Poster B7; Sunday pm 

Differences in the distribution of intracellular 

ConA binding sites in hyphal tip cells 

of two filamentous fungi 

Timothy M. Bourett and Richard 1. Howard. Dupont Com- 

pany, Science and Engineering Laboratory, Wilrnington DE 

19880-0402. 

A post-embedding, indirect, doublesided labeling procedure was 

used to identify intracellular ConA bindine; sites (CABS) in somatic 

hyphae of both Magnaporthe grisea and ~&odmna mride. Similarities 

included labeline of smooth membrane cistemae and the plasma mem- 

brane/cell wall X both species, while the SpitzenkSrper cores were 

universally unlabeled. Differences in the labeling pattem included the 

distribution of CABS within the apical regions. In M. grisea,a popu-

lation of heretofore unrecognized electron-lucent apical vesicles con- 

tained CABS, but the more numerous electron opaque apical vesicles 

did not. Within the vesicle cluster of the Spitzenkorper, the matrix 

material between vesicles was also labeled with ConA. In contrast, all 

apical vesicles labeled in T. dride, including those observed in more 

distal regions of the hypha. In addition, cortical cytoplasm lacked the 

fairly numerous CABS characteristic of the same region in M. grisea. 

Poster 86; Sunday pm 

Adhesion of Cochliobolus heterostrophus 

germlings to leaves and artificial surfaces 

Edward Bra- and Richard J. Howard. Dept. of Plant Patho- 

logy, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011, and DuPont Company, 

Wilrnington, DE 19880-0402. 

C. heterostmphus germlings attached in a nonspecific manner to a wide 

variety of surfaces (glass, cellophane, mylar, polystyrene, polyethyl- 

ene, teflon, maize leaves). On glass, conidia began adhering just prior' 

to germination, about 20 min after hydration and inoculation By 5060 

min after inoculation over 90% of the germinating conidia were firmly 

attached. Similar results were obtained with the other surfaces. Both 

sodium azide and cydoheximide inhibited the attachment process 

indicating that both respiration and protein synthesis were required 

for adhesion. 

C. heferostmpkus gennlings produce a twelayered sheath of extracellular 

matrix material which may ~. play an important role in adhesion. Just 

~ 

prior to the emergence of the germ tubes, & extracellular material was 

exuded from the spore tips. This material appeared to attach the spore 

to the substratum. As the germ tubes developed, they remained 

covered by a thin layer of this material which could be stained with a 

variety of reagents known to stain proteinaceous materials. A much 

broader outer layer of extracellular matrix material also developed 

around germ tubes and appressoria. The outer layer was only visible 

with the light microscope when germlings were negatively stained 

with India ink. The outer layer could also be visualized by low 

tempera- scanning electron microscopy. 

Poster C9; Sunday pm 

An assay to determine the phytotoxic effects of jet 

fuel: effects on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae 

D.W. Buckalew, E. Jackson, D. Smith, E. McKinnon, M. 

Watkins, and A. Robillard. Biology Dept., Xavier Univ. of 

Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125. 

A new protocol is presented for using plants as analytical tools to 

assess the impact of potentially hazardous chemicals in soil. Its 

method~logf~arallels that us;?d in an earlier protocol as a range of 

JP-4 iet fuel concentrations are utilized. In addition to measures of 

- , 

aboveground parameters (i.e., shoot length and shoot wet and dry 

weights), belowground measures of total root length and percent 

vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization are recorded within a 

common test grass. A brief discussion of the role of myconizal fungi in 

light of postdisturbance revegetation efforts is provided. 


A taxonomic assessment of Morchella 

[Ascomycotinal using ribosomal DNA 

Britt A. Bunyard, Michael S. Nicholson, and Daniel J. Royse. 

Dept. of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State Univ., 

University Park, PA 16802. 

Morels (Mo~chelln spp.) are the most highly prized edible mushrooms 

found in the wild of North America. Because environmental conditions 

can cause the genus to vary morphologically, the number of species 

has been disputed. Some authors classlfy the genus into three to five 

species, while others argue for as many as 50 species. DNA from lines 

of Mmchella and closely related genera was isolated. The large subunit 

(LSU) of the ribdsomal DNA repeat region was amplified using the 

polymerase chain reaction (PCR), digested with restriction enzymes. 

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RnPs) were found 

among the lines investigated and used to separate the lines into geno- 

typic classes. Systematic inferences made from rDNA RFLF's may be 

less ambiguous than those based on morphological characters. 

SymposiumTuesday, 9:30 am 

Recognition of mammalian cells by 

the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans 

&chard Calderone and Joy Sturtevant. Dept. of Microbiology, 

Georgetown Univ. School of Medicine, Washington, D.C. 

20007. 

Adherence of Cndidn albicrms to mammalian cells is essential to the 

establishment of an infection. The organism adheres to epithelial and 

endothelial cells, plastics as well as fibrin-platelet dots which form on 

damaged heart valve tissue. Recently, the biochemical characterization 

of the Candida albicans adhesins has been elucidated. They appear to be 

host cell-specific. A Candida mannoprotein which recognizes fucosylor 

N-acetyl glucosamine-containing glycosides of epithelial cells has 

been identified. Additionally, another Candidn mannoprotein recognizes 

arginineglycine-aspartic acid ( RGD ) peptides of endothelial 

cells orthe extracellular matrix proteins of endothelial cells. The latter 

type of Candida adhesin resembles the "integrin farnilyWof receptors 

found on a variety of mammalian cells. Current studies of these 

adhesins have focused upon the cloning and characterization of the 

genes encoding these proteins. 

Tuesday, 2:45 pm 

Fusarium spp. in rearing ponds of the prawn 

Macrobrachiurn rosenbergi in Puerto Rico 

Sharon A. Cand' and Carlos Betancourt. Dept. of Biology, 

Univ. of Puerto Rico, Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico, 00680. ['Present 

address: Dept. of Plant Pathology, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, 

GA 30602.1 

In recent years there has been an increase in the development of 

commercial shrimp farms in Puerto Rico. These industries have en- 

countered problems with the incidence of shrimp diseases in both the 

hatchery and rearing ponds. The occurrence of Fusn'um spp. as oppor- 

tunistic pathogens of both fresh and sea water shrimp has been 

reported in the literature. 

A mycological survey of Fusmium species was conducted in two rearing 

ponds of the prawn Marobrackium metdqzi @e Man) in southwestern 

Puerto Rico, from October 1989 to September 1990. Surface 

and bottom water samples were collected from each pond and processed 

by the membrane filtration technique. Air samples were 

collected around each pond by the plate kosure te&nique. Pentach~oronitrobenzene 

(PCNB) , Agar was selected as isolation medium. 

w 

Six species of Fusarium were identified: F. ckhydospomm, F. equiseti, F. 

mailifane, F. semitebum, F. sohi and F. subglutinnns. The distribution 

of species were not sigruficant between surface and bottom water for 

each pond. It was sig;;ificant between air samples and pond 1, but not 

for pond 2. The more frequent species in water and air samples were F. 

sem$ectum and F. equiseti. During the heavy rainy season, the total 

colony forming units (CFU) of Fusmium spp. diminished in air samples 

and increased in water samples. During months of higher wind vele 

city the total CFU tended to increase in air samples. No sigruficant 

correlation was found between the total CFU/500 ml in water samples 

and wind velocity. There were significant differences between the 

ponds, the surface and the bottom water of each pond and the air 

samples around the two ponds.

Poster D12; Sunday pm 

An intron in the small mitochondria1 rRNA 

gene of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 

Ienazio Carb~ge and Linda M. Kohn. Dept of Botany, Univ. of 

Toronto, Erindale College, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 

1C6. 

In a previous study of 63 strains of Sdmtinia sderotiururn from two 

Ontario canola fields, we found that amplification of the small mite 

chondrial rRNA gene of S. sclemtiorum with primers MS 1 and MS 2 

yielded two major amplification products of 0.6 and 2.0 kb, consistent 

with the presence of an intron in this region. Preliminary screening 

suggests that these size products also exist in the same gene in other 

species of Sclerotinia, such as S. tri~olim. In the present study, we 

amplified and sequenced this +on for 6 strainsof S. sderot&m, 3 

containing the small amplification product and 3 containing the large 

product. Alignment of all sequences revealed the presence of a 1.4 kb 

insertion in the 2.0 kb product. Data base searches with available 

sequence data from the 5' end of the insertion sequence have shown 

that it shares considerable similarity with the 5' end of a class I intron 

that interrupts the NADH dehydrogenase subunit genes of Neurospra 

nassa (ND5) and of Podospora ansoina (ND3). Furthermore, the insertion 

sequence aligns exactly to the 5' exon/intron boundary of ND3 

and is within 5 bases of the 5' exon/intron boundary of ND5. The 

presence of an intron in the small mt rRNA gene of S. sclerotimurn 

would be interesting because 1) introns are known to occur in the 

large, but not the small mt rRNA genes of fungi, 2) the presence of an 

in&n in other species of SderotinG or other genera in the Sderotiniaceae, 

could suggest that it was laterally transferred between species 

and/or genera or that it was present in a common ancestor. 

Tuesday, 245 pm 

Interactions between haploid and diploid 

mycelia of the fungus Armillaria bulbosa 

Daisv B. Carvalhp and James B. Anderson. Dept. of Botany, 

Erindale College, Univ. of Toronto, Mississauga; Ontario WL 

1C6 Canada. 

In most Basidiomycetes, two types of vegetative states predominate, a 

monokaryon containing one haploid nucleus per cell and a dikaryon 

containing two paired haploid nuclei per cell. A. bulbosa is atypical in 

that the binucleate dikaryotic phase persists for only a few cell divisions 

after mating; the two paired nuclei then fuse to form a stable, 

diploid monokaryon. It has long been known that a haploid mone 

karyon can be dikaryotized by another &ion in other Basidiomycetes 

(the "Buller Phenomenon"). This study examined the analogous 

process in A. bulbosa in which a diploid mycelium "diploidizes" a 

haploid mycelium. Restriction fragment lAgth polymorphisms 

(RFLPs) were used as metic markeis to follow the nuclei in these 

pairin&. Hyphal tips were sampled from the area of the resident haploid 

in the pairings. The hyphal tips carried some, but not all, markers 

from both the original diploid and from the haploid. The mitochondrial 

type of each sample was that of the resident haploid. These 

results are consistent with the hypothesis that (a) a diploid nucleus 

fuses with a resident haploid nucleus to form a triploid nucleus that is 

genetically unstable; and are inconsistent with the hypotheses that (b) 

a diploid nucleus merely replaces a resident haploid nucleus and that 

(c) the diploid nucleus haploidizes and a resulting haploid nucleus 

fuses with a resident haploid nucleus. 

Sunday, 830 am 

Assessment of patterns of host-mediated 

isolation in mutualistic fungi of ambrosia 

beetles (Coleoptera; Scolytidae) 

Steven C- and Meredith Blackwell. Dept. of Botany, 

Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803. 

The relationship between ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera; Scolytidae) 

and their symbiotic fungi undoubtedly represents a highly evolved 

mutualism. This is reflected in the apparent dependency displayed by 

both partners upon each other for survival. The mutualism harbors the 

potential for host (dispersal) mediated isolation of ambmia fungi. As 

currently circumscribed, the form genus Ambrosiella (which holds eight 

species of ambrosia fungi) is not monophyletic based on small subunit 

rDNA sequence analysis. While two isolates from bark beetles are in a 

clade with Ophiostoma species, other isolates occur in two additional 

clades. One is a sister group to Ceratocystis, the other is sister to Ophio- 

stoma. Cultures were obtained from established culture collections. 

While some simply may have been identified incorrectly or misinter- 

preted, five are type cultures. In this study, sequences of the nuclear 

encoded DNA ribosomal repeat unit from Arnbrosiella species were 

used in phylogenetic analyses. An eventual aim of this study is to 

uncover patterns supporting host mediated isolation of species within 

monophyletic groups. 


Techniques for extraction and purification 

of viable Plasmodiophora brassicae resting spores 

L. A. Castleburv D. A. Glawe and q. V. Maddox. Dept. of 

Plant Pathology, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 and 

*Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL 61820. 

Plamcdiophora brassicae resting spores were separated from macerated 

infected Brussica pekinesis (Chinese cabbage) roots by a series of centri- 

fugations in 50% sucrose and distilled water. After hashing the resting 

spores in distilled water, a suspension of approximately 109 resting 

spores per ml was layered onto a continuous gradient of LUDOX (40% 

silica suspension-DuPont)/deionized water. After centrifugation, rest- 

ing spores collected from the gradient were relatively free of contami- 

nating microorganisms. These resting spores were assayed for viability 

by inoculating 3-day-old Chinese cabbage seedlings grown on moist 

filter paper. The pathogen infected seedlings and produced zoosporan- 

gia in the root hairs. These extraction techniques produce nearly pure 

suspensions of P. brassicae resting spores suitable for propagation of 

the organism, long term storage and extraction of DNA or other 

molecules of interest. 


Biogeographical distribution of dictyostelid cellular 

slime molds in light of recent discoveries 

Cavender, J.C. and F.M. VadeU. Dept. of Environmental and 

Plant Biology, Ohio Univ., Athens OH, 45701. 

The seasonal subtropical semi-evergreen rain forest of Til, Guatemala, 

supports the largest diversity of cellular slime mold species found 

anywhere in the world. This center of dispersion results from a pool of 

environmental and bio1oe;ical factors from which climatic variation, 

temperature, biotic dispe&ion, soil fertility, forest tree diversity and 

hydric regime are believed to play a fundamental role. While fewer 

than twenty species inhabit soils of Ohio only a dozen of species have 

been found in preliminary studies of the Amazon basin where higher 

rainfall has a negative effect on soil fertility. In forest soils of Japan and 

SE Asia diversity approaches that of ~entkl America, while ~Aopean 

and African forest soils are relatively poor in dictyostelids.

Thirtysix different species, including ten undesaibed taxa, have been 

recovered from the forest soil in and around the Mayan city. Biotic and 

enviro~nental factors of Tikal forest are optimal for dictyostelid 

development and growth, where coexistence may occur with little or 

no competition. This forest is a refugium for several plant and animal 

species and may be a prototypic epicenter of evolution and dispersion 

for cellular slime molds. A synopsis is presented of the distribution of 

these secondary consumers. 

Wednesday, 10:45 am 

Studies on Ganodema species of biomedical 

importance. 11. Cultivation of Ganodemza species 

Alice W. Chen *J. Henson, and "RS. Hseu. Rochester Area 

Mycological Assoc., 1730 Penfield Rd. MI, Penfield, NY 14526. 

*Long Ridge Farms, Sugar Grove, SC 28679. **Dept. of Agric. 

Chem., National Taiwan Univ, Taipai, Taiwan. 

In 1971, China first succeeded in producing Gmwdermu basidiocarps 

through artificial cultivation. Two decades later, interest has spread 

beyond the Orient. Sawdust, long and outdoor cultivation on kee 

stumps or wood chip beds have been popular. Procedures for culti- 

vation will be given. The shift from vegetative to reproductive phase 

seems to parallel conditions favorable to lignin biodegradation. These 

factors include growth arrest, low in readily assimilable C source and 

N source, and presence of thiamine in the cultivation medium. Calci- 

um deficiency and air turbulence are unfavorable for fruiting. Other 

important parameters include optimal pH, temperature, moisture, and 

aeration. Diffused light is conducive to primordial formation as well as 

basidiocarp differentiation. Development of stipes can be regulated by 

C02 concentration, while high relative humidity is essential for the 

enormous expansion of basidiocarp biomass. For mycophiles, precau- 

tions should be taken in outdoor cultivation since Gamdermn spp. 

cause white rots of dead and living hardwoods, conifers, and other 

plans. By cultivation techniques, research in areas such as morphe 

genesis and taxonomy can be facilitated. On the practical side of 

biomedical application, cultivation is indispensible for breeding and 

production. 

asdf 

Ecological studies on Ganoderma species with long 

spores in Savannah River Site, South Carolina 

Nice W. Chen, +K.W. McLeod, and **H.G. Cutler. Rochester 

Area Mycological Assoc., 1730 Penfield Rd. #41, Penfield, NY 

14526. +Savannah River Ecology Lab., The Univ. of Georgia, 

Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC 29801. **Plant Physiology Unit, 

USDA-ARS Russell Res. Center, Athens, GA 30613. 

Extensive ecological studies covering 24 hedares were made on Gumdnma 

species in Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina. SRS is the 

first national environmental partk established in the United States. 

Study sites on the structure dnd function of GaMdennn colonization 

included both an undisturbed ecosystem and a disturbed ecosystem in 

a young pine plantation of Pinus palustris. The plantation was converted 

from a Quercus-Pinus mixed woods after site preparations, such 

as clear cutting and presaibed burning. A survey o f t r k of sixty 

established plots indicated 70-75% Gmrodenna colonization in the disturbed 

sites in contrast to only 5% in the undisturbed site. Oak centered 

colonization was evident in five additional circular plots. Excavation 

of the colonized living roots of Quercus laeDis showed white root 

rot. This is the first report if a longspored Gunoh species to associate 

with oak Tissue cultures were obtained and used in biodegradation 

of a radioactively labelled substrate, (14C lignin).lignocellulose, as 

well as on plant-fungus interaction via section elongation bioassay. 

Both studies produced positive results. 


Notes on a Ganodema species with long spores, 

designated as Ganodemza sp. SRS 8892, 

in South Carolina 

Alice W. Chen, L.J. Tanghe, and X.W. McLeod. Rochester 

Area Mycological Assoc., 1730 Penfield Rd. MI, Penfield, NY 

14526. *Savannah River Ecology Lab., The Univ. of Georgia, 

Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC 29801. 

A Grmodmnn species with long spores, designated as Ganodermu sp. 

SRS 8892, was noted during extekive ecolo$cal studies covering24 

hectares in the Sandhills in Savannah River Site, South Carolina. It is 

the first long-spored form in the genus reported from the State of 

South Carolina. Excavation of the colonized living roots of Qrmcus 

l& on the study site shows while root rot, the first record of a long- 

spored G unoh species to associate with oak 

The fungus differs from the southern long-spored sp&es, G. zonatum 

Murr., desuibed by Gilbertson & Ryvarden (1986) in having clavate 

pilocystidia with thick walls closely packed in a palisade in the pileate 

cutis just below the crust. In contrast, G, zmtum according to Gilbert- 

son & Ryvarden, has pilocystidia with cells varying from clavate to 

branched or lobed, often with irregular projections from the wall. 

A detailed description of the taxon is given based on field studies as 

well as laboratory examinations including cultures of different isolates. 

Comparison is made with other G m d m species or forms with long 

spores. 


~&nt and physiological differences 

between isolates of Basidiobolus 

Gmberlv Chernov, Diane.TeStrake, and Bruce J. Cochrane. 

Dept. of Biology, Univ. of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620. 

As part of an ongoing investigation of genetic diversity among isolates 

of the genus Basidiobolus (Entomophthorales: Zygomycotina), we have 

analyzed genetic differentiation among saprobic isolates obtained from 

a single location in Florida. Data obtained from both restriction analy- 

sis of the ITS region of rDNA and RAPD analysis of genomic DNA 

indicates the presence of considerable genetic heterogeneity among 

these isolates. The question then arose as to whether isolates that could 

be differentiated bid on DNA polymorphisms exhibit different 

physiological properties as well. We examined growth characteristics 

on artificial medium (rate of growth and miaospore formation, pre 

duction of extracellular lipases and proteases, temperature resistance, 

and hemolytic properties. In addition, we examined isolates maintain- 

ed in high growth conditions for a period of4 months to determine 

whether genomic rearrangement might contribute to genetic diversity. 

Results indicate that genotypic differences are in fact correlated with 

physiological ones. Inconhist to saprobic isolates, ones obtained from 

human infections are highly homogeneous. We thus suggest that the 

genus consists of a large number of types that are genetically and 

physiologically distinct, but that only a small, homogeneous subset of 

them are associated with infections. 


Some first record species of Trichomycetes 

from Taiwan (Formosa) 

Chiu-Yuan and Li-Huei Hsieh. Institute of Biological 

Sciences, National Taiwan Normal Univ., No. 88 Section 4 

Tingchou Road, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 

During the last two years, we have collected eight potential hosts from 

Taiwan (Formosa). After dissecting animal materials, making slides 

and examining fungi and their hosts, our results indicate that Asellaria 

l i e and A. annadillidii of the single family Asellariaceae were found

in gut of Isopoda. However, the former is firstly observed in the foregut 

of Ligia exotica. Two families of ecainids present here namely. 

Pmntmiella~spora nov. prov. (Parataeniellaceae) which exists both 

in the hindgut of Annadillidiurn mlgme and Procellio saber. Enteropogon 

fonnosensis nom. prov., Taenielh mcini and one species of halophilic 

Enterobryus sp. are accommodated in the family Eccrinaceae. Seven 

species are newly illustrated and reported from Taiwan. Whereas Pmathniellaj7azmspora 

and ~ntero,m~m fmsensis have been nomenclaturd 

and descni as new species to be added to the fungal taxa. 


Relationships between forest mycorrhizae in 

southern pine plantations and remote sensing 

William G. Cibula, Clark Ovrebo and Annamari Markkola. 

John C. Stennis Space Center, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529; 

Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 

73034; Univ. of Odu, Odu, Finland. 

Eight plots of southern pine measuring 120 ft x 120 ft (36.58 x 36.58 m) 

have been inventoried for fruitings of mycorrhizal fun@ periodically 

since 1974. All eight plots were planted in 1960 with 10 foot spacings 

between trees, forming a square array of 13 x 13 rows of seedlings. In 

the spring of 1961, four plots received a single treatment of NPK ferti- 

lization while the other four plots did not. All plots subsequently were 

disked and mowed periodically to remove competing vegetation The 

once fertilized plots continue to have an incremental inaease in wood 

volume that is approximately double that of the non-fertilized plots. At 

present, there are no statistical differences in soil fertility between 

ihese plots. Differences in quantity and diversity of e&mycorrhizal 

symbionts in the rhizosphere that occurred after fertilization have been 

suggested as a possible-cause for these dramatic differences in wood 

volume. Each plot contained 144 10 foot x 10 foot (3.048 x 3.048m) 

subplots. Sporophore inventories were accomplished at weekly inter- 

vals during appropriate times during the year and these data were 

entered into a spatial computer data base. Other field data such as 

individual tree DBH and wood volume as well as canopy data obtain- 

ed by remote sensing technology were also entered into this data base. 

Regressions were calculated between sporophore count and spatial 

diskbution data and other ground based data (e.g., wood volume as 

well as canopy greenness and vegetation indices derived from the 

remotely sensed canopy data). As examples, regression between plot 

species diversities and TMS derived vegetation indices yielded r2 = 

0.86 while a regression between plot sporophore counts and CIR vege- 

tation indices produced r2 = 0.81. 


The genetic structure of populations of Basidiobolus: 

inferring the relative importance of clonal 

diversity and genetic rearrangement and 

exchange as sources of diversity 

Bruce T. Cochrane. Diane Testrake, Kimberly Chernov, and Rex 

Nelson Dept. of Biology, Univ. of South Florida, Tampa, FL 

33620. 

We have employed a variety of techniques to measure genetic diver- 

sity among isolates of the genus Basidiobolus (Entomophthorales: Zygo- 

mycotina). Based on data obtained from both isozyme and RFLP 

analysis, it is clear that isolates obtained from human infections are 

genetically homogeneous. In contrast, saprobic isolates obtained from 

a single geographic region are highly diverse. We hypothesize that this 

diversity may be due to either the presence of multiple asexually 

reproducing clones within a population, or to genetic processes - 

exchange among thalli or chromosomal rearrangement - that occur on 

a regular bases. To address the questionof clonal diversity, we have 

examined isolates that can be differentiated based on sequence poly- 

morphism~ (RFLP differences detected by RAPD) to determine 

whether molecular differencdes are correlated with physiological ones. 

In general, we observe correlations between genotypes and such physiological 

traits as temperature tolerance, growth rate and characteristics, 

and zygospore morphology. This suggests that clonal diversity 

does indeed exist in these populations. Fionally, to determine whether 

genetic processes such as exchange and rearrangement are significant, 

we have initiated laboratory experiments to look for evidence of rearrangement 

within single spore -isolates during long term culturing. In 

addition, we are developing methods for mutagenesis and selection, to 

determine whether genetic exchange among isolates can occur in 

culture. Results of these experiments will be described. 


A preliminary examination of variation among 

fungi referred to Balansia epichloe 

(Clavicipitales; Ascomycotina) 

Lawrence W. Coleman, Angela C. Morrow, Mary S. Thomson 

and James F. White, Jr. Dept, of Biology, Auburn Univ. at 

Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36117. 

Studies were conducted on six isolates of BaIansia epichld (Weese) 

Diehl occurring on grass hosts Sporobolus poiretz'i (Roem. & Schult.) 

Hitchc., Tridensflmnts (L.) Hitchc., and Chloris wgata Swartz. Growth 

rates on sugar media, starch hydrolysis capacities, conidial and hyphal 

sizes, colony textures, and SDSpolyacrylamide gel electrophoretic 

protein profiles are compared. The results of these studies are evaluated 

to determine the existence of distinct varieties or species in the 

taxon now recognized as B. epidFId. The wfulness of various the 

morphological,~hysiological, and molecular characteristics employed 

for the purpose of defining taxa is also discussed and evaluated. 


Cloning of a maackiain detoxification gene from 

an unstable chromosome in Nectria haematococca 

Sarah F. Covert and *Hans D VanEtten. Dept. of Genetics, 

Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 and Dept. of Plant 

Pathology, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. 

Nectrin haematowcca is a fungal pathogen of many plants including 

chickpea. On chickpea, the pathogenihty of N. hnnnatococca is come 

lated with its ability to detoxify a plant-produced phytoalexh, maadci- 

ain. Three genese for maadciain detoxification (Mak genes) have been 

identified in two field isolates of this fungus. In order to determine if 

the Mak genes are carried on small, meiotically unstable chromosomes, 

and if they are required for pathogeniaty on chickpea, we have cloned 

the Makl gene. Classic genetic analysis previously indicated that Makl 

is closely linked to another phytoalexin degrading gene, Pdu6-1, which 

resides on an unstable chromosome. A chromosome-specific cosrnid 

library of the Makl Pda6-1 chromosome was constructed, and a Makl 

done identified by screening transformants of a Mak- isolate for the 

Mak+ phenotype. a 2.7 kilobase HindIJI/PstI subclone of the Makl 

cosmid has been found to confer the Mak+ phenotype upon 

transformation. 


A comparison of three Ectomycorrhizal communities 

associated with Populus tremuloides in the 

northcentral Rocky Mountains 

'C.L. Cripp and O.K. Miller, Jr. Dept. of Biology, Virginia 

Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. 

Sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal fungi were collected over three field 

seasons in PopuIus huloides stands in the Rocky Mountains, 1800 to

2000 meters above sea level. The two sites in southwestern Montana morphic chromosome. Detailed genetic maps outside these dusters are 

and one site in southeastern Idaho vary in size, age of trees, type of lacking, and the relationship between genomic organization and 

soil, drainage patterns, and to a certain extent, climatic conditions. In 

all, 43 specik bf ectomycorrhizal fungi were found associated with P. 

fremuloides. The Cortinariaceae were a dominant component of the 

mycoflora, including at least 7 species of Inocybe. Fourteen species of 

ectomycorrhizal fungi, including Leccinum aurantiacum, occurred on all 

three sites in association with aspen, and the dominant or characteristic 

mycorrhizal species varied by site. The "early colonizers" Inocybe lncera 

and h r i a laccata, which have previously been reported on acidic 

soil, were characteristic of the smelter-acidified, nutrient-poor soil of 

the site near Butte, Montana. " Late stage" fungi such as h i t a 

transcriptional regulation - remains unclear. 

The precise structure of chromosome length polymorphisms, the 

mechanism(s) giving rise to their formation, and their possible phenotypic 

effects are unknown. Efforts are underway to construct detailed 

physical emphasis on defining the structure of length polymorphisms. 

Specialized mapping methods have been developed. These involve 

PCR amplification and identification of speofic alleles in homokaryotic 

segregants. Recent investigations will be discussed in detail. 

muscmin and Lactanus contrmus were more prwalant in the older, 

undisturbed aspen stands. 

. Symposium; Sunday, 11:05 am 

Laser scanning microscopy 


Reassessment of heterokaryon formation in 

Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis goup 4 

M. A. Cubeta, R. Briones-Ortega and R. Vilgalys. Dept. of 

Botany, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27708. 

Mating compahiility reactions were tested using homokaryotic strains 

belonging to anastomosis group 4 in the Rhizoctaia solnni complex. 

Previous studies on mating patterns employed tuft formation between 

paired homokaryons as the primary criterion for detection of hetem 

icaryons. In this study, somatic incdmatibility reactions and genetic 

markers were used to confirm the reliabilitv of tufts as an indication 

for heterokaryotization. Sixteen homokaryotic, single-basidiospore 

strains from 10 different heterokaryotic field isolates of R. solani 

anastomosis group 4 were paired all possible combinations and 

assessed for tuft formation and heterokaryotization. From a total of 136 

pairings, 25% (7 of 28) and 54% (58 of 108j of intra- and inter-stock 

pairings, respectively, produced visible tufts. Putative heterokaryons 

from aerial tufts developed into colonies with appressed mycelium 

which were morphologically distinct and somatically incompatible 

with both parental homokaryons. Morphologically and somatically 

distinct heterokaryons were also isolated from the interaction zone 

between some paired homokaryons which did not form tufts. Hetero- 

karyons were detected on one or both sides of the heterokaryotic tuft 

and indicated that heterokaryotization was not restricted to the zone 

corresponding to the tuft. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA 

markers were used to confirm putative heterokaryons. The results 

from these studies show that tuft formation is not always indicative of 

heterokaryotization 


Genetics of Phanerochaete chysospot.ium 

Dan Cullen. Forest Products Lab., Institute for Microbial and 

Biochemical technology, One if ford Pinchot Dr., Madison, WI 

53705. 

Considerable progress has been made in recent years on the biochem- 

. istry and molecular genetics of lignin biodegradation The white-rot 

Basidiomycete, Phrmerodrnete chrysosporium has been the most 

thoroughly studied ligning-degiddg fungus. Under ligninolybc cul- 

ture conditions, three dasses of extracellular enzymes have been iden- 

tified: lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, and glyoxal oxidase. 

The lignin peroxidases of P. chysosporium strain BKM-1767 are encod- 

ed by a family of at least six structurally related genes. RFLP and pulse 

field electrophoretic analyses have shown that five lignin perosidase 

genes (LiPA, LiPB, GLG5,0282, V4) reside on a dimorphic chromo- 

some of 3.5/3.7 mb. Three of these lignin peroxidase genes (LiPA, 

LiPB, GLG5) are clustered within a 30 kb region. A sixth gene, GLG4, 

was localized to a second, dimorphic dvomosome of 4.4/4.8 mb. A 2.5 

kb duster of cellobiohydrolase genes also resides on the larger di- 

Urk 1. Czymmek and Karen L. Klomparens. Dept. of Botany 

and Plant Pathology and Center for Electron Optics, Michigan 

State Univ, East Lansin, MI 488241311. 

Laser scanning microscopy employs a monochromatic laser light 

source in a sc&ing raster across a specimen that can be applied in 

transmitted, fluorescent and reflected modes. The resulting interaction 

of the incident light is detected and displayed on a video monitor. 

When a confocal pinhole is placed between the light path and the 

detector, out-of-focus light is substantially reduced (by about 95%). 

The resulting non-invasive "optical sections" allow one to obtain far 

better resolution images of fungal structures than can be obtained with 

a conventional light microscope. Some systems also have an integrated 

computer which allows image processing and 3-D reconstruction of 

optical sections for unique visualization of fungal structures. Laser 

scanning microscopy can be successfully applied to virtually any 

fungal samples which can be viewed by conventional light microscopy 

such as thick sections, whole mounts, and fluorescently labelled fungal 

cell walls, nudei, cytoskeleton and other stainable organelles. As with 

any technique, some artifacts are inherently associated with laser 

scanning microscopy and computer manipulation of the resulting 

images. We will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of laser 

scanning miuoscopy and its many possible applications for myce 

logical samples. 

Tugday, 10:30 am 

Ascosporogenesis in high-pressure frozen 

freeze-substituted Euascomycetes 

Kirk 1. Czvmmek and Karen L. Klomparens. Dept. of Botany 

and Plant Pathology and Center for Electron Optics, Michigan 

State Univ., East Lansing, MI 488241311. 

High-pressure freezing and freezesubstitution were used to determine 

the origin and development of the enveloping membrane system and 

ascospore initials in Thelebolzu crustaceus (Discomycete), Sordmin 

humam (Fyrenomycete) and EmekelIopsis tenicoln (Plectomycete). 

Samples were grown on dialysis membrane under the appropriate 

conditions for sporulation, carefully ex& and placed in gold hats 

with a solution of 20% dextmn for ten minutes, ultrarapidly frozen 

with a Balzer's 010 high-pressure freezer and subsequently substituted 

in a solution of 2% osmium tetroxide and 0.05% uranvl acetate in ace- 

tone. In all three species the enveloping memb-e sistem formed a 

double-membraned cylinder adjacent to the ascus wall. In T. crustaceus 

and S. hummra the enveloping membrane system appeared to be gene- 

rated by cisternae. In E. tmicola the enveloping membrane system 

appeared to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum. The deposition of 

wall materials and/or precursors for ascospore initials were derived 

primarily from the spore initial cytoplasm, but the epiplasm also was 

involved in wall formation. Numerous multi-vesicular bodies were 

observed in young ascospore initials and may play a part in wall 

development. We will also compare the role of microtubules in asco-

spore initial delimitation, spore shape and desaiie other similarities 

and diierences observed during ascosporogenesis in these three 

phylogenetically distinct Euascomycete groups. 


Ultrastructural observations of high-pressure 

frozen freeze-substituted Physarum 

polycephalum plasmodia 

Monica L. C. Czymmek and Karen L. Klomparens. Dept. of 

Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Electron Optics, 

Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824-1311. 

Plasmodia of Pbmm polycpphalum were grown in 3 mm wide gold 

hats on small pices of water agar for 12 hours prior to freezing. Sam- 

ples were high-pressure frozen with 20% dextran, freeze-substituted 

with 2% osmium tetroxide and 0.05% uranyl acetate in acetone, em- 

bedded in Spuds epoxy resin, thin-sectioned and examined by trans- 

mission electron miaoscopy. Miaofiiaments were observed adjacent 

to the smooth-contoured plasm membrane. Numerous vacuoles were 

seen with variable shape, size and content throughout the plasmodial 

cytoplasm. Nuclei, mitochondria, ribosomes, glycogen clusters, and 

many membrane bound vesicles of unknown composition also were 

Overall preservation of plasmodia1 membranes and other 

cytoplasmic structures was excellent, with minimal ice crystal damage. 

Tuesday, 3:OO pm 

Ploidy and parasexual recombination 

among isolates of Phytophthora infestans 

Stahen S. Daw. Dept. of Biology, The Pennsylvania State 

Univ., University Park, PA 16802. 

Recent surveys of isolates of Phytophthora infestam from Europe 

demonstrated widespread variation in ploidy in that rebon. Isolates 

which differ in plaid; often fail to Gable through 

sexual reproduction. The goal of this investigation was fo determine 

whether isolates of P. infffitm can generate variation by means of 

parasexual recombination despite differences in ploidy. Four pairings 

of isolates were performed an artificial media. The isolates were of the 

same mating &e, but differed in ploidy and multilocus enzyme 

(allozyme) phenotype. Large numbers of colonies were collected from 

the hyphal interface of the pairings, and these were analyzed for mean 

nuclear DNA content (ploidy) using Feulgen scanning-integrating 

miaodensitometry and allozyme phenotype. 


A PCR assay for mitochondrial 

inheritance in a parasexual cross of 

Fusarium oxysporurn f.sp. cubense 

Naorni D'Alessi~ and David N. Kuhn. Dept. of Biological 

Sciences, Florida International Univ., Miami, FL 33199. 

We want to use PCR to study the inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in 

the progeny of a parasexual cross between isolates of Fusmiurn oxysporum 

f.sp. cubense (Foc), a phytopathogenic deuteromycete. To identify 

sequence variation that will allow us to design culture-specific 

amplification primers, we are sequencing a portion of the mitochond 

~ ribosomal l large subunit of sixstrains of Foc (kindly supplied 

by Dr. Randy Ploetz, Univ. of Florida). These represent two vegetative 

compatibility pups, VCG 0120 and VCG 0124,-and three rac& from 

diverse geographic origins and infectious on different banana 

cultivars. 

Mitochondrial DNA changes faster than nuclear DNA. We saw con- 

siderable length and sequence variation in the mitochondrial ribo- 

' 

somal large subunit gene of Foc, Pkytophthura megnspnma, and a 

published sequence from Sa-ces cereoisiae. 

However, our preliminary results show no variation for the six Foc 

strains. Now, we are searching for other regions of mitochondrial 

sequence variation by sequencing, RFLP analysis and single stranded 

conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. We hope to design 

primers that will only amplify the DNA from a single culture, so we 

can assay for the presence of this specific mitochondrial DNA 

sequence. We will force a parasexual cross between the marked culture 

and another Foc culture and determine the inheritance of the mito- 

chondrial genome in the progeny by PCR with the culture specific 

primers. PCR should enable us to detect wen small amounts of each 

parent's mitochondrial DNA. 


Comparative analysis of fatty acids from 

vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal and 

non-mycorrhizal leek roots (Allium pomm L.) 

Yolande Dal~e and Michel Sancholle. C.L.B.R.R. Agriculture 

Canada, and Labo de cryptogamie, Univ. de Lille, 59655 

Villeneuve d'Ascq CEDEX France. 

To investigate and understand plant reactions to the VAM symbiotic 

association, lipids of both colonized and non-colonizedleek roots were 

extracted and fatty adds were analysed by gas liquid chromatography. 

Analyses were performed on leek (Allium ponum L.) roots respvely 

colonized by Glumus infrmadices, G. mossme and G. versgorme. Fatty 

acids of colonized roots showed a net tendancy toward mono-unsatur- 

ation which is reflected by the accumulation of huge amounts of pal- 

mit oleic acid (C16:l) and comparatively more oleic acid (C18:l) than 

in the non-mycorrhizal homologue. Saturated fatty acids were essenti- 

ally represented by palmitic add (C16:O) with only traces of stearic acid 

(C18:O). Long chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids were usually absent. 

from both colonized and non-colonized roots. When detected, they 

directly reflected the fatty acid content of their respective single spores. 

Comparisons between the fatty acid from mycorrhizal root tissues 

freed from intercellular fungal material (vesicles and hypha) and non- 

mycorrhizal roots are discussed. 

Monday, 8:15 am 

A revision of the worldwide mekbers of 

Mycena sect. Sacchariferae based on type analyses 

Dennis w ardin Dept. of Biology, San Francisco State Univ., 

San Francisco, CA 94132. 

Nearly 50 binomials have been published for taxa placed in Mycem 

sect. Succhaqfkae. Of these, only about 30 represent distinct species 

segregated into three distinct groups. Extant type specimens of all 

species were examined, and a new species is described from material 

collected in the Hawaiian Islands. Amparoina spbrosissima is transferred 

to Mycena where it is allied with seven other species (stirps Ampmoina) 

that develop a universal veil formed from cherocytes. A second group 

(stirps Alpkitophora) contains 8 taxa characterized by a stipe that lacks a 

basal disc, and by cylindrical caulocystidia that are entirely spinulose. 

A third group (stirps Ads&) coktains 12 species characterized by a 

welldweloped basal disc and acuminate aulocystidia that are 

entirely smooth or only partially spinulose. &cenella efhinocephaln 

and Mycm cylindrospora, two species with smooth hymenophore, 

belong to different stirps suggesting that lamellae have been lost more 

than once in the section A discussion of taxonomically significant 

features such as cherocytes, acanthocysts, pseudocollaria, universal 

veil, cheilocystidia and-caulocystidia &oGhologies is presented. 

Detersile cherocytes and acanthocysts placed on malt extract agar 

germinated and formed extensive somatic hyphae suggesting that 

these structures may function as asexual propagules.


Mycorrhizal colonization of grasses and spore 

abundance in semi-arid regions of west ex as 

. . and John C. Zak. Ecology Group, Dept. 

Shivcham S. Dhllllm 

of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock, Texas 

79409-3131. 

Root colonization of Schizachynum scoparium, Andropoga halli, Spore 

bolos nyhndrus, Aristida pu&rea and Erapfis sp; by vesiculararbuscular 

mvcorrhizal fund and the abundance of mvcomhizal 

spores in CR6 (~onservatioi Reserve Program) grassland and sandshinnery 

oak (Quercus haomdifl communities were examined for one 

year. VAM fungal sporulation in both communities showed similar 

seasonal patterns, although abundance of spores in CRP soil was 

higher than that on sand-shinnery oak site. Colonization levels were 

significantly higher in the roots of S. scoparium, A. halli and S. cryptandrus, 

than in A. purpuren and Eragrosfis sp. on both sites. Seasonal 

pattern in colonization varied according to species and were essentially 

similar for each species in both sites. Mycorrhizal inoculum 

potential varied according to species and site. The results suggest that 

within a semi-arid region different species of grasses and VAM fungi 

may show similar seasonal patterns, although colonization levels of 

individual species and abundance of spores of VAM species can vary. 

Mycorrhizal inoculum potential data suggest that CRP site is a higher 

inoculum source than the native sand shinnery oak site. 

Aquatic fungi associated with 

West Virginia mountain streams 

Tuesday, 4:s pm 

Tara Dubev, Steven L. Stephenson, and Pamela J. Edwards. 

Dept. of Biology, West Virginia Institute of Technology, 

Montgomery, WV 25136; Dept. of Biology, Fairmont State 

College, Fainnont, WV 26554; and USDA Forest Service, 

Timber and Watershed Laboratory, Parsons, WV 26287. 

The distribution pattern of the aquatic fungi occurring in six streams 

located on or near the Femow Experimental Forest in Tucker County, 

West Virginia, were studied d d g the 1991 and 1992 field seasons. 

Water pH averad >5.5 in three of the streams, whereas the others 

were relatively more acidic (average pH = 4.2,3.9 and 3.2, respectively). 

Sampling methods used induded (1) isolating conidia from stream 

water by me-= of a membrane filtration techniqie, (2) placing litter 

bags prepared with leaves from four different tree species in the 

streams for periods ranging from 14 to 112 days, and (3) "baiting" the 

streams with various types of organic material. The mycoflora of the 

streams we sampled indudes at least 142 taxa (44 chytridiaceous fungi 

and water molds, 49 non-Ingoldian hyphomycetes, and 49 Ingoldian 

hyphomycetes). The total numbee total number (27 taxa) of chytridiaceous 

fungi and water molds present in the stream with the highest 

pH (7.9) was appreciably higher than the numbers (15-18 taxa) 

recorded for the other streams. The general pattern for aquatic hyphomycetes, 

based on the presence of conidia filtered from water samples, 

was for the number of taxa to decrease with decreasing pH, whereas 

the lowest numbers of conidia per 1000 ml of water were recorded at 

the two extremes of the pH gradient. Red oak (Quercus rubra) litter was 

colonized by an average of 14.6 taxa of aquatic hyphomycetes in the six 

streams, sugar maple (Am saccharurn) litter by 12.6 taxa, and mixed 

red maple (A. rubrum) and beech (Fagus grandifilia) litter by 10.6 taxa. 

For all three types of litter, numbers were generally high& for the less 

acidic streams and lower for the more acidic streams. (Supported - - in 

part by funds provided by the USDA Forest Service.) 

Wednesday, 9:OO am 

The possible effects of Diflubenzuron on 

the growth, sporulation, and enzymatic 

activities of aquatic hyphomycetes 

Tara Dubey, Steven L. Stephenson, and Pamela J. Edwards. 

Dept. of Biology, West Virginia Institute of Technology, 

Montgomery, WV 25136; Dept. of Biology, Fairmont State 

College, Fairmont, WV 26554; and USDA Forest Service, 

Timber and Watershed Laboratory, Parsons, WV 26287. 

The possible effects of Diflu-n (DFB) on the growth, sporulation, 

and leaf litter colonization of aquatic hyphomycetes under 

natural conditions were studied by (1) isolating conidia from samples 

of stream water by means of a membrane filtration technique and (2) 

direct microscopic and (2) direct microscopic examination of the fungi 

cole nizing litter bags containing leaves of red oak (Quercus rubra) and 

sugar maple (Am sacdrmum) placed in two treated and two control 

watersheds of the Femow Experimental Forest prior to the application 

of this chemical insecticide. In addition, mycelial mowth and cellulase 

enzyme activity of six species of hyphomycetes isolated from the 

watersheds were studied in the laboratory. Cellulase enzyme activity 

was assessed using a depth of clearance @C) test and spectrophotometric 

analysis of the reducing sugars produced as a result of exoglucanase 

and endoglucanase activities. Appreciable increases in (1) the 

numbers of conidia filtered from water samples and (2) the extent of 

colonization of litter bags were noted two days after application of 

DFB to the treated watersheds. The tolerance of aquatic hyphomycetes 

to different concentrations of DFB varied among the species tested, but 

DC was maximum at 5 ppm for five of the six species tested. In liquid 

culture an increase in endoglucanase activity at 20 ppm of DFEI was 

noted for four of the six species, whereas three species displayed a 

decrease in ex~~lucanaseactivity in the presence of DFEI. (Supported in 

part by funds provided by the USDA Forest Senrice.) 


Unusual fungi isolated from cherry fruits 

Frank M. Dusn and Rodney G. Roberts. USDA, ARS, Tree , 

Fruit Research Laboratory, 1104 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee, 

WA 98801. 

Fruits of Pnmus aoium L. cv. 'Bing' were surface disinfested and incu- 

bated for recovery of potentially pathogenic fungi. A small number of 

isolates were provisionally classified as Leptodiscelln africana, Cladospaspa- 

urn pomphorum and Sporonnia subticinensis. These fungi are seldom 

reported and not previously isolated from cherry; C. porophorum 

demonstrated pathogenicity to fruit. Other unusual isolates were 

assigned to Phaeolamukrrin and Mycmllosielh. The Phaeormnulnria dif- 

fered from P. hachijoensis chiefly in the relative proportions of septate 

and nonseptate conidia. 

Tuesday, 10:15 am 

Adhesives in fungi: the adhesive lcnob 

of capilliconidia of Basidiobolus ranarum 

exhibits unique ultrastructural features 

-. College of Veterinary Medicine, North 

Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27606. 

Adhesives are of major importance to fungi for dispersal purposes as 

well as attachment to potential substrates prior to penetration. Nematode-trapping 

fungi capture prey with adhesives, plant pathogens 

produce materials to attach to host surfaces prior to penetration, and 

~pkaerobolus produces adhesive materials atthe surfice of the glebal 

mass, allowing it to attach to potential substrates following discharge. 

The capilliconidia of Basidiobolus rrmmum produce an apical droplet of

extracellular material that aids in dispersal by insects and mites and 

various animals. Light and EM studies of capilliconidia have been 

undertaken to characterize the apical droplet. The droplets presumed 

to be 'mature' consist of an electron4ense band at the surface of the 

capilliconidium wall from which radiates numerous sinuous filaments 

18-20 nm x 3-4 pn. Interspersed amongst the filaments are double- 

membrane bound organelles (0.2-0.3 pm x 0.3-0.4 pn) with granular 

contents. The outermost zone of the droplet consists of coarsely granu- 

lar material. What are though to be early stages in droplet formation 

exhibit an almost homogeneous appearance. No dearly defined wall or 

membrane delimits the droplet area in either of the two stages 

observed. 


Morphology and development of an 

entomophthoralean fungus causing 

debilitating or fatal mycoses of snakes 

Michael J. Dykstra and Richard A. Humber. MPP Dept, 

College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State 

Univ.,Raleigh, NC 27606 and USDA-ARS Plant Protection 

Research Unit, US Plant, Soil & Nutrition Laboratory, Tower 

Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853. 

An undesaibed genus of the Basidiobolaceae (Zygomycetes: Ento- 

mophthorales) parasitic for snakes has been the basis for several publi- 

cations since its first characterization in 1975. The histopathology of 

subcutaneous and visceral lesions in snakes has been well desaibed, 

but little attention has been given to cultural and ultrastructural 

features of this unusual pathogen. We have studied two isolates of this 

fungus with light and transmission electron microscopy. The main 

vegetative form is yeast-like and divides by fission with successive 

cleavages leading to multiple uninudeate schizonts within the parental 

cell wall. As in Basidiobolus, nuclei have prominent nuclear pores, a 

laxe nucleolus, and do not stain in acetmrcein or other common 

nudear stains; mitotic spindle are cylindrical and occupy the entire 

nuclear volume; the nucleolus remains centrally located during mitosis 

and divides during anaphase. Mitochondria have plate-like a&tae 

typical of Zygomycetes. The'yeast-phase cells contain large accumula- 

tions of glycogen, lipid bodies, and microbodies containing para- 

crystalline arrays. As agar cultures age, determinate hyphae rarely 

longer than 4-5 mm are formed. These simple or sparingly branched 

hyphae contain numerous lipid bodies and mitochondria, occasional 

microbodies, and usually comprise only one uninudeate cell. Inter- 

calary thick-walled uninudeate "resting" spores that may be chlamy- 

dospores rather than azygospores form in the hyphae after about 10 

days at room temperature. No typical entomophthoralean conidia are 

formed in any cultural conditions although the resting spores germi- 

nate by producing elongated uninudeate conidia on extremely long, 

narrow capillary conidiophores emerging directly from the spore. 

A re-examination of the 

photomorphogenesis of Pilobolus 


Richard I. Ellis. Dept of Biology, Bucknell Univ., Lewisburg, 

PA 17837. 

Research reported in the 1950's on the effects of light on the asexual 

morphogenesis of this fungus employed isolates not currently available 

and did not utilize standard procedures of photobiology. The 

purpose of this study is to re-examine and extend this earlier work 

Certain preliminary results are reported here. Culhws of P. cystallinus 

(#14499) and P. kleinii (#11505) were obtained from the ATCC and 

g~own on defined hemin medium (Mycologia, . . Vol. 68,1254). P. crystalimus: 

Light stimulates trophocyst formation 10-25x and is required for 

sporangial production. White light given at any time following the 

cessation of vegetative growth (5-6 days) in dark-grown cultures stim- 

ulates the production of trophocysk. A minimum of 10 min white light 

is required, and 1 h saturates the response. P. Ueinii: Light stimulates 

formation about 2x, is reqrured for sporangial production and retards 

the elongation of sporangiophores dramatically (length in light = 2-3 

mm, in dark = 30-60 mm). When dark-grown cultures are transferred 

into white light, sporangium formation and discharge occur within 

20 h. These results will be compared with those of the earlier studies 

and the future course of this research discussed. 

Wednesday, la15 am 

Light-enhanced zoospore formation in the 

chytrid Rhizophydium littorarm Amon 

Richard 1. E U and Kristen Opdyke. Dept. of Biology, Bucknell 

Univ., Lewisburg, PA 17837. 

When zoospores of R. lifto~eum are plated on solidified yeast extractpeptone-dextrose 

in 1/5 strength Instant Ocean and grown at 24-25'C 

in the light, a new cycle of zoospore formation and release is completed 

within 45-48 h. Incubation in darkness delays this process by 

12-36 h, depending on the density of the inoculum: dilute ( 1.1 x 106 zsp/ml) require 

at least 84h. We propose that dark-grown cultures elaborate a diffusible 

chemical which retards reproduction and that the effective concentration 

of this factor is a direct function of thdi density. Exposure of 

cultures grown for 24 h in darhess to a 2 h pulse of white light is sufficient 

to generate zoospore formation at 48 h equal to that in cultures . 

grown continuously in light. Later exposures to the 2 h light pulse also 

induce in excess of that observed in darkcontrols of identical age; in 

all cases, however, there is a lag of at least 18 h between the light pulse 

and any observed effect on zoospore production. 


Enzyme mechanisms involved in cellulose 

and hemicellulose degradation 

Karl-Erik L. Eriksson. Dept. of Biochemistry/Center for Bio- 

logical Resource Recovery, Univ. of Georgia, B302 Life Sciences 

Building, Athens, GA 30602-7229. 

The enzyme mechanisms involved in cellulose degradation by the 

whiterot fungus Phanerochuete dryrsosporium have been studied in 

great detail. The fungus produces several isoenzyrnes of both endoand 

exo-glucanases as well as of Bglucosidases. In addition to these 

hydrolytic enzymes, the fungus also produces two cellobiose oxidoreductases, 

i.e., cellobiose oxidase (CBO) and cellobiose:quinone oxidoreductase 

(CBQ). The mechanisms of action and interaction between 

these enzymes will be desaibed in some detail. 

Studies of the enzymes involved in hemicellulose degradation by P. 

chrysos@um are under way but so far, detailed information is largely 

missing. However, a description of enzymes involved in xylan and 

mannan degradation by other fungi will be presented. Xylanases, and 

to some extent, mannanases, have recently been shown to be of great 

interest as one stage in bleaching of kraft pulp. Both the cellulases and 

the hemicellulose degrading enzymes gab importance by the day 

since they are wd more and more in industrial processes. Present and 

potential uses of these enzymes will be desaibed.


CartapipTM: a biopulping product for control of pitch 

and resin acid problems in pulp mills 

Roberta L. Farrell, Robert A. Blanchette, Theresa S. Brush, 

Yitzhak Hadar, Sara Iverson, Keith Krisa, Philip A. Wendler, 

and Wendy Zimennan. Sandoz Chemicals Biotech Research 

Corporation. 

This paper addresses a biological treatment of wood chips using 

specific isolants of the ascomycete, Ophiostoma pilifoum, which results 

in a reduced extractive content, specifically pitch, also know as resin, 

of the wood chips. Natural &la& of 0, $ifmcm cause blue stain in 

the sapwood of conifers. Colorless isolants of 0. pilifnum, isolated in 

the laboratory, marketed as CartapipTM have been shown not to cause 

discoloration of wood. Hyphae preferentially colonize ray parenchyma 

cells and resin canals. Studies have shown that not only does overall 

pitch content decrease with treatment of wood chips by the 0. piliferum 

strains tested, but also many free resin acids and fatty adds are significantly 

reduced. Additionally, treatment of wood chips with the colorless 

strains of 0. piliferum results in biocontrol since other microorganisms 

including staining organisms have sigruficantly reduced growth 

on the wood chips. Therefore, bleach chemicals can be saved in the 

processing of mechanical to give higher brightness paper. 

Key Words: Ophiostoma piliferum, pitch, free acids, biocontrol, blue 

stain fungi, pulp 


The use of edible fungi to recycle agricultural 

waste products in a closed system 

Tobv Feibelman, William G. Cibula*, J. W. Bennett, and 

Dan-Vy Mui. Tulane Univ., New Orleans, LA 70118 and 

5tennis Space Center, MS 39529. 

In a dosed ecosystem such as NASA is planning for a Lunar/Martian 

base, edible fungi may provide the safest and most energy/space 

efficient means of resource recovery of agricultural wastes, while 

producing an edible by-product of up to 30% of the dry weight of the 

substrate. Pure cultures of approximately 115 strains of edible fungi 

that are cellulytic or lignolytic and grow under a variety of climatic 

conditions have been isolated from field collections. Promising fungi, 

including species of Pleurofus , Nuemtoloma, Flammulina, Volnmiella, 

and Hericium were cultivated to fruition under controlled laboratory 

conditions, in temperatures ranging from lo0 C to 35O C, on straw, 

wood, or cotton seed hulls to show the feasibility of this concept. 

Mycelia were grown on malt extract agar plates at temperatures from 

-20' C to 45O C. P. ostreatus grew over the widest range of tempera- 

tures, while Volomielln speci& grew at higher temperatures and had a 

14 day life cycle, desirable for quick turn-around of resources in a 

dosed system. 

Tuesday.4:OO pm 

apsA (= anucleate primary sterigmata), 

a gene involved in nuclear migration in 

Aspergillus nidulans 

Reinhard Fischec and William E. Timberlake. Dept. of 

Genetics, Univ. of Georgia, Atehns, GA 30602. 

Aspffnirlu nidulnns is an ascomycete which is able to reproduce sexually 

kd asexually. For asexual &velopment this fungi foxms conidiophores, 

consisting of a stalk, a vesicle, primary and secondary sterigmata 

and several hundred conidia, each containing one nudeus. In 

apsA mutants the nuclei fail to migrate into the primary sterigmata. 

When a nucleus fortuitously enters the sterigma the development proceeds 

and a single chain of conidia is formed, showing that the aps 

function is restricted to a single developmental stage. 

The apsA mutation was complemented by transforming A. nidukms 

strain RF1 (npsA1; trpC801; pnbnAl; wA3; yA2) with a cosmid library 

with trpC as the selective marker. A single cosrnid was recovered from 

a transformant which then complemented the mutation at high f xe 

quency. The apsA-gene was lo&ed in a 10.6 kb BnmHl fragkent 

within the 40 kb insert bv cotransformation with subdoned restriction 

fragments. This region &coded 1.21.8 kb and 6.5 kb transcripts. These 

transcripts were not developmentally regulated. Gene disruption and 

RNA blot analyses showed that the largest transcription unit corre- 

sponds to apsA. 

A complementing 8.6 kb BamHl/Smal fragment was sequenced. Signifi- 

cant homology of a 1526 amino acid polypeptide to NUMI (nude& 

migration), a gene recently discovered in Sacchmomyces cereoisiae, was 

found. 


Evolutionary processes in truffles and 

false-truffles: evidence from distribution 

of hypogeous fungi in the Great Basin, USA 

Robert Fopel. Univ. of Michigan Herbarium, North University 

Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1057. 

The Great Basin (7l4,854 square km comprising most of the states of 

Utah and Nevada, plus portions of Oregon and Idaho) is an ideal 

"natural laboratory" for studies of truffle evolution because of the 

historical factors affecting plant and animal distributions in the region. 

Several general patterns are starting to emerge from our on-going 

study. The larger forest islands are refugia for hypogeous fungi associated 

with upper montane and subalpine ectomycorrhizal fxees, i.e., 

Picea mgelmannii, Pinus longaeon, P.jlexi1i.s. A few hypogeous fungi 

have reinvaded the Great Basin with their ectomycorrhizal hosts in 

the post-pluvial period, i.e., Pinus monopkylln, P. ponderosa, Pseudotsugn 

d i i , Abies concob, Cercocarpus ledifolius. Several false-truffles with 

"obligate" host requirements common just outside the Great Basin have 

apparently become locally extinct and have not been able to reinvade 

with their hosts. Three apparent cases of host switching, a prelude to 

speciation, have been documented. The number of endemic hypogeous 

fungi is unknown because the subalpine hosts, especially Pinus 

longaevn, have not been thoroughly collected. 


Cultural and cytological studies of Jola, a tropical 

heterobasidiomycetous moss symbiont 

Elizabeth M. Frieders and David J. McLaughlin. Dept. of Plant 

Biology, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul MN 55108. 

Jola is considered to be a tropical moss parasite which infects young 

sporophyte tissue and supplants the moss capsule. Jola is m t l y 

placed within the Auriculariales s. 1. but has been suggested to be 

related to the rusts. It has been little studied since Gaumann's initital 

work in 1922. Jola has never been grown in culture and details of its life 

cycle and cytology necessary for comparison with the Uredinales are 

lacking. 

Sporulating fruitbodies of Jola hookeriamm were collected on a Costa 

Rican moss and fixed in the field. E M of fruittpdy hyphae revealed 

simple septa1 pores with a pulley-wheel shaped plug and a ribosome- 

free zone containing microbodies, permanently condensed chromatin, 

and hyphae that break through the outer wall on branching. 

Basidiospores of J. hookerhmm collected in the field germinated on 

potato dextrose yeast extract agar and formed colonies with white 

mounded aerial mycelium. Cultured hyphae were identical to those of 

the fruitbodies in TEM. In culture, an unreported anamorph developed 

consisting of thin-walled, hyaline, mostly lcelled conidia arising hole 

blastically in a sympodial manner on conidiophores. The nudear con-

dition of hyphae and conidia was studied. Phylogenetic implications of 

the data will be discussed. 


Phenetic relationships of the mitochondria1 

genome in shiitake 

M. Fukuda, *Y. Nakai, -D. S. Hibbett, *T. Matsumoto, and Y. 

Hayashi. Shinshu Univ., Minarniminowa, Nagano 399-45 

Japan, Tottori Mycological Institute, 211 Kokoge, Tottori 

689-11 Japan, **Dept. of Biology, Framingham State College, 

Framingham, MA 01701. 

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of total mitochon- 

drial DNA (mtDNA) were obtained using Eco R1 and Barn H1 diges- 

tion of mtDNA from 51 wild isolates of shiitake from the Japanese 

archipelago, Borneo, Thailand, Papua New Guinea, and New Zealand. 

Phenetic analysis reveals two major mtDNA RFLP similarity groups. 

One group contains 17 Japanese isolates, and the other contains iso- 

lates from the South Pacific and Southeast Asia, as well as two isolates 

from Southern Japan. These results provide support for the 

view that there are geographically separated, genetically distinct taxo- 

nomic entities with& shiitake. ~;w&er, the i&usion of the two 

Japanese isolates in the South Pacific cluster is puzzling. One possible 

exulanation of the results is that there has been mitochondrial intro- 

gression from South Pacific poulations into Japanese populations. 


Studies of C yptomycina pteri'dis 

Audrey C. Gabel, Steven Metz, and Rebecca Studt. Dept. of 

Biology, Black Hills State Univ., Spearfish, South Dakota 57799. 

Tissues of Pteridiurn nquilinurn from healthy, a bnody developed, 

and diseased fronds were observed to compare fungal colonization 

and predict destructiveness. Inter- and in&cellularVhyphae were 

observed in mesophyll of diseased pinnules, and stromata developed 

in substornatal cavities. In diseased rachises hyphae were common in 

and between cortical cells, less common between endodermal cells, 

and rare in xylem and phloem. Hyphae were commonly observed in 

phloem of diseased rhizomes. Hyphae were more compact in rachises 

and rhizomes than in pinnules. Cells that were neither invaded nor 

close to hyphae appeared normal. Cortical cells in healthy rhizomes 

contained more plastids than cortical cells in diseased rhizomes. No 

hyphae were observed in healthy or abnormally developed fronds. 

Maaoconidia produced in stromata were measured from 4 Black Hills 

and 82 worldwide collections of C. pteridis. Macroconidia fell into two 

groups based on length. Small macroconidia (mean ranges of 11.8-16.1 

P m) represented 62% of the collections, and large maaoconidia (mean 

ranges of 20.1-28 pm) represented 34% of the collections. Ma~oconidia 

in the large group have lengths longer than the 20 p-t reported in the 

literature. Of North American collections, 81% from areas east of the 

Missouri River contained small maaoconidia, and 74% of western 

collections contained large maaoconidia. Macroconidia from Black 

Hills collections were over 20 pm regardless of the time of year 

collected. 

Hawaii's native rust flora 

Wednesday, 8:OOam 

Donald E. Gardner. National Park Service Cooperative Park 

Studies Unit, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa, 3190 

Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822. 

Twenty-two rusts are currently recognized as native to Hawaii, 

including 13 endemic species (those known only in Hawaii), and nine 

indigenous species (those naturally introduced but known from other 

localities as well). In general, the indigenous status is more tentative 

than is the endemic status. 

Hawaii is the most remote major island group from a continental land 

mass in the world. The relatively small number of native rusts is 

attributed to this isolation rather than to unfavorable environmental 

influences. Like their endemic hosts, endemic rusts display unusual or 

distinctive characteristics resulting from evolution in isolation: The 

endemic rust flora is disharmonic; e.g., four species are members of the 

genus Ate10~11ud.a on a single host, Acacin kon. 

All endemic rusts are limited to endemic hosts and are typically rare or 

infrequent, limited by localized populations of the hosts, and/or perhaps 

by incomplete rust/host adaptation. Two rusts are known only 

from on@ 1920's collections. 

All are aut&ous and have abbreviated life cycles, most being miaocyclic 

or species of Uredo. 

Teliospore germination and nuclear behavior are often atypical. 


Analysis of molecular variation in Aspergillus 

nidulans group species - population genetic 

and taxonomic implications 

David M. Geiserl, Michael L. Arnold' and William E. 

Tirnberlakelz. Depts. of Genetics1 and Plant Pathology2, Univ. 

of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. 

Strains of Aspe~gilllus nidulans from around the world and strains from 

closely related species isolated from Southwestern desert soils were 

analyzed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLF"s) and 

electrophoretic karyotype variation. Clones averaging 35kb in length 

were randomly chosen from a chromosome-specific cosmid DNA 

library and used as probes. Low levels of RFLP and karyotype varia- 

tion were observed among strains belonging to different heterokaryon- 

compatibility groups fir groups) isolated from Great Britain, and 

among strains with similar colony morphology isolated from around 

the world, suggesting that these strains are of recent common ancestry. 

Strains isolated from Southwestern desert soils, which have a primari- 

ly cleistotheaal growth form, appear to belong to a separate dade from 

the more conidial British-type strains. We conclude that these two 

genetically distinct groups are ecologically distinct based on their 

morphological differences. 


Effects of temperature and salinity on 

Dendryphiella salina 

Robert V. Gessner, Jeonggu Sim, and Michael A. Romano. 

Dept of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois Univ., Macomb, 

IT., 61455. 

Strains of the marine deuteromycete Dendyphielkr snlina, isolated from 

marine plant remains in southeastern Canada and New England, were 

examined for their responses to temperature and salinity. The cdtures 

were grown in GPY broth prepared with deionized water and dilu- 

tions of artificial seawater. Dry weight was determined after 10 days 

from standing cultures. Strains grew from.5-3SC and demonstrated a 

broad tolerance to salinity. The optimum temperatures for growth 

were 2.5-30'C depending on the strain. The optimum salinity was 100% 

seawater at 25 30'C. The broad temperature and salinity tolerances of 

the strains studied correspond with the widedistribution of this species 

in coastal marine habitats.


Structural features and ascospore development 

in the grass-epiphytic species Myriogenospora 

atramentosa and Balansia linearis 

Anthony E. Glem and James F. White, Jr. Dept. of Biology, 

Auburn University, Montgomery, Alabama 36117 

Studies were conducted on Myriogmspora atrmnentosa (Berk & Curt.) 

Diehl and Bahia link Rehm) Diehl. Both fungi are epiphytic and 

form black linear stromata on rolled or folded leaf surfaces. Perithecia 

are entirely submerged within stromata, without emergent perithecial 

necks. Filamentous ascospores become multiseptate and disarticulate 

into numerous short segments (partspore initials). These reinitiate 

bipolar determinate pwth to form fusifonn part-spores. In other 

' linosporous ascomycetes infecting grasses and sedges, perithecia are 

not fully recessed within sbomata and filamentous ascospores may 

disarticulate but do not reinitiate development of segments. It is 

proposed that the leaf-epiphyte B. linemis may be more appropriately 

classified in the genus Myiogenospora Atk. than in Balunsiu Speg., a 

genus typified by the grass endophyte B. clumceps Speg. 


Genetic recombination in the parasexual cycle 

in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense 

Lucrecia and David N. Kuhn. Dept. of Biological 


We want to investigate the genetic recombination that may occur 

during a parasexual cross of Fusmium myspoturn f. sp. cubense (Foc). We 

used W irradiation to produce a variety of mutants in 12 strains of 

Foc which represent three vegetative compatibility p ups from widely 

separated geographic regions. UV irradiation has proved a convenient 

and efficient mutagen because Foc is haploid. Multiply marked strains 

will be aossed by plating them together on a selective medium that 

only allows rapid growth of fwd cells (heterokaryons). Colonies from 

the mimnidia from the heterokaryotic cells will be saeened for 

recombination of unselected mutant phenotypes. 

Colonies that show recombination of mutant phenotypes from both 

parents will be further characterized by molecular techniques, such as 

amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using RAPD (ran- 

dom amplified polymorphic DNA) primers. Primers that give poly- 

morphic amplification of DNA from the parents of the parasexual 

cross can be used to analyse the progeny for inheritance of unmarked 

and unselected regions of each parent's genome. In preliminary 

experiments, we have detected sufficient polymorphism to idenhfy 

individual isolates of Foc. 

Monday, I 0 am 

Intercontinental variation in three species 

of Marasmius 

Scott A. Gordon and Ronald H. Petersen. Dept. of Botany, 

Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1100. 

Species of Hymenomycetes traditionally have been aKumscribed 

using basidiome macro- and micromorphological characters, which 

may be congruent or very similar aao& intercontinental ranges. Very 

few taxa, howwer, have been examined to provide information on 

intercontinental sexual compatibility or biochemical (enzymatic) vari- 

ation. Three intercontinentally distributed species of Mmmius (M. 

androstzceus, M. rotuln, and M. sanodonius) are being analyzed using 

morphometrics, protein electrophoresis, and sexual compatibility. 

These characters are analyzed for each species using collections and 

cultures (monokaryons and dikaryons) from North America and 

Europe. They exhibit a variety of intercontinental sexual compatibility 

patterns, from complete intercompatibility or complete interincom- 

patibility, to sweral intersterility groups within and between North 

America and Euroue. These data are compared and correlated with 

morphometric and' electrophoretic data, Ad substrate affinity to 

provide information on intra- and intercontinental genetic variation. In 

addition, speciation processes and species concepts are discussed. 


Burkard spore trap monitoring 

of a yard waste composting facility 

Haines and Lawrence D. Syzdek. New York State 

Museum, Rm. 3132 CEC, Albany, NY 12230. 

The open windrow, municipal, yard waste, composting facility at Islip, 

NY, was monitored by continuously operating Burkard spore trap 

samplek from July 1992 to March 1993. A sampler was also operated 6 

miles away to obtain background counts. Samples were scanned with a 

lOOX objective and all fungal spores were divided into 30 taxonomic 

categories. More than 350,000 spore records were entered into a data- 

base-for analysis. The Burkard has the advantage of sampling all viable 

and nonviable spores, pollens, and dust particles. A permanent slide 

record is made that can be reanalyzed at any time. 

The most prevalent spore emitted from the site is from Aspergillus 

migatus, but it is not prevalent in background air. A.jiirnigatus was 

measured in amounts from 0 to >32,000 spores/m3 of air near the site, 

with an average of 865 spores/mS during the work week and 354/m3 

on Sundays. 

Correlation analysis of the 13 most common spore categories counted 

revealed them to form four behavior groups based on timing in the air. 

Ascospores, colored basidiospores, hyaline basidiospores, and most 

pigmented deuteromycetes grouped together as might be expected, 

but Pithomyces grouped closer to the colored basidiospores than with 

the rest of the deuteromycetes. 


Primary tissue and its role in the development 

of the podetium in Cladonia 

Samuel Hammer. Dept. of Organismic and Evolutionary 

Biology and the Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium, 

Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA 02138. 

The meristematic primary tissue detexmines morphological character- 

istics of podetia in the genus Cladoniu. The primary tissue is purely 

fungal, lacking dim? &hlar contact with the algal host, and it is 

present at apical portions of podetia from their inception through 

maturity. By tracing the development of the primary tissue, which is 

presumed to be homologous in species of Ckulonia, podetial ontogeny 

is clarified, and mature podetia can be compared without the inter- 

ference of variability. This provides the opportunity for re-anlalyzing 

relationships within the genus, particularly among taxa that have 

previously been chemically circumscribed. 

S a 

Poster El; Sunday pm 

Underground structures in Cladonia 

. Dept of Organismic and Evolutionary 

Biology and the Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium, 

Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA 02138. 

Species of CIadaiu produce massive fungal structures beneath the sur- 

face of the substratum. some of which are wrsistent wen in mature, 

photosynthetically a&ve thalli. The stru&es may be broadly consi- 

dered either as rhizomorphs or sclerotia, and they appear to dwelop in 

stages, beginning as distinct hyphae and later conglomerating. They 

are characterized by the secretion of extracellular substances which 

bind the hyphae to one another and to the substratum, and in some of

the species studied, the structures formed by the fungus and its exue- 

tions are indistinguishable from the substratum. These structures have 

previously been considered to function both as anchoring and nutri- 

tional devices, but their role is not known. 


Multidimensional scaling analysis of 

RAPD-PCR data from Candida albicans 

Han Xiao-v and David N. Kuhn. Dept. of Biological 


86 strains of Candida albicrms were collected from blood, sputum or 

urine of patients from three hospitals in Miami. Total DNA of each 

strain was isolated and amplified separately with three RAPD (random 

amplified polymorphic DNA) primers. A total of twenty-four different 

sized fragments were observed for the population Each fragment is 

treated as a locus with only two possible alleles. The presence of a 

band at a locus is scored as 1, absence as a zero. Multidimensional 

scaling (MDS) was applied to the RAPD loci. The Euclidean distance 

between eachpair of the 86 isolates was calculated and used as a proxi- 

mity measure for MDS analysis. MDS successfully reduced the test 

profile from 24 to two dimensions, but no dear structure of the popula- 

tion was observed. The RAPD profile data was also analyzed by the 

unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic average (UPGMA). A 

dendrogram was generated and the results of the two different analy- 

ses will be discussed. 

We also wanted to find a RAPD primer to be used as a diagnostic for 

C. albim. The RAPD primer E3 (Operon Technology) produced a 

unique profile specific for C. albicm. In our initial results, as few as 

40-50 C. albicmrs cells were reproducibly detected. 


Comparison of sterile dematiaceous fungi isolated 

from mycorrhizal white pine roots using RFLP analysis 

Sharon Hamev, S.O. Rogers, and C.J.K. Wang. Dept. of 

Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environ- 

mental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 

13210. 

In a recent study up to 95% of endophytes isolated from the roots of 

outplanted white pine seedlings were sterile, dematiaceous fungi, 

which are often classified as Mycelia Sterilia radican.. Their abundance 

would seem to indicate an important role in this ecosystem. Morph- 

ology of the mycorrhizae andbf the fungal cultures iemselves &own 

in oitro can tentatively classify these isolates as belonging to previous- 

ly identified ectendomycorrhizal and/or psuedomycorrhizal groups. 

This study reports on the comparison of unknown sterile, dematia- 

ceous micorhtizal fungi using PCR amplified rDNA and RFLP 

(restriction fragment length polymorphisms) analysis of known and 

unknown cultures. 


Evolutionary relationships within the 

Sarcoscyphaceae (Pezizales, Discomycetes) 

based on morphological characters 

Francs A. H a w . L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell Univ., 

Ithaca, New York 14853. 

The Sa-haceae is a small cosmopolitan (predominantly tropical) 

family with brightly colored cup-shaped apothecia that is characterized 

by moderate to thick oped and multinudeate spores and paraphyses. 

As currently defined,the family indudes 13 genera assigned to 

three tribes (Sarcoscypheae, Boedijnopezizeae, and Pithyeae). Cladistic 

analysis of morphological and anatomical characters for all 13 genera 

was undertaken in order to construct a hypothesis of phylogenetic 

relationships among these taxa and to evaluate existing subfamilial 

classifications. Characters selected included spore shape, spore orna- 

mentation as well as both miaoscopic and macroscopic apothecial 

attributes. The data were primarily from published sources which 

were checked against collections. In general, each genus was represent- 

ed by one exemplar species except in cases where more than one char- 

acter state occurred within a genus. A preliminary analysis using 21 

characters and 19 OTU's with Rutsfroemiajma (Persoon: Fries) Kar- 

sten (Sclerotiniaceae) as the outgroup yielded 835 equally parsimoni- 

ous trees (length: 65 steps and a c.i. of 0.49). The strict consensus tree 

for these dadograms showed support for the monophyly of the tribe 

Boedijnopezizeae and in indicating sister taxon relationship between 

Pseudoplthyella Seaver and Pitkya Fuckel. Based on these results, how- 

ever, the monophyly of several genera is questioned. 


Identification of Ceratocystiopsis ranaculosus 

from the mycangium of western pine beetle 

nomas C. H a and Potia T. W. Hsiau. Dept of Plant 

Pathology, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011. 

Female adults of two closely related bark beetle species, Dendroctonus 

frontalis (southern pine beetle, SPB) and D. breoicomis (western pine 

beetle, WPB), have welldeveloped pronotal mycangia. Recent studies 

of SPB fungal associates found that most mycangia contain spores of 

either Ceratocystiopsis ranaculosus, a basidiomycete, or both fungi. 

Ophiostorna minus and 0. nigoarrpum are commonly isolated from 

male and female SPB but not from mycangia. We now report that the 

mycoflora of WPB is similar to that of SPB. In dilution platings of adult 

WPB collected in California, 0. minus, 0. nigrocmpum and L. terehtis 

were isolated from males and females, but a hyphomycete was isolated 

only from female beetles. The hyphomycete was the most commonly 

isolated fungus from surface-sterilized pronota of females, which 

contain the mycangium. An unidentified basidiomycete that was 

distinct from the SPB basidiomycete was the next most commonly 

isolated fungus from WPB pronota. When 16 isolates of the hypho- 

mycete were paired on pine twig media, nearly half of the pairings 

resulted in production of perithecia and ascospores of C. ranaculosus; 

the.pattern of compatibility suggested that there were eight isolates of 

each mating type. Pairings of these WPB isolates with SPB isolates of 

opposite mating type also resulted in fertile perithecia of C. ranacu- 

losus. This is the first confirmed report of C. ranaculosus outside of the 

southeastern U.S. and conflicts with earlier reports that 0. nigroqum 

is one of the two primary mycangial fungi of WPB. 

Monday, 315 pm 

The mold communities of burrows of the banner-tailed 

kangaroo rat and the surrounding grassland soil 

Lauraine Hawkins. Dept. of Biology, Univ. of New Mexico, 

Albuquerque, NM 87131. (Current address: Pennsylvania State 

Univ., Mont Alto Campus, Mont Alto, PA 17237.) 

The banner-tailed kangamo rat, Dipodatys spectabilis, is a granivorous 

rodent of the arid grasslands of the southwestern United States and 

northern Mexico. Seeds stored within the rodent burrows are colo- 

nized rapidly by molds. This study compared the communities of 

molds found in the soil of the burrows and in the surrounding grass- 

land. Soil samples (n=138) were collected between 1989 and 1991. 

Fungal colonies were five times more abundant in burrow soils than 

away from burrows. Community composition also differed substan- 

tially, with Peniciflium more abundant and Aspergillus less abundant at 

than away from bmws. A diverse, but relatively predictable, com- 

munity of molds inhabits the burrow soils. These molds colonize the 

organic matter within the burrows which is consumed by both the

kangaroo rats and many invertebrate detritivores. Burrows and dens PAGE, employing in sifu renaturation, in order to determine how 

of many animals are likely to be important sites of microbial activity many kinds of cellulases Achlya produces and whether the induced 

and decomposition, esp&ally in arid environments. 

enzykes are different from vegetative ones. Si bands of activity were 

detected in filtrates from vegetative culhues. These have approximate 

molecular weights of 205,97,74,34,28, and 24 kD, the strongest being 

Wednesday, 8:45 am 34 kD. Bands of similar mobility were detected in antheridiol-induced 

and peptone-induced cultures, with the strongest being 34 and 24 kD, 

Peridipes arachidis, a conidial anamorph 

and 97 and 34 kD, respecbvely. The major conclusion is that the celluof 

the peanut rust fungus (Uredinales) 

lases produced during antheridiol-induced and amino acid-induced 

branching are not forms unique to those morphogenetic events, but are 

Joe F. Hgmen and Pablo Buriticb. Dept. of Botany and Plant 

enzymes also seaeted during vegetative growth. The elevated activity 

Pathology, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907-1155 and 

of specific enzymes in the induced cultures implies that events of 

Institute Colombiano Agropequario, Bogoti, Colombia. 

branch initiation in induced and vegetative h$hae may not be as 

equal as the apparent similarity of their respective branch initials 

might suggest. 

The rust disease of peanuts (Arachis hypogaen) is important worldwide 

but the proper classification of the causal fungus remains unresolved. 

Puccinia machidis is the name universally used but the fungus is not a 

Puccinia. Perhaps it is a Soratam? On domesticated peanuts a conidial 

anamorph occurs widely but a teleomorph has been found only rarely. 

Wild Arachis spp. in Brazil commonly have telia. The hosts that basidi- 

ospores infect-(presumably Arachis spp.) and structures produced from 

these infections are unknown. A membranous mridium and uedicel- 

late spores characterize the conidiomata for which we propose P di- 

pes as a new anamorphic genus for Uredinales and Peridipes machidis 

for the peanut rust uredinia (conidiomata). 


Sporocarp ontogeny in Panus: 

evolution and classification 

. . be& 5. Murakarni, and +A. Tsuneda. Dept. of Biology, 

Framingham State College, Framingham, MA 01701, 

Tottori Mycological Institute, 211 Kokoge, Tottori 689-11 

Japan. 

We observed ontogeny of cultured sporocarps of Panus conchnfus, P. 

rudis, and P.fulvus using scanning electron microscopy. Early hymenophore 

differentiation in Panus is accomplished by periclinal growth of 

context hyphae below a dosed pallisade of immature hymenial elements, 

leading to a cantharelloih appearance. Development of the 

Panw hyrnenophore is qualitatively different from that previously 

observed in &tinus. This supports the view that the lamellae of Panus 

and Loltinus are not homo1op:ous. Panus conchatus and P. rudis have 

short stipes and develop diredly from the block of spawn. In contrast, 

P.fUIms has an elongate stipe, develops from a pseudosderotium, and 

has the ability to regenerate cut p&rdiurn apices. Panus rudis was 

unique among the three species in its possession of an ephemeral 

partial veil. Developmental and morphological variation in Panus 

results from nonterminal insertions or deletions in developmental 

programs, as well as heterochronic changes in stipe development. 


An electrophoretic comparison of cellulases 

secreted during sexual morphogenesis 

and vegetative growth of Achlya ambisexualis 

Terry W. Hill. Dept. of Biology, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 

38112. 

Male strains of the water mold Achlya mnbisexdis respond to the 

steroidal sex hormone antheridiol by producing an abundance of 

antheridial branches. The event is marked by a sharp rise in the rate of 

seuetion of endocellulases, to a level some 56 timi that associated 

with vegetative growth. Branches of initially similar form and abun- 

dance can also be induced by mixtures of amino acids, and this, too, is 

accompanied by an increase in cellulase secretion. These observations 

have led to a hypothesis that cellulases play a role in localized restruc- 

turing of the hyphal wall at sites of branch initiation, and possibly also 

in events of tip growth. Secreted cellulases were studied by SDS- 


Increased secretion of endoglucanases during 

yeast-like growth of Achlya 

Terry W. Hill and Nicholas P. Money. Dept. of Biology, Rhodes 

College, Memphis, TN 38112, and Dept. of Biochemistry, 

Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523. 

Under conditions of chronic osmotic stress, two species of the oomycete 

genus Achlya have been shown to grow as hyphae, with less than 

10% of their normal turgor pressure. When the osmotic pressure of the 

growth medium is raised to almost 2.0 MPa, no turgor can be measured, 

and the water mold grows with a yeast-like morphology. The 

changes in turgor and growth form are associated with a reduction in 

strength of the cell wall. Growth in the absence of measurable turgor is 

also associated with an increased rate of secretion of endoglucanases, 

assayed using CM-cellulose as a substrate. The behavior is exhibited 

when osmotic pressure is controlled with sucrose, sorbitol or polyethylene 

glycol-400. By contrast, the related species Saprolegnia fern 

maintains a normal tip-growing form, even in the absence of measurable 

turgor, and sh&s only a small increase in endoglucanase activity 

with increasing medium osmotic pressure. The maximum enzvme 

activity in ~ ~ilegnia media is as iittle as 3% of the level in id&tically 

grown yeast-like Adrlya cultures;when expressed as units/mg of total 

cell protein. Electrophoresis of the endoglucanases secreted by yeastlike 

cells of Achlya reveals six major bands with the same mobility as 

those found in the medium of tip-growing Achlya hyphae, indicating 

that no specialized pattern of endoglucanase secretion is associated 

with the morphological change. These 0b~eNations are consistent with 

the proposed role of endoglucanases in the control of wall strength. 


Effects of Enterobacter cloaceae infection in corn 

Dorothv M. Hinton, Charles W. Bacon, and Rita M. Bennett. 

USDA-ARS Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Richard 

B. Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30613. 

Enterobacter cloacae, a nitrogen-fixing bacterium was found to be a 

natural endophybc symbiont in seedling roots of an Italian corn cultivar. 

Ultrastructural examination of the roots showed a proliferation of 

bacterial cells within intercellular spaces of cells in the Artex and stele. 

There was no apparent degeneration of host cells in the presence of the 

bacterium. Enterobacter cloacae was shown to inhibit the growth of 

Fusarium monilifonne, a seedborne pathogen of corn and one of the 

causes of seedling blight of corn. The bacterium exhibited antibiotic 

properties in the presence of six isolates of F. monilifonne on nutrient 

agar. The bacterium was transferred into corn roots of other corn cultiv 

k which were planted in Fusmium-amended soil. These cultivars 

exhibited an increase in seed germination and seedling vigor compared 

to the control group. The results from this study suggest that E. 

cloacne has biocontrol potential for F. monilifm in corn.

symposium; Sunday, 1310 am 

Microinjection techniques for fungi 

B. C. Hock and A. Corrsa Jr. Dept of Plant Pathology, Comell 

Univ., NYSAES, Geneva, NY 14456. 

Introduction of large molecules and other normally impermeable 

materials into living filamentous fungal cells has been problematic if 

they have not been pretreatmented to facilitate uptake. Several 

methods are available to overcome cell impermeability, and include 

electroporation, particle (biolistic) bombardment, and microinjection. 

Of these, only microinjection has the advantage of allowing one to 

study aspects of cell function and development for preselected cells. 

Microinjection methodologies, conceived in the beginning of this 

century for testing the action of chemicals and mimrganisms in 

living plant cells, were not used extensively until the early 1950's when 

nuclei transplants and DNA injections were routinely performed in 

animal cells. Successful microinjection procedures have not been wide 

ly applied to intact filament~us'fun~al cells due in large part to the 

small size of most hyphae and the relatively high cell turgor pressures 

present in walled hyphae. We will discuss the development of a 

hydraulic aduated miaoinjection system and the protocols used to 

a&eve high success rates of microhjectmg various materials, e.g., 

synthetic fluorocarbon fluids, fluorophoreconjugated pharmacological 

agents, etc. into urediospore germlir& of Uromyces appendiculatus. 

Successful microinjections are measured by the fungal cells exhibiting 

normal responses to the injectant. The methods should be,for 

the most part, applicable to other walled hyphae. 

Tuesday,3:15 pm 

RAPD-PCR for identification of Zoophthora radicans 

isolates in biological control of Empoasca fabae 

(Homoptera: Cicadellidae) 

Kathie T. Hods *Alan J. Sawyer, *Richard A. Humber. Dept. 

of Plant Pathology, Comell Univ. and *USDA/ARS, U.S. Plant, 

Soil, and Nutrition Lab., Tower Rd., Ithaca NY 14853-2901. 

Biocontrol studies require the ability to distinguish released pathogens 

from locally occuning isolates of the same species. We have developed 

a technique that differentiates genotypes using random amplified 

polymorphic DNA (RAPD) for the apomictic species Zoophtkura rdi- 

Enns (Zygomycota: Entomophthorales), a pathogen of the potato leafhopper, 

ErnpoasEnj2bae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). RAPD analysis was 

performed on Z. radians isolates released in test plots in 1990 and 1991 

for leafhopper control; isolates later recovered from the same plots and 

diverse other isolates were included in the analysis. RAPD banding 

patterns of recovered isolates proved identical to those of the released 

isolates, and different from all other isolates tested. We have found this 

simple and relatively inexpensive method valuable in determining the 

establishment and spread of isolates released in biocontrol studies. . 


The role of cell structure in the hygroscopic 

activities of Astraeus hygrometrinss 

M. S. Huffi~u: and H. J. Arnott. Dept. of Biology, Box 19498, 

Univ. of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019. 

This study used time-lapse video photography, light microscopy (LM) 

and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to characterize the hygroscopic 

activity of the exoperidial rays of Astraeus hygromebicus. When 

dry, the exoperidial rays of A. hygrometrinrs overarch and protect the 

endoperidium. When wetted, the exoperidium folds outward exposing 

the endoperidium and allowing spore release. Our interest was to 

characterize the ray tissues involved in this movement. Transverse 

sections of the exoperidium exhibited four distinct layers of hyphal 

cells: 1. An adaxial surface layer composed of loosely attached cell 

clusters. 2 A layer consisting of elongate hyphal cells running perpen- 

dicular to the long axis of the rays. 3. A spongy layer composed of 

loosely interwoven hyphae. 4. A "compact" layer, extending to the 

abaxial surface, composed of densely interwoven hyphae. The struc- 

ture of the ray layers provides an explanation of hygroscopic move- 

ment. The spongy center layer (3) allows accommodation between 

layers 2 and 4 as they undergo expansion. 


The ientity and ecology of filamentous fungi 

isolated from black galls of trembling aspen 

J mnard I. Hutchison, *Priyotosh Chakravarty, and *Yasu 

Hiratsuka. Dept. of Forest Science, Univ. of Alberta, 

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G W1, and *Northern Forestry 

Centre, 5320-122nd Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 

3S5: 

In the aspen parkland-boreal forest transitional zone of central Alberta, 

several populations of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) have been 

found which possess large black turnour-like structures known as 

black galls. Field surveys dearly indicate that black-galled trees have a 

significantly reduced incidence of decay caused by Phellinus tremulae 

and bluestain caused by several Ophiosfoma species. The mechanism 

for this resistance is not known at present However, isolations from 

black galls have revealed the consistent presence of certain filamentous 

fungi including several unique yeast-like hyphomycetes. Several of 

these fungi produce metabolites antagonistic to either P. fremulae or 

various blue-stain fungi and may play a role as the causal agents of 

black gall or else occur as secondary invaders whose antagonistic 

metabolites diffuse into the wood to impart resistance against decay 

and stain. 


Zoospore assembly: microtubules help to 

make the package and arrange the contents 

v 1. Hydc and *Adrienne R Hardham. Biology Dept, 

York Univ., North York, Ontario, M3J IP3. *Research School of 

Biological Sciences, Australian National Univ., Canberra, ACT, 

2601. 

Knowing how zoospores form helps us to understand how they func- 

tion, and provides insight into general questions of cell differentiation. 

We need to know, in essence, how the organism can get one nucleus 

and a variety of organelles into a package that is sufficiently organized 

to allow the zoospore to perform its function. We have found that in 

the Oomycete, Phytophtkura cinmmomi, microtubules (MTs) play a 

central role in these processes. As in many other fungoid organisms, 

the zoospores of P. cinmmi form by cleavage of a large multinucle 

ate sporanejum. Our results show that even before cleavage is in- 

duced, thesporangial cytoplasm is organized into uninucieate 

domains that are defined by astral MT arrays, each arising from a 

nuclear pole. The arrays are asymmetric and help define, within the 

domains, a polar axis about which other organelles are arranged. After 

cleavage is induced, the MT arrays persist and are necessary for nor- 

mal cleavage. Cleavage follows from the formation of new plasma 

membranes that progressively surround apd separate the predeavage 

domains. These membranes provide the zoospore with a structure 

with which it can further organize itself. Four vesicles that initially are 

randomly distributed become bound to one or the other of the zoo- 

spore surfaces that lie at opposite poles of the axis described above. 

Dnig studies indicate that MTs are needed for the proper sorting of 

three of these vesicles. Mitochondria1 redistribution to the zoospore 

cortex is also MTdependent. The multiple roles played by MTs during 

zoosporogenesis in P. cinmmomi represent an excellent example of 

cellular efficiency.


Microscopic and ultrastructural examination 

of heterokaryon incompatibility in partial diploids 

heterozygous at het loci in Neurospora crassa 

David J. Jacobson and *hen L. Kl-. Dept. of Botany 

and Plant Pathology and Tenter-for Electron Optics, Michigan 

State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824-1312. 

Heterokaryon incompatibility (I-Q is expressed as death of fusion cells 

after anastomosis of incompatible strains. This prevents heterokaryon 

formation between strains carrying different alleles at a M gene. HI is 

also expressed where kef genes are duplicated in partial diploid 

strains, produced by crossing translo&tions with normal- 

sequence. If the parents carry different het alleles, the duplication pro- 

geny are heterozygous for the het gene. Heterozygous duplications are 

viable but HI is visualized as a slow-growing inhibited colony with 

abnormal morphology and pigment. We are studying these inhibited 

duplications microscopically and ultrastructurally to determine the 

sequence of events that ends in cell death. Although viable, extensive 

cell death is present in the inhibited colonies. This was observed as 

collapsed hyphae in cryo-SEM and differential uptake of the stain 

Evans Blue in light microscopy. Up to 25% of cells in the colony were 

dying or collapsed. These appeared to be randomly distributed 

throughout the colony. TEM indicated extensive hyphae growing 

internally within dead and dying cells. This occurred repeatedly. 

Hyphae appeared as concentric &gs in sections; the yohgest,healthi- 

est cell is at the center and the oldest, most deteriorated on the outside. 

Duplications provide a unique perspective to compare the ultrastruc- 

ture of cells at different stages of death. In addition, the ultrastructure 

of HI will be compared among duplications of different het genes to 

determine if genetic differences are expressed during the sequence of 

cell death. 


Effects of pH on enzymatic degradation 

of leaf litter in streams 

C .. and K. Suberkropp. Dept of Biol. Sciences, Univ. 

of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487. 

The occurrence of aquatic hyphomycetes and their degradative enzymes 

associated with decomposing tulip poplar (Lin'odendra tulipifern 

L.) leaves were studied in two streams. Microbial degradation of 

leaves in a softwater stream (average pH 6.3) was compared to that 

occurring in a hardwater stream (average pH 8.2). In addition to pH 

and alkalinity, concentrations of calcium, inorganic nitro~en and inorganic 

phosphorous were higher in the hardwater stream than in the 

softwater stream. Leaves placed in the hardwater stream were degraded 

more rapidly and exhibited higher concentrations of microbial biomass 

than leaves in the softwater stream. Rates of aquatic hyphomycete 

sporulation were also =eater in the hardwater stream. However, 

activities of the hydrolytic -&qmes, endocellulase, polygaladuronase 

and xylanase were higher in the softwater stream than in the hardwater 

stream. In conkt, the maximum activity of pectin lyase was 

four times higher in the hardwater stream than in the softwater stream. 

Based on penetrometer readings, used as an indication of the relative 

softness of the leaf matrix, the leaves in the hardwater stream became 

softer at a faster rate than the leaves in softwater stream. These results 

support previous laboratory observations that pectin lyase activity 

plays a greater role in the softening of leaf detritus than hydrolytic 

enzymes. 


Investigations of Xylobottyum andinum in pure culture 

Y.-M. 1~ and Jack D. Rogers. Dept of Plant Pathology, 

Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164-6430. 

Xylobotryum andinum has functionally bitunicate asci and ascostromatic 

ascomata. The inner ascus wall has a fluorescing apical ring. The 

harnathecial elements originate among the ascogenous elements. The 

bicellular ascospores have several germination slits in each cell. 

Germination occurs from only one cell, or from both cells, depending 

upon the proximity to stromata. Self-fertile and self-sterile isolates 

have been recovered. Uniascomtal colonies can be produced by 

special means. 


Systematics of a basidiomycetous yeast, 

Trimorphomyces papilionaceus, based on the small sub- 

unit rRNA gene sequence of mitochondria 

Hack S. lung, Young-Won Kang, and Soon-Gyu Hong. Dept. of 

Microbiology and Research Center for Molecular Microbio- 

logy, Seoul National Univ., Seoul 151-742, Korea. 

The mitochondrial DNA of a Trimosphomyces papilionaceus dikaryon 

strain was digested by restriction endonudeases and doned in E. wli 

plasmid. The doned DNAs were used as probes for Northern hybridi- 

zation with mitochondrial RNAs blotted on nitrocellulose paper. 

Genes of small and large subunit rRNAs were located and the 3.3 kb 

fragment containing the small subunit rRNA gene was sequenced. 

When compared to other known sequences of the gene, the present 

sequence said that nudeotides from 1350 to 2120 were the coding 

region for the 3' half of the gene. The secondary structure of the coding 

region was made and its basic structure proved to be the same as that 

of eubacteria. Judging from the phylogenetic tree based on the Knuc 

values of universally conserved sequences of the gene, mitochondria of 

T. papilionaceus have evolved with those of other fungi together. Within 

fungi, mitochondria of Smharomyces cereuisiae and S. pombe, Aspergillus 

niduh and Podospma aserbm, and the present studies came to 

develop separate lineages and positively confirmed that the present 

Tuesday, 990 am 

Immunolabelling the cytoskeleton of Saprolegnia 

Susan Kaminskyj and I. Brent Heath. Dept Biol, York Univ, 

Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3. 

The actin and microtubule cytoskeleton of Saprolegnia hyphae has been 

described using rhodamine phalloidin (RP) staining and freeze substi- 

tution electron miuoscopy (EM) respectively. Saprolegnia has diffuse 

central and detailed cortical actin mays (apical caps, subapical fila- 

ments and plaques) which bind RP under different conditions. Vari- 

able appearance and staining affinity imply different actin binding 

protein (ABP) complements and functional specialization. We have 

developed immunofluore~:ence O protocols in order to indentify 

and characterize the distribution of these ABPs. However, since com- 

monly used IF protocols can cause protein redistribution and cytc- 

plasmic reorganization, we first compared actin- and tubulin-IF 

patterns with those previously described. We are able to dual stain all 

types of actin array with RP/actin-IF showing that both probes yield 

equivalent information. Tubulin-IF did not resolve the details seen 

with EM and was subject to fixation induced reorganization, empha- 

sizing the need for cautious interpretation. 

In hyphae, the cytoskeleton must be attached to the cell membrane and 

thence to the hwhal wall, in order to interact with the environment. In 

extracts ass-react with antibodies to PI-integxin (Marcantonio and 

Hynes, J Cell Sd 106:1765). PI-integrin-IF revealed a population of fine 

cortical granules, which were more abundant in hyphal tips, and dif- 

fuse central staining, likely to be nonspecific. These observations 

suggest that hyphal tips do have cytoskeleton/hyphal wall inter- 

actions which may be analogous to focal contacts. 

KAPOOR & ADHOLEYA - see page 61 [late submittion] 

Myxomycetes of Ohio 


Harold W. Keller. and Karl L. Braun. Department of Microbio- 

logy and Immunology, Texas College of Osteopathic Medi- 

cine, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, and 5460 Ballentine Pike, 

Springfield, OH 45502. 

A grant from the Ohio Biological Survey in 1974 to HWK has supported 

this collaborative project with KLB. Most of the early m*omycete 

collections came from ground sites as well as the 265 collections of 

KLB dating from 1953. This study also emphasizes the corticolous 

myxomycetes that grow and fruit on the bark surface of living trees 

and vines. Over 600 collections of corticolous myxomycetes made by 

HWK beginrung in 1972 include 53 new taxa for the state of Ohio. At 

least twenty-five of the 88 counties in Ohio and over 153 different taxa 

are repented in this study. A number of new species were described 

including Arcyria pausiaca, ~adhamia rugulosa, ~idymium orthonemata, D. 

synspor&, ~ckinostelium coelocephalurn, Licea inco&icua, L. scyphoides, 

Macbridwla declinata, and Trabrooksia mlanata. , . Some corticolous svecies, 

once thought td be quite rare, are new records and common kt 

Ohio, for example, Clasfoderma debmyanum var. imperatorium, C. pa+pus, 

Comafricha elk, C.fimbriata, Stemonitis cunosa, Cribraria con@, C. 

minutissitnu, Diderma chondriodenna, Echinostelium brooksii, E.fra@e, 

Licea marginata, L. operculata, Macbrideola cornea, M. decnpillata, M. scintilkms, 

Minakatella long2?la, Badhamiopsis ainoae, Physmum cratm@nne, 

and P. synsporum. Additional new Ohio records each represented by 

one collection include Arcyria brunnea, Didymium sturgisii, Physarum 

aeneum, and P. jrmmricum. A detailed history of collectors, both past 

and present, is given that chronicles the activities of A.P. Morgan, C.G. 

Lloyd, and E.L. Fullmer, among others. A special section on the use of 

m*omycetes in classroom teaching with p;oposed laboratory exer- 

cises and research vroiects is included. Keys to the orders, families, and 

A , 

genera are provided. Examples of the water color illustrations 

prepared by Ka Botzis will be shown. 


Iturin A: A potential new fungicide for stored grains 

Maren. A. Klich, *Karen S. Arthur, Alan R. Lax, and John M. 

Bland. USDA, ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, P.O. 

Box 19687, New Orleans LA 70179, and *Gustafson Inc, Rt 1, 

P.O. Box 339A, McKinney TX 75050. 

The removal of synthetic fungicides from the market has created a 

demand for new, environmentally safe fungicides. Iturin A, a lipopeptide 

produced by Bacillus subtilis, has strong antifungal properties 

and low mammalian toxicity. To determine the efficacy of this compound 

as a potential fungicide on stored feed grains, lots of corn, 

peanuts and cottonseed were treated with varying concentrations of 

iturin A. The mycoflora of these treated seed was assayed along with 

that of controls of untreated seed and seed treated with fungicides 

used commercially for planting seed. Fungal species varied considerably 

in their sensitivity to iturin A. Si&cant reductions in total 

micoflora generally ~ccurred at itu& A concentrations of 50 to 100 

ppm. Concentrations greater than 200 ppm compared favorably to 

commercial fungicide treatments. 


Lambertellinia scutuloides, a new genus and 

species of Sclerotiniaceae, and its relationships 

Richard P. Korf and Pave1 Plant Pathology Herbarium, 

Cornell Universtiy, Ithaca, NY 148534203. 

Lmnbertellinia scutuloides Korf & Lizon (Mycotaxon 47,1993) was 

described from a Japanese collection on Aesculu. turbinata. The genus 

and species is characterized by davate (scutuloid), brownish, smooth 

spores, ectal exdpulum including a lay& of gelaked hyphae, and 

yellow stipitate apothecia arising from a black substratal stroma. 

Helotiurn berberidis Sydow ( ~~~0th. March. no 1576,1887, nom. nud.) 

and Hymenoschyphus caudatus (P. Karst.) Dennis sensu Kimbrough & 

Atkinson (1972), and sensu Dennis (1956) p.p. are conspecific. 

The substratal stroma is clear indication that Lmnbertellinia is a member 

of the Sclerotiniaceae in the current sense. It differs from the allied 

stromatal and phaeosporous Lambertella (and Phaeociboria, if that is 

condsidered distinct) k the long-celled s&cture of the ectal excipulurn, 

and, in particular, in the productionof an Idriella anamorph. 

Phaeosporous genera of the Leotiaceae (Phaeohelotium, Bulgaria, 

~ul~hlla, ~orokina, among others) have a very different eicipular 

structure, and all lack a substrata1 stroma. 

There are some pecies, mostly tropical, now amangted in Hymenoscy- 

phus which display a more or less strongly gelatinized or glassy, long- 

celled exapular structure. They may be more closely related to Lmn- 

bertellinia scutuloides than to other members of Hyvmoscyphus. This 

group apparently represents and interface between Leotiaceae and 

Sderotiniaceae. 

Poster E1O; Sunday pm 

The ecology and taxonomy of 

Bombardioidea (Lasiosphaeriaceae) 

John C. Krug and James A. Scott. Dept. of Botany, Univ. of 

Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2. 

Bomba7.dwidea is accepted as a distinct genus in the Lasiosphaeriaceae. 

It is characterized by superficial or -pent ascocarps with a three- 

layered wall and one-celled dark brown ascospores with one or two 

terminal germ pores, frequently with several apparently non-function- 

al minor pores. The perithecial wall is comprised of an obpynfonn, 

basally pigmented inner sac continuous with a median layer of loosely 

woven hyphae embedded in a gelatinous matrix surrounded by a 

darkly pigmented, coriaceous rind. This structure is resistant to desic- 

cation and may serve as a deterrent to insect grazing. Four species are 

recomized including one undesaibed taxon distributed in boreal 

laticdes and largelfconfined to moose dung. Ecologically the genus 

appears to be characteristic of old or arid substrata and most taxa 

except the above appear to prefer leporid dung. The various taxa will 

be illustrated and the ecological implications discussed. 

K. . A h 


Fungi associated with the decomposition 

of Juncus efisus 

and K. Suberkropp. Dept. of Biol. Sciences, Univ. 

of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487. . 

F'relimmxy investigations were conducted to examine the fungal flora 

associated with standing dead leaf litter of Juncus effusvs in a small 

freshwater wetland ecosystem. Senescence of leaves begins at the tip 

and pmeeds slowly toward the base. During the period of 0ct.-Feb., 

in situ rates of senescence averaged 21 an/mo. The effectiveness of 

HgCl(0.01& 0.005% w/v) and commercial bleach (50/50 v/v) as 

surface sterilizing agents were tested by treating experimentally 

colonized leaf pieces for increasing times (1,2 & 5 min). Leaf pieces

had been colonized with Pestalotia sp. for 3 weeks and dipped in a 

spore suspension containing conidia of Trichoderma sp., Cladosporium 

sp. and Penicillium sp.. Commercial bleach was the most effective of 

these treatments. ~ h t i oof n fungal taxa associated with f. Bsus 

involved the collection of standing dead senescent leaves from random 

sites within the wetland. Leaves were cut into 2 an long pieces; 100 

leaf pieces were surface sterilized for 5 min. in 50/50 v/v commercial 

bleach ahd 100 were left untreated. Fifty leaf pieces of each treatment 

were plated onto 1/2 strength corn meal agar and the remaining 50 

onto mineral water agar (damp chamber). Frequency of fungal taxa 

from surface sterilized leaves indicated that the most common genera 

were Cuymqma sp. (56%), Drechslera sp. (52"/0), Phoma sp. (30%) and 2 

unidentified Deuteromycetes in the Moniliales (58%) and the Melanconiales 

(44%). Untreated leaf material supported similar fungal taxa, 

but with much higher frequencies of Cladospwium sp. (68% vs. 4% in 

surface sterilized treatments), Rhinodadielln sp. (42% vs. 12%), Altermria 

sp. (34% vs. 14%) and Acremaium sp. (24% vs. 0%). 


Double-stranded RNA from Phytophthora 

megaspma as a probe for the initiation of 

the parasexual cycle 

David N. Kuhn, Benjamin Allen, and Jose Soto. Dept. of 

Biological Sciences, Florida International Univ., Miami, FL 

33199. 

We plan to produce a cDNA to a portion of the double-stranded RNA 

(dsRNA) we have observed in three Phytopkfhura megaspemu isolates. 

With this cDNA as a hybridization probe, we will monitor the transfer 

of dsRNA into uninfeded cultures. DsRNA transfer requires hyphal 

fusion, the first step in the parasexual cycle, but may occur without 

formation of a stable heterokaryon or karyogamy, later stages in the 

parasexual cycle. Previously, we could only observe stable hetero- 

karyons. Now, detection of dsRNA transfer by hybridization should 

prove a more sensitive measure of the initiation of the parasexual 

cyde. We characterized the dsRNA by electrophoresis, hybridization, 

and in vitro translation prior to cDNA cloning. 

DsRNA was isolated from three P. megaspenna cultures (kindly supplied 

by Dr. Everett Hansen, Oregon State Univ.) from two different 

regions and pathogenic on different hosts. Each culture had the identi- 

. cal four molecules of dsRNA: 14.8 kb, 5.8 kb, 1.9 kb, and 0.8 kb. The 

smaller molecules all hybridized with the largest (14.8 kb) molecule. 

Total dsRNA showed no hybridization to P. megasperma DNA or RNA. 

Interestingly, total dsRN~from P. megasperma hybridized with dsRNA 

from P. infestans. In etro translation of total P. megasperma dsRNA 

resulted in nine dsRNA-specific protein products ranging from 235 to 

89 kDa. The largest dsRNA molecule encoded six of these proteins. In 

vivo labelling experiments suggest that expression of dsRNAspecific 

proteins are synthesized at an early growth stage in the host cell. 


The systematics of the Ramalina americana group 

Scott. Dept. of Botany, Box 90339, Bio. Sci. Bldg., Duke 

Univ., Durham, NC 277084339. 

In a systematic investigation of the chemotypes of the lichen Ramalina 

mnericmra, a pilot study utilizing PCR fragment banding patterns suggests 

that the chemotypes are a monophyletic group. RFLP patterns 

obtained by digesting the PCR fragments with four-cutter restriction 

enzymes demonstrate that genetic variability exists within chemotypes. 

The breeding system of these fungi will be elucidated by the 

chemical analysis of the progeny of maternal individuals of known 

chemotype. ~reliminar~wo;k has resulted in the rediscovery of the 

sekikaic/homosekikaic acid race of R. a m ' m and has yielded the 

first report of meta-depside production in a lichen fungus culture. 


Use of white-rot fungi in bioremediation of 

contaminated soil 

Richard T. lamar. Institute for Microbial and Biochemical 

Technology, USDA-Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 

Madison, WI. 

The ability of lignindegrading fungi to transform and in many cases 

completely - - mineralize a wide variety of hazardous organic compounds 

in aqueous culture has generated inkrest in using the& organisms in a 

varietv of bioremediation and biotreatment activities. We have focused 

our wbrk on the development of a technology for the bioremediation 

of contaminated soils, initially targeting soils contaminated with the 

wood preservative pentachlorophenol (PCP). This technology involves 

inoculation of contaminated soil with selected species of lignindegrading 

fungi that colonize the soil and transform the contaminants 

to innocuous products. 

We have evaluated the utility of lignindegrading fungi in soil remedi- 

ation in several independent field investigations. In the first study, the 

ability of two lignin>egrading fungi to deplete PCP from a stro&ly 

alkaline (pH 9.6) sandy gravel soil, that was contaminated with a com- 

mercial wood preservative, was examined. Inoculation of soil contain- 

ing 250 to 400 ppm PCP with either Phanerochaete duysosporium or 

P. sordida resulted in overall decreases of 88% to 91% of PCP in the 

soil in 6.5 weeks. Inocula consisted of aspen (Populus tremuloides 

Michx.) wood chips thoroughly grown through with P. chrysosporium 

or P. wdida. The demease was achieved under suboptimal tempera- 

hues for the growth and activity of these organisms and without the 

addition of inorganic nutrients. However, because the soil had a very 

low organic matter content, peat was included as an additional source 

of organic carbon for fungal growth and activity. 

The second study was a treatability study conducted at the former 

Brookhaven Wood Preserving facility in Brookhaven, MS. While the 

facility was in operation both PCP and creosote we^ used to treat 

poles. the abilities of the lignin-degrading fungi P. chrysospmium, P. 

sordida, and Trmnetes hissuta to remove PCP and polynuclear aromatic 

(PAH) components of creosote from a strongly acidic (pH 3.8) day soil 

from a waste sludge pile were evaluated. Inoculation of soil that was 

contaminated with PCP (672 ppm) and creosote (total of 15 measured 

PAWS ca 4017 PPM) with P. sordida resulted in an 89% depletion of 

PCP and a 75% depletion of total measured PAWS after 8 weeks. 

Inocula consisted of pure cultur& of each organism grown on a 

nutrient foMed sawdust-grain mixture used in the commercial 

,cultivation of mushrooms. 

Results from these field trials demonstrate that the development of a 

technology that employs lignin-degrading fungi to remediate contami- 

nated soils is promising. Actual implementation of the technology on a 

commercial scale will require the development of an economical and 

effective inoculum and improvement in the efficiency of contaminant 

removal. 

SymposiumTuesday, 1020 am 

Current trends in the molecular 

epidemiology of fungal infections 

Brent J a*. Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease 

Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. 


The Lactatius species of Minnesota, systematics 

and biogeography of section Dapetes Fr. ex Burl. 

Patrick R. Jeacock. Dept. of Plant Biology, Univ. of Minnesota, 

St. Paul, MN 55108. 

The Lactarius flora of Minnesota is strongly affiliated with that of the 

Great Lakes region. The biomes of boreal forest, eastern deciduous

forest, and prairie create a rich assemblage of habitats. To explore one ship. No dear consensus of the relationship of the Labyrinthulomy- 

aspect of the state's biodiversity a survey of the ectomycorrhizal genus cetes to other major protoctistan groups is found using existing 

Lacfarius was undertaken. More than 50 species are being documented morphological and biochemical data. 

for Minnesota. This paper reports on those species in section Dapetes 

(subgenus Lactarius sensu Hesler & Smith) which is currently the most 

understood group in the state. Illustrations, morphological characters, 

and a species key are presented. Some nomenclatural and taxonomic 

problems are discussed. Six species are known for Minnesota: L. cheli- 

donium, L. detem'mus, L. indigo, L. paradom, L. d. salmoniwlw, and L. 

thyinos. Four of these taxa are new reports for the state. Ladmius deter- 

rimus was previously reported undeithe name L. deliciosus. Lacrarius 

subpurpureus is the only Great Lakes species not documented for Min- 

nesota. Lactarius d. salmoniwlor is newly documented for the United 

States; it differs from the European L. salmonicolor by having wider 

basidiospores and by lacking kmocystidia. In ~i~esota this section 

is associated predominantly with conifers. These species show several 

biogeographical pattern: circumboreal, amphipacific, and American 

endemic. 

Symposium; Tuesday, 11:05 am 

Phylogeny and identification of pathogens 

using ribosomal DNA characters 

Steven B. Lee. Dept. of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Northern 

Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639. 

Molecular phylogeny of fungi and fungal-like protists is an exciting, 

expanding field. Early reports on the utility of comparative sequencing 

of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS) for phylogeny 

of phytopathogens (Lee and Taylor 1989) and mycorrhizal fungi 

(Gardes ef al. 1989) have been followed by an increasing number of 

fungal molecular systematic studies utilizing rDNA gene regions 

(Bruns et al. 1991). 

Human fungal pathogen phylogeny has been inferred from nudear 

small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence comparisons (Bowman ef al. 

1992). Furthermore, genotypic identification methods that are reliable 

and rapid can be developed based on the DNA sequence data. 

The enthusiasm and excitement shared by both phytopathologists and 

medical mycologists for these genotypic identification methods is due 

in part to the universal, rapid, i d simple nature of the techniques that 

have been developed. Some recent advances in DNA techniques that 

indude a microwave mini-prep method (Goodwin and Lee i993) and 

multiplex PCR identification scheme (Liu and Lee 1993) will be 

outlined. 

Monday, 1130 am 

Phylogeny of Labyrinthulomycetes 

inferred from ribosomal DNA 

Steven B. Lee Antonio Izzo and *David Porter. Dept. of Biolo- 

gical Sciences, Univ. of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639 

and *Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. 

The phylogeny of the Labyrinthulomycetes is uncertain. Labyrinthule 

mycetes are placed in two taxonomic groups: the labyrinthulids and 

the thraustochytrids. These are separated into either two families 

(Olive, 1975) or two orders @loss, 1986). 

Attempts to relate the labyrinthulids and the thraustochytrids based 

on cy&logical, biochemi&l and developmental studies has not met 

with any consensus. The labvrinthulids and thraustochvtrids both 

have b'throsomes, Golgi cisiernae with thin walled sties, similar 

flagellar length ratios of their biflagellate heterokont zoospores, promi- 

nent nudeoli, tubular mitochondria1 cristae and similar centriole 

morphology supporting a dose relationship. However differences in 

ribosomal RNA molecular weights, presence or absence of a sexual 

zoospore, eyespot or flagellar swelling argues against their relation- 

We have begun to evaluate the utility of ribosomal gene sequence 

comparisons for inferring phylogenetic relationships of Labyrinthulo- 

mycetes. Partial nuclear small subunit sequences (SSrDNA) of Labyin- 

thuln zoosterae and Thraustochytnum motiuum have been determined. 

Their complete SSrDNA sequences will be added to a growing data 

base as a part of a larger molecular systematic study of this group of 

protists and will be useful for determining their phylogenetic 

relationships. 

Annual Lecture; Tuesday, 1:00 pm 

Basidiomycetes and the New Genetics 

Paul A. Lemke. Dept. of Botany and Microbiol., Auburn Univ., 

Auburn, AL 36849-5407. 

Against a background of varied and often extravagant sexual cydes, 

fungi have provided much opportunity for genetic study. Studies 

involving the basidiomycetes Schizophyllum commune, Coprinus cinereus 

and Ustihago maydis are noteworthy. More recently, in-vitro genetic 

procedures have extended the potential for detailed genetic study to 

other species. 

Two basidiomycetes, the ectomycorrhizal Laccaria laccnta and the 

edible mushroom-forming Pleurotus ostreatus have been investigated as 

systems for DNA-mediated transformation. Using a standard non- 

replicative vector, transformation of L. laccnfa occurred at a frequency 

of 5.50 transformants/pg vector DNA/IO' protoplasts. While transfor- 

mation of P. ostrentus with the same vector occurred at comparable 

frequency, Southern blot analysis indicated an unexpected replicative 

mode of transformation. These P. ostreatus transformants consistently 

contained in-vim generated recombinant plasmids larger in size than 

the initial vector. One such plasrnid, pPO1, contained in addition to 

vector sequences an insert of chromosomal origin. Sequence analysis of 

this insert revealed high free-energy hairpin-loop forming subse- 

quences, an associated analogue to centromere-affiliated sequences 

recognized in other fungi, and at least one putative gyrase recognition 

site. The pPOl insert does not contain an acceptable match to the 

consensus sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Autonomous repli- 

cation of pPOl appears rather to involve a replicon quite different from 

the yeast am. 

Pleurotus-derived origin of replication (on') has been identified in 

genomes of other fil&ento&fungi and is considered of potential use 

in developing a generalized vector for replicative transformation 

among basidiomycetes. 


Molecular phylogeny and identification 

of the human fungal pathogens Scedosporium 

inflatum, Lomentospora prolificans and 

Scedosporium apiospmum 

Patrick A. Lennon, *Ira F. Salb and Steven B. Lee. Dept. of 

Biological Sciences, Univ. of Northern Colorado, Greeley CO 

80639 and *Clinical Lab, NY State Dept. of Health, Rockefeller 

Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Alhy, NY 12201-0509. 

Scedosporium infiturn Mall& et Salkin, a dematiaceous hyphomycete, 

is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. Recently, Gueho and DeHoog 

(1991) suggested reducing Scedosporium injlatum to synonomy with 

another human pathogen, Lomenfospora prolifians, based upon their 

similar biochemical, morpholofical and molecular features. Standard 

clinial diagnostic &e often insufficient to distinguish these 

species from another pathogen, Scedospon'um apiospennum (Salkin et al.,

Ribosomal DNA internal transaibed spacers, ITS I and ITS II, have 

been investigated among 6 isolates of the 3 species. Support for the 

synonomy of Scedosporium injlatum with La2entospo~a prolficmrs was 

found based on identical restriction fragment patterns and DNA 

sequence analysis of ITS. However, Scedosporium upiospennum differed 

approximately 17% from both Scedosporium inflaturn and Lomentospora 

proIificrms in ITS I sequence. The sequence data generated in this 

study, along with data from more isolates of these species, will be 

useful for phylogenetic analysis of these fungi. DNA probes of 

species-specific ITS regions will be valuable in clinical settings for 

distinguishing these fungi. 

Symposium; Sunday, 930 am 

Patch Clamping Techniques: A case study 

using Saprolegnia 

Ro~er R. Lew. Biology Dept., York Univ., 4700 Keele Street, 

North York, Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada. 

The development of the patch damp technique now makes it possible 

to monitor the activity of ion channels of the cell plasma membrane 

and vacuolar membrane in fungi. At present, ion-channels appear to 

function in ion uptake (K+ channels) and in sensing external obstacles 

or the process of tip pwth (stretch-activated channels). A general 

description of the ~e&niquewill be presented. Studies on the fungi 

Suprolegnia will be highhghted to demonstrate application of the 

technique. 

In Saprolegnia, K+ channels and stretch-activated channels (Ca2*-per- 

meable) have been identified. Both function in tip growth and exhibit 

different distributions: K+ channels are homom-teouslv distributed 

along the hypha, inhibiting them transiently &bits &ll growth; 

stretch-activated channels are selectively located at the hyphal tip, 

inhibiting them blocks growth completely. The K+ channels appear to 

function in K+ uptake causing turgor-driven growth. The stretch- 

activated channels appear to act as growth sensors. 

The patch clamp technique is making it possible to integrate the func- 

tion of individual protein molecules with the physiological functions 

of the fungi; thus, opening up the research area of molecular 

physiology. 


Ultrastructural evidence for a linkage of the truffle 

genus Genea to the epigeous ~tideaceae (Pezizales) 

Li-Tzu and James W: Kimbrough. Plant Pathology Dept., 

Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. 

The truffle species Genea gmdnerii was first described by Gilkey in 1916 

and is found in both North America and Europe. The ascomata are 

wrinkled and folded, with a simple hollow or canalconnected cavity 

surrounded by a thin cortical layer. The canals are compressed and 

result in doublesided hymenial areas, which are composed of palisade 

arranged, cylindrical, eightspored axi and paraphys&, and eventual- 

ly joined at the apical opening. Because of the existence of a distinct 

hymenium, this genus still remains in Geneaceae. The ontogeny of 

ascospore wall, ornament development and septa of vegetative and 

reproductive hyphae were studied by transmission electron micro- 

scopy. Ultrastructural and cytological features of G. gmdnerii reveal a 

number of characters that link Genea to the transitional type of epige 

ous Otideaceae in the Pezizales. The evidence indudes the presence of 

fanshaped septa1 plugging structure with two translucent bands at 

each side of the plug at the base of the ascus and a transitional type of 

- a 

spore wall dep&iti;n similar to Lachneae of the Otideaceae. 


Canonical correspondence analysis of the airborne 

fungal spora and its relationships to environmental 

factors in Kitchener-Waterloo, southern Ontario 

Be-Wei Li and Bryce Kendrick. Dept. of Biology, Univ. of 

Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1. 

Outdoor air-sampling surveys were conducted in February, May, 

August and December 1992 with a Samplair-MK1 partide sample at 50 

randomly chosen sites in the Kitchener-Waterloo area of southern 

Ontario. Results from Canonical Correspondence Analysis revealed 

that the influence of some environmental factors on the airborne fungal 

spora varied with season. Among 16 environmental factors measured 

at each sampling time, the most important were found to be: relative 

humidity, rain, vegetation, cloud, temperature and winde speed. Com- 

position of the airborne fungal spora also changed with the season. The 

dominant Cludospm'um, Altemmiu, and Aspergillus + Penicillium were 

found at all seasons, but Gunodemu, Leptosphueriu, Copnnus and Poly- 

thrinicium were prominent only in summer. Positive correlations were 

revealed betwee, on the one hand, (la) relative humidity, (lb) rain, (lc) 

cloud and (Id) temperature, and, on the other hand, (2) high spore 

counts of Leptosph, Xylariaceae, unidentified ascomycetes, and 

Ganodoma. A similar correlation was detected between (1) vegetation 

and (2) Alter- and Oidium. (1) Higher wind speeds were positively 

correlated with (2) hyphal fragments and large spores, such as those of 

Drechslern, Nigrospora, Periconia and Oidium. Canonical Correspond- 

ence Analysis provides both a new approach to analysis of aeromyco- 

logical data and informative graphical presentations of results. 

Post, D3; Sunday pm 

Multiplex PCR of ribosomal DNA internal 

transcribed spacers from Pkytophtkora: 

P. cinnamomi, P. palmivora, P. capsici and 

P. megaka y a as a potential diagnostic tool 

Min Liu and Steven B. Lee. Dept. of Biological Sciences, Univ. 

of Northern Colorado, Greeley CO 80639. 

Phyfuphthorn contains some of the most important and destructive 

plant'pathogens. The accurate and rapid identification of isolates of 

Phyfophthora to species is important for predicting the most effective 

and control measures to apply. 

We have developed a rapid multiplex PCR/RFLP approach that 

exploits the species speafic ITS of four Phyfophthorn pathogens: P. 

cinnmnomi, P. palmiurn, P. urpsici and P. megukuya. ITS restriction 

fragment patterns following digestion of the co-amplified products 

could be used to distinguish all four species. Due to the sensitivity of 

PCR, this approach may be useful for deteding host plants even before 

disease symptoms appear. 


Phylogenetic relationship of Trickocoma 

paradoxa to other ascomycetous genera with 

Penicillium anamorphic states 

-e F. LoBu io, Mary L. Berbee*, and John W. Taylor. 

Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, and *Univ. of Vancouver, 

Vancouver, B.C., Canada. 

The family Trichocomaceae is based on the species Trichowm paradox11 

Junghuhn, Raemissa FL Crypt. Javae Ins. 1: 9.1838. The production of 

a typical biverticillate ~eni&llium anamo'ph by T. purud& suggests an 

intrafamilial relationship with other ascomvcetes which produce Penidlium 

anamorphs, such' as Tuluromyces and ~u~enicilliun;. The ascomata 

of T. pmadoxa can attain a height of 30 mm, and are comprised of a 

woody cup-shaped base which supports a mass of parallel hyphal

plates. The large size and distinctive form of T. paradoxa's ascomata has 

led to speculation as to whether T. paradoxa belongs in the same family 

as Taknomyces and Eupenicillium. Preliminary sequence analysis of the 

nudear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region including the 5.8s 

rRNA gene positioned T. paradoxa within a clade comprising species of 

TaImomyces, Eupenicillium and Eurotium. Phylogenetic analysis of 

sequence data from the mitochondria1 small rDNA subunit will be also 

be discussed. 

Monday, 83 am 

Addition of Mycena spp. to Sect. Carolinenses Maas G. 

D. lean Lod~e. Center for Forest Mycology Research, 

USDA-FS, Forest Products Lab, PO Box B, Palmer, Puerto Rico 

00721, USA. 

Mycenn Sect. Carolinenses was a monotypic section erected by Maas 

Geesteranus in 1986 to accomodate M. cmolinensis A.H. Smith from the 

Southern Appalachians, USA. It now appears that the type species of 

the section is from the most northern extent of its range. Mycena gelati- 

nmginata Lodge from Puerto Rico and Colombia was added in 1988. 

A re-examination of M. xanthuvodn (Dennis) Sinp;. from Venezuela 

revealed characters typical of kt. &rolin&es~An as yet undescribed 

Mycena in Puerto Rico also belongs in sect. Carolinenses, necessitating 

inclusion of its closest relatives from South America: M. chmquioph$la 

Sing. (Chile), M. nothofngmm Sing. (Argentina), M. xanthocephala Sing. 

(Colombia), and possibly M. mthaphylla Sing. (Colombia & Brazil). 

The characters of sect. Cmolinenses will not change as a result of these 

additions, except for the presence of gelatinous zones. However, the 

'pleurocystidia' in all species examined were found to be pseudocysti- 

dia, since they originate below the subhymenium. 


Chytrids in culture from two Maine 

lakes with different pH 

ore and Richard L. Homola. Dept. of Plant Bio- 

logy and Pathology, Univ. of Maine, Oronof Maine 04469-5572. 

During ongoing work to determine the diversity of chytrids in lakes, 

we have cultured species of 15 genera of the Chytridiales from Mud 

Pond (pH 4.5) and Salmon Pond (pH 6.3), Hancock County, Maine. We 

isolated Phlydochytnum meline, Chybbnyces spinusus, and Physoclndin 

obscum only from the acidic lake. Podochytrium dentaturn, Endochyhium 

sp., Nephrochytrium aurantium, and Diplophlyctis sp. were isolated from 

the -eutral lake. Rhizoclosmntium globosum has the most 

commonly found chwd in both lakes. 

Over 100 species have been described and placed in the Chytridiales 

since Sparrow's 1960 monograph Some classical genera are neither 

well defined nor monophyletic. Consequently the identification of 

isolates that lack outstanding morphological features is challenging. 

The difficulty in identifying chytrids in pure culture emphasizes the 

need for updated keys for this group. 


Morphological variation of the Spitzenkorper 

in growing hyphal tips 

na Lo~ez-Franco* and Charles E. Bracker. Purdue 

Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907-1155. *Currently at Institute 

Tm6logico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey. 64849 

Monterrey, N.L., Mbico. 

The Spitzenkiirper is traditionally portrayed as a single spheroid com- 

plex at the apices of growing hyphae in the Ascomycetes and Basidie 

mycetes. The apparatus consists mainly of apical (secretory) vesicles 

that are assumed to be responsible for apical growth. More than 30 

species of septate fungi were studied by video-enhanced microscopy 

with phase-contrast optics. The Spitzmkorper appeared as a multi- 

component complex, highly dynamic and pleomorphic (changing in 

size, shape, and position), in the apical crown of growing hyphae. 

Several Spikenkorper components were visible by light miaoscopy: 

a) vesicle duster, b) vesicle cloud, c) one or more core areas within the 

Spitzenkorper, d) dark granular components of unknown nature, and 

f) cytoplasmic filaments. Eight morphological patterns of Spitzen- 

ktirper were found based on the shape and spatial organization of their 

components. These patterns appeared to be conserved at the genus 

level. 

Sunday, 8A5 am 

Lichenicolous species of Acremonium 

Rosalind J.owen. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 

10458. 

Many members of the genera Nechin, NectrieIla, and Pmnectria have 

anamorphs in the genus Acwmdum. According to Hawksworth (1979) 

four species of Ammonium have been found exclusively on lichens. 

Recent collections of Pronechin have revealed new Ammonium ana- 

morphs. The lichenicolous species of Ammonium have in common 

unbranched phialidic conidiophores generally longer than 20 pm and 

elongate conidia with a L/W ratio of greater than 2 and up to 7-8. 

Gams (1971) placed Amemonium rhabdospm and A. lichenicola among 

species of sect. Nectrioidea. Lichenicolous species of Ammonium will 

be described and their possible placement in a new section discussed. 


A light and electron microscopic study of mitosis in 

the clamp connection of Auricularia auricula-judae 

ha is hen^ Lu and David J. McLaughlin. Dept. of Plant Biology, 

Univ. of Minnesota, 1445 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN 55108. 

Nudear behavior and mitotic division in the vegetative hyphae of 

Am'culmin uuricula-judae were studied live with phase-contrast micro- 

scopy and after fixation, with fluorescence and electron microscopy to 

clarify the process of mitosis in Auriculariales smu strict0 for phylo- 

genetic analysis. Both chemical fixation and freezesubstitution were 

employed. Mitotic division began when one of the two nuclei was 

moving into the damp and lasted about 12-18 min. The nucleoli were 

no longer evident during metaphase to anaphase but reappeared in 

telophase to interphase. The spindle pole body (SPB) from interphase 

to prophase consisted of two subglobular elements connected by a 

middle piece and increased its size. An intranudear element was pre- 

sent ad$cent to the SPB. The spindle changed its orientation fro; 

parallel to the long axis of the clamp or hypha in prometaphase to 

oblique in early metaphase and to parallel again in midrnetaphase. The 

nuclear envelope was intact in interphase and prophase, disrupted in 

prometaphase and early metaphase and reformed after separation of 

the chromosome-containing region from the nucleolus-containing 

redon. The SPB had an electron-opaque central core surrounded by an 

elkn-light zone in early metapha&. Asters formed in prometaphase 

increased dramatically in size in anaphase and were much bigger in 

the main axis than in the clamp. Some astral microtubules parallelled 

or perpendicularly terminated at the plasma membrane. The nudear 

envelope was intact except at the polar region in early anaphase but 

highly perforated by late anaphase. The two nuclei divided asyn- 

chronously. 

The results support the dose relationship of Auriculariales with 

Tremellales. The phylogenetic significance of the nudear division and 

functional aspects will be discussed.

Monday, 9.30 am 

Life history features associated with the 

evolution of mutualism in the genus Omphalina 

(Basidiomycota, Agaricales) 

COG Lutzoni and Rytas Vilgalys. Dept. of Botany, Duke 

Univ., Durham, NC 27708-0339. 

Virtually nothing is known about life history features associated with a 

transition between a non-mutualistic state and a mutualistic nutritional 

mode, and the consequences of mutualism on the evolution of the mycobiont 

(fungal partner) and the photobiont (algal and/or cyanobacterial 

partners, or vascular plant partner). The genus Omphalina has 

many properties which make it an ideal model system to conduct coevolutionary 

studies on mycobiont-photobiont mutualistic associations 

(lichens and mycorrhizae). The phylogeny of the genus Omphalina, including 

non-lichenized and lichen-forming species, was estimated 

independently using morphological data and sequences from the 

nudear-encoded 25s rRNA gene. The resulting trees support the following 

interpretation for the orinin and evolution of lichenization in 

Omphnlina: i) the lichenized species of Omphalina and stirps ericetorum 

are monophyletic, 2) the lichenized state is derived from a non-lichenized 

state, 3) lichenization occurred only once during evolution of 

.Omphalina and has been retained by subsequent generations and 

species, 4) the first morphological innovation resulting from the mycobiont-photobiont 

coevolution was the formation of a globular mtose 

thallus followed by the formation of a squamulose thallus. A number 

of life history features of Omphalinn species appear to be associated 

with the transition to a lichenized state. These include the loss of clamp 

connections and tetrasporic basidia, coupled with the lost ability to 

grow in axenic culture. Another life history pattern associated with 

lichenization is the transition from a typically dikaryotic stage to a 

uninudeate state. 


Observation of fusiform rust galls with magnetic 

resonance microscopy 

J. S. MacFall, G. A. Johnson, and *P. C. S~aine. Dept. of Radiology, 

Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27710 and *USDA Forest 

Service, 20 Green Street, Athens, GA 30602. 

Ten-month-old sedlings of loblolly and slash pine were artificially 

inoculated with Crmarthz quercuum (Berk) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. 

fusiforme. Stems were excised at the root collar i d placed into either 

DI water or water containing gadopentate dimeglurnine. Following 

transpirational uptake, galls or healthy stem segments were examined 

by high resolution magnetic resonance microscopy. Regions of differential 

water distribution and transport could be determined in images 

both of healthy and galled stems. In well developed galls, secondary 

xylem which appeared functional in water transport was greater in 

diameter than in symptomless stems. In the center of well developed 

galls tissues appeared highly organized. Disruption of transport could 

be observed in the stem transition region from heathy stem into galled 

tissue, with disruption of cellular organization. Concurrent with the 

disruption of the secondary xylem, the cortical parenchyma appeared 

to be pushed out by a rapid proliferation of secondary phloem. Similar 

secondary phloem was not observed in symptomless stems of the same 

age. the cambial layer appeared fully contiguous between healthy and 

galled stem regions. This is a preliminary study describing the use of 

magnetic resonance imaging to describe changes in anatomy and 

water transport/distribution with development of fusiform rust stems 

galls in pine. 


Towards the genetic basis of somatic 

incompatibility in Plarrotus ostreatus 

MY~QLUXU and Rytas Vilgalys. Dept. of Zoology, Duke Univ., 

D'urham, NC 277084325, and Dept. of Botany, Duke Univ., 

Durham, NC 27708. 

The ability to recognize and reject non-self through somatic incompati- 

bility has been observed in many basidiomycete populations, and is 

thought to allow the persistence of discrete individuals by limiting 

vegetative fusions between hyphae of genetically distinct mycelia. 

Although the extent to which somatic incompatibility can maintain 

individuality should depend in part on the genetic basis of the rejec- 

tion response, little is known about the genetics of somatic incompati- 

bility in basidiomycetes. To address this issue, we have begun a series 

of backcross lines using five dikaryotic isolates of the oyster mushroom 

Phrotus ostreatus and a number of monokaryotic from each 

line. Prelrrmnary results from one of the sets of backaoss lines has 

shown that the first generation backcross dlkaryons fall into at least 

five discrete somatic incompatibility groups, one of which is compat- 

ible with the parental dikaryon. Work with RAPD markers has shown 

that compatible backcross dikaryons within these groups are not 

genetically identical. Additional pairings involving the original back- 

cross dikaryons and their offspring suggest that these somatic incom- 

patibility factors are heritable. Results from the other sets of backcross 

lines will also be presented, as well as the implications of these 

findings for the study of basidiomycete population biology. 

Sunday,ll:15 am 

Life histories of three undescribed species 

of Pym'diophora occurring on beached marine algae 

David Malloch and Meredith Blackwell. Dept. of Botany, Univ. 

of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2 and Dept. of Botany, 

Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA, 70803. 

Beached marine algae (wrack) present a nutrient-rich substrate for prokaryotes, 

fungi and invertebrates. We collected wrack from several 

localities in California and New Brunswick and found three hyphomycetes 

to be consistently present Acremonium sp., ScoIecobasidium salinum 

and Sipidea mnrinn. California material usually supported 

Asfemqces mciatus as well. In spite of this low diversity of colonizing 

fungi, at least three mycoparasitic species of ~yxidiophoi also commonly 

occurred. Cultural studies of the Pyxkiiophora species demonstra& 

them to be contact parasites capable of parasitizing all of the 

common saprotrophs in their habitat. Although mycoparasitism has 

been suspected in species of Pyxidiophora, this is the first time that it 

has been confirmed in the laboratory. In common with those of other 

species of Pyxidiophora, ascospores of the three new species appear to 

be dispexsed by phoretic mites and to germinate by repetition during 

transit. The occurrence of three dearly undesaibed species of miophora 

on wrack and the similarity between the life histories of these 

and other species of this genus suggests that Pyndiophom is a relatively 

large genus of ascomycetes occurring in a diversity of habitats. 


Immunocytological localization of chitinase 

in mucoraceous host and norhost fungi 

of a mycoparasite 

M. S. Mmocha and A. S. Sahai. Dept. of Biological Sciences, 

Brock Univ., St Catharines, Ont L2S 3A1, Canada. 

Antiserum raised against a purified chitinase obtained from the micro- 

soma1 fraction of a mucoraceous fungus, Choanephora cucurbitmum, a 

susceptiile host, was used to localize chitinase in host (Morfierella 

pusilla), resistant host (Phascolomyces articulosus), nonhost (Mortierella

cmakhbrum) and the mycoparasite (Pipfocepkalis mrginiana). Indirect 

immunofluorescence technique revealed large amounts of chitinase 

during germination and sporulation stages of all the fungi tested. 

Fluorescence was also observed at the mechanically injured sites on 

these fungi No fluorescence was observed on the hyphae of the 

susceptible host, but there was distinct fluorescence on the hyphae of 

the resistant host. The immunofluorescence technique failed to reveal 

the presence of chitinase at the extreme tips of these fungi. At the 

electron microscope level, the immunocytochemical technique using 

gold conjugate showed chitinase localization in the cell wall region of 

the resistant host and not in that of the susceptible host. In the latter 

case, the enzyme was mainly localized in the cytoplasmic vacuoles. 

The role of chitinase in fungal host-mycoparasite system is discussed. 


Fungal communities from the transitional 

zone of a cove on the Rio Grande River 

George Mapus and Robert Koeh. Dept. of Biology, Southwest 

Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666. 

Submerged plants of Arundo dom, Salix n ip and Prosopis glandulosa 

were collected monthly during a twelve month period. Cane plants 

supported 15 species which were mostly Ascomycetes and predomi- 

nantly Leptosphaeria species. Mesquite supported 7 Ascomycetes and 9 

imperfect taxa. Wiow stems were colonized by 12 species with Didy- 

mosphaeria dominating the flora. Senescent leaves of willow produced 3 

species of aquatic hyphomycetes. Water samples baited with hemp . 

seeds and mung beans yielded cultures of Saprolegnia species each 

month and Dufyuchus was present sporadically. The water is perma- 

nently alkaline, (pH 7.59.2) with temperatures reaching 38'C in mid- 

summer. Oxygen content in the cove waters reaches a high of 9.2 ppm 

to a low of 2.5 ppm during the hot summer temperatures. Results 

reveal that highest species richness occurred when the pH was 

greatest. 


Conserved structure of the A mating-type locus in 

Coprinus cinereus 

Geor&anna Mav. Dept. of Plant Biology, Univ. of Minnesota, 

St. Paul, MN 55108. 

How do basidiomycete mating-type loci maintain consisten function 

while evolving high levels of variability? Recent molecular analysis has 

demonstrated that the A locus is a gene complex with 4 or more tightly 

linked genes determining self-in~o~~atibii@. Each gene is represent' 

ed by multiple alleles in natural populations. 

To better understand the observed variation at the lwel of the A locus, 

the arrangement of genes in 16 A haplotypes was determined by conventional 

Southern blotting techniques using probes derived from two 

doned A mating-types. Surprisingly, though these genes are in dose 

physical linkage, they are apparently segregating in natural populations; 

they are in linkage equilibrium. Further, the data demonstrate 

that gene~order is con&rved through many restriction fragment plymorphisms 

are observed. I interpret these results as follows: (1) The 

large number of A mating-types'predicted for this complex lo&& can 

be explained by recombination of genes and allelic variation at each 

gene. (2) Balancing selection maintains variability at this locus. This 

hypothe sis is being further tested for both gene and haplotype 

variability. 


Mating system of Pholiota spumosa (Basidiomycetes, 

~t&phariaceae) from western North ~menca 

5. Coleman McClenepha and Ronald H. Petersen. Dept. of 

Botany, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1100. 

The Pholwfa spumosa complex as defined by Smith & Hesler (1968) con- 

sisted of nine species based on North American collections. Pholwta 

"spumosa" can be grown in culture from germinated basidiospores. 

Selfcross experiments on P. "spumosa" collections from western North 

America reveal a bifadorial (tetrapolar) mating systemcomplicated by 

common amphithallic spores. These data are consistent with Jacobs- 

son's (1989) report on P. spumosa from Sweden. Intercollection inter- 

compatibility tests are being initiated to elucidate intersterility groups 

in this geographical region. 


. Diagnostic of pathogenic yeast by PCR-fingerprinting 

W.Mevet E.Z. Freedman, R.Vilgalys* and T.G.Mitchel1. Duke 

Univ. Medical Center, Dept. of Microbiology, PO Box 3803, 

Durham, NC, 27710 and *Duke Univ., Dept. of Botany, 

Durham, NC, 27710. 

Opportunistic fungal infections are increasing in importance, especiallv 

in immunocomvromised patients such as those with AIDS and 

&amplant recipi&ts. Therefbre, a reliable, simple and rapid method to 

identify fungal pathogens would be most advantageous. Conventional 

~~~-fin~erikn~ hybridization probes were used as single primers 

in a PCR reaction to amplify hypervariable repetitive DNA sequences 

in pathogenic yeasts. DNA polymorphisms in the genomes of several 

Cyptowccus and Cmtdida isolates were detected using the oligonucle 

otides (GTGk (GACA), and the phage MI3 core sequence (GAGGG- 

TGGXGGXTCT). PCR-fingerprinting has been used (1) to differentiate 

all investigated yeast species and strains, (2) to distinguish between the 

two varieties, Csyptococcus neoflmrms var. neofanmrs (serotype A and 

D) and Cryptomcus n e o m var. gaftii (serotype B and C), and (3) to 

investigate an outbreak of Candida krusei at the Duke Hospital. PCRfingerprinting 

is a rapid and powerful method to characterize medically 

important fungi and can be applied to improve the diagnosis of and 

epidemiological studies of mycotic disease. It has several advantages 

over the conventional DNA fingerprinting technique. 


Observations on unusual Gasteromycetes 

from North America 

Orson K. Miller. Tr, Dept. of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic 

Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. 

New records and/or distributions of six species of Gasteromycetes in 

the Phallales and one secotioid species in the Agaricales, Bolbitiaceae 

are reported from North America. Asian species including Phallus 

rugulosus ( Fii) 0. Kuntze and Lysurus mokusin (L. ex Pers.) Fr. are 

reported from the eastern United States. Itajahya galericulata A. Moell., 

Phellorina inquinans Berk, and Cklamydopus meyenianus (Kotzsch) Lloyd 

are reported from populations in arid habitats in southern Idaho. 

Gakropsis besseyi Pk. is reported from a desert habitat in California and 

Rhopalogaster tr- (Bosc.) Johnson from New Jersey. Ecologi- 

cal adaptations, habitats, geographical data, and taxonomic relation- 

ships are discwed and illustrated.


Comparative utilization of protein by 

ectomyco&izal and saprotrophic basidiomycetes 

Steven L. Miller, Malavika Ghosh, and Terry McClean. Dept. of 

Botany, Univ. of Wyoming, Lararnie, WY 82071. 

To compare the ability of ectomycorrhizal fungi to utilize protein with 

that of more widely recognized saprotrophic basidiomycetes, sapro- 

trophic species of Agaricus and Copnus and edomycorrhizal species of 

Hebeloma, Suillus, Amanifa and Rhizopgon were grown in liquid media 

with bovine serum albumin as the sole nitrogen source. After two 

weeks of growth, aliquots of nutrient solution were analyzed for free 

amino acid composition on an WLC. Hebeloma showed the highest 

concentration of amino acids, particularly alanine and leucine but 

contained little asparagine or glutarnic a&d. Amrmita and Coprinus also 

contained large amounts of amino acids and were high in glutamic 

acid and leucine. Agaricus contained moderate amounts of amino acids 

with phenylalanineand leucine being most abundant. Rhizopogon and 

Suillus contained the least amount of free amino acids. 

In a second experiment, the same species of Hebeloma used in the in 

mtro study was inoculated onto the roots of lodgepole pine seedlings 

growing in specially designed root miaocosms. Bovine serum albumin 

was added into the rooting medium. At 3,7 and 12 days, a buffered 

solution was leached through the miaocosms, collected and analyzed 

for free amino acids. Most amino acids were found at day 7 and the 

most abundant were glutamine, arginine and glutarnic acid. Only 

alanine and leucine in very small quantities remained by day 12 

suggesting that all of the BSA had been catabolized. 

This demonstrates that ectomycorrhizal fungi are capable of cataboliz- 

ing protein both in vitro and vivo and that some species may be able 

to utilize protein to a greater extent than some saprotrophs. This sug- 

gests thatthe saprotrophic capabilities of ectomycorrhizal fungi may 

be greater than previously thought and should be studied more 

thoroughly. 


Visualization and localization of enzyme activity 

in ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic basidiomycetes 

Steven L. Milla and Terry McClean. Dept. of Botany, Univ. of 

Wyoming, Lararnie, WY 82071. 

Attempts at examining the saprotrophic capabilities of ectomycorrhizal 

and saprotrophic basidiomycetes have necessitated deriving or adapt- 

ing simple but sensitive colorometric assays for enzyme activity to a 

variety of experimental growth situations. Enzymatic activity of ecto- 

mycorrhizae and extramatrical hyphae growing in z&o can be visual- 

ized by placing a piece of glass fiber filter paper containing one of 

several reaction mixtures in direct contact with an intact edomycorrhi- 

zal root system in specially designed microcosms. After exposure of 

the assay paper to the mycelium, the paper is removed and developed, 

if necessary, to complete colorimetric reactions. The assay paper is then 

compared with the original fungal growth to determine locations of 

enzyme activity. Conceptually, this is similar to a substrate gel for 

visualizing enzyme activity on an electrophoretic preparation. Enzyme 

activity of saprotrophic fungi can be similarly visualized by placing the 

assay paper in contact with fungal mycelium growing through organic 

substrate in the microcosm. Assays are currently being developed for 

phenoloxidase enzymes including laccase, tyrosinase and peroxidase 

and for cellulase, phosphatase and proteinase. 

Tuesday, 11:OO am 

Ultrastructure of Photinia leafspot disease 

caused by Entomosporium mespili 

C. W Mi= E. A. Richardson, and T. Sewall. Dept. of Plant 

Pathology, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, and *Dept. of 

Biology, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77801. 

Entomosporium mespili can be a serious problem on Photinia sp., a popu- 

lar ornamental grown in the Southeastern U.S. A recent outbreak of 

this disease in Georgia prompted us to examine this disease using a 

combination of light and electron microscopy. Examination of very 

young lesions revealed that hyphae of the fungus grew both between 

and through host cells. However, the fungus also produced distinctive 

haustoria that terminated in host cells. Each haustorium possessed a 

slender neck region and an enlarged haustorial body. Development of 

aced began with the proliferation of hyphae between the cutide 

and cells of either the upper or lower epidermis of the leaf. Developing 

sporogenous cells displaced the cuticle and gave rise to distinctive con- 

idia surrounded by a finely granular to fibrillar extracellular matrix. 

Each conidium typically consisted of two larger cells, one apical and 

one basal, and three smaller lateral cells. Except for the basal cell, each 

cell was equipped with a slender, bristle-like appendage. The cuticle 

over the acedus eventually split and a white column of conidia 

emerged. Death of surrounding host cells led to the development of 

circular lesions that expanded, often fusing with adjacent lesions to 

form large neuotic areas. Defoliation was common in heavily infected 

plants. 


Hypocrea ruga Pers.: Fr., H. schweintzii (Fr.: Fr.) Sacc., 

and H. sp.: formation of ascostroma in vitro 

Susan B. Mitchelb Dept. of Biological Sciences, Univ. of South 

Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208. 

The perfect states of Trichoderma Pers.: Fr. have been infrequently 

produced in mtro in the past Current studies of formation of asco- 

stroma in mfro by 9 strains of Hypocrea rufn Pers.: Fr., 10 strains of H. 

schweinifiii (Fr.: Fr.) Sacc., and 1 strain of an unidentified H. sp. have 

been performed using standard media and culture methods. Asco- 

stroma were consistently formed by strains of all three species. 

Symposium; Sunday, 8.50 am 

Methods for measuring fungal turgor pressure 

Nicholas P. Money. Dept. of Biochemistry, Colorado State 

Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523. 

Consider a hypha growing in liquid medium; the water potential of 

this cell is likely to be dose to that of its surroundings. This assump- 

tion allows us to measure turgor pressure indirectly. Using the incipi- 

ent plasmolysis technique, or osmometry, we can estimate the osmotic 

potential of the cell contents. The difference between the water poten- 

tial of the medium and the osmotic potential of the cell drives water 

uptake and is equal to the turgor. By contrast, no assumptions about 

medium or cellular water potential are necessary for direct turgor 

measurement. The micropipet-based pressure probe has been used to 

measure turgor directly from a number of fungi. However, the instru- 

ment can only be used to record from cells with diameters above 

1Opm. In this presentation the author will describe and evaluate these 

methods of turgor measurement.


Purification and properties of an extracellular 

lipase from Pythium ultimum 

and John D. Weete. Dept. of Botany & Micro- 

biology, Auburn Univ., AL 36849. 

An extracellular triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) from Pythium ulti- 

mum strain No. 144 was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, 

and by DEAE Sepharose CLAB and Sephacryl S-200 chromatography. 

The purified enzyme preparation showed a prominent polypeptide 

band in polyaaylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) containing esterase 

activity according to adivity staining. Molecular weight of the protein 

was estimated at 270 kD using gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200, and 68 

kD by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 

(SDSPAGE) indicating that the enzyme maybe a tetramer. The opti- 

mum pH and temperature for activity of the enzyme were 8.0 and 

3WC, respectively. Activity was reduced by CoZ+, Fez+, Sn2+, and Mn2+, 

and stimulated by Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and surfactants such as tauro- 

cholic acid, CHAPS, and Triton X-100. The V, was 42 pmole/min/ 

mg in the absence of CHAPS and 77 pmole/min/mg in its presence. 

~e reaction rate was progressively higher with ina&singnumber of 

double bonds in the substrate, and the enzyme showed a preference 

for triacylglycerols containing fatty acids having the cis double bond 

configuration. The enzyme has 1,3- positional specificity and cannot 

hydrolyze the ester bond at position 2 of triolek 


Comparison of the DNA and amino acid sequence 

of the Aspet.gillusficuum acid phosphatase 

pH optimum 6.0 gene and an Aspergillus niger 

acid phosphatase gene 

Edward Mullaney, Catherine Daly, Jaffor Ullah, and Kenneth 

Ehrlich. Southern Redona1 Research Center, ARS, USDA, 1100 

Robert E. Lee Blvd. &w Orleans, LA 70124. 

MacRae et al. recently doned a putative acid phosphatase gene from 

Aspergillus niger by complementation of an Aspergillus nidulnns acid 

phosphatase pacA mutant. The enzyme coded for by this A. niger gene 

was not isolated or studied. In a study of acid phosphatase production 

by Aspergillusficuum we have characterized several enzymes. A comparison 

of amino acid sequence data from one of these A. ficuum acid 

phosphatases, namely the acid phosphatase pH 0 ~tim~6.0 (AP6), 

with the deduced amino acid seauence of the ~utative A. nim acid 

phosphatase gene doned by ~ a ket e aL, rkealed extensice regions 

of homology. Using the A. niger add phosphatase gene as a probe for 

an A.ficuum EMBL3 genomic library, the A.ficuum AP6 gene has been 

cloned and characterized. A comparison of the A. jicuum and the A. 

niger gene is presented in this study along with a survey of DNA of 

other representative species of Aspergillus for similar DNA sequences 

that may encode analogous acid phosphatases. 


Diversity and distribution of mating alleles 

in Marasmiellus praeacutus and Collybia subnuda 

John F. w h y , and Orson K. Miller, Jr. Dept. of Biology, 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 

24061. 

As part of a populations level study of litter decomposing basidiomycetes, 

the diversity and distribution of mating alleles was determined 

for the bipolar Collybia subnuah and the tetrapolar Marasmiellus praeacutus. 

The observed number of mating alleles in C. subnuda allows an 

estimate of 44 for the total number of mating alleles in the species. 

These appear to be randomly distributed, even on a fine scale. However, 

a sample of 9 genets of M. prneacutus from one population 

. 

rwealed only 6 "A" and 5 "B" alleles, although 18 were possible for . 

each locus. These data indicate either a low mating allele diversity in 

the species as a whole or a high degree of inbreeding on the local level. 

The elucidation of these and other population parameters using 

mating.crosses and molecular techniques will be discussed. 


The function of microtubules in protoplasts 

of the entomopathogen Enfomophaga aulicae 

Faye Mumn. Dept of Biology, Memorial Univ., St. John's, 

Newfoundland, Canada, A1B 3x9. 

Protoplasts of the insect-pathogenic fungus, E. aulicae, are produced 

naturally in the hernolymph of host larvae from the tip of the invading 

hypha. These unique cells are motile, and have a distinctive shape with 

elongate terminal extensions and internuclear constrictions. Micro- 

tubules are concentrated in these extensions and constrictions. Com- 

puter-aided reconstructions of serial sections and measurements taken 

directly from micrographs indicate a sufficiently close relationship 

among microtubules, and between microtubules and several other 

orga&lles, (c50 nm) to support a role for microtubules in the motility 

of this cell and in organelle movement. Exposure to low concentrations 

of the microtubule inhibitor Nocodazole (l@g/ml) results in loss of 

the terminal extensions and constrictions and also of motility. Recov- 

ery occurs upon removal of the inhibitor. These cells offer a kique 

alternative model system for the study of cytoskeleton function in 

fungi. 


Restriction fragment length polymorphisms 

(RFLPs) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of 

shiitake, Lentinula edodes 

Michael S. Nicholscrr?, Daniel J. Royse, and Britt A. Bunyard. 

Dept. of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, 

University Park, PA 16802. 

Fungal rDNA may consist of up to several hundred randomly repeat- 

ed units in an rDNA with each unit coding regions for the major ribo- 

somal subunit RNAs in addition to ITS regions which are not always 

transcribed. Total shiitake DNA was extracted from nine genotypic 

classes of shiitake as delineated by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. 

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the DNA 

preparations for part of the Large Subunit rDNA corresponding to 

positions 261432 in the 25s rRNA gene of Saccharomyces cereuisiae. Ten 

restriction endonudeases were used to digest the enzymatically ampli- 

fied rDNA. Electrophoresis yielded unique RnPs, or "fingerprints," 

for two strains from separate genotypic classes. 

Monday, 9m am 

Further observations on the genus Phaeocollybia 

helei 1.. NorveJ and Joe F. Ammirati. Botany Dept. KB-15, 

Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. 

Field work fromBritish Columbia to California since 1991 has resulted 

in extensive collections (370) of 14 desaibed and several undesaibed 

species of Phaeocollybia (Agaricales, Cortinariaceae). Pacific Northwest 

species exhibit a preference for coastal old-growth coniferous forests. 

Perceived rarity may be explained by patchy distribution within 

general habitats, with several species often fruiting together in a small 

area. Excavations have revealed two different growth patterns: basidi- 

omes arise either in a fasdculate "starburst" or successively from exist- 

ing pseudorhizae. Microscopic tibiiform outpocketings on the base of 

the pseudorhizae have been confirmed as a generic feature; these 

outpocketings have also been found on mycelia, stipe fibrils, and

pileus scales. Velate primordia, uncharacteristic of the genus, have 

been discovered in P. califmica. Other discoveries include recognition 

of two pseudorhizal typ& and the artifact nature of apical outgrowths 

on davate cheilocystidia. Variability of damp connections in certain 

species complexes is the subject of further study. 

Poster M; Sunday pm 

Parasexual transfer of double stranded RNA between 

drug resistant mutants of Phytophthora megasperma 

Mayra Oberta and David Kuhn. Dept. of Biological Sciences, 

Florida International Univ., Miami, E 33199. 

Parasexuality is the transfer of genetic material between isolates with- 

out the formation of sexual structures or meiosis. HypM anastomosis 

is the first step in the parasexual cycle. This step is also required for the 

transfer of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) between isolates. 

We have produced metalaxyl (Mex) and fluorotryptophane (Ftp) 

resistant mutants in Pkytophthola megaspennn, a soilbome phytopatho- 

gen. The Ftp resistant isolate also harbors a dsRNA. An Ftp resistant 

and a Mex resistant mutant are placed on media containing both 

drugs. Only those mycelia that fuse and initiate a parasexual aoss will 

survive. Thus, we can force parasexual crosses between these mutants 

and select doubly drug resistant heterokaryons. The original parental 

cultures can be recovered from the heterokaryons by the isolation of 

uninucleate zoospores. Thus, dsRNA will be transferred into a previ- 

ously whfected P. megasperma strain and we will be able to character- 

ize the effect of the dsRNA on the new host's growth, reproduction 

and morphology. 


Diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in old growth 

Pseudotsuga menziesii-Tsuga heterophylla 

forests of the Olympic Peninsula, WA 

m s E. O'Dell and Joseph F. Ammirati. Dept. of Botany, 

Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. 

Species diversity of epigeous ectomycorrhizal fungi in the Tsup keterophylla-Pseudufsuga 

menziesii zone was examined in fall 1992. Within this 

zone, three understory vegetation types were studied and three stands 

of each type were sampled. A stand sample consisted of two parallel 

245 m long transeck, 5 m apart, each with 100,4 m2, circular plots at 5 

m intervals; a total area of 400 m2 Sporocarps were collected and 

vegetation data recorded for each pfot. ~~o&rps were identified, 

dried, and weighed to determine biomass. Over 130 fungal species 

were collected from a 6400 m2 area in 17 stand samples (0-42 species 

per stand sample). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') was calculated 

using huency of plots (in a stand sample) in which a species 

occurred; H' ranged from 1.1 to 3.21. Although variation between 

stand samples was high, five of the ten most productive fungal species 

(Canthellus &nus, C. tubaefmis, Ladmius pseudmucidus, L. ncbrilacfis 

and Russula peImgonia) also were among the ten most frequent speaes 

on a stand sample basis. These species could be considered dominants, 

however, none occurred in all stand samples or even all stands. 

The most widespread species, R. pelargonia, occurred in 8 stand samples 

(7 stands); L. pseudomucidus and L. rubrilactis each occurred in 7 

stand samples (5 stands). For a single season, this study reports greater 

species richness per unit area than any similar study in North America. 

This may be due-to the dispersed sampling meth& that we employed. 


Molecular evolutionary relationships within 

sections MartiellalVentricosum of Fusarium 

K. O'Dod G.J. Sarnuels, and H. Nirenberg. NCAUR-USDA, 

Peoria, IL 61604; Systematic Botany and Mycology Lab, USDA- 

ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; and Federal Biological Research 

Centre for Agriculture and Forestry D-1000 Berlin, Germany. 

Current dassication schemes for Fusarium are based exclusively on 

cultural characteristics together with miaoanatomy of the anamorph 

(s). In the treatment of fusaria within sections Martieh and Ventico- 

sum, the taxonomic systems of Gerlach and Nirenberg [I9821 and 

Nelson et a!. [I9831 are at opposite ends of the taxonomic spectrum, 

while the scheme proposed by Booth [I9711 occupies an intermediate 

position. We havise@enced-the internal t rdbed spacer [ITS], the 

5' of the nuclear large rDNA [28S], and the mitochondria1 small rDNA 

from over 50 members of these sections in order to determine the 

relationship between the morphologically-based taxonomic schemes 

and the gene trees. 


Molecular systematics and phylogenetics 

of the Morchellaceae 

K. O'Domeld N.S. Weber, J.H. Haines, and G.L. Mills. 

NCAUR-USDA, Peoria, IL 61604; Dept. of Forest Science, 

Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331; NY State Museum, 

Albany, NY 122303; and Mushroom Corporation, Lansing, MI 

48912. 

PCR maps of the internal transaibed spacer m] region were constructed 

for about 150 collections of morels from North America and 

Europe, using the primer pairs ITS5 x ITS4 and ITS5 x ITS2 m t e ef al. 

19901. Preliminary results indicate that the IlSbased PCR maps are 

either species-specific or species-mmplex specific. Sieen unique 

maps have been obtained to date: 12 for Morchella, 3 for Verpa, and 1 

for Disciotis. Representatives from each of the 16 groups were analyzed 

further via DNA sequencing. Phylogenetic relationships of species 

within the Morchellaceae were estimated from sequence data obtained 

from the 5' end of the nuclear large rDNA [28S]. 


Diversity of active fungal isolates in 

a natural product screening program 

A. Pedis Vaughn R Stienedcer, Dwight D. Baker, and 

Graham S. Byng. Panlabs, Inc., 11804 North Creek Parkway 

South, Bothell, WA 98011-8805. 

The diversity of active fungal isolates in a natural product screening 

program . was examined statistically to determine correlations between 

v 

activity and isolation methods or environmental source parameters. 

Environmental source parameters included geographical distribution 

and the pH of the soil. Over 100 active fungal strains, obtained from 

approximately 10,000 primary strains, were included in this study. No 

significant correlations of activity with soil pH, geographical location 

or isolation medium were observed although certain trends were 

noted. Analyses of these trends may be helpful in designing strategies 

for particular drug screens. 


Distribucion de la micoflora domingensis en las 

zonas bioclimaticas de la Repliblica Dominicana 

Ornar Paino Per-. Autopista 30 de Mayo - krn 7, 

Urbanizacibn Tropical, calle Ban' 20, Santo Domingo, 

Repfiblica Dominicana.


Cultural characters and asexual reproduction 

as aids in separating genera of 

pleurotoid basidiomycetes 

Ponald H. Petersen. Botany Dept., Univ. of Tennesee, 

Knoxville, TN 37996. 

Systematics of Phrotus, Panus and Lentinus has led to treatments in 

which three, two, and one generic name(s) have been used. Cultural 

characters, especially production of nematotoxic microdroplets can be 

used to segregate Pleurotus with certainty, but other genera (i.e., 

Hohenbuehelia, Hypsizygus) produce nematotoxic substances using 

different means of delivery. 

Cultural characters and asexual propagule production are compared 

across several genera of pleurotoid agi&s,-including leur rot us; Punus, 

Hohenbuehelia, Resupinatus, Panellus, Pleurotopsis, Pleurotellus, Tectella, 

Anthrncophyllum, and others. Emphasis is placed on Hypsizygus. 


Clarifying evolutionary relationships 

between and within two major groups of 

basidiomycetous fungi (mushrooms and 

false-truffles) by means of rDNA sequencing 

Elizabeth M. Pine and Gregory M. Mueller. Illinois Mathe- 

matics and Science Academy, Aurora, IL 60506, and Dept. of 

Botany, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605. 

Sequence data from the ITS of the ribosomal DNA were used to assess 

evolutionary relationships between and within two groups of basidie 

mycetous funpj: mushrooms and faise-truffles. Vastly different classifications 

forth& fungi have been proposed due to cdnflicting interpretations 

of the relative importance of various morphological characters. 

For example, ~ ~dm&ium, Laccmin, and ~odohyd&gium share a 

unique overall basidiospore morphology and ultrastructure, but differ 

dramatically in gross morphology and in some other micromorphological 

features. Some authors classify Hydmgium and Podokydmgium 

in the Tricholomataceae with Laccnria, while others classify them 

in the Gastromycetes with other false-truffles. DNA sequences were 

obtained from representatives of three mushroom mera (Laccmin, 

Collybin, and ~ricblloma) and four genera of false-&es (~~dmgiurn, 

Podohydnangium, Octauianina, and Sclerogaster). Analyses of these data 

indicate that Hydmgium and ~odohyd&gium are sister taxa to Laccmia 

and are not closely related to other false-truffles. These findings 

are consistent with the hypothesis that basidiospore morphology 

evolves more slowly than macromorphological characters in Agaricales 

and Gastromycetes, and therefore may be a better indicator of 

evolutionary relationships within these groups. 

- . 

NOTE: This research was submitted bv the first author to the 52nd Annual 

Westinghouse Science Talent Search (a national comp&'tion open to high 

school seniors who hnw undPrtaken aaPinaI indmidual research). where she 

v 

was selected as thej5rst place winner. This poster is based on an &bit that 

was prepared far public display at the N afid Academy of Sciences as prt of 

the compefition program. 

Sunday, 9%lO am 

Ascomatal development in two species 

of Byssonectria (Pezizales) 

Donald H. Pfister. Dept. of Organismic and Evolutionary 

Biology and the Farlow Reference Library and Herbarim, 

Haward Univ., Cambridge, MA 02138. 

The development of ascomata of Byssonedrin tmestsis and B. cartilngi- 

neum was studied. The earliest stages seen are ascogonial filaments. At 

later stages these became surrounded by hyphae, originating from 

other cells of the filament or from surrounding vegetative hyphae. One 

cell of the ascogonial filament produces ascogenous hyphae which 

grew through the pseudoparenchymatous tissue which forms around 

the filament. The ascomata remain dosed until a hymenium is well 

formed. At maturity the covering layer breaks to expose a hymenium. 

This cleistothecial develpment of an apothecium has led to the 

description of Byssonechiu as a pyrenomycete rather than a discomy- 

cete as has been previously reported. A brief review of some previous 

repom of similar patterns of dwelpment will be included. 

Poster AS; Sunday pm 

Lignin-associated enzymes induced in tree cell 

suspension cultures by fungal cell walls 

Dorothv Plummer, Jeffrey F. D. Dean, and Karl-Erik L. Eriks- 

son. Dept. of Biochemistry, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 

30602. 

We had examined the effects of fungal cell walls on selected extracel- 

lular enzymes in suspension cultured cells of sycamore maple (Acer 

pseudopktanus) and several Pinus spp Washed &id homogenized 

mycelia, as well as cell walls from Phanerochaete chnposporium (a non- 

pathogenic white-rot fungus) and Cronartium quer&um f. sp.fusz@rme 

(a rust species pathogenic on some Pinus spp.) were used for the elici- 

tation studies. The production of enzymes in response to eliators was 

examined 1,2,3,4, and 5 days post-transfer in cultures normally trans- 

ferred on a 74ay schedule. Samples of the culture media were taken 

every three hours for the first twelve hours post-elicitation, at eighteen 

and 24 hours, and subsequently every 24 hours for five days. Samples 

were frozen at -20'C until all samples had been collected. In initial 

experiments, laccase, peroxidase and beta-glucosidase activities were 

determined in mielate assays. observed changes in these particular 

enzymes may suggest ways in which tree cells combat pathogen 

attack. This investigation was supported in part by a a graduate train- 

eeship to D.P. from NJH, National Research Service Award A107373- 

01 from theNationa1 Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 

Poster Al; Sunday pm 

The purification and characterization of 

alpha-amylase from Phytophthora megasperma 

Joseph 1. Podrez and David N. Kuhn. Dept. of Biological 


We are purifying and characterizing the extracellular alpha-amylase 

from Phytophthm megaspennu to determine its utility as a source gene 

for transformation into nonamylolytic industrial strains of yeast. We 

will determine the molecular weight, isoelectric point, temperature 

optimum, heat stability, pH optimum, pH stabiity, Michaelis constant 

for starch, ion requirements, and possible inhibitors. 

In our attempt to optimize production of alpha-amylase, we have 

observed a direct correlation between increased enzyme activity and 

increased sterol concentration in the medium. ~h~tophthora cultkes 

require sterols, but we have yet to determine if increased growth of the 

cultures is related to the increased enzyme activity. 


Isolation of microfungi from leaf litter of a lowland 

rainforest in Costa Rica 

Polishook. T.D. and G.F. Bills. Merck Research Laboratories, 

Rahway, NJ, 07065-0900. 

The microfungal flora of leaf litter from the Osa Peninsula of Costa 

Rica was quantified and identified. The samples were from a tropical 

wet forest with one of the highest diversity of woody plants in Central 

America. Five grams of air dried leaf litter per sample were pulverized

and washed with distilled water through a series of polypropylene 

mesh filters. A microquantity of sample from the smallest filter was 

spread onto each of 5 plates from 2 media: (1) malt extract agar amended 

with cydosporine and (2) dextrose peptone agar with dichloran, 

rose bengal and chloramphenicol (DRBC). Both media contained antibacterial 

agents. From 40 plates, representing 4 leaf litter samples, 

approximately 2000 fungal isolates were obtained. The most frequently 

isolated organisms, predominately hyphomycetes and coelomycetes, 

include Pesfalotiopsis guep'ni, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, idriella lunnta, 

Volutella minima, ~u&rium spp., Sesquicillium spp., Phomopsis sp., and 

Colletotrichum ~beosporioides. Rare taxa identified to date include Speiropsis 

hyalospor~, Leptodiscella afnuma, Kutilakesopsis macalpinei, cWto. 

phialae sp., Dendrospa"um lobatum, Arxielln terrestris and SoUleimia costaspora. 

Many of these rare taxa are first reports from this region. As expected 

with this isolation procedure, a large number of nonsporulating 

isolates were recovered, severely limiting a complete floristic survey. 

This study is a part of a collaboration between Merdc Research Laboratories 

and Institute Naaonal de Biodiversidad (INBio) to discover 

novel chemotherapeutic agents from tropical organisms. 


TEM observations of the growth of the four common 

ascomycetes involved in the decomposition of 

saltmarsh cordgrass 

David Porter. Wilma L. Lin~le and Steven Y. Newell. Dept. of 

Botany, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 and *Univ. of 

Georgia Marine Institute, Sapelo Island, GA 31327. 

The relative role of bacteria vs. fungi in the decomposition of standing 

dead Spmtina altmiflora has been the subject of controversy. Loss of 

lignocellulose recently has been correlated with increase in fungal bio- 

mass in static flask incubation. In the present study field collected 

material was prepared for transmission electron microscopy by high 

pressure freezing followed by freeze substitution fixation. Phaeo- 

sphaeria spmtiniwla and Buergmla spartinae were collected from 

leaves; Ph. spa&nae from sheath material; and Pmsen'nieh obiones from 

stems. These four ascomycetes produced four different degradation 

patterns in the cordgrasscell walls. Ph. spmtinicola grew p;eferentially 

through the wall layers including secondary walls and the middle 

lamelk On the other hand, Pa. o-biones in the cell lumens 

with no obvious wall degradation. Ph. spmtinae and B. spartinae dis- 

played limited cell wall erosion. Lysis of lignocellulose by three of the 

four observed fungi has been supported by these TEM obsevations of 

field collected material. 

Symposium; Sunday, 1025 am 

Cryofixation of biological materials at high pressure 

Martha 1. Powell. Dept. of Botany, Miami Univ., Oxford, Ohio 

45056. 

The aim of ayofixation is to kill tissue quickly, immobilizing cell archi- 

tecture and constituents before the cell responds structurallv to death. 

One way to overcome physical constraints'to deep tissue Gofixation 

at ambient pressure is to freeze under high pressure. With freeziig 

under 2,100 bars pressure, successful tissue preservation for electron 

microscopic observations is possible to depths of 500 pm for most bio- 

logical tissues. Recently a machine to freeze tissue under high pressure 

has become commercially available. The device uses the strategy of jet 

freezing under pressure with nitrogen as both the coolant and pressur- 

izer. It designed to delay freezing until the proper high 

(2,100 bars) has been reached; thus, pressurization and freezing are 

essentially simultaneous. High freezing opens the avenue of 

improved cryopreservation of tissue (well documented with single 

layers of fungal hyphae and surface structures at ambient pressures) to 

large fungal tissues and parasites deeply located in host tissue. Cells, 

such as thick-walled resting spores which are difficult to. preserve with 

conventional chemical fixation, are particularly well suited structurally 

to high pressure freezing techniques. Potential artifacts with this tech- 

nique, including tissue cracking, nuclear rupture, and perturbation of 

pressure or osmotic sensitive cellular processes, require that, as with 

other fixation techniques, observations of living tissues and tissues 

preserved with a range of methods are necessary correlates to high 

pressure cryofixation. Expanding the range of tissues which can be 

well preserved with ayofixation is the primary advantage of this 

technology. 


The Aspergillus nidulans brlA regulatory 

locus encodes two functionally redundant 

polypeptides that are individually required 

for conidiophore development 

Rolf A. P d and William E. Timberlake. Dept. of Genetics, 

Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. 

The ~ l unidukms s brL4 locus controls conidiophore development 

in conjunction with the products of several other regulatory loci. Here, 

we show that the brlA locus consists of overlapping transcription units, 

designated a and $ , with a transcription initiating within $ intronic 

sequences. The predicted BrL4 polypeptides differ by 23 amino aad 

residues at their amino termini. Targeted mutations specifically eliminating 

either the a or B transcript led to developmental abnormalities 

similar to those produ& by pr&iously identifk hypomorphic 

mutants. showing " that both transcri~ts have essential functions for 

normal development. However, prdvision of additional doses of a in a 

$ -strain or of p in an a-strain remediated the developmental defects, 

indicating that the polypeptides have redundant functions. It is likely 

that differential regulation of a and p expression in the wild type is 

important for the initiation and temporal regulation of development. 


Conidial morphology of Pyricularia 

from amenity grasses and cereals 

bela F. Pur- and J. J. Muchovej. A&J Agronomic Diag- 

nostics, Inc., PO Box 25, Lloyd, FL 32337-0025, and Ornamental 

Horticulture, Florida A&M Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32307. 

The morphology of conidia of 30 isolates of Pyricukrria obtained from 

the cereals rice, wheat, oats and barley as well as amenity grasses and 

St. Augustine grass was studied by culturing the isolates on three culture 

media for 7 days and then subjecting the cultures to long wave 

UV light. Conidia were harvested and mounted in lactophenol for 

observation. 

All isolates produced conidia which were ovoid to elongate obpyriform, 

2 septate, hyaline to subhyaline in color and smooth in surface 

texture. The conidia varied tremendously in size among isolates with 

the smaller isolates being 1422 x 7-9 p, and the larger isolates 25-37 x 

7-10 p. Of all conidia, the shortest had a length of 13 and the longest 

46 pm; the narrowest had a width of 6 and the widest 14 p. Isolates 

from rice showed both the more ovoid and the elongate obpyriform 

shapes. 

The principle species of Pyriculmin which are pathogenic to grasses are 

P. grisen and P. oryzue. These are now considered to be cospeafic 

Originally, these species had been separated by the more ovoid shape 

of the conidia of P, oryzae. This distinction was not found among the 

isolates studied with many isolates from rice having more elongate 

obpyriform conidia and many isolates from amenity grasses having 

ovoid conidia.

Sunday, 10:M) am initial studies suggest that Fusmium moniljfane may overcome poten- 

Orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase: tial resistance chemicals of corn by detoxification 

a single copy nuclear gene for molecular 

phylogenetic analyses of pyrenomycetes 

Poster Dl; Sunday pm 

S. A. Rehner. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Nuclear DNA content and chromosome number in 

USDA-ARS, BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705. German isolates of Phytophthora infestans 

Orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.23; OMP decar- 

boxylase) is a single copy nuclear gene required for uridine biosynthe- 

sis. Oligonucleotide primers will be described that are designed to 

amplify a 550 bp segment of OMPDecase which includes an insert of 

approximately 100 amino acid residues that is unique to pyrenomy- 

cetes. Sequences within this fragment homologous among all eukary- 

otes are moderately to highly conserved, whereas the pyrenomycete 

insert includes both moderately conserved and hypervariable tracts. 

Sequence variation between species of Hyponed, Hypomyces, Sphaero- 

stilbella, and other hypomalean taxa will be discussed. An OMPDec- 

ase gene phylogeny for these taxa will be presented and contrasted to 

one previously obtained for nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA. 


Use of white-rot fungi in biobleaching 

Ian D. Reid. Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada, 

Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada. 

Residual lignin imparts a brown colour to kraft pulp, and must be 

removed by bleaching. Conventional bleaching with CI2 gives chloro- 

organic byproducts which pollute mill wastewaters, so alternative 

bleaching methods are being sought. Some white-rot fungi, notably 

Phamhaete dnvsosvorium, Trmnetes versiwlor. and isolate IZU-154 can 

delignify the p&s, dea-eakig or eliminating the need for bleaching 

chemicals. The fungal deligruhcation takes several days, too long for 

commercial practicality. To speed the delignification, we are trylng to 

identify and overproduce the responsible enzymes. T. versicoIol pro- 

duces laccase and manganese peroxidase, but no lignin peroxidase, 

during pulp bleaching. Manganese peroxidase by itself causes exten- 

sive demethylation and some solubilization of the lignin, but it does 

not bri&ten the pulp. Laccase, combined with an artificial substrate, 

causes; similar d&ethylation and delignification Apparently essen- 

tial components of the bleaching system remain to be discovered. 


Metabolism of benzoxazolinones 

by Fusarium monilifom 

Michael D. Richardson, Charles W. Bacon, Dorothy M. Hinton, 

and James K. Porter. Toxicology and Mycotoxin Res. Unit, 

USDA-ARS, R.B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Athens, 

GA 30613 

In corn seedliigs, cyclic hydroxamic acids and their corresponding 

benzoxazolinones are associated with resistance to several plant 

pathogens, including fungi. We conducted a series of in viio investiga- 

tions into the response of Fusarium mailifm J. Sheldon, a pathogen 

of corn seedlings, against 6-methoxy-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) and 

2-benzoxazolinone (BOA). On agar media, radial growth of several F. 

mailifme isolates was reduced significantly when MBOA and BOA 

were incorporated at concentrations of 50 pg mL-I. Furthermore, these 

compounds were fungitoxic at concentrations of 750 pg mL-1. How- 

ever, after 6 days, mycelial growth rate on media containing the benz- 

oxazolinones at 500 pg ml-1 was not different from controls, suggesting 

that the fungus overcame the toxicity. In a subsequent experiment, 

fungi were grown in liquid media for 3 days, at which time MBOA or 

BOA was added at 2.5 mM concentrations. After 24 h, both compounds 

had completely disappeared from the cultures and new compounds 

with similar W spectrum to the parent compounds were present. 

These observations were consistent using several fungal isolates. These 

Donna L. Ritch and *Stephen S. Daggett. College of Human 

Biology, Univ. of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI 54311- 

7001, and *Dept. of Biology, Penn State Univ., University Park, 

PA, 16802. 

Hyphal tips from four German isolates designated 35,46,47, and 67 of 

Phytopkthora infestans were analyzed for mean nuclear DNA contents 

and duomosome numbers. ~udear DNA contents of 50 hyphal nuclei 

per isolate were determined after Feulgen staining using scanning 

integrating microdensitome&y. Isolates 35 and 46 were found to be 

diploid with mean nuclear DNA values of 17.1 and 14.8, respectively, 

isolate 67 was triploid with a mean nuclear DNA value of 26.4, and 

isolate 47 was tetraploid with a mean nuclear DNA value.of 32.5. 

These values were then compared to actual chromosome numbers 

within hyphal tip nuclei. ~hkmosome preparations were made by 

initially treating the tips with colchicine followed by aceto-orcein 

staining. chromosome numbers determined during mitotic stages 

were consistent with mean nuclear DNA contents for each isolate. Isolates 

35 and 46 were found to possess approximately 8 chromosomes, 

isolate 67 approximately 12 chromosomes, and isolate 47 approximately 

16 chromosomes. Scanning integrating microdensitometry has 

proven to be a reliable method for determining nuclear DNA contents. 

Tuesday, 8:OO am 

Observations of the actin cytoskeleton in 

germlings of Aspergillus nidulans 

Robert W. Roberson and Harry Pittman. Dept of Botany, 

Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287-1601. 

The actin cytoskeleton was examined in germlings of wild-type stains 

of Aspergillus nidulmrs (Eidam) Winter and strains carrying a tempera- 

turesensitive mutation of the nuclear distribution (nud) gene. Visual 

data were collected using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy 

and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. Immunofluorescence data 

of wild-type strains indicated that the majority of actin was localized in 

brightly fluorescent spots concentrated near the hyphal tip. Focusing 

through the germlings revealed that actin spots were positioned in the 

peripheral cytoplasm. Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry suggest- 

ed that the fibrillar coating of filasomes contained actin, and that Ma- 

somes represented the 'ul&astruchural equivalent of actin spots. The 

nud gene products are required for proper nuclear migration during 

conidia germination and mycelia growth. Thus, in nud mutants grown 

at a restrictive temperature (42'C) significantly fewer nuclei migrate 

into germ tubes. Nuclear migration in A. nidulm is known to be 

dependent on microtubules,however the nud mutants lack apparent 

defects in the microtubule cvtoskeleton. Three nud mutants were 

examined (nudAl, nudC3, nhF) to determine whether the nud gene 

product influences actin distribution. These results will be presented 

and implications discussed as to the role of actin in nuclear migration 


Adhesion of Eysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei 

conidia to artificial substrates 

Donald R. Roberts and *Melvin S. Fuller. Dept. of Plant 

Pathology, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, and Wept. of 

Botany, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. 

Adhesion of Eysiphegraminis f. sp. hordei (barley powdery mildew) 

conidia to artificial substrates was examined using wash-off experi-

ments, freeze substitution, cytochemishy at the light and electron 

microscope level, and SDSpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 

Conidia of Eysiphe grmninis f. sp. hordei were deposited onto substrates 

of different hydrophobiaties which were subsequently washed with a 

water spray. The greater the substrate hydrophobicity the better the 

conidia adhered. In freeze substituted conidia on cellophane mem- 

brane an electron opaque mucilage surrounds the portion of the cdni- 

dia in contact with Ihe'cellophane. This mucilage stains positively for 

both protein and polysaccharide. The proteins deposited onto cello- 

phane have been examined using S ~PAGE. 


A disease of sweet cherry fruit 

caused by Aureobasidium 

Rodnev G. Roberts and Frank M. Dugan. USDA, ARS, Tree 

Fruit Research Laboratory, 1104 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee, 

WA 98801. 

Yeast-like fungi isolatedfrom stylar and receptacular scars of surface 

disiiested, immature and mature 'Bing' cherry fruit were provision- 

ally identified as Aureobasidium pullulans. Agar cultures exhibited 

cream, yellow, or light pink pigmentation, with dark brown to black 

sectors developing centrally in some isolates. Primary and secondary 

conidia of four isolates were 4.9-16.3 pm long x 2.9-8.9 pm wide. Short, 

lateral branches bearing conidiogenous loci were absent in YM, MEA, 

and PDA agar cultures, but were present in 3% glucose-yeast extract- 

peptone liquid cultures. Wound inoculation of cherry fruit with these 

isolates produced rapidly expanding lesions that were characterized 

by their caramel external color and nearly complete maceration of 

cortical tissue, leaving conspicuous pockets inside the fruit at inocula- 

tion sites. Fungi recovered from lesions on inoculated fruit were 

morphologically and physiologically identical to the isolates used to 

inoculate the fruit. 

Tuesday, 4:OO pm 

Ambrosia fungi of the southern United States 

v 

Richard A. Roeuer, Paul F. Ernling, Bill F. Nelson and Jennifer 

A. England. Dept. of Biology, Alma College, Alrna, MI 

48801-1599. 

Three scolytid ambrosia beetles - X yldrus carpactus, Xylosandrus 

crassiusculus, and Xylebacs obliquus -were collected from living vines 

in Wilkinson Co., Mississippi. All three beetles are introduced species 

to the United States. Isola&ns of fungi were made from mycan& and 

galleries. Ambrosiella xvlebm' was found to be associated from X. corn- 

pactus and represents ihe first report of this association in the Western 

Hemisphere. An apparentl new species of Ambrosiella was isolated 

from X. crassiusculus and will be desaibed. Ambrosiella hmtigii was 

found associated with X. obliquus for the first time. Fusmium and yeast 

isolates were also common in the galleries of all three beetles. 


Ambrosia fungi associated with 

Xyloterinus politus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) 

Richard A. Romt, Kristopher L. Giles, Justin G. Atkins and 

Steven C. Cassar. Dept. of Biology, Alma College, Alrna, MI 

48801-1599. 

Xylotninus politus is endemic to eastern North America and infest 

weakened, wind-thrown or cut hardwood. The beetle was collected in 

flight and from galleries in aspen and oak X. politus is an unique 

ambrosia beetle in that the female has two pairs of mycangia: an oral 

type and a prothoracic-pleural type. An undescribedfun&s (XwJ 

dominated isolations from pleural mycangia and in larval cradles. 

Within the pleural mycangia this fungus formed large 30 p spherical 

bodies, which may be asci. Three other fungi: a Rnffaelea species, an 

unddbed hyphomycete (Xd and an ascosporic yeast were isolated 

from the oral mycangia and from gallery systems. A complex of 

fungi thus appears to be essential in this mutualistic symbiosis. 


Phylogenetic relationships of slime molds 

inferred from ribosomal DNA 

Sham A. Rusk, +Frederick W. Spiegel, and Steven B. Lee. 

Dept. of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Northern Colorado, 

Greeley, CO 80639 and *Dept. of Biological Sciences, Univ. of 

Arkansas, Fayetteville, AK 72701. 

Evolutionary relationships of myxomycetes, dictyostelids, and protcstelids 

remain unresolved due, at least in Dart, to the lack of ameement 

on which morphological charaacters are rkable (Spiegel, 1991; Ribosomal 

DNA (rDNA) sequence comparisons can provide a better means 

for analyzing phylogenetic relationships from species to kingdom 

levels (Wegel, 1991). To date, only Physm polycepkalum and Didyostelium 

discoideum have been characterized using small subunit ribosomal 

DNA (ssrDNA). 

We have begun a molecular systematic study of representatives of the 

maior , r resumed dads of the eumvcetozoans and antici~ate that this 

A 

data may provide better resolution of their phylogeny. In order to amplify 

ribosomal genes from a wider range of she molds, we designed 

3 new primers (SMNUR 101,103,108) that contain sequences shared 

by P. polycephalum and D. diswideum not found in conventional fungal 

rDNA peers (White et al., 1990). The utility of these primers has 

been demonstrated by amplification of rDNA from Protostelium mycophaga, 

Arc* nutans,-h4etkchia vesparium, Fuligo septic^, Hemitrichin 

chfa, and Gnnatrickia tvphoides. Over 400 base pairs of sequence has 

been generated for the &DNA region from P. m&mphaga. Very preliminary 

alignments suggest that P. myeophga may have diverged from 

the myxomycetes very early in the history of the eumycetozoans. 


Variation in Hypocrea schwiinitzii 

and its Trichodma anamorph 

Garv T. Samuel% Orlando Petrini, and Sylvie Manguin. 

USDA-ARS Systematic Botany and Mycology Lab., Rrn. 304, 

B-OllA, BARC-West; Beltsvlle, MD 20705; Mikrobiologisches 

Institut, Edig. Technixhe Hochschule, ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092 

Ziirich, Switzerland; USDA-ARS Beneficial Insects Lab., 

BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705. 

Isolates of the ascomycete Hypocrea sdnoeinitzii derived from North 

American, South America, and Chinese collections were analyzed 

using gel electrophoresis. Isozyme analysis indicated the -tence of 

three groups, each corresponding to the geographic 'provenance. Re- 

examination of the teleomorphs and of the anamorphs revealed 

morphological and cultural characters that corresponded to each of the 

isozyrne-defined groups. Within each isozyme group there was little 

variation, cultural or morphological, among the teleomorphs and ana- 

morphs. These results indicate that H. schweinitzii, which has been long 

considered to be a common, cosmopolitan, and.homogeneous species 

is, in fact, a complex of species. This may help to explain and dispel1 

the belief that one species of Hypocrea can have more than one Tricho- 

h anamorph. Each of the Hypocrea taw in this complex must also 

have as its anamorph a discrrete Trichodenna taxon. If the anamorphs 

can be taken as representative of Trichoh, then the types of Tncho- 

h species should be narrowly interpreted in defining species. 

These results suggest that there are far more species of Trickodm 

than have been recognized.


Analysis of ribosomal DNA restriction patterns 

in the genus Kluy.oeromyces 

Peng Shen, Francis I. Molina, and Shung-Chang Jong. 

Mycology & Botany Dept., American Type Culture Collection, 

12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852-1776. 

The relationships of species within the genus K luwces were deter- 

mined by riboprinting. Two regions of the ribosomal DNA repeat unit 

(the small subunit [SSU[ and the 5.8+ internal transaibed spacer m] 

rDNA) from 16 strains were amplified using PCR and subjected to a 

battery of nine restriction enzymes. Similarity coefficients between 

strains were calculated based on shared and unique restriction frag- 

ments. Cluster analysis revealed three major groups, one of which 

corresponds to the K. afrimus group including the newly described 

species K bacillospm. Groupings derived from the combined results 

of SSU and ITS restriction analyses were in agreement with those 

based on other molecular and genetic data. They also confirmed the 

previous finding that K. cello^ is an outlying member of the 

genus and support the treatment of K. lactis as a separate species that is 

distinct from K. mmximrus. Restriction polymorphisms in the SSU 

rDNA may be used for identification as a supplement to classical 

taxonomic criteria. 


Ultrastructure of zoospores using a 

modified freeze-substitution fixation 

Zphn P. Shields and Melvin S. Fuller. Botany Dept., Univ. of 

Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. 

The zoospores of several u~sporic fungi were examined ultrastmcturally 

using a modified freezesubstitution fixation This technique gave 

excellent and reproducible fixation of the wall-less spores in quantities 

greater than those obtained in previously described methods. Comparisons 

will be made to previously studied zoospores prepared by chernical 

fixation. 

Freeze-substitution of zoospores provided better fixation of vacuolar 

structures, membranes and glycocalyx. There appeared to be two types 

of vacuoles. One type of vacuole contained fibrillar material and may 

function as a storage vacuole. The other vacuoles had no visible inter- 

nal material and were assumed to be part of the water expulsion vacu- 

ole (WEV) complex. Coated pits and vesicles were observed in associ- 

ation with WEVs and the zoospore plasma membrane, indicating that 

endocytosis of the plasma membrane is part of membrane recycling 

during osmoregulatory events. Earlier studies of chemically fixed 

zoospores stained for carbohydrates demonstrated a prominent glyco- 

calyx. The glycocalyx was visualized on the periphery of freeze-substi- 

tuted zoospores without the use of carbohydrate stains. 


Chitinolytic activity of the entomopathogenic fungus 

Pandma delphacis (Zygomycofina: Entomophthorales) 

Dawn D. Srnilev, A. Ramesh, and M. Gunasekaran and P. 

Narayanasamy. Dept. of Biology, Fisk Univ., Nashville, TN 

37208 and Dept. of Entomology, Annamalai Univ., 

Annarnalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India. 

The extracellular chitinase production and induction in the entomo- 

phagous fungus Prmdora &&hacis, a pathogen of brown planthopper, 

was investigated. The cultural conditions such as the type of media, 

temparature, pH, type of substrate and its concentration on enzyme 

activity were also monitored. Maximum growth and enzyme activity 

occurred 8th and 6th day after inoculation, respectively. The basal 

synthetic salts medium (BSSM) alone or supplemented with glucose or 

yeast extract yielded the maximum growth and chitinase activity com- 

pared with BSSM supplemented with s um. The enzyme activity 

was found to be optimum at 40'C and a pH of 6. Growth was relative- 

ly higher when &und chitin was used as a substrate, compared to 

other forms such as boiled, autodaved and unautodaved colloidal 

chitin. Maximum growth Ad enzyme activity was observed in BSSM 

supplemented with 1% colloidal chitin. High chitinase activity was 

detected only in chitin amended BSSM. Glucose, maltose, glucosamine, 

acetyl glucosamine, pectin and peptone induced chitinase production 

whereas mannose, fructose, cellobiose, carboxy methyl cellulose, lac- 

tose, arabinose, chitobiose, suaose, gelatin and chitosan inhibited the 

enzyme activity. In the light of present findings, the role of chitinase 

produced by P. delphacis in infection process will be discussed. 

Tuesday, 1@A5 am 

In vifro sporidial mating by Ustilago maydis 

M. Snetselaar. Dept. of Plant Pathology, Univ. of 


A dropculture technique facilitated studies of sporidial mating by the 

smut fungus Ustilago mnydis. Sporidia were grown in liquid medium, 

concentrated by centrifugation, resuspended in sterile water, and 

placed in 30 pl drops in Petri dishes. Sporidia were placed on slides for 

observation with DIC and epifluorescence miaoscopy after incubation 

times of up to 8 hr. When haploid strains were incubated alone in 

water, sporidia continued to grow by budding as they do in nutrient 

medium. When haploid sporidial strains with compatible a and b 

mating-type allelk were hubated together, after several hours they 

mated by a fusion tube and formed a rapidly-growing dikaryotic hy- 

pha. When paired strains were compatible at a but not at b, mating 

often involved more than two sporidia, and only short, irregular hy- 

phae were formed. Strains with disrupted b alleles behaved in a similar 

way when mated with compatible a strains. Paired strains incompati- 

ble at a did not mate regardless of the b alleles they carried. Sporidia of 

a diploid strain with compatible alleles at both loci did not mate but 

each one immediately formed a uninucleate hypha. A diploid strain 

that was isogenic except for a disrupted b allele had a different mating 

pattern; sporidia mated with each other and with other haploid strains. 


Phylogenetic placement of the 

"lack yeasts" (Ascomycota) 

1. W. S~atafora, R. Vilgalys and T. G. Mitchell. Dept. of 

Botany, *Dept. of Microbiology, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 

27708. 

We have begun a survey of dematiaceous hyphomycetes commonly 

referred to as "black yeasts". This group of fungi is exemplified by 

mitotic taxa exhibiting either percurrent, sympodial or synchronous 

conidium formation. Traditional classification schemes have treated 

them as imperfect states of loculoascomycetes. Cladistic analysis was 

performed on approximately 800 base pairs from the nudear-encoded 

small subunit ribosomal DNA. The results support species from the 

form genera Rhinocladiella (sympodial conidiogenesis) and Wangieh 

(percurrent conidiogenesis) as Wig near relatives to Aureobasidium 

pullulrms (synchronous condiogenesis). These preliminary results are 

consistent with the existence of a dade of dematiaceous fungi with a 

putative phylogenetic affinity to bitunicate teleomorphs. Molecular 

systematics has provided support for major groups of fungi within the 

Ascomycota including pyrenomycetes, plectomycetes and endomycetalean 

yeasts. Our results suggest that, along with other loculoascomycetes, 

these dematiaceous hyphomycetes represent another major 

clade within the Ascomycota. Taxa are being included from additional 

form genera including ~xo~hiala, ~hialopkoray Cladosp~um and Phaeccocmyces 

as well as perfect states of loculoascomycetes.


A hypha is a hypha, oh, my best beloved - NOT! 

F. W. Spiegel. Dept. of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Arkansas, 

Fayetteville, AR 72701. 

Assumptions about the origins of morphological characters in myco- 

logical organisms are often presented quite uncritically. Such assump- 

tions are rarely treated as if they were testable hypotheses, and, as a 

result, reasonable alternative assumptions are not carefully considered. 

While this observation may seem trivial, the interpretation of a set of 

morphological trains may have a profound effect on any comparative 

biological study. 

Work on the trophic cells of varous mycetozoans has shown that all 

amoebae are not homologous to each other. Even the amoebae of 

closely related species ofprotostelids may not share any synapo- 

morphies. In some cases, it is not possible to determine hypothesis of 

the origin of a particular amoeba is correct. This observation may be 

expanded to include much more of the mycological realm than the 

oddball slime molds. 

For instance, recent molecular studies of the fungi suggest that the 

chytridiomycetes, zygomycetes, and high fungi are a monophyletic 

group. Most observers would likely conclude that the hyphae of the 

mycelial species of these fungi are homologous. I will present several 

alternatives to this hypothesis that are just as likely to be true. 


A preliminary report on the aquatic fungi 

associated with streams in Denali 

National Park and Preserve, Alaska 

Steven L. Stephenson, Tara Dubey, Gary A. Laursen, and 

Roseann Densmore. Dept. of Biology, Fairmont State College, 

Fairmont, WV 26554; Dept. of Biology, West Virginia Institute 

of Technology, Montgomery, WV 25136; Dept. of Biology and 

Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775; 

and National Park Service, P.O. Box 9, Denali National Park, 

AK 99755. 

The aquatic fungi occurring in six streamsing in six streams within 

Denali National Park and Preserve in central Alaska were studied during 

the 1991 and 1992 field seasons. Sampling methods used included 

(1) isolating conidia from stream water by m k of a membrane 

filtration technique, (2) placing litter bags prepared with leaves from 

three species of shrubs characteristically present as important components 

of riparian communities directly in the streams and retrieving 

these bags after a period of approximately two weeks, and (3) "baiting" 

with various types of organic materials (e.g., pine pollen) for the 

same period of time. In addition to the stream swey, prelurunary data 

were obtained for the aquatic fungi associated with decaying plant 

material in seepage located areas of subarctic alpine bdra. 

The total number of taxa of aquatic hyphomycetes recorded from a 

single stream, based on the presence of conidia filtered from water 

samples, ranged from 12 to 45. The majority of these were Ingoldian 

hyphomycetes; non-Ingoldian hyphomycetes were much less numerous. 

or -chytndiaceoG fungi &d water molds, the total number of 

taxa present (15 to 19) varied little among the three streams sampled 

for these organisms. Green alder (Alnus crispa [Ait.] Pursh) litter bags 

were colonized by an average of 10.0 taxa of aquatic hyphomycetes, 

whereas the corresponding numbers for thinleaf alder (Alnus tenuifolia 

Nutt.) and feltleaf willow (Salk ahensis [Anderss.] Cov.) litter bags 

were 12.3 and 13.7 taxa, respectively. Thirteen taxa were recorded from 

all three types of litter; Tetracladium mmchalianurn de Wildeman was 

particularly abundant. At least 24 taxa were recorded from decaying 

plant material collected from seepage pools located in areas of subarctic 

alpine tundra. (Supported in part by funds provided by the 

National Park Service.) 


Patterns of colonization of conifer foliage 

by endophytic Phyllosticta species 

Jeffrev Stone. Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon 

State Univ., Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2902. 

Phyllosticta abietina is an endophytic colonist of foliage of Abies spp. 

and Pseudotsuga menriesii. Phyllosticta mcentrica is an endophytic 

colonist of Tarus brmfolia. Healthy needles were surface sterilized and 

cultured to determine infection frequencies by Phyllosticfa spp. and 

whole needles were cleared and stained for histological examination of 

fungal colonization patterns. Colonization of the needles by subcuticular 

hyphae in the junctions between epidermal cells was observed. On 

Abies spp. and P. menziesii, penetration between anticlinal walls of 

epidermal cells and limited internal colonization of mesophyll by 

intercellular hyphae was observed. On T. brmfolia, only subcuticular 

colonization confined to the needle surface was observed. Subcuticular 

growth of P. mcentnfnca in the furrows between epidermal cells of T. 

breoifolia apparently accounts for its recovery as an endophyte from 

surfacesterilized ,foliage. 


Comparison of ATP and ergosterol as indicators 

of fungal biomass associated with 

decomposing leaves in streams 

K. Suberkro~~, M. 0. Gessner, and E. Chauvet. Dept. of Biol. 

Sciences, Univ. of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, 

Projektzentrum 6kosystemforschung, Univ. Kiel, 2300 Kiel 1, 

Germany, and Centre dtEcologie des Ressources 

Renouvelables, CNRS, 31055 Toulouse, France. 

Ergosterol was compared with ATP as an indicator of fungal biomass 

a&ated with leaves colonized in the laboratory and decomposing in 

streams. In all studies, sporulation rates of the fungi colonizing leaves 

were also determined to compare patterns of fungal reproductive 

activity with patterns of growth. During leaf degradation, ergosterol 

concentratiok exhibitedsignificant, correlations with ATP 

concentrations in the laboratory and when leaves had been air-dried 

prior to being submerged in a stream. However, when fresh leaves 

were submerged in a stream, ergosterol and ATP were negatively 

correlated dAg degradation. This appeared to be due to the 

persistence of leaf-derived ATP in fresh leaves during the first 1-2 

Leeks in the stream. Estimations of fungal biomass fkm ergosterol 

concentrations of leaf litter were generally 1-2 times those calculated 

from ATP concentrations. During periods of growth, changes in ATP 

and ergosterol concentrations followed similar patterns, but increases 

in sporulation rates lagged slightly behind growth of fungi on leaves. 

Poster C2l; Sunday pm 

Entonaema liquescens (Ascomycetes, Xylariales, 

Xylariaceae) in southern Illinois and 

northwestern Kentucky 

Walter 1. Sundberg. Dept. of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois 

Univ., Carbondale, IL 62901-2237. 

Entonnemn 1iquescen.s Moeller (Xylariales, Xylariaceae) forms lignicol- 

ous, solitary to gregarious, irregularly saccate and somewhat folded, 

bright sulfur yellow to olive-yellow stromata. The hollow, liquid-filled 

stromata, up to 8 an broad, have a dull olivaceous, rubbery-gelatinous 

wall beneath the thin, yellow surface and surrounding the cavity. 

Dark, carbonaceous perithecia bearing dark, unicellular ascospores 

develop in the stroma wall just beneath the brightly colored exterior. 

Previously recorded only from Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Kan- 

sas, Sundberg and Stracklejahn (Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. 79

(Suppl.): 31) first recorded Entomema in Illinois from Jackson County 

in 1986. Survey of additional and subsequent collections indicates that 

although mfrequently seen and apparently rare, E. liquescens is more 

widely distributed in southern Illinois (now known from Randolph 

Co. a d a second locality in Jackson CO;) and also occurs in ex&e 

northwestern Kentucky (Livingston Co.). One collection was made in 

November while the others were found in July and August. All collections 

were made in the vicinity of rivers or aeeks, at least some in 

regions that are occasionally flooded. In addition to filling in part of 

the distribution gap between southern state localities and Kansas, 

these Illinois and ~entuclc~ records suggest that E. liquescens may 

occur throughout the lower Mississippi Valley in riparian habitats. 


Small subunit rRNA phylogeny of basidiomycetes: 

the simple-septate lineage 

Eric C. Swann and John W. Taylor. Dept. of Plant Biology, 

Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720. 

Phylogenetic analysis of small-subunit, 18s rRNA gene sequences from 

diverse basidiomycetes indicate the presence of three major lineages. 

These are 1) monocot smuts, 2) simple-septate, and 3) doliporeseptate, 

hymenomycete lineages. Fungi included in the simple-septate lineage 

range from common and well-known groups like the Uredinales, to 

less familiar fungi, such as the insect parasite Septobnsidium, and the 

bizarre Heterogusfdium pycnioideum, a gasteroid-auricularioid basidie 

mycete with a pycnioid basidiocarp. The phylogenetic position, based 

on 18s rRNA gene sequence analysis, of some of these unusual simple- 

septate basidiomycetes such as are discussed. 


Distribution of dictyostelid cellular slime molds 

in different plant community sites of Belize 

and northern Guatemala, Central America. 

&drew R. Swanson and James C. Cavender. Dept. of Environ- 

mental and Plant Biology, Ohio Univ., Athens, OH 45701. 

The primary purpose of this project was to determine the distribution 

of dictyostelid cellular s he molds (CSM) in eight ecologically differ- 

ent plant community sites of northern Central America. The question 

of what factors influence the CMS distribution was also addressed. 

Surface soil samples were collected from eight sites within five vegeta- 

tion zones. Samples were processed for CSM populations at Ohio Uni- 

versity. Absolute density and species diversity of CSM were found to 

vary between plant community sites. This variation was attributed 

m&t dosely differences in sbil pH between the eight sites. The CSM 

distributions of northern Central America appear ultimately linked to 

the soil-forming parent materials underlyingthe plant co&unity 

sites. Soil pH was slightly alkaline at most of the sties, apparently due 

to an abundance of limestone-rich parent materials. Where limestone 

was not abundant, soil pH dropped and the diversity and abundance 

of didyostelids was adversely affected. 

Symposium; TuesdayS.50 am 

Chitin synethase conserved region homoloques in 

Wangiella dermatitidis and other fungi 

Paul I. Szaniszl~. Dept. of Microbiology, The Univ. of Texas at 

Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1095. 

The discovery of multiple chitin synthase enzymes in Sm-ces 

cereuisiae, coupled with the fact that chitin biosynthesis is significantly 

reoriented during the polymorphic transitions of W. dermatitidis, 

prompted my laboratory's search for multiple chitin synthases in this 

pathogen of humans. Our initial studies were directed toward the 

enzymes and indicated that there are probably a number of zymogenic 

activities associated with the plasmalemma, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 

is the substrate for synthesis, the activities are stimulated by divalent 

cations, and that the activities are inhibited by polyoxins. The latter 

finding confirmed our prior determination that polyoxin is an inhibitor 

of chitin synthesis and causes lysis of developing sclerotic bodies. 

Other studies indicated that the chitin synthase activities may be 

modulated during growth and transitions between zymogenic and 

nonzymogenic forms, and led to efforts to begin idenbfymg and char- 

acterizing the chitin synthase genes of W. dermtitidis as a prerequisite 

to determining their functions. 

Using PCR primers made avialable for collaborative research by Dr. P. 

W. Robbins (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), we amplified 

highly conserved chitin synthase sequences from genomic DNA of a 

number of pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi, including W. dermatitidis.The 

resulting 600 base pair PCR products were inserted into M13 

and then cloned chitin syn&ase gene &agments were sequenced. Three 

distinct nucleotide seauences re~resentative of three different chitin 

genes were identified in W. dermatitidis, and preliminary data suggested 

a fourth, which has now been identified as a sequence having 

homology with a gene encoding a membrane required f;;r 

aminotriawle resistance in S. cerevisine. Com~arisons of the deduced 

amino acid sequences for the chitin synthase'f~a~ments established 

that each can be assigned to one of three classes in agreement with 

recent findings about similar chitin synthase sequences in other fungi. 

Phylogenetic analyses of the corresponding DNA sequences appropriately 

clustered W. dermatitidis with other dematiaceous fungi and with 

other known or suspected euascomycetes. 


, Population genetic studies of human pathogenic 

fungi: strategies for Coccidioides immitis 

and Histoplasma capsulatum 

John W. Taylot *Deidre Carter, Austin C. Burt, and Thomas J. 

White. Dept. of Plant Biology, Univ. of California, Berkeley, 

California 94720 &id +Roche Molecular Systems, 1145 Atlantic 

Avenue, Suite 100, Alameda, CA 94501. 

Population genetic studies of nudeic add variation can be used to (1) 

infer the relative frequency of sexual and asexual reproduction, (2) 

improve molecular-genetic detection methods by allowing for intraspecific 

variation, and (3) search for correlations between genotype (or 

clone) and phenotype (e.g., pathogenicity). For human pathogens, such 

information might improve diagnosis and treatment. Previous studies 

of molecular phylogenetics placed Coccidioides immitis and Histopiasma 

capsuiatum (=Aji~i&ce~ capiuhtus) in the onygenales (~scomycota). 

Oli~onudeotide probes have been made for their identification via 

P C To ~ continue these studies in populations, we are (1) developing 

safe and rapid methods for nudeic acid extraction from pathogenic 

fungi and (2) searching for nudear markers to study intraspecific variation 

Our strategy for safe DNA extraction relies on first killing the 

fungus. With polymorphic loci, we want to know the basis for variation 

in all individuals. Candidate sequences, therefore, are generated 

by PCR amplification with random primers, and sequence variation in 

regions that amplii from all individuals is revealed by single-strand 

conformation polymorphism (SSCP) electrophoresis. Polymorphism 

revealed by SSCP is confirmed by sequence analysis. 

Tuesday, ll:15am 

Attempted infection of two nonhosts by the pearl 

millet rust fungus (Puccinia substriata var. indica) 

Josephine Tayl~r. Dept. of Biology, Stephen F. Austin State 

University, Nacogdoches, Texas 75962. 

Leaves of corn (Zen mays L.) and peanut (Arachis hypogum L.) were 

inoculated with urediniospores of the pearl millet rust fungus (Puccinia 

substsiata var. indica). Fungal development and nonhost cell responses

were observed using epifluorescence light microscopy, Nomarski light 

microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. 

The fungus produced germ tubes, appressoria, substomatal vesicles, 

infection hyphae, and haustorial mother cells on and within leaves of 

both nonhosts. Lack of directional germ tube growth on peanut leaves 

appeared to affect the ability of germ tubes to successfully locate sto- 

mates. Limited haustorial production was observed in peanut. Fungal 

colonies were not successfully established in either nonhost. In corn, 

mesophyll cells associated with attempted infection sites became 

neuotic and cell wall thickenings were observed. Guard cells under- 

neath fungal appressoria necrosed in peanut. 


Study of Trichothecium roseurn 

by means of spectrocolorimetry 

Moniaue Thibaut and Jeannine Pontet. Laboratoire de Para- 

sitologie et Mycologie, 15, rue de 1'Ecole de MMecine, F 75270 

Paris CEDEX 06, France. 

The biochemical study of fungi was undertaken using Trickotkeciurn 

roseurn as a model.This paper describes the biochemical determination 

carried out in order to chakcterize the lipid consumption. A technique 

for using will be spectrocolorimetry. Trichotheciurn roseurn may repre- 

sent a health risk for the consumer. The lack of information is especial- 

ly important in regard to the role of this mould. Fungal analysis has 

been made simpler by introducing spectroco1orimeb-y. This method is 

advantageous over the conventional methods of biochemistry. Such 

knowledge would without doubt lead to a better understanding of this 

funm. Such a detection system is a rapid, sensitive method for the 

detection of lipids. ~ioch-stry pe& to the study of living system 

and provides a background appropriate for further work in the 


Enzyme mechanisms involved in lignin degradation 

Minn Dept. of Molecular and Cell Biology, Pennsylvania 

State Univ., University Park, PA 16802. 

Lignin biodegradation plays an important role in the utilization of 

lignocellulosic materials. Its biodegradation is brought about predomi- 

nantly by filamentous fungi. We have studied the white-rot fungus 

Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The first lignindegrading enzymes, 

lignin peroxidases and Mn peroxidases, were discovered from this 

organism. Since their discovery, we have characterized these enzymes 

biochemically. The mechanisms of these enzymes will be discussed. 

More recently, the cDNAs encoding these isozymes have been isolated. 

Due to the large number of potential applications of using lignin- 

degrading enzymes in biomass utilization, largescale production of 

these enzymes have been attempted by numerous groups. To date, 

these enzymes have only been expressed in active form in the insect 

tissueculture expression system. Although this facilitates biochemical 

studies, it is of no practical use for biomass utilization. We have deve- 

loped a selection procedure for isolation of strains which overproduce 

the lignindegrading enzymes. We have also found that these strains 

are useful in degradation of pulping effluent and in diodegradation of 

a large number of toxic chemicals. Strategies for the eventual use of 

these enzymes will be discussed. 


The ten year Great Iowa Morel Hunt 

Lois H. Tiffanv, George Knaphus, and 'Donald Huffrnan. 

Dept. of Botany, Iowa State Univ., Arnes, LA 50011 and 'Dept. 

of Biology, Central College, Pella, IA 50219. 

A morel-false morel survey has been conducted in Iowa each spring 

for the past ten years, 1984 through 1993. The original plans were con- 

ceived by the authois and they have coordinated the project with a 

great deal of help and cooperation from the Iowa State Univ. Service. 

However, most of the collecting and field data information came from 

Prairie States Mushroom Club members and hundreds of interested 

Iowa morel hunters. Their willingness to contribute collections and 

detailed field information (obviously not the exact location of produc- 

tive sites) has made it possible to accumulate data about these popular 

fungi, when they occur, annual variation of occurrence, type of field 

sites, plant associations, and distribution of species in Iowa. Almost a 

thousand collections, many including several specimens, have been 

contributed and examined. 

The Iowa spring morel-false morel group includes three or five spedes 

of Morckella, two species of Verpa, and two species of Gyromitra. The 

earliest collections were recorded on April 7, the latest on June 5. 

MmheIln esculenta was found in a broad range of habitats from the 

Missouri River flood plan to wooded slopes. They were commonly 

associated with live or dead elms, but also occurred in a wide variety 

of plant associations. Gyromiha brunnea developed quite consistently in 

the vicinity of rotting oak logs or well rotted oak stumps. Two species 

have a very limited distribution. One, Verpa bohemica, occurs in the 

northeast and the other, a black morel probably Morckella nngusticeps, 

in a few counties in the east central area. 


Comparison of coal-solubilizing agents 

from bacteria and fungi 

Albert P. TorzillL Jenefir D. Isbister and Jean Toth-Allen. 

Biology Dept., George Mason Univ., Fairfax, VA 22030. 

Coal-solubilizing agents produced by Trametes mmiwlor, Phamchuete 

chysosporiurn, Aspergillus sp., a bacterial consortium, and a bacterial 

isolate from that consortium were compared in terms of production 

kinetics, pH dependence, thermostability, molecular mass, mechanism 

of action, and product diversity. Low molecular weights and tolerance 

of high temperatures preduded an enzymatic mechanism of action for 

the coalOsolubilizing agents. Competition studies using CU+~ indicated 

that coal solubilization by these solubiliziig agents involved metal 

chelation. Results demonstrated that oxalate could account for some 

but not all of the coal solubilization observed for T. versiwlor and P. 

chyv'utn. The very low levels of oxalate detected for Aspergillus 

sp. and the bacterial cultures indicated that oxalate is not an important 

factor in coal solubilization by these microbes. When subjected to gel 

permeation chromatography; the soluble products generated by each 

coalsolubilizing agent yielded unique molecular mass profiles suggesting 

substantial product diversity. Such diversity increases the possibility 

of identifying potentially valuable compounds, thus extending 

the utilization of coal as a source of commercially important chemicals 

Wednesday, 11%lO am 

Sequence variation in nuclear ribosomal DNA 

spacers ITS-1 and ITS-2 in Phomopsis 

F. A. Ueck and S. A. Rehner. Systematic Botany and Myco- 

logy Laboratory, USDA-ARS, BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705. 

Phomopsis is a ubiquitous coelomycete genus with known teleomorphs 

in Diaporthe. These fungi occur as saprobes, endophytes or parasites on 

a wide range of angiosperms and gymnosperms. Phomopsis exhibits 

little informative variation in either conidiomal morphology or culture 

characteristics and species concepts are based primarily on host association. 

Over 50 isolates of Phomopsis were obtained from dicot, monocot 

and gymnosperm hosts originating from throughout the world. We 

sequenced the ITS regions to investigate whether genetic variation in 

Phomopsis is structured with respect to host assodation or geographic 

locality. The rTS-1 and ITS2 regions are approximately 170 and 160 bp 

long rbpectively and there are-two prina&l variants that are 85% 

similar. Little correspondence between lTS tvve and either host source 

or geographic origin' was observed. ~ossibl

data include: either the ITS variants are ancestral and are maintained 

as polymorphisms in extant species and are therefore'uninformative 

for phylogenetic analysis at this taxonomic level, or the host-based 

species concept is inappropriate and species of Phomopsis are capable 

of infesting more than one taxonomic group of hosts. 

Poster D16; Sunday pm . 

Two subfamilies of combinatorial homeodomain 

mating-type proteins of basidiomycetes 

Robert C. Ullrich, Lee C. Hanson, *Gerard Bouffard, and 

*Charles P. Novotny. Dept. of Botany, *Dept. of Microbiology 

and Molecular Genetics, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT 

05405; **Dept. of Miaobiology and Immunology, George 

Washington Univ., Washington, D.C. 20037. 

The mating-type loci of basidiomycetes contain pairs of genes: Z and Y 

in the Sdrizophvllum commune Aa locus, bE and bW in the Ustiko 

mnydis b lo&,-and at least two pairs in the Coprinus cinereus A; and 

Ap loci. Each gene encodes a homeodomain protein. The mating type 

of each haploid strain is specified by the alleles of these genes (e.g., the 

A% mating type of S. commune is specified by the Zi and Yi alleles). The 

Aa homeodomain proteins of different mating types present in fusion 

cells formed by two haploid strains activate development in a combiiatorial 

fashion (e.~., ZiYi is active and ZiYi or ZYi are inactive). The Y 

and Z gene prod;cts appear unrelated except 6r modest similarity 

within the homeodomains. However, similarity searches of peptide 

databases using FASTA and BLASTP programs reveal that each prctein 

shows sequence identity to one of two subfamilies of mating-type 

proteins (Z with bW, and Y with bE). The sequence identity is most 

extensive within the homeodomains, but extends over a 200-300 amino 

acid N-terminal region thought to encode mating-type specificity. The 

results suggest that this protein-based selfmelfrecognition system 

probably arose once from a common ancestral gene. This implies that 

the fundamental mechanism for the protein/protein recognition in 

these combinatorial complexes is similar across the different loci and 

species. 


Physiological studies of black yeast anamorphs 

of Capronia (Herpotrichiellaceae) 

Wendv A. Untereiner. and G.S. de Hoog. Dept. of Botany, Univ. 

of ~oionto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2, and Centraalbureau 

voor Schimmelcultures, PO Box 273,3740 AG Baarn, 

The Netherlands. 

The majority of conidial anamorphs of the Herpotrichiellaceae are 

black yeasts, and it is the only ascomycete family known to have 

~xophinln anarnorphs. ~lth&~h anGorphs have been used in the 

delimination of genera in the Herpcitrichiellaceae, the difficult taxonomy 

of Exophinln and allied black yeasts has limited thier usefulness as 

taxonomic criteria. In this study we examined the nutritional physic+ 

logy of species of Capronia. All species assimilate D-xylose, maltose, 

&a-trehalose and cellobiose; no growth is obtained with inulin, soluble 

starch, DL-lactate, methanol, or in 10% NaU. This physiological 

pattern does not clearly delimit Caprain from the dothideaceous black 

yeasts. Species of Caprain are physiologically distinct from each other 

and exhibit little intraspecific variation. An undesaibed species of 

Cap~ain and C. mansoiii are physiologically similar and share the 

greatest number of distinctive growth responses; both species were 

isolated from Populus and are known only in pure culture. 


Electrophoretic karyotype of the 

Dictyostelidae of Tikal, Guatemala 

E.M. Vadell, J.C. Cavender and *E.C. Cox. Dept. of Environ- 

mental and Plant Biology, Ohio Univ., Athens, OH 45701, and 

'Dept. of Molecular Biology, Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ 

08550. 

Cox ef al. (1990) reported on the number of electrophoretic karyotypes 

of Dictyostelium discoideum determined by damped homogeneous 

electric field (CHEF) electrophoresis. D. discoideum had six chromosomes. 

This technique was applied to a number of dictyostelids from 

Tikal, Guatemala, as well as of world-wide distribution. Three groups - - 

of species were determined by the study. Morphologically complex, 

species such as D. rosmium were shown to have more chromosomes of 

more variable size than morphologically simpler species such as D. 

deminutivum. The CAMP Dictyostelia, which are considered morphologically 

complex, had a chrc&osome range between 4 and 8 of - 

medium to large size. Small Dictyostelia (noncAMP Dictyostelia) had 

few chromosomes (two to four) of large size except D. microsponcm 

which had five small to medium. The Polysphondylia, as well as the 

aampon-based Dictyostelia had a larger number (eight to ten) of small 

to medium chromosomes. 


Analysis of gene flow and parentage in 

the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus 

R. Vilealvs. Dept. of Botany, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 

27708-0338. 

Molecular markers were employed to study patterns of inheritance 

and population structure in ~ l~rotus ost*en& by analysis of dedikaryotized 

homokarvons obtained from individuals in nature. By simultaneously 

analyzkg paired gametic haplotypes with their dikaryons, 

the heritability of polymorphic marker loci can be readily 

demonstrated and used to establish multilocus "dikaryotypes" for each 

individual. Because it provides information about the gametic constitution 

of each individual, dikaryotype analysis also facilitates determination 

of parentage and establishing pedigrees for natural populations. 

Analysis of genotypic frequencies for ten RAPD loci in 60 dikaryons of 

P. ostreatus from a local population revealed a low but si@cant lwel 

of inbreeding in the population. Analyses of parentage using deterministic 

exclusion and likelihood methods suggest that at least some individuals 

represent the progeny of previously existing dikaryons from 

the same population. Gene flow is also being estimated by determining 

parentage of airborne basidiospores collected at the site. 

Late submission 

Monday, 4:30 PM 

Application of VAM fungi in an extended 

field trial - an approach 

and.Alok Adholeya. Tata Energy Research 

Institute, New Delhi 110 003, India. 

Techniques of VAM inoculation m silvicultural practices are in 

infancy. Protocol development for succ~sful inoculation is yet to 

be devised. lbw target tree species - Leucam lecucephala, 

Prosopis juliflora,'and Acacia nil& -while considering their 

nitrogen fixing capacity and dual assodation were selected for 

highly alkaline and degraded soil conditions. The methodology 

for two-stage inoculation was perfected to ensure sufficient 

colonisation with selected isolates and subsequent techniques 

were developed for approriate destructive sampling to evaluate 

the performance of the particular isolate under field conditions.

, . 

A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of several 

genera in the Tricholomataceae based on nuclear 

large subunit ribosomal RNA sequence data 

R. Vilgalysl, and S. A. RehnerlJ. 'Dept. of Botany, Duke Univ., 

Durham, NC 27708; 2Systematic Mycology Laboratory, 

BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705. 

Collybia 

Micromphale 

Marasmiellus 

Campanella 

Crinipellis 

Crinipellis 

Marasmius 

Marasmius 

Mycena 

Resinomyca 

Mycena 

Clitocybe 

Lepista 

Xeromphalina 

Cystoderma 

Tricholoma 

Caulorhiza 

Baeospora 

Hydropus 

The results of an expanded analyses of these and other taxa will be 

discussed. 


Genetic analysis of life history in Candida albicans 

using codominant molecular genetic markers 

R. Vil_~alvs, M. Volovsek, E. Lim, and T. G. Mitchell. Departments 

of Botany and Microbiology, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 

27708. 


Preliminary survey of wood-decay fungi 

in old-growth forests of Alaska 

Thomas T. Volk and Harold H. Burdsall, Jr. Center for Forest 

Mycology Research, USDA Forest Products Laboratory, One 

Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53705. 

One of the results of reduction in permitted logging in the lower 48 

states is an increase of logging in old growth forests of Alaska. Such 

harvesting is expected to caw changes in the composition of the 

mycota of the logged areas. However, these changes are difficult to 

document because of a lack of baseline studies on the fungal species 

composition in these areas. One of us (HHB) has collected extensively 

during four summers on the Kenai Peninsula, south of Anchorage in 

the Chugach National Forest, as well as additional trips to the interior, 

including Denali National Park, and to southeastern Alaska near 

Juneau, in the Tongass National Forest. 

In this study of about 1700 collections from Alaska, we report approxi- 

mately 300 species of wood-decay basidiomycetes, mostly Corticiaceae 

sensu lato and Polyporaceae sensu lato. Approximately 150 of these 

species have not been recorded from Alaska in the literature, -21 have 

not been recorded from the United States, and -16 are not recorded 

from North America. An additional -30 new species will be described 

later. 

With some exceptions, the Alaskan wood-decay mycota contains 

species indigenous to North Europe, Siberia, the North American 

boreal zone, or the American northwest. The discovery of these species 

in Alaska extends many of the species' distribution ranges and significantly 

contributes to the presumed circumboreal, circumpolar, or 

pacific-~orthwest distribution patterns for these fungi. 


An unusual fruiting of Boudiera Cooke 

(Pezizales, Pezizaceae) in Oregon 

Nancy S. Weber. Dept. of Forest Science, Oregon State Univ., 

Corvallis, OR 97331-7501. 

Boudiern is poorly known in North America. A site along a coastal 

stream in Oregon provided an unusual opportunity to study two taxa 

that fit current concepts of Boudiern plus a third problematic taxon. The 

three have distinctive, elaborately ornamented ascospores as shown in 

SEM micrographs. Differences in apothecial development, anatomy, 

and spore ornamentation cast doubt on the homogeneity of the genus. 

The third taxon often fruits within the soil/litter zone and discharges 

its ascospores into the interstices of the litter. A case can be made that 

the third taxon is B. areolata Cooke & Phill., the type of the genus. If it 

is, then more recent concepts of the genus may need to be corrected to 

fit the original concept. 

Although molecular approaches have confirmed the existence of genetic 

variation in Wida albicans, investigation of this pathogenic yeast 

is complicated because vegetative cells are diploid and lack a known 

sexual stage. We have developed an approach for genetic typing of C. 

albh using codominant single-locus markers based on restriction 

framt ., polymorphisms of PCR-amplified framents. A "natural" 

a . . < 

population sample of approximately 100 strains from non-symptom- 

Pose C20; Sunday pm 

A techniaue and medium for the isolation 

of basididmycetes from root samples which 

are not obviously mycorrhizal 

Howard G. Wildman. Natural Products Discovery Dept., 

atic patients was screened for arbitrarily amplified DNA fragments. Glaxo Group Research Ltd., Greenford, Middlesex, England 

Restriction analysis of these conserved loci revealed codominant poly- UB6 OHE. 

morphisms in 5b% of the fragments screened, allowing us to assib - 

The isolation of basidiomycetes from root samples which are not 

genotypes to each strain' of eledrophoretically visibly mycorrhizal is difficult due to the of many basidioseparated 

chromosomes also provided information about linkage 

mycetous fungi on isolation plates by fast-growing Deuteromycetes 

among these loci. These studies indicate that (1) substantial heterozyand/or 

mucoraceous fungi. A technique of root washing and surface 

gosity exists in C. albim, and (2) considerable segregation is evident 

sterilization is described which removes many of the contaminating 

within single loci and among loa. Further characterization of this 

spores, and fungi superfiaally colonizing, root surfaces. Root portions 

baseline population will address the genetic life history and epidemiare 

plated a modified NorkranS agar medium containing 

ology of C. albim.

enomyl to inhibit growth of nonbasidiomycetous fungi and hymex- 

azol to inhibit growth of some mucoraceous fungi. Using this tech- 

nique and medium, 122 basidiomycetes were isolated from 415 roots 

sampled from trees that had been blown over during a hurricane. 

Tuesday, 3Wm 

Spatial distribution of fungal endophytes 

within and between individuals and 

groups of an evergreen oak (Quercus emeryi) 

and their affects on a leafmining 

moth (Cameraria sp.) 

Dennis Wilsos and Stan Faeth. Dept. of Zoology, Arizona State 

Univ., Tempe, Arizona 85287. 

We address the general question: How do fungal endophytes affect 

phytophagous insects? 

Fit, we examined how the spatial distribution of leaf inhabiting fun- 

gal endophytes varied between leaves within trees, trees within loca- 

tions, and between trees from 2 locations. One group of trees growing 

in a sheltered wash area where tree canopies overlap and co-occur 

with Arizona oak had a higher number of infections and endophyte 

species compared to a second group of trees 400 m away which grew 

spatially separated from one another on an exposed flat without Ari- 

zona oak. Individual trees within a location, show considerable differ- 

ences in number of endophyte infections but not species present. Fur- 

ther, at the within a tree scale, interior leaves are more heavily infected 

compared to exterior leaves. . 

Second, we compared endophyte distributions to the known distribu- 

tions of the leafminer. Miner distribution is neatively correlated with 

endophyte distribution between the two locations, nit correlated 

between individual trees on the flat, and positively correlated at 

locations within mined trees on the flat. 

Third, mined leaf tissue and miners from dead and live mines were 

scored for the presence of endophytes. One of the more frequently 

isolated leaf endophytes, Chaetophomn que*cina (Coelomycetes), was 

isolated more frequently from last instar dead miners and mined leaf 

tissue within dead mines compared 

to live miners and tissue from live mines. However, early instar mines 

were positively associated with endophyte infection. 

Causes for the these correlations are discussed. 

Tylopilus subg. Roseoscabra in Australia 

C. B. Wolfe and N. L. Bougher. Biology Dept., The Pennsyl- 

vania State Univ./Mont Alto, Mont Alto, PA 17237, and 

CSIRO, Western Australia Forest Research Group, Wembley, 

Western Australia. 

Recent collections of ectomycorrhizal epigeous fungi in myrtaceous 

forests of Queensland have produced four new species of Tylopilus 

subg. Roseoscnbra: T. subdmmrapes, T. plopriorichronmps, T. palumnus, 

and T. queenslmtdirmus. The type and only species, T. chromnpes, had 

previously been reported from North America, Central America, 

Japan, Korea, and China. The occurrence of the subgenus in Australia 

and elsewhere posed questions regarding its evolutionary history. The 

hurasian hyp6thesis proposes that ancestral populatio& of the subgenus 

were widely distributed throughout Laurasia but became disimct 

with the op~ning of the ~tlantiiocean. During recent glaciations 

eastern Asian populations migrated southwards to northeastern 

Australasia, perhaps New Guinea, where they moved from fagaceous 

hosts to myrtaceous hosts and continued their migration into 

Australia. 

SymposiumTuesday, 8:lO am 

Molecular genetic approaches to the dimorphic 

fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum 

Jon P. Woods- Dept of Molecular Microbiology, Washington 

Univ. School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110. 

Histoplasma urpsukctum is a significant cause of respiratory and system- 

ic mycoses in humans and other mammals. Previous work to develop 

mol&ar genetic systems for studying Histoplasm included the isoia- 

tion of nondumping variants and ura5 mutants of the yeast form as 

recipients for transformation. The cloned URA5 gene from Podospora 

mwrinn was then used as a selectable marker to develop a lithium 

acetate/PEG transformation protocol. 

Histoplasma transfonnants either showed random chromosomal integration 

of the transforming DNA, often in multiple tandem copies, or 

generated modified multicopy linear plasmids based on the transforming 

DNA. These modified linear plasmids could retransform Histop 

h and be maintained without further modification. One in vim 

modification was telomere addition at the termini of the linear plasmids. 

A terminus from a linear plasmid was cloned and sequenced; the 

tandem repeats of the hexanucleotide GGGlTA added directly to the 

termini of the transforming DNA matched the telomeric repeat 

sequence of mammals, trypanosomes, and Fusmium. A circular plasmid 

was constructed that contained adiacent, inverted stretches of 

Histoplasma telomeric repeats separated by a unique HpaI restriction 

endonudease site. The linearized plasmid, bearing terminal telomeres 

in the appropriate orientation, could transform Histoplasma and be 

autonomously maintained without further modification. The telomeres 

could be removed using engineered restridion sites in order to shuttle 

the plasmid back into E. wli. Thus, only the addition of native telomeric 

sequences to an E. wli plasmid was sufficient for autonomous 

replication in Histoph. 

Conditions were developed for efficient electrotransformation of 

Histoph, and the effects of various parameters on transformation 

effiaency were examined. The native Histoplasm URA5 gene was 

cloned using a DNA probe generated by PCR with oligonucleotide 

amplimers containing inosines, based on relatively conserved regions 

of uRA~ genes from other organisms. The plasmid vedor 

and the source of the URA5 gene (native or heterologous) did not have 

u . 

any significant effects on transformation efficiency. &&ized plasmids, 

with or without telomeres, showed greater transformation 

efficiencies than the corresponding circular plasmids. The presence of 

telomeric sequences, whether on circular or linearized plasmids, 

improved transformation effiaency. Linearized plasrnids with 

telomeric termini showed the greatest transformation efficiency. 

Tuesday, 11:45 

Ultrastructural study of ascomal development 

in Leptosphaenrlina crassiasca 

Mei-Lee WIJ. Dept. of Natural Sciences, Taipei Municipal 

Teachers' College, Taipei, Taiwan, R0.C. 

An ultrastructural study was conducted on ascomal dwelopment in 

L.epfosphaeru1ina crassiascn. The vegetative and fertile hyphae are ultra- 

structurally similar. Stromata developed from b ieate cells in the 

fertile hyphae, and later biudeate ascogonial cells differentiated in 

the central part of the stroma. The premeiotic ascus has dense mito- 

chondria, a large nucleus, myelin figures, and many vacuoles in the 

lower part of the ascus. Postmeiotic and mitotic asci contain abundant 

mitochondria, small lipid bodies, and small vacuoles with dense 

bodies uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm. The spore delimiting 

membrane was derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. Young asco- 

spores have thin, one-layered walls, but when mature the wall is thick 

and four-layered. The mature ascus has two functional layers in spore 

discharge, but fibrillar materials are distributed uniformly in the ascus 

wall during ascosporogenesis.


Genetics of mating type in ~ ~akcus bisponrs 

. . 

Paul A. Horgen, and James B. Anderson. Dept. of 

Botany, Univ. of Toronto, Mississauga, L5L 1C6 Canada. 

Mycelial interactions in Agaricus bqmu.5 were found to be closely associated 

with sexual compatibility. The relationships among mycelial 

interaction, heterokaryosis, and fruiting were investigated and the 

mating-type gene was located on a ge&ic map. A of two 

compatible homokaryons was used to monitor mating interactions on 

12 k i a incubated at four temperatures. RFLP mark& were used to 

confirm stable heterokaryosis. Positive or ambiguous mycelial inter- 

actions, evident under certain conditions as zones of fluffy growth, 

were always accompanied by stable heterokaryosis, whereas pairings 

showine no mvcelial interactions under other conditions showed no 

detedabvle hetirokaryosis. Two media developed during this study, 

containing extracts of compost (DCC) or compost freshly inoculated 

with spawn (DCS) plus 10% of the ingredients of Complete Yeast 

Medium (CYM), were found to be optimal for mating at temperatures 

of 17'C and 21°C. When 18 pairings among 13 other homokaryons 

were tested, successful matings were observed more often on DCS 

than on CYM. The results also suggest that different pairings may 

require different conditions for optimal expression of mating. The 

relationships among mycelial interaction, heterokaryosis, and fruiting 

were clarified in a particular case through the examination of back- 

crosses of 52 homokaryotic offspring with two progenitor homokary- 

ons. The results indicate: (1) Mycelial interactions are closely correlated 

with heterokaryosis and fruiting. (2) Compatible mating types are 

necessary, but not suffiaent, for fruiting. (3) A single segregating . 

mating-type gene is confirmed and is located on the largest of the 

eleven genetic linkage groups. 

- - 


Biobleaching of kraft pulps with 

xylanases as one stage 

Jan L. Yan5 Dwight H. Cates, and Karl-Erik L. Eriksson. Dept. 

of Biochemistry, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. 

Different types of kraft pulps from both hardwoods and softwoods 

have been fully bleached with enzyme and oxygen-based chemicals. 

This bleaching process is a totally chlorinefree process comprised of 

enzyme treatment in combination with oxygen, ozone and alkaline 

hydrogen peroxide stages. 

Extensive studies have been carried out to determine the compatibility 

of enzyme with bleaching chemicals such as oxygen, ozone and hydro- 

gen peroxide. Xylanase treatment of kraft pulps has, in general, a very 

favorable effect on bleachability in subsequent stages; however, the 

effectiveness of the xylanase application is, to a certain extent, depend- 

ent on the incoming kappa number of a pulp. This is particularly true 

for softwood kraft pulps. The combination of xylanase treatment with 

a subsequent ozone stage was found to be especially effective. Xylan- 

ase treated kraft and RDH pulps from both eucalyptus and pine 

delignified with ozone were consistently found to have lower kappa 

number and higher brightness than control pulps treated with an 

equivalent ozone charge but no enzyme. 

Eucalyptus pulp was fully bleached to a brightness of 90.0% (ISO) in a 

sequence of OXZP using 0.8% ozone. On the other hand, pine kraft and 

RDH pulps bleached in the sequences of OXEpZP and XEpZP, respect- 

ively, needed 0.&1.3% (w/w) ozone to reach brightness of 8590%, due 

to sigruficantly higher initial lignin contents. Preceding the ozone stage 

with an alkaline extraction enhanced with peroxide, i.e., an EpZ combi- 

nation, was demonstrated to be necessary to achieve sufficient deligni- 

fication and proper brightness of softwood kraft pulps before entering 

the final peroxide brightening stage. The ceiling brightness of control 

pulps bleached under identical conditions without a xylanase stage 

was about 3-5% (ISO) units lower than for pulps bleached with 

enzyme and oxygen-based chemicals. 

Brightness stability, beatability and the physical properties of the 

bleached pulps were evaluated. As reference, the pulps were also 

bleached to the same brightness levels using the sequence DEDED. The 

pulps bleached with enzymes and oxygen-based chemicals were found 

to have superior brightness stability, easier beatability, similar tensile 

index and slightly lower tear index compared to reference pulps. 


Interrelationships among fungal community 

development, enzymic activity, and wood 

decomposition in desert ecosystems 

John Zak, *Robert Sinsabaugh, and Daryl Moorhead. Ecology 

Program, Dept. Biol. Sci., Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock, TX 79409 

and *Dept. Biol., Clarkson Univ., Potsdam, NY 13676. 

Although fungal activity associated with wood on the soil surface in 

deserts is restricted to 'optimum moisture windows,' by modlfylng the 

environment, woodrat middens represent a mesic system embedded 

within a xeric matrix. The midden therefore provides for greater 

fungal activity associated with woody litter as compared with surface 

materiaL To examine the interrelationships between fungal activity, 

and decomposition in woodrat middens, a four year program was 

recently initiated at the Sevilleta and Jornada Long Term Ecological 

Research Sites in New Mexico. Marked wood was placed in middens 

located in distinct Chihuahuan Desert ecosystems at the Sevilleta and 

Jomada sites, and has been sampled, to date, at 3 and 6 months after 

placement. Fungal community composition, enzymic activities and 

decomposition rates of the marked wood have been determined. 

~ltho&h the wood was colonized by similar fungi, enzymic activities 

and decomposition rates differed among the study areas. 


Decomposition dynamics and fungal activity 

of three litter types under controlled conditions 

John Zak, and Daryl Moorhead. Ecology Pro- 

gram, Dept. Biol. Sci., Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock, TX 79409. 

Creosotebush litter from the Chihuahuan Desert Uomada LTER), and 

sphagnum moss, and fibric litters from the Arctic Tundra LTER (Toolik 

Lake site) were placed under two temperatures (4 & 20" C) and two 

moisture regimes (low water and saturated) in test tubes in the lab. 

Decomposition dynamics were followed over three months, while 

fungal community composition was determined at the end of the 

experiment using a modified washing and isolation procedure. Fungal 

speaes responded differently to temperature or moisture depending 

upon the litter type. Temperature had a greater impact than moisture 

for the moss and fibric litters, while both temperatures and moisture 

influenced fungal species composition of creosotebush litter. The 

differential responses of fungal taxa to moisture and temperature may 

help to explain the similarity in decomposition dynamics between 

Arctic and arid ecosystems.

Preparation of Effective Poster Presentations 

1993 Annual Meeting of the MSA 

In planning a poster presenation, keep in mind the 

advantages of a poster over oral presentations: Posters are 

available for viewing for several days rather than a few 

minutes. As in several previous years, all posters will be 

scheduled for presentation by their authors at a time when 

there will be no competition from any other scheduled 

events. Finally, there is no first or last presentation among 

the posters. 

Planning and experience will make your poster presenta- 

tion clear, effective, and rewarding. 

Suggested guidelines for poster preparation: 

Posters shold be readable by viewers from a distance of 5 

(five) feet. The message should be clear and understand- 

able without oral explanation. 

The following guidelines will help you to improve the 

effectiveness of presenting your poster: 

1. Initial sketch - Plan your poster early. Focus attention on a 

few key points. Try various styles of data presentation to achieve 

clarity and simplicity. Does the use of color help? What needs to 

be expressed in words? Suggest headlines and text topics. 

4 foot x 4 foot area 

will probably be the 

most eFFective 

and convenient 

area for presenting 

most material 

on these boards 

Each poster 

is4ft wide x 

8 feet high. 

The meeting 

organizers will 

number each 

poster space. 

P~lt up your 

poster on 

Sunday AM 

and take it 

down by 

Tuesday PM. 

Bring your own 

pins, tacks, 

etc. to attach 

posters to 

the boards. 

2. Rough layout - Enlarge your best initial sketch, keeping the dimensions in proportion to the final poster. Ideally, the rough 

layout should be full size. A blackboard is a convenient plate to work. Print the title and headlines. Indicate text by horizontal lines. 

Draw rough graphs and tables. This will give you a good idea of proportions and balance. If you are working with an artist, show him 

or her the poster layout. Ask associates for comments. 

3. Final layout - The artwork is complete. The text and tables are typed but not necessarily enlarged to full size. Now ask yourself, 

"Is the message clear? Do the important points stand out? Is there a balance between words and illustrations? Is there spatial balance? 

Is the pathway through the poster clear?" Avoid putting material so high or so low in the space that it will be hard to read [especially 

by those readers who wear bifocal glasses!]. Be sure to include an easily readable version of your abstract! 

4. Balance - The figures and tables should cover slightly more than 50% of the usable poster area. If you have only a few illustra- 

tions, make them large. Do not omit the text, but keep it brief. The poster should be understandable without oral explanation. 

5. Typography - Avoid abbreviations, acronyms and jargon. Use a consistent (or harmonious) type styles throughout. Use large 

type; for posters being prepared on printers where you have control over the point-size of type, you should count on using 14-1 8 point 

type at the smaller). Make sure that the main text is readable from a distance of at least 5 feet. Lettering for poster titles should be at 

least 1 inch high, and preferablv in boldface type. 

6. Eye movement - The movement (pathway) of the eye over the poster should be natural, either down the columns or along the 

rows. Size attracts attention. Arrows, pointing hands, numbers, and letters can help clarify the sequence. . 

7. Simplicity -The temptation to overload the poster should be resisted. More material almost always leads less communication. 

8. Help your readers out - It is a nice touch for your readers to hang an open envelope on your poster for psople to leave 

questions or comments when you are not available at your poster. If you are able to prepare a handout version of the poster or have 

reprints of publications discussing your poster's contents, note its availability on the envelope for cards or addresses to be left for you. 

You'will probably welcome this sort of opportunity for post-meeting feedback and continued communication once your poster is no 

longer available for viewing.

Dear MSA Members: 

* . 

From the president 

24 March 1 993 

This is the last chance I have as a short term president to write a letter for the Inoculum. I'd like to 

address one very important issue that came up during the year. The issue concerns biology in 

general, and the need for mycologists to become involved in the broader community. 

The year 1931 marked the founding of the Mycological Society of America, when members of the 

Mycology Section of the Botanical Society of America voted to establish MSA. One thousand invi- 

tations were sent to members of the BSA, APS, CPS, and subscribers of Mycologia; 275 individuals 

accepted the invitation and became charter members. The charter members believed that mycology 

had come of age in North America and that an independent society would foster continuing growth. 

The Mycological Society of America has served the field well in many respects; however, there are 

drawbacks to our intimacy that are increasingly apparent. Mycology is not alone in facing the prob- 

lem. There are more biologists than members of any other scientific discipline. However, our very 

numbers cause us to fragment into smaller groups where we have more immediate, albeit restricted, 

concerns. The problem, therefore, centers on critical mass, not only among mycologists, but also 

among other biologists. 

It is clear that we do need the bigger voice that number bring. In the last year when high govern- 

mental officials degraded university professors and condemned our teaching and research efforts in 

universities, we needed to counter the attacks; When an important governmental science advisory 

group reorganized the categories of graduate education so that botany, let alone mycology, is prac- 

tically obliterated as a graduate curriculum, we need a very loud voice. However, the most telling 

example of our state comes from the largest botanical society in North America. The careers bro- 

chure of the society from which we sprung includes references to mycology, but interested students 

are referred to a plant pathology society for information! 

While we take measures to improve our Society in the latter part of the twentieth century, this is no 

longer enough. We need to do more. We need a voice of united biologists. AIBS is an organization 

that can help. Please consider joining as an individual member as I have done recently. The advan- 

tages of a united biological front certainly outweigh the cost! 

Sincerely, 

&w!2x 

Meredith Blackwell

\ " . 

New or changed Directory 

Information 

Note: Throughout the News from the MSA Membership and Mycological 

Classified sections, names followed by a dot (0). indicate 

that their address, phone number, or fax number printed 

in the 1992 MSA Directory has been changed, and that the correaed 

infor-mation is included here or in a previous Inoculum. 

Maia, Leonor Costa - Phone: 81 -271 8481 ; fax: 81 - 

271 8350. 

McKenzie, Malcolm A. - 42 ~ i ~ park ~ ~ ~ i 

herst, MA 01 002. 

Milanez, Aduato I. - Caixa Postal 4005, lnstituto de Botanica; 

Sao Paulo, SP 01 061 -970, ~r&il. 

d 

CHANCING TELEPHONE AREA CODES: Many MSA 

members in major urban areas recently received new area 

codes for their telephone service. Calls made to the old 

area codes are, in some cases, no longer being forwarded 

to the new number ... and no message is given to callers 

to indicate the changed area code. If you have a new area 

code, please be sure to send it on to Inoculum! 

Abbott Laboratories - Attn: Dr. J. P. Karwowski, D47P 

Bld 1 P9A, One Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 

60064-3500. 

American Cyanamid - P.O. Box 400, Princeton, NJ 

0861 8. 

Amgen Inc. - Attn: Dr. Daniel Vapnek, Amgen Center, 

1840 DeHaviland Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91 320- 

1789. 

Burk, William R. - 47 Oakwood Dr., Chapel Hill, NC 

2751 4. Phone: 91 9-942-6387. 

Farr, Marie 1. - 1539 Sherwood Forest Dr., Silver Spring, 

MD 20904. Phone 301 -384-3227. 

Farr, Ellen - 4512 Tonquil Place, Beltsville, MD 20705. 

Franco, A. Esperanza - Phone: 71 8-81 7-8978; fax: 71 8- 

562-6780. 

Gabel, Audrey G. - Black Hills State College, Dept. of 

Biology, Spearfish, SD 57783. 

Glawe, Dean A. - Panlabs Inc., 11 804 North Creek 

Pkwy South, Bothell, WA 9801 1-8805. Phone: 206- 

487-8200, ext. 61 2; fax: 206-487-3787. 

Halling, Roy E. - Phone: 71 8-220-861 3; fax: 71 8-562- 

6780. 

Hibbett, David S. - Farlow Herbarium, Harvard Univ., 

20 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 021 38. Phone: 

61 7-495-5729. 

Hoffman-La Roche Inc. - Attn: Dr. R. Cleeland, Bldg 581 

2, 340 Kingsland St., Nutley, NJ 071 10-1 199. 

Hospenthal, Duane R. - 8404 Woodland Manor Dr., 

Laurel, MD 20724. 

Huang, LH ('George') - Phone:. 203-441 -3569. 

Huhndorf, Sabine - Phone: 71 8-220-861 2; fax: 71 8- 

562-6780. 

Hung, Ling-Ling 1. - 1968 Kennet Court, Cherry Hill, NJ 

08003. 

Ingold, C.T. - 12 Chiltern Close, Benson, Wallingford, 

Oxon OX1 06 LG, England, UK. 

Isakeit, Thomas - Texas Agricultural Extension Service, 

2401 East Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596. Phone 

21 0-968-5581 ; fax 21 0-969-21 1 5. 

~iemela, Tuomo A. - Univ. ~elsinki, Dept. of Botany, 

Unioninkatu 44, Helsinki SF001 70, Finland. 

O'Dell, Thomas - Dept. of Botany KB-15, Univ. of 

Washington, Seattle, Wa 981 95. phone: 206-543-6740. 

[The address listed in lnoculum #[I] was incorrect.] 

Otrosina, William J. - USDA Forest Service, P.O. Box 

245, Berkeley, CA 94701. 

Redlin, Scott C. - USDA-APHIS, PPQ-BATS, Rm 627, 

6505 Belcrest Rd., Hyattsville, MD 20782. 

Rinaldi, Michael G. - Phone: 21 0-567-41 32; fax 21 0- 

567-4076. 

Rogerson, Clark T. - Phone: 71 8-220-861 0; fax: 71 8- 

562-6780. 

Ryan, Bruce - Dept. of Botany, Arizona State Univ., 

Tempe, AZ 85287-1 601. 

Seidl, Michelle T. - Univ. of Washington, Dept. of Botany 

KB-15, Seattle, WA 981 95 

Taylor, Josephine - Dept. of Biology, S.F. Austin University, 

Nacogdoches, TX 75962. 

Thorn, R. Greg - fax 51 7-353-291 7 

Torres, Arturo Estrada - Apdo. Postal 63-389, MCxico, 

DF 02800, MCxico. 

Vakili, Nader G. - National Soil Tilth Laboratory, USDA- 

ARS-MWA, 21 50 Pammel Drive, Ames, 1A 5001 1 

Varela Fregoso, Lucia Y. - Apdo. Postal 63-389, MCxico, 

DF 02800, Mkxico. 

Wang, Yei-Zeng - National Museum of Natural Science, 

Taichung, Taiwan Rep. of China. 

Ward, John E., Jr. - Dept. of Biology, High Point Unia 

versity, University Station, Montlieu Ave., High Point, 

NC 27262. 

Weitzman, Irene - Clinical ~ icrobiolo~~ Service BHS 3- 

326, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, 622 W. 

168th St., New York, NY 10032. 

The MSA welcomes the following 

NEW MEMBERS: 

Aist, James R. - Dept. of Plant Pathology, 334 Plant Sci- 

ence Bldg., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853. 

Arnold, Gunter - Freidrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Pilz- 

sammlung, Biologische Fakultat, Freiherr-vom-Stin-Allee 

2, D-0-5300 Weimar, Germany. 

Asan, Ahmet - Trakya Univ., Faculty of Arts and Sci- 

ences, Dept. of Biology, 22030 Edirne, Turkey. 

Bergman, Cindy R. - Center for Forest Mycology Re- 

search, Forest Products Lab., One Gifford Pinchot Dr.,

Madison, WI 53705-2398. 

Binyamini, Nissan - Tel Aviv Univ., Dept. of Botany, Ra- 

mat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978. 

Bonnen, Alice M. - 21 0 Buckhout Lab., Dept. of Plant 

Pathology, Penn. State Univ., University Park, PA 

16802. Phone 81 4-863-7058; fax 81 4-863-721 7. 

Brenowitz, Stephan - P.O. Box 3024, Eugene, OR 

97403. 

Bultman, Thomas - Div., Sci., Northeast Missouri State 

Univ., Kirksville, MO 63501. 

Burns, Gerald K. - Rt. 3, Box 456, Aubrey, TX 76227. 

Phone: 71 8-365-221 8. 

Cantrell, Sharon A. - Dept. of Plant Pathology, Univ. of 


Carter, Gina - 1145 Atlantic Ave., Roche Molecular Sys- 

tems, Alameda, CA 94501. Phone: 51 0-81 4-281 5. 

Cawalho, Daisy B. - Dept. of Botany, Erindale College, 

Univ. of Toronoto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 

1 C6. 

Chang, Yih-Chang - Dept. of Plant Pathology, Taiwan 

Agricultural Research Institute, 189 Chung-Cheng Rd., 

Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. 

Chen, Weidong - 172 Natural Resources Bldg., 607 E. 

Peabody Dr., Champaign, IL 61 820. 

Chiharu, Morikawa - Bo 295-1, Saida-machi, Kan- 

azawa-shi, lshikawa 920-01, Japan. 

Cochrane, Bruce - Dept. of Biology, LIF 136, Univ. 

South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-51 50. 

Cope, Michele - Plant Cell Biology Group, RSBS, ANU 

9, P.O. Box 475, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. 

Dass, S. Bala - ZEAGEN, 6204 S. College Ave., Ft. Col- 

lins, CO 80525. Phone: 303-226-6777; fax: 303-226- 

6929. 

DeMars, Brent - Dept. of Plant Biology, 1735 Neil Ave. 

#108, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH 4321 0. 

Eaton, Gregory K. - 103112 Watson Ave., Blacksburg, 

VA 24060. 

Ellis, Richard J. - Dept. of Biology, Bucknell Univ., Le- 

wisburg, PA 17837. 

Eng, H. T. - 1393 E. 7th St., Brooklyn, NY 11 230. 

Ferguson, Michael W. - Dept. of Biology, USC Coastal 

Carolina College, P.O. Box 1954, Conway, SC 29526. 

Firdaus-e-Bareen - Dept. of Botany, Univ. of the Punjab, 

Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan. 

Fry, William E. - Dept. of Plant Pathology, 334 Plant Sci- 

ence Bldg., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853. 

Gardner, Francis J. - P.O. Box 96, Westmead 21 41, 

New South Wales 2141, Australia. 

Gaignon , Maurice - 11 Rue Marcel Merieux, St. Genis 

les Ollieres, France F-69290. 

Glenn, Anthony Elbie - 131 6 South Perry St., Apt. C, 

Montgomery, AL 361 04-5536. 

Goodwin, Douglas C. - Dept. of Chem. Biochem., Utah 

State Univ., 531 1C Richards Hall, Logan, UT 84321. 

Hagedorn, Gregor M. - lnstitut fur Mikrobiologie, BBA, 

Koenigin-Luise-Str. 19, D-1000 Berlin 33, Germany. 

Hamblin, Andrew M. - 745 Collidge, Apt. #1, Plymouth, 

MI 481 70. Phone: 31 3-454-4263. 

Hara, Kohei - Second Dept. of Internal Medicine, 1-7-1 

Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan 852. 

Harold, Ruth L. - Dept. of Biochemistry, Colorado State 

Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523. 

Horton, Thomas R. - Univ. of California, Dept. of Plant 

Pathology, 147 Hilgard Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720. 

Hsiau, Portia - Bessey Hall #351, lowa State Univ., 

Ames lowa 5001 1. 

Hsieh, Ting-Fang - Dept. of Plant Pathology, Taiwan Ag- 

ricultural Research Institute, 1 89 Chung-Cheng Rd., 


Huffine, Susan - 1906 Springbranch, Arlington, TX 

76006. 

Imoh, Monde J. - Dept. of Biology, Howard Univ., 

Washington, DC 20059. 

Inoue, Satoshi - Dept. of Plant Pathology, Cornell Univ., 

334 Plant Sci. Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14853-5908. Phone: 

607-255-7876; fax 607-255-4471. 

luo, Antonio - 2038-6th Ave., Greeley, CO 80631. 

Phone 303-352-0356. 

Jarmie, Nelson - 1 16 Sierra Vista Dr., Los Alamos, NM 

875443426, 

Jones, Cameron Lawrence - 27 Barry St., Kew Victoria 

31 01, Australia. 

Kerrigan, Julia - Dept. of Plant Pathology, JH Miller Plant 

Sciences Bldg., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 

30602. Phone 706-542-1 053; fax 706-542-1 262. 

Knowlton, Win - 629 E. 6th St., New York, NY 10009- 

6801. Phonelfax: 21 2-505-1 287. 

Lathrop, Linda - P.O. Box 768, Nixa, MO 6571 4. 

Phone: 41 7-725-7524. 

Lee, Seontju - Dept. of Plant Pathology, Miller Plant Sci- 

ence Bldg., Univ. Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. 

Lennon, Patrick Alan - 340 Burlington Ave., Evans, CO 

80620. Phone: 303-330-0298. 

Liu, Zong Lin - Agriculture and Environmental R&D, For- 

mosa Plastic Cooperation, PO Box 700, 201 Formosa 

Drive, Point Comfort, TX 77978. Phone: 51 2-987-7785; 

fax 51 2-987-2721 . 

MacKenzie, Martin - 1 80 Canfield St., Morgantown, WV 

26505. Phone: 304-285-1 550. 

Malik, Mary - Zoology Dept., 243 Bio. Sci., Duke Univ., 

Box 90325, Durham, NC 27708-0325. Phone 91 9-684- 

3482. 

Marmolejo, Jose G. - Laboratorio de Patologia Forestal, 

Facultad de Ciencias Forestales de la UANL, Apartado 

Postal 41, Linares, N.L., Mexico 67 700. 

McKay, Bruce - Dept. of Biological Sciences, Brock Uni- 

versity, St. Catharines, Ontario Canada L2S 3A1. Phone: 

41 6-688-5550. 

Milgroom, Michael G. - Dept. of Plant Pathology, 334 

Plant Science Bldg., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853. 

Mullin, Peter G. - Dept. of Plant Pathology, 334 Plant 

Science Bldg., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853. 

Munkvold, Gary - Dept. of Plant Pathology, lowa State 

University, Amers, IA 5001 1. Phone: 51 5-294-6708; 

fax: 51 5-294-9420. 

Nakagiri, Akira - Institute for Fermentation, Osaka, 17- 

85 Juso-honmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532, 

Japan. 

Owen, Lillian G. - 2951 Curve-Nankipoo Rd., Rt. 3, Box 

158-A, Ripley, TN 38063-9420. 

Panaccione, Daniel - 401 Brooks Hall, West Virginia 

Univ., P.O. Box 6057, Morgantown, WV 26506-6057. 

Pedigo, Lisa A. - PANLABS, Inc., 1 1804 North Creek 

Parkway S., Suite 101, Bothell WA 9801 1-8805.

Perdomo, Omar Paino - Autopista 30 de Mayo, KLM7, 

Urbanizacion Tropical, Calle Bani #20, Santo Domingo 

de Guzman, D.N. Dominican Republic. 

Polach, Ivo - Dept. of Botany, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, 

Ont., Canada M5S 302. 

Ritch, Donna - Univ. of Wisconsin, ES 301, 241 0 Nico- 

let Dr., Green Bay, WI 5431 1-7001. 

Rogers, Fran J. - 11 6 Sierra Vista Dr., Los Alamos, NM 

87544-3426. 

Shaw, Marilyn H. - 51 0 Dexter St., Denver, CO 80220. 

da Silva, Denise Maria Wanderlei - Dept. of Plant Pa- 

thology, JH Miller Plant Sciences Building, University of 

Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7274. 

da Silveira, Norma Suely Sobral - Rua Macapdm 278 - 

Apt. 402, Bairro Iputinga, Recife, PE - Brazil 50800-030 

Phone (081) 271 -0326. 

Stetzenbach, Linda D. - Harry Reid Center for Environ- 

mental Studies, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 

South Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 891 54-4009. 

Phone 702-895-3382; fax 702-895-3094. 

Thorson, Peggy - Dept. of Plant Pathology, 351 Bessey 

Hall, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 5001 1. 

Tokimoto, Keisuke - The Tottori Mycological Institute, 

Kokoge 21 1, Tottori City, Japan 689-1 1. 

Tu, Chin-Chyu - Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, 

189 ~ hung-~hen~ Rd., ~i-feng, Taichung, Taiwan, 

R.O.C. 

Turechek, William W., I1 - 28 Robin Hill, Poughkeepsie, 

NY 12603. 

Valent, Barbara - 800 Hopeton Rd., Wilmington, DE 

19807-2946. 

Weddle, Beverly J. - Botany Dept., Miller Plant Sciences 

Bldg., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Phone 

706-542-3732. 

Wilson, Nathan - 1620 Bay St., Santa Cruz, CA 95060. 

Phone 408-423-3773. 

Woo, Benjamin - 381 5 39th Ave. S., Seattle, WA 981 18. 

Woodward, Richard P. - Univ. Minnesota, Dept. of Plant 

Pathology, 495 Borlaug Hall, St. Paul, MN 551 08. 

Yang, Hong-Ren - Dept. of Plant Pathology, Taiwan Ag- 

ricultural Research Institute, 189 Chung-Cheng Rd., 


Yoon, Kyung-Ha - Dept. of Biology, Soonchunhyang 

Univ., PO Box 97, Choongnam 336-600, Rep. of Korea. 

Phone: (41 8) 42-4601; fax (41 8) 43-8744. 

Zhao, Jiong - Dept. of Biology, The Chinese University 

of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 06331 11. 

Phone: (852) 60961 13; fax: (852) 6035745. 

We all extend a hearty welcome 

to the new members of MSA! 

EveX 

s ou~d MSA invite member 

others they know who work 

w~th fungi 

to join the Society. 

Electronic Mail Addresses: 

NOTE: E-mail addresses will be requested 

@ 

on your MSA membership renewals, and 

will be published in the next MSA Directory. 

In the meantime, lnoculurn will be happy to 

include electronic addresses of MSA members. 

E-mail boxes of new members also appear here. 

Akers, BP - sundberg@qm.cglant.siu.edu 

Barr, DJS - AG19OMYC@NCCCOT2.AGR.CA (DJS Barr) 

Bier, J - JBIER@ucs.indiana.edu or JBlERQindiana 

Bissett, J - AG190MYC8NCCCOT2.AGR.CA (J Bissett) 

Bonnen, AM - abonnen@psupen 

Bortnick, R. - rbortnic@uafsysb.uark.edu 

Carbone, I - icarbone@credit.erin.utoronto.ca 

Carvalho, DB - dcarvalh@credit.erin.utoronto.ca 

Castlebury, LA - lisacas8uxa.cso.uiuc.edu 

Cochrane, B - COCHRANE@IFASGNV.bitnet or 

coch@chuma.cas.usf.edu 

Corlett, M - AG190MYC8NCCCOT2.AGR.CA 

(M Corlett) 

D'Alessio, N - naomi@polaris.nova.edu 

Daggett, SS - SSD2QPSUVM.PSu.EDU 

DalpC, Y - AG190MYC8NCCCOT2.AGR.CA {Y Dalpe) 

Desjardin, DE - ded8sfsu.edu 

Dugan, FM - !A03LCWENATCH 

Fischer, R - fischer@bscf.uga.edu 

Frieders, EM - FriedOO9@staff.tc.umn.edu 

Ceiser, DM - geiser@bscf.uga.edu 

Cessner, RV - preuterc@ccmail.wiu.bgu.edu 

Cinns, JH - AG19OMYC@NCCCOT2.AGR.CA 

OH Ginns) 

Coettel, M - goettel@abrsle.agr.ca 

Hammer, S - shammer@huh.harvard.edu 

Hampson, MC - ottgw:in%"hampson@nfrssj.agr.ca" 

Hanson, LC - Ihanson@moose.uvm.edu 

Harrington, FA - fahl @cornell.edu 

Harrington, TC - TCHARRtN@iastate.edu 

Hill, TW - HILL@RHODES 

Hodge, KT - kh11 8cornell.edu 

Howard, RJ - howardrj@esvax.dnet.dupont.com 

Hughes, SJ - AG19OMYCQNCCCOTZ.AGR.CA 

(SJ Hughes) 

Huhndorf, S - shuhndor@nybg.org 

Humber, RA - rah3@cornell.edu 

Hyde, CJ - FS3001 O@SOL.YORKU.CA 

Illman, WI - AG190MYCQNCCCOT2.AGR.CA 

(WI Illman) 

IZZO, A - AD1 72338DlJKSTRA.UNIVN0RTHCO.EDU 

Jacobson, Dl - diiacob@msu.edu 

aworski,. A - ala;;j@dogwood.botany.uga.edu 

ung, HS - MlNEVARS@krsnuccl .bitnet 

(aminskjy, SCW - FS300673.SOL.YORKU.CA 

(uhn, DN - KUHN@SERVAX.FIU.EDU 

-aGreca, S - lagreca@raphael.acpub.duke.edu 

.ang, 0 - mstl @zooid.guild.org 

.eacock, P - patl@puccini.crl.umn.edu 

.ee, SB - slee@goldnG8.univnorthco.edu 

.ehmann, PF - Lehmann%opus@mcoiarc.bitnet or 

Lehmann%opus@cutter.iarc.mco.edu 

.oBuglio, FK - lobuglio@mendel.berkeley.edu 

.u, H - LuXX0004@student.TC.UMN.edu 

.utzoni, F - Lutzoni@raphael.acpub.duke.edu

Mahoney, DP - daughert@matai.vuw.ac.nz 

Maia, LC - 49LCM8NPDl .UFPE.BR 

Malik, M - mmalik@raphael.acpub.duke.edu 

Malloch, D - MALLOCH@BOTANY.UTORONTO.CA 

Meyer, W - wieland@raphael.acpub.duke.edu 

Miller, SL - FUNGI@CORRAL.UWYO.EDU 

Mims, CW - pathathauga 

Money, N - nmoney@vines.colostate.edu 

Muchovej, JJ - UCHOVEJ@NERVM.NERDC.UFL.EDU 

Mueller, C - mueller%fmnh785.fmnh.org- 

@uicvm.uic.edu 

Munkvold, G - munkvoldQIAState.edu 

Murrin, F - fmurrin@kean.ucs.mun.ca 

O'Dell, T - todel l@u.washington.edu 

O'Donnell, K - KODONNELL@ASRR.ARSUSDA.GOV 

Parmelee, JA - AG190MYC8NCCCOT2.AGR.CA 

UA Parmelee) 

Pfister, D - dpfister@huh.harvard.edu 

Redhead, S - AG190MYCQNCCCOT2.AGR.CA 

(S Redhead) 

Rehner, SA - SRehner@ASRR.ARSUSDA.GOV 

Roberts, DR - don@dogwood.botany.uga.edu 

Roberts, RC - !a03RROBERTS 

Rossrnan, AY - arossman@asrr.arsusda.gov 

Royse, DJ - DJR4@PSUVM 

Samuels, CJ - gsamuels@asrr.arsusda.gov 

Savile, DBO - AG19OMYCQNCCCOT2.AGR.CA 

(DBO Savile) 

Scott, JA - JSCOTT@BOTANY.UTORONTO.CA 

Shields, JP - shields@dogwood.botany.uga.edu 

Snetselaar, KA - karen@athena.cs.uga.edu 

Spatafora, J - spat@raphael.acpub.duke.edu 

Spiegel, FW. - fspiegel@uafsysb.uark.edu 

Stone, J - stonej@ava.orst.edu 

Suberkropp, K - KSUBERKP@BIOLOGY.AS.UA.EDU 

Sundberg, WJ - sundberg8qm.c-plant.siu.edu 

Swann, EC - eswann@mendel.berkeley.edu 

Thorn, RC - 21 394RGTBrnsu.edu [this is a correction 

from the address published in the last number] 

Tiffany, LH - S1 .LHT@ISUMVS 

Untereiner, WA - WAUNTERQbotany.utoronto.ca 

Upadhyay, HP - 40HPUBnpdl .ufpe.br 

Wang, Y-Z - moeg043@twnmoelO.edu.tw 

Weddle, BJ - weddle@dogwood.botany.uga.edu 

Xu, J - jxu@credit.erin.utoronto.ca 

Do You Work With 

Zoosporic Fungi? 

The Achlya Newsletter has been expanded to include all 

water molds and is now called the Newsletter of Zoo- 

sporic Fungi. John Clausz has become too busy to conti- 

nue editting it; Ruth Harold has taken his place. The new- 

sletter is issued one a year and is based on a questionnaire 

sent to participants. Interested biologists not now on the 

mailing list should contact Ruth L. Harold, Dept. of Bio- 

chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 

Mycological Obituaries 

Lauritz W. Olson (2 November 1992) 

Dr. Olson received the Ph.D. under Dr. Melvin 

Fullef s direction at the University of California, 

Berkeley in 1970. From 1971 on he worked in 

Denmark at the University of Copenhagen, first at 

the lnstitute of Genetics and from 1986 on at the 

lnstitute of Sporeplants. He received the Danish 

Doctor of Science degree in 1984 on the basis of 

a monograph of the fungus Allomyces. He pub- 

lished more than 150 scientific papers during his 

short career, in addition to training and inspiring 

a number of students at the University of Copen- 

hagen. 

Vera Holubova-Jechova (5 March 1993) 

One of the Honorary Members of the MSA newly 

elected to this honor in 1992 died suddenly. She 

is survived by her husband, Dr. Josef Holub, In- 

stitute of Botany, Academy of Sciences, CS-252 

43 Pruhonice, Czech Republic. 

Mildred Katherine Nobles (26 March 1993) 

Dr. Nobles, mycologist/forest pathologist, was 

perhaps best known for her identification manuals 

for wood-decay fungi, especially the Polypora- 

ceae, written while working for the Canadian 

Department of Agriculture from 1935 until 1968. 

She was named Distinguished Mycologist by the 

MSA in 1986. 

Leland Shanor (31 March 1993) 

Dr. Shanor was respected globally as a mycolo- 

gist and teacher. He retired in 1985 from his posi- 

tion as the Chair of the Botany Department at the 

University of Florida. He received his PhD from 

the University of North Carolina, and had taught 

at Clemson University, University of Illinois, and 

Florida State University before going to Gaines- 

ville. Dr. Shanor served as President of the MSA 

(1 954) and of the Association of Southeastern Bio- 

logists, Treasurer of the 2nd International Myco- 

logical Congress, and as a trustee or advisor for 

several biological stations. He had also served for 

periods as Dean of the Division ofAdvanced 

Studies of the Florida lnstitute for Continuing Uni- 

versity Studies and as head of the Division of . 

Scientific Personnel and Education for the NSF. 

He was a member or officer of several civic 

organizations, and belonged to The Nature Con- 

servancy and Explorers Club.

p7*,9.?7~ - ?"?x--x"T">."v--. \ " " \- - - 

-.,"V" 

-- 

?%;T3 - ?-8 

,. e the Acharius Medal. The new silver medals were struck from 

Changes of Affiliation Or Status this 150-year-old die that bears the prolife likeness of Erik 

Acharius (1 7570-1 81 91, the Father of Lichenology. 

Marie 1. Farr wanted to note that her status within the MSA has James Kimbrough received the 1992 Florida Blue Key 

been changed, with Council approval, from Associate (as listed Distinguished Faculty Award for his outstanding commitment 

in the Directory) to Emeritus status as Professor at the University of Florida. 

Glawe, Dean A. has moved from his academic position with L~nor Costa Maia. received the 1992 Award of Excellence 

Southern Illinois University to Panlabs Inc. in Bothell, WA. for Graduate Research from the University of Florida for her 

doctoral dissertation, "Morphological and ultrastructural studies 

on spores and germ tubes of selected arbuscular mycorrhizal 

fungi loma male^)"; this work was directed by Dr. J. W. Kimbrough. 

Donald Pfister, Jean R. Boise [Cargill] and Maria A. Eifler 

received an Honorable Mention in the-biennial Oberly Award 

Three members of the MSA - Chicita F. Culberson and Wilcompetition 

sponsored for the American Library Association for 

liam l. Culberson (Duke University) and Aino Hennson (Gertheir 

1990 book, A Bibliography of Taxonomic Mycological Litmany) 

- were among the first 13 recipients of Acharius Medals 

erature 1753-1827 U. Cramer: Berlin). This award is presented 

awarded for outstanding contributions to lichenology by the Infor 

the best English language bibliography in the field of agriculternational 

Association for Lichenology (IAL). The awards were 

ture or a related science; bibliographies are judged on accuracy, 

presented to these three as well as to D.D. Awasthi (India), Gunscope, 

usefulness, format, and special features such as explananar 

Degelius (Sweden), Peter W. James (UK), Hildur Kroge (Nortory 

introductions, annotations, and indices. 

way, Otto Lanne (Germany) Josef Poelt (Austria), Rolf San- tesson 

(~Geden), ~ohn~. ~homsbn (USA), Hans Trass (Estonia), and 

Antonin Vezda (Czechoslovakia) during the IAL's meeting in 

Sweden last summer. The medals have an interesting history in 

their own right: The original Acharius Medal was struck in 1846 

by the Royal Swedish Mint for the Royal Swedish Academy of 

Sciences although the original purpose for this medal remains 

unclear. When the IAL decided to issue medals, it was discover- Dr. Vincenzo Migliozi (viale G. Marconi 196, 1-001 46 Rome, 

ed that the Royal Swedish Mint still retained the original die for Italy) requests contact with US specialists in Lepiota (s.l.1. 

Fungi Wanted Computer Software Available 

Fresh (living) or dried specimens of Ramalina americana and its 

allies; fresh (living) material of other Ramalina spp. 

Scott LaGreca 

Publications Wanted 

A. Smith & R. Singer monograph on Galerina Ivo Polach* 

New Books by .MSA Members 

S. T. Chang, J. A. Buswell, and P. G. Miles (4s.). 1992. Genetics 

and breeding of edible mushrooms. Gordon and Breach Science 

Publishers, New York, NY. Hardcover, 347 pp; ISBN 2-881 24- 

561-7. Tentative price: $55.00/f30.00 ($32.00/f25.00 for in- 

dividuals). 

Culture Collection Databases - The Nova Scoti an Institute of 

Science, one of the oldest Canadian scientific societies, with its 

own library and research journal, has decided to publish certain 

encyclopedic scientific data in an electronic format. Some of this 

information is of interest to microbiologists. The following is a 

list of the data currently available: 

1. A catalog of fungal cultures kept by Agriculture Canada. 

The catalog consists of the DAOM accession numbers, 

binomial names of the organisms, and some.details of the 

places of isolation and substrates on which the fungi were 

found. 

2. A catalog of yeasts comprising collections held at Labatt's 

Ltd. and one of the National Research Council's laboratory 

at Saskatoon. The information in this catalog includes acces- 

sion numbers, binomial names, and codes for biochemical 

and/or genetic markers.

3. A catalog of interest to the forest products industry. These 

organisms are kept in culture at the Forestry Canada Labora- 

tory at Fredericton (New Brunswick), at Lava1 University, at 

Forintek Laboratories, and at the Northern Forest Research 

Center in Edmonton, Alberta. 

4. A list of available fungi from the International Mycological 

lnstitute (CMI) collection in England. The data on these cul- 

tures is the same as that on the DAOM collection. 

5. A list of culture collections in Canada. This directory was 

compiled by the National Biotechnology Advisory Commit- 

tee, and was revised in 1990. 

Data on a few other culture collections will become available 

in the future. The five catalogs described above are available ei- 

ther in DOS (IBM) or Macintosh formats. Both are available on 

3.5" disks of 0.8 or 1.44 Mbyte capacities. They are also avail- 

able in the DOS format on 5.25" floppy disks. They are available 

in text modes ,or can be read by by most word processors or text 

editing utilities. All are protected by copyright. 

These catalogs are available for $25.00 to members of the 

lnstitute and $50.00 for non-members; membership is $1 0 per 

year. Orders should be sent to Dr. D.H. Davies, Treasurer, Nova 

Scotian lnstitute of Science, Chemistry, St. Mary's University, 

Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada. Allow about 4 weeks for 

delivery. 

w~~w--w--\,Y~~c~ W~R-W -w ---or gwmww-v s m e -urn r : - ~ 

PIROFESSIOML & EDUCATIOKAL 

PLACEMENT 

Important Note to All MSA Members1 

All job and educational placement opportunities sent to 

Andy Methven, Chair of the Placement Committee, will 

be made immediately available for inspection by inquiry 

to Andy's E-mail addresses (dasm@uxa.ecn.bgu.edu OR 

dasm@uxa.ecn.bitnet) 

Vacancies 

- lm 

Executive Director, American Institute of 

Biological Sciences. 

Position Descri~tion: The Executive Director of the AIBS provides 

leadership to 50 scientific societies and 80,000 biologists. 

This is a full-time, senior level position with administrative responsibilities 

for the Institute's office in Washington, DC. 

American lnstitute of Biolonical Sciences: Founded in 1947 as a 

component of the National Academy of Sciences, the AlBS became 

an independent nonprofit organization in 1955. Today it is 

a member-governed, umbrella groupof 50 scientific societies, 

museums, and research laboratories, representing more than 

80,000 biologists and others concerned with the life sciences. 

AlBS provides leadership in addressing pressing biological issues, 

serving as a national representative for biologists, and enhancing 

biological education, research, and interaction among 

professional biological societies. AlBS seeks to advance the basic 

biological, agricultural, environmental, natural resources and 

medical sciences and their application to human welfare. The Institute 

translates its goals into action through broad participation 

by members, elected officials, affiliate societies, and partners 

from other sciences, by providing joint meetings, comprehensive 

publications (including BioScience), and a unified voice for biologists, 

all supported by a full-time professional staff housed in 

the National Center for the Life Sciences in Washington, DC. 

Responsibilities: The Executive Director serves as an articulate 

spokesperson and advocate for the biological sciences in Washington 

and nationwide; has the administrative and financial responsibility 

for AIBS, including working with the Board of Directors 

to set policies and program priorities; to serve affiliate 

societies and members; to supervise a professional staff of about 

35 persons; to lead AlBS programs such as the large annual 

meeting, the Special Science Program, and the publication of 

BioScience; and to attract funding for special projects. 

Oualifications: Applicants should preferably have a PhD in the 

biological sciences or a closely related discipline, at least ten 

years of professional experience in the biological sciences, and 

considerable experience with the executive and legislative 

branches of the federal government, an appreciation for the research 

enterprise, and welldeveloped communication, interpersonal 

and writing skills. In addition, applicants must have 

demonstrated leadership and the ability to meet the challenge of 

leading a multidisciplinary organization in an innovative way. 

A~~lications: Applicants should submit a letter of intent, resume, 

and the names of five referees by 30 May 1003. Inquiries and 

applications should be addressed to Paul G. Risser, President's 

Ofice, Roudebush Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056. 

AlBS is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer. 

Assistantships or Fellowships 

Available 

TemporaryIPart-time Research Assistant (ca. 20 hrslwk) 

preferably with microbiological laboratory experimentation, 

starting 1 April 1993. The applicant will identify and isolate 

marine fungi, transfer fungal isolates, prepare culture media 

and maintain this newly established culture collection. Contact: 

Dr. Jan J. Kohlmeyer, University of North Carolina, lnstitute of 

Marine Sciences, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 

28557 [phone 91 9-726-6841 ; fax 91 9-726-24261. 

Graduate Research Fellowship (MA) in Molecular Systematics 

of Oomycetes (NSF funded) is available in Colorado in the Department 

of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Northern Colorado. 

Two years of full research support is available for qualified students 

interested in pursuing a career in research and/or 

teaching. The award includes tuition, fees, stipend and funds 

for travel. 

The molecular, systematics laboratory at UNC is fully equip 

ped for molecular evolution research and includes 2 Perkin- 

Elmer Thermal Cyclers for PCR, 6 DNA sequencing gel apparati, 

semi-automated DNA sequencing gel reader, Macintosh Quad- 

. 

ra, llsi and LCll and 486DX computers. 

Applications for the 2-year research fellowship and MA pro- 

gram at UNC are due by 7 July 1993 (but outstanding late a p 

plications will be considered) and are available from The Gradu- 

ate School, UNC, Greeley, CO 80639. Interested students 

should send a recent C.V. with names of three references to Steve 

Lee at the Dept. of Biological Sciences, 21 1 Ross Hall, Univ. of 

Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639. Phone 303-351 -1 486, 

fax 303-351 -1 269, e-mail slee@goldnG8.univnorthco.edu.

Research/Study Op ortunities 

at the Smithsonian f nstitution 

The Smithsonian lnstitution offers fellowships and internships for 

research and study in many fields being actively pursued by the 

museums and research organizations of the Institution. Fields 

that might include mycological studies include the following: 

ecology and environmental science (with an emphasis on the 

tropics), paleobiology, evlutionary and systematic biology, and 

possibly the history of science and technology. Smithsonian fellowships 

and grants are open to all qualified individuals without 

refernce to race, coor, religion, sex, conditon of handicap, or 

age of applicant. Candidates are evaluated on the scholarly merit 

of their proposals, their ability to carry out the proposed researhc 

and study, the likelihood that the research can be completed 

during the requested appoint ment period, and the extent to 

which the Smithsonian (through its research staff members and 

resources) can contribute to the proposed research project. 

Smithsonian Fellowships are offered at several levels: Senior 

Postdoctoral Fellowships of 3-1 2 months and a stipend of 

$26,00O/year (plus allowances) are available to those who have 

held their doctorate for at least seven years. Postdoctoral Fellowships 

of 6-1 2 months with a stipend of $21,00O/year (plus allowances) 

are available to scholars holding their PhD for less than 

seven years. Predoctoral and Graduate Student Fellowships are 

offered to graduate students for 6-1 2 months (for the former (with 

a stipend of $13,00O/year plus allowances) and 10 weeks for the 

former (with a stipend of $3000). All stipends and research allowances 

are prorated for periods of less than twelve months. 

Faculty Fellowships are awarded to provide opportunities for 

minority faculty members to conduct research in association 

with pr&fessional research staff of the Smithsonian using the facilities 

and colleaions of the Institutes and resources of the local 

area. These awards for for 2-4 months, and with stipends determined 

by the appointee's faculty status. 

Native American Community Scholar Awards for Native 

Americans to conduct studies in residence on Native American 

subjects and to utilize the Native American resources of the 

Institution. 

lnternships for undergraudate and graduate students at the 

Smithsonian Institute are prearranged, structured learning experiences 

(mostly of 9-1 2 weeks) that will be relevant to the intern's 

stated academic or professional goals and to disciplines and research 

and museum professions represented at the Institution. Internships 

are essentially tutorial situations performed under direct 

supervision of ~mithsonian Staff. ~inority internships are 

available for US minority undergraduate and graduate students. 

Native American lnternships in residence at the Smithsonian are 

awarded to undergraduate and graduate Native American students 

to participate in research or museum activities related to 

Native American studies. Other academic internships offering research 

related experience can be arranged in most of the bureaus 

of the ~mithsonian and may last from several weeks to a 

year in length. 

Write or call the Office of Fellowships and Grants, Smithsonian 

Institution, Washington, DC 20560 [phone 202-287- 

32711 for further information and application materials. Application 

deadlines for the 1993 Fellowship programs have passed, 

but many other programs are open for arrangement with indivia 

dual research organizations and museums within the Smithsonian 

lnstitution. 

ASSORTED MYCOLOGICAL NEWS 

Moving Types: The Fungal 

Herbarium Shuffle Continues 

As of 15 September 1992, the Cryptogamic Herbarium of 

the University of Toronto Department of Botany (TRTC) was 

transferred officially to the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM). 

This move include many important fungal collections, in- 

cluding the type specimens for taxa described by H.S. 

Jackson and R.F. Cain and a large set of fungal exsiccati. 

The Royal Ontario Museum's fungal holdings are now 

second only in Ontario to those of the National Mycological 

Herbarium (DAOM) for microfungi, and includes extensive 

collections of corticioid and rust fungi as well as lichenized 

fungi. This transfer is part of a 25-year-old agreement to 

move these systematic collections from the University of 

Toronto to the Royal Ontario Museum. 

John C. Krug, Curator of TRTC, remains in his position. 

Even the herbarium itself remains in its old location for now 

although the collection will eventually be tranferred to the 

Sigmund Samuel Building at ROM. Although shipments of 

TRTC exchanges and loans will be mailed from ROM, cor- 

respondence concerning these shipments should still be 

sent to the University of Toronto. The TRTC mailing 

address, phone, and fax numbers listed in the Index 

Herbariorum remain unchanged. 

ATCC Names New Director 

The American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) has 

announced that Dr. Raymond H. Cypess will become the 

ATCC1s new Director in Spring 1 993. Dr. Cypess replaces 

the retiring Dr. Robert Stevenson who, since 1980, guided 

the ATCC through a period of tremendous growth. 

Dr. Cypess comes to the ATCC from the University of 

Tennessee, Memphis, where he worked since 1988 as Dean 

of the College of Graduate Health Sciences, Vice Provost for 

Research & Research Training, and as a Professor of Micro- 

biology & Immunology. Dr. Cypess' credentials include a 

Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree from the University 

of Illinois and a PhD in parasitology from the University of 

North Carolina. Dr. Cypess' teaching and administrative 

career began at the University of Pittsburgh and then led to 

Comell University, SUNY Upstate Medical Campus, and 

the University of Tennessee. 

Ecologists Go On-Line 

Ecolog, the Ecological Society of America's electronic bulle- 

tin board now serves more than 500' subscribers from sever- 

al countries. Ecolog provides a forum for interested ecolo- 

gists to exchange infromation, ideas, job and funding oppor- 

tunities. To subscribe, send the command: subscribe 

ecolog-I your name [i-e., fill in your name] to the address 

listservQumdd.umd.edu. Contact David Inouye, Dept. of 

Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 

[phone 301 405-6946] for further information. 

.

If you think that the print in this issue of lnoculum looks 

somehow sharper and crisper, you are right. Our lab has 

acquired a new laser printer with very much higher res- 

olution than the one it is replacing, and this newsletter is a 

prime example of that increased quality of reproduction. 

Despite any confusion that might have been caused by 

several times moving back the deadline for receiving ab- 

stracts for the Athens meeting, there is going to be an ac- 

tive and well filled program. There are more than 200 ab- 

stracts in this issue! The three formal symposia represent 

very active aspects of mycological to which most of us 

probably pay too little attention. Do yourself a favor: Read 

through the abstracts of the symposium presentations and 

please try to attend as many of them as you can; you may 

find yourself more interested in the subject material than 

you would expect! 

I was pleased that so many of you sent your abstracts on 

disk or by electronic mail; this innovation spared me a 

huge amount of time and effort. Many of you who asked 

your disks to be returned were surprised, I suspect, if you 

included only a single first-class stamp on the packet; you 

now know that return postage for a 3.5 inch computer 

disk must be for at least 2 ounces depending upon what 

type of packaging is used for its return. 

Trouble with the domestic mailing of the January issue 

of lnoculum - I was distressed as the deadline(s1 for ab- 

stract submission neared to hear that so many MSA mem- 

bers in the US had not received the January issue of In- 

oculum by mid- or even late March! I cannot explain 

what happened with the domestic bulk mail delivery of 

this issue; such delayed deliveries were not experienced 

by recipients in Canada and overseas. I hope that you 

receive this issue well before the meeting in Athens! 

If vou did not receive the lanuan/ issue of Inoculum, 

please let me know. I will bring copies of the January is- 

sue to Athens to try to spare some of the postage expense. 

The publication of a January issue of lnoculum fell on 

some grief because of the traditional January deadline for 

membership renewals. The mechanical problems of pro- 

cessing the renewals, making the necessary changes in the 

mailing list, and, of course, the constant stream of late 

received renewals and new memberships forced the ex- 

penditure of altogether too many of your dollars on post- 

age to send out copies of the newsletter after the bulk 

mailing was made and even required a second printing of 

lnoculum to fill the demand! It is always good, however, 

to see such a large crop of new MSA members as was re- 

ceived in the last few months (you can see their addresses 

in this issue). 

In order to avoid the expenshe mechanical problems 

caused by having an unsettled mailing list at the time the 

January newsletter is mailed and to save your Treasurer a 

lot of holiday-time stress, the MSA Council has shifted the 

membership renewal deadline for forward from 1 January 

to 30 November. This change will be formally announced 

at the meeting in Athens. 

Mycologia make-over - Many of you are aware that a 

long-standing effort to improve Mycologia is coming to a 

conclusion. There have already been positive changes in 

editorial policies and procedures. You have seen the first 

of the physical changes in the journal with the addition of 

short reviews and, in the latest issue, the arrangement of 

articles by subject matter. It is hoped that, at the Athens 

meeting, it will be possible to display examples of the new 

page size, layout, and typography of Mycologia expected 

to be appear formally with volume 86(1). The New York 

Botanical Garden, which owns and publishes Mycologia, 

has indicated their willingness to accept these changes if 

there is no more than a minor increase in production and 

distribution expenses; Allen Press is now preparing cost 

estimates for the projected new format. 

Few of you in the MSA may be surprised to know that I 

have been deeply involved with this make-over process 

and am especially concerned about making the journal's 

new appearance as attractive and functional as possible 

(even though I do not agree with all of the changes that 

the Mycologia Editorial Board is sanctioning). Activity to 

finalize these changes has been'quiet but intense over the 

last several weeks; a real deadline for the Allen Press to be 

able to incorporate the entire set of proposed changes for 

the first issue of 1994 is approaching rapidly. 

Rich Humber

Richard A. Humber 

USDA-ARS Plant Protection Research Unit 

US Plant, Soil & Nutrition Laboratory 

.Tower Road 

Ithaca, New York 14853-2901 

USA 

I I 

1st 1 

I 

I class i 

postage I

I 

noculum 

Richard A. Hmmber, Editor 

US Plant, Soil & Nutrition Laboratory 

Tower Road 

Ithaca, New York 14853-2901 

Newsletter of the Mycological Society of America phone (office): 607-255-1 276 

phone (home): 607-272-6801 

fax: 607-255-2459 

e-mail: rah3@cornell.edu 

QUESTIONNAIRE 

lnformation for the Newsletter 

Submit this sheet or other material to the Editor at your 

earliest convenience. Early submission of material will 

expedite the preparation and issuance of Inocullm. 

lnoculum will be issued four times a year, in January, April, 

October, and a month before the Annual Meeting (with the 

program, abstracts and other related material). 

e e Please be sure that information for the Newsletter 

is legible (preferably, readable by scanning software). 

I strongly encourage you to send text on 3.5 inch disks in Apple 

Macintosh or IBMIcompatible formats. In addition to ASCII 

text files, word processing files created by MacWrite, MS-Word, 

or WriteNow (for Macintosh computers) or by MS-Word or 

Word Perfect (for IBM or compatible computers) can be used. 

Send both the disk and hard copy of the material and a self- 

addressed stamped envelope (if you wish the disk back). 

Submissions by electronic mail to my Internet mailbox (see 

above) are also encouraged. 

Name: [ ] Address change. 

- Editor will transmit changes 

marked here to the MSA 

Secretary and to Mycologia 

I Phone: [ ] New phone number. 

I Fax: [ ] New? E-mail: [ ] New? 

SUGGESTED ITEMS 

FOR SUBMISSION: 

[Use the current 

lnoculum as a model] : 

Major and minor news items of 

interest to MSA members 

Announcements to MSA 

Forthcoming events, 

meet ings, workshops, etc. 

Offiaal business of MSA 

and its committees 

News from affiliated societies 

New research projects 

Mycological essays 

Mycological humor 

Mycological artwork 

Foray checklists 

Changes in affiliation 

Honor, awards or 

promotions received 

Mycological travel 

Other personal news 

Letters to the Editor 

Fungi wanted or available 

Mycological services 

available or needed 

Publications available 

or sought 

Computer software 

available or sought 

Employment available 

or sought 

Fellowships available or 

sought 

... or anything else you 

feel is appropriate! 

IW Use the back or attach additional pages as needed! w

(Please print clearly!) 

NAME: 

MAILING 

ADDRESS 

An Invitation to Join MSA 

THE MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP 

Beginning January 1 993 

TELEPHONE: ( 1 ZIP CODE: 

FAX: ( 1 E-MA1 L: 

AREAS OF INTEREST: (Mark each appropriate category) 

Cell Biology - Physiology Genetics - Molecular Biology 

including cytological, ultrastructural, metabolic, including transmission, population and molecular 

regulatory and developmental aspects of fungal cells genetics, and molecular mechanisms of gene expression 

Ecology - Pathology ' Systematics - Evolution 

including phytopathology, medical mycology, including taxonomy, comparative morphology, 

symbiotic associations, saprobic relationships molecular systematics, phylogenetic inference, and 

and community structure/dynamics population biology 

Signature of member* endorsing application: 

Printed name of endorsing member: 

* If you do not know an MSA member, please send this form to any MSA oficer for endorsement. 

DUES INFORMATION 

Regular Member $60 (includes Mycologia and MSA NewslefteI) 

- Student Member $30 (includes Mycologia and MSA Newsletter) 

- Life Member $1,000 (onetime payment; includes Mywlogia and MSA Newsletter) 

Family $60 plus $30 for each additional family member (submit separate forms for each applicant; 

each member receives the MSA newsletter and MSA mailings, but each family receive one 

set of Mycologia) 

Mail membership form and payment to: 

Dr. Timothy J. Baroni, MSA Treasurer 

P.O. Box 2000 

Department of Biological Sciences 

Cortland College, SU NY 

Cortland, NY 13045 USA 

The MSA cannot process credit card payments. 

Make checks payable in 

US dollars drawn on a US bank to: 

The Mycological Society of America

HOUSING INFORMATION and RESERVATIONS 

Blocks of rooms have been reserved at both the Georgia Center and the Holiday Inn until June 4, 1993. The 

Holiday inn is adjacent to campus near the downtown area, approximately one mile from the Georgia Center. 

The Holiday Inn will provide a courtesy shuttle to and from the Georgia Center. It also is possible to take UGA 

buses (no cost) to the downtown area hear the Holiday Inn. A limited number of dorm rooms also are avail- 

able for the meeting. The dorm is within walking distance of the Georgia Center and is served by the UGA bus 

system which stops at the Georgia Center. 

To request housing, please complete and return this form along with your registration form. Do not send 

money for housing. NOTE: The Georgia Center will not assign roommates. Those wishing to share a room 

must submit their housing requests together. If you choose to stay at the Georgia Center, the phone number at 

which you can be reached during your stay is 706-548-1 3 11. 

[ ] male [ ] female 

(full name) (please check) 

(daytime phone number) 

(mailing address) 

(city) (state) (ZIP) (Country) 

Roomate's name: 

Housing Requested: 

(Requests must be submitted together) 

Dates: [ ] TH, 611 7* [ ] FR, 6/18 [ ] SAT, 6/19, [ ] SUN, 6/20, [ ] MON 6/21, [ ] TUE, 6/22 

Room preference: non-smoking smoking 

Location: (circle site and check type of room below) 

Georgia Center single: [ ] standard, $42 [ ] preferred, $51 

double: [ ] standard, $49' [ ] preferred, $55 

Holiday Inn single: [ 1 $51 

double: [ 1 $55 

Dorm Room single: [ ]$11. 

double: [ ]$I8 

NOTE: Housing is not available at the Georgia Center on Thurday. If your choice of housing 

for the meeting is the Georgia Center, and you need housing on Thursday, you will be assigned 

to the Holiday Inn for Thursday night.

SUSTAINING MEMBERS 

The MSA is extremely grateful for the continuing support of its Sustaining Members. 

Please patronize them and, whenever possible, let their representatives 

know of our appreciation. 

Abbott Laboratories 

Pharmaceutical Products Division 

One Abbott Park Road 

Abbott Park, IL 60064-3500 

American Cyanamid Company 

Agricultural Research Division 

PO 'Box 400 

Princeton, NJ 08543-0400 

Discovery and development of crop protec- 

tion and animal health products for manu- 

facture and marketing throughout the world 

American Cyanamid Company 

Medical Research Division 

Pearl River, NY 10965 

Amgen Incorporated 

Dr. Daniel Vapnek 

Amgen Center 

Thousand Oaks, CA91320-1789 

Biopharmaceutical research and development 

Amycel, Inc, 

P.O. Box 1260, 553 Mission Vineyard Rd., 

San Juan Bautista, CA 95045-1260 

Producers of quality Agaricus and exotic 

mushroom spawn 

Buckman Laboratories, Inc. 

P.O. Box 080305, Memphis, TN 38108-0305 

Specialists in industrial microorganism 

control since 1945. 

Burroughs Wellcome Co. 

Molecular Genetics and Microbiology 

Division, 3030 Cornwallis Road, 

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 

Carolina Biological Supply Company 

2700 York Road, Burlington, NC 27215 

Serving science education since 1927. 

Dow Elanco 

4040 Vincennes Circle, Suite 601, 

Indianapolis, IN 46268 

A global agricultural products company 

DuPont Company 

Science and Engineering Laboratories 

Life Sciences Division, E402/2231, 

Wilmington, DE 19880-0402 

field & forest products, inc. 

N3296 Kozuzek Road, Peshtigo, WI 54157 

Producers of specialty mushroom spawn 

Fungi Perfecti 

' 

P.O. Box 7634, Olympia, WA 98507 

phone (206) 426-9292 fax (206) 426-9377 

Innovators in the domestication of wild 

edible fungi. Paul Stamets, President. 

Genencor International 

180 Kimbal Way, 

5. San Francisco, CA 94080 

Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 

Dr. Beatrice G. Abrams 

North Route 202-206 

Somme~ille, NJ 08876 

Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc 

Research Division, Nutley, NJ 071 10 

[Dr. R. Cleeland, Bldg. 58R.340 Kingsland 

St., 071 10-1 1991 

The R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical 

Research Institute 

A Research and Development ~ ana~e- 

ment group for Johnson &Johnson 

pharmaceutical companies. 

La Jolla, CA - Raritan, NJ - Spring House, 

PA - Toronto, Canada -Zurich, Switzerland 

Lab-Line Instruments, Inc. 

Lab-Line Plaza. Melrose Park, IL 60160 

Manufacturer of constant temperature and 

other types of laboratory equipment 

Lane Science Equipment Co. 

225 West 34th Street, Suite 1412, 

New York, NY 10122-1496 

Complete line of mushroom storage 

cabinets, especially herbarium cabinets, 

airtight for permanent protection 

Lilly Research Laboratories 

Eli Lilly & Company, Lilly Corporate Center, 

Indianapolis, IN 46285 

Merck Research Laboratories 

Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065-0900 

Mycosearch, Inc. 

Five Oaks Office Park, Suite 6, 

4905 Pine Cone Drive, Durham, NC 27707 

Mycotaxon, Ltd. 

P.O. Box 264, Ithaca, NY 14851 

Publishers of Mycotaxon, an international 

journal of the taxonomy and nomenclature 

of fungi and lichens 

Nor-Am Chemical Company 

3509 Silvenide Road, P.O. Box 7495 

Wilmington, DE 19803 

Pfizer, Inc. 

235 East 42nd Street, New York, NY 10017 

Fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals by 

means of microorganisms 

Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. 

7250 NW 62nd Avenue, 

Johnson, Iowa 50131 

phone (515) 270-4100 

World leader in genetic research for 

agriculture 

Rohm and Haas Co. 

Research Laboratories, Dr. Willie Wilson 

727 Norristown Road, 

Spring House, PA 19477 

Specialty monomers, industrial biocides, and 

agricultural chemicals 

Samloz Phanna Ltd. 

CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland 

khering Corporation 

Orange Street, Bloomfield, NJ 07003-4799 

Pharmaceutical research and development 

Spawn Mate, Inc. 

P.O. Box 1990, Santa Crul CA 95061 

Triarch Incorporated 

Ripon, WI 54971 

Quality prepared microscope slides, 

catalog-listed, or customrprepared to your 

specifications 

Uniroyal Chemical Company, Inc 

70 Amity Road, Bethany, CT 06525 

Producers of crop protection/production 

chemicals; fungicides, insecticides, miticides, 

herbicides, plant growth regulants, and 

foliar nutrients 

The Upjohn Company, 

Upjohn Laboratories 

301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 

Warner-Lambert Company 

Pharmaceutical Research Division, 

2800 Plymouth Road, 

Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1047 

All members of the MSA are encouraged to inform the Sustaining Membership Committee (Van Cotter, Chairman; phone: 609-799- 

0400, ext. 2479; fax 609-275-3569; e-mail cotter@pt.cyanamid.com) of any firms or foundations that they believe might be appropri- 

ate to approach about becoming Sustaining Members of the Mycological Society of America. Sustaining memberships carry all of the 

rights and privileges of individual memberships in the MSA (receipt of all Society mailings, Mycologia, and Inoculum) in addition to be 

ing listed as a Sustaining Member in every issue of both Mycologia and Inoculum.

REGISTRATION FORM 

(full name) (first name for name tag) (Social Security #) 

(affiliation) (daytime phone) 

(mailing address) 

(city) (state) (ZIP) (Country) 

PLEASE COMPLETE FOR THE CENTER STATISTICAL REC'ORD: 

Education completed: high school [ 1 college [ 1 graduate work [ 1 

Age group: under 22 [ 1 22-35 [ 1 36-55 [ 1 over 55 [ ] Sex: male [ 1 female [ I 

University of Georgia Alumnus: yes [ I no[ 1 

RaceIEthnic origin [information volunfaril~ supplied by the participant so that the University 

can comply with various reporting guidelines: White [ I African American [ I Hispanic [ I 

American Indian or Alaskan Native [ 1 Asian or Pacific Islander [ 1 

MEDICAL DIETARY RESTRICTIONS: Check here and enclose details. 

SPECIAL PHYSICAL ACCOMMODATIONS: Check here and enclose details. 

REGISTRATION FEE: (check one) 

Note: registration fee includes costs of lunches on June 20 and 21, and evening banquet on June 22. 

Regular member (letter postmarked before June 8) - $1 00.00 

Regular member, late registration - $1 20.00 

Student (letter postmarked before June 89) - $80.00 

Student, late registration - $1 00.00 Registration cost = $ 

ANNUAL FORAY: (check one) 

1- do / do not plant to participate in the foray 

Cost per person is $1 5.00 Foray cost = $ 

SOCIAL AND AUCTION: (check one) 

Ida/- do not plant to participate in the Social and Auction. 

Cost per person is $20.00 Social/Auction cost = $ 

EXTRA TICKETS: 

Banquet ($1 5.00 per person) - # wanted 

Social/Auction ($20.00 per person) - # wanted Total ticket cost = $ 

METHOD OF PAYMENT: (check one) 

Check (payable to 'University of Georgia') 

For credit cards, provide (1) name on card, (2) card number, and (3) expiration date:: 

VISA 

Mastercard 

'

1993 - Mycological Society of America

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