Candidatura Reserva da Biosfera - Santana Madeira Biosfera

APPLICATION OF SANTANA, MADEIRA TO BIOSPHERE RESERVE 

SEPTEMBER 2010

APPLICATION OF SANTANA, MADEIRA TO BIOSPHERE RESERVE 

GENERAL COORDINATION 

MUNICÍPIO DE SANTANA 

ODÍLIA GARCÊS 

PRODUCTION 

TERRA CIDADE, EEM 

REGINA RIBEIRO 

FÁBIO PEREIRA 

TECNHICAL DIRECTION 

ANTÓNIO DOMINGOS ABREU 

SÉRGIO MARQUES TEIXEIRA 

AUTHORS 

ANTÓNIO DOMINGOS ABREU 


DUARTE COSTA 

DIVA FREITAS 

MANUELA MARQUES 

FILIPA LOJA 

GRAÇA MATEUS 

MARIA JOÃO NEVES 

FERDINANDO ABREU 

TAMIRA FREITAS 

COLLABORATION 

PAULO OLIVEIRA 

BERNARDO FARIA 

EUNICE PINTO 

PHOTOS 

CARLOS VIVEIROS 

SECRETARIA REGIONAL DE EDUCAÇÃO E CULTURA - DIRECÇÃO REGIONAL DOS ASSUNTOS CULTURAIS 


VIRGÍLIO GOMES 

SPNM – PARQUE NATURAL DA MADEIRA 

TAMIRA FREITAS 

TERRA CIDADE EEM

ACKOWLEDGMENTS 

A special thanks to the entire population of Santana for the motivation and expressions 

of support for this application 

To REDBIOS for the permanent encouragement and technical support that is offering 

over the past few years to the Autonomous Region of Madeira so that it can also promote 

the creation of a Biosphere Reserve, that this application is the result. 

Our thanks to all the officials from different departments of the Regional Government of 

Madeira, the city of Santana, the school district of Santana, entrepreneurs and local and 

regional organizations that, since the first time declared their readiness, interest and 

participation in the application process of Santana Biosphere Reserve.

Index 

Part I: Summary 9 

1. Proposed name of the biosphere reserve ................................................................. 9 

2. Country .................................................................................................................... 9 

3. Fulfillment of the three functions of Biosphere Reserves ....................................... 10 

3.1. Conservation ................................................................................................... 10 

3.2. Development ................................................................................................... 12 

3.3. Logistic support ............................................................................................... 17 

4. Criteria for designation as a Biosphere Reserve ..................................................... 19 

4.1. Encompass a mosaic of ecological systems representative of major biogeographic 

regions, including a gradation of human intervention ............................................ 19 

4.2. Be of significance for biological diversity conservation ........................................... 22 

4.3. Provide na opportunity to explore and demonstrate approaches to sustainable 

development on a regional scale ........................................................................ 25 

4.4. Have na appropriate size to serve the three functions of biosphere reserves ............ 26 

4.5. Through appropriate zonation ............................................................................ 28 

a) A legally constituted core area or areas devoted to long term protection, 

acording to the conservation objectives of the biosphere reserve, and of 

suficient size to meet these objectives.......................................................... 28 

4.6. Organizational arrangements should be provided for the involvement and 

participation of a suitable range of inter alia public authorities, local communities 

and private interests in the design and the carrying out of the functions of a 

biosphere reserve ............................................................................................. 47 

4.7. Mechanisms for implementation ......................................................................... 48 

a) Mechanisms to manage human use and activities in the buffer zone or zones ........... 48 

b) A management plan or policy for the area as a Biosphere Reserve .......................... 48 

c) A designated authority or mechanism to implement this policy or plan .................... 49 

d) Programmes for research, monitoring, education and training ................................ 50 

5.1. Signed by the authority/authorities in charge of the management of the core 

area(s) ........................................................................................................... 52 

5.2. Signed by the authority/authorities in charge of the management of the Buffer 

zone(s) ........................................................................................................... 52 

5.3. Signed as appropriate by the national (or state or provincial) administration 

responsible for the management of the core area(s) and the buffer zone ................ 52 

5.4. Signed by the authority/authorities, elected local governement recognized 

authority or spokesperson representative of the communities located in the 

transition area ................................................................................................. 52 

5.5. Signed on behalf of the MAB National Committee or focal point .............................. 52 

Part II: Description 53 

6. Location (Latitude and Longitude) ......................................................................... 53 

iv Application of Santana, Madeira to Biosphere Reserve – UNESCO - MAB

7. Area ........................................................................................................................ 53 

7.1. Size of Core Area(s) .......................................................................................... 53 

7.2. Size of Buffer Zone(s) ....................................................................................... 53 

7.3. Approximate size of Transition Area(s) ................................................................ 53 

7.4. Brief rationale of this zonation ............................................................................ 54 

8. Biogeographical Region .......................................................................................... 54 

9. Land use history ..................................................................................................... 55 

10. Human population of proposed biosphere reserve ................................................ 56 

10.1. Core Area(s) .................................................................................................. 56 

10.2. Buffer Zone(s) ................................................................................................ 56 

10.3. Transition Area(s) .................................................................................... 575756 

10.4. Brief description of local communities living within or near the proposed 

Biosphere Reserve ............................................................................................ 57 

10.5. Name of nearest major town ............................................................................ 58 

10.6. Cultural significance ................................................................................. 595958 

11. Physical Characteristics ........................................................................................ 70 

11.1. General description of site charactheristics and topography of area ....................... 70 

11.2.1. Highest elevation above sea level ................................................................ 71 

11.2.2. Lowest elevation above sea level ................................................................. 71 

11.2.3. For coastal/ marine areas, maximum depth below mean sea level ................... 71 

11.3. Climate ......................................................................................................... 71 

11.3.1. Average temperature of the warmest month ................................................. 71 

11.3.2. Average temperatrure of the coldest month .................................................. 71 

11.3.3. Mean anual precipitation ............................................................................. 71 

11.3.4. If a meteorological station is in or near the proposed Biosphere reserve, 

indicate the year since when climatic data have been recorded ........................ 71 

11.4. Geology, geomorphology, soils ......................................................................... 72 

12. Biological Characteristics ...................................................................................... 81 

12.1. Terrestrial Area .............................................................................................. 81 

12.1.1. Characteristic species .......................................................................... 878786 

12.1.2. Important Natural Processes ................................................................ 909089 

12.1.3. Main Human Impacts .......................................................................... 919190 

12.1.4. Relevant Management Practices............................................................ 929291 

12.2. Coastal and Marine Area ........................................................................... 929291 

12.2.1. Characteristic species .......................................................................... 969695 

12.2.2. Important Natural Processes ................................................................ 979796 

12.2.3. Main human impacts ........................................................................... 999998 

12.2.4. Relevant management practices ...................................................... 101101100 

12.3. Rural area .......................................................................................... 103103102 

12.4. Urban Area (Local) .............................................................................. 106106105 

13. Conservation Function ............................................................................ 107107106 

Application of Santana, Madeira to Biosphere Reserve – UNESCO - MAB v

13.1. Contribution to the conservation of landscape and ecossystem biodiversity 107107106 

13.2. Conservation of species biodiversity ...................................................... 110110109 

13.3. Conservation of genetic biodiversity ...................................................... 111111110 

14. Development function ............................................................................ 115115114 

14.1. Potential for fostering economic and human development which is socioculturally 

and ecologically sustainable ..................................................... 115115114 

14.2. If tourism is a major activity ................................................................ 124124123 

14.2.1 Type(s) of tourism .......................................................................... 127127126 

14.2.2 Tourist facilities and description of where these are located and in which 

zone of the proposed Biosphere Reserve........................................... 133133132 

14.2.3 Indicate positive and/or negative impacts of tourism at present or foreseen136136135 

14.3. Benefits of economic activities to local people ........................................ 138138137 

15. Logistic support function ........................................................................ 139139137 

15.1. Research and monitoring ..................................................................... 139139137 

15.1.1. To what extent has the past and planned research and monitoring 

programme been designed to address specific management questions in 

the potential biosphere reserve ....................................................... 139139137 

15.1.2. Brief description of past research and/or monitoring activities ............. 139139137 

15.1.3. Brief description of on-going research and/ or monitoring activities ..... 142142140 

15.1.4. Brief description of planned research and/or monitoring ..................... 144144143 

15.1.5. Estimated number of national scientists participating in research within 

the proposed biosphere reserve ....................................................... 145145143 

15.1.6. Estimated number of foreign scientists participating in research within the 

proposed biosphere reserve ............................................................ 145145144 

15.1.7. Estimated number of masters and/ or doctoral thesis carried out on the 

proposed biosphere reserve ............................................................ 145145144 

15.1.8. Research station(s) within the proposed Biosphere Reserve ................ 146146144 

15.1.9. Permanent research station(s) outside the proposed Biosphere Reserve146146145 

15.1.10. Permanent monitoring plots .......................................................... 148148147 

15.1.11. Research facilities of research station(s) ......................................... 149149147 

15.1.12. Other facilities ............................................................................. 149149148 

15.1.13. Does the proposed biosphere reserve have na Internet connection .... 150150148 

15.2. Environmental education and public awareness ...................................... 150150148 

15.2.1. Describe environmental education and public awareness activities, 

indicating the target group(s) .......................................................... 150150148 

15.2.2. Indicate facilities for environmental education and public awareness 

activities, indicating the target group(s) ........................................... 150150149 

15.3. Specialist training ............................................................................... 151151150 

15.4. Potential to contribute to the world network of Biosphere Reserves ........... 152152150 

16. Uses and Activities ................................................................................. 153153151 

16.1. Core Area(s) ...................................................................................... 153153151 

16.1.1. Describe the uses and activities occuring within the core area(s) ......... 153153151 

16.1.2. Possible adverse effects on the core area(s) of uses or activities occurring 

within the core area(s) .......................................................................... 154154152 

16.2. Buffer zone(s) .................................................................................... 154154153 

vi Application of Santana, Madeira to Biosphere Reserve – UNESCO - MAB

16.2.1. Describe the main land uses and economic activities in the buffer zone(s)154154153 

16.2.2. Possible adverse effects on the buffer zone of uses or activities occurring 

within or outside the buffer zone(s) in the near and longer terms ........ 155155153 

16.3. Transition area ................................................................................... 156156154 

16.3.1. Describe the main land uses and major economic activities in the 

transition area(s) ........................................................................... 156156154 

16.3.2. Possible adverse effetcs of uses or activities on the transition area(s) .. 156156155 

17. Institutional aspects ............................................................................... 157157156 

17.1. State, province, region or other administrative units ............................... 157157156 

17.2. Units of the proposed Biosphere Reserve ............................................... 158158156 

17.2.1. Are these units contiguous or separate? ........................................... 158158157 

17.3. Protection regime of the core area(s) and if appropriate of the buffer zone(s)159159157 

17.3.1. Core area(s) ................................................................................. 159159157 

17.3.2. Buffer zones .................................................................................. 159159158 

17.4. Land use regulations or agreements applicable to the transition area ........ 160160158 

17.5. Land tenure of each zone ..................................................................... 160160159 

17.5.1. Core area(s) ................................................................................. 160160159 

17.5.2. Buffer zones .................................................................................. 160160159 

17.5.3. Transition area .............................................................................. 160160159 

17.5.4. Foreseen changes in land tenure ..................................................... 161161159 

17.6. Management plan or policy and mechanisms for implementation .............. 161161159 

17.6.1. Indicate how and to what extent the local communities living within and 

next to the proposed biosphere reserve have been associated with the 

nomination process ........................................................................ 161161160 

17.6.2. Main features of management plan or land use policy ......................... 161161160 

17.6.3. The designated authority or coordination mechanisms to implement this 

plan or policy ................................................................................ 162162160 

17.6.4. The means of application of the management plan or policy ................ 162162161 

17.6.5. Indicate how and to what extent the local communities participate in the 

formulation and the implementation of the management plan or policy. 162162161 

17.6.6. The year of start of implementation of the management plan or policy . 163163161 

17.7. Financial source(s) and yearly budget ................................................... 163163162 

17.7.1. Financial sources ........................................................................... 163163162 

17.7.2. Yearly predicted budget .................................................................. 163163162 

17.8. Authority(ies) in charge ....................................................................... 164164163 

17.8.1. The proposed Biosphere Reserve as a whole ..................................... 164164163 

17.8.2. The core area(s) ............................................................................ 164164163 

17.8.3. The buffer zone(s) ......................................................................... 164164163 

18. Special Designations ............................................................................... 164165163 

19. Supporting Documents ........................................................................... 166166164 

19.1. Maps ................................................................................................. 166166164 

19.1.1. General location ............................................................................ 166166164 

19.1.2. Biosphere Reserve zonation map ..................................................... 167167165 

19.2. List of legal documents ........................................................................ 168168166 

19.2.1. Regional Diplomas ......................................................................... 168168166 

Application of Santana, Madeira to Biosphere Reserve – UNESCO - MAB vii

19.2.2. National Diplomas ......................................................................... 170170168 

19.2.3. European Diplomas ........................................................................ 172172170 

19.3. Species list ........................................................................................ 173173171 

19.3.1. Chromista ..................................................................................... 173173171 

19.3.2. Fungi ........................................................................................... 173173171 

19.3.3. Protozoa ....................................................................................... 193193191 

19.3.4. Plantae......................................................................................... 193193191 

19.3.5. Animalia ....................................................................................... 216216214 

19.4. List of main bibliographic references ..................................................... 273273271 

19.4.1. Websites and other digital information ............................................. 279279277 

20. Addresses ............................................................................................... 279279277 

20.1. Contact address of the proposed Biosphere Reserve ............................... 279279277 

Annexes 280280279 

Letters of Support ........................................................................................ 282282281 

Annex to Biosfere Reserve Nomination Form ............................................... 283283282 

Cartography ....................................................................................................... 293292 

viii Application of Santana, Madeira to Biosphere Reserve – UNESCO - MAB

PART I: SUMMARY 

1. PROPOSED NAME OF THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE 

Santana Biosphere Reserve, Madeira 

2. COUNTRY 

Portugal, Autonomous Region of Madeira (Figure 1Figure 1Figure 1). 

Figure 1. Localization of Mainland Portugal and its Autonomous Regions of Madeira and Azores. 

Application of Santana, Madeira to Biosphere Reserve – UNESCO - MAB ix

3. FULFILLMENT OF THE THREE FUNCTIONS OF 

BIOSPHERE RESERVES 

3.1. CONSERVATION 

The proposed Biosphere Reserve, Santana, is located and matches to the 

municipality with the same name, north of Madeira, Autonomous Region of Madeira, with 

head office in the city and parish of Santana. This reserve includes a land component, 

corresponding to the entire emerged surface of the municipality and also a marine 

component, containing in the aggregate a wide variety of natural and human values, 

scenic, natural and cultural environment of local, regional, national and international 

interest. The natural diversity is manifested by a rich fauna and flora that incorporates a 

high degree of endemism and an integral representation of the most relevant ecological 

units of Madeira, from the marine and coastal ecosystems to the high altitude vegetation, 

through the laurel forest, World Natural Heritage of UNESCO. 

A significant percentage of the municipal area is classified in terms of protection, 

and these areas - Natural Reserve of Rocha do Navio (Marine Protected Area and Site of 

the Natura 2000), the Central Highlands (Natura 2000 site), laurel forest (Site of the 

Natura 2000 and UNESCO World Natural Heritage), correspond to the core areas of the 

proposed reserve, strengthening itself with the Biosphere Reserve's contribution to the 

conservation and sustainable use of these species and natural ecosystems. 

10 Application of Santana, Madeira to Biosphere Reserve – UNESCO - MAB

Figura 2. Panoramic view of São Jorge parish 

The terrestrial component of the proposed Biosphere Reserve incorporates several 

macaronesian coastal habitats, evergreen forests and high altitude vegetation, which 

comprise 11 natural habitats listed in Annex I of the Habitats Directive, of which four are 

priority, integrating a wide range of plant communities. The Municipality of Santana has a 

precious floristic richness, encompassing 189 Macaronesian endemics, of which 132 are 

unique to the archipelago. The invertebrate fauna includes 30 species of terrestrial 

mollusks endemic to Madeira and 288 endemic species of arthropods of which 262 are 

exclusive to Madeira. 

In the proposed biosphere reserve occur 20 species of land birds and 5 species of 

sea birds, among which are 6 species included in Annex I and 6 in Annex II of the Birds 

Directive, highlighting the high international importance of this area, given the 

uniqueness and susceptibility of species occurring in it, especially since three species and 

five subspecies are exclusive to Madeira, one species and seven subspecies are endemic 

Macaronesia and one species is endemic to Macaronesia and simultaneously a Madeiran 

subspecies. 

As for the mamofauna, three species of bats occur, including a species endemic to 

Macaronesia and another subspecies endemic to the island of Madeira, all included in 

Application of Santana, Madeira to Biosphere Reserve – UNESCO - MAB 11

Annex IV of the Habitats Directive. The herpetofauna includes one endemic species to 

Madeira archipelago that is listed in Annex IV of the Habitats Directive. 

With regard to marine fauna and flora, sixteen species of fishes occur, of which four 

are endemic to Macaronesia, one reptile species included in Annex II and priority species 

in the Habitats Directive and two marine mammal species listed in Annex II of which a 

cetacean and pinniped, the latter, priority species of the Habitats Directive. Regarding 

the marine flora, although any endemic species are present, the marine component of 

the reserve comprises a set of species of high interest, typical of marine waters with high 

hydrodynamism, especially algae. 

3.2. DEVELOPMENT 

Figure 3. Common tern (Sterna hirundo) 

The municipality of Santana currently comprises 6 parishes: Arco de São Jorge, São 

Jorge, Ilha, Santana, Faial and São Roque do Faial. Together they offer the resident and 

the visitor scenic and shimmering landscapes reflecting a harmonious combination 

between natural and human biophysical elements. Each parish reports and stores in its 

own way, the most significant ethnographic and folklore traces in the memory of their 

histories, traditions and customs, as is a county strongly rooted in ties of this nature. 

Santana is essentially, and yet, a rural municipality where agriculture dominates 

but with some tourism development in a segment that has successfully maintained the 


tradition and landscape. This is an exciting challenge that may allow a change of the 

socio-economic development model, without losing local identity and character of 

Santana’s citizens and without compromising the natural values that Santana has. The 

trend of population decline that has been verifying due to population displacement to 

more urbanized areas in the Autonomous Region of Madeira, has brought the City Council 

and People's Houses, in agreement with the Regional Government, decided to devote a 

significant effort in implementing a model of restructuration and revitalization of the 

County, which intends to implement in terms of land management, the activities to be 

developed, especially in this context several key instruments: the Municipal Master Plan 

(PDM), the Plan of Territorial Management of the Autonomous Region of Madeira, Plan of 

Economic and Social Development of the Autonomous Region of Madeira for 2007-2013 

and Plan of Tourism Management of the Autonomous Region of Madeira. 

Figure 4. Panoramic view of Arco de São Jorge parish 

The Biosphere Reserve as a tool and catalyst for motivating activities based on the 

conservation and sustainable use of natural and cultural heritage, is perceived by the 

municipality and its citizens, as a reinforcement of the opportunities for diversification 


and renewal of local and regional development and may help to identify and promote 

initiatives to renew and revitalize the local economy and social development. The 

Santana Biosphere Reserve intends to become a space of confluence of different local 

and regional players, generating opportunities for promotion initiatives for the 

conservation and enrichment of natural and cultural heritage, and mechanisms to 

highlight this option for sustainable development that the municipality of Santana 

assumed. 

The Municipality of Santana is characterized not only by its natural heritage, with its 

beautiful landscape and forest wealth, but also by the valuable and extensive cultural 

heritage. In the built patrimony heritage, the buildings classified as "County Value" 

should be noted, as the Penha Chapel (Parish of Faial) the Faial fort (Parish of Faial), the 

Bridge of Faial (Parish of Faial), the fountain of Santa Ana, (Parish of Santana), Church of 

S. Jorge (Parish of São Jorge) and the Achadinha Sawmill (Parish of São Jorge). 

Other buildings of cultural interest mark and contribute to the harmony of the 

landscape of the municipality of Santana, such as traditional houses, in their various 

types, including most importantly those with thatched coverage and two-storey buildings 

of carved stone, with coverage of Marseille tile or cement and also the water mills that 

played a key role in the domestic economy of the county. We highlight, for example, the 

Achadinha water mill, recovered under the guidance of the Regional Directorate of 

Cultural Affairs (DRAC), which remains in operation, serving the population in the 

grinding of their grain for domestic use, chiefly wheat and corn. 

There are also the county a set of ethnographic objects, previously used in 

economic and domestic activities, such as looms, used in fabrics manufacture for 

domestic clothing and household items, such as towels, among others. 

Furthermore, the municipality of Santana is one of the regions locals, where 

information can be gathered about the customs and traditions such as traditional 

medicine, novels, festivals, music and traditional instruments, etc., that are present in its 

full authenticity. 


Figure 5. Arco São Jorge Church 

The Municipality of Santana is geographically, the second largest municipality in the 

Autonomous Region of Madeira and therefore has a strong representation of the 

important elements of Madeira’s biodiversity, at species and ecosystems level. 

Santana, being a municipality that stretches from sea to the highest peaks of 

Madeira, comprises a considerable extension of Mountains, Valleys, Plateaus, Achadas 

(flattened hills) and Fajãs (land slide deposits), which includes the highest point on the 

island of Madeira, Pico Ruivo (1861 meters). 

The Municipality of Santana is one of the municipalities that best illustrates the 

preparation of typical dishes from the Madeira Islands. Some factors contributing to this 

reality, including the knowledge and traditions that pass from generation to generation: 

the care and affection of Santana’s populace preparing food, good and high agricultural 

productivity throughout the year, always providing fresh foods, many of these cultivated 

by organic methods. The eateries where the delicacies can be tasted vary greatly and are 

distributed all over the county. 

In fact, the existence of a unique environmental and ecological wealth of high 

importance for biodiversity conservation, not only regionally but also globally, together 

with the existence of a reduced population density that divulges their culture and 

customs across borders, makes the Municipality of Santana an appropriate place to 


promote human and economic development in a sustainable way – having always the 

basic principle of protection and conservation of the biodiversity that characterizes it. 

The people of Santana has eversince retained its inherent culture, their customs 

and traditions that we see reflected in the numerous cultural activities and events that 

enliven the County, some of which are among Madeira’s main touristic events, including 

traditional popular festivals and the internationally well-known tourist event - "48 hours 

dancing." It is a festival that celebrates the traditions of the Municipality of Santana, in 

which men and women appear with the costumes used in previous centuries and which 

are currently used by elements of folklore groups - in this festival multiple folkloric 

groups dance continuously for 48 hours. 

Figure 6. Grupo Folclórico em actuação no “48 Horas a Bailar” 

Folklore is a genre of culture of popular origin, consisting of popular customs and 

traditions passed down from generation to generation through music and dance. The 

Charter of National Folklore, for example, in line with the definitions of UNESCO declares 

that folklore is synonymous with popular culture and represents the social identity of a 

community through their cultural creations, collective or individual, and is also an 

essential part of culture of each nation. 


The existing folkloric groups follow the aphorism: "We have the obligation to save 

what is still likely to be saved, so that our grandchildren while living in a different 

Portugal from ours, can maintain as Portuguese as ourselves and able to maintain their 

cultural roots steeped in the social inheritance that the past has left us." (Jorge Dias). 

To this cultural event various folkloric groups are invited, not only from Madeira, as 

well as from mainland Portugal, among others. 

Preserve and enhance the Cultural and Natural Heritage of the proposed Santana 

Biosphere Reserve, will not only renew the local economy, but also its social 

development. 

The status of Santana Biosphere Reserve, Madeira, will increase a number of 

initiatives for the conversion of activities of improvement of natural and cultural heritage. 

3.3. LOGISTIC SUPPORT 

The Municipality of Santana, due to its location, natural and socio-cultural features 

has been the venue for the conduct of scientific work covering different specialties, 

ranging from agricultural sciences to marine and terrestrial ecology, nature conservation, 

culture and ethnography, as well as is a place where regular conservation and natural 

resource management projects are developed, with particular emphasis on the endemic 

biodiversity of Madeira and the Macaronesian biogeographical region. 

In recent years, as a consequence of Madeira island resident scientific community 

growth and with the support of local structures (public laboratories, universities and 

research centers) some projects and initiatives have developed, which contribute to the 

recognition of Santana as a true natural laboratory, outstanding above all restocking 

projects and in situ conservation of endemic flora species (e.g. Goodyera macrophylla), 

conservation of germplasm of local cultivars or initiatives such as the completion of the I 

Macaronesian Environmental Education Meeting which prompted the creation of the 

Macaronesia Network of Education and Environmental Information Centers (Madeira, 


Azores and Canary Islands), on which belongs the Ribeiro Frio Center for Environmental 

Education and Information. 

The number and variety of research projects and activities, conservation and 

dissemination of knowledge in various areas and also the excellent local dynamics is 

highlighted when concerning the public participation level, through non-governmental 

organizations adjusted towards supporting young and older people, local development, 

culture and traditions preservation. Also the oral tradition theme stands out, since it has 

a significant expression in Santana, where research, including collecting and recording 

traditional oral literature is very dynamic. 

Figure 7. Ribeiro Frio Center for Environmental Education and Information 

As the municipality of Santana is one of the locals in Madeira with better access to 

higher areas of the island, astronomy studies and observations based on Achada do 

Teixeira are also common, and therefore, this area is a reference site for the attainment 

of scientific studies in that field. Also the altitude geological formations located between 


Achada do Teixeira and Pico Ruivo have deserved attention from the scientific community 

and local authorities with a perspective on its future classification as geological 

monuments. 

As shown, the Santana Biosphere Reserve, Madeira, is indeed a site with excellent 

facilities for logistical support to the development of research projects in different 

scientific areas, and the classification as a Biosphere Reserve, other than promoting such 

activities, shall constitute an additional opportunity to promote interdisciplinarity between 

the different interventions. The existence of a Biosphere Reserve will also extend the 

scope and interest of research, education and information at an international level and 

participation of Santana and Madeira Island in international cooperation networks, for 

example, REDBIOS. 

4. CRITERIA FOR DESIGNATION AS A BIOSPHERE 

RESERVE 

4.1. ENCOMPASS A MOSAIC OF ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 

REPRESENTATIVE OF MAJOR BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS, INCLUDING A 

GRADATION OF HUMAN INTERVENTION 

The island of Madeira, with an emerged area of 737 km2 and maximum altitude of 

1861 meters, is the largest and highest island in the archipelago of Madeira. The terrain 

is very steep, with an average inclination of 25% in about 65% of the area of the island 

and only about 10% of its area is below 500 meters of altitude. The island has in the 

center of its longitudinal axis a mountain massif that occupies an area of approximately 

6224 hectares and divides the island into two distinct slopes. In the eastern part of the 

mountain massif lie the higher altitude peaks, the most relevant are Pico Ruivo de 

Santana (1861m), Pico das Torres (1851m) and Pico do Areeiro (1818m). In the western 

fraction of the central mountain massif, with an average altitude of approximately 1550 

meters above sea level, lies the Paúl da Serra plateau, where we highlight the Pico Ruivo 

do Paúl (1640m) and the area of Bica da Cana (1620m). As a result of the high annual 

rainfall that occurs on the plateau, either through atmospheric condensation or 

phytogenic condensation of mist, numerous temporary ponds are formed which are of 


supreme hydrological importance, constituting the main impounding, storage and 

recharge of drainage basins and of most surface water lines and groundwater flows in the 

island. Watercourses departing radially from the Paúl da Serra plateau are the source of 

the beautiful lush green valleys and mountains on both sides of the western half of the 

island, as well as of the stunning water cascades of precious landscape value as the Risco 

waterfall located at the base of the plateau, in Rabaçal. 

Figure 8. Mountainous area in Santana 

The municipality of Santana extends from the island's highest point, Pico Ruivo de 

Santana, to its coastal cliffs and islets, encompassing all habitats on the island of Madeira 

and listed in the Habitats Directive, in a representing mosaic of the phytosociological 

formations of the Macaronesian biogeographical region, harmoniously integrated with 

rural areas, slightly humanized located between the laurel forest and the urban center. 

The land portions devoted to agriculture are mostly located in basaltic rock terraces that 

were built by hand for centuries, following the original terrain orography and in which a 

diverse range of cultures, with emphasis on the vine, corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, 


eans and other vegetables and some fruit cultivars are grown. The goats, sheep and 

cattle are kept in small traditional stone barns or in small corrals. 

The large coastal and marine area included in the proposed Santana Biosphere 

Reserve, is very rich in habitats typical of macaronesian cliffs and coasts, well 

represented on the Ilhéu da Viúva and Ilhéu da Rocha das Vinhas islets. These islets, in 

consequence of the low disturbance that are subject and the absence of predators, are 

also privileged nesting sites to some pelagic and coastal seabird species. This whole area 

of high natural value, has high touristic potential, such as walking the paths that exist in 

the coastal cliffs, where visitors can observe the predominant macaronesian xerophytic 

vegetation which includes several endemic species such as the emblematic pride of 

madeira (Echium nervosum), the giant sow-thistle (Sonchus ustulatus), the Narrow- 

leaved Rock Mustard (Sinapidendron angustifolium), the Saucer plant (Aeonium 

glandulosum), the Fish-stunning Spurge (Euphorbia piscatoria), the Madeira Sea Stock 

(Matthiola maderensis), besides a very rare tree species, the Juniper (Juniperus turbinata 

ssp. canariensis), endemism whose specimens reach extraordinary sizes in this area. 

These tours can be combined with marine touristic activities such as the observation of 

whales & dolphins, sea turtles, monk seals and several species of seabirds. 

Figure 9. Pilot-whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) 


4.2. BE OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 

CONSERVATION 

Madeira is, in terms of biological diversity, the second richest of Macaronesian 

archipelagos, with the island of Tenerife housing the largest overall number of species 

and endemisms. However, considering the number of taxa per unit area, Madeira takes 

the top spot in Macaronesia, with an overall index higher than the island of Tenerife. This 

high species richness in unique life forms, is a reflection of the high variability of 

ecological conditions on the island that are derived from its location in relation to the 

continents of Africa and Europe and also its topography. The high biological importance 

of Madeira is recognized internationally. 

The Municipality of Santana hosts various habitats in excellent conservation 

conditions, providing a refuge for some biological communities which are habitats to 

many unique species. In the marine and coastal areas of Santana county, several 

Macaronesian habitats occur, which are of paramount importance to the life cycle of 

species like the monk seal (Monachus monachus) and the common turtle (Caretta 

caretta) listed as priority species in Habitats Directive and populations of Cory’s 

shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea borealis), Common tern (Sterna hirundo), Bulwer’s 

petrel (Bulweria bulwerii) and Madeiran storm petrel (Oceanodroma castro), all listed in 

Annex I of Birds Directive. 

Figure 10. The monk seal, priority species in Habitats Directive 


Equally important are the habitats that occur in the laurel forest and mountainous 

areas of the central mountainous massif, with particular emphasis on the endemic 

Macaronesian heaths, Macaronesian laurel forests, Mediterranean temporary ponds, 

priority habitats of community interest listed in Habitats Directive Annex I , Habitats of 

important species as the long-toed pigeon (Columba trocaz) and Madeira pipistrelle 

(Pipistrellus maderensis). 

Figure 11. Madeira pipistrelle (Pipistrellus maderensis) 

Santana is the county with the largest number of organic farmers, an activity which 

reaches its climax on the outskirts of the laurel forest forest in the parish of Ilha, allowing 

a healthy coexistence between agriculture and biodiversity, a symbiosis between 

sustainable cultural practices and sanity of the cultures, maintained by the ecological 

balance provided by the various species that inhabit the adjacent laurel forest. The 

remaining agricultural mosaic, although including some more modern agricultural farms, 

is largely made up of small parcels where commercial agricultural production coexists 


with subsistence agriculture, motivated for the variety of cultivars grown, in a production 

model that is beneficial for maintaining soil and water quality, as well as biological 

diversity. 

The classification of the area proposed as Biosphere Reserve will be a decisive 

impulse to the maintenance and conservation of ancestral farming techniques still in use 

as are the associations between several crops and crop rotations, as well as an increase 

of more sustainable agricultural methods, such as organic farming, promoting the return 

to remote farming techniques and indigenous varieties that were traditionally used by the 

ancient inhabitants of the county, now abandoned in favor of modern varieties and most 

profitable methods, using mono-cultural practices and pesticides, which have a profound 

impact on biodiversity, soil and water. 

The marine area will promote the conservation of marine resources, especially 

species of commercial interest which are explored by local inhabitants, given the 

importance that these species have in the increase of their income and in their life 

quality. The maintenance of the populations of limpets (Patella piperata, Patella aspera 

and Patella candei), toothed winkles (Monodonta atrata and Gibbula spp.) and some 

species of fish such as the Dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus), Island grouper 

(Mycteroperca fusca) and the Red Hogfish (Pseudolepidaplous scrofa) and other coastal 

species such as White bream (Diplodus sargus), the Zebra bream (Diplodus cervinus), 

Parrotfish (Sparissoma cretensis), Turkish wrasses (Thalassoma pavo) and Bluefin 

damselfish (Abudefduf luridus) and Azores chromis (Chromis limbata) in the marine area 

of the proposed Biosphere Reserve, will maintain a flow of these species to adjacent 

marine areas, providing local populations, sustainable marine resources. 

The fishing methods which are commonly used are the fishing rod or the fishing 

line, either from shore or small boats, fishing techniques that can be reconciled with the 

preservation of the actual stocks of exploited species. 


Figure 12. Red dogfish, bluefin damselfish and Turkish wrasses in Rocha do Navio 

4.3. PROVIDE NA OPPORTUNITY TO EXPLORE AND DEMONSTRATE 

APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ON A REGIONAL SCALE 

Santana has a dimension and a set of natural, historical, social and economic 

features which offer the possibility to develop concerted and innovative actions whose 

results are potentially achievable in short time scales, demonstrating its character 

towards the practice of sustainable development. 

Nature conservation, farming activities and techniques, tourism and leisure are 

sectors of excellence for the development of initiatives and projects whose range, beyond 

demonstration, can contribute in a significant and visible way to the sustainability of the 

Municipality itself and its inhabitants. 

In a certain way, the Biosphere Reserve cements a valid set of sectoral initiatives 

which are intended to further develop and the results of which we believe will converge in 

consolidation with local dynamics around the sustainability of the county and the 

Autonomous Region of Madeira. The Biosphere Reserve will work as a catalyst to bring 

together not only infrastructures but also human resources around the historical, social, 

natural and economic values, generating opportunities for activities, goods, products and 


services that the Municipality of Santana has to offer. As a result, the visibility and 

effects of Santana Biosphere Reserve and the results of its practices will reflect in the 

global dynamics of Madeira Region, and will not be restricted to the Municipality of 

Santana. 

Figure 13. Roof straw thatching in a Santana typical house 

4.4. HAVE AN APPROPRIATE SIZE TO SERVE THE THREE FUNCTIONS OF 


The proposed area for Biosphere Reserve includes the entire emersed area of the 

municipality of Santana and a relevant marine area, in a total of 5664.06 hectares. The 

diversity of habitats and species of endemic flora and fauna present in the county, some 

listed in Annex I of the Birds and Habitats Directives, led to recognition of its local, 

regional, national, community and international importance by the European Union 

through their classification as Sites of Community Interest of Natura 2000 ecological 

network. 

The marine area covered by the proposed Biosphere Reserve covers 56.64 km2, 

and will allow integrating in a sustainable mode the interdependent management of 

coastal and marine environments and their natural resources, producing many benefits 

for wildlife and local people. 


Figure 14. “Marmulano” subhumid inframediterranic vegetation of 

The simple territorial structure of the proposed Santana Biosphere Reserve will 

permit to achieve the three intrinsic functions of a biosphere Reserve more efficiently, 

particularly considering the advantages and synergies that can be created by integrating 

the management of their natural values, with the management plans defined for the 

laurel forest, central mountainous massif and Rocha do Navio Natura 2000 sites, core 

areas of the proposed Biosphere Reserve. The resulting effect of its simple zonation will 

allow for high administrative functionality in the preservation of natural and socio-cultural 

values and encourage sustainable development of local communities in the long term 

through the promotion of appropriate practices in the assorted economic, cultural and 

environmental activities developed within the Reserve area. 

The core areas, land component with 4175.96 hectares (41.76 km2) and marine 

component with 1708.45 hectares (17.1 km2), total 5884.05 hectares (58.84 km2), 

correspond to 38.66% of the total area of the proposed Biosphere Reserve. Given the 

characteristics of their natural values, both core areas are adequate to ensure the 

conservation of terrestrial and marine natural resources and Santana’s and Madeira’s 

native biological richness. 

The area sized for Buffer Zones totaling 707.67 hectares (70.1 km2), representing 

approximately 4.65% of total area of the proposed Biosphere Reserve, ensures the 


protection of fundamental natural values of the core areas and simultaneously reconciles 

the development of some sustainable anthropogenic activities on transition zones nearby. 

Area (ha) Percentage of Area (%) 

Core Areas 5884,05 38,66 

Buffer Zones 707,67 4,65 

Transition Areas 8626,32 56,68 

Total 15218,04 100 

4.5. THROUGH APPROPRIATE ZONATION 

a) A legally constituted core area or areas devoted to long term 

protection, acording to the conservation objectives of the 

biosphere reserve, and of suficient size to meet these objectives 

The two core areas included in the proposed Santana Biosphere Reserve correspond 

to areas classified under various regimes of protection and which are subject to various 

measures of protection and conservation. 

“Sítio da Rocha do Navio” Natural Reserve 

The Rocha do Navio site has a total area of 1822 hectares, comprising the entire 

area defined between the maximum high tide line and 100 meters bathymetric, bounded 

on the east and west by the Ponta dos Clérigos and the ponta de São Jorge, respectively, 

and includes the islets Ilhéu da Viúva and Ilhéu de São Jorge, which resulted from the 

coastline recoil caused by marine abrasion on the various volcanic materials. 


Figure 15. Panoramic view of sítio da Rocha do Navio marine core area 

The Ilhéu da Viúva Islet has a maximum altitude of 94 meters and about 1.4 

hectares in area and stands in the intertidal zone, being isolated only when the high tide 

occurs. The ilhéu de São Jorge Islet is about 140 meters from shore, near the mouth of 

the Ribeira de São Jorge stream and has a total area of approximately 0.6 hectares, with 

about 80 meters in length and 45 meters at its widest. Both islets distance from each 

other about 3100 meters. The site encompasses a wide diversity of natural habitats, 

especially the vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts , lower 

formations of Euphorbia close to cliffs and submerged or partially submerged sea caves. 

The xerophytic vegetation, predominantly herbs and shrubs, includes several 

Macaronesian and Madeira endemics, with particular emphasis on a Juniper population 

(Juniperus turbinata ssp. canariensis). 


Figure 16. Flora endémica das costas macaronésicas 

The Sítio da Rocha do Navio Nature Reserve was established, by request of 

Santana’s inhabitants, by the Regional Legislative Decree No. 11/97/M, of 30 th June and 

classified as a Site of Community Interest (SCI) of the European Union Natura 2000 

network, areas classified under the Habitats Directive, Directive No. 92/43/EEC on the 

conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora, through the Regional 

Legislative Decree No 5/2006/M, of 2 nd of March. 

The 1822 hectares of land area within the marine core area, comprises about 2 

hectares of area of the islets “Ilhéu da Viúva” and “Ilhéu de São Jorge”, while the 

remaining 1820 hectares of marine area corresponding to the core area. 


Figure 17. Santana Biosphere Reserve marine core area 


Laurel Forest and Central Mountainous Massif 

The terrestrial core area includes areas of native laurel forest and areas of the 

central mountainous massif, two sites of Community importance (SCI) for the European 

ecological network Natura 2000. The laurel forest, which covers most of the land core 

area, is an evergreen forest that occupies an approximate area of 14,953 hectares in the 

island of Madeira, located between 200 and 1600 meters of altitude, mainly in the 

northern slopes, inaccessible to most activities and human installation. It is characterized 

by a set of phytosociological indigenous communities, which as a whole, make up this 

forest type. 

Figure 18. Panoramic view of Laurel forest and Central Mountainous Massif in Fajã da Nogueira valley 

In Santana, laurel forests occupy the entire forest perimeter of the county, with a 

total area of 307.400 hectares (3074 km2). Plays a key role in the hydrological balance 

of the island, since it is the main responsible for the collection, retention of water from 

rainfall and fogs, charging almost constantly this invaluable resource for human 

livelihood, as well as for agricultural and gardens irrigation and also providing water to 

supply hydroelectric powerplants. The channels of capture and transport of water – 


levadas - located mostly in laurel forest areas, have an immense landscape value and are 

the major tourist attraction on the island. 

Figure 19. Levada, a major touristic attraction 

The area covered by laurel forest houses 39 macaronesia endemics and 76 Madeira 

endemic taxa, 27 of which are listed in European Union Habitats Directive, including the 

brissimoret’s stonecrop (Sedum brissemoretii), Madeira bindweed (Convolvulus massonii) 

Wallaston’s musschia (Musschia wollastonii) and the wood fern (Polystichum drepanum) 

that are considered priority species. This area includes four types of habitats of 

community interest listed in the aforementioned Directive, with particular emphasis on 

the endemic Macaronesian heaths and Macaronesian laurel forest, priority habitats. 

The first areas of laurel forest classified under conservation and protection 

measures were established by the Regional Decree 14/82/M of 11 October of 1982, 

which created the Madeira Natural Park. In this decree, vast areas of laurel forest were 

classified under different regimes of protection, including, most importantly for the 

current application, the areas of Integral Natural Reserves of Caldeirão verde and Ribeira 

Seca / Fajã da Nogueira, belonging to the municipality of Santana which are integrated in 

the land core area of the proposed Biosphere Reserve. 


Figure 20. Laurel forest biological diversity 

In 1992, this forest was classified as a Biogenetic Reserve by the Council of Europe 

and in 1999 as World Natural Heritage by UNESCO. The biological importance of the 

laurel forest, was highlighted by its classification as a Site of Community Importance 

(SCI) and Special Protection Area (SPA) of European Union Natura 2000 ecological 

network, areas classified under the Habitats Directive, Directive No. 92/43/EEC and Birds 

Directive, Directive No. 79/409/EEC, through the Regional Legislative Decree No 

5/2006/M, of 2 nd of March of 2006. 

The importance of this forest for birds, especially considering some of the unique 

species that it harbors, such as the Madeira firecrest (Regulus madeirensis), the long- 

toed pigeon (Columba trocaz), the Plain Swift (Apus unicolor) and the Madeira Chaffinch 

(Fringilla coelebs maderensis), was internationally recognized by Birdlife International 

qualifying it as an IBA (Important Bird Area). The land core area comprises 4175.06 

hectares. 


Figure 21. Berthelot’s pipit (Anthus berthelotti madeirensis) 

The vast natural heritage that characterizes the entire area of the Central 

Mountainous Massif, especially the high rate of endemicity existing at the altitude flora 

and arthropod fauna, as well as bryophytes, is representative of the importance that this 

area has for conservation of indigenous biodiversity. In the Central Mountainous Massif 

are present 67 macaronesia endemic taxa, of which 17 are shared with other 

Macaronesian archipelagos and 50 are endemic to the archipelagos of Madeira and 

salvage islands. A total of 38 endemic taxa to Madeira and salvage archipelagos are 

listed in Annexes B and B-II-IV of the Habitats Directive, of which 12 are present in the 

Central Mountainous Massif. The Annex I of the Bern Convention includes 32 taxa 

endemic to Madeira and Salvage archipelagos, 7 of which are present in the Central 

Mountainous Massif. Concerning bryophytes, in this area 123 taxa are listed, comprising 

87 mosses and 36 liverworts, with a percentage of 5.6% of Macaronesian endemic taxa, 

as for example the rare moss Bryoxiphium madeirense. Some species that occur above 

1300m altitude are restricted only to the higher peaks, such as Anacolosa webbii, 

Andreae alpestris, Antitrichia californica mosses and Gymnocolea inflata, Marsupella 

adusta, Porella cordaeana liverworths. 


The Central Mountainous Massif is shelters six habitats of community interest listed 

in the Habitats Directive, of which the Mediterranean temporary ponds, the Endemic 

forests with Juniperus spp. and the endemic Macaronesian heaths, are priority habitats. 

Beyond all the richness that characterizes this area as a whole, the eastern part of the 

Massif is evidenced as the only place in the world where Madeira petrel (Pterodroma 

madeira), the most endangered seabird in the world, nests. Since 1969, when this 

presumedly extinct seabird was rediscovery, this area has been object of much interest 

from local and foreign ornithologists, intensifying the actions towards the conservation of 

this species since 1986, mostly driven by funding through the LIFE program. 


Figure 22. Land core area of Santana Biosphere Reserve 


) A buffer zone or zones clearly identified and surrounding or 

contiguous to the core area or areas where only activities 

compatible with the conservation objectives can take place 

Buffer zones surrounding the land core area and marine core area of Rocha do 

Navio, which comprise in their majority public areas, totaling 707.67 ha. These areas 

were determined objectively in order to enhance sustainable human activities 

contributing to the restoration of ecological balance and preservation of natural 

landscape. The planning and management of these areas, considering the interests and 

needs of its users, contributes to the maintenance and conservation of habitats and 

species in the core and adjacent areas. 

Rocha do Navio 

The buffer zone of Rocha do Navio with an area of 109.68 hectares comprises a 

small coastal land area and a larger marine area. Given the high environmental quality of 

the buffer zone of Rocha do Navio, as a result of insignificant human activities developed 

in the area, this buffer zone will stand out by promoting its natural resources and 

awareness of local population on the importance of its exploration in a sustainable 

manner. In the land portion of this buffer zone, the vegetated slopes and sea cliffs stand 

out by its characteristic endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts. 


Figure 23. Santana Biosphere Reserve marine buffer zone 


Land area 

Figure 24. Pride of Madeira plants (Echium nervosum) in a cliff 

The land buffer zone comprises 597.99 ha of forest land consisting of various plant 

communities, including exotic species, Lauraceous and ericaceous plants and some small 

agriculture parcels, mostly with fruit crops. It is an area which includes infrastructures to 

support many recreational activities, which due to imposed regulation, supervision and 

classification, prevent any adverse effects. 


Figure 25. Santana Biosphere Reserve land buffer zone 


c) An outer transition area where sustainable resource management 

practices are promoted and developed 

The transition zones include marine and land areas of public and private tenure 

totaling 8626.32 hectares, accounting for 56.68% of the total reserve area. The 

marine transition area corresponds to 44.58% of the transition area with a total of 

3845.93 ha, while the land portion of the transition area covers 4780.39 ha. It is an 

area of strong rural expression with several rural-urban centers mainly arranged 

along the main roads and that include the town of Santana, urban center that is 

characterized by its sparse settlement, typical of rural areas. The transition zone 

includes areas of exotic woods, including eucalyptus and 

pine trees as well as some forsaken terraces, due to the abandonment of 

agricultural activity that occurred during times of emigration. The main economic 

activities of agriculture, livestock production, agro-industrial and forestry develop 

this area, one of the most important in the region within these economic segments. 

Figure 26. Panoramic view of transition area from the land core area 


Considering the increase of agricultural area under organic production system and 

environmental education initiatives in which includes the program ecoschools and 

even the recent adhesion of local schools to the network of UNESCO associated 

schools and through the momentum created by this Biosphere Reserve application, 

which covers all schools in the proposed Biosphere Reserve, there is a large 

commitment from the local population to carry out sustainable activities, 

valorization and conservation of natural heritage. The potential for growth of 

environmentally sustainable activities is enormous, given the excellent work done 

by several organizations in educating new generations in sustainable development 

and conservation of natural resources of their homeland. The classification and 

management of these areas, considering the interests and needs of the resident 

population, contribute to the upkeep and maintenance of cultural values and 

development of associated economic sustainable activities. 


Figure 27. Santana Biosphere Reserve marine transition area 


The marine transition area encompasses most of the marine area of the biosphere 

reserve proposal, and much of the coastline of the municipality of Santana. The main 

human activities developed are connected with the use bathing, underwater fishing and 

angling from the shore. Seasonal activities are mostly conducted in summer and 

insignificant, considering the small number of them Practitioner. The submarine hunting 

and fishing to the shoreline activities are carried out sustainably, regulated and inspected 

by several entities, without negative impacts to the balance of species and local habitats. 

The coastline is home in the areas of cliff plant communities of great natural beauty and 

importance. 

Figura 28. Dark winged sea gulls (Larus fuscus graellsii) 


Figure 29. Santana Biosphere Reserve terrestrial transition area 


4.6. ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS SHOULD BE PROVIDED FOR 

THE INVOLVEMENT AND PARTICIPATION OF A SUITABLE RANGE OF 

INTER ALIA PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND PRIVATE 

INTERESTS IN THE DESIGN AND THE CARRYING OUT OF THE FUNCTIONS 

OF A BIOSPHERE RESERVE 

During the drafting process of the application several dissemination and 

participation initiatives were developed, which included conferences, public debates and 

on-line public consultation of the project application. On the other hand, activities 

involving schools in the county were stimulated, which resulted in the adhesion of two 

schools of Santana to the network of UNESCO schools. The main public events were used 

for the dissemination of the Santana Biosphere Reserve draft and for this purpose 

promotion stands were mounted and advertising material distributed. The drafting 

process of the application dossier was also a process involving local and regional public 

and private authorities. Of the public authorities, beyond the municipality, there is the 

involvement of regional offices linked to geographic information and land management, 

forestry, environment, management of protected areas, cultural affairs, among others. 

The Santana municipality Biosphere Reserve plans to create a consultative body 

comprising representatives of local and regional interests, who participate in the 

management of the proposed Biosphere Reserve. 

Taking advantage of Santan’s urban settlement typology, where the population is 

concentrated mainly in small urban centers, the direct contact with the local population is 

facilitated by mobilizing and encouraging the active participation of the majority of local 

population in the Biosphere Reserve affairs. 


4.7. MECHANISMS FOR IMPLEMENTATION 

a) Mechanisms to manage human use and activities in the buffer 

zone or zones 

There are several mechanisms for managing activities in the land buffer area, as 

the Laurel forest Management Plan, as part of the management plans for Natura 2000 

areas, the Tourism Management Plan of the Autonomous Region of Madeira (POT) and 

Municipal Master Plan of Santana. 

For the marine core area, management mechanisms will be based on the Program 

of Measures for the Management and Conservation of Natura 2000 site of Ilhéu da Viúva 

and management measures to Sítio da Rocha do Navio established by the Madeira 

Natural Park. 

b) A management plan or policy for the area as a biosphere 

reserve 

The lines of action adopted by the various plans and programs designed as 

guidelines for the socio-economic development of the proposed Biosphere Reserve area, 

including the Santana Municipal Master Plan, the Tourism Management Plan of the 

Autonomous Region of Madeira (POT), Costline Management Plan (POOC) and Plans for 

the Management of laurel forest, the Central Mountainous Massif and Ilhéu da Viúva, 

areas integrated in the European ecological network Natura 2000, will be the executive 

support to the management policy of the Biosphere Reserve area. 

If accepted the nomination of Santana as a Biosphere Reserve, a specific 

management plan will be outlined, enhancing the integration of the local community in 

sustainable development of the municipality, according to the guidelines defined for 

Biosphere Reserves. It is also believed that the very designation of the Biosphere 

Reserve will be an important stimulus for the promotion of sectoral plans, since the 

Biosphere Reserve will be a factor of common interest to them. 


c) A designated authority or mechanism to implement this policy 

or plan 

The several planning and management mechanisms that the area is subject, are 

combined around the key objectives of the reserve itself, by which the municipality of 

Santana through the Municipal public company Terra Cidade, in an early stage of 

development and installation of the Santana Biosphere Reserve, will assume the role of 

executive manager, regarding the different institutional contributions, public and private, 

around the sustainable development of Santana and the Autonomous Region of Madeira. 

It will also be assigned a permanent Advisory Council which will include the various public 

and private stakeholders representing the forces of Santana municipality and the 

Autonomous Region of Madeira. 

The major Plans and Programs that will constitute the mechanisms for the 

Biosphere Reserve implementation are: Plan for Economic and Social Development of the 

Autonomous Region of Madeira, the Plan of Territorial Management, the Municipal Master 

Plan, the Tourism Management Plan, Management Plans of Protected Areas – Central 

Mountainous Massif, Laurel forest and Rocha do Navio Management Plan - and the 

Natural Park of Madeira Management Plan itself. Special emphasis will be given to the 

Rural Development Plan, particularly with regard to areas that make up the Transition 

area. 

The Municipality of Santana, through the Municipal Company Terra Cidade will also 

seek to establish conditions for effective participation of other local entities, private and 

public, especially among private associations, local development organizations and 

schools (in particular, those who formalized its adherence to School Network of UNESCO 

during the current application process). 


d) Programmes for research, monitoring, education and training 

i. Research 

At the level of research, the Biosphere Reserve of Santana intends to further 

diversify and enhance the initiatives that the various institutions have already held in the 

Autonomous Region of Madeira, also trying to link research to training and higher 

education in various fields ranging from agriculture, floriculture, biology and ecology, 

habitat restoration, geology, coastal management, fisheries, climate and weather and 

also in various areas of social sciences and humanities. The University of Madeira, the 

regional public health laboratories (Fisheries, Agriculture, Livestock, Environment, Water, 

Marine Biology), will find support in the Biosphere Reserve of Santana in order to develop 

their activities, also in the logic of using the biosphere reserve as laboratory for the study 

of different specialties and the implementation of integrated management models 

oriented on a sustainable development perspective. 

ii. Monitoring 

In terms of monitoring, the Biosphere Reserve aims to establish mechanisms to 

monitor the results of management measures that may be implemented and will also 

contribute in supporting the implementation of the various sectoral plans that converge 

to the development of the Biosphere Reserve itself, mainly the management plans of 

protected areas, species and habitats. Within the scope of logistical possibilities, it is 

predicted that the Biosphere Reserve will support different research teams both in the 

development of field work and through the assignment of spaces for installation of 

laboratories to support field work campaigns. 

iii. Education and training 

Santana was the promoter of the first regional meeting on environmental education 

and also the meeting of the Madeira, Azores and Canary Islands network of 


environmental education and information centers, and thus the Biosphere Reserve will 

continue to devote special attention to this sector. Under the bid process of the 

application itself, it was possible to stimulate and support the adhesion of two local 

schools to the UNESCO School Network, and these were the first schools in the entire 

region of Madeira to join this network. 

The Ribeiro Frio Environmental Education Center will be a base of ongoing 

cooperation between the Biosphere Reserve and the Regional Directorate of Environment 

at the level of education and environmental information activities and the very promotion 

of Santana Biosphere Reserve, Madeira. Conditions to hold exhibitions and workshops of 

activities related to dissemination of natural and cultural heritage will be given, whether 

developed by the Biosphere Reserve or by other local, regional, national and international 

institutions. 

Figure 30. Children attending environmental education activities at Ribeiro Frio Environmental Education 

Center 

Special attention will be devoted to REDBIOS, to which the Santana Biosphere 

Reserve will join from the inception and in which the reserve intends to develop joint 

universal promotion and dissemination programs and projects about the MAB Programme 

and the regional Biosphere Reserves network. 


5. ENDORSEMENTS 

5.1. SIGNED BY THE AUTHORITY/AUTHORITIES IN CHARGE OF THE MANAGEMENT OF THE CORE 

AREA(S) 

Full name: Paulo Jorge dos Santos Gomes Oliveira 

Title: Director of the Natural Park of Madeira 

Date: __________________________________ 

5.2. SIGNED BY THE AUTHORITY/AUTHORITIES IN CHARGE OF THE MANAGEMENT OF THE BUFFER 

ZONE(S) 

Full name: Paulo Jorge dos Santos Gomes Oliveira 

Title: Director of the Natural Park of Madeira 

Date: __________________________________ 

5.3. SIGNED AS APPROPRIATE BY THE NATIONAL (OR STATE OR PROVINCIAL) ADMINISTRATION 

RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE CORE AREA(S) AND THE BUFFER ZONE 

Full name: José Miguel Silva Branco 

Title: Chief of Cabinet of Regional Sec. for Environment and Natural Resources 

Date: __________________________________ 

5.4. SIGNED BY THE AUTHORITY/AUTHORITIES, ELECTED LOCAL GOVERNEMENT RECOGNIZED 

AUTHORITY OR SPOKESPERSON REPRESENTATIVE OF THE COMMUNITIES LOCATED IN THE 

TRANSITION AREA 

Full name: Rui Moisés Fernandes Ascensão 

Title: Mayor of Santana Municipality 

Date: __________________________________ 

5.5. SIGNED ON BEHALF OF THE MAB NATIONAL COMMITTEE OR FOCAL POINT 

Full name: Pedro Castro Henriques 

Title: Coordinator of Portuguese MAB Commission 

Date: __________________________________ 

* See attached letters of endorsement 


PART II: DESCRIPTION 

6. LOCATION (LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE) 

Latitude: 32º 46’ N 

Longitude: 16º 54’ W 

Northern boundary: 32º 50’ N 

Southern boundary: 32º 42’ N 

Western boundary: 16º 58’ W 

Eastern boundary: 16º 50’ W 

7. AREA 

The total area of the proposed Biosphere Reserve is 15.218,04 hectares 

7.1. SIZE OF CORE AREA(S) 

Size of terrestrial core area: 1708, 45 ha 

Size of marine core area: 4175, 60 ha 

7.2. SIZE OF BUFFER ZONE(S) 

Size of terrestrial buffer zone: 597, 99 ha 

Size of marine buffer zone: 109, 68 ha 

7.3. APPROXIMATE SIZE OF TRANSITION AREA(S) 

The approximated size of the terrestrial transition area: 4.780,39 hectares 

The approximated size of the marine transition area: 3.845,93 hectares 


7.4. BRIEF RATIONALE OF THIS ZONATION 

The delineation of core areas, buffer and transition of the proposed Biosphere 

Reserve, were determined and selected according to their characteristics, natural values 

and existing management plans for the land area, as well as for the marine area. 

The proposed zonation includes areas as core areas with high protection status, 

both included on the list of Sites of Community Interest (SCI) of the European ecological 

network Natura 2000. The requirements proposed by the Seville Strategy, that the core 

areas must be sites properly protected for ecosystems conservation and monitoring with 

a minimum of disturbance, which adjust entirely into the mechanisms defined in the 

management plans of the SCI's and present valid legislation on nature reserves managed 

by the Madeira Natural Park. 

The buffer zones were determined, as defined in the Seville Strategy, in order to 

preserve the core areas. In the buffer zones, managed by different legal mechanisms, 

the establishment of activities compatible will be promoted with conservation objectives 

to stimulate sustainable development. 

The remaining area of the Municipality of Santana, and a substantial part of the 

surrounding marine area, form the transition area, which, in order to ensure the 

management and sustainable development of its resources, has several planning and 

tools. 

8. BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REGION 

The Madeira archipelago, including the Salvage Islands, integrates the 

biogeographical region of Macaronesia, which also includes the Canary Islands, Azores, 

Cape Verde and even an area located in the northwest African mainland. Although there 

is some controversy at the taxonomic level, to consider it in biogeographic terms, since 

the floristic similarity between these islands is higher than the fauna, which lead some 


authors to consider the Macaronesia a sub-biogeographic region, it is certain that the 

biodiversity similarity of these islands is close enough in their origin and composition to 

justify its consideration as a valid distinct biogeographic unit. One feature of Macaronesia 

is the volcanic origin of all its islands, which by geographic and reproductive isolation, 

resulted in the existence of a high degree of biodiversity endemicity, considering both 

specific and ecosystem level. 

The archipelago comprises the islands of Madeira, Porto Santo, Desert Islands and 

also the Salvage Islands. The Madeira is located about 700 km from the African continent 

and around 900 km of European coasts. Madeira is of oceanic volcanic origin and 

paleontological evidence date the island birth between 10 and 15 Million Years. 

The climate of Madeira is determined by its position and its insular nature, 

topography and altitude, being the northeastern trade winds determinant. Thus, in 

Madeira we find a much more humid atmosphere than in the Canaries and Cape Verde, 

with temperatures slightly below those of the Canary Islands (1 or 2 ºC). 

9. LAND USE HISTORY 

Figura 31. Laurissilva, macaronesian typical habitat 

The overall settlement and occupation of the territory in the municipality of Santana 

followed the same principles and practices of the rest of Madeira’s territory. However, 


since early times Santana acquired an agricultural character. According to Elucidário 

Madeirense, "Lopo Fernandes Pinto, who died in 1500, “had a land grant, says Dr. 

Rodrigues de Azevedo, much of the parish of Santana, and the lands called the island, 

where they formed two heirs ... "Among the old settlers are known Jerónimo Cordeiro, 

Guterres Teixeira, Cristovão Gomes, Manuel Gil, João Dias, Simão Álvares, who gave 

name to a location, etc. .. Gaspar Frutuoso referring to this parish in 1590, says, "are 

good farming lands, much bread and creations, has a lot of chestnut and walnut, and lots 

of water and fruits of all sorts." 

With the exception of the highest parts of the city dominated by forest and high 

altitude vegetation, which held livestock activity, agriculture has always been the 

predominant activity in Santana. Only in 1835, Santana won the category of municipality 

having been elevated to city in 2000. In recent years, and as a result of investments in 

accessibility and infrastructure and social facilities, the small townships of this county 

have attended the installation of services (health centers, schools, trade) and the 

increase in tourism especially in terms of catering and small hotels are prepared for rural 

and nature tourism, benefiting from access to forest, mountain and coastal landscapes 

that offer high scenic value. 

10. HUMAN POPULATION OF PROPOSED BIOSPHERE 

RESERVE 

10.1. CORE AREA(S) 

Without population. 

10.2. BUFFER ZONE(S) 

Mostly non-resident population, using sporadically few and scattered private 

houses. Estimated at 86 inhabitants, about 1% of the population of the Biosphere 

Reserve proposal. 


10.3. TRANSITION AREA(S) 

Approximate population of 8505 inhabitants, representing about 99% of all 8591 

inhabitants of the Municipality of Santana. 

10.4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES LIVING WITHIN 

OR NEAR THE PROPOSED BIOSPHERE RESERVE 

In terms of population, Santana is a small municipality on the island of Madeira, 

Autonomous Region of Madeira, with head administration in the homonymous city and 

parish. It has 93.1 km ² and 8491 inhabitants (2004), spread over six parishes: Arco de 

São Jorge, Faial, Ilha, Santana, São Jorge and São Roque do Faial. 

Evolution of inhabitants between 1811 and 2001 (last censuses) 

Parishes 

Year 

1811 1842 1878 1923 1950 1970 1991 2001 

Santana 1983 3450 3242 3200 4953 4375 3892 3439 

S. Jorge 1983 3025 2456 2214 3810 3130 2010 1610 

Arco S. J. 514 645 576 700 889 975 645 509 

Faial 2560 4263 3485 3085 4041 3160 2264 1961 

S. Roque F. 683 903 1490 1210 1011 927 

Ilha 480 358 

Total 7040 11383 10442 10102 15183 12850 10302 8804 


In ethnic terms, no data of the genealogy of the people of Santana exists. The 

destruction of the document archive of the county by a fire hampers the determination of 

family and ethnic origins of its inhabitants. However, considering the influences that 

other people had in the genetic heritage of Madeira, it is possible to extrapolate it to the 

municipality of Santana. 

From Portugal, the origins are varied, from north to south and also from the Azores, 

the latter responsible for the introduction of maize in the region. The Portuguese 

overseas empire, brought upon to Madeira, slaves from different places, but mainly from 

the Cape Verde archipelago, North Africa, mainly from Safim, currently located in 

Morocco and also from Portuguese India. 

The importance that the island of Madeira acquired in the sixteenth, seventeenth 

and eighteenth centuries as a commercial port by exporting products and valuable raw 

materials like sugar, wine, native timber and grain, caused the influx of many immigrants 

from other parts of Europe, attracted by business opportunities that existed then in the 

island. Of people who migrated to the Island, the Flemish, British, Germans, Hungarians 

and Genovese are highlighted. Additionally, several generations of descendants of other 

European ethnic groups also came to Madeira as is the case of French Bettencourt, the 

Berenguer of Catalan origin and Cro descendants of Irish Crawford’s, which was derived 

by shortening the name phonetically. 

Over generations, crossings occurred between the various ethnicities, creating a 

genetic complex. However, given that a large percentage of the population was of 

Portuguese origin, this will certainly be the largest contributor to the genetic heritage of 

the region. 

10.5. NAME OF NEAREST MAJOR TOWN 

Santana, head of the county is also the only town. The nearest town to the 

Municipality of Santana is Machico located in the municipality of Machico. 


10.6. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE 

Madeira was discovered, according to some authors rediscovered, in 1419. The area 

that falls within the municipality of Santana, was then given by D. João I to Tristão Vaz 

Teixeira, one of the first two administrative captains of Madeira. Despite uncertainties 

about the beginning of its settlement, it is thought that Santana was inhabited from the 

last quarter of the XV century. At the beginning of colonization, their land allocated for 

possession of land grant to the nobles and bourgeois, were cleared and cultivated and 

built housing for settlers and shelters for livestock. 

Given its mild topographic profile, fertile soils, climate and abundant water, 

agricultural activities have had a quick and strong growth in the county, mainly in 

cropping wheat, corn, rye, cane sugar, wine, linen and creating cattle. 

Figure 32. Weat crop in Santana 

In each parish, after the harvests people gathered in religious festivals to celebrate 

and give thanks to his God, the holy men and women for the blessings granted. It was in 

these meetings, that local folklore was born and spread, that although influenced by the 


oots of the early settlers, acquired tunes, songs and dances of their own, reflecting the 

daily life of an entire population that shared a way of life. 

The main celebrations held in the county are the “Cantar dos Reis”, the “Varrer dos 

armários” and the feasts of popular Saints and S. Martinho. In addition to these 

celebrations of religious nature, some festivities have strong popular participation from 

all parishes, is the “Festa dos Compadres” held in Santana, and several activities related 

to grape harvesting, wine making or related with the typical fruits of each parish such as 

“Festa do Limão” dedicated to lemon crop in the parish of Ilha or “Festa da Anona” 

dedicated to the large crop of custard apples in the parish of Faial. 

Figure 33. Popular festivity in the urban center of Santana 

The lands of the municipality of Santana were largely agricultural and sparsely 

populated since its origins. The meager built heritage, mostly serving the spiritual needs 

of a population strongly linked to Catholicism, and emerging socio-economic activities 

linked to agricultural production of the resident population of settlers. Thus, the majority 

of buildings that are classified as cultural heritage are churches and chapels, where 

people seeked divine comfort, and also agro-industrial archaic facilities. Of these, 

watermills where used to grind the grain, essential to make bread, located in the area 


where today is the proposed Biosphere Reserve, were fundamental to the economy of the 

county and are at present mostly abandoned. The exception is the Achadinha Mill, in the 

parish of São Jorge, currently in operation, afetr having been recovered. 

Figure 34. Recovered watermill 

Another type of agroindustrial structure that assumed particular importance for the 

local economy was the sugar mills, where sugarcane was grinded to extract the sugar 

and molasses. A large part of sugar mills in the proposed Biosphere Reserve area, which 

were built as a result of the revitalization of the sugarcane culture and marketing ocurred 

in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, are also in ruins. None of the sugar mills, 

now in ruins, was recovered. Of these, the only one that remains in a reasonable state of 

repair is located in the village of Arco de São Jorge. 

No less important were the water sawmills, which have proliferated since the 

beginning of settlement and which were essential for the supply of timber for the entire 

archipelago. Today, just one of the water sawmills remains functional after recent 

recovery. Located in the parish of São Jorge, this historic building with high historic 

value, is the only example in the archipelago. The role of these forest-industrial buildings 

was cutting logs to obtain wood planks and beams, assential to the construction industry, 

maintenance and repair of houses and barns, but also to till and prepare native woods 


from the indigenous forest as are the Madeira mahogany (Persea indica), the Picconia 

(Picconia excelsa) and Madeira laurel (Ocotea foetens) then exported to the European 

continent, where they were highly prized in the manufacture of furniture. The water 

sawmills were responsible for supplying coal to lime kilns and sugar cane mills, which 

was obtained from the remains of tree trunks worked in this type of industrial structure. 

The frugality of the built heritage doesn’t diminish its importance, since it is a 

faithful representation of a rural community in the sixteenth century and all its cultural 

identity, a time when available resources were managed sparingly. Of these heritage 

buildings, the ones which are classified as "Valor Municipal" (“Municipal Value”) stand 

out: 

“Capela da Penha” Chapel 

Located in the parish of Faial, the Capela da Penha chapel, is a small chapel with a 

single nave carved in a block red volcanic tuff, built in the seventeenth century, in the 

year 1685. Of religious, popular and mannerist's architecture, its main typological traits 

are the fitting of the side walls (north and south), rear (West), ground and the chapel 

nave in a large boulder of reddish volcanic tuff. The main facade is cut by a perfect 

circular arched portico in red tuff stone masonry, with wooden doors. The bell tower also 

with perfect circular arched incise red volcanic tuff, fits the same level of this facade, 

which is a bronze gilded bell. The vaulted interioris formed by the rock of the boulder 

where it was excavated. Has a small red tuff manneirist altar. It had earlier cult use in 

the center of the fief. Currently, the Capela da Penha chapel is home to an annual 

pilgrimage, which occurs on the third Sunday of October. 


“Fontenário de Santa Ana” Fountain 

Figure 35. Penha chapel 

Set in the twentieth century, in 1955, the fountain is located in the parish of 

Santana, near the rectory. It is a representative structure of the times when there was 

no public system of drinking water, which was obtained by the population in the 

fountains that existed in the municipality. Built in regional trachytic rock, the fountain's 

main typological features are a broken arch and bowl in stonework and at the 

background, a mosaic with the image of Santa Ana (Saint Ann). 

“Ponte do Faial” Bridge 

Built in the early twentieth century to unite the two sides of the parish of Faial 

separated by the Faial watercourse was inaugurated in 1904. Typologically, the bridge is 

characterized by its basaltic stone arches. Popularly known as the "Bridge of the seven 


mouths," for its seven arches, the bridge was the longest bridge in Madeira with a total 

length of 130 meters. In May 1 st of 1984, a storm has destroyed four of the seven arches 

that formed the bridge of Faial, remaing the rest of the structure as an historical 

landmark of the parish and the county. 

“Serragem da Achadinha “ water Sawmill 

The Achadinha sawmill, located at the site of Achadinha in the parish of São Jorge, 

is the only functional water sawmill still existing in the archipelago of Madeira. It features 

a wooden building which houses within it, the sawing mechanism and space for rest and 

meal of sawyers who remained there. 

This building is a chance to live part of the county's cultural past, allowing to observe 

how the timber exploited from the native forest was processed in the past. 

“Igreja Matriz de São Jorge” Mother Church 

Undoubtedly the ex-libris of the built heritage of the county, the mother church of 

São Jorge parish, of religious baroque architectural style, houses in its interior, 

particularly in its main altar, a beautiful Baroque carving, which falls on its walls a nice 

set of paintings. The main facade is cut by a square punch above the portal and 

fenestration unique regionally, because the portal has three windows and in the 

tympanum appears another window flanked by pilasters that support the straight cornice. 

The forecourt, walled, is paved in Madeira cobblestone. The set of associated buildings, 

facilities and parish house, bell tower are all in regional trachytic stone masonry. 


“Fortim do Faial” fortification 

Figure 36. Mother Church São Jorge 

Since it is not a real fort, the Fortim do Faial was built in XVIII century as local 

garrison against potential invaders. Located in a strategic place with a comprehensive 

view of the coast of Faial, the fort was armed with small English cannons, which are 

currently used in the festivities of Nossa Senhora da natividade (Our Lady of the 

Nativity). 

Figure 37. Panoramic view of Faial’s coastline from Fortim do Faial 


In addition to the historical buildings classified above, there are some restored 

buildings, which are representative of the local life in far gone days, which although not 

classified as "Valor Municipal" (Municipal value) have high cultural and ethnological 

interest: 

“ Casas de Fio e meio Fio” thatched houses 

Yarn house, when the thatch reaches the ground, and half yarn house, when the 

lower limit of the thatch coverage is above ground level, are commonly known as 

thatched houses, one of ex-libris in the island of Madeira. The popular name of thatched 

houses atributed by local inhabitants is due to the fact that the coverage of these 

buildings is made with bundles of tied wheat and rye straw, popularly called “Colmo” 

(Thatch). These are wooden buildings with three panel roofs, with a floor at ground level 

and an attic. The outer wall has a front door and two windows at ground level and an 

acess gateway to the higher level. The family housing units were made up of a set of 

thatched houses, with each unit serving a different purpose. These households were 

made up of a thatched bedroom house, a thatched kitchen house where there was 

invariably a wood burning oven for making homemade bread, and a thatched barn and 

an outhouse toilet. At the site of Pinheirinho, there is a perfect example of these 

household cores, recently restored by the Regional Directorate of Cultural Affairs (DRAC). 

The municipality of Santana typical thatched houses, are particularly common in the 

parishes of Santana and Arco de São Jorge, and although less common, you can also find 

some exemplars in the parish of São Jorge. 


Figure 38. Thatched houses in Santana parish 

“Casas Redondas” Round thatched houses 

These houses, so named because of the angles of its coverage of four panel 

rounded thatched roof, predominate today in the parish of São Jorge and are therefore 

also known as houses of São Jorge. They feature exterior wooden walls, set on rocks, to 

allow air circulation under the floor. At angles, the walls are attached by pins to the 

stones, giving them stability, particularly in times when the trade winds blow with 

greater intensity and regularity. The windows have sliding doors in wood and only with 

the popularisation of the use of glass, some houses adopted sliding double doors, one 

glass and one wooden, and in other cases made a glass peephole in the wooden door. 

The interior walls, made of crossed wooden planks, defined the four communicating 

interior rooms. The height of these walls did not reach the ceiling inside, getting to the 

height of the outer walls. Depending on the location of the kitchen, side or rear, the 

facade had an access door and one window, while the façade that didn’t communicate 

with the kitchen had two windows. With the introduction of the tile, the roofs of these 

houses have been replaced by this material, of easy installation and long duration, but 

also by the growing scarcity of wheat and rye straw due to the abandonment of 

agriculture as a result of migration outbreaks, while the other typological characteristics 

were maintained. 


“Casas de pedra aparelhada” Stone masonry houses 

These houses are built on fitted basaltic masonry stone, usually two story with roof 

covering in Marseille tile. Access between the floors was made by stone steps, usually 

located on the outside, in one of the side walls. Unlike yarn, half-yarn and round 

thatched houses, the stone masonry houses include in the same building housing, 

kitchen and toilets. Typically, in the ground floor was located the kitchen, lounge, 

restrooms and a small warehouse, where the residents kept the barrels of wine, pork and 

tuna in brine and the products collected from agricultural labors as potatoes, beans and 

fava droughts and onion, as well as seeds for the next sowing. Rooms were located 

upstairs. Subsequently, many of these homes, walls and exterior stairs were cemented 

and painted with lime, retaining the other original features. 

“Moinhos de água” Watermills 

Figure 39. Traditional stone masonry house in Arco de São Jorge parish 

The great importance that cereals, especially wheat and rye, detained for the 

economy of Madeira at the beginning of the colonization, that were even exported, 

continued even after the rise of sugar, were mainly cultivated in the highlands and in 

municipalities of north of the island. Its importance was not limited to obtaining the grain 


for food, including bread, but also as raw material for the cover of the thatched houses, 

mattresses filling and for feeding livestock. The intensive cultivation of cereals has 

resulted in the proliferation of water mills for grinding grain, most of whom are today 

voted to abandon. 

These mills have two millstones: one to grind wheat and the other for grinding corn, 

introduced in the county in the nineteenth century by settlers from the Azores and, 

thereafter, assumed such importance, that it has expanded to other municipalities of the 

island. 

“Calhau de São Jorge” Pebble 

The Calhau de São Jorge, for its commercial and industrial importance between the 

mid-sixteenth century until the mid-twentieth century, is a relevant historic core, home 

to several buildings of historical and cultural interest related to the production and 

distribution of goods and merchandise from the Ponta Gorda pier. Of the built heritage in 

the Calhau de São Jorge peeble historic core, we highlight the various trails used for the 

transportation and distribution of goods, the ruins of the old sugarmill, the warehouse, 

the fountain and the bridge over Ribeira de São Jorge stream, built in the sixteenth 

century. 

Figure 40. Bridge over Ribeira de São Jorge stream 


11. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 

11.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SITE CHARACTHERISTICS AND 

TOPOGRAPHY OF AREA 

Madeira Island is characterized by its mountainous relief with steep slopes. The 

coastal area is almost entirely composed of steep sea cliffs and some Fajãs as a result of 

the retreat of the coastline in result of oceanic abrasion. In the center of the island there 

is a mountainous massif composed by several mountains with altitudes above 1600 m, 

incised by numerous basaltic (sensu lato) dykes and veins. In the eastern part of the 

massif, there is the extensive Paúl da Serra plateau, with an average altitude of 1550 

meters. The link between coastal and central mountain massif is made up of several hills 

and deep valleys, resulting from hydric weathering of bedrock, consequential from the 

discharge of huge amount of water captured by the hydrogeological massif complex. This 

geomorphological complexity results in a huge set of heterogeneous bio-climatic 

characteristics that create conditions for the existence of a wide diversity of native 

climatofilous vegetation and natural habitats found here. 

The area circumscribed by the municipality of Santana includes part of the of the 

island's northeast coast and the central mountainous massif, comprising the peak Pico 

Ruivo de Santana, the highest peak in the archipelago with 1861 meters of altitude, 

makes it a very rich area in terms of landscape and biodiversity, encompassing several 

unique habitats, with emphasis on Mediterranean Barbusano laurel forest, the temperate 

Madeira Mahogany laurel forest and high-altitude heaths. The coastal sea cliffs and 

valleys of the large Faial and São Jorge streams contain numerous flora and scenic 

values, where the endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts is a supreme. 


11.2.1. Highest elevation above sea level 

The highest elevation above sea level is 1861 meters. 

11.2.2. Lowest elevation above sea level 

The lowest elevation above sea level is 0 meters. 

11.2.3. For coastal/ marine areas, maximum depth below mean 

sea level 

The maximum depth below mean sea level within the area is 200 meters. 

11.3. CLIMATE 

11.3.1. Average temperature of the warmest month 

The average temperature of the warmest month (August) is 22ºC. 

11.3.2. Average temperatrure of the coldest month 

The average temperature of the coldest month (February) is 13,2 ºC 

11.3.3. Mean anual precipitation 

The average annual rainfall is 1716 mm. 

11.3.4. If a meteorological station is in or near the proposed 

Biosphere reserve, indicate the year since when climatic data have 

been recorded 

The Regional Laboratory of Civil Engineering has an automatic meteorological 

station (AMS) located in the Forest park of Pico das Pedras and fully functioning since 

April 2010. The National Institute of Meteorology has a automatic meteorologic station 

located on São Jorge Lighthouse and running since 1992. 


11.4. GEOLOGY, GEOMORPHOLOGY, SOILS 

The genesis of the archipelago is related with the opening and expansion of the 

Atlantic Ocean, which begun at 200 million years (m.y.) ago in the Triassic period, which 

still continues to the west and east of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, at an average of 1.2 cm per 

year. The Madeira is located on the African tectonic plate on a substrate whose oceanic 

crust has an estimated age of 115 m.y.. Madeira is the latest expression of volcanism of 

the “hot spot” responsible for the genesis of the Madeira volcanic chain, which comprises 

the islands of Madeira, Deserts, Porto Santo and the Dragon, Lion, Josephine, Ashton, 

Seine, Ormonde and Tore submarine elevations. Taken together, the Madeira-Tore 

oceanic ridge, of NE-SW orientation, extends for 1400 kilometers to the meeting line 

between the African and Eurasian plates, constituting its SW extreme the Madeira island, 

aged approximately 5 m.y. and its NE extreme the submarine mountain Tore aged 

approximately 95 ma. The model of the geological evolution of the islands is in itself 

demonstrative of the trail of activity of the Madeira "hot spot", whereas the 

volcanological age of Porto Santo Island is 14 m.y., while the island of Madeira located 

40km SW of Porto Santo, is only about 5 m.y.. Despite the last records of volcanic 

activity in the archipelago have occurred about 6000 years during the recent volcanic 

episodes, characterized by Strombolian eruptions located in Funchal, Porto Moniz and 

Paúl da Serra, during the construction of the tunnel between the Rosário and Serra de 

Água, carbogas spring waters were found at about 75 °C. These secondary volcanic 

events show that the volcanic activity on Madeira is undergoing a period of dormancy 

and isn’t extinct. 


Figure 41. Volcanic landscape in the Central Mountainous Massif 

According Schmincke (1982), the island of Madeira is an oceanic mountain with a 

volume of about 9.2x103 km 3 , including emerged and immersed parts, of which only 

0.4x103 Km 3 correspond to the submerged part, this constituting about 4.2 % of total 

volume of the island. Lithologically the submerged part of this volcanic mountain consists 

essentially on quartz poor melanocratic effusive rocks of aphanitic texture or pyroclastic 

type rocks resulting from explosive volcanic activity. Most lava spilling flows is composed 

by rocks of the basaltic series, comprising basalts, basanites, trachy-basalts. The 

lithological wealth is magnified by rock types present in discordant geological forms such 

as veins and dykes, where melanocratic, mesocratic and leucocratic microfaneritic or 

aphanitic rocks can be found, such as trachyandesite, trachytes, tephrite and other rarer 

types of porphyritic texture with olivine, augite, hornblende and andesine-labradorite 

phenocrysts as benmoreits, hawaiites and mugearits. Regarding the pyroclastic rock 

types, in the more consolidated pyroclastic deposits tuffs, lapilli tuffs, pyroclastic breccias 

and agglomerates can be found, while in areas where recent Strombolian volcanic 

phenomena occurred, scarcely consolidated clastic lava deposits dominate, which 

depending on their size include ash, lapilli, locally known as Areão and volcanic bombs 

and blocks. 

The geological importance of the municipality of Santana, is expressed by the 

diversity of eruptive volcanic episodes occurring over approximately 17 m.y. from the 


Miocene until the Pleistocene, which led to its geological, geomorphological and 

hydrogeological features which are directly linked to its landscape, ecological and high 

agricultural value. 

According to Brandão & Carvalho (1990), Santana and his landscapes are the result 

of volcanic activity occurred in four chronologically demarcated periods, individualized in 

four major volcanic complexes: 

The base or old volcanic complex, comprises the volcanic activity occurred in the 

myo-Pliocene period between 18 m.y. and 5.2 m.y. ago and which formed the 

submerged portion of the island and the base of the emersed portion, including some 

volcanic units in the central part of the island, which includes the Pico do Areeiro peak 

and Pico Ruivo peak. Despite occupying about 25% of the area of the county, including 

nearly all the arc corresponding to the administrative border with the neighboring 

municipalities of São Vicente and Machico in the north and in the south with Funchal and 

Câmara de Lobos, and the coastal zone between Ponta do Clérigo and the boundary of 

the county at the base of Penha d’Águia rock, which is originated in a later volcanic 

complex. This complex is mainly composed of pyroclastic materials with some lava flows 

intercalated in a high meteorization state and densely incised by a network of basaltic 

veins. The geological structures of interest in this complex include: 

“Diques e filões” Dykes and Veins 

The base volcanic complex is densely incised by a network of veins and dykes. The 

lithological nature of these dykes range from basalts, hawaiites, mugearits, trachytes and 

trachy-andesytes. These structures have a high scenic, geomorphological and touristic 

value by combining colors, textures and shapes between distinct lava flows, volcanic 

breccias and volcanic tuffs that are incised by the dykes and veins. 

“Homem em Pé” Dyke 

This popular geomonument is a dyke geological formation with towering basalt 

blocks, which resulted from its higher erosion resistance in relation to the pyroclastic 


type materials that surround it. Its unusual shape of the hominoid type, gave rise to its 

name. It is a geomonument with a high scenic, geomorphological, ethnographic and 

touristic value, very well known and is considered one of the geological ex-libris 

landscapes of altitude in the municipality of Santana. 

“Pico Ruivo e Picos do Maciço Montanhoso Central” Peaks 

Of high landscape and touristic value, Pico Ruivo is the highest point of the island, 

from which one can observe the peaks that make up the central mountainous massif. The 

different viewpoints located on the tracks crossing the mountain ranges, provide the 

visitor a magnificent view of the various volcanic apparatus, dikes and veins that 

originated the massif, of rare and enormous geological beauty. 

Figure 42. Basaltic dykes and veins in the mountains of the Central Massif 

The Peripheral Volcanic Complex is located largely in the periphery of the island 

and comprises the post-Miocene volcanic episodes, which started about 5 m.y. ago 

during the Pliocene up to 0.7 m.y. in the Pleistocene. It consists of pyroclastic layers 

alternating with lava flows. The lavas have a predominant character, usually with high 


inclination. The effusive rocks range from basalt to the hawaiite and mugearit terms. In 

Santana, represents much of the area of the county and includes some features that 

deserve mention: 

flow 

“Escoada basáltica em disjunção prismástica” Basalt prismatic disjunction 

Located on the west bank of the Ribeira do Faial stream, presents vertical basaltic 

prisms with about 50 meters tall. Geomorphological formation of interest. 

“Escoada basáltica em disjunção lamelar” Basaltic planar disjunction flow 

Located at the mouth of the Ribeira Jorge stream, this lava flow presents 

subhorizontal basalt plates with a few inches thick, with about 20 meters high. 

“O maciço rochoso da Penha d’Águia” Rock 

Located on the east bank of the Ribeira do Faial stream, this massive volcanic 

complex which is embedded in the base volcanic complex, rises of up to an altitude of 

589 meters above sea level, 349 meters above the ancient geological formations of the 

base complex. It consists of several layers of basaltic lava flows. It is undoubtedly one of 

the geological and landscape ex-libris of the municipality of Santana, widely referenced in 

books and postcards depicting the island of Madeira. Has high geological, scenic and 

touristic interest. 

“Formação rochosa A cara” Rock 

This geological formation is located in the adjacent area of the Penha D’Águia Rock, 

and is a result of weathering by the natural elements, presenting face like morphology. 

Has touristic and etnogeomorphologic interest. 


“Afloramento fitofossilífero de São Jorge” Fossils 

Located in the volcanic tuff of the Valley of the Ribeira de São Jorge stream, on 

which occur beautiful plant fossils and also lignite fragments, is one of the geological 

sites of interest of Madeira, by its uniqueness. Fossils are a record of important species of 

flora that have existed for about 2 m.y., which were preserved by the accumulation of 

volcanic ash on vegetation then existing, during eruptive episodes of the peripheral 

volcanic complex. In the fossils collected and studied, about 30 plant species were 

identified. 

The Lombadas Superiores Volcanic Complex, comprises generally interfluvial 

ridges separating the valleys of drained basins, known locally as "Lombos" and 

"lombadas" that gave this complex the name. The geological formations of this volcanic 

complex were originated from eruptions that occurred between 0.8 m.y. and 0.6 m.y. 

ago in the Pleistocene. In the municipality of Santana, it lies above 500 meters of 

altitude, between the parish of Arco de São Jorge and Achada do Teixeira on the west 

and on the east between the Achada do Teixeira and the town of Santana, including 

Lombo de Cima in the parish of São Roque do Faial. It is formed by alternating lava flows 

and thin pyroclastic layers, being lithologically similar to the peripheral volcanic complex. 

Its interest is mainly as geological landscape. 

The Paúl da Serra Volcanic Complex is the most recent complex of volcanoes 

in Madeira. Of post-Miocene genesis and essentially effusive, basaltic lavas originated 

slightly inclined and sub-horizontal benches, interspersed with a few thin layers of 

pyroclastics. The lava flows of this complex are mostly the result of fissure eruptions 

which occupy a vast area, with its maximum extension occuring in the area that gave its 

name, the plateau of Paúl da Serra. In Santana, the Achada do Teixeira is the pinnacle of 

of this complex activity, whose plateau profile is a faithful representation of its effusive 

nature. 

These complexes contain a series of volcanic geological formations of high scenic, 

scientific and touristic value, both by its geomorphological, lithological or ethnological 

characteristics. 


Beyond the various lava emmiting centers of this volcanic complex, there are still 

in Santana some forms associated with secondary volcanic activity. Of these, Pico 

Redondo Peak located east of Arco de São Jorge and Pico da Boneca, a volcanic cinder 

cone located between the Ponta do Clérigo and Ilhéu da Viúva Islet, in the vicinity of the 

coastline are the best examples. 

After the large eruptive events, the weathering of effusive materials and 

pyroclastic formations gave rise to other geomorphological of sedimentary character such 

as slope and alluvial deposits, present beaches and Fajãs, of which the Faja da Penha de 

Águia, born in February 1992 as a result of the collapse of a portion of the rock mass of 

the cliff that gave its name, is the most recent case. 

The characteristics in terms of geology, geomorphology and soils of Santana 

correspond to its full extent to Madeira’s island geological aspects. Santana’s territory 

extends from the sea to the highest peaks of Madeira and therefore, corresponds entirely 

to a representation of the orographic, climate and geological features of Madeira Island. 

The maximum elevation of Madeira corresponds to Pico Ruivo of Santana peak 

whose summit is located 1861 meters above sea level. The relief is generally hilly, with 

an asymmetry between the northern and southern parts of the Island resulting from the 

recoil of the sea cliffs of the north coast, most exposed to the oceanic hydrodynamic 

regime and the prevailing NE trade winds. Another defining characteristic for the relief of 

the island is its high average elevation, which combined with strong rainfall, is 

responsible for the occurrence of many deep valleys with torrential characteristics. 


Figure 43. Level curves – in Atlas do Ambiente; Instituto do Ambiente (1991) 

The coastal cliffs are generally high and steep and the coastline sand accumulations 

are rare. Other forms of accumulation are embayed beaches, formed by stony banks, 

usually associated to the mouth of coves, resulting from the gravitational instability of 

the cliffs and sea abrasion, which are combined generating landslides of large quantities 

of material being deposited to surface or under coastal waters (IH, 2003). 


Figure 44. Sea cliffs in Santana’s shoreline 

As for the submarine relief, Madeira Island is characterized by the existence of a 

narrow island platform, which on the southern side, has a slight slope to a depth of 100m 

(IH, 2003). The bathymetry shows a roughly parallel relation to the coastline and the 

submarine areas with 100 meters depth do not distance more than 3 km from the 

coastline, with exception of the island’s westernmost sector, where this distance reaches 

9 km ( IH, 2003). The island platform on the south coast of Madeira Island corresponds 

roughly to a depth of 100 m succeeded after by a slope towards the abyssal depth that 

surrounds the island (Fig. 5.3). 

The soils of the Madeira Islands were featured in the production of the Charter of 

Soils of Madeira, work completed in 1992. This work included the participation of various 

entities, such as the Center for the Study of Pedology, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, 

Pedology Center of the Technical University of Lisbon and the Regional Agriculture 

Directorate of Madeira. 

According to this letter, the most common soils on the island of Madeira are dystric rough 

terrain and the dystric rocky terrain, which are associated with particular types of terrain, 

and the umbric andosols. 


The dystric rough terrains are characterized by having rock protrusion and / or high 

proportions of stoniness surface and present usually a high slope. Besides being typical in 

sloping areas, these soils are represented in areas with moisty or super-moist climates, 

where runoff water is big and erosion sturdy. By their nature, these are poor soils in 

assimilable chemical elements, with strong acidic reaction and poor structural quality. 

The umbric andosols are characterized by containing organic and Umbrian horizons, 

with a greasy consistency and sandy-loam or finer and relatively high stoniness 

proportions. These soils are highly acidic and poor in assimilable nutrients. In short, they 

are soils with low chemical fertility and despite being in possession of a high mineral 

reserve and favorable physical characteristics are not relevant agricultural soils. 

The dystric rocky terrain is characterized by containing areas with some continuity, 

predominantly occupied by basaltic lava benches’ protrusion. Between the protuberances 

another type of soils can be found, although in small proportions, which are the 

Leptosols. In these soils the degree of saturation is below 50%. 

12. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 

12.1. TERRESTRIAL AREA 

The native forests of Madeira, laurel forests, occupied almost the entire surface of 

Madeira, from the highest mountains to the sea. Being a reliquial forest relic, whose 

origin dates back to the Tertiary, it occupied vast areas in southern mainland Europe and 

the Mediterranean basin. The advancement of polar ice sheets from the North, and 

increasing aridity from the south, led to its extinction in higher latitudes, allowing, 

however, its survival in the islands included in the biogeographic region known as 

Macaronesia, comprising the archipelago of the Azores, Madeira, Canary and Cape Verde. 

The laurel forest gives shelter to numerous shrub and herbaceous endemisms, being also 

important to highlight the great diversity and density of bryophytes and lichens 

communities, especially epiphytic forms. Approximately 76 Madeira and salvage 

archipelagos endemic taxa occur in the north shore. 


Figura 45. Isoplexis, Laurissilva’s endemism 

In the Laurel forest 39 of the 74 Macaronesia exclusive endemic taxa occur and 76 

of the 154 Madeira and Salvage archipelagos exclusive endemisms. In the Habitats 

Directive Annexes a total of 54 species are listed, of which the Madeira Pittosporum 

(Pittosporum coriaceum), bindweed (Convolvulus massonii), Madeira moneywort 

(Sibthorpia peregrina), Madeira Jasmine (Jasminum azoricum) Black parsley 

(Melanoselinium decipiens), Madeira Crane’s Bill (Geranium maderensis) and the 

pteridophyte Wood fern (Polystichum drepanum) are priority species. In the Bern 

Convention 15 taxa were listed. 


Figure 46. Epiphytic bryophytes in the Laurel forest 

The laurel forest includes four types of habitats of Community interest listed as 

priority in the Habitats Directive, with particular emphasis on the endemic Macaronesian 

heaths and Macaronesian laurel forests. 

In the fauna domain, we find above all, a great diversity of invertebrates, with the 

presence of numerous endemic insects and mollusks. Special attention deserves the 

avifauna with 20 species present in this forest, which the Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus 

granti), the Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus canariensis), the Blackbird (Turdus merula 

cabrerae) the blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla heinecken) and the Canary (Serinus canaria 

canaria) are endemic to Macaronesia, the buzzard (Buteo buteo harterti), Grey Wagtail 

(Motacilla cinerea schmitzi), Madeira chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs madeirensis) are 

endemic subspecies of the archipelago. However, the highlight is the endemic species, 

with emphasis the endemic long-toed pigeon (Columba trocaz), the laurel forest 

emblematic bird. Other endemics to be found in this forest are the Madeira Firecrest 

(Regulus maderensis), one of the smaller birds from Europe and the Plain swift (Apus 

unicolor). Considering the number of local and Macaronesian endemics, this area was 

recognized as an IBA (Important Bird Area) by Birdlife International. 


Figure 47. Male canary (Serinus canaria canaria) a macaronesia endemism 

Also in vertebrates, the three species of bats that inhabit the laurel forest are 

highlighted, which are the only native mammals to the archipelago of Madeira. The bat 

symbolic species of the Island is the Madeira bat (Pipistrellus maderensis), which is 

endemic to Macaronesia and also distributed in the archipelagos of the Canaries and the 

Azores, while the Madeira leisler’s bat (Nyctalus leisleri verrucosus) is a Madeira Island 

endemic subspecies and the grey-long-eared-bat (Plecotus austriacus) is a Palearctic 

species, but the Island population constitutes the southern extreme of the distribution of 

this species. 

Besides the native laurel forests, also the Central Mountainous Massif, hosts a high 

biological diversity of distinct characteristics from other areas that comprise the 

terrestrial area. Given its ecological importance, the Central Mountainous Massif is 

classified as a Site of Community Interest within Natura 2000. The vast natural heritage 

that characterizes the entire area of the Central Mountainous Massif, especially the high 

rate of endemism of the altitude vegetation communities, but also of the arthropod 

fauna, which has been monitored since 2001, through study and comparison of epigeal 

insect fauna of the different habitat types. 


Figure 48. Endemic macaronesian heath in the Central mountainous massif 

Beyond all the richness that characterizes the area as a whole, the eastern part of 

the Massif is evidenced as the only place in the world where Madeira’s petrel (Pterodroma 

madeira) nests. Since 1969, when the rediscovery of this bird occured, this area has 

attracted much interest from local and foreign ornithologists, being intensified actions to 

conserve the species since 1986. Another endemic bird species that can be observed in 

the central mountainous massif is the Berthelot’s Pipit (Anthus berthelotti maderensis), 

an endemic species to Madeira, Salvage and the Canary Islands and a Madeira endemic 

subspecies. 


Figure 49. The Central mountainous massif harbors high biological diversity 

Approximately 27 Madeira Island endemic taxa occur or are restricted to the 

Central Mountainous Massif. Other taxons, although not endemic also occur preferentially 

in the Central Mountainous Massif, including the Besom heath (Erica arborea) and Wilow- 

leaved Hare’s ear (Bupleurum salicifolium subsp. salicifolium). However, there are other 

species which show a wide distribution range in altitude due to the high ecological 

plasticity. In the Central Mountainous Massif 67 Macaronesian endemic taxa are present, 

of which 17 are shared with other Macaronesian archipelagos and 50 are endemic to the 

archipelagos of Madeira and Salvage islands. Annexes B and B-II-IV of the Habitats 

Directive include a total of 38 Madeira and salvage islands endemic taxa, of which 12 are 

present in the Central Mountainous Massif. In Annex I of the Bern Convention 32 Madeira 

and salvage islands endemic taxa were listed, 7 of which are present in the Central 

Mountainous Massif. 

The Central Mountainous Massif encompasses 14 plant communities, of which 9 

have one or more taxa listed in Annex B-II or B-IV of the Habitats Directive or in the 

Annex I of the Bern Convention. All 14 plant communities are included in the habitats of 

Community interest of the Habitats Directive present in the Massif. 

The non-vascular flora composed by bryophytes, is less rich in species diversity that the 


vascular flora, however these plants densely cover large areas and play important 

ecological roles in colonization, soil stability and ecosystems dynamics. Within the 

bryophytes, 123 taxa are recorded for this area, comprising 87 mosses and 36 

liverworts, with a percentage of Macaronesian endemic taxa of 5.6%, as for example the 

rare moss Bryoxiphium madeirense. Some species occur exclusively above 1300m 

altitude are thus restricted only to the higher peaks, such as mosses Anacolia webbii, 

Andreaea alpestris, Antitrichia californica and the liverworts Gymnocolea inflata, 

Marsupella adusta and Porella cordaeana. 

12.1.1. Characteristic species 

i) Laurel forest 

* Priority species 

Pteridophyts 

Arachniodes webbiana 

Dryopteris aitoniana 

Polystichum setiferum 

Polystichum drepanum* 

Hymenophyllum maderense 

Spermatophyts 

Juniperus cedrus subsp. maderensis 

Peucedanum lowei 

Ilex perado subsp. perado 

Asparagus umbellatus subsp. lowei 

Argyranthemum pinnatifidum subsp. pinnatifidum 


Carduus squarrosus 

Cirsium latifolium 

Crepis andryaloides 

Sonchus ustulatus subsp. maderensis 

Sonchus pinnatus 

Echium candicans 

Sinapidendron angustifolium 

Musschia wollastonii* 

Sambucus lanceolata 

Clethra arbórea 

Convolvulus massonii* 

Vaccinium padifolium 

Teline maderensis 

Geranium palmatum 

Bystropogon maderensis 

Dactylorhiza foliosa 

Goodyera macrophylla 

Plantago malato-belizii 

Ranunculus cortusifolius 

Sinapidendron rupestre 

Teucrium abutiloides 

Pittosporum coriaceum 

Normania triphylla 

ii) Central Mountainous Massif 

Pteridophyts 

Polystichum falcinellum 


Spermatophyts 

Anthyllis lemanniana 

Agrostis obtusissima 

Anthoxanthum maderense 

Argyranthemum pinnatifidium subsp. montanum 

Berberis maderensis 

Bunium brevifolium 

Cerastium vagans 

Deschampsia maderensis 

Echium candicans 

Erica maderensis 

Melanoselinum decipiens 

Micromeria thymoides subsp. cacuminicolae 

Armeria maderensis 

Odontites holliana 

Orchis scophulorum 

Plantago malato-belizii 

Ranunculus cortusifolius subsp. major 

Rumex bucephalophorus subsp. fruticescens 

Sideritis candicans 

Thymus micans 

Viola paradoxa 

Saxifraga pickeringii 

Sinapidendron frutescens subsp. frutescens 

Sedum farinosum 

Teucrium francoi 

Koeleria loweana (=Parafestuca albida) 


12.1.2. Important Natural Processes 

The area of the Central Mountainous Massif, because of its soil, climate and 

orographic characteristics, is a highly dynamic area, where soils are thin and poor 

organic fraction, growing solely small herbaceous plants, mosses and lichens in most 

exposed areas. The high slope of the mountains, often vertically suspended by basalt and 

trachyte dikes, which leads to a higher expression of the weathering phenomenon in their 

morphology, causing frequent lithological material landslides. These erosive processes 

form deposits exposed to sunlight, which are extremely important in the ecological 

succession of the vegetation series of which depend on some endemic species. 

Groundwater is the main source of water supply on the island of Madeira. The 

importance of the mountainous areas of the island have in the recharge of aquifers, due 

not only to the geology and topography of these areas and the high levels of precipitation 

exceeding 2000 mm / year, but also, to the existence of plants present in these natural 

habitats, which play an important role in the uptake of water from fog through the 

condensation of water on the leaf surface. The water captured in the mountains, that is 

responsible for the existence of numerous water courses, generates conditions for the 

existence of edapho-hygrophilous vegetation in the bottom of the valleys, but also in the 

walls of inner cliffs, which by the extrusion of mountains infiltrated water, creates 

conditions for the development of several characteristics species of these biotopes and 

surrounding areas. 

In areas where the laurel forest is in climax or near climax state, the high density 

of trees with large canopies, leads to a simplification of the plant communities, by the 

loss of lower strata as a result of sunlight absence. The opening of clearings in the forest 

either as a result of old trees collapse or large rock detachment from adjacent cliffs, 

creates conditions for the germination of seeds of herbaceous plants, which when 

complete their life cycles, deposit new seeds in the soil, safeguarding the natural seeds 

bank. During this process, these plants will naturally be succeeded by shrub and tree 

species that by spatial and temporal ecological adjustment of each species’ life cycles, 

results in balance of biota over time. This process is one of the most important in the 

sustainability of the balance of the various organizational levels of vegetation 


communities and by association, of all species ecologically connected. 

Figure 50. Native herbaceous and shrub vegetaion in Laurisilva forest 

12.1.3. Main Human Impacts 

The impacts present and future come from stress factors such as increased touristic 

load and harvest of plant material, habitat degradation and destruction caused by 

herbivory through introduced species such as rabbits, rats and mice. These stress factors 

are common to all native species, but will have a larger negative impact on species that 

are threatened with extinction, and may affect the recovery of their natural populations 

and survival of the species in the medium and long term. It is essential to carry out 

continuous monitoring in order to assess the evolution of natural populations of all these 

species and the degree of influence of all threat factors have, in order to evaluate the 

need to implement additional specific measures to each species on the verge of 

extinction. 

The installation of equipment for energy production from renewable sources has 

been increasing on Madeira Island. Accordingly, whenever possible the instalation of 

renewable energy sources in the existing and future infrastructures, should be 


encouraged, which can cause some impacts. These impacts are greatest in the case of 

wind turbines, which due to their proportions require the operation of heavy equipment 

to proceed with the installation. 

Another visible impact in the terrestrial areas, regardless of vegetation, soil and 

climatic conditions, is the wide dispersion and density of exotic naturalized species with 

invasive carachteristics, which threaten native vegetation and biotopes’ natural 

regeneration capacity by preventing natural ecological succession of native plant 

communities. 

12.1.4. Relevant Management Practices 

The conservation of seeds of various species in the seed bank is as fundamental 

measure for their long-term survival. The survival of many species depends on the 

combination of seed conservation with control and eradication programs of the Invasive 

species within the boundaries of classified and adjoining areas. 

The increased touristic load demands the implementation of appropriate 

management regulations for the Central Mountainous Massif and laurel forest public use 

and, in particular scenic footpaths with greater influx of tourists. 

12.2. COASTAL AND MARINE AREA 

The coastal and marine component of the proposed Santana Biosphere Reserve 

corresponds to the protected area of the Ilhéu da Viúva islet, Site of Community Interest 

of Natura 2000 and adjacent marine area. The Ilhéu da Viúva islet Site (Santana’s 

Biosphere Reserve marine Core area) has a total area of 1822 hectares and is bounded 

on the west by Ponta de São Jorge and on east by Ponta dos Clérigos, and the line 


defined between the high tide and 100 meters bathymetric line, including the islets of 

Ilhéu da Viúva and Ilhéu de São Jorge. 

Predominant winds blow from the northern quadrant, which have a direct action 

on the persistence of humid air masses, also determining the frequency and energy of 

the wave that is felt on the north coast of the island. The sea is frequently rough and 

wave direction is commonly from the northeast quadrant followed by north. 

Consequently, the Ilhéu da Viúva islet adjacent coast is abrupt, high and continuous. The 

retreat of the coastline composes projections, related to increased resistance of basaltic 

rocks, when isolated by the sea, form islets. The Ilhéu da Viúva islet has a maximum 

altitude of 94 meters and a flattened area of approximately 1.4 hectares and is located 

very near the coast, being only isolated with high tide seas. 

Figure 51. Ilhéu da Viúva 

The Reserve’s seafloor is basaltic, where abundant algae grow, typically species of 

high hydrodynamic waters. 

The site encompasses a wide diversity of natural habitats, especially the 

vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts (1250), lower 

formations of Euphorbia close to cliffs (5320) and submerged or partially submerged sea 

caves (8330). 


The Ilhéu da Viúva islet has a natural characteristic floristic heritage of the Madeira 

coast, which show various species of unique plants to the archipelago of Madeira, 

namely: Pride of Madeira (Echium nervosum), the Fish Stunning Spurge (Euphorbia 

piscatoria), the Madeira Sea Stock (Matthiola maderensis), Sinapidendron (Sinapidendron 

angustifolium), the Burnt Sow Thistle (Sonchus ustulatus) and the Saucer Plant (Aeonium 

glandulosum), in addition to the Juniper (Juniperus turbinata ssp. canariensis) - very rare 

endemic Macaronesia tree, that is this islet reached one of the biggest sizes known. This 

vegetation comprises predominantly xerophytic grasses and shrubs, well adapted to high 

salinity of this habitat, with several Madeira and Macaronesia endemic species. 

Although not very diverse, the marine flora is abundant,. In the intertidal and 

upper subtidal the green alga Codium adhaerens and brown seaweed Halopteris filicina 

forms mats over the rocks. With increasing depth and decreasing light, the green algae 

are replaced by brown Lobophora variegata and red Asparagopsis armata algae. Less 

frequent species of Corallina sp. Dictyota sp., and Jania sp. and some incrustant algae 

species can also be observed. 

From the ornithological point of view, the site of the Ilhéu da Viúva Islet is a 

privileged place for the nesting of some pelagic seabirds species, belonging to the 

Procelariformes Order, of which the Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris diomedea borealis, 

A010) is the best known example. To nest, this group of migratory birds with European 

unfavorable conservation statutes, depend on areas with little disturbance and 

inaccessible to predators. Thus, places like Ilhéu de São Jorge islet assume, in our days, 

supreme conservation interest. The other pelagic seabirds seeking these habitats are the 

Bulwer’s petrel (Bulweria bulwerii, A387) and Madeira storm-petrel (Oceanodroma 

castro, A390). Here we can still find two shore seabird species breeding: the common 

Tern (Sterna hirundo, A193) and Yellow-legged Gull (Larus cachinnans). The common 

tern is a summer breeding population whose conservation status was assessed as 

Vulnerable in the last edition of the Red Book of Vertebrates of Portugal. 

In the marine environment, due to the large hydrodynamic of its waters, there is 

a huge assembly of different fish species, some of commercial interest and livelihood for 

local people. In this ichthyological wealth, stand out as resident species, some large fish, 

such as the Dusky Grouper (Epinephelus marginatus), Island Grouper (Mycteroperca 

fusca) and the Red Hogfish (Pseudolepidaplous scrofa), as well as a variety of other 


coastal species such as White Bream (Diplodus sargus), the Zebra Bream (Diplodus 

cervinus), Parrotfish (Sparisoma cretense), Turkish Wrasse (Thalassoma Pavo), Bluefin 

Damselfish (Abudefduf luridus) and the Azores Chromis (Chromis limbata). Typical are 

the several species of morays (Muraena helena, M. augusti, Enchelycore anatina and 

Gymnothorax unicolor). In the rocks there are colored patches of orange, red and brown 

which are colonies of sea squirts that are very similar to the marine sponges. The sea 

urchins are not very common, and live in small seafloor cavities. 

Figure 52. Marine Core Area Seafloor with a parrot fish and Turkish wrasses 

In the tidal area sea snails (Gibbula spp. and Monodonta spp.) and limpets 

(Patella spp.), which have high commercial value in Madeira. Occasionally Bottlenose 

dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, 1349), the Monk Seal (Monachus monachus, 1366) and the 

Common Turtle (Caretta caretta, 1224) can be spotted, species listed in Annex II of the 

Habitats Directive. These are species that are only passing through, and most of the time 

submerged emerge periodically to breathe, are difficult to observe. In the case of monk 

seals, which often use beaches inside sea caves to rest and breed, have in this area a sea 

cave near the Ilhéu da Viúva islet with conditions to be used, as happened in the past. 


12.2.1. Characteristic species 

The site of Rocha do Navio hosts various habitats and species of flora and fauna 

whose preservation is of community, national and regional interest. Although none of the 

natural habitats that occur in Rocha do Navio is priority, these harbor unique species, 

some of which are priority species. Listed below are the species and habitats 

characteristic of coastal and marine area of Rocha do Navio contained in Decree-Law No. 

140/99 of April 24, which implemented in national law the EU directives on conservation 

of wild birds (Birds Directive) and of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora (Habitats 

Directive). 

Natural e semi-natural Habitats listed in B-I annex of Dec. Law n.º 49/2005 of 

the 24th of February 

Habitat Code Habitat 

1250 

Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian 

coasts 

5320 Lower formations of Euphorbia close to cliffs 

8330 Submerged or partially submerged sea caves 

Priority habitats are in Bold 

Fauna species (except Birds) listed in B-I annex of Dec. Law n.º 49/2005 of the 

24th of February 

Species Code Species 

1224 Caretta caretta 

1349 Tursiops truncatus 

1366 Monachus monachus 

Priority species are in Bold 


Other animal (except birds) and flora species listed in B-IV e B-V annexes of 

Dec. Law n.º 49/2005 of the 24th of February 

Annexes Species 

B-IV Caretta caretta 

B-IV Tursiops truncatus 

B-IV Monachus monachus 

B-IV Teira dugesii 

B-IV Pipistrellus maderensis 

B-IV Nyctalus leisleri verrucosus 


Bird species listed in A-I annex of Dec. Law n.º 49/2005 of the 24th of February 

Species Code Species 

A010 Calonectris diomedea 

A193 Sterna hirundo 

A387 Bulweria bulwerii 

A390 Oceanodroma castro 

12.2.2. Important Natural Processes 


The specific conditions characteristic of coastal systems assume greater importance 

in oceanic islands coastal systems due to more dynamic water bodies that are subject to. 

Consequently, most coastal lithological meteorization and the erosion of the coastline in 

these areas cause a greater mobilization of rocks, soils and some organisms to the coast- 

ocean line. The regular deposit of large masses of stone materials, plants and animals to 

the marine ecosystem, increase the amount of inorganic and organic nutrients available 

to the numerous species that inhabit coastal waters, making them one of the most 

productive ecosystems on the planet. This nutrient richness is higher in highly 


oxygenated areas of interface between the marine environment and coastline, where the 

combination of transport processes of nutrients to the shallow depth of the marine 

substrate and availability of solar radiation, creating a conducive environment to the 

development of various species of plankton, necton, algae, fish, crustaceans, mollusks 

and many other life forms. The high biological richness, both in quantity and variability of 

organisms that inhabit or visit these areas, provides a high efficiency in the maintenance 

of transport cycles, nutrients recycling and clearance of contaminants, offered by the 

high variability of trophic and metabolic strategies adopted the simplest life forms such 

as bacteria and microalgae, to the most complex as fish, mammals and seabirds. 

The marine abrasion is the process responsible for the creation of small isolated 

islands, which form due to its greater resistance to erosion - the islets. These small 

masses of rock, due to its low disturbance and isolation are important refuge areas for 

some species of plants and invertebrates. Given the absence of introduced predators, the 

islands are sanctuaries for many species of nesting seabirds, which in turn are important 

vectors for fertilization of plants that inhabit the rocky substrate, by depositing nutrient 

rich droppings, also contributing to the increase the of soil volume, usually scarce in the 

islets. 

Oceanic islands like Madeira and their coastal areas are extremely rich areas in food 

sources for many pelagic marine species such as cetaceans, sea turtles and some fish 

species like tuna, swordfish and marlins, providing them a guarantee of survival. It is 

often observed, mainly between May and October groups of Atlantic spotted dolphins, 

striped dolphins, common whales and Bryde's whales feeding on "bait balls". These rich 

habitats located in the middle of the ocean, provide cetacean species of whales that feed 

in deep waters as the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), short-finned pilot whale 

(Globicephala machrorhynchus), pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps), important 

feeding areas at depths lesser than 2000 meters, very rare in the middle of the ocean, 

given the depth of the oceanic Atlantic abyssal plain. The fact that many species of 

whales visit the coastal waters of Madeira in the period between pregnancy and lactation, 

demonstrates the trophic importance that this site has for these species and hence for its 

conservation on a global scale. 

The highest rate of erosion exerted by marine abrasion processes in relation to 

erosion caused by inland waterways caused that a significant portion of Madeira’s 


shoreline is composed by steep cliffs with some natural terraces and associated slope 

deposits, beaches, rocky islets, submerged or partially submerged caves and some 

cascades that fall from small hanging valleys over sea cliffs. 

In the wider valleys, more weathered by the streams and where there is a greater 

deposit of material resulting from inland slopes erosion, the coastline is smooth finishing 

in pebble beaches. Coastal riparian areas associated with small streams, or cascades, are 

the areas where the vegetation is more lush and diverse, thus being areas of high 

biological interest. 

12.2.3. Main human impacts 

The activities of exploitation of coastal resources, including fisheries, may be 

harmful to the entire marine ecosystem if excessive pressure is exerted on the stocks of 

some commercially exploited species. The techniques used in the capture of certain 

species, particularly gill nets, trawls and seines, fault by their low selectivity and massive 

capture potential. Despite the gill nets and trawl capture techniques are not current in 

Madeira, the seine is commonly used in the capture of mackerel (Scomber japonicus) and 

Blue jack mackerel (Trachurus picturatus). This type of fishing causes the drastic 

reduction of available food to whales and pelagic fish that feed on these species and 

consequently for many seabirds, which depend on fish balls encircled by cetaceans and 

pelagic fishes, to prey on mackerel species. 

Regarding the line commercial fishing techniques, the “palangres” lines used to fish 

for black scabbard fish (Aphanopus carbo) and longline used to fish for "Good fish " as 

grouper (Serranus Scriba and Serranus atricauda) Spanish bream (Pagellus bogaraveo), 

Red porgy (Pagrus pagrus), Large-scale scorpion (Scorpaena scrofa) and Larger 

forkbeared (Phycis phycis) are techniques that constitute the biggest threats, especially 

to the various species of sea turtles, which are the main victims of incidental capture in 

these fishing devices, and that inevitably causes them death by drowning. 

The large amount of garbage that is adrift in the coastal waters of Madeira, is a 

major threat to marine species, especially for those that feed on cnidarians and 

cephalopods such as sperm whales, pygmy sperm whales, short-finned pilot whales and 


Figure 53. Grouper (Serranus atricauda) at Rocha do Navio seafloor 

several species of sea turtles, which mistake plastic bags with their prey, causing them to 

choke or suffer from digestive tract infections and subsequently death. The dumping of 

garbage in the streams by the population, which indirectly flows to the ocean or directly 

in the ocean by crews, of fishing, leisure and commercial boats are the major sources of 

this type of purely and perfectly avoidable anthropogenic pollution. 

The marine-touristic activities of cetaceans (whale & dolphin watching) and seabirds 

observation (seabird watching), are fast growing touristic activities.The lack of regulation 

of these activities, leading to some tour operators who flout the rules of good conduct on 

the observation of these marine species, exerting too much pressure on the animals daily 

and causing disturbances that may lead to withdrawal of these species in coastal areas, 

especially considering that many groups of cetaceans have lactating pups and the birds 

have chicks in the nest to feed, requiring thus, areas that can provide them guarantees 

of the survival of their juveniles. 

Man introduced exotic species that have adapted to the ecological conditions of the 

island, are major causers of inumerous impacts to several native plant and animal 

species. In Madeira several species of mammals, which constitute real threats as the 

black rat (Rattus rattus), the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), the mice (Mus domesticus), 


Feral cat (Felis silvestris catus) and the Least weasel (Mustela nivalis) were introduced. 

This set of introduced terrestrial predators cause high mortality in native species, 

especially those using the cliffs as shelter and breeding area such as birds and bats. The 

high predatory pressure exerted on the populations of birds and bats, can lead to 

abandonment of the cliffs as preferred areas for breeding, causing a decrease in secure 

areas available for these species. Besides exotic animals, introduced exotic flora species 

besides competing with the indigenous plant species for substrate and nutrients are 

limiting available nesting spaces for several seabirds’ species. 

The discharge of untreated wastewater in coastal waters has harmful effects on 

marine species due to the input of many infectious agents in the aquatic environment 

that may influence the survivability of various organisms by affecting the base of the 

food chain composed by plankton, zooplankton and necton and consequently the top 

level predators such as mammals and seabirds. 

The most damaging impact on the marine environment as a result of anthropogenic 

activities, is undoubtedly the deposition of mud, from activities developed in the stream 

beds, on the rocky seabed. The heavier particles are deposited on the entire marine 

substrate, preventing the fixation of many organisms, especially algae, crustaceans and 

molluscs, which are the main food sources for fish, while the finest fraction remains in 

suspension preventing the normal penetration of solar radiation, affecting the 

photosynthetic capacity of algae and their development. The effects of a lower incidence 

of radiation are well known in many marine areas, particularly in the intertidal, where 

chlorophytes algae disappeared from the surface layer, where they were dominant, being 

replaced by ochrophyta algae, which are usually dominant on deeper levels, indicating 

that the solar radiation that reaches midlittoral is the same as in clear waters would 

reach the infralittoral. 

12.2.4. Relevant management practices 

In order to minimize existing impacts on local fauna and flora, resulting from 

anthropogenic activities, some mitigation measures on the main threats and aditionally 


management of biological resources and activities,. Thus and in order to reduce the 

impacts and potential threats some relevant management measures should be taken: 

Regulate marine-touristic activities of dolphin & whale and sea birds watching in order to 

reduce the pressures of tourism on marine wildlife. 

Increase knowledge about fauna and flora species and assess their population dynamics. 

Define marine protected areas for cetaceans and seabirds. 

Enhance surveillance and enforcement of the legislation defined for the area. 

Control exotic species of plants and animals in the area of seacliff. 

Assess the health of native biological communities and guarantee their maintenance. 

Schedule and plan activities to aggregate extraction of geological materials from the 

stream bed to minimize their transport to the marine area. 

Figure 54. Exhibition about the natural patrimony and its importance 


Prevent the destruction of geological reference area. 

Undertake environmental education programs about the natural patrimony and raise 

awareness of the impacts that human activities have on these resources. 

Emphasize the public on the importance of nature conservation and natural resources. 

Monitor economic important coastal resources to the population. 

Acquire the knowledge needed to define strategies for the conservation of the site 

responding to human pressure 

Assessing the need for updating the legal mechanisms enabling the proper management 

of the site and maintaining its natural and economic value. 

12.3. RURAL AREA 

Farms and forests areas that define the standard for rural areas, occupying a total 

area of 39,505 hectares, of which 3865 ha correspond to the agricultural sector and 35 

640 ha correspond to the total forest area. 

The Island’s forest area comprises 15 500 ha of natural forest and 20,140 ha of 

exotic forest. The areas of native forest on the island include the laurel forest which 

comprises communities of indigenous tree species such as Bay tree (Laurus 

novocanariensis), Madeira laurel (Ocotea foetens), Madeira mahogany (Persea indica), 

Picconia (Picconia excelsa), Beefwood (Heberdennia excelsa), Madeira Holly (Ilex 

perado), Canary holly (Ilex canariensis), Dogwood (Rhamnus glandulosa), Madeira 

Pittosporum (Pittosporum coriaceum), Lily-of-the-valley tree (Clethra arborea), Wax 

myrtle (Myrica faya) and Canary laurel (Appolonias barbujana) of altitude and forest 

areas Madeira Juniper (Juniperus cedrus maderensis) and Yew (Taxus baccata). Of the 

the Mediterranean and Macaronesian forests described in European Union’s Habitats 


Directive Annex I, the Juniper forest, Yew forests and Macaronesian laurel forests are 

priority natural habitats and of community interest. 

Regarding the organization of plant communities that make up the exotic forest, 

characterized by pure or mixed areas of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), Acacia (Acacia 

spp.) and Cluster pine (Pinus pinaster), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga mensiesii), Cryptomeria 

(Cryptomeria japonica) and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), the latter being exploited 

by its fruits and the other species for their wood. These areas of exotic forest cover, the 

shrub stratum is usually represented by Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) and common 

gorse (Ulex europaeus), while the herbaceous stratum the dominant species are the 

Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and various species of indigenous (Rubus Bollei, Rubus 

canariensis , Rubus ulmifolius) and endemic (Rubus grandifolius, Rubus vahlii) Brambles, 

these mainly in exotic forest areas close to the native forest. The mixed exotic forest 

areas, composed of 50% of eucalyptus, 40% of cluster pine and 10% of acacia, occupy 

approximately 7228 ha, dominating about 43% of the exotic forest area. Regarding pure 

monospecific forested areas, the cluster pine is the dominant species, which occupies 

approximately 5867 ha, while 1054 ha are exclusively eucalyptus and approximately 204 

ha of acacia. The remaining 2454 ha of exotic forest area, are occupied by pure 

populations of other less abundant species such as Scots’ pines, Insigne pines, 

Cryptomerias, Douglas firs, Chamaecypars cedars and Sweet chestnut trees. 

Figure 55. Exotic forested areas close to native forest in Ilha Parish 


The ownership type of forest is characteristically very small plots, given that of 

forest holdings 85% have an area less than 0.5 ha, 10% between 0.5 ha and 1 ha and 

only 5% have more than one ha plots. Most of exotic forestry plantations is composed of 

disordered, not subject to forest management plans and are mostly private property. 

The lack of enforcement of forest harvesting operations and cleaning of forest plots 

using techniques such as preventive forestry using pruning and thinning, provides the 

accumulation of massive fuel loads such as the branches, bark and other forest residues, 

raising exponentially the risk of fire in these areas. 

The development of forest management plans and implementation of forest 

harvesting operations, would keep the exotic forest plots in high productive state, either 

in the production of timber and celulose pulp for the paper industry, as in the valuable 

waste from forest harvesting operations, that can be used as fuel for biomass energy 

production. 

The orographic characteristics influence the size of agricultural parcels, which are 

mostly built on small arranged volcanic rock terraces. Of the 10 382 farms registered, 

9761 have an area less than 1 ha, in a total of 2713 hectares, 589 are between 1 and 5 

ha comprising 885 ha of total agricultural area and only 21 have an area greater than 5 

ha, in a total of 267 ha. Of the total number of farms, 8106 (1757 hectares) are used for 

permanent crops such as banana, orange, tangerine, apple, pear, cherry, lemon, plum, 

chestnut and vines, and other crops with minor expression as the custard apple, cherry, 

passion fruit and tamarilho. In the commercial production of vegetables, mainly cabbage, 

beans, sweet potatoes, potatoes, lettuce, onion, pumpkin and wheat, are produced in 

7922 farms with 1715 ha. About 4559 small-sized farms, totaling 108 ha family farms 

are mainly devoted to subsistence farming or for their own consumption. Permanent 

pasture is the less frequent agricultural use due to the low number of livestock 

producers, about 545, occupying an area of 286 ha. In fact cattle rearing is much lower 

at present, limited to about 6000 cows, 17 000 pigs, 2000 sheep and 4000 head of 

goats. Though there are some for larger farms and more industrialized, most cattle 

producers have on average only three heads of cattle, which are created in small cattle 

barns. 


The total manpower in the regional agricultural sector is 9030 employees, of which 

7834 are family farm workers, usually made by the producer, spouse and other family 

members. The nonfamiliar agricultural manpower is restricted to 1196 workers, of whom 

only 635 are permanent employees. 

With regard to major impacts caused by farming, these are associated with the use 

of agrochemicals, sometimes excessively utilized. 

The regulation of agroforestry areas was carried out by municipal master plans 

defined for each county, which determine green areas, where buildings are only allowed 

to support agriculture and forestry practices. 

12.4. URBAN AREA (LOCAL) 

The urban areas of the proposed biosphere reserve include several settlements, 

with the largest population center located in the town of Santana. The typology of urban 

settlement is characteristically dispersed, composed of a mosaic of buildings, gardens 

and farmland or forest, typical of small cities and towns located in more rural areas. 

These clusters, have local public services, some private and small commercial 

establishments and various public facilities such as health centers, kindergartens, 

schools, gymnasiums, sports complexes, daycare homes, parish people's house and civic 

centers. The territorial distribution of urban settlements in rural areas like the 

municipality of Santana, is characterized by the existence of a more populated cluster in 

each parish, usually involving the local church and located on the main communication, 

route and smaller clusters dispersed and located between agricultural fields, accessible 

by roads, agricultural roads or paths. 


Figure 56. Santana’s urban tipology 

13. CONSERVATION FUNCTION 

13.1. CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSERVATION OF LANDSCAPE AND 

ECOSSYSTEM BIODIVERSITY 

The municipality of Santana extends from sea level to the highest mountain on the 

island. The cliffs, coves, terraces, hills, and mountains that make up the municipality 

landscape, are home to numerous cultural and biological values. The laurel forest and 

Rocha do navio site core areas of the proposed Biosphere Reserve, are Natura 2000 sites 

that harbour enormous diversity of life forms, encompassing several habitats and species 

of inestimable value, protected by the European Union Habitats and Birds Directives, thus 

being the key areas for conservation. 

The coastline encompasses a wide diversity of natural habitats, especially the 

vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts, lower formations of 

Euphorbia close to cliffs and submerged or partially submerged sea caves. The cliffs are 


areas of paramount importance for the preservation of vegetation predominantly 

xerophytic herbs and shrubs that include many Macaronesian and Madeira endemics. The 

islets that exist in the proximity of the coast, promote the scenic and natural value of the 

area and provide important seabird nesting areas. The cliffs and islets of the marine area 

are important nesting areas for some species of seabirds that are included in Birds 

Directive Annex I as the Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris diomedea borealis), the common 

tern (Sterna hirundo), Bulwer’s petrel (Bulweria bulwerii) and Madeira storm petrels 

(Oceanodroma castro). 

Thelaurel forest core area is home to several exclusive Macaronesia and Madeira 

endemics, which include a large number of species of invertebrates, bryophytes and 

snails as well as some birds and bats, who find their refuge in this forest. In this area 

there are four habitats of Community interest, which are considered priorities by the 

European Union’s Habitats Directive. 

The nearly 300 arthropod endemic species to Macaronesia exist in the laurel forest 

core area, clearly showing the biological richness of this area and its importance to the 

preservation of these species, especially considering that 262 species of arthropods are 

Madeira exclusive species, contributing to the safeguard of these life forms. The laurel 

forest invertebrate fauna also includes 56 species of terrestrial mollusks, 30 of which are 

endemic to Madeira. The ecological importance of preserving the laurel forest in order to 

contribute to the conservation of several species of native invertebrates inhabiting it, is 

proportional to the significance that invertebrates have in maintaining the ecological 

balance of the laurel forest, since these species play vital tasks in the forest as nutrient 

transfer and recycling, maintaining the balance of the food chain, pollination of 

spermatophyta plants and transport of pterydophytes and fungi spores, among others. 

The laurel forest provides shelter, food and nesting areas to 20 species of land 

birds, mostly Macaronesian endemics, especially the endemic Madeira firecrest (Regulus 

madeirensis) and long-toed pigeon (Columba trocaz), having a central role in their 

conservation. Bird species in turn have a key role in pest control, seed dispersal and 

forest regeneration. 

Considering the abundance of insects existing in the laurel forest core area, it 

constitutes an area of high trophic importance to bat species that occur in it, as the grey- 

long-eared-bat (Plecotus austriacus) and the endemisms Madeira pipistrelle (Pipistrellus 


maderensis) and Madeira leisler’s bat (Nyctalus leisleri verrucosus). Besides food, many 

bats roost in centenarian Madeira Laurels (Ocotea foetens) and Madeira mahogany 

(Persea indica) trees, especially for the Madeira leisler’s bats, which depend on tree 

cavities for shelter and breeding. By eliminating daily millions of insects that could affect 

the ecological balance of the laurel forest, the predation of bats on insects have an 

enormous weight in pest control and regulation of trophic balance of the entire 

ecosystem. 

The importance for the conservation of biodiversity and landscape of the proposed 

Biosphere Reserve, is not confined to core areas. The county’s mountainous area which is 

in part included in the transition area of the proposed reserve is also an area of high 

landscape and biological value and is integrated into the Natura 2000 network. In this 

area the priority habitats such as Macaronesian endemic Heaths predominantly composed 

of ericaceous as Madeira blueberries (Vaccinium padifolium), Tree heath (Erica arborea), 

Madeira heath (Erica madeirensis) and Besom Heath (Erica platycodon madeirincola). In 

addition to the heaths, also the Madeira juniper (Juniperus cedrus madeirensis) and yew 

(Taxus baccata) forests reach their best conservation state in Santana’s mountainous 

area, thereby enhancing the maintenance of biological and intraspecific diversity of these 

important taxa and habitats, as well as the recovery of areas where these are most 

degraded. 

The mountainous area of the proposed Biosphere Reserve is also an area of high 

ornithological importance, since beyond harboring some endemic bird species and 

subspecies that spend their life cycle in this area, it is home to the only existing Madeira 

petrel (Pterodroma madeira) nesting area, the world's rarest seabird and one of the most 

endangered. 


Figure 57. The rare Madeira Petrel (Pterodroma madeira) 

The Rocha do Navio site, which includes 6 km of coastline, encompassing cliffs, 

coves, submerged and semi-submerged caves, beaches and the islets of Rocha do Navio 

and São Jorge, combines the natural and landscape beauty with its ecological 

importance. In the rocky sea cliffs, dominated by macaronesian xerophytic vegetation 

like the Fish stunning spurge (Euphorbia piscatoria), the Madeira sea stock (Matthiola 

maderensis), the Pride-of-Madeira (Echium nervosum), the Burnt sow thistle (Sonchus 

ustulatus) the Narrow–leaved rock mustard (Sinapidendron angustifolium), the saucer 

plant (Aeonium glandulosum) and the rare Juniper (Juniperus turbinata ssp. canariensis). 

In the sea cliff areas where small streams and beautiful waterfalls exist, the Wax myrtle 

(Myrica faya) and Canary laurels (Appolonia barbujana) are abundant. 

13.2. CONSERVATION OF SPECIES BIODIVERSITY 

The high species richness and conservation status of the core areas of proposed 

biosphere reserve, provides the various fauna and flora species appropriate conditions to 

the course of their life cycles, reproductive success and hence to its preservation. These 

areas are home to various Macaronesian and local endemics, some of which are listed in 

the Birds and Habitats Directives as priority species. In addition to the core areas, the 


emaining area in the proposed Biosphere Reserve, by definition, provides favorable 

ecological conditions for species that don’t have their habitats within the core areas and 

whose biological requisites are fulfilled in the transition area. In fact, it is in the buffer 

and transition areas where among others, several native Asteraceae and Fabaceae 

species occur, proving that the whole proposed biosphere reserve has an important role 

in preserving the full range of native species contained therein, acomplishing in a 

exquisite way its global and local biodiversity conservation function. 

The various Macaronesian and Madeira endemic species, which occur in the area of 

the proposed Biosphere Reserve, demonstrate the importance that this area has for the 

preservation of biodiversity. 

13.3. CONSERVATION OF GENETIC BIODIVERSITY 

The contribution of the proposed Biosphere Reserve for the conservation of genetic 

diversity begins with the status of conservation of natural, landscape and cultural values 

that the areas included in the reserve will promote. 

The high number of existing endemic subspecies in the area of the proposed 

Biosphere Reserve in the diverse taxonomic groups is a reflection of genetic diversity that 

exists within the Macaronesian subpopulations, which are advanced in the process of 

speciation and hence possessing unique haplotypes within the species. This genetic 

diversity extends to the microgeographical level mainly in some endemic plant species, 

which adapted to environmental conditions of habitats where they live in, acquiring 

phenotypic characteristics distinct from other conspecific individuals. A clear example of 

this phenomenon of genetic-phenotypic microgeographic variation within the area of the 

proposed Biosphere Reserve is Mandon’s Chrysanthemum (Argyranthemum 

pinnatifidium), an endemic plant that includes three endemic subspecies, two of which 

live within the area of the proposed Biosphere Reserve: Argyranthemum pinnatifidium 

montanum that inhabits the mountainous areas in the Central Mountainous Massif, 

including the transition area, and Argyranthemum pinnatifidium pinnatifidium that 

inhabits laurel forest core area. 


Besides the endemic species, the proposed Biosphere Reserve is highly important in 

the conservation of native species whose distribution extends to other areas of 

biogeographical areas and due to their recent colonization are at the beginning of the 

speciation processes. A clear example of this phenomenon is the Grey-long-eared-bat 

(Plecotus austriacus), a species with Palearctic distribution, which has in Madeira a 

differentiated population at the morphological and genetic level in relation to European 

conspecific populations. Whereas it is a recent evolutive branch , the divergence of these 

characters is insufficient for differentiation as an endemic subspecies. It is however a 

evolutionary significant unit (ESU), undoubtedly contributing to the preservation of 

genetic biodiversity of this bat species. In the proposed Biosphere Reserve is located the 

largest colony of this species, which by virtue of being a breeding colony acquires greater 

conservation importance of this ESU. Besides the above examples, the proposed 

biosphere reserve includes many widely distributed native species, common in other 

biogeographic areas, whose subspecies, varieties or local ESU's undoubtedly contribute 

to the enrichment of the genetic diversity of them. 

In addition to the genetic variability of the endemic and indigenous species, the 

proposed Biosphere Reserve proposal has great importance at the level of genetic 

variability of agricultural species. Indeed, one characteristic of traditional agriculture, 

which is still scattered all over the municipality of Santana, is the reuse of seeds to make 

new crops. The reuse of seed by farmers allowed the maintenance of a germplasm bank 

of high biological value, since there are many indigenous unique varieties, which are well 

adapted to the physical and chemical characteristics of soils, which otherwise would have 

disappeared. Considering the acidity and high iron and aluminum soil content, many 

varieties have tolerance to the metallic stress induced by these elements in such high 

concentrations. It was thanks to the traditional sustainable agriculture which enabled the 

Isoplexis Germplasm Bank headquartered at the Center for Macaronesian Studies (CEM) 

at the University of Madeira (UMa), through standards filed with the International Genetic 

Plant Resources Institute (IPGRI), collect, evaluate, characterize and conserve plant 

genetic resources, including dozens of local varieties of beans, wheat, rye, corn and 

sweet potatoes. 


Figure 58. Active seed collection of BSJBM 

Besides the Isoplexis Germplasm Bank, focused on agriculture cultivars 

preservation, the seed bank of the Madeira Botanical Garden in partnership with the 

Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest (France) have made a comprehensive 

collection of Spermatophyta seeds and of pterydophyta spores from natural populations., 

This collection allowed its propagation and reintroduction into their natural habitats, 

contributing to the preservation of genetic variability of flora species in their habitats as 

well as in the seed bank. 

The large wine producing area existing in the proposed Biosphere Reserve includes 

a wide diversity of grapes and vine species. The dominant varieties, of European origin 

(Vitis vinifera) are the “Tinta”, “Tinta Negra”, “Sercial”, “Boal”, “Verdelho”, “Verdelho- 

Tinto”, “Malvasia-Fina”, “Malvasia-Cândida” and “Terrantez”, which have the highest 

commercial value and are normally used for production of Madeira table wines and 

internationally renown fortified wines are grown primarily by commercial producers. 

Besides the above European varieties, American varieties of the species Vitis aestivalis 

and hybrids between the former and Vitis vinifera like the “Jaqué”, “Canim” and 

“Americano” became common after the Phylloxera outbreak in the nineteenth century. 

These varieties, despite being banned from the table wine and liqueurs commercial 


circuit, are used in wine production for home consumption, known as a dry wine. 

Moreover there are other varieties grown in smaller quantities, but because they aren’t 

grown in other parts of the globe, form an unusual genetic pool of wine producing vines 

of high biological value, which greatly contribute to the preservation of its genetic 

biodiversity that is worth saving. 

Figure 59. Wine plantation (Vitis vinifera) 

Besides the huge native biological richness, the proposed biosphere reserve is 

home to a wide variety of unique crop varieties, preserved through time by the 

maintenance of intergenerational agricultural traditions, deserving special attention for its 

contribution to the global genetic diversity preservation. 


14. DEVELOPMENT FUNCTION 

14.1. POTENTIAL FOR FOSTERING ECONOMIC AND HUMAN 

DEVELOPMENT WHICH IS SOCIO-CULTURALLY AND ECOLOGICALLY 

SUSTAINABLE 

The increasing demand in international markets for certified organic products, 

produced or manufactured in a artesal with natural raw materials, could increase the 

development of sustainable economic activities in the proposed biosphere reserve. 

Distinguished by its unique characteristics, these products can become the county's 

image and reach specific niches in the major world markets, where environmental quality 

and the effects of chemical additives used in the manufacture of conventional products 

have on health, are prime factors taken into account when selecting products to 

purchase. The development of environmentally sustainable handcrafted economic 

activities creates conditions for the emergence of ancillary economic activities such as 

tourism activities. 

Figure 60. Concentrated lemon juice and “ponchilha” factory in Ilha parish 


Fishing 

Policies set by the regional authorities in the field of fisheries and marine resources, 

were conspicuous by their exclusion of low selectivity fishing methods, which are 

extremely harmful to the balance and maintenance of local fish stocks, but also by 

strengthening the monitoring of economic activities carried out within the territorial 

waters the region. The balance between maintaining fisheries and stocks were sustained 

through the adjustment of the fleets and fishing gear available resources of fish species 

caught commercially. The regional fishing fleet for black scabbard fish, tuna fish and 

other commercial fish has 408 vessels. These vessels use lines and trotlines, angling gear 

that enable good selectivity, low mortality of species of no commercial interest 

preventing the capture of small dimensions fishes due to the size of the hook. In the case 

of catching tuna fleet, the technique used is jump and stick, a sustainable ancestral 

technique which is based on the use of a stick with one line per angler, allowing the shoal 

escape. Only the small fish catching fleet like sardines and mackerel, with a total of 44 

boats are allowed to use seines, a method highly selective for the target species, whose 

mesh size is regulated to allow the escape of smaller specimens. Including related 

activities such as manufacturing, the fisheries sector employs about 1.5% of the 

population. 

In relation to the nominal catch of fish unloaded at auction in the region in 2008, 

the black scabbard fish was the most downloaded about 3100 tons, followed by tuna with 

about 2,500 tons, horse mackerel, mackerel and sardines with about 650 tons and 

commercial fish with about 300 tons. The species with lower volume of discharges are 

the conger eel and squid with 6 tons and 2 tons respectively. 

The exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the region is approximately 110,000 square 

nautical miles and is characterized by the absence of a platform, being the main points of 

fishing seamounts or fishing grounds, which rise from the abyssal plain at 4000 meters 

average depth, where the bulk of the regional fleet is engaged. In the coastal zone, only 

a few small vessels developed craft activity, mainly with the use of angling capture 

techniques catch species considered as commercial as the snappers, mullet, groupers, 

and sea breams. 


The existence of several marine reserves in the region, integrated into the 

European ecological network Natura 2000, which management plans determine the total 

prohibition of the development of professional and sport fishing industry has great 

importance in the maintenance of stocks of some species of commercial interest, 

particularly in commercial fish species. 

The integration of regional commercial fishing fleet in the EU policy on fisheries, has 

resulted in a significant investment in structures and port facilities and the modernization 

and construction of vessels, but also in the development of aquatic resources, particularly 

through the deployment of artificial reefs, aquaculture growth and the determination of 

closed seasons as recently established for the populations of limpets (Patella aspera and 

Patella candida). 

The use of capture techniques and highly selective determination of catch quotas by 

species, coupled with investment in aquaculture, research and resource development, 

creation of marine reserves and the size and structure of the local fleet, determined the 

sustainability of the industry and that presents a high development potential, particularly 

in sustained exploration of new marine resources such as crustaceans. 

Agriculture and livestock 

The high potential for sustainable development of agriculture in the proposed 

Biosphere Reserve area is expressed by the small size of farms where farming is 

developed in a distinctly handmade way, and is little mechanized and typically 

policultural, where crop associations and rotations are used since ancient times. 

The increasing growth of certified organic production in the agricultural area that 

exists in the municipality of Santana, brings environmental and economic gains, while 

preserving the ecological balance and achieving higher profits with organic products as 

well as the socio-cultural development, whereas the mosaic landscape will thus be 

preserved at the expense of large land consolidation uncharacterized from landscape and 

local traditions, and can thus be coupled to other tourism products on either gourmet or 

ethnographic context. 

The vast wealth of the municipality of Santana in varieties of cereals and other 

agricultural native species, enable farmers to produce unique varieties of high quality and 


guaranteed sales. These raw materials leverage the production of processed products 

with unique organoleptic qualities that in an integrated model of sustainable tourism will 

create more economic value for the population and county. 

Figura 61. Organic lemon orchard in Ilha parish 

The germplasm bank support to regional organic farming, by characterizing and 

preserving native varieties suited to this type of farming, in addition to productivity 

gains, will bring economic and environmental gains for the county and simultaneously 

preserve the indigenous natural resources. 

Local Products 

The preparation of various typical products of the Santana’s county as Santana 

bread made with sweet potato, biscuits, jams, liqueurs, spirits and traditional soups, 

create a considerable potential socio-economic development, particularly considering the 

strong reputation that the county has on tourism, especially the thatched houses, an ex- 

libris of the region. In addition, the traditional handicraft adds potential for a socio- 


cultural, human and economic development in the county, mainly through the 

implementation of certification of all characteristic local products. 

Figure 62. Local agriculture and agro-industrial products sale 

The creation of the Association Santana Solidary City (ASCS), under the INTERREG 

III – B program, which coordinates a project of solidarity economy, enabled social 

inclusion of people with employment difficulties, but who generally have extensive 

knowledge of the traditions and the way of cooking of various typical local products. One 

of the successful initiatives of the ASCS, is the company "Sweet Traditions" that 

manufacture various traditional products with commercial success, including the 

traditional bread and cookies that are sold in supermarkets throughout the region. This 

associative project demonstrates the potential of development of economic and socio- 

cultural activities being environmentally sustainable and could play a key role in new 

initiatives of similar scope in the area of the proposed Biosphere Reserve. 


Tourism 

The municipality of Santana has an extremely rich cultural heritage and natural 

landscape which encourages the development of diversified tourism. The 

complementarities between the various components will create unique tourism products 

of great value and sustain socio-economic growth in harmony with local values. The 

enormous variety of natural, cultural and landscape recourses which can be exploited in a 

sustainable way, reveal the great potential for growth that the tourism industry may 

have in the county and can be seen as a sustainable development model by other 

municipalities in the region and establish the younger generations in the county, allowing 

them to perpetuate the development of tourism characteristics of local culture. 

Figure 63. Touristic footpath in Laurel forest 


Renewable energies 

The production of electricity from renewable sources, has suffered in recent years a 

strong increase provided largely by the development model adopted by the region. The 

penetration of clean energy produced by combining the components water and wind, 

currently accounts for about 33.5% of all energy produced. 

Madeira Island has 10 hydroelectric and three wind farms being Paúl da Serra the 

largest, with about five dozen wind turbines. The contribution from sources of heat 

production is becoming less and point to further reductions with the implementation of 

new production projects based on solar and wind energy, with the deployment of more 

wind turbines and the construction of ponds holding water in Paúl da Serra’s plateau, 

which will ensure greater stability in power generation from hydropower. This year is 

expected to restructure the Calheta’s hydroelectric power system for 30 MW of power, 

installation of a new wind farm with 5MW of power and two photovoltaic parks, one 

located in Caniçal with 6MW of power and the other in Paúl da Serra with 9 MW. The 

strong growth of energy produced from renewable sources and decrease of the energy 

produced from fossil fuels leads to reduce the dependency on imported petroleum 

products and pollutant emissions arising from their use, providing a sustainable socio- 

economic development with a low carbon footprint. 

Waste management 

The effort by the municipality of Santana in the area of waste management through 

the collection in ecopoints around the county, which allowed that about 83% of the waste 

collected in the county would ultimately be used for recycling or incineration with the use 

of part of the green solid waste and wood chips in the Public Gardens Municipal. 

The waste generated and collected in the municipality of Santana, is then routed 

through the transfer system, Screening, Treatment and Recovery Waste of the 

Autonomous Region of Madeira for the Transfer Station of the Eastern Zone (ETZL) 

situated in the valley of Porto Novo, in Santa Cruz County. This infrastructure, operating 

from April 2007, receives and compresses the waste collection in undifferentiated 

Transfer Building, followed by its transport to the Solid Waste Treatment Station (ETRS), 


where it is directed to appropriate treatment like incineration or landfill. As for selective 

waste collection (glass, waste electrical and electronic equipment, used mineral oils, 

green waste, batteries, used tires, scrap and waste batteries and accumulators) 

deposited in Ecocentro these are sent for recycling. 

The scope of activities of the Meia Serra’s Solid Waste Treatment Station (ETRS) 

includes the incineration of solid urban waste to produce electricity, hospital and 

slaughterhouses waste treatment, organic waste composting, waste sorting and routing 

recycling and operation on landfills, and activities in the field of environmental education. 

The ETRs is equipped with a municipal solid urban waste incineration (IIRSU) aimed 

at energy recovery from municipal waste through a controlled and automated process, 

which in addition to thermally treat the waste, enables the production of electricity. 

Municipal Solid Waste composting setup (ICRSU) aims at the enhancement of 

organic garden waste and food of plant origin, through the process of aerobic biological 

degradation. In a simpler way, it is a natural process by which microorganisms transform 

the organic matter (leaves, grass, debris or peel vegetables and fruits, etc.) in a humic 

stabilized substance called compound, a kind of fertilizer with soil improver properties, 

used in agriculture. 

Installation of Hospital Waste and Slaughterhouses Incineration (IIRHM) aims to 

treat hazardous hospital waste, coming from units providing human and animal care and 

related research, in addition to products not intended for human consumption, including 

those from the slaughterhouse, produced in Madeira 

The IIRHM has two incineration lines with a capacity of 0.5 tons per hour, each 

consisting of two combustion chambers where temperatures reach the 1100 º C. To this 

treatment is associated the waste energy recovery, including through two heat 

exchangers and turbo-generator group. The facility is equipped with two gas treatment 

systems, similar to the IIRSU mutually independent. The by-products produced, including 

slag and fly ash are directed to landfill (AS). In the case of ash, they are flushed prior to 

placement into proper cells at AS. 

The Landfill (AS) systems are the final disposal of waste not suited to treatment by 

incineration and / or composting, as well as slag and ash (before flushing) resulting from 

the incineration processes. Additionally, they serve to support the situations of downtime 

and / or emergency treatment processes installed. The landfill currently operating in 


ETRs Meia Serra (2nd Phase B), consists of a cell of MSW and slag, where produced 

incineration slag is deposited slag and, eventually, urban waste and similar, and an ash 

cell to flushing incineration ashes deposition. Three landfills are closed and sealed at 

ETRs. 

The wastewater and leaching treatment produced in ETRs is provided by Wastewater 

Treatment Station (WWTP). This installation consists of three independent treatment 

systems: primary or biological conducted in an aeration pond; physical-chemical 

treatment with addition of chemical reagents and dehydration of sludge formed and 

tertiary process of reverse osmosis (HI). The by-products produced by the WWTP 

including sludge, which are dried and deposited at AS, and HI concentrated, can have 

four different final destinations: the IIRSU incineration, incineration in IIRHM, reuse in 

the process of blanketing the ashes and incineration facilities, and/or injection into the 

AS. The effluent from the WWTP corresponds to the HI permeate, which enables total 

high-quality internal reuse, including IIRSU process water, irrigation, washing, among 

the main uses. 

Used tires generated in the region are forwarded to the Park Storage, Crushing and 

Packaging of Used Tyre, which is equipped with special equipment for grinding these 

materials, which, after preparation, are transported by land and sea for recovery in 

mainland Portugal. 

The Platform for Storage, Milling and Timber Packaging is intended for the 

processing of wood packaging with a view to their dispatch for recycling. The station also 

has a building for Compression of Ferrous Metals, which aims the compaction of various 

ferrous materials with low volume, resulting from the separation performed in facilities 

aiming the subsequent packing and shipping for recycling or recovery in mainland 

Portugal. 

The ETRs in Meia Serra has an environmental education centre integrated, placed in a 

former Rangers home that was retrieved in 2006 under the first phase of recovery of the 

area surrounding the ETRs. The Centre is intended to increase public awareness and 

environmental education, exhibitions and other activities, with main focus on Preschool 

Education and the 1st cycle of basic education. Among the activities regularly undertaken 

at the Centre, there are the workshops for the reuse of materials and games on the 

theme of waste, in addition to the study visits undertaken to ETRs. In the surrounding 


area there is a small area for picnics and even a path between the Environmental 

Education Centre and the site of Ribeiro Serrão, in the parish of Camacha, county of 

Santa Cruz. 

The high efficiency in the management of waste produced in the county, from the 

selective deposition in ecopoints by the population, until the perfect interaction with the 

transfer, Screening, Treatment and Waste Recovery system of the Autonomous Region of 

Madeira, is demonstrative of the high capacity of enhancement of environmental quality 

and an indicator of future vision of sustainability and well-being of the entire population 

of the area of the proposed Biosphere Reserve and its ability to social and economic 

development. 

14.2. IF TOURISM IS A MAJOR ACTIVITY 

In 2009, the available tourism offer, on all surveyed forms of accommodation, was 

30 266 beds, 95.5% in hotels, 1.9% in rural tourism facilities, 1.6% in holiday camps 

and hostels and 1.0% in touristic villas. The municipality of Santana possesses 362 beds, 

a number that has remained stable since 2005 and now represents only 1.3% of the total 

share of existing beds in the Region. 

Overnight stays in all types of accommodation reached 5.6 million, representing a 

decrease of 11.2% compared with the previous year. Residents in Portugal contributed 

with more than 950,400 overnight stays, resulting in a monthly increase of 15.7%, while 

non-resident aliens originated approximately 4.7 million room nights, representing a 

decrease of 15.2% in this variable. The main source markets were the United Kingdom, 

Germany, France, Netherlands, Finland and Austria, which totaled 77.4% of nights spent 

by non-resident aliens. 

The average stay in collective accommodation facilities of the Autonomous Region 

of Madeira in 2009 decreased slightly compared with the previous year (from 5.3 to 5.2 

nights). Considering the type of housing, we observed the highest average stay in tourist 


homes (5.6 nights) in hotel establishments (5.2 nights) and on rural tourism facilities 

(4.8 nights). 

Tourism growth 

In 2009 the tourist industry in the Autonomous Region of Madeira was 

characterized by a drop in key indicators. Total income, overnight stays and guest 

arrivals in accommodation establishments decreased by 14.1%, 11.5% and 10.1% 

respectively. The months of February, March and July presented the most significant 

breaks in the overnights (-16.2%, -15.5% and -13.6%, respectively), greatly influenced 

by a decrease in global demand as a result of market recoil due to the global financial 

crisis. 

Tourist establishments in the municipality of Santana recorded in 2009, 35,960 

overnight stays, -14.2% than in the previous year and an annual change of -13.5% in 

the number of incoming guests. The net rate of bed occupancy stood at 27.2% and the 

rate of bedroom occupancy at 25.1%. Monthly, the months that recorded room 

occupation rate above annual average, were April (35.0%), May (46.1%), June (27.4%), 

July (27.9%), August (35.0%), September (28.0%) and October (28.4%) and below 

average in November (17.6%), December (10.8%), January (8.9 %), February (15.6%) 

and March (19.9%). Room occupancy rates below the regional average (54.8%), it is 

apparent that Santana has seasonal influx of tourists and with few tourists, expressed at 

low occupancy of the few beds that local units have. 

It is however expected that the Municipality of Santana will adopt a sustainable 

development strategy, promoting its natural and cultural heritage which will lead to 

medium-term increases in the number of tourists and occupancy rates. 

Tourism Development Potential 

The municipality of Santana brings together natural and cultural characteristics with 

high tourism potential, especially for nature tourism, ecotourism, scientific tourism, 


adventure tourism, underwater spearfishing, canyoning, recreational fishing, marine 

wildlife watching and other tourism niches with strong growth in demand globally. 

If the inclusion of the municipality of Santana in the network of Biosphere Reserves 

of UNESCO is verified, will enhance the projection of the municipality as a touristic 

destination of excellence, where it can be appreciated and experienced the culture, 

traditions and gastronomy, as well as the beautiful and diverse landscapes, which are 

born in the blue ocean, crossing the green of the terraces and forests to reach the 

rugged beauty of the massive volcanic mountains, painted in thousand shades of yellow, 

red and black. 

The huge amount of footpaths and “Levadas” that tear the worldwide known rural 

and wild landscapes of Santana, can be complemented with other typical tourist 

products, as well as the environmental certification of their tourism units, giving 

international recognition to the tourism product Santana, enhancing their growth in a 

world where environmental concerns are increasingly a prerequisite to success. 

Figure 64. One of the beautiful waterfalls in Santana 


Tourism planning 

The Plan for Tourism Management of the Autonomous Region of Madeira (POT), 

defined as strategic priorities for tourism development the consolidation of the dominant 

product, consolidate emerging tourism products and improve the exploitation of tourism 

resources by shaping new products. This would improve the quality of existing tourism 

offer and enhance the segmentation and diversification of regional tourism. In this 

perspective were identified as primary resources the sea and landscape derived products, 

which includes footpaths and “levada” walks, paths in natural and protected areas, 

gardens and parks, volcanism and mountain, sport fishing, boat rides, sailing, diving, 

surfing and kayaking tours that could be supported and complemented by various 

infrastructures such as golf courses, sports training centers, conference centers and 

ports. 

14.2.1 Type(s) of tourism 

The municipality of Santana is an excellent location for a wide range of tourist 

activities, especially nature tourism, ecotourism and adventure tourism. Despite being 

born recently in the region, adventure tourism has been one of the fastest growing 

niches in particular the activities of canyoning and paragliding, which have excellent 

conditions to their practice in Santana. Nature tourism was introduced a long time ago in 

the regional market and has strong expression in the municipality of Santana, namely 

trough the several existing footpaths and levadas there in, still in high demand in the 

county, especially the footpaths Queimadas - Caldeirão Verde e Pico do Areeiro - Pico 

Ruivo - Achada do Teixeira, which remains the most successful and with higher demand. 

In relation to ecotourism, is the latest tourism niche and with little expression, but 

considering the natural heritage of Santana shows large growth potential. In order to 

clarify the specificities of the different types of tourism activities that may be developed, 

is set below its typology: 


Beach tourism - visits to sites with built or natural bathing infrastructure and with good 

weather conditions, particularly with many hours of sunshine, low rainfall and high / mild 

temperatures, with the aim of carrying out outdoor recreation activities; 

Cultural tourism - visits carried out by persons outside the host community, motivated in 

part or in whole by historical, artistic, scientific or lifestyle / heritage interests of a 

community, region, group or institution; 

Nature tourism - visits to places of great wealth in terms of natural patrimony, with the 

motivation to admire the landscapes and places of great scenic beauty, and take cultural, 

agricultural and sports activities; 

Ecotourism - visits to natural sites for the sole purpose of admiring, studying and 

enjoying its beauty, vegetation, wildlife and all its natural characteristics; 

Adventure - leisure activity carried out in an exotic, remote or wild location usually 

outdoors, with high levels of involvement and activity on the part of participants, 

originated from the emergence of extreme sports in the second half of the twentieth 

century. 

The excellent natural conditions allied to the diverse offer of footpaths, “levadas” 

and existing picnic parks allow conducting activities in direct contact with nature, 

including levada walks, which are unique worldwide. 

The existent pebble beaches and well integrated seaside resorts, of which 

differentiates the Ribeira de São Jorge complex where there is a freshwater lagoon of 

enormous beauty, enabling the execution of activities or bathing in freshwater, as well as 

at sea. 

The municipality of Santana has a diverse range of holiday cottages, hotels and 

restaurants, located in the rural areas of the municipality where tourists can experience 

the local flavors and tastes and enjoy a peaceful and enjoyable stay in a unforgettable 

landscape. 


The low disturbance as a result of the absence of commercial fishing operation in 

the municipality, together with the existence of Rocha do Navio reserve, functioning as 

natural nursery for many fish species, enhances the performance of fishing and tourism 

activities, either from the coast or underwater spearfishing. The fishing activities can 

extend to the creeks, where is possible to fish common trout, rainbow trout and eel, 

embedded in scenarios of extreme beauty and tranquility. 

The marine area of the municipality holds a great biological wealth, housing several 

species of seabirds, fish and flora of Macaronesian coasts, determining optimal conditions 

for carrying out tourist activities, especially birdwatching and scuba diving. 

At the cultural level, the limited but genuine existing built patrimony, from the thatched 

houses to churches and museums, are accessories spaces that can greatly enrich the 

experience of tourists visiting the municipality of Santana. 

Places of Interest 

Several churches and parish chapels 

Representative of religious architecture in Madeira, these religious structures 

encompass some important pieces of religious art, and valuable work done in tile, 

especially the mother church of São Jorge and the Penha de França chapel. 


Viewpoints 

Figure 65. Santo António Chapel 

There are various viewpoints on the sea cliffs and hills, where you can see the 

indentations and bays of the coast, views of breathtaking landscapes, springs and 

waterfalls, cultivated fields in an environment of tranquility and absence of pollution. 

“Serragem da Achadinha” water sawmill 

This building is the only functional water sawmill still existing in the archipelago of 

Madeira. Provides the visitor the chance to live part of Santana’s cultural past, by 

observing how the wood cutting process was made when the indigenous forest were then 

explored. 

“Casas de Fio e meio Fio” Thatched houses 

Being one of the ex-libris in Madeira island, yarn and half yarn houses, commonly 

known as thatched houses, are typical of Santana municipality and integrate the heritage 


uildings to visit. Its historical, architectural and landscape interest, constructive 

homogeneity, characteristic to an architecture linked to agricultural activity, are a 

landscape feature of Santana. 

“Casas Redondas” Thatched houses 

These buildings are more common in the parish of São Jorge and are thus 

commonly known as São Jorge Houses, are a landscape, historical and architectural trait 

with unique characteristics and high tourism and ethnographic interest. 

Water mills 

Water mills, once common in Madeira’s landscape, are a cultural landmark of the 

importance that cereals had in the economy and lives of Santana’s inhabitants. At the 

site of Achadinha, parish of São Jorge, there is a functional water mill, where the corn is 

still grinded, thus being a cultural heritage of considerable touristic interest. 

“Fortim do Faial” fort 

The “Fortim do Faial” fort, recently restored, is the only monument of the military 

heritage in the municipality of Santana. It is a building of high tourist interest, both for 

its architecture as well as for the beautiful landscape on the parish of Faial. 

“Homem em Pé” Basaltic Dyke 

It is a very well known geomonument of high landscape, geomorphological, 

ethnographic and tourist value and is considered one of the geological ex-libris of the 

altitude landscapes in the municipality of Santana. 

“Pico Ruivo” and central mountainous massif peaks 


With high landscape and tourism value, Pico Ruivo is the highest peak of the island, 

from which one can observe the peaks that make up the central massif. The different 

viewpoints located on the tracks crossing the mountain ranges, provide the visitor a 

magnificent view of the various volcanic dikes and veins that originated the beautiful and 

abrupt landscapes. 

Figure 66. Winter landscape of the Central Massif Mountains 

Basalt prismatic disjunction flow 

Located on the west bank of the Ribeira do Faial, this geomorphological formation 

consists of basaltic prisms, possesses exceptional beauty and interest. 

“Penha d’Águia” massif 

This rock mass formed by multiple layers of lava flows of basaltic nature, rises up 

to 589 meters altitude and is one of landscape ex-libris of the municipality of Santana 

with high geological and tourism interest. 

“Afloramento fitofossilífero de São Jorge” fossils 


Located in the volcanic tuff of the Ribeira de São Jorge valley, this geological 

formation holds fossils of 30 plant species with an estimated age of 2 million years and is 

one of the geological sites of greater interest in Madeira, due to its uniqueness. 

Figure 67. Panoramic view of Penha D’Águia massif 

14.2.2 Tourist facilities and description of where these are located 

and in which zone of the proposed Biosphere Reserve 

Casa das Hortênsias 

Quinta da Quebrada 

Quinta do Arco 

Structure Type Parish 

Accommodation 

Casa do Povo do Arco de São Jorge Institution of public utility 

Museu do vinho e da vinha Patrimony 

Restaurante A Grotea 

Restaurante Casa de Chá de São Jorge 

Restaurante O Arco 

Restaurants 

Arco S. Jorge 

Refúgio das Camélias Accommodation Faial 


Casa do Povo do Faial Institution of public utility 

Capela da Penha 

Fortim do Faial 

Patrimony 

Ponte Velha do Faial 

Penha D’Águia Touristic footpath 

Restaurante Casa de Chá do Faial 

Restaurante Chaves 

Restaurante Foz da Ribeira do Faial 

Restaurante Ponte Velha do Faial 

Restaurants 

Complexo Balnear da Ribeira do Faial 

Bathing complex 

Ilha Montanha Accommodation 

Casa do Povo da Ilha Institution of public utility 

Caldeirão Verde / Caldeirão do Inferno Touristic footpath 

Moinho do Comandante 

Residencial San Roque 

Ribeiro Frio Cottages 

Vila Adelaide 


Centro de Ed. Ambiental do Ribeiro Frio Environmental education 

center 

Casa do Povo de São Roque do Faial Institution of public utility 

Ribeiro Frio / Balcões 

Ribeiro Frio / Portela 

Casas de abrigo do Ribeiro Frio 

Posto Florestal do Pico do Areeiro 

Posto florestal do Ribeiro Frio 

Casa Tia Clementina 

Casas Campo do Pomar 

O Colmo 

Quinta do Furão 

Rancho Madeirense 

Rancho Madeirense 

Residencial O Cortado 

Área de R. e lazer da Achada do Teixeira 

Área de R. e lazer das Queimadas 

Área de R. e lazer do Pico das Pedras 

Touristic footpath 

Logistic support unit 


Area of recreation and leisure 

134 Application of Santana, Madeira to Biosphere Reserve – UNESCO - MAB 

Ilha 

S. Roque Faial 

Santana

Área de R. e lazer do Pico Ruivo 

Casa da Cultura Exhibition centre 

Casa do Povo de Santana Institution of public utility 

Capela de Santo António 

Fontanário de Santa Ana 

Pico Areeiro/Miradouro Ninho da Manta 

Queimadas / Pico das Pedras 

Patrimony 

Touristic footpath 

Parque Temático da Madeira Exhibition centre 

Restaurante / Pizzaria Malta Gira 

Restaurante A Faia 

Restaurante Bragado’s 

Restaurante Cantinho da Serra 

Restaurante Estrela do Norte 

Restaurante Estrela Polar 

Restaurante O Colmo 

Restaurante O Cortado 

Restaurante O Til 

Restaurante O Vime 

Restaurante Quinta do Furão 

Restaurante Rancho Madeirense 

Casa de abrigo da Achada do Teixeira 

Casa de abrigo do Pico Ruivo 

Casas de abrigo das Queimadas 

Casas de abrigo do Pico das Pedras 

Restaurants 

Logistic support unit 

Achada do Teixeira / Ilha 

Santana/Ilha 

Queimadas / Caldeirão Verde 

Cabanas de São Jorge 

Touristic footpath Santana/São 

Jorge 

Casa das Proteas 

Turismo de habitação Fajã Alta 


Casa do Povo de São Jorge Institution of public utility 

Calhau da Ribeira de São Jorge 

Igreja Matriz de São Jorge 

Patrimony 

Serragem da Achadinha 

Ribeiro Bonito Touristic footpath 

São Jorge 


Restaurante Cabanas 

Restaurante Casa de Palha 

Restaurants 

Posto Florestal do Cascalho Logistic support unit 

Complexo B. Foz da Ribeira de S. Jorge 

Bathing complex 

14.2.3 Indicate positive and/or negative impacts of tourism at 

present or foreseen 

The Tourism Management Plan of the Autonomous Region of Madeira is an indicator 

of careful planning by the government in regional tourism development, which is the 

main economic activity in the region. This plan sets the strategic lines of development 

activity taking into account the basic principles of sustainable development, highlighting 

the main lines of development of complementary products related to rural tourism, 

nature tourism, ecotourism, adventure tourism and scientific tourism. 

Tourism projects developed in the municipality of Santana are mostly rural tourism 

accommodation units that have been adapted to this type of housing being careful to 

keep the typological characteristics of buildings and their architectural and landscape 

integration, in Santana’s typical rural mosaic. 

Santana is a municipality without large hotel units and the existing ones, by their 

size, have similar impacts to a family home. The promotion and integration of Santana’s 

main touristic assets, related to culture, heritage, gastronomy and natural resources, has 

a positive effect in the municipality, either by creating new business opportunities and 

jobs as well as for maintaining the population balance, by settling the youngest 

population in the county. 

The recognition of the importance of sustainable tourism as a key factor for the 

development and success of the tourism product "Santana", causes positive impacts as it 

leads to evaluation, rehabilitation and preservation of built heritage, which instead would 

probably fall into abandonment, either by migration of the younger generation, lack of 

financial resources to undertake their recovery or even low socio-economic interest by 

the lack of tourist flow, which would justify the investment. 

The growing effort emprehended by the local authority in the recovery and 

revitalization of cultural values and traditions of the county, of which a good example is 

the international touristic event "48 hours dancing" dedicated to folklore, which 


expresses the music and traditional dance, but also the typical costumes of the various 

localities of the county, is already a reference of the identity development and 

authenticity of local population and a way of distinction of Santana’s touristic offer in 

relation to other municipalities in the region. 

Figure 68. Madeira Thematic Park in Santana 

The municipality of Santana is also known for having some of the most spectacular 

trails and “levadas” in the whole island, including the footpath that goes from the picnic 

and recreation area of the Queimadas until the Caldeirão Verde and Caldeirão do Inferno, 

but also the route that connects Achada do Teixeira to Pico Ruivo and Pico do Areeiro. 

The high number of tourists who daily engage these pathways could cause negative 

impacts on landscape, flora and fauna. However, because these pathways are well 

defined and marked and the activity is well regulated, there are no expected negative 

impacts. 

The excellent existing infrastructures in the municipality, such as bathing areas, 

viewpoints, accessibilities, walking trails, theme park and leisure areas, combined with 

the quality services provided by various restaurants, rural tourism houses among others, 


offer excellent support conditions to visitors looking to enjoy Santana’s landscapes and 

fresh air. 

Santana is a municipality where tourism activities, by the characteristics already 

described, is an example of how tourism can have more positive than negative effects 

and also provide conditions for local people to develop sustainable economic activities, 

which may obviously increase if Santana is nominated a Biosphere Reserve. 

Figure 69. Touristic path in a “Levada” 

14.3. BENEFITS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES TO LOCAL PEOPLE 

Nature Tourism as the core tourist niche in the municipality of Santana, will attract 

many tourists who appreciate nature and traditional customs, which is socio-economic 

advantage to a county so rich in natural and cultural values, allowing people to monetize 

these assets for their benefit. The huge environmental gains offered by the existence of 

three sites of Natura 2000 and their conservation, are themselves attractive eitheir for 

biological diversity they hold, as well as by the magnificent scenery they offer. 

Combining the natural resources with the built cultural and ethnographic heritage, 

chiefly folkloric and gastronomic traditions, Santana has a huge potential for the 

development in the quality of life of local inhabitants, arising from benefits provided by 

tourism model and also the international reputation that will win with its classification as 

a Biosphere Reserve. 


15. LOGISTIC SUPPORT FUNCTION 

15.1. RESEARCH AND MONITORING 

15.1.1. To what extent has the past and planned research and 

monitoring programme been designed to address specific 

management questions in the potential biosphere reserve 

The Madeira Regional Government has undertaken a remarkable effort in the 

preservation of natural resources, both in the assessment, intervention and maintenance 

of habitats and species as well as the management of important resources as soil and 

water. The best proof Madeira’s Regional Government determination in the planning of 

research and monitoring programs that allow knowing and preserving biodiversity, is the 

creation of several terrestrial and marine nature reserves, where it includes the first 

Portuguese nature reserve, which were subsequently incorporated as SCIs and as SPAs 

under the Natura 2000 Network. 

The importance of good management of these resources culminated in the creation 

of several government entities for its management and supervision in particular Madeira 

Natural Park (PNM) and Water Management and Investments (IGA) and equipping them 

with multidisciplinary technical-scientific collaborators with capability to collect and 

analyze scientific data that enable decision making based on sound scientific information, 

and in establishing structures for logistical support such as nurseries, germplasm banks 

and laboratories. The work developed by these entities has received international 

recognition in both the high success of projects to preserve endangered species such as 

monk seal (Monachus monachus) and the Madeira Petrel (Pterodroma madeira) as in 

preserving unique habitats such as the altitude heathlands by regulation of grazing 

activities in this area and establishing protected areas of laurel forest, classified as a 

Biogenetic Reserve by the Council of Europe in 1992 as World Natural Heritage by 

UNESCO in 1999. 

The success of these initiatives came from research and monitoring programs 

conducted in areas as diverse as meteorology, water resources, phytosociology, marine 

biology, among others that led to an action strategy that that was transversal to all 


entities with responsibility in the conservation and management of terrestrial and marine 

natural resources. 

The municipality of Santana has played and continues to play a key role in 

maintaining these unique species and habitats, considering that within the area of the 

proposed Biosphere Reserve, there are several patches of native vegetation representing 

various habitats, the marine Reserve of Rocha do Navio of paramount importance for 

success in preserving the monk seal and several species of seabirds and the Central 

Mountainous Massif where the only nesting area of the Madeira Petrel is located, areas 

where research and monitoring of habitats and species are permanent. 

Besides the natural areas under protection which houses, the logistical support 

structures created by governmental entities and the knowledge resulting from planned 

and executed research and monitoring studies in various scientific fields, have proved to 

be decisive in the management of native wild and agricultural resources in the 

municipality of Santana, striking in the large number of Santana’s varieties existing in 

germplasm banks, as well as restoration of wild populations of rare species like the white 

orchid Goodyera macrophylla, an endemic endangered species, threatened of extinction 

in the wild, whose recovery was carried out in Ribeiro Frio’s nursery, located in the parish 

of São Roque do Faial. 

There have been many cultural studies conducted in the district of Santana, 

justified by its patrimonial wealth. The research carried out, mainly by technicians of the 

Regional Directorate of Cultural Affairs (DRAC), included the inventory and registration of 

the built, written, gastronomy, folklore and musical heritage. The knowledge resulting 

from conducted research work was relevant in the management of human resources and 

financial strategies since it allowed local authorities to act efficiently on preservation of 

local culture, including through financial support for the recovery of original 

characteristics of the various types of traditional buildings, musical and folkloric groups, 

manufacturing and marketing of traditional products. 


15.1.2. Brief description of past research and/or monitoring 

activities 

Project Year Entities 

Queimadas Forest improvement 1998 

Pico Assumadouros tree planting 2005 

Madeira laurel forest – Quantitative 

and qualitative characterization 

Conservation and restoration of 

Madeira’s priority habitats and 

species 

Management and conservation of 

Madeiran Laurel forest 

Footpath offer within the Madeira 

Natural Park 

1992/1995 

1994 

1997 

2001/2002 

Footpaths and Levadas safety 2002 

Promotional Merchadising of Rocha 

do Navio Reserve 

Epiphytic Bryophytes diversity in 

Madeira Laurel forest 

2002 

2005 

Studies for PNM land use plan 2006/2009 

“ A Laurissilva da Madeira” 

Exhibition 

2006/2009 

DRF 

PNM 

PNM area brochure 2006/2009 PNM / Adrama / Acaporama 

Rural valorisation of Achada do 

Marques 

Plant survey and their traditional 

uses 

Madeira Natural Park on Santana – 

its limits, preventive measures and 

support provided to users 

2003 Ilha parish council / PNM 

2006 Ilha House of the people / PNM 

2006 

Study of Santana’s footpaths 2002 

Ilha House of the people / Ilha 

parish council / PNM 

Santana house of the people / 

PNM 

Collection of Santana’s oral tradition 2009 Santana parish council 


15.1.3. Brief description of on-going research and/ or monitoring 

activities 

Several regional authorities develop activities related to environmental education, 

monitoring and safeguarding of the natural heritage in the area of the proposed 

Biosphere Reserve, in collaboration with the local municipality. Presently, the entities 

developing projects in this area within the municipality of Santana are the Regional 

Directorate of Forestry (DRF), the Regional Directorate of Environment (DRA / DSCN), 

the Madeira Botanical Garden Eng Rui Vieira (JBMRV), the University of Madeira (UMa) 

and the Madeira Natural Park (PNM). Apart from regional institutions, there are projects 

developed under the Community Initiative Programme Interreg IIIB Azores-Madeira- 

Canary funded by the EU, as the Network of Macaronesia Centers for Education and 

Environmental Information (REIA - MAC), on which is integrated the Ribeiro Frio 

Environmental Education Center, an initiative of the Municipality of Santana (CMS) and 

the Regional Directorate of Environment. The Municipality of Santana also developed 

various initiatives related to its cultural heritage, through support to projects dedicated to 

gastronomy, folklore, music and built heritage sites. Besides Santana’s city council, the 

municipality parish councils and people's houses have developed several initiatives in 

cooperation with various regional entities or individually. An example of the effort that 

has been undertaken by these entities is the project of collecting the oral tradition of 

Santana, who was supported by the parish council of Santana through the edition of a 

book as a way to publicize this work of inestimable cultural value. Projects in 

development include: 

Project/ Activity Action/Activity Entities 

Actions of promotion 

and environmental 

awareness 

Pico das Pedras forest 

nursery 

Nature classes 

Footpaths 

Guided visits 

Educational workshops 

Lectures about “The forest of Santana” 

Educational games 

Exhibition “ The forest of Santana” 

Production of indigenous and endemic plants 

Actions targeting Botanical garden seed bank JBMRV 


DRF

species at extinction 

risk 

Embryo in vitro culture 

Actions of population multiplication 

Monitoring of all natural populations 

Dormancy rupture tests and seedlings 

Project "Biobase" Madeira biodiversity database 

Project 

"Biodiversidade da 

Madeira.net" 

Project "Estudo do 

estado de 

Conservação da 

Biodiversidade 

Indígena e Endémica 

da RAM" 

Ribeiro Frio 

Environmental 

education center 

Ilha parish certified 

organic orchards 

Demonstration and 

experimental field in 

organic farming 

Minimizing the 

damage caused by 

long-toed-pigeon in 

agricultural fields 

Highlands Ecosystem 

and Madeira petrel 

recovery 

Knowing and 

preserving 

biodiversity 

Update on safety and operation of Madeira 

biodiversity portal 

Edition and publication of of books about 

Madeira’s biodiversity, in collaboration with local 

scientific community 

Recieve and direct visitors to the environmental 

education center 

Conducting thematic exhibitions 

Mini-lab for logistic support for practical activities 

Support the annual certification of growers in 

organic farming in Ilha parish 

Implementation of a citrus orchardas a field trial 

for organic farming, brochure and conversion 

manual publication for organic lemon production 

Monitoring the conservation status of long-toedpigeons 

Prevention methods of damage caused by longtoed-pigeons, 

helping farmers to minimize the 

damage by delivering protection nets and 

heliographic tapes 

Madeira petrel conservation under the LIFE 

program, now continued by PNM 

LIFE Project to raise awareness and 

dissemination of protected areas, mainly Special 

Areas of Conservation 

DRA 

DRA/CMS 

Ilha parish 

council/ PNM 

PNM 


PNM planning and 

dissemination 

Isoplexis - 

Agricultural 

germbank of 

Macaronesia 

Santana oral tradition 

Assessments on different uses and projects to be 

developed within PNM area 

Collection and storage in the germbank of native 

varieties and cultivars UMa 

Providing seeds to farmers 

Collection and recording of songs, novels, essays 

and short stories of Santana 


Santana parish 

council 

Besides the aforementioned activities, are ongoing the monthly monitoring of air 

temperature, solar radiation, wind and rainfall through Automatic Meteorological Stations 

(EMA's) located in the Pico das Pedras and São Jorge, the implementation of the "Atlas of 

the birds of Madeira Archipelago" by the Office of Madeira Natural Park (SPNM), 

monitoring of bats, from which it was possible to identify an important feeding area of 

endemism of the Madeira pipistrelle (Pipistrellus maderensis) and Madeira-leisler’s-bat 

(Nyctalus leisleri verrucosus) located in the parish of São Jorge. 

In the cultural and ethnographic context, several projects are underway for the 

classification and recovery of cultural heritage in the municipality of Santana, lead by the 

Regional Directorate of Cultural Affairs (DRAC) in conjunction with Santana’s City council, 

Parish Councils and People’s houses, with particular emphasis on the built heritage, place 

names, folklore, music and traditional musical instruments, costumes and cuisine. 

15.1.4. Brief description of planned research and/or monitoring 

In addition to activities carried out and which are ongoing, there are several 

planned initiatives by the Municipality of Santana, Parish Councils and People's Houses, 

in cooperation with several regional entities and some researchers, reinforcing the strong 

investment in sustainable agriculture, conservation and natural resource management 

that has been conducted in the municipality of Santana. Planned activities include: 

Awareness and dissemination of protected areas mainly Special Areas of Conservation

Inventory of traditional oral literature of the Municipality of Santana 

Inventory of bat roosts and feeding areas in the municipality of Santana. 

Sustainable Agriculture: The use of bats on organic farms in the municipality of Santana 

as a method of biological control. 

Criation of the Centre of Studies and Conservation of Macaronesia bats. 

15.1.5. Estimated number of national scientists participating in 

research within the proposed biosphere reserve 

Permanently about 20 

Occasionally about 60 

15.1.6. Estimated number of foreign scientists participating in 

research within the proposed biosphere reserve 

Permanently 1 - 2 

Occasionally an annual average of 10 - 20 

15.1.7. Estimated number of masters and/ or doctoral thesis 

carried out on the proposed biosphere reserve 

Considering the current number of Masters and Doctorate theses in progress within 

the various scientific areas, the growing number of students who start the Bologna 2nd 

cycle and the increased interest in the appointment of Santana as a Biosphere Reserve 

might raise in these students, provides that the number of theses could reach 6 per year 

at the full development stage of the reserve. 


15.1.8. Research station(s) within the proposed Biosphere 

Reserve 

In the area of Pico das Pedras forest station is located one automatic weather 

station (EMA) in operation since April of this year and one udometer which is collecting 

data a few years now, both belonging to the Regional Laboratory of Civil Engineering 

(LREC), which measure daily various meteorological parameters. In the area of the 

lighthouse of São Jorge, is located another EMA, one of six that are in Madeira 

archipelago as part of the National Meteorology Institute (IM) network. 

The Ribeiro Frio Environmental Education Center, has a laboratory prepared to 

support some field work activities on integrated research projects. 

The shelter houses and ranger stations are regularly used as laboratories and 

logistical support units in field work campaigns of biodiversity, ecology and astronomy 

studies. The center of reception of the Rocha do Navio reserve also works as a support 

station and laboratory for projects and activities of land and marine ecology, 

conservation and biodiversity. 

15.1.9. Permanent research station(s) outside the proposed 

Biosphere Reserve 

The Autonomous Region of Madeira is endowed with several research centers, well 

equipped and accredited, home to national and international scientists. These centers 

develop research projects in various areas of expertise, integrating several cooperation 

projects with local businesses and providing specialist services to the community. 

Permanent research stations, distinguished by its reputation: 

• CEM - Centre for Macaronesian Studies (www3.uma.pt/cem). The research developed 

by CEM is focused on Macaronesian biodiversity, its conservation, development of 

biological resources, studies in geology, oceanography, water resources and sustainable 

use of agricultural crops and native plants. CEM conducts activities to provide community 


services, complementing the scientific research carried out within the Unit 

• CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira (cqm.uma.pt). The CQM is a fundamental 

research center for the implementation of R&D in the Autonomous Region of Madeira, 

promoting post-graduate training and interaction with other national and international 

R&D units. The CQM develops research in the areas of natural products and materials 

and provides services to the scientific community and local business. 

• CCM - Centre for Mathematical Sciences (ccm.uma.pt). Constitutes a permanent 

structure for the promotion of basic scientific research and applied research projects 

grouped under the science of mathematics and physics. 

• CEEAplA - Center for Applied Economic Studies of the Atlantic (www.uma.pt / 

portal / html / CEEAplA). The CEEAplA is a permanent structure for the promotion of 

basic scientific research and applied research projects grouped under the fields of 

economics and business, including Labour Economics, Regional Economics, Public Sector 

Economics, Economic History, Finance and business Management. 

• CITMA - Centre for Research and Technology of Madeira (www.citma.pt). CITMA is an 

institution dedicated to fostering the scientific and technological research in the 

Autonomous Region of Madeira, supporting the scientific community on funding 

applications of research projects. 

• LGH - Laboratory of Human Genetics (www3.uma.pt/lgh). The Laboratory of Human 

Genetics is a research unit in molecular biology and Human cytogenetics, and providing 

specialized services such as DNA testing in detecting genetic abnormalities and the 

detection of different genetic and chromossomic pathologies. 

• LREC - Regional Laboratory of Civil Engineering (www.lrec.pt). The Regional Laboratory 

of Civil Engineering is an institution dedicated to research and providing services to public 

and private entities, particularly in the areas of consulting and testing in the field of Civil 

Engineering 

• MB - Whale Museum (www.museudabaleia.org). The Whale Museum is primarily 

devoted to the exhibition of pieces dedicated to the history of whaling, but also for 

environmental education, research and conservation of cetaceans occurring in the sea of 

Madeira. 

• EBM - Marine Biology Station of Funchal (www.cm-funchal.pt/cmf). Integrating the 

research teams of Marine Biology, Department of Science of Funchal City Hall and the 


Laboratory of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Department of Biology, University of 

Madeira, develops research projects mainly in the area of marine biology and fisheries. 

• JBMRV - Madeira Botanical Garden Eng. Rui Vieira (www.sra.pt / jarbot). The JBMRV 

dedicated to research of Macaronesian flora and in particular the study of plant 

biodiversity in the archipelago of Madeira. The research undertaken in this institution 

focuses on various aspects of systematics and biology of plants, essential to the 

conservation of plant diversity and other areas of research. 

• PNM - Parque Natural da Madeira (www.pnm.pt). PNM main focus is to promote and 

participate in scientific research in the field of nature protection and the environment. 

• IH - Hydrographic Institute (www.hidrografico.pt). The Hydrographic Institute as state 

Laboratory plays an important role in support of the scientific community in the areas of 

marine science and technology, development of multidisciplinary projects in R&D, in 

partnership with national and foreign institutions in the fields of Physical Oceanography, 

Marine Geology, Chemistry, Geography, Navigation and environmental protection. 

• IM - Institute of Meteorology (www.meteo.pt). IM conducts research in the fields of 

meteorology, climatology and sismology, focusing its research efforts on projects that 

accrue to direct applications to use in operational activity, looking for a progressive 

improvement of the information available to its users. 

15.1.10. Permanent monitoring plots 

The marine area of Rocha do Navio site and the land areas of laurel forest and the 

Central mountains, Natura 2000 sites, due to the species and habitats these sites 

possess, some of which are of conservation priority in the Habitats Directive, are areas 

subject to permanent monitoring. Besides the sites that integrate the ecological network 

of the European Union, other areas classified under different regimes of protection are 

subject to permanent monitoring of its natural values. In all these areas, various 

monitoring programs are developed focising about diverse ecological parameters of 

various endemic and indigenous flora and fauna species and also about human activities 

and their impacts. 

The control of rodent populations and invasive plant species, by their ability to 

naturalization and destruction of natural habitats, shall be made either within the 


protected and surrounding areas , creating a buffer to the dispersal of these species, 

enabling the maintenance of the natural characteristics of these areas. 

The Society for the Protection and Study of Birds (SPEA) develops annual 

monitoring programs of terrestrial and marine bird species, organizing censuses of some 

species of birds, which are open to voluntary participation of the population, while 

conducting environmental awareness campaigns. The same entity develops a program 

for monitoring impacts of power lines on bird populations. 

In addition to the monitoring carried out permanently in the land area, there are 

monitoring programs in the marine area, undertaken by the Marine Biology Station, the 

Regional Directorate of Fisheries and the Whale Museum. 

15.1.11. Research facilities of research station(s) 

The various entities, Laboratories, Research Centres and Research Stations, have 

appropriate equipment and facilities to develop research projects in several areas of 

biology, Genetics, Medicine, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physics, Mathematics, 

Meteorology, Hydrology, Engineering and Veterinary Medicine. The region has a solid 

database on the geology and terrestrial and marine flora and fauna. 

15.1.12. Other facilities 

The area has several logistic support units distributed throughout the archipelago, 

namely the various ranger stations and shelters of the Regional Directorate of Forestry, 

the Madeira Natural Park stations and municipal shelters as the Ecological Park of 

Funchal support facilities. These facilities often serve as accomodation for groups of 

researchers involved in ongoing research projects in the Autonomous Region of Madeira, 

which can count on the valuable assistance of the Forestry Police and Nature warden, 

who possess deep knowledge of Madeira’s natural areas. 

Several institutions have equipped vessels for the research projects in marine 

areas. The Whale Museum has a research vessel and a semi-rigid boat for close proximity 

research activities such as cetaceans photoidentification work. 


15.1.13. Does the proposed biosphere reserve have an Internet 

connection 

Internet access has full coverage on the island. In urban centers there are fiber 

optic broadband networks, digital telephone line network by ADSL (Asymmetric Digital 

Subscriber Line) and ADSL2 / 2 +. In some urban areas free access to wireless network 

(wi-fi) is available. 

15.2. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS 

15.2.1. Describe environmental education and public awareness 

activities, indicating the target group(s) 

In the Region, including Santana, 92 schools are enrolled in environmental 

education program “Ecoescolas” (eco-schools), where students discuss issues related to 

water, waste, energy, climate change, biodiversity, organic farming, noise and transport. 

This initiative, which takes place during the school year, aims to encourage attitude 

change and adoption of daily life sustainable behaviors at the personal, family and 

community level. The activities included in the program eco-schools are coupled with 

various education and environmental awareness actions, developed by the Regional 

Directorate of Forestry, Regional Directorate of Environment and Madeira Natural Park, 

including hiking, nature classes, guided tours, educational workshops, educational 

games, exhibitions and distribution of educational material for participants. 

15.2.2. Indicate facilities for environmental education and public 

awareness activities, indicating the target group(s) 

The various equipment and structures that exist in the municipality of Santana, 

confer a high capacity for providing support to activities involving education and 

environmental awareness, encouraging the active participation of the population in the 

implementation and adoption of environmentally sustainable behaviors and the 


valorisation of their natural heritage. The Regional Directorate of Forestry has in Santana 

ranger stations in Ribeiro Frio, Cascalho, Pico das Pedras, Pico do Areeiro and Vale da 

Lapa and also several shelters in Pico Ruivo, Achada do Teixeira, Queimadas (2 houses), 

Pico das Pedras and at Ribeiro Frio. In the area of Rocha do Navio there is a station of 

Madeira Natural Park, used for observation and surveillance and also serves as space for 

education and environmental exhibitions. 

In Ribeiro Frio, parish of São Roque do Faial, the Regional Directorate of 

Environment has an environmental education center, housed in a educational core 

dedicated to the Madeira laurel (Ocotea foetens) laurel forest. The core of environmental 

education is composed by a nature store, a course where you can observe many of the 

characteristic species of this forest and a small laboratory to support research and 

monitoring undertaken in the area. 

In the various schools of the county there are several books devoted to regional 

biodiversity, published by the Regional Directorate of Environment, which allow students 

of the different ages to realize of the rich natural heritage that can be observed in natural 

areas. 

15.3. SPECIALIST TRAINING 

In recent years various government institutions concerned with the environment, 

sustainable agriculture and resource management have conducted training courses on 

the regional natural heritage and organic farming. The courses were formatted for 

teachers, tour guides and people in general, different types of learners requiring different 

contents. Additionally, several developed research and conservation projects, including 

LIFE Nature, relied on campaigns of field work which involved many volunteers, who 

generally were fellows involved in masters and doctoral thesis on ecology and 

conservation and also Research Biology students from the University of Madeira. The 

participation of several national and international researchers in collaborative projects 

with local scientists, motivate the technical and scientific exchange and training and 


professional enrichment for all intervenients. The data collected and published in several 

projects, allows increasing knowledge about species and habitats under study and thus 

enables the structuring of more specific and rich content, resulting in a gradual gain in 

the quality of professional training courses. 

The institutions responsible for managing projects, often arrange visits to nature 

reserves which held conservation work, recreational activities and workshops, allowing 

the general population to participate actively in the success of the project and 

simultaneously enriching their knowledge. 

15.4. POTENTIAL TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE WORLD NETWORK OF 


The Autonomous Region of Madeira, the first region of Portugal to classify a nature 

reserve, includes several nature reserves and protected land and marine areas of 

international importance such as the laurel forest, classified as World Natural Heritage by 

UNESCO in 1999, the Salvage and Desert Islands, which are Biogenetic Reserves by the 

Council of Europe. 

The excellent results obtained by regional authorities in the sustainable 

management and efficient operation of many protected areas are internationally 

recognized and demonstrates the ability that the region has as developers and managers 

of cooperative projects that contribute to sustainable development of all mankind. 

As an integral area of the Network of Biosphere Reserves of the Atlantic 

(REDBIOS), the region has an active role in multiparty meetings of network members, 

under the Man and Biosphere Program (MAB). The inter-regional and international 

extends to projects with the Azores and the Canary Islands in several areas including 

sustainable tourism, sustainable agriculture and biodiversity. 

All international projection obtained by the region, result of the great successes in 

managing its natural resources, sustainable development and international cooperation, 

demonstrating the vast potential of projection that the proposed Santana Biosphere 

Reserve can bring to the world network of Biosphere Reserves. 


16. USES AND ACTIVITIES 

16.1. CORE AREA(S) 

16.1.1. Describe the uses and activities occuring within the core 

area(s) 

i. Terrestrial area 

The Core Zone is a fully protected area whose use in terms of socio-economic 

activity is restricted to the development of walking and visitation in terms of enjoying the 

landscape and bird watching. The use in forestry, agriculture and livestock is residual. 

Basically the Core Zone has a targeted use for nature and biodiversity conservation. 

ii. Marine area 

Figure 70. Land core area 

The Marine Core area has a predominantly oriented use towards the conservation of 

coastal habitats, ecosystems and species. The classification of the area restricts activities 

as fishing or seafood collection. The visitation for tourism and education are other 


frequent activities, benefiting from the logistics and monitoring station that the Madeira 

Natural Park installed. 

16.1.2. POSSIBLE ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THE CORE AREA(S) OF USES 

OR ACTIVITIES OCCURRING WITHIN THE CORE AREA(S) 

In and / or outside of the core areas there aren’t any activities that may have 

adverse effects on these areas. Tourism development, if not coordinated and orderly is a 

factor to be taken into account, thus the information and monitoring are crucial for the 

successful management of this activity in the areas of greatest natural interest. The 

introduction of exotic species also deserves attention because it can generate negative 

impacts on the landscape and also on the conservation of endemic and indigenous 

species. 

The shingle extraction activities while located outside the most important areas of 

conservation, must be ordered and conducted under the rules in force, following the 

principles of good environmental practices. 

16.2. BUFFER ZONE(S) 

16.2.1. Describe the main land uses and economic activities in the 

buffer zone(s) 

The land of the terrestrial buffer zone are composed mainly of forest land, primarily 

used for tourism purposes, particularly for conducting landscape and local flora and fauna 

contemplation tours, on existing tracks for the purpose. In this area there is a leisure 

area well bounded, equipped and signalled, which is normally used by the locals as an 

area for resting and socializing. The agricultural and livestock use is practically 

nonexistent, and is reduced to small areas in residual number and located in the lower 

area of the buffer zone, which lies closer to agricultural areas. 

In the marine buffer zone there are no other major economic activities. 


16.2.2. Possible adverse effects on the buffer zone of uses or 

activities occurring within or outside the buffer zone(s) in the near 

and longer terms 

In the marine buffer zone, given the lack of maritime-tourist activities and 

considering that fishing activities are small and those that exist are performed using 

sustainable methods such as artisanal fishing lines, there are no other activities that may 

cause any adverse effect in this area. 

With respect to the inland buffer zone of marine core area, is a classified area 

managed by Madeira Natural Park with use restrictions, consisting of Macaronesian 

coastal habitats and the area of cliff deposit by some vineyards and uninhabited houses 

which serve as support for farmers. In the cliff deposit there is a Madeira Natural Park 

support station, which serves as base for teams of Nature Wardens who supervise the 

the reserve, preventing the occurrence of activities that could have adverse effects in this 

area. 

The high number of tourists, who hike in the surrounding area of the land buffer 

zone that surrounds the Laurel forest core area, potentiates the occurrence of damage by 

some less respectful tourists. However, the existence of well marked and equipped trails 

largely eliminates the potential damage caused by vegetation crushing and dispersal of 

garbage. Besides the walks, the local population makes some family gatherings during 

the summer season, in areas defined for the purpose, near the Forest Police station, 

which oversees the maintenance of the physical characteristics of the site, hence the 

pernicious effects of these activities are therefore diminished or even inexistent. 


16.3. TRANSITION AREA 

16.3.1. Describe the main land uses and major economic activities 

in the transition area(s) 

The land in the transition zone is mostly used for population housing and for 

agriculture, mainly horticulture as the main economic activity is agriculture. The 

dwellings are scattered or in small clusters, surrounded by farmland and tipically with 

small gardens in front. Apart from farming, tourism has some importance chiefly rural 

tourism in typical houses retrieved for this purpose, all over the county. Supplementary 

economic activities are the normal for populations of some size, such as restaurants, 

cafes and bars as well as public and private services, transportation and education, 

concentrating in the areas of higher density as Santana, the county’s capital and the 

main villages. 

16.3.2. Possible adverse effects of uses or activities on the 

transition area(s) 

In the terrestrial transition area, the agricultural parcels dominate land uses. The 

size of these plots is very conditioned by orographic characteristics, resulting in a mosaic 

of terraces where 94% of all registered farms have an area less than 1 ha, comprising a 

total of 2713 ha. Highly fragmented and small scale agriculture practiced in these lands, 

is almost entirely manual, since the mechanization at the local level is almost impossible, 

apart from small machines such as weeders and motor-hoes, which help farmers in hard 

agricultural tasks. The farms are usually polycultural, integrating several varieties at 

once, and practice crop rotation. Given the low mechanization and type of agriculture 

that integrates crop associations and cultural rotations, the adverse effects are minimal, 

restricting themselves to excessive use of agrochemicals by some farmers. This will be 

residual, whereas the regional and local authorities have implemented mandatory 

training for all farmers in the parsimonious and appropriate use of agrochemicals, 

enhancing greater environmental quality in rural areas, water and soils. 


In relation to the marine transition area, there are no activities or uses that may be 

detrimental to the area. Overall, the marine transition zone is exempt of any activities, 

except in the summer months, where there is the use of bathing areas. Another activity 

of highest expression in the summer is shore fishing by line and underwater spearfishing, 

which due to the restrictions that regulate and control these activities, don’t cause any 

adverse effects. 

Figure 71. Small policulture traditional farm 

17. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 

17.1. STATE, PROVINCE, REGION OR OTHER ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS 

State: Portugal 

Region: Autonomous Region of Madeira 

County: Municipality of Santana 


17.2. UNITS OF THE PROPOSED BIOSPHERE RESERVE 

Core area(s) 

The core areas are Sites of Community Interest, including terrestrial and marine 

areas integrated in the European ecological network Natura 2000. 

Buffer zones 

Buffer zones correspond to marine areas, public and private land, with defined uses 

through various local, regional and national management and planning tools. 

Transition area 

The transition areas are the remaining land area of the municipality of Santana, 

mostly comprised of rural land, urban and public and private plots, with defined use rules 

laid out by.management and planning tools. 

17.2.1. Are these units contiguous or separate? 

The units are contiguous, and the buffer zones surrounding the laurel forest and 

Rocha do Navio core areas and the transition zone has some land and other marine and 

involves all the core and buffer zones. 


17.3. PROTECTION REGIME OF THE CORE AREA(S) AND IF 

APPROPRIATE OF THE BUFFER ZONE(S) 

17.3.1. Core area(s) 

The core areas of laurel forest and Rocha do Navio, are Sites of Community Interest 

(SCI's) from the Macaronesian biogeographical region, published by Commission Decision 

2002/11/EC of 28 December under the Natura 2000 ecological network, which is the key 

policy instrument with regard to nature conservation and biological diversity within the 

European Union. EU Directives relating to Natura 2000 were transposed into Portuguese 

State law by the Decree-Law 140/99 of April 24, as amended by Decree No. 49/2005 of 

February 24 and adapted to the Autonomous Region of Madeira Regional Legislative 

Decree 5/2006/M of March 2 

17.3.2. Buffer zones 

Land use in buffer zones is regulated by several planning mechanisms with 

particular emphasis on measures resulting from the European Agricultural Fund for Rural 

Development (FEDER) for the period 2007-2013, applied in Madeira by the Rural 

Development Programme for Autonomous Region of Madeira (PRODERAM) and Santana’s 

Municipal Master Plan. Most of the land included in buffer land zone, are classified as 

green areas, which allow exclusively the maintenance and restoration of previously 

existing buildings or construction of structures solely to support agricultural activity. 

The activities in the marine buffer zone are regulated by various legal instruments, 

notably the Regional Legislative Decree on the establishment of Nature Reserve Site of 

Rocha do Navio, but also through various instruments such as the Plan for Land Use 

Management of the Autonomous Region of Madeira, Plan of Tourism Management of the 

Autonomous Region of Madeira and the Regional Environmental Policy. 


17.4. LAND USE REGULATIONS OR AGREEMENTS APPLICABLE TO THE 

TRANSITION AREA 

The use of land in the Transition area is governed by Santana’s Municipal Master 

Plan and several guiding instruments as the Plan for Land Use Management of the 

Autonomous Region of Madeira, Plan of Tourism Management of the Autonomous Region 

of Madeira and the Regional Environmental Policy. 

17.5. LAND TENURE OF EACH ZONE 

17.5.1. Core area(s) 

In the Marine core area of Rocha do Navio site, almost all of the land are cliffs 

coastal marine areas and areas of public domain. 

In the laurel forest core area, land is publicly owned, a managed by the Regional 

Government of Madeira. 

17.5.2. Buffer zones 

Much of the buffer zone is land area, dominated by forest and agricultural land. The 

rest of the area corresponding to the buffer zone is marine area and some coastal cliffs. 

17.5.3. Transition area 

About 44.6% of the Transition area is marine area, the remaining area is occupied 

by private and public lands, which include all of the aggregated population of the 

proposed Biosphere Reserve. 


17.5.4. Foreseen changes in land tenure 

There are no plans to purchase land or expected changes in ownership of the land. 

17.6. MANAGEMENT PLAN OR POLICY AND MECHANISMS FOR 

IMPLEMENTATION 

Management plans and regulations existing in the area of the proposed Biosphere 

Reserve will continue to apply. There will be a strategic and reference plan for the 

Biosphere Reserve, between the various partners at the time of approval. 

17.6.1. Indicate how and to what extent the local communities 

living within and next to the proposed biosphere reserve have 

been associated with the nomination process 

The application process provided a number of opportunities for participation and 

involvement of local communities. Contacts were established with the local schools and 

promoted several events during which information was provided and encouraged the 

exchange of ideas and information collection in order to define the model of the 

Biosphere Reserve. The application file itself was also provided to public consultation in 

order to gather and input specific information. Various opportunities and contacts with 

local and regional media were used to promote and spread extensively the application 

process. Several formal contacts were established with business organizations, including 

commercial farmers, parish councils and nongovernmental organizations with the aim to 

inform and encourage their participation and support of the Biosphere Reserve 

application. 

17.6.2. Main features of management plan or land use policy 

Through the implementation of the Biosphere Reserve in the municipality of 

Santana, it will be possible to ensure sustainable growth of economic activities based on 

the exploitation and promotion of economical natural and cultural resources, certifying 

both the preservation and promotion. The use of the virtues derived from the 


classification of the municipality of Santana as a Biosphere Reserve, will bring 

immeasurable benefits to the quality of life of residents. 

17.6.3. Designated authority or cordination mechanisms to 

implement this plan or policy (name, structure and actions) 

The coordination of the Biosphere Reserve and its entire planning process and 

management will be the responsibility of the municipality of Santana, through the 

Municipal Company Terracidade. It was precisely this county who assumed from the start 

the intention of development and creation of the Biosphere Reserve and gathered around 

this project all the necessary support. Initially, the council shall, through the Company's 

Terracidade, assumne the responsibility for implementation of activities and for planning 

and management of the Biosphere Reserve in the logic of openness and participation, 

either by creating an advisory council which will analyse the best suited management 

model in a medium and long term. Thus, the City Council assumes the normal 

requirements arising from the installation phase so that no difficulties or constraints in 

this phase could limit the future development of the reserve. 

17.6.4. The means of application of the management plan or policy 

In general and with regard to conservation actions, the means of development of 

the Biosphere Reserve of Santana will be provided by nature and biodiversity 

conservation and management programs itself. Similarly, either in this or other fields will 

be used means provided by the Rural Development Programme, the investment plan of 

the municipality, as well as the access to other sources of funding is predicted. The 

general application guidelines shall follow the procedures of management tools and 

development programs in place. 

17.6.5. Indicate how and to what extent the local communities 

participate in the formulation and the implementation of the 

management plan or policy 

The Biosphere Reserve also plans to establish itself as a space for participation and 

discussion of the models of sustainable development at local level, so that it is also a 


mechanism for promoting the involvement of local communities. In addition to the 

obligations of general and sectoral legislation in place, that include procedures for public 

information and participation in Santana’s Biosphere Reserve, will also adopt a 

permanent practice of information and encourage for public participation in all its actions 

and not limiting it to the Advisory Council. 

17.6.6. The year of start of implementation of the management 

plan or policy 

Considering that most of the sectoral management plans are approved and that the 

council is starting the process of revising the Municipal Master Plan, it is expected that 

the Strategic Plan and Reference Biosphere Reserve Santana can be completed in a 

period maximum of two years after their adoption. 

17.7. FINANCIAL SOURCE(S) AND YEARLY BUDGET 

17.7.1. Financial sources 

As part of this application, the funding will be provided by entities with competence 

in the management of protected areas, species and habitats, monitoring, enforcement, 

environmental education, organic farming and promoting sustainable development as 

well as the Municipality Company Terracidade and Santana’s City Council. Different 

actions can be co-financed by EU funds. 

17.7.2. Yearly predicted budget 

The budget for the various activities is estimated based on the projects to be 

implemented by the various entities involved in project development and management of 

the Biosphere Reserve plus the investment that the municipality will ensure at the level 

of management and overall coordination of activities of the Reserve. The estimated 


udget for the Biosphere Reserve may be reviewed and adjusted by the authorities as 

budgetary constraints or investment opportunities in reach of the different departments. 


Year 

n n+1 n+2 n+3 n+4 

Environmental education actions 31.250 25.250 25.250 25.250 1.000 

Studies and monitoring 137.500 137.500 137.500 137.500 137.500 

Species and habitats management 143.500 143.500 143.500 143.500 143.500 

sustainable development 50.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 

Total 362.250 341.250 341.250 341.250 317.000 

Program management 120.000 55.000 27.500 27.500 27.500 

Overall budget (€) 482.250 396.250 368.750 368.750 344.500 

17.8. AUTHORITY(IES) IN CHARGE 

17.8.1. The proposed Biosphere Reserve as a whole 

Santana City Council 

17.8.2. The core area(s) 

Santana City Council, Terracidade, Madeira Natural Park, Regional Directorate of 

Forestry, Regional Directorate of Environment, Parish Councils. 

17.8.3. The buffer zone(s) 

Municipality of Santana, Terracidade, Regional Department of Forests, Regional 

Directorate of Environment, Parish Councils. 

18. SPECIAL DESIGNATIONS 

(X) UNESCO World Heritage Site

( ) RAMSAR Wetland Convention Site 

(X) Other international conservation directives 

- European Community Directive nº 79/409/CEE – Birds Directive 

- European Community Directive nº 92/43/CEE –Habitats Directive 

(X) Other regional conservation directives 

- Zona de Reserva Integral de Apanha de Lapas (Decreto Regulamentar 

Regional nº 14/93/A, de 31 de Julho) 

( ) Long term monitoring site 


19. SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS 

19.1. MAPS 

19.1.1. General location 

Figure 72. Santana Biosphere Reserve general location 


19.1.2. Biosphere Reserve zonation map 

Figure 73. Santana Biosphere Reserve zonation 


19.2. LIST OF LEGAL DOCUMENTS 

19.2.1. Regional diplomas 

Fisheries 

(1993) Decreto Regulamentar Regional n.º 14/93/A, de 31 de Julho - Zona de Reserva 

Integral de Apanha de Lapas 

(1995) Decreto Legislativo Regional n.° 11/95/M - Regula o exercício da caça submarina 

na Região Autónoma da Madeira 

(2004) Portaria n.º 124/2004 - Define as normas para a atribuição das compensações 

pelos custos suplementares gerados pela ultraperifecidade em relação ao escoamento de 

tunídeos (Thunnus obesus, Katsuwonus pelamis, Thunnus alalunga, Thunnus thynnus e 

Thunnus albacares) do peixe-espada preto (Aphanopus carbo) e dos produtos aquícolas 

(Sparus aurata, Pagrus pagrus e Pagellus bogaraveo). 

(2004) Portaria n.º 183/2004 – Altera a Portaria n.º 124/2004 Relativa às normas para a 

atribuição das compensações pelos custos suplementares gerados pela ultraperifecidade 

em relação ao escoamento de tunídeos (Thunnus obesus, Katsuwonus pelamis, Thunnus 

alalunga, Thunnus thynnus e Thunnus albacares) do peixe-espada preto (Aphanopus 

carbo) e dos produtos aquícolas (Sparus aurata, Pagrus pagrus e Pagellus bogaraveo). 

Environmental conservation 

(2006) Decreto Legislativo Regional n.º 5/2006/M, de 2 de Março - Adapta à Região 

Autónoma da Madeira o Decreto-Lei n.º 140/99, de 24 de Abril, alterado pelo Decreto-Lei 

n.º 49/2005, de 24 de Fevereiro, que procedeu à transposição para o ordenamento 

jurídico português, da Directiva n.º 79/409/CEE, do Conselho, de 2 de Abril, relativa à 

conservação das aves selvagens (directiva aves), na redacção que lhe foi dada pelas 

Directivas nºs 85/411/CEE, da Comissão, de 25 de Junho, 91/244/CEE, da Comissão, de 

6 de Março, 94/24/CE, do Conselho, de 8 de Junho, e 97/49/CE, da Comissão, de 29 de 

Julho, e 92/43/CEE, do Conselho, de 21 de Maio, relativa à preservação dos habitats 

naturais e da fauna e da flora selvagens (directiva habitats), na redacção que lhe foi 

dada pela Directiva n.º 97/62/CE, do Conselho, de 27 de Outubro 

Land management planning 

(1982) Decreto Legislativo Regional n.º 14/82/M, de 10 de Novembro. – Cria o Parque 

Natural da Madeira, 


(1995) Decreto Legislativo Regional n.º 12/95/M, de 24 de Junho - Plano de 

Ordenamento do Território na Região Autónoma da Madeira (POTRAM)alterado pelo 

Decreto Legislativo Regional n.º 9/97/M, de 18 de Julho 

(1997) Decreto Legislativo Regional n.º 11/97/M, de 30 de Junho – Cria a Reserva 

Natural do Sítio da Rocha do Navio 

(1997) Resolução do Conselho de Governo nº 1149/97 - Plano Regional da Política do 

Ambiente (PRPA) 

(1998) Decreto Legislativo Regional n.º 18/98/M - Estabelece medidas de prevenção 

contra incêndios florestais 

(2002) Decreto Legislativo Regional n.º 17/2002/M, de 29 de Agosto - Plano de 

Ordenamento Turístico da Região Autónoma da Madeira (POT) 

(2002) Resolução do Conselho do Governo n.º1468/2002, de 2 de Dezembro - Plano de 

Política Energética da Região Autónoma da Madeira 

(2004) Resolução do Governo Regional da Madeira n.º 1/2004/M, de 26 de Março – 

Ratificação do Plano Director Municipal (PDM) de Santana 

(2004) Decreto Legislativo Regional n.º 24/2004/M, de 20 de Agosto – Estabelece o 

regime de conservação do Património Geológico 

(2006) Resolução da Assembleia Legislativa da Região Autónoma da Madeira n.º 

10/2006/M, de 30 de Maio - Plano de Desenvolvimento Económico e Social da Região 

Autónoma da Madeira (PDES) 2007-2013 

(2008) Decreto Legislativo Regional n.º 35/2008/M – Estabelece o regime de protecção 

dos recursos naturais e florestais e revoga os Decretos Legislativos Regionais n.ºs 

7/88/M, de 6 de Junho, e 21/88/M, de 1 de Setembro, que estabelecem o regime 

silvopastoril e regulam a protecção dos recursos florestais, respectivamente. 

(2008) Decreto Legislativo Regional n.º 43/2008/M – estabelece o regime jurídico dos 

instrumentos de gestão territorial (RJIGT) 


19.2.2. National Diplomas 

Fisheries 

(1987) Decreto Regulamentar n.º 43/87 de 17 de Julho – Define as medidas nacionais de 

conservação dos recursos biológicos aplicáveis ao exercício da pesca em águas, quer 

oceânicas, quer interiores, sob soberania e jurisdição portuguesas. 

(1987) Decreto-lei n.º 278/87 de 7 de Julho – Fixa o quadro legal regulamentador do 

exercício da pesca e das culturas marinhas em águas sob soberania e jurisdição 

portuguesas. 

(1998) Decreto-Lei n.º 383/98 de 27 de Novembro – Altera o Decreto-Lei n.º 278/87, de 

7 de Julho, sobre contra-ordenações em matéria de pescas e culturas marinhas. 

(2000) Decreto Regulamentar n.º 7/2000 de 30 de Maio – Altera o Decreto 

Regulamentar n.º 43/87, de 17 de Julho, estabelecendo as medidas nacionais dos 

recursos vivos aplicáveis ao exercício da pesca em águas sob soberania e jurisdição 

nacional. 

(2000) Decreto-Lei n.º 246/2000 de 29 de Setembro – Define o quadro legal do exercício 

da pesca marítima dirigida a espécies animais e vegetais com fins lúdicos. 

(2000) Portaria n.º 1102-B/2000 de 22 de Novembro – Aprova o Regulamento da 

Apanha. 

(2000) Portaria n.º 1102-H/2000 de 22 de Novembro – Aprova o Regulamento da Pesca 

por Arte de Emalhar. 

(2001) Portaria n.º 386/2001 de 14 de Abril - Altera a Portaria n.º 1102-H/2000, de 22 

de Novembro (aprova o Regulamento da Pesca por Arte de Emalhar). 

(2001) Portaria Nacional n.º 27/2001 de 15 de Janeiro – Fixa os tamanhos mínimos dos 

peixes, crustáceos e moluscos, de acordo com o previsto no artigo 48.º do Decreto 

Regulamentar n.º 43/87, de 17 de Julho, na redacção dada pelo Decreto Regulamentar 

n.º 7/2000, de 30 de Maio. 

(2002) Portaria nº 402/2002 de 18 de Abril – Altera o anexo à Portaria n.º 27/2001, de 

15 de Janeiro, no que se refere aos tamanhos mínimos para a solha avessa, a corvina 

legítima e a lagosta. 

(2008) Lei nº 7/2008, de 15 de Fevereiro – Estabelece as bases do ordenamento e da 

gestão sustentável dos recursos aquícolas das águas interiores e define os princípios 

reguladores das actividades da pesca e da aquicultura nessas águas. 



(1980) Decreto n.º 103/80 de 11 de Outubro – Aprova para ratificação a Convenção 

sobre a Conservação das Espécies Migradoras Pertencentes à Fauna Selvagem 

(Convenção de Bona). 

(1993) Decreto-Lei n.º 19/93 de 23 de Janeiro – Estabelece normas relativas à Rede 

Nacional de Áreas Protegidas. 

(1999) Decreto-lei n.º 140/99 de 24 de Abril – Revê a transposição para a ordem jurídica 

interna da Directiva n.º 79/409/CEE, do Conselho, de 2 de Abril (relativa à conservação 

das aves selvagens), e da Directiva n.º 92/43/CEE, do Conselho, de 21 de Maio (relativa 

à preservação dos habitats naturais e da fauna e da flora selvagens). 

(1989) Decreto-lei n.º 316/89 de 22 de Setembro – Regulamenta a aplicação da 

convenção da vida selvagem e dos habitats naturais na Europa (Convenção de Berna). 

(1990) Decreto-Lei n.º 114/90 de 5 de Abril – Promove a aplicação da Convenção sobre 

o Comércio Internacional nas Espécies da Fauna e Flora Selvagens Ameaçadas de 

Extinção (CITES). 

(2005) Decreto-Lei n.º 49/2005 de 24 de Fevereiro - Primeira alteração ao Decreto- Lei 

n.o 140/99, de 24 de Abril, relativa à conservação das aves selvagens (Directiva Aves) e 

à preservação dos habitats naturais e da fauna e da flora selvagens (Directiva Habitats). 

Land management planning 

(1977) Lei n.º 33/77 de 28 de Maio – Fixa a largura e os limites do mar territorial e 

estabelece uma zona económica de 200 milhas do Estado Português. 

(1978) Decreto-Lei n.º 119/78 de 1 de Junho – Define “Zona Económica Exclusiva” e fixa 

os seus limites. 

(1979) Lei n.º 173/99 de 21 de Setembro – Lei de Bases Gerais da Caça. 

(2002) Decreto-Lei n.º 202/2004 de 18 de Agosto – Estabelece o regime jurídico da 

conservação, fomento e exploração dos recursos cinegéticos, com vista à sua gestão 

sustentável, bem como os princípios reguladores da actividade cinegética. 

(2007) Decreto-Lei n.º 16/2007 de 22 de Janeiro – Estabelece o regime jurídico aplicável 

ao mergulho amador. 


19.2.3. European Diplomas 

Fisheries 

(1998) Regulamento (CE) n.º 850/98 do Conselho de 30 de Março de 1998 – 

Conservação dos recursos da pesca através de determinadas medidas técnicas de 

protecção dos juvenis de organismos marinhos. 

(2003) Regulamento (CE) n.° 2328/2003 - Estabelece o regime de compensação dos 

custos suplementares em relação ao escoamento de determinados produtos da pesca 

dos Açores, Madeira, ilhas Canárias e dos departamentos franceses da Guiana e 

Reunião 


(1979) Directiva n.º 79/409/CEE do Conselho, de 2 de Abril – Relativa à conservação das 

aves selvagens (Directiva Aves). 

(1991) Directiva n.º 91/244/CEE da Comissão, de 6 de Março – Altera a Directiva 

79/409/ CEE do Conselho, relativa a conservação das aves selvagens (Directiva Aves). 

(1991) Directiva n.º 91/676/CEE do Conselho, de 12 de Dezembro - Relativa à protecção 

das águas contra a poluição causada por nitratos de origem agrícola. 

(1992) Directiva n.º 92/43/CEE do Conselho, de 21 de Maio – Relativa à preservação dos 

habitats naturais e da fauna e da flora selvagens (Directiva Habitats). 

(1994) Directiva 94/24/CE do Conselho, de 8 de Junho - Altera o anexo II da Directiva 

79/409/CEE, relativa à conservação das aves selvagens (Directiva Aves). 

(1997) Directiva 97/62/CE do Conselho, de 27 de Outubro – Relativa à adaptação ao 

progresso científico e técnico da Directiva 92/43/CEE relativa à preservação dos habitats 

naturais e da fauna e da flora selvagens (Directiva Habitats). 

(1997) Directiva n.º 97/49/CE da Comissão, de 29 de Junho – Altera a Directiva 79/409/ 

CEE do Conselho, relativa a conservação das aves selvagens (Directiva Aves). 

(2002) Decisão da Comissão 2002/11/CE de 28 de Dezembro – Adopta a lista dos Sítios 

de Importância Comunitária para a região biogeográfica macaronésica, nos termos da 

Directiva 92/43/CEE do Conselho. 


19.3. SPECIES LIST 

NOTE: The endemic species are listed in bold and the Macaronesian endemic species are 

listed underlined. 

19.3.1. Chromista 

19.3.1.1. Oomycota – 8 species 

Albugo bliti Peronospora arborescens 

Albugo candida Peronospora rumicis 

Albugo portulacae Plasmopara viticola 

Albugo tragopogonis Phytophthora infestans 

19.3.2. Fungi 

19.3.2.1. Glomeromycota – 2 species 

Glomus fasciculatus Glomus microcarpum 

19.3.2.2. Zygomycota – 4 species 

Endogone flammicorona Rhizopus stolonifer 

Choanephora cucurbitarum Pilobolus crystallinus 

19.3.2.3. Ascomycota – 1000 species 

Abrothallus cetrariae Micarea peliocarpa 

Abrothallus parmeliarum Micarea prasina 

Abrothallus parmotrematis Micarea synotheoides 

Abrothallus usneae Microsphaera alphitoides 

Acarospora cervina Microsphaera platani 

Acarospora sulphurata Microstoma album 


Acarospora umbilicata Moellerodiscus iodotingens iodotingens 

Acroconidiella tropaeoli Moelleropsis nebulosa 

Acrocordia gemmata Mollisia dextrinospora 

Acrocordia macrospora Mollisia fallens 

Acrostalagmus luteoalbus Mollisia trabincola 

Agonimia tristicula Muellerella hospitans 

Alectoria sarmentosa Muellerella polyspora 

Aleuria aurantia Muellerella pygmaea 

Amerosporium madeirense Mycobilimbia lurida 

Amerosporium solani Mycoblastus alpinus 

Ampelomyces quisqualis Mycoblastus sanguinarius 

Amygdalaria pelobotryon Mycosphaerella agapanthi 

Anaptychia bryorum Mycosphaerella canariensis 

Anaptychia ciliaris Mycosphaerella cerasella 

Anaptychia crinalis Mycosphaerella didymelloides 

Annulohypoxylon stygium Mycosphaerella maderensis 

Anomalographis madeirensis Mycosphaerella mougeotiana 

Anthostomella maderensis Mycosphaerella phyllitis 

Anthracobia macrocystis Mycosphaerella punctiformis 

Anthracobia nitida Mycosphaerella vacciniicola 

Apiognomonia veneta Mycothyridium nobile 

Apiospora montagnei Myriotrema sordidescens 

Arachnopeziza aranea Myrothecium roridum 

Arachnopeziza obtusipila Nectria cinnabarina 

Arthonia anglica Nectria lecanodes 

Arthonia anombrophila Nemania diffusa 

Arthonia cinnabarina Neofuscelia delisei 

Arthonia dispersa Neofuscelia loxodes 

Arthonia fuscopurpurea Neofuscelia pulla 

Arthonia gelidae Neottiella aphanodictyon 

Arthonia ilicina Nephroma areolatum 

Arthonia lapidicola Nephroma foliolatum 

Arthonia muscigena Nephroma helveticum 

Arthonia pelvetii Nephroma laevigatum 

Arthonia radiata Nephroma parile 

Arthonia ruderalis Nephroma resupinatum 

Arthonia stictaria Nephroma tangeriense 

Arthopyrenia antecellens Nesolechia oxyspora 


Arthopyrenia cinereopruinosa Normandina pulchella 

Arthothelium lirellans Ochrolechia androgyna 

Arthothelium norvegicum Ochrolechia maderensis 

Arthothelium reagens Ochrolechia pallescens 

Arthrinium phaeospermum Ochrolechia parella 

Arthrinium sporophleum Ochrolechia szatalaensis 

Arthrorhaphis citrinella Ochrolechia tartarea 

Ascobolus immersus Ochrolechia upsaliensis 

Ascobolus lignatilis Octospora humosa 

Ascochytella maderensis Oidium ceratoniae 

Ascocoryne cylichnium Opegrapha atra 

Aspergillus candidus Opegrapha calcarea 

Aspergillus glaucus Opegrapha circumducta 

Aspicilia caesiocinerea Opegrapha endoleuca 

Aspicilia cinerea Opegrapha farinosa 

Aspicilia gibbosa Opegrapha glaucomaria 

Aulographina pinorum Opegrapha gyrocarpa 

Bacidia absistens Opegrapha lithyrga 

Bacidia albonigrans Opegrapha lutulenta 

Bacidia arceutina Opegrapha niveoatra 

Bacidia auerswaldii Opegrapha ochrocheila 

Bacidia endoleucoides Opegrapha prosodea 

Bacidia fritzei Opegrapha rufescens 

Bacidia incompta Opegrapha rupestris 

Bacidia laurocerasi Opegrapha subelevata 

Bacidia subincompta Opegrapha thelotrematis 

Bacidina apiahica Opegrapha varia 

Bactrospora carneopallida Opegrapha vulgata 

Bactrospora homalotropa Orbilia epipora 

Bactrospora patellarioides Orbilia luteorubella 

Baeomyces rufus Ovularia sphaeroidea 

Bapalmuia kakouettae Pachyella babingtonii 

Beauveria felina Pannaria conoplea 

Bellemerea alpina Pannaria rubiginosa 

Biatora hertelii Pannaria tavaresii 

Biatora turgidula Parmelia cetrata 

Biatorella microhaema Parmelia omphalodes 

Biatorella ochrophora Parmelia saxatilis 


Bispora antennata Parmelia sinuosa 

Bisporella citrina Parmelia sulcata 

Blarneya hibernica Parmeliella miradorensis 

Blumeria graminis Parmeliella parvula 

Botrytis aeruginosa Parmeliella testacea 

Botrytis cinerea Parmeliella triptophylla 

Bryonora curvescens Parmelina carporrhizans 

Bryophagus gloeocapsa Parmelina quercina 

Bryoria bicolor Parmelina tiliacea 

Bryoria capillaris Parmelinopsis horrescens 

Bryoria furcellata Parmelinopsis minarum 

Bryoria fuscescens Parmotrema arnoldii 

Bryoria lanestris Parmotrema chinense 

Buellia badia Parmotrema crinitum 

Buellia disciformis Parmotrema grayanum 

Buellia griseovirens Parmotrema perforatum 

Buellia hypophana Parmotrema reticulatum 

Buellia italica Parmotrema robustum 

Buellia lindingeri Parmotrema stuppeum 

Buellia punctata Parmotrema tinctorum 

Buellia regularis Patellea gregaria 

Buellia spuria Patellina amoena 

Buellia stellulata Peltigera canina 

Byssoloma croceum Peltigera degenii 

Byssoloma diederichii Peltigera didactyla 

Byssoloma kalbii Peltigera horizontalis 

Byssoloma leucoblepharum Peltigera hymenina 

Byssoloma leucocheiloides Peltigera membranacea 

Byssoloma llimonae Peltigera polydactylon 

Byssoloma marginatum Peltigera praetextata 

Byssoloma rotuliforme Peltigera rufescens 

Byssoloma seroexspectata Peltula euploca 

Byssoloma subdiscordans Peltula placodizans 

Caldariomyces fumago Penicillium glaucum 

Calicium abietinum Penicillium griseum 

Calicium lenticulare Perigrapha superveniens 

Calicium trabinellum Pertusaria amara 

Caloplaca aegatica Pertusaria caesioalba 


Caloplaca carphinea Pertusaria coccodes 

Caloplaca chrysodeta Pertusaria corallina 

Caloplaca citrina Pertusaria heerii 

Caloplaca congrediens Pertusaria hemisphaerica 

Caloplaca conversa Pertusaria heterochroa 

Caloplaca crenularia Pertusaria hymenea 

Caloplaca ferruginea Pertusaria leioplaca 

Caloplaca gomerana Pertusaria maximiliana 

Caloplaca holocarpa Pertusaria multipuncta 

Caloplaca irrubescens Pertusaria ophthalmiza 

Caloplaca marina Pertusaria pluripuncta 

Caloplaca obliterans Pertusaria pustulata 

Caloplaca phlogina Pertusaria rupestris 

Caloplaca pyracea Pertusaria teneriffensis 

Caloplaca sarcopidoides Pertusaria velata 

Caloplaca saxicola Pestalotiopsis funerea 

Caloplaca saxicola subsp. obliterata Pezicula cinnamomea 

Caloplaca scoriophila Pezicula rubi 

Candelariella vitellina Peziza arvernensis 

Canoparmelia crozalsiana Peziza badia 

Capnodium citri Peziza cerea 

Capnodium mangiferum Peziza micropus 

Capronia leptogii Peziza praetervisa 

Capronia normandinae Peziza sepiatra 

Carbonea distans Peziza vesiculosa 

Carbonea vitellinaria Pezoloma iodopedis 

Catapyrenium cinereum Phacidium maderense 

Catillaria atomarioides Phaeocalicium tibellii 

Catillaria nigroclavata Phaeographis dendritica 

Catillaria subfraudulenta Phaeographis lyellii 

Catinaria atropurpurea Phaeographis smithii 

Catinaria leucoplaca Phaeophyscia cernohorskyi 

Cecidonia umbonella Phaeophyscia chloantha 

Ceratostomella maderensis Phaeophyscia ciliata 

Cercospora latens Phaeophyscia endococcinea 

Cetraria aculeata Phaeophyscia endococcinodes 

Cetraria muricata Phaeophyscia hispidula 

Cetraria sepincola Phaeophyscia orbicularis 


Chaenotheca brunneola Phaeophyscia pusilloides 

Chaenotheca furfuracea Phaeopyxis punctum 

Chaenotheca gracilenta Phlyctis agelaea 

Chaetomella circinata Phlyctis argena 

Chaetomella flavoviridis Phoma batatas 

Chaetomella helicotricha Phoma caricae-papayae 

Chaetomella longiseta Phoma hedericola 

Chaetomella madeirensis Phyllachora cynodontis 

Chaetomella ochracea Phyllachora eucalypti 

Chaetomella sacchari Phyllachora graminis 

Chaetomella viridescens Phyllachora heimii 

Chaetomella viridiolivacea Phyllosticta azevinhi 

Cheilymenia fimicola Phyllosticta concentrica 

Cheilymenia stercorea Phyllosticta nuptialis 

Cheilymenia striata Physcia adscendens 

Chloridium atrum Physcia aipolia 

Chromosporium viridescens Physcia albinea 

Chrysothrix candelaris Physcia biziana 

Chrysothrix chlorina Physcia caesia 

Chrysothrix chrysophthalma Physcia clementei 

Ciborinia hirsuta Physcia dimidiata 

Cladonia arbuscula Physcia leptalea 

Cladonia bellidiflora Physcia lithotodes 

Cladonia caespiticia Physcia stellaris 

Cladonia cariosa Physcia tribacia 

Cladonia chlorophaea Physcia tribacioides 

Cladonia convoluta Physconia distorta 

Cladonia cornuta Physconia muscigena 

Cladonia crispata Physconia subpulverulenta 

Cladonia decorticata Physconia venusta 

Cladonia deformis Pilidium acerinum 

Cladonia digitata Placopsis gelida 

Cladonia fallax Placopsis parellina 

Cladonia fimbriata Platismatia glauca 

Cladonia firma Plectania kohniae 

Cladonia foliacea Plectania melastoma 

Cladonia furcata Plectania rhytidia 

Cladonia gracilis Plectocarpon macaronesiae 


Cladonia macaronesica Plectocarpon scrobiculatae 

Cladonia macilenta Pleospora herbarum 

Cladonia macrophyllodes Plicaria endocarpoides 

Cladonia mediterranea Podosphaera euphorbiae 

Cladonia nana Podosphaera pannosa 

Cladonia ochrochlora Podospora curvula 

Cladonia pertricosa Polychidium dendriscum 

Cladonia pocillum Polychidium muscicola 

Cladonia polydactyla Polycoccum pulvinatum 

Cladonia portentosa Polydesmia fructicola 

Cladonia rangiferina Polydesmia pruinosa 

Cladonia squamosa Porina atlantica 

Cladonia stereoclada Porina borreri 

Cladonia subcervicornis Porina chlorotica 

Cladonia subulata Porina effilata 

Cladonia tenuis Porina hoehneliana 

Cladonia uncialis Porina isidiata 

Cladosporium herbarum Porina leptosperma 

Clasterosporium hydrangeae Porina mastoidea 

Claussenomyces clavatus Porina rosei 

Claussenomyces dacrymycetoideus Porina semecarpi 

Cliostomum flavidulum Porpidia albocaerulescens 

Cliostomum griffithii Porpidia flavicunda 

Coccocarpia erythroxyli Porpidia glaucophaea 

Coccomyces delta Porpidia macrocarpa 

Coleroa circinans Porpidia speirea 

Coleroa robertiani Porpidia tuberculosa 

Collema crispum Proliferodiscus pulveraceus 

Collema cristatum Pronectria pertusariicola 

Collema furfuraceum Protopannaria pezizoides 

Collema nigrescens Protoparmelia badia 

Collema rugosum Pseudephebe pubescens 

Collema ryssoleum Pseudevernia furfuracea 

Collema subflaccidum Pseudocyphellaria aurata 

Collema subnigrescens Pseudocyphellaria crocata 

Collema tenax Pseudocyphellaria intricata 

Colletotrichum dematium Pseudocyphellaria lacerata 

Coniochaeta pulveracea Pseudocyphellaria mougeotiana 


Coniosporium bambusae Pseudocyphellaria norvegica 

Coniosporium inquinans Psilolechia lucida 

Coniothyrium maderense Psora decipiens 

Coprotus breviascus Psoroma hypnorum 

Coprotus duplus Punctelia reddenda 

Coryne atrovirens Punctelia stictica 

Cresponea premnea Punctelia subrudecta 

Cryphonectria gyrosa Pyrenidium actinellum 

Cryptolechia carneolutea Pyrenidium hyalosporum 

Cyclaneusma niveum Pyrenula acutispora 

Cymadothea trifolii Pyrenula dermatodes 

Cystocoleus ebeneus Pyrenula harrisii 

Cytodiscula carnea Pyrenula laevigata 

Cytospora nobilis Pyrenula macrospora 

Dactylospora imperfecta Pyrenula nitida 

Daldinia concentrica Pyronema omphalodes 

Degelia atlantica Pyrrhospora lusitanica 

Degelia ligulata Pyxine cocoes 

Degelia plumbea Pyxine sorediata 

Dematium nigrum Pyxine subcinerea 

Dendrodochium roseum Ramalina arabum 

Dermatocarpon luridum Ramalina bourgeana 

Dermatocarpon miniatum Ramalina calicaris 

Dermatocarpon trapeziforme Ramalina chondrina 

Diaporthe eres Ramalina complanata 

Diatrype stigma Ramalina confertula 

Diatrypella quercina Ramalina crispatula 

Didymella lycopersici Ramalina cuspidata 

Didymella maderensis Ramalina decipiens 

Dimerella lutea Ramalina dilacerata 

Dimerella luteola Ramalina farinacea 

Dimerella pineti Ramalina fastigiata 

Diplodia scoparii Ramalina fraxinea 

Diploicia canescens Ramalina lacera 

Diploicia subcanescens Ramalina maciformis 

Diploschistes actinostomus Ramalina maderensis 

Diploschistes caesioplumbeus Ramalina pollinaria 

Diploschistes diacapsis Ramalina polymorpha 


Diploschistes gypsaceus Ramalina portuensis 

Diploschistes scruposus Ramalina pusilla 

Diplotomma alboatrum Ramalina requienii 

Dirina insulana Ramalina scopulorum 

Dirinaria applanata Ramalina siliquosa 

Discosia artocreas Ramalina subdecipiens 

Discosia ceratoniae Ramalina subfarinacea 

Discosia vagans Ramalina subgeniculata 

Endocarpon pusillum Ramalina subpusilla 

Endococcus rugulosus Ramalina webbii 

Enterographa crassa Ramsbottomia asperior 

Enterographa elaborata Ramularia circumfusa 

Enterographa hutchinsiae Ramularia filaris 

Enterographa zonata Ramularia plantaginea 

Erysiphe cichoracearum Ramularia thrinciae 

Erysiphe necator Rhizina undulata 

Euopsis granatina Rhizocarpon geographicum 

Eurotium herbariorum Rhizocarpon inimicum 

Eutypa flavovirens Rhizocarpon intermediellum 

Eutypella annonae Rhizocarpon lavatum 

Evernia prunastri Rhizocarpon lusitanicum 

Fellhanera bouteillei Rhizocarpon ochrolechiae 

Fellhanera christiansenii Rhizocarpon petraeum 

Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola Rhizocarpon tinei 

Fellhaneropsis vezdae Rhizocarpon viridiatrum 

Fimaria theioleuca Rhymbocarpus fuscoatrae 

Fissurina quadrispora Rhymbocarpus neglectus 

Fissurina triticea Rimelia cetrata 

Flavoparmelia caperata Rimularia insularis 

Fusarium diplosporum Rinodina alba 

Fuscopannaria leucophaea Rinodina albana 

Fuscopannaria leucosticta Rinodina beccariana 

Fuscopannaria mediterranea Rinodina biloculata 

Fuscopannaria olivacea Rinodina canariensis 

Fuscopannaria praetermissa Rinodina ericina 

Geocoryne variispora Rinodina exigua 

Gibbera salisburgensis Rinodina gennarii 

Gloeoglossum glutinosum Rinodina intermedia 


Glomerella cingulata Rinodina madeirensis 

Gloniella adianti Rinodina oxydata 

Gloniopsis biformis Rinodina roboris 

Glonium abbreviatum Rinodina sophodes 

Glonium microsporum Rinodina trachytica 

Gnomonia australis Roccella allorgei 

Golovinomyces cichoracearum Roccella canariensis 

Graphina anguina Roccella fuciformis 

Graphis elegans Roccella hypomecha 

Graphis lineola Roccella linearis 

Graphis scripta Roccella maderensis 

Gyalecta jenensis Roccella phycopsis 

Gyalecta schisticola Roccella tinctoria 

Gyalectidium colchicum Roccella tuberculata 

Gyalectidium filicinum Roccella vicentina 

Gyalidea madeirensis Rosellinia callosa 

Gyalideopsis anastomosans Rosellinia obtusispora 

Gyromitra infula Roselliniella nephromatis 

Haematomma leprarioides Saccobolus depauperatus 

Haematomma ochroleucum Sarcoscypha aronesica 

Haematomma sorediatum Schismatomma decolorans 

Helvella lacunosa Schismatomma graphidioides 

Helvella leucomelaena Schismatomma pitardii 

Herteliana taylorii Schismatomma umbrinum 

Heterodermia albicans Sclerococcum sphaerale 

Heterodermia isidiophora Sclerococcum tephromelarum 

Heterodermia japonica Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 

Heterodermia leucomelos Scoliciosporum pruinosum 

Heterodermia obscurata Scoliciosporum umbrinum 

Heterodermia pseudospeciosa Scutellinia scutellata 

Heterodermia spathulifera Scutellinia setosa 

Heterodermia speciosa Scutellinia vitreola 

Heterodermia squamulosa Scutula miliaris 

Homostegia piggotii Scutula stereocaulorum 

Hyalotia viridis Septonema atrum 

Hymenelia lacustris Septonema bisporioides 

Hyperphyscia adglutinata Septonema toruloideum 

Hypoderma agapanthi Septoria bromi 


Hypogymnia maderensis Septoria cerastii 

Hypogymnia physodes Septoria chelidonii 

Hypogymnia tavaresii Septoria gerberae 

Hypogymnia tubulosa Septoria petroselini 

Hypogymnia vittata Septoria poliomela 

Hypomyces chrysospermus Septoria smilacina 

Hypomyces lateritius Septoria stellariae 

Hypotrachyna endochlora Skyttea elachistophora 

Hypotrachyna laevigata Skyttea tephromelarum 

Hypotrachyna rachista Solenopsora holophaea 

Hypotrachyna revoluta Solenopsora vulturiensis 

Hypotrachyna rockii Solorina saccata 

Hypotrachyna sinuosa Sphaerellothecium 

Hypotrachyna taylorensis Sphaerophorus globosus 

Hypoxylon fuscum Sphaerotheca castagnei 

Hypoxylon rubiginosum Sphaerotheca fuliginea 

Hysterium alneum Sphaerulina rehmiana 

Hysterium angustatum Sphinctrina anglica 

Hysterium pulicare Sphinctrina tubiformis 

Karschia agapanthi Sphinctrina turbinata 

Kretzschmaria deusta Spilonema paradoxum 

Lachnum microsporum Squamarina cartilaginea 

Lachnum virgineum Squamarina lentigera 

Lanzia echinophila Squamarina oleosa 

Lasallia pustulata Stachybotrys alternans 

Lasiobolus cuniculi Stemphylium vinosum 

Lasiobolus intermedius Stenocybe nitida 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae Stereocaulon azoreum 

Lecanactis abietina Stereocaulon delisei 

Lecanactis subabietina Stereocaulon evolutum 

Lecania cyrtella Stereocaulon paschale 

Lecania turicensis Stereocaulon vesuvianum 

Lecanidion atratum Sticta canariensis 

Lecanographa dialeuca Sticta dichotomoides 

Lecanographa farinosa Sticta dufourii 

Lecanographa grumulosa Sticta fuliginosa 

Lecanora albella Sticta limbata 

Lecanora albescens Sticta sinuosa 


Lecanora allophana Sticta sylvatica 

Lecanora basaltigena Stilbella fimetaria 

Lecanora bolcana Strigula angustata 

Lecanora caesiorubella Strigula fossulicoloides 

Lecanora campestris Strigula macaronesica 

Lecanora cancriformis Strigula minor 

Lecanora charodes Strigula nitidula 

Lecanora chlarotera Strigula tagananae 

Lecanora chlaroterodes Syncesia myrticola 

Lecanora circumborealis Tapellaria similis 

Lecanora confusa Teloschistes chrysophthalmus 

Lecanora conizaeoides Teloschistes flavicans 

Lecanora dispersa Tephromela atra 

Lecanora epibryon Thecotheus holmskioldii 

Lecanora expallens Thelopsis isiaca 

Lecanora gangaleoides Thelopsis rubella 

Lecanora glabrata Thelotrema lepadinum 

Lecanora hartungii Thelotrema monosporum 

Lecanora intricata Thelotrema petractoides 

Lecanora intumescens Thelotrema subtile 

Lecanora jamesii Toninia albilabra 

Lecanora leprosa Toninia aromatica 

Lecanora lisbonensis Toninia cinereovirens 

Lecanora muralis Toninia massata 

Lecanora polytropa Toninia mesoidea 

Lecanora populicola Toninia sedifolia 

Lecanora pulicaris Toninia squalida 

Lecanora rupicola Toninia thiopsora 

Lecanora rupicola sulphurata Toninia toepfferi 

Lecanora sambuci Toninia tristis 

Lecanora schistina Torula herbarum 

Lecanora strobilina Trapelia coarctata 

Lecanora subcarnea Trapelia corticola 

Lecanora subfusca Trapelia obtegens 

Lecanora sulphurata Trapeliopsis pseudogranulosa 

Lecanora sulphurella Trapeliopsis wallrothii 

Lecanora sylvestris Tremolecia atrata 

Lecidea carrollii Trichobolus zukalii 


Lecidea fuscoatra Trichoglossum hirsutum 

Lecidea lapicida Trichophaea gregaria 

Lecidea lithophila Trichophaea variornata 

Lecidea ocelliformis Trichophaea woolhopeia 

Lecidella asema Trichothecium roseum 

Lecidella elaeochroma Trullula olivascens 

Lecidella elaeochromoides Tuber puberulum 

Lecidella euphorea Tuckermanopsis chlorophylla 

Lecidella stigmatea Umbilicaria crustulosa 

Lepraria crassissima Umbilicaria hirsuta 

Lepraria incana Umbilicaria spodochroa 

Lepraria neglecta Urnula torrendii 

Leprocaulon microscopicum Usnea articulata 

Leproloma membranaceum Usnea barbata 

Leptogium azureum Usnea ceratina 

Leptogium brebissonii Usnea cinchonae 

Leptogium burgessii Usnea cornuta 

Leptogium chloromelum Usnea dasypoga 

Leptogium cochleatum Usnea decora 

Leptogium coralloideum Usnea diffracta 

Leptogium corniculatum Usnea erecta 

Leptogium cyanescens Usnea filipendula 

Leptogium furfuraceum Usnea flammea 

Leptogium gelatinosum Usnea florida 

Leptogium hibernicum Usnea fragilescens 

Leptogium laceroides Usnea fulvoreagens 

Leptogium lichenoides Usnea glabrata 

Leptogium resupinans Usnea glabrescens 

Leptosphaeria maderensis Usnea hesperina 

Leptosphaerulina trifolii Usnea hirta 

Leptotrochila prunellae Usnea implicita 

Leptotrochila ranunculi Usnea jamaicensis 

Leptotrochila repanda Usnea japonica 

Leptotrochila verrucosa Usnea lapponica 

Lethariella canariensis Usnea leucina 

Leveillula taurica Usnea madeirensis 

Lichenodiplis lecanorae Usnea plicata 

Lichenodiplis lichenicola Usnea rubicunda 


Lichenopeltella peltigericola Usnea rubrotincta 

Lichenosticta alcicornaria Usnea scabrata 

Lichenostigma maureri Usnea subcornuta 

Lichina pygmaea Usnea subfloridana 

Llimoniella neglecta Usnea subscabrosa 

Lobaria amplissima Usnea wirthii 

Lobaria immixta Valsa congesta 

Lobaria meridionalis Valsaria donacina 

Lobaria patinifera Vermiculariopsis circinotricha 

Lobaria pulmonaria Verrucaria fuscella 

Lobaria scrobiculata Verrucaria glaucina 

Lobaria sublaevis Verticillium theobromae 

Lobaria variegata Vezdaea dawsoniae 

Lobaria virens Vezdaea leprosa 

Lobothallia radiosa Vibrissea catarhyta 

Lophodermium lauri Vibrissea decolorans 

Lophodermium maculare Vibrissea filisporia 

Lophodermium pinastri Vibrissea flavovirens 

Loxospora ochrophaeoides Vouauxiella lichenicola 

Macentina stigonemoides Woessia canariensis 

Macrophoma flaccida Xanthoparmelia conspersa 

Malbranchea pulchella Xanthoparmelia madeirensis 

Massalongia carnosa Xanthoparmelia somloensis 

Megalaria pulverea Xanthoparmelia stenophylla 

Melanelia glabra Xanthoparmelia subramigera 

Melanelia glabratula Xanthoparmelia tinctina 

Melanelia olivacea Xanthoria ectaneoides 

Melanelia subaurifera Xanthoria elegans 

Meliola maculans Xanthoria fallax 

Menegazzia physodes Xanthoria parietina 

Menegazzia terebrata Xanthoria resendei 

Menezesia setulosa Xylaria comosa 

Micarea adnata Xylaria cupressiformis 

Micarea cinerea Xylaria hypoxylon 

Micarea coppinsii Xylaria mellisii 

Micarea lignaria Xylaria polymorpha 

Micarea melaena 


19.3.2.4. Basidiomycota – 453 species 

Abortiporus biennis Mycena tintinnabulum 

Agaricus arvensis Mycena vitilis 

Agaricus augustus Naohidemyces vaccinii 

Agaricus campestris Omphalina ericetorum 

Agaricus cupreobrunneus Ossicaulis lignatilis 

Agaricus impudicus Panaeolina foenisecii 

Agaricus lanipes Panaeolus acuminatus 

Agaricus nivescens Panaeolus fimicola 

Agaricus pilatianus Panaeolus sphinctrinus 

Agaricus silvaticus Panaeolus subbalteatus 

Agaricus silvicola Panellus stipticus 

Agrocybe pediades Parasola hemerobia 

Agrocybe praecox Parasola plicatilis 

Amanita baccata Peniophora aluticolor 

Amanita ceciliae Peniophora incarnata 

Amanita citrina Peniophora lycii 

Amanita eliae Phaeolepiota aurea 

Amanita franchetii Phaeolus schweinitzii 

Amanita gemmata Phallus impudicus 

Amanita muscaria Phellinus contiguus 

Amanita rubescens Phellinus ferruginosus 

Amanita vaginata Phellinus igniarius 

Amphinema byssoides Phellinus pini 

Antrodia ramentacea Phellinus torulosus 

Aphelaria tuberosa Phellinus tuberculosus 

Armillaria gallica Phlebiopsis gigantea 

Armillaria mellea Pholiota alnicola 

Armillaria obscura Pholiota conissans 

Astraeus hygrometricus Pholiota gummosa 

Athelia rolfsii Pholiota highlandensis 

Auricularia auricula-judae Pholiota lenta 

Biatoropsis usnearum Phragmidium bulbosum 

Bjerkandera adusta Phragmidium mucronatum 

Boletus aereus Phragmidium sanguisorbae 

Boletus badius Phragmidium tuberculatum 


Boletus chrysenteron Phragmidium violaceum 

Boletus edulis Phylloporia ribis 

Boletus erythropus Phyllotopsis nidulans 

Boletus impolitus Piloderma byssinum 

Boletus pruinatus Pisolithus arrhizus 

Boletus pulverulentus Pleurotellus dictyorhizus 

Boletus subtomentosus Pleurotus dracaenae 

Botryobasidium aureum Pleurotus limpidus 

Botryobasidium conspersum Pleurotus ostreatus 

Botryobasidium subcoronatum Pluteolus schmitzii 

Bovista aestivalis Pluteus atromarginatus 

Bovista delicata Pluteus cervinus 

Bovista plumbea Pluteus plautus 

Cantharellus cibarius Pluteus thomsonii 

Cerotelium fici Porostereum spadiceum 

Chalciporus piperatus Porpomyces mucidus 

Chroogomphus fulmineus Postia caesia 

Clathrus ruber Postia rancida 

Clavaria acuta Psathyrella artemisiae 

Clavaria fragilis Psathyrella candolleana 

Clavulina coralloides Psathyrella conopilus 

Clavulina rugosa Psathyrella gracilis 

Clavulinopsis corniculata Psathyrella hydrophora 

Clavulinopsis helvola Psathyrella multipedata 

Clitocybe agrestis Psathyrella piluliformis 

Clitocybe costata Psathyrella prona 

Clitocybe fragrans Psathyrella spadiceogrisea 

Clitocybe geotropa Pseudohydnum gelatinosum 

Clitocybe gibba Psilocybe coprophila 

Clitocybe metachroa Puccinia acetosae 

Clitocybe nebularis Puccinia addita 

Clitocybe phaeophthalma Puccinia allii 

Clitocybe vibecina Puccinia andryalae 

Coleosporium tussilaginis Puccinia antirrhini 

Collybia asterospora Puccinia arenariae 

Coltricia perennis Puccinia barkhausiae-rhoeadifoliae 

Coniophora arida Puccinia brachypodi 

Coniophora olivacea Puccinia buxi 


Conocybe tenera Puccinia calcitrapae 

Coprinellus ephemerus Puccinia canariensis 

Coprinellus micaceus Puccinia chrysanthemi 

Coprinopsis cinerea Puccinia cnici-oleracei 

Coprinus comatus Puccinia coronata 

Coprinus tuberosus Puccinia crepidicola 

Coriolopsis telfarii Puccinia cynodontis 

Cortinarius cinnamomeus Puccinia dioicae 

Cortinarius sanguineus Puccinia epilobii 

Crepidotus applanatus Puccinia frankeniae 

Crepidotus luteolus Puccinia graminis 

Crepidotus mollis Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola 

Crepidotus variabilis Puccinia hieracii 

Crucibulum laeve Puccinia hordei 

Cyathus poeppigii Puccinia hyparrheniicola 

Cyathus striatus Puccinia iridis 

Cyclomyces maderensis Puccinia jasmini 

Cylindrobasidium laeve Puccinia junci 

Cystoderma amianthinum Puccinia lapsanae 

Cystoderma carcharias Puccinia magnusiana 

Cystoderma granulosum Puccinia malvacearum 

Dacrymyces stillatus Puccinia marquesi 

Daedalea incana Puccinia menthae 

Dicheirinia maderensis Puccinia obscura 

Entoloma chalybaeum Puccinia oxalidis 

Entoloma hirtipes Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis 

Entoloma lampropus Puccinia polygoni-amphibii 

Entyloma cynosuri Puccinia punctata 

Entyloma dahliae Puccinia purpurea 

Fibroporia vaillantii Puccinia recondita 

Flammula angulatispora Puccinia rumicis-scutati 

Flammulina velutipes Puccinia sorghi 

Fomes fomentarius Puccinia stenotaphri 

Frommeëlla duchesneae Puccinia striiformis 

Frommeëlla tormentillae Puccinia tanaceti 

Galerina hypnorum Puccinia vincae 

Galerina laevis Puccinia violae 

Galerina marginata Pucciniastrum epilobii 


Galerina sideroides Pucciniastrum guttatum 

Ganoderma applanatum Ramaria curta 

Ganoderma australe Ramaria gracilis 

Ganoderma barretii Ramaria stricta 

Ganoderma lucidum Resiniceum bicolor 

Ganoderma resinaceum Rhizopogon roseolus 

Ganoderma silveirae Rhizopogon subareolatus 

Geastrum lageniforme Rhodocollybia butyracea 

Geastrum minimum Rhodocybe gemina 

Geastrum saccatum Rhodocybe hirneola 

Gomphidius viscidus Rickenella fibula 

Graphiola phoenicis Ripartites metrodii 

Gymnopilus junonius Russula atropurpurea 

Gymnopilus penetrans Russula cessans 

Gymnopilus picreus Russula cyanoxantha 

Handkea excipuliformis Russula emetica 

Hebeloma crustuliniforme Russula paludosa 

Hebeloma cylindrosporum Russula rosea 

Hebeloma sarcophyllum Russula rubra 

Hebeloma sinapizans Russula sardonia 

Heterobasidion annosum Russula subfoetens 

Hydnangium carneum Russula torulosa 

Hydnellum caeruleum Schizophyllum commune 

Hydnellum concrescens Schizopora paradoxa 

Hydnellum scrobiculatum Scleroderma areolatum 

Hydnum barbirussa Scleroderma bovista 

Hygrocybe chlorophana Scleroderma cepa 

Hygrocybe coccinea Scleroderma citrinum 

Hygrocybe conica Scleroderma polyrhizum 

Hygrocybe insipida Scleroderma torrendii 

Hygrocybe laeta Scleroderma verrucosum 

Hygrocybe mucronella Sclerotium durum 

Hygrocybe ovina Septobasidium foliicola 

Hygrocybe pratensis Serpula lacrymans 

Hygrocybe psittacina Sphacelotheca andropogonis 

Hygrocybe punicea Sphaerobolus stellatus 

Hygrocybe reidii Spongipellis spumeus 

Hygrocybe virginea Sporotrichum citrinum 


Hygrocybe vitellina Sporotrichum roseum 

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca Steccherinum ochraceum 

Hymenogaster maurus Stereum bellum 

Hymenogaster vulgaris Stereum gausapatum 

Hyphodontia sambuci Stereum hirsutum 

Hyphodontia stipata Stereum insignitum 

Hypholoma capnoides Stereum ostrea 

Hypholoma fasciculare Stereum retirugum 

Inocybe assimilata Stereum sanguinolentum 

Inocybe asterospora Strobilurus esculentus 

Inocybe brunnea Stropharia aeruginosa 

Inocybe geophylla Stropharia aurantiaca 

Inocybe mixtilis Stropharia semiglobata 

Inocybe napipes Stropharia stercoraria 

Inocybe repanda Suillus bellini 

Inocybe rimosa Suillus bovinus 

Jamesdicksonia brizae Suillus collinitus 

Jamesdicksonia dactylidis Suillus flavidus 

Jamesdicksonia linearis Suillus granulatus 

Junghuhnia nitida Suillus luteus 

Laccaria amethystina Syzygospora bachmannii 

Laccaria bicolor Tapinella panuoides 

Laccaria laccata Terana caerulea 

Laccaria lateritia Thelephora terrestris 

Lacrymaria lacrymabunda Tilletia bromi 

Lactarius deliciosus Tilletia cerebrina 

Lactarius piperatus Tilletia laevis 

Laeticorticium roseum Trametes gibbosa 

Laetiporus sulphureus Trametes ochracea 

Laurobasidium lauri Trametes velutina 

Laxitextum bicolor Trametes versicolor 

Leccinum scabrum Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae 

Lenzites betulina Trechispora nivea 

Lepiota felina Tremella foliacea 

Lepista inversa Tremella lobariacearum 

Lepista nuda Tremella lobariacearum 

Leucoagaricus leucothites Tremella mesenterica 

Leucoagaricus naucinus Trichaptum abietinum 


Leucoagaricus nympharum Trichaptum fuscoviolaceum 

Leucopaxillus giganteus Tricholoma acerbum 

Lycoperdon atropurpureum Tricholoma equestre 

Lycoperdon lividum Tricholoma portentosum 

Lycoperdon molle Tricholoma saponaceum 

Lycoperdon montanum Tricholomopsis rutilans 

Lycoperdon nigrescens Tubaria conspersa 

Lycoperdon perlatum Uredo digitariae 

Lycoperdon purpuraceum Uredo herneriae 

Lyophyllum decastes Uredo trichophora 

Lysurus mokusin Uromyces anthyllidis 

Macrocystidia cucumis Uromyces armeriae 

Marasmiellus ramealis Uromyces beticola 

Marasmius amaryllidis Uromyces bidenticola 

Marasmius androsaceus Uromyces dianthi 

Marasmius hudsonii Uromyces ervi 

Megacollybia platyphylla Uromyces euphorbiae 

Melampsora euphorbiae Uromyces euphorbiicola 

Melampsora hypericorum Uromyces graminis 

Melampsora lini Uromyces guerkeanus 

Melanoleuca decembris Uromyces limonii 

Metulodontia nivea Uromyces lupini 

Milesina blechni Uromyces pisi-sativi 

Miyagia pseudosphaeria Uromyces polygoni-avicularis 

Mutinus caninus Uromyces rumicis 

Mutinus elegans Uromyces scrophulariae 

Mycena acicula Uromyces setariae-italicae 

Mycena alcalina Uromyces trifolii-repentis 

Mycena capillaripes Uromyces viciae-fabae 

Mycena epipterygia Ustilago cynodontis 

Mycena galericulata Ustilago digitariae 

Mycena galopus Ustilago hordei 

Mycena haematopus Ustilago overeemi 

Mycena hiemalis Ustilago panici-glauci 

Mycena pelianthina Ustilago penniseti 

Mycena polygramma Ustilago striiformis 

Mycena pura Vascellum pratense 

Mycena seynesii Volvariella gloiocephala 


Mycena supina Volvariella surrecta 

Mycena tenella 

19.3.3. Protozoa 

19.3.3.1. Myxomycota – 19 species 

Arcyria denudata Fuligo septica 

Arcyria oerstedii Lycogala epidendrum 

Badhamia papaveracea Physarum compressum 

Badhamia utricularis Physarum nodulosum 

Craterium minutum Physarum nutans 

Diderma hemisphaericum Stemonitis splendens 

Didymium difforme Trichia contorta 

Didymium iridis Trichia favoginea 

Didymium quitense Trichia lutescens 

Enteridium lycoperdon 

19.3.4. Plantae 

19.3.4.1. Bryophyta – 505 species 

Acanthocoleus aberrans Lejeunea flava moorei 

Acaulon muticum Lejeunea hibernica 

Acaulon triquetrum Lejeunea lamacerina 

Acrobolbus wilsonii Lejeunea mandonii 

Adelanthus decipiens Lejeunea patens 

Aloina aloides Lepidozia cupressina 

Aloina ambigua Lepidozia reptans 

Aloina rigida Leptobarbula berica 

Alophosia azorica Leptobryum pyriforme 

Amphidium mougeotii Leptodictyum riparium 

Amphidium tortuosum Leptodontium flexifolium 

Anacolia webbii Leptoscyphus cuneifolius 


Andoa berthelotiana Leucobryum glaucum 

Andreaea alpestris Leucobryum juniperoideum 

Andreaea heinemannii heinemannii Leucodon canariensis 

Andreaea rothii rothii Leucodon treleasei 

Andreaea rupestris Lophocolea bidentata 

Aneura pinguis Lophocolea fragrans 

Anoectangium aestivum Lophocolea heterophylla 

Anomobryum julaceum Lophocolea minor 

Anthoceros agrestis Lophozia bantriensis 

Anthoceros caucasicus Lophozia bicrenata 

Anthoceros punctatus Lophozia heterocolpos 

Antitrichia californica Lophozia sudetica 

Antitrichia curtipendula Lunularia cruciata 

Aphanolejeunea azorica Mannia androgyna 

Aphanolejeunea madeirensis Mannia fragans 

Aphanolejeunea microscopica Marchantia paleacea 

Aphanolejeunea sintenisii Marchantia polymorpha 

Archidium alternifolium Marchantia polymorpha montivagans 

Asterella africana Marchantia polymorpha ruderalis 

Atrichum angustatum Marchesinia mackaii 

Atrichum undulatum Marsupella adusta 

Barbula convoluta Marsupella emarginata 

Barbula unguiculata Marsupella funckii 

Bartramia pomiformis Marsupella profunda 

Bartramia stricta Marsupella sprucei 

Bazzania trilobata Metzgeria conjugata 

Blindia acuta Metzgeria fruticulosa 

Brachymenium notarisii Metzgeria furcata 

Brachytheciastrum velutinum Metzgeria leptoneura 

Brachythecium albicans Metzgeria temperata 

Brachythecium percurrens Microbryum davallianum 

Brachythecium rivulare Microbryum starckeanum 

Brachythecium rutabulum Microcampylopus laevigatus 

Bryoerythrophyllum campylocarpum Microlejeunea ulicina 

Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum Mnium hornum 

Bryoxiphium madeirense Myurium hochstetteri 

Bryum alpinum Nardia geoscyphus 

Bryum argenteum Nardia scalaris 


Bryum caespiticium Neckera cephalonica 

Bryum canariense Neckera complanata 

Bryum capillare Neckera crispa 

Bryum dichotomum Neckera intermedia 

Bryum donianum Neckera pumila 

Bryum gemmiparum Nobregaea latinervis 

Bryum mildeanum Nowellia curvifolia 

Bryum muehlenbeckii Odontoschisma denudatum 

Bryum pseudotriquetrum Odontoschisma prostratum 

Bryum radiculosum Oedipodiella australis 

Bryum rubens Orthodontium gracile 

Bryum ruderale Orthodontium pellucens 

Bryum sauteri Orthotrichum affine 

Bryum subapiculatum Orthotrichum cupulatum 

Bryum torquescens Orthotrichum diaphanum 

Calypogeia arguta Orthotrichum lyellii 

Calypogeia azorica Orthotrichum pallens 

Calypogeia azurea Orthotrichum rupestre 

Calypogeia fissa Orthotrichum tenellum 

Calypogeia muelleriana Oxyrrhynchium hians 

Calypogeia sphagnicola Oxyrrhynchium pumilum 

Campylopus flexuosus Oxyrrhynchium schleicheri 

Campylopus fragilis Oxyrrhynchium speciosum 

Campylopus incrassatus Pallavicinia lyellii 

Campylopus pilifer Palustriella commutata 

Campylopus pyriformis Palustriella falcata 

Campylostelium strictum Paraleucobryum longifolium 

Cephalozia bicuspidata Pelekium atlanticum 

Cephalozia catenulata Pelekium minutulum 

Cephalozia connivens Pellia endiviifolia 

Cephalozia crassifolia Pellia epiphylla 

Cephalozia lunulifolia Phaeoceros carolinianus 

Cephaloziella baumgartneri Phaeoceros laevis 

Cephaloziella dentata Phascum cuspidatum 

Cephaloziella divaricata Philonotis arnellii 

Cephaloziella granatensis Philonotis fontana 

Cephaloziella hampeana Philonotis marchica 

Cephaloziella rubella Philonotis rigida 


Cephaloziella stellulifera Phymatoceros bulbiculosus 

Cephaloziella turneri Physcomitrium pyriforme 

Ceratodon purpureus Plagiochasma rupestre 

Ceratodon purpureus stenocarpus Plagiochila bifaria 

Chiloscyphus pallescens Plagiochila exígua 

Chiloscyphus polyanthos Plagiochila maderensis 

Cinclidotus fontinaloides Plagiochila porelloides 

Cirriphyllum crassinervium Plagiochila punctata 

Cladopodiella francisci Plagiochila retrorsa 

Cololejeunea minutissima Plagiochila spinulosa 

Cololejeunea schaeferi Plagiochila stricta 

Colura calyptrifolia Plagiochila virginica 

Conocephalum conicum Plagiomnium affine 

Corsinia coriandrina Plagiomnium rostratum 

Cratoneuron filicinum Plagiomnium undulatum 

Crossidium crassinerve Plagiothecium denticulatum 

Crossidium squamiferum Plagiothecium nemorale 

Cryptoleptodon longisetus Plagiothecium succulentum 

Cyclodictyon laetevirens Plasteurhynchium meridionale 

Daltonia stenophylla Platyhypnidium riparioides 

Dialytrichia fragilifolia Pleuridium acuminatum 

Dialytrichia mucronata Pleuridium subulatum 

Dichodontium flavescens Pleurozium schreberi 

Dichodontium pellucidum Pogonatum aloides 

Dicranella heteromalla Pogonatum nanum 

Dicranella howei Pogonatum urnigerum 

Dicranella humilis Pohlia annotina 

Dicranella rufescens Pohlia elongata 

Dicranella varia Pohlia nutans 

Dicranoweisia cirrata Pohlia proligera 

Dicranum canariense Polytrichastrum formosum 

Dicranum flagellare Polytrichum commune 

Dicranum fuscescens Polytrichum juniperinum 

Dicranum montanum Polytrichum piliferum 

Dicranum scoparium Porella canariensis 

Dicranum scottianum Porella cordaeana 

Didymodon acutus Porella inaequalis 

Didymodon fallax Porella obtusata 


Didymodon insulanus Pseudocrossidium revolutum 

Didymodon luridus Pseudoscleropodium purum 

Didymodon rigidulus Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans 

Didymodon tophaceus Pseudotaxiphyllum laetevirens 

Didymodon vinealis Pterigynandrum filiforme 

Diphyscium foliosum Pterygoneurum ovatum 

Diplophyllum albicans Ptychomitrium nigrescens 

Ditrichum flexicaule Ptychomitrium polyphyllum 

Ditrichum punctulatum Racomitrium aciculare 

Ditrichum subulatum Racomitrium aquaticum 

Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia Racomitrium elongatum 

Dumortiera hirsuta Racomitrium fasciculare 

Echinodium setigerum Racomitrium heterostichum 

Echinodium spinosum Racomitrium lanuginosum 

Encalypta vulgaris Radula aquilegia 

Entosthodon attenuatus Radula carringtonii 

Entosthodon convexus Radula holtii 

Entosthodon fascicularis Radula jonesii 

Entosthodon krausei Radula lindenbergiana 

Entosthodon muhlenbergii Radula nudicaulis 

Entosthodon obtusus Radula wichurae 

Entosthodon pulchellus Reboulia hemisphaerica 

Ephemerum serratum Rhabdoweisia fugax 

Epipterygium tozeri Rhamphidium purpuratum 

Equinodium prolixum Rhizomnium punctatum 

Eucladium verticillatum Rhynchostegiella curviseta 

Eurhynchium striatum Rhynchostegiella durieui 

Exormotheca pustulosa Rhynchostegiella litorea 

Fabronia pusilla Rhynchostegiella macilenta 

Fissidens adianthoides Rhynchostegiella tenella 

Fissidens asplenioides Rhynchostegiella teneriffae 

Fissidens bryoides Rhynchostegium confertum 

Fissidens coacervatus Rhynchostegium megapolitanum 

Fissidens crassipes warnstorfii Rhytidiadelphus loreus 

Fissidens crispus Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus 

Fissidens curvatus Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 

Fissidens dubius Riccardia chamedryfolia 

Fissidens fontanus Riccardia incurvata 


Fissidens gracilifolius Riccardia latifrons 

Fissidens luisieri Riccardia multifida 

Fissidens microstictus Riccardia palmata 

Fissidens monguillonii Riccia atlantica 

Fissidens nobreganus Riccia atromarginata 

Fissidens ovatifolius Riccia bifurca 

Fissidens polyphyllus Riccia cavernosa 

Fissidens pusillus Riccia ciliata 

Fissidens rivularis Riccia ciliifera 

Fissidens serratus Riccia crozalsii 

Fissidens serrulatus Riccia crystallina 

Fissidens sublineaefolius Riccia gougetiana 

Fissidens taxifolius Riccia lamellosa 

Fissidens viridulus Riccia macrocarpa 

Fontinalis antipyretica Riccia nigrella 

Fossombronia angulosa Riccia sorocarpa 

Fossombronia caespitiformis Riccia subbifurca 

Fossombronia echinata Riccia trabutiana 

Fossombronia husnotii Riccia warnstorfii 

Fossombronia pusilla Saccogyna viticulosa 

Frullania azorica Scapania compacta 

Frullania dilatata Scapania curta 

Frullania ericoides Scapania gracilis 

Frullania fragilifolia Scapania nemorea 

Frullania microphylla Scapania subalpina 

Frullania polysticta Scapania umbrosa 

Frullania tamarisci Scapania undulata 

Frullania teneriffae Schistidium agassizii 

Funaria hygrometrica Schistidium apocarpum 

Geocalyx graveolens Schistidium rivulare 

Glyphomitrium daviesii Schistidium strictum 

Gongylanthus ericetorum Sciuro-hypnum plumosum 

Grimmia arenaria Scleropodium touretii 

Grimmia decipiens Scorpiurium circinatum 

Grimmia donniana Scorpiurium deflexifolium 

Grimmia funalis Sematophyllum substrumulosum 

Grimmia laevigata Southbya nigrella 

Grimmia lisae Southbya tophacea 


Grimmia montana Sphagnum auriculatum 

Grimmia orbicularis Sphagnum compactum 

Grimmia ovalis Sphagnum subnitens 

Grimmia pulvinata Syntrichia bogotensis 

Grimmia ramondii Syntrichia fragilis 

Grimmia torquata Syntrichia laevipila 

Grimmia trichophylla Syntrichia norvegica 

Gymnocolea inflata Syntrichia princeps 

Gymnostomum aeruginosum Syntrichia ruralis 

Gymnostomum calcareum Targionia hypophylla 

Gymnostomum viridulum Targionia lorbeeriana 

Gyroweisia reflexa Telaranea europaea 

Gyroweisia tenuis Tetrastichium fontanum 

Habrodon perpusillus Tetrastichium virens 

Harpalejeunea molleri Thamnobryum alopecurum 

Hedwigia ciliata Thamnobryum fernandesii 

Hedwigia stellata Thamnobryum maderense 

Heterocladium heteropterum Thuidiopsis sparsa 

Heterocladium wulfsbergii Thuidium tamariscinum 

Heteroscyphus denticulatus Timmiella barbuloides 

Homalia lusitanica Tortella flavovirens 

Homalia webbiana Tortella humilis 

Homalothecium aureum Tortella limbata 

Homalothecium sericeum Tortella nitida 

Hookeria lucens Tortella tortuosa 

Hygroamblystegium fluviatile Tortula atrovirens 

Hygroamblystegium humile Tortula bolanderi 

Hygroamblystegium tenax Tortula canescens 

Hygroamblystegium varium Tortula cuneifolia 

Hygrobiella laxifolia Tortula lanceolata 

Hylocomium splendens Tortula marginata 

Hymenostylium recurvirostrum Tortula muralis 

Hyocomium armoricum Tortula solmsii 

Hypnum cupressiforme Tortula subulata 

Hypnum jutlandicum Tortula truncata 

Hypnum uncinulatum Trichostomum brachydontium 

Isopterygiopsis pulchella Trichostomum crispulum 

Isothecium algarvicum Trichostomum tenuirostre 


Isothecium myosuroides Trichostomum triumphans 

Jubula hutchinsiae Tritomaria exsecta 

Jungermannia atrovirens Tylimanthus madeirensis 

Jungermannia calithrix Ulota calvescens 

Jungermannia gracillima Ulota crispa 

Jungermannia hyalina Weissia condensa 

Jungermannia leiantha Weissia controversa 

Jungermannia pumila Weissia longifolia 

Kindbergia praelonga Zygodon conoideus 

Kurzia pauciflora Zygodon forsteri 

Lejeunea canariensis Zygodon rupestris 

Lejeunea cavifolia Zygodon viridissimus 

Lejeunea eckloniana 

19.3.4.2. Pteridophyta – 73 species 

Adiantum capillus-veneris Dryopteris affinis affinis 

Adiantum hispidulum Dryopteris aitoniana 

Adiantum raddianum Dryopteris maderensis 

Adiantum reniforme pusillum Elaphoglossum semicylindricum 

Anogramma leptophylla Equisetum telmateia 

Arachniodes webbiana Huperzia dentata 

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Huperzia suberecta 

Asplenium aethiopicum braithwaitii Hymenophyllum maderense 

Asplenium anceps Hymenophyllum tunbrigense 

Asplenium billotii Hymenophyllum wilsonii 

Asplenium hemionitis Lastrea limbosperma 

Asplenium marinum Nephrolepis cordifolia 

Asplenium monanthes Notholaena marantae subcordata 

Asplenium onopteris Ophioglossum azoricum 

Asplenium septentrionale septentrionale Ophioglossum lusitanicum 

Asplenium trichomanes maderense Osmunda regalis 

Asplenium trichomanes quadrivalens Phlebodium aureum 

Athyrium filix-femina Phyllitis scolopendrium scolopendrium 

Blechnum spicant Pityrogramma calomelanos 

Botrychium lunaria Polypodium interjectum 

Ceterach lolegnamense Polypodium macaronesicum 

Cheilanthes acrostica Polypodium vulgare 


Cheilanthes guanchica Polystichum drepanum 

Cheilanthes maderensis Polystichum falcinellum 

Cheilanthes tinaei Polystichum setiferum 

Christella dentata Pteridium aquilinum aquilinum 

Cosentinia vellea Pteris incompleta 

Culcita macrocarpa Pteris multifida 

Cyrtomium falcatum Pteris tremula 

Cystopteris viridula Pteris vittata 

Davallia canariensis Selaginella denticulata 

Deparia petersenii Selaginella kraussiana 

Dicksonia antarctica Sphaeropteris cooperi 

Diphasiastrum madeirense Stegnogramma pozoi 

Diplazium caudatum Vandenboschia speciosa 

Doodia caudata Woodwardia radicans 

Dryopteris aemula 

19.3.4.3. Spermatophyta – 1054 taxa 

Abutilon grandifoliu Limonium sinuatum 

Abutilon egapotaicu Linum bienne 

Abutilon striatu Linum strictum 

Acacia dealbata Linum trigynum 

Acacia elata Linum usitatissimum 

Acacia farnesiana Lobelia erinus 

Acacia longifolia Lobelia laxiflora 

Acacia earnsii Lobelia urens 

Acacia elanoxylon Lobularia maritima 

Acacia verticillata Logfia gallica 

Acanthus mollis Logfia minima 

Acer pseudoplatanus Lolium lowei 

Achillea millefoliu Lolium multiflorum 

Achyranthes sicula Lolium perenne 

Adenocarpus complicatus Lolium rigidum lepturoides 

Aeonium arboreum Lolium rigidum rigidum 

Aeonium glandulosum Lolium temulentum 

Aeonium glutinosum Lonicera etrusca 


Agapanthus praecox orientalis Lonicera japonica 

Agave americana Lotus angustissimus 

Agave atrovirens Lotus argyrodes 

Agave attenuata Lotus conimbricensis 

Ageratina adenophora Lotus glaucus 

Ageratina riparia Lotus hispidus 

Ageratum conyzoides conyzoides Lotus lancerottensis 

Ageratum houstonianum Lotus macranthus 

Agrimonia eupatoria eupatoria Lotus ornithopodioides 

Agrostis castellana Lotus parviflorus 

Agrostis obtusissima Lotus pedunculatus 

Agrostis pourretii Lunaria annua 

Agrostis stolonifera Lupinus angustifolius 

Aichryson divaricatum Lupinus luteus 

Aichryson dumosum Luzula campestris 

Aichryson villosum Luzula elegans 

Ailanthus altissima Luzula multiflora congesta 

Aira caryophyllea Luzula multiflora multiflora 

Aira praecox Luzula seubertii 

Aizoon canariense Lycium europaeum 

Albizia lophantha Lycium intricatum 

Alcea rosea Lycopersicon esculentum 

Alisma lanceolatum Lythrum hyssopifolia 

Allium ampeloprasum Lythrum junceum 

Allium neapolitanum Malva nicaeensis 

Allium paniculatum Malva parviflora 

Allium roseum Malva sylvestris 

Allium triquetrum Malvastrum coromandelianum 

Allium vineale Mantisalca salmantica 

Aloe arborecens Marcetella maderensis 

Aloe vera Marrubium vulgare 

Alstroemeria pulchella Matthiola maderensis 

Alternanthera caracasana Maytenus umbellata 

Amaranthus blitum Medicago intertexta 

Amaranthus caudatus Medicago littoralis 

Amaranthus deflexus Medicago lupulina 

Amaranthus graecizans Medicago minima 

Amaranthus hybridus Medicago orbicularis 


Amaranthus muricatus Medicago polymorpha 

Amaranthus retroflexus Medicago sativa 

Amaranthus spinosus Medicago truncatula Gaertn. 

Amaranthus viridis Melanoselinum decipiens 

Amaryllis belladonna Melica canariensis 

Ambrosia artemisifolia Melica ciliata magnolii 

Ammi majus Melilotus albus 

Ammi visnaga Melilotus elegans 

Anagallis arvensis Melilotus indicus 

Anchusa azurea Melilotus segetalis 

Andryala crithmifolia Melilotus sulcatus 

Andryala glandulosa cheirantifolia Melinis minutiflora 

Andryala glandulosa glandulosa Melissa officinalis 

Anomatheca laxa Mentha aquatica 

Anthemis cotula Mentha longifolia 

Anthoxanthum maderense Mentha pulegium 

Anthoxanthum odoratum Mentha spicata 

Anthriscus caucalis Mentha suaveolens 

Anthyllis lemanniana Mercurialis ambigua 

Antirrhinum majus Mercurialis annua 

Aphanes australis Mesembryanthemum crystallinum 

Apium graveolens Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum 

Apium nodiflorum Micromeria thymoides cacuminicolae 

Apollonias barbujana Micromeria thymoides thymoides 

Aptenia cordifolia Micropyrum tenellum 

Aquilegia vulgaris vulgaris Mimulus moschatus 

Arabidopsis thaliana Mirabilis jalapa 

Arabis alpina caucasica Misopates calycinum 

Araujia sericifera Misopates orontium orontium 

Arbutus unedo Modiola caroliniana 

Arctium minus Monizia edulis 

Arctotis venusta Muehlenbeckia sagittifolia 

Arenaria leptoclados Musschia aurea 

Argemone mexicana Musschia wollastonii 

Argyranthemum dissectum Myosotis arvensis 

Argyranthemum haematomma Myosotis discolor 

Argyranthemum pinnatifidum montanum Myosotis secunda 

Argyranthemum pinnatifidum pinnatifidum Myosotis stolonifera 


Arisarum vulgare Myosotis sylvatica 

Aristida adscensionis Myrica faya 

Aristolochia paucinervis Myrtus communis 

Armeria maderensis Narcissus jonquilla 

Arrhenatherum elatius bulbosum Neotinea maculata 

Artemisia argentea Nerine sarniensis 

Artemisia verlotiorum Nicandra physalodes 

Arum italicum canariense Nicotiana glauca 

Arundo donax Nicotiana tabacum 

Asclepias curassavica Nigela damascena 

Asparagus asparagoides Normania triphylla 

Asparagus scoparius Lowe Nothoscordum gracile 

Asparagus setaceus Notobasis syriaca 

Asparagus umbellatus lowei Ocotea foetens 

Asphodelus fistulosus Odontites holliana 

Aster squamatus Oenanthe divaricata 

Astragalus boeticus Oenothera biennis 

Astragalus pelecinus Oenothera longiflora longiflora 

Astragalus solandri Oenothera stricta 

Atriplex glauca Oenothera tetraptera 

Atriplex prostrata Olea maderensis 

Autonoe madeirensis Ononis dentata 

Avena barbata Ononis diffusa 

Avena fatua Ononis mitissima 

Avena sterilis Ononis spinosa maritima 

Ballota nigra Opuntia ficus-barbarica 

Barbarea verna Opuntia tuna 

Bartsia trixago Orchis scopulorum 

Bassia tomentosa Origanum vulgare virens 

Bellis perennis Ornithopus compressus 

Berberis maderensis Ornithopus perpusillus 

Beta maritima Ornithopus pinnatus 

Beta patula Ornithopus sativus 

Beta vulgaris Orobanche crenata 

Bidens biternata Orobanche minor 

Bidens pilosa Orobanche ramosa nana 

Bituminaria bituminosa Oryzopsis miliacea 

Borago officinalis Oxalis corniculata 


Boussingaultia cordifolia Oxalis debilis 

Brachiaria mutica Oxalis exilis 

Brachypodium distachyum Oxalis latifolia 

Brachypodium sylvaticum Oxalis pes-caprae 

Brassica nigra Oxalis purpurea 

Briza maxima Panicum capillare 

Briza minor Panicum maximum 

Bromus catharticus Panicum miliaceum 

Bromus diandrus Panicum repens 

Bromus hordeaceus hordeaceus Papaver dubium 

Bromus hordeaceus molliformis Papaver pinnatifidum 

Bromus lanceolatus Papaver rhoeas 

Bromus madritensis Papaver somniferum somniferum 

Bromus rubens Parapholis filiformis 

Bromus sterilis Parapholis incurva 

Brugmansia suaveolens Parentucellia viscosa 

Bunium brevifolium Parietaria debilis 

Bupleurum lancifolium Parietaria judaica 

Bupleurum salicifolium salicifolium Paronychia echinulata 

Bystropogon maderensis Paspalum dilatatum 

Bystropogon punctatus Paspalum distichum 

Cakile maritima maritima Paspalum vaginatum 

Calamintha nepeta sylvatica Passiflora caerulea 

Calceolaria tripartita Passiflora mollissima 

Calendula arvensis Passiflora subpeltata 

Calendula maderensis Patellifolia patellaris 

Calendula officinalis Patellifolia procumbens 

Calluna vulgaris Pelargonium glutinosum 

Calystegia sepium sepium Pelargonium inquinans 

Campanula erinus Pelargonium odoratissimum 

Campanula lusitanica Pelargonium vitifolium 

Canna indica Pennisetum clandestinum 

Cardamine hirsuta Pennisetum purpureum 

Cardiospermum grandiflorum Pennisetum villosum 

Carduncellus caeruleus Pericallis aurita 

Carduus pycnocephalus Persea indica 

Carduus squarrosus Petasites fragrans 

Carduus tenuiflorus Petrorhagia nanteuilii 


Carex divisa Petroselinum crispum 

Carex divulsa divulsa Peucedanum lowei 

Carex extensa Phagnalon lowei 

Carex lowei Phagnalon saxatile 

Carex malato-belizii Phalaris aquatica 

Carex muricata lamprocarpa Phalaris brachystachys 

Carex pendula Phalaris canariensis 

Carex peregrina Phalaris coerulescens 

Carex pilulifera pilulifera Phalaris maderensis 

Carex punctata Phalaris minor 

Carex viridula cedercreutzii Phalaris paradoxa 

Carlina salicifolia Phoenix canariensis 

Carpobrotus edulis Phormium tenax 

Carthamus lanatus Phragmites australis 

Carthamus tinctorius Phyllanthus tenellus 

Castanea sativa Phyllis nobla 

Catapodium rigidum Physalis peruviana 

Cedronella canariensis Phytolacca americana 

Cenchrus ciliaris Picconia excelsa 

Centaurea calcitrapa Pinus pinaster 

Centaurea melitensis Pittosporum coriaceum 

Centaurea sonchifolia Pittosporum undulatum 

Centaurea sphaerocephala Plantago afra 

Centaurium maritimum Plantago arborescens maderensis 

Centaurium tenuiflorum Plantago bellardii 

Centranthus calcitrapae Plantago coronopus 

Centranthus ruber ruber Plantago lagopus 

Centratherum muticum Plantago lanceolata 

Cerastium diffusum Plantago leiopetala 

Cerastium fontanum vulgare Plantago major 

Cerastium glomeratum Plantago malato-belizii 

Cerastium vagans Plantago myosurus 

Chamaemeles coriacea Plantago ovata 

Chamaemelum mixtum Plectranthus fruticosus 

Chamaemelum nobile Plumbago auriculata 

Chamaesyce nutans Poa annua 

Chamaesyce prostrata Poa bulbosa 

Chasmanthe aethiopica Poa compressa 


Cheirolophus massonianus Poa pratensis 

Chelidonium majus Poa trivialis 

Chenopodium album Podranea ricasoliana 

Chenopodium ambrosioides Polycarpon tetraphyllum diphyllum 

Chenopodium murale Polycarpon tetraphyllum tetraphyllum 

Chenopodium opulifolium Polygala myrtifolia 

Chloris gayana Polygonum arenastrum 

Chloris virgata Polygonum aviculare 

Chlorophytum comosum Polygonum capitatum 

Chrysanthemum coronarium Polygonum hydropiper 

Chrysanthemum segetum Polygonum lapathifolium 

Cichorium endivia divaricatum Polygonum maritimum 

Cirsium latifolium Polygonum patulum 

Cirsium vulgare Polygonum persicaria 

Cistus psilosepalus Polygonum salicifolium 

Clethra arborea Polypogon fugax 

Clinopodium vulgare Polypogon maritimus 

Coleostephus myconis Polypogon monspeliensis 

Colocasia esculenta Polypogon viridis 

Commelina benghalensis Populus alba 

Commelina diffusa Populus nigra 

Conium maculatum Portulaca oleracea oleracea 

Consolida ajacis Portulaca oleracea sativa 

Convolvulus althaeoides Potamogeton nodosus 

Convolvulus arvensis Potamogeton polygonifolius 

Convolvulus massonii Potamogeton pusillus 

Convolvulus siculus siculus Potentilla anglica 

Convolvulus tricolor tricolor Potentilla reptans 

Conyza bonariensis Prasium majus 

Conyza canadensis Prunella vulgaris 

Conyza sumatrensis Prunus cerasus 

Coriandrum sativum Prunus hixa 

Coronilla glauca Pseudognaphalium luteo-album 

Coronopus didymus Pseudosasa japonica 

Coronopus squamatus Psidium cattleyanum 

Corrigiola littoralis Pycreus flavescens 

Cotula australis Quercus robur 

Crambe fruticosa Radiola linoides 


Crassula multicava Ranunculus acris 

Crassula ovata Ranunculus arvensis 

Crassula tetragona Ranunculus bulbosus aleae 

Crassula tillaea Ranunculus cortusifolius major 

Crataegus monogyna Ranunculus flammula 

Crepis andryaloides Ranunculus muricatus 

Crepis capillaris Ranunculus parviflorus 

Crepis divaricata Ranunculus repens 

Crepis vesicaria haenseleri Ranunculus trilobus 

Crinum bulbispermum Raphanus raphanistrum raphanistrum 

Crithmum maritimum Rapistrum rugosum linnaeanum 

Cullen americanum Rapistrum rugosum rugosum 

Cupressus macrocarpa Reseda luteola 

Cuscuta epithymum Reseda media 

Cuscuta planiflora Reseda phyteuma 

Cyclospermum leptophyllum Rhamnus glandulosa 

Cymbalaria muralis muralis Rhus coriaria 

Cynara cardunculus Ricinus communis 

Cynodon dactylon Rivina humilis 

Cynoglossum creticum Robinia pseudoacacia 

Cynosurus cristatus Romulea columnae columnae 

Cynosurus echinatus Romulea columnae grandiscapa 

Cynosurus effusus Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum 

Cyperus difformis Rosa mandonii 

Cyperus eragrostis Rosa multiflora 

Cyperus esculentus Rosa rubiginosa 

Cyperus fuscus Rostraria cristata 

Cyperus involucratus Rubia agostinhoi 

Cyperus longus Rubia fruticosa fruticosa 

Cyperus rotundus Rubus bollei 

Cytisus multiflorus Rubus canariensis 

Cytisus scoparius scoparius Rubus grandifolius 

Cytisus striatus Rubus ulmifolius 

Dactylis glomerata glomerata Rubus vahlii 

Dactylis glomerata hispanica Rumex acetosella angiocarpus 

Dactylis smithii hylodes Rumex bucephalophorus fruticescens 

Dactylis smithii marina Rumex bucephalophorus canariensis 

Dactyloctenium australe Rumex conglomeratus 


Dactylorhiza foliosa Rumex crispus 

Danthonia decumbens Rumex maderensis 

Datura innoxia Rumex obtusifolius 

Datura stramonium Rumex pulcher woodsii 

Daucus carota carota Rumex simpliciflorus maderensis 

Daucus carota hispidus Ruscus streptophyllus 

Delphinium maderense Ruta chalepensis 

Deschampsia argentea Rytidosperma tenuius 

Deschampsia maderensis Sagina apetala 

Dichanthium annulatum Sagina procumbens 

Dichondra micrantha Salix canariensis 

Digitalis purpurea Salpichroa origanifolia 

Digitaria ciliaris Salvia coccinea 

Digitaria sanguinalis Salvia leucantha 

Diplotaxis catholica Salvia verbenaca 

Dittrichia viscosa viscosa Sambucus ebulus 

Draba muralis Sambucus lanceolata 

Dracaena draco draco Sambucus nigra 

Drosanthemum floribundum Samolus valerandi 

Drusa glandulosa Sanguisorba verrucosa 

Duchesnea indica Saponaria officinalis 

Echinochloa colonum Saxifraga maderensis 

Echinochloa crus-galli Saxifraga pickeringii 

Echium candicans Saxifraga stolonifera 

Echium nervosum Scabiosa atropurpurea 

Echium plantagineum Scandix pecten-veneris pecten-veneris 

Eclipta prostrata Schoenoplectus triqueter 

Eleocharis palustris Scleranthus polycarpos 

Eleusine indica Scolymus maculatus 

Eleusine tristachya Scorpiurus sulcatus 

Elymus repens Scorpiurus vermiculatus 

Ephedra fragilis Scrophularia hirta 

Epilobium obscurum Scrophularia lowei 

Epilobium parviflorum Scrophularia racemosa 

Epilobium tetragonum tetragonum Scrophularia scorodonia 

Eragrostis barrelieri Sechium edule 

Eragrostis cilianensis Sedum brissemoretii 

Eragrostis curvula Sedum farinosum 


Eragrostis minor Sedum fusiforme 

Erica arborea Sedum nudum 

Erica cinerea Sedum praealtum 

Erica maderensis Semele androgyna 

Erica platycodon maderincola Senecio glastifolius 

Erigeron karvinskianus Senecio incrassatus 

Eriobotrya japonica Senecio mikanioides 

Erodium botrys Senecio petasitis 

Erodium chium chium Senecio sylvaticus 

Erodium cicutarium bipinnatum Senecio vulgaris 

Erodium cicutarium cicutarium Senna bicapsularis 

Erodium malacoides Senna pendula 

Erodium moschatum Senna septemtrionalis 

Eruca vesicaria sativa Sesamoides suffruticosa 

Erysimum bicolor Setaria megaphylla 

Erysimum maderense Setaria parviflora 

Eschscholzia californica Setaria pumila 

Eucalyptus globulus Setaria verticillata 

Euphorbia exigua exigua Setaria viridis 

Euphorbia helioscopia Sherardia arvensis 

Euphorbia mellifera Sibthorpia peregrina 

Euphorbia peplus Sida rhombifolia 

Euphorbia piscatoria Sideritis candicans 

Euphorbia platyphyllos Sideroxylon mirmulans 

Euphorbia pterococca Silene behen 

Euphorbia segetalis Silene gallica 

Euphorbia terracina Silene inaperta inaperta 

Fallopia convolvulus Silene nocturna 

Ferraria crispa Silene uniflora 

Festuca arundinacea Silene vulgaris 

Festuca donax Silybum marianum 

Festuca jubata Sinapidendron angustifolium 

Festuca rubra Sinapidendron frutescens frutescens 

Ficus carica Sinapidendron frutescens succulentum 

Filago lutescens atlantica Sinapidendron gymnocalyx 

Filago pyramidata Sinapidendron rupestre 

Foeniculum vulgare Sinapis arvensis 

Fragaria vesca Sisymbrium erysimoides 


Frankenia laevis Sisymbrium officinale 

Frankenia pulverulenta Sisymbrium orientale 

Freesia refracta Smilax canariensis 

Fuchsia arborescens Smilax pendulina 

Fuchsia boliviana Solanum linnaeanum 

Fuchsia magellanica Solanum mauritianum 

Fumaria bastardii Solanum nigrum nigrum 

Fumaria capreolata Solanum nigrum schultesii 

Fumaria montana Solanum patens 

Fumaria muralis Solanum pseudocapsicum 

Fumaria sepium Solanum villosum miniatum 

Furcraea foetida Soleirolia soleirolii 

Galactites tomentosa Soliva stolonifera 

Galinsoga parviflora Sonchus asper asper 

Galinsoga quadriradiata Sonchus asper glaucescens 

Galium aparine Sonchus fruticosus 

Galium murale Sonchus oleraceus 

Galium parisiense Sonchus pinnatus 

Galium productum Sonchus tenerrimus 

Galium scabrum Sonchus ustulatus maderensis 

Galium verrucosum Sonchus ustulatus ustulatus 

Gamochaeta calviceps Sorbus maderensis 

Gamochaeta pensylvanica Sorghum halepense 

Gastridium phleoides Sparaxis grandiflora 

Gastridium ventricosum Sparaxis tricolor 

Gaudinia fragilis Spergula arvensis 

Genista tenera Spergula fallax 

Gennaria diphylla Spergularia bocconei 

Geranium dissectum Spergularia marina 

Geranium lucidum Sphenopus divaricatus 

Geranium maderense Sporobolus africanus 

Geranium molle Stachys arvensis 

Geranium palmatum Stachys ocymastrum 

Geranium purpureum Stachys sylvatica 

Geranium robertianum Stellaria alsine 

Geranium rotundifolium Stellaria media 

Geranium rubescens Stenotaphrum secundatum 

Gladiolus cardinalis Stipa capensis 


Gladiolus italicus Stipa neesiana 

Globularia salicina Suaeda vera 

Glyceria declinata Succisa pratensis 

Gomphocarpus fruticosus Tagetes minuta 

Goodyera macrophylla Tamarix gallica 

Hainardia cylindrica Tamus edulis 

Hakea sericea Tanacetum parthenium 

Heberdenia excelsa Taraxacum adamii 

Hedera maderensis maderensis Taraxacum cacuminatum 

Hedychium gardneranum Taraxacum duplidentifrons 

Hedypnois cretica Taraxacum hamatum 

Helichrysum devium Taraxacum lainzii 

Helichrysum foetidum Taraxacum lidianum 

Helichrysum melaleucum Taraxacum maderense 

Helichrysum monizii Taraxacum obovatum 

Helichrysum obconicum Taraxacum officinale 

Helichrysum petiolare Taraxacum praestans 

Helictotrichon marginatum Taxus baccata 

Heliotropium europaeum Tecoma capensis 

Helminthotheca echioides Teesdalia nudicaulis 

Herniaria cinerea Teline maderensis 

Hippocrepis multisiliquosa Teline paivae 

Hirschfeldia incana Tetragonia tetragonoides 

Holcus lanatus lanatus Teucrium abutiloides 

Holcus mollis mollis Teucrium betonicum 

Hordeum marinum gussoneanum Teucrium francoi 

Hordeum murinum glaucum Teucrium heterophyllum heterophyllum 

Hordeum murinum leporinum Thlaspi arvense 

Hydrangea macrophylla Thymus micans 

Hyoscyamus albus Tibouchina urvilleana 

Hyparrhenia sinaica Tigridia pavonia 

Hypericum canariense Tinantia erecta 

Hypericum glandulosum Tolpis barbata barbata 

Hypericum grandifolium Tolpis macrorhiza 

Hypericum humifusum Tolpis succulenta 

Hypericum linarifolium Torilis arvensis arvensis 

Hypericum perfoliatum Torilis arvensis neglecta 

Hypericum perforatum Torilis arvensis purpurea 


Hypericum undulatum Torilis nodosa 

Hypochoeris glabra Trachelium caeruleum caeruleum 

Hypochoeris radicata Tradescantia fluminensis 

Ilex canariensis Tradescantia pallida 

Ilex perado perado Tradescantia virginiana 

Illecebrum verticillatum Tradescantia zebrina 

Impatiens balsamina Tragopogon hybridus 

Impatiens sodenii Trifolium angustifolium 

Impatiens walleriana Trifolium arvense 

Ipomoea indica Trifolium bocconei 

Ipomoea ochracea Trifolium campestre 

Ipomoea purpurea Trifolium cernuum 

Iris foetidissima Trifolium cherleri 

Iris pseudacorus Trifolium dubium 

Iris xiphium Trifolium fragiferum 

Isatis tinctoria Trifolium glomeratum 

Isolepis cernua Trifolium incarnatum 

Isolepis setacea Trifolium isthmocarpum 

Isoplexis sceptrum Trifolium lappaceum 

Ixia maculata Trifolium ligusticum 

Jasione montana Trifolium ornithopodioides 

Jasminum azoricum Trifolium pratense 

Jasminum odoratissimum Trifolium repens 

Juncellus laevigatus laevigatus Trifolium resupinatum 

Juncus acutus acutus Trifolium scabrum 

Juncus acutus leopoldii Trifolium squamosum 

Juncus articulatus Trifolium stellatum 

Juncus bufonius Trifolium striatum striatum 

Juncus bulbosus Trifolium subterraneum subterraneum 

Juncus capitatus Trifolium suffocatum 

Juncus conglomeratus Trifolium tomentosum 

Juncus effusus Triplachne nitens 

Juncus foliosus Tropaeolum majus 

Juncus hybridus Ulex europaeus latebracteatus 

Juncus inflexus Ulex minor 

Juncus sorrentinii Umbilicus gaditanus 

Juncus tenuis Umbilicus rupestris 

Juniperus cedrus maderensis Urospermum picroides 


Juniperus turbinata canariensis Urtica membranacea 

Kalanchoe daigremontiana Urtica morifolia 

Kalanchoe delagonensis Urtica portosanctana 

Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Urtica urens 

Kalanchoe pinnata Vaccinium padifolium 

Kickxia elatine elatine Valerianella dentata 

Kickxia lanigera Valerianella locusta locusta 

Kickxia spuria integrifolia Valerianella microcarpa 

Koeleria loweana Verbascum densiflorum 

Krubera peregrina Verbascum pulverulentum 

Kyllinga brevifolia Verbascum sinuatum 

Lablab purpureus Verbascum thapsus thapsus 

Lactuca serriola Verbascum virgatum 

Lactuca virosa Verbena bonariensis 

Lagurus ovatus Verbena officinalis 

Lamarckia aurea Verbena rigida 

Lamiastrum galeobdolon Veronica agrestis 

Lamium amplexicaule Veronica anagallis-aquatica 

Lamium hybridum Veronica arvensis 

Lamium purpureum Veronica hederifolia 

Lantana camara Veronica officinalis 

Lapsana communis communis Veronica persica 

Lathyrus angulatus Veronica polita 

Lathyrus annuus Veronica serpyllifolia 

Lathyrus aphaca Vicia angustifolia 

Lathyrus cicera Vicia articulata 

Lathyrus clymenum Vicia benghalensis 

Lathyrus ochrus Vicia capreolata 

Lathyrus odoratus Vicia cordata 

Lathyrus sativus Vicia disperma 

Lathyrus sphaericus Vicia ervilia 

Lathyrus sylvestris Vicia hirsuta 

Lathyrus tingitanus Vicia lutea lutea 

Launaea arborescens Vicia lutea vestita 

Laurus novocanariensis Vicia narbonensis 

Lavandula pedunculata maderensis Vicia parviflora 

Lavandula pinnata Vicia pubescens 

Lavandula viridis Vinca major 


Lavatera arborea Viola arvensis 

Lavatera cretica Viola odorata 

Legousia hybrida Viola paradoxa 

Legousia scabra Viola riviniana 

Lemna gibba Visnea mocanera 

Lemna minor Vitis vinifera 

Lens culinaris Vulpia bromoides 

Leontodon taraxacoides longirostris Vulpia geniculata 

Lepidium bonariense Vulpia muralis 

Lepidium ruderale Vulpia myuros 

Lepidium sativum Wahlenbergia lobelioides lobelioides 

Lepidium virginicum Watsonia borbonica ardernei 

Leptospermum scoparium Watsonia meriana 

Leucaena leucocephala Wigandia caracasana 

Leucanthemum vulgare Xanthium strumarium strumarium 

19.3.4.4. Chlorophyta – 6 species 

Enteromorpha intestinalis Valonia utricularis 

Codium adhaerens Chaetomorpha linum 

Ulva lactuca Codium fragile atlanticum 

19.3.4.5. Rhodophyta – 3 species 

Asparagopsis armata Jania rubens 

Corallina officinalis 

19.3.4.6 Ochrophyta – 4 species 

Halopteris filicina Dictyota dichotoma 

Lobophora variegata Padina pavonia 


19.3.5. Animalia 

19.3.5.1. Porifera - 2 species 

Petrosia ficiformis Aplysina aerophoba 

19.3.5.2. Platyhelminthes – 7 species 

Andrya cuniculi Kontikia bulbosa 

Mosgovoyia ctenoides Microplana hovassei 

Fasciola hepatica Microplana terrestris 

Bipalium kewense 

19.3.5.3. Annelida – 36 species 

Dina lineata Octolasion lacteum 

Helobdella stagnalis Amynthas corticis 

Lumbriculus variegatus Amynthas gracilis 

Microscolex dubius Amynthas morrisi 

Microscolex phosphoreus Metaphire californica 

Allolobophora chlorotica Ocnerodrilus occidentalis 

Allolobophoridella eiseni Dichogaster bolaui 

Aporrectodea caliginosa Fridericia bulbosa 

Aporrectodea molleri Allonais paraguayensis 

Dendrobaena hortensis Aulophorus furcatus 

Dendrobaena lusitana Dero obtusa 

Dendrobaena madeirensis Nais communis 

Dendrobaena octaedra Nais elinguis 

Dendrodrilus rubidus Nais pardalis 

Eisenia fetida Nais variabilis 

Eiseniella tetraedra Ophidonais serpentina 

Lumbricus rubellus Slavina appendiculata 

Lumbricus terrestris Tubifex tubifex 


19.3.5.4. Nematoda – 63 species 

Aphelenchoides fragariae Strongyloides papillosus 

Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides 

Xiphinema brevicollum Dipetalonema reconditum 

Xiphinema dissimile Dirofilaria immitis 

Xiphinema diversicaudatum Ancylostoma caninum 

Xiphinema index Bunostomum trigonocephalum 

Xiphinema intermedium Chabertia ovina 

Xiphinema madeirense Oesophagostomum radiatum 

Xiphinema pachtaicum Dictyocaulus filaria 

Xiphinema pachydermum Nematodirus spathiger 

Xiphinema pseudocoxi Protostrongylus rufescens 

Xiphinema pyrenaicum Graphidium strigosum 

Xiphinema sahelense Haemonchus contortus 

Xiphinema santos Haemonchus placei 

Trichuris leporis Ostertagia ostertagi 

Trichuris ovis Teladorsagia circumcincta 

Trichuris vulpis Trichostrongylus colubriformis 

Stenonchulus troglodytes Trichostrongylus retortaeformis 

Paratrichodorus acutus Globodera pallida 

Paratrichodorus allius Globodera rostochiensis 

Paratrichodorus minor Helicotylenchus multicinctus 

Paratrichodorus porosus Rotylenchus buxophilus 

Toxocara canis Meloidogyne chitwoodi 

Toxocara cati Meloidogyne hapla 

Toxocara vitulorum Meloidogyne incognita 

Ascaridia columbae Meloidogyne javanica 

Ascaridia galli Pratylenchus brachyuris 

Heterakis gallinarum Pratylenchus coffeae 

Spinicauda dugesii Pratylenchus goodeyi 

Dermatoxys hispaniensis Radopholus similis 

Passalurus ambiguus Rotylenchulus reniformis 

Caenorhabditis elegans 


19.3.5.5. Mollusca – 184 species 

Actinella actinophora actinophora Leiostyla abbreviata 

Actinella arcta Leiostyla anglica 

Actinella armitageana Leiostyla arborea 

Actinella arridens Leiostyla cassidula 

Actinella carinofausta Leiostyla cheilogona 

Actinella fausta Leiostyla colvillei 

Actinella giramica Leiostyla concinna 

Actinella lentiginosa lentiginosa Leiostyla falknerorum 

Actinella lentiginosa stellaris Leiostyla filicum 

Actinella nitidiuscula nitidiuscula Leiostyla fusca 

Actinella obserata Leiostyla gibba 

Actinella robusta Leiostyla heterodon 

Amphorella iridescens Leiostyla irrigua 

Amphorella mitriformis Leiostyla lamellosa 

Amphorella tornatellina Leiostyla laurinea 

Ancylus aduncus Leiostyla loweana loweana 

Aporrhais pespelecani Leiostyla loweana transiens 

Arion hortensis Leiostyla millegrana 

Arion intermedius Leiostyla recta recta 

Arion lusitanicus Leiostyla simulator 

Arion pascalianus Leiostyla sphinctostoma 

Assiminea eliae Leiostyla vincta mauli 

Boettgeria crispa Leiostyla vincta vincta 

Boettgeria deltostoma deltostoma Leiostyla vincta watsoniana 

Boettgeria depauperata Leptaxis furva 

Boettgeria exigua Leptaxis groviana groviana 

Boettgeria obesiuscula Leptaxis membranacea 

Bolma rugosa Leptaxis simia advenoides 

Candidula intersecta Leptaxis simia simia 

Caracollina lenticula Leucophytia bidentada 

Carychium minimum Limacus flavus 

Carychium tridentatum Limax maximus 

Caseolus abjectus candisatus Lucilla scintilla 

Caseolus calvus calvus Lucilla singleyana 

Caseolus calvus galeatus Luria lurida 


Caseolus leptosticus leptosticus Mercuria balearica 

Cecilioides acicula Mercuria similis 

Cecilioides eulima Microxeromagna lowei 

Cochlicella acuta Milax gagates 

Cochlicella barbara Monodonta atrata 

Cochlicopa lubrica Nesovitrea hammonis 

Cochlicopa lubricella Oestophora barbula 

Cochlicopa repentina Otala lactea lactea 

Columella microspora Ovatella aequalis 

Cornu aspersum aspersum Oxychilus alliarius 

Craspedaria delphinuloides Oxychilus cellarius 

Craspedaria moniziana Oxychilus draparnaudi draparnaudi 

Craspedaria tiarella Paludinella littorina 

Craspedaria watsoni Paralaoma servilis 

Craspedopoma lyonnetianum Patella aspera 

Craspedopoma monizianum Patella candei 

Craspedopoma mucronatum Patella piperata 

Craspedopoma neritoides Pedipes pedipes 

Craspedopoma trochoideum Physella acuta 

Deroceras laeve Pisidium casertanum 

Deroceras lombricoides Pisidium personatum 

Deroceras panormitanum Plagyrona placida 

Deroceras reticulatum Planorbarius corneus corneus 

Discocharopa aperta Planorbella duryi 

Discula polymorpha agostinhoensis Planorbis moquini 

Discula polymorpha alleniana Plutonia albopalliata 

Discula polymorpha arenicola Plutonia behnii 

Discula polymorpha depressiuscula Plutonia marcida 

Discula polymorpha nebulata Plutonia nitida 

Discula polymorpha polymorpha Plutonia ruivensis 

Discula tabellata Pseudomelampus exiguus 

Discullela compar Punctum pygmaeum 

Discullela madeirensis madeirensis Pyrgella leacociana 

Discullela madeirensis taeniata Radix balthica 

Discullela spirulina Rumina decollata 

Discus guerinianus guerinianus Rumina saharica 

Discus rotundatus rotundatus Spirorbula latens 

Epitonium clathrus Spirorbula squalida 


Epitonium lamellosum Staurodon seminulum 

Erosaria spurca Stramonita haemastoma 

Ferussacia folliculus Testacella haliotidea 

Galba truncatula Testacella maugei 

Gibbula umbilicalis Theba pisana pisana 

Gyraulus albus Truncatella subcylindrica 

Gyraulus parvus Truncatellina linearis 

Haliotis tuberculata Turritela turbona 

Hawaiia minuscula Vallonia costata 

Helicodiscus parallelus Vallonia excentrica 

Hemilauria limnaeana Vallonia pulchella 

Heterostoma desertae Vertigo pygmaea 

Heterostoma pauperculum Vitrea contracta 

Janulus bifrons Xerotricha apicina 

Janulus stephanophorus Xerotricha conspurcata 

Jujubinus exasperatus yosotella denticulata 

Lauria cylindracea yosotella myosotis 

Lauria fanalensis Zonitoides arboreus 

Lehmannia valentiana Zonitoides nitidus 

19.3.5.6. Arthropoda – 3886 species 

Abrolophus neobrevicollis Leia arsona 

Acalles albolineatus Leipaspis caulicola oceanica 

Acalles cinereus Leipommata calcarata 

Acalles coarctatus Leipommata oromiana 

Acalles dispar achadagrandensis Leistus ellipticus 

Acalles dispar dispar Lepacis ozines 

Acalles festivus Lepidapion squamidorsum 

Acalles globulipennis Lepidocyrtus curvicollis 

Acalles histrionicus Lepidocyrtus montseniensis 

Acalles machadoi Lepidocyrtus paradoxus 

Acalles neptunus Lepidophallus hesperius 

Acalles nodiferus Lepidosaphes beckii 

Acalles oblitus Lepidosaphes gloverii 

Acalles portosantoensis Lepidosaphes pinnaeformis 

Acalles pulverosus Lepidosaphes ulmi 


Acalles saxicola Lepinotus inquilinus 

Acalles senilis oceanicus Lepinotus reticulatus 

Acalles terminalis Lepisma saccharina 

Acalles tolpis Leptacinus pusillus 

Acalles tristaensis Leptacis vlugi 

Acalles vau Lepthyphantes impudicus 

Acalypta parvula Lepthyphantes mauli 

Acanthiophilus helianthi LepthyphantesLundbladi 

Acanthiophilus walkeri Leptobium paivae 

Acanthoscelides obtectus Leptocera caenosa 

Acarus siro Leptocera nigra 

Acerentulus confinis maderensis Leptodrassus hylaestomachi 

Acerentulus cunhai Leptoiulus piceus 

Acerentulus ladeiroi Leptomastix epona 

Aceria barroisi Leptophloeus axillaris 

Aceria sheldoni Leptophloeus stenoides 

Achaearanea acoreensis Leptopilina boulardi 

Achenium hartungii Leptopilina fimbriata 

Acherontia atropos Leptopilina heterotoma 

Acheta domestica Leptotes pirithous 

Acheta hispanicus Leptotrichus leptotrichoides 

Acheta meridionalis Leptotrichus panzeri 

Achroia grisella Leptoylla segnis 

Achrysocharoides atys Leptus millipedius 

Achrysocharoides parva Lessertia dentichelis 

Acipes decolor Lestodiplosis longofilis 

Acipes lateralis Lestremia cinerea 

Acipes portosantoensis Leucania loreyi 

Acipes serratus Leucaspis lowi 

Acipes waldeni Leucaspis pusilla 

AcipesAtlanticus Leucohimatium arundinaceum 

Aclastus glabriventris Leucopis griseola 

Aclastus gracilis Leucoptera malifoliella 

Aclastus macro Leucostoma crassum 

Aclastus solutus Leucostoma engeddense 

Acleris variegana Liacarus madeirensis 

Acontia lucida Liacarus mucronatus 

Aconurella prolixa Liancalus glaucus 

Acritus homoeopathicus Liancalus virens 


Acritus nigricornis Liburnia anthracina 

Acroclita guanchana Ligia italica 

Acroclita subsequana Limnebius grandicollis 

AcroclitaAnelpista Limnellia quadrata 

Acrogalumna longipluma Limnephilus cinctus 

Acrolepiois infundibulosa Limnesia atlantica 

Acrolepiois mauli Limnophora bipunctata 

Acrolepiois vespertella Limnophora riparia 

Acrosternum heegeri Limnophora setinerva 

Acrosternum millierei Limnophyes prolongatus 

Acrotrichis cephalotes Limothri angulicornis 

Acrotrichis fascicularis Limothri cerealium 

Acrotrichis insularis Lindingaspis rossi 

Acrotrichis matthewsii Lindorus lophanthae 

Acrotrichis montandoni Linepithema humile 

Acrotrichis sanctaehelenae Liophrurillus flavitarsis 

Acrotrichis sericans Liorhyssus hyalinus 

Acrotrichis thoracica Lipaphis erysimi 

Acrotrichis umbricola Liparthrum artemisiae 

Acrotrichis williamsi Liparthrum bituberculatum 

Acrotylus insubricus Liparthrum curtum 

Acrotylus longipes Liparthrum inarmatum 

Aculo lycopersici Liparthrum mandibulare 

Aculus tetanothrix Liparthrum semidegener 

Acupalpus brunneipes Liposcelis bostrychophila 

Acupalpus notatus Liposcelis decolor 

Acyrthosiphon ilka Liposcelis meridionalis 

Acyrthosiphon lactucae Liposcelis paetula 

Acyrthosiphon malvae malvae Lipothrix lubbocki 

Acyrthosiphon pisum pisum Liriomyza amoena 

Acyrthosiphon spartii Liriomyza analis 

Adalia bipunctata revelierei Liriomyza euphorbiana 

Adalia decempunctata Liriomyza huidobrensis 

Adalia testudinea Liriomyza orbona 

Adia cinerella Liriomyza strigata 

Adistemia watsoni Liris atrata 

Aectrotanypus trifascipennis Lispe nana 

Aedes aegypti Lispe tentaculata 

Aelia acuminata acuminata Lispocephala mikii 


Aelurillus lucasi Litargo pictus 

Aeolothri collaris Litargus coloratus 

Aeolothri ericae Litargus pilosus 

Aeolothri fallax Lithobius crassipes 

Aeolothri tenuicornis Lithobius lusitanus 

Aepus gracilicornis desertarum Lithobius melano 

Aepus gracilicornis gracilicornis Lithobius pilicornis 

Aethes francillana Lithobius waldeni 

Agabiformius lentus Lithocharis ochracea 

Agabus maderensis Lithocharis vilis 

Agabus nebulosus Lixus anguinus 

Agabus wollastoni Lixus cheiranthi 

Agalenatea redii Lixus filiformis 

Agdistis bifurcatus Lixus juncii 

Agdistis eudocanariensis Lixus pulverulentus 

Agdistis salsolae Lixus vectiformis 

Agdistis tamaricis Lobesia neptunia 

Agistemus africana Loboptera decipiens decipiens 

Aglossa caprealis Loboptera fortunata 

Agonopterix perezi Lobrathium multipunctum 

Agonopterix scopariella Locusta migratoria migratoria 

Agonum marginatum Lonchidia clavicornis 

Agrilus viridis viridis Lonchoptera bifurcata 

Agriphila trabeatellus Lonchoptera lutea 

AgriphilaAtlanticus Longitarsus aeneus 

Agrius convolvuli Longitarsus cerinthes 

Agromyza reptans Longitarsus cinerariae 

Agrostothri meridionalis Longitarsus codinai 

Agrotis fortunata Longitarsus echii 

Agrotis herzogi Longitarsus isoplexidis 

Agrotis iilon Longitarsus lycopi 

Agrotis lanzarotensis Longitarsus nervosus 

Agrotis rutae Longitarsus nigrofasciatus 

Agrotis segetum Longitarsus nubigena 

Agrotis spinifera Longitarsus ochroleucus ochroleucus 

Agrotis trux Longitarsus ochroleucusLindbergi 

AgrotisAtrux Longitarsus ordinatus 

Ahasverus advena Longitarsus parvulus 

Aiolopus strepens strepens Longiunguis pyrarius 


Aiolopus thalassinus thalassinus Lonympha carne 

Alebra viridis Lordiphosa andalusiaca 

Aleiodes apicalis Lordithon thoracicus 

Aleiodes coxalis Loricera wollastonii 

Aleiodes gasterator LoriculaLundbladi 

Aleiodes gastritor Lorryia ferula 

Aleiodes testaceus Lorryia stellata 

Aleochara binotata Lotophila atra 

Aleochara clavicornis Loxosceles rufescens 

Aleochara funebris Lucasius myrmecophilus 

Aleochara lindbergi Lucasius scitus 

Aleochara moesta Lucilia sericata 

Aleochara puberula Luffia lapidella 

Aleochara verna Luperina madeirae 

Aleurodicus dispersus Lycaena phlaeas phlaeoides 

Aleuroplatus perseaphagus Lycoriella conspicua 

Aleurothrixus floccosus Lycosoides coarctata 

Aleurotrachelus rhamnicola Lyctocoris campestris 

Aleyrodes proletella Lyctocoris dimidiatus 

Allodia ornaticollis Lyctus brunneus 

Allodia pistillata Lygus maritimus 

Allogalumna alamellae Lymexylon navale 

Allopauropus aristatus Lymnophyes madeirae 

Allopauropus brincki Lymnophyes minimus 

Allopauropus cuenoti Lymnophyes natalensis 

Allopauropus dahli Lymnophyes pentaplastus 

Allopauropus gracilis Lynicus exhortator 

Allopauropus laurinus Lysibia nana 

Allopauropus millotianus Lysiphlebus fabarum 

Allopauropus subminutus Lysiphlebus testaceipes 

Allopauropus vulgaris Macaridion barreti 

AllopauropusAlicundus Macaroeris cata 

Allotropa conventus Macaroeris desertensis 

Alloxantha fulva Macaroeris diligens 

Alloxysta brevis Macaroeris moebi 

Alloxysta minuta Macaroeris nidicolens 

Alloxysta pedestris Machilinus portosantensis 

Alloxysta victrix Machimus madeirensis 

Aloconota granulosa Machimus monticola 


Aloconota gregaria Machimus novarensis 

Aloconota maderensis Machimus portosanctanus 

Aloconota philonthoides Macrocentrus collaris 

Aloconota planifrons Macrocentrus madeirensis 

Aloconota sulcifrons Macrocoma oromiana 

Alphitobius diaperinus Macrodiplosis pustularis 

Alphitobius laevigatus Macroglossum stellatarum 

Alysia alticola Macrolophus pygmaeus 

Alysia atra Macronychia striginervis 

Alysia manducator Macropelopia nebulosa 

Amara aenea Macrosiphoniella artemisiae 

Amara cottyi cottyi Macrosiphoniella madeirensis 

Amara superans Macrosiphoniella millefolii 

Amaurorhinus bewickianus Macrosiphoniella sanborni 

Amaurorhinus clermonti salvagis Macrosiphoniella tapuskae 

Amaurorhinus monizianus monizianus Macrosiphum euphorbiae 

Amblyolpium franzi Macrosiphum rosae 

Amblyptilia acanthadactyla Macrosteles ossiannilssoni 

Amblyseius largoensis Macrosteles ramosus 

Amblyteles armatorius Macrosthetus tuberculatus 

Amegilla maderae Maculolachnus submacula 

Amerus troisi Madeirostiba truncorum 

Amischa analis Maderentulus maderensis 

Amischa decipiens Madiza glabra 

Amischa nigrofusca Magdalis barbicornis 

Amitus fuscipennis Mahencyrtus comara 

Amitus longicornis Makaronesa basicyanea 

Amitus spiniferus Makaronesa carinus 

Ammeia pulchella Makaronesa obscuripes 

Amphiareus constrictus Makaronesa obumbrata 

Amphibolothri grassii Buffa Makaronesa tetraspila 

Amphorophora rubi Makaronesa tinctipennis 

Anacaena conglobata Makarorysa madeco 

Anacaena marchantiae MakarorysaMadalta 

Anacharis eucharioides Malacomyia sciomyzina 

Anacharis inmunis Malthinus scriptus 

Anagyrus aligarhensis Malthodes kiesenwetteri 

Anagyrus belibus MalvapioMalvae 

Anagyrus bohemani Mangora acalypha 


Anagyrus eudococci Mantara bifurcata 

Anamastigona pulchella Mantis religiosa 

Anapausis wollastoni Mantura chrysanthemi 

Anaphothri graminum Priesner Maoriocus koriflae 

Anaphothri obscurus Masoreus orientalis nobilis 

Anaspis imitator Mastrus rufulus 

Anaspis proteus Mauleus maderensis 

Anastatus bifasciatus Mayetia moscosoensis 

Anatella atlanticiliata Mayetia nevesi 

Anax ephippiger Mayridia formosula 

Anax imperator Mecyna asinalis 

Anax parthenope Medon apicalis 

Ancistrocerus gazella Medon indigena 

Ancistrocerus madaera Medon ripicola 

Ancistrocerus parietum Medon vicentensis 

Ancylosis convexella Megacara hortulana 

Ancylosis roscidella Megachile versicolor 

Andrena maderensis maderensis Megalothorax minimus 

Andrena wollastoni wollastoni Megamelodes quadrimaculatus 

Andricus foecundatrix Megarthrus longicornis 

Anechura schmitzi Megaselia angusta 

Anemophilus crassus Megaselia angustiata 

Anemophilus subtessellatus Megaselia basispinata 

Anemophilus trossulus Megaselia giraudii 

Aneuclis incidens Megaselia lata 

Aneurhynchus galesiformis Megaselia longicostalis 

Aneuropria foersteri Megaselia marina 

Anillobius portosantoi Megaselia nigra 

Anillobius solifuga Megaselia pleuralis 

Anisodactylus binotatus Megaselia ruficornis 

Anisoebilis canariensis Megaselia rufipes 

Anisolabis maritima Megaselia scalaris 

Anisopilothri venustulus Megaselia subpleuralis 

Anisopteromalus calandrae Megasternum concinnum 

Anobium punctatum Megastylus orbitator 

Anoecia corni Megophthalmidia decora 

Anoecia vagans Meioneta fuscipalpa 

Anomaloppia madeirensis Meladema lanio 

Anommatus duodecimstriatus Melanaphis bambusae 


Anommatus maderensis Melanaphis donacis 

Anopheles cinereus Melanaspis smilacis 

Anoscopus albifrons Melani alienus 

Anoscopus assimilis Melanochaeta pubescens 

Anotylus complanatus Melanophila acuminata 

Anotylus glareosus Melanophthalma distinguenda 

Anotylus insignitus Melanophthalma fuscipennis 

Anotylus nitidifrons Melanostoma mellinum 

Anotylus nitidulus Melanostoma wollastoni 

Antaxius spinibrachius Melanthri fuscus 

Anteon ephippiger Meligethes isoplexidis 

Anthelephila pedestris Meligethes nigrescens 

Anthicus brunneus Meligethes planiusculus 

Anthicus crinitus Meligethes varicollis 

Anthicus lubbockii Meliscaeva auricollis 

Anthocoris alienus Melittobia acasta 

Anthocoris gallarumulmi Meloboris collector 

Anthocoris nemorum Meloe austrinus 

Anthomyia maura Meloe flavicomus 

Anthomyia pluvialis Meloe mediterraneus 

Anthomyza baezi Melyrosoma abdominale 

Anthomyza umbrosa Melyrosoma artemisiae 

Anthophila threnodes Melyrosoma oceanicum 

Anthrax anthrax Menemerus semilimbatus 

Anthrenus verbasci Menophra maderae 

Antigastra catalaunalis Merismus megapterus 

Antlemon halidayi Merrifieldia bystropogonis 

Anurida granaria Mesapamea maderensis 

Aonidiella aurantii Mesaphorura krausbaueri 

Aonidiella lauretorum Mesiotelus maderianus 

Aoplus madeirae Mesochorus curvulus 

Apaeleticus inimicus Mesochorus madeirensis 

Apanteles appellator Mesochorus nuncupator 

Apanteles circumscriptus Mesochorus stigmator 

Apanteles dorsalis Mesogastrura libyca 

Apanteles phaloniae Mesophylax oblitus 

Apanteles propinquus Mesopolobus aequus 

Apanteles tedellae Mesopolobus fuscipes 

Apanteles xanthostigma Mesopolobus laticornis 


Apatema fasciata Mesopolobus tibialis 

Aperileptus lineatocollis Messor structor 

Aphaereta minuta Meta barreti Kulczynski 

Aphanarthrum bicolor Meta obscura 

Aphanarthrum euphorbiae Meta stridulans 

Aphanarthrum piscatorium Metanotalia maderensis 

Aphaniosoma obscuratum Metaphorura affinis 

Aphanogmus bicolor Metaphycus dispar 

Aphanogmus clavicornis Metaphycus flavus 

Aphanogmus fumipennis Metellina merianae 

Aphanogmus microneurus Meteorus affinis 

Aphanogmus vicinus Meteorus cinctellus 

Aphanus rolandri Meteorus pendulus 

Aphelinus abdominalis Meteorus versicolor 

Aphelinus asychis Methorasa latreillei 

Aphelinus chaonia Metoia ampliata 

Aphelinus humilis Metophthalmus asperatus 

Aphelinus varipes Metophthalmus exiguus 

Aphidius avenae Metophthalmus ferrugineus 

Aphidius ervi Metophthalmus sculpturatus 

Aphidius matricariae Metopolophium dirhodum 

Aphidius rhopalosiphi Metopolophium festucae 

Aphidius ribis Metriocnemus eurynotus 

Aphidius smithi Metriocnemus fuscipes 

Aphidius urticae Mezium affine 

Aphis caellae Mezium americanum 

Aphis craccivora Mezium sulcatum 

Aphis epilobii Miastor metraloas 

Aphis fabae Micaria albovittata 

Aphis farinosa Micaria pallipes 

Aphis gossypii Micracreagrella caeca madeirensis 

Aphis hederae Micracreagrina madeirensis 

Aphis nasturtii Micrambe ulicis 

Aphis nerii Micranurida pygmaea 

Aphis paralios Micrelytra fossularum 

Aphis parietariae Micreremus brevipes 

Aphis pomi Microchironomus deribae 

Aphis praeterita Microctenonyx subitaneus 

Aphis punicae Microectra junci 


Aphis ruborum Microlestes corticalis 

Aphis sarothamni Microlestes luctuosus chobauti 

Aphis sedi Microlestes negrita 

Aphis solanella Microlinyphia johnsoni 

Aphis spiraecola Micromus angulatus 

Aphis tirucallis Micromus sjostedti 

Aphis ulicis Microplax interrupta 

Aphis umbrella Microplitis aduncus 

Aphodius eudolividus Microplitis spectabilis 

Aphodius fimetarius Micropsectra freyi 

Aphodius ghardimaouensis Micropteromyia ghilarovi 

Aphodius granarius Microstagetus parvulus 

Aphodius hydrochaeris Microterys colligatus 

Aphodius pedrosi Microterys nietneri 

Aphodius sturmi Microvelia gracillima 

Aphrodes bicinctus Microvelia pygmaea 

Aphrodes brachypterus Miktoniscus arcangelii 

Aphrosylus jucundus Miktoniscus chavesi 

Aphrosylus madeirensis Miktoniscus linearis 

Aphrosylus venator Miktoniscus patiencei 

AphrosylusAtlanticus Milesia crabroniformis 

Apion frumentarium Milichiella lacteipennis 

Apis mellifera Minilimosina fungicola 

Aplomyia confinis Minilimosina parvula 

Aploneura lentisci Minilimosina vitripennis 

Apocheiridium ferum Miotropis unipuncta 

Aporodes floralis Mirax rufilabris 

Apotetrastichus contractus Miscogaster glabricula 

Apotomus chaudoirii Misumena nigromaculata 

Aprionus spiniger Misumena spinifera 

Aproaerema anthyllidella elachistella Mniophilosoma laeve 

Aprostocetus flavifrons Mniotype albostigmata 

Aprostocetus grylli Mocuellus collinus 

Aprostocetus hagenowii Modicogryllus burdigalensis burdigalensis 

Aprostocetus hians Mogulones geographicus 

Aprostocetus microcosmus Molophilus baezi 

Aprostocetus nubigenus Monalocoris parvulus 

Aprostocetus occidentalis Monelliois pecanis 

Aprostocetus pausiris Monochamus galloprovincialis 


Aprostocetus phloeophthori Monodiscodes intermedius 

Aprostocetus toddaliae Monomorium carbonarium 

Aprostocetus viatorum Monomorium pharaonis 

Apterona helicoidella Monomorium subopacum 

Apterygothri wollastoni Monopis barbarosi 

Aptinothri rufus Monopis crocicapitella 

Aradus lugubris Monopis herickxi 

Araneus hortensis Monopis nigricantella 

Araniella maderiana Monotoma longicollis 

Arbiblatta chavesi Monotoma picipes 

Arbiblatta infumata Monotoma spinicollis 

Arctosa cinerea Montana barretoi 

Arctosa maderana Montandoniola moraguesi 

Arenocoris waltlii Moranila californica 

Argiope bruennichi MormiaMaderensis 

Argiope trifasciata Mosillus subsultans 

Argyrodes argyrodes Muellerianella fairmairei 

Argyrodes incertus Multioppia insulana 

Arhopalus ferus Musca biseta 

Arhopalus rusticus Musca domestica 

Arhopalus syriacus Musca osiris 

Ariadna insidiatrix Musca sorbens 

Ariadna maderiana Musca vitripennis 

Aridelus rufotestaceus Muscina levida 

Armadillidium granulatum Muscina prolaa 

Armadillidium tigris Muscina stabulans 

Armadilloniscus ellipticus Myathropa usta 

Arrenurus autochthonus Mycetaea subterranea 

Arrhenophagus chionaspidis Mycetaspis personata 

Arrhopalites caecus Mycetophila blanda 

Arrhopalites elegans Mycetophila britannica 

Arrhopalites mauli Mycetophila edwardsi 

Arthroli convexiuscula Mycetophila nigromadera 

Arthroli humilis Mycetophila ocellus 

Arthroli picea Mycetophila perpallida 

Arytinnis incuba Mycetophila pictula 

Arytinnis umbonata Mycetophila pumila 

Asaphes suspensus Mycetophila suffusala 

Ascalenia echidnias Mycetophila trinotata 


Ascogaster quadridentata MycetophilaMadocella 

Ascotis fortunata wollastoni Mycetoporus johnsoni 

Asecodes congruens Mycetoporus johnsoni 

Asellus aquaticus Mycetoporus portosanctanus 

Asetadiptacus emiliae Mycodiplosis melamorae 

Asianidia chinai Mycomya prominens 

Asianidia chrysanthemi Mymar taprobanicum 

Asianidia decolor Myoocus eatoni 

Asianidia insulana Myospila meditabunda 

Asianidia madeirensis Myrmecina graminicola 

Asianidia melliferae Myrmecocephalus concinnus 

Asianidia vallicola MyrmecoporaMaritima 

AsianidiaAlbula Myrmecoxenus picinus 

AsianidiaAtlantica Myrmeleon alternans 

Asobara tabida Myrrha octodecimguttata 

Aspidapion radiolus chalybeipenne Mythimna serradaguae 

Aspidiotus destructor Mythimna unipuncta 

Aspidiotus maderensis Mythimna vitellina 

Aspidiotus nerii Myzaphis bucktoni 

Aspilota fuscicornis Myzaphis rosarum 

Astata boops Myzocallis boerneri 

Asteia amoena Myzocallis castanicola 

Astenus bimaculatus Myzocallis coryli 

Astenus chimaera Myzocallis kuricola 

Astenus lyonessius Myzus ascalonicus 

Asterodiaspis variolosa Myzus cerasi 

Asterolecanium rehi Myzus cymbalariae 

Astichus maculipennis Myzus hemerocallis 

Asymmetrasca decedens Myzus ornatus 

Ataenius brevicollis Myzus persicae 

Ataenius heinekeni Nabis caiformis 

Atherigona varia Nabis eudoferus ibericus 

Atheroides serrulatus Nabis valentinae 

Atheta amicula Nacaeus impressicollis 

Atheta atramentaria Nacerdes melanura 

Atheta coriaria Nannophilus eximius 

Atheta crassicornis Napomyza lateralis 

Atheta gagatina Nargus bicolor 

Atheta haligena Nargus vandeli 


Atheta harwoodi Nasonia vitripennis 

Atheta immucronata Nasonovia dasyphylli 

Atheta insignis Nasonovia ribisnigri 

Atheta leileri Naubates harrisoni 

Atheta longicornis Naubates pterodromi 

Atheta luridipennis Naupactus godmani 

Atheta palustris Neamerus lundbladi 

Atheta sanguinolenta Neanura muscorum 

Atheta trinotata Nebrioporus dubius 

Atheta zealandica Necremnus alticola 

Atlantidium barretoi Necremnus artynes 

Atlantidium mateui Necremnus cosconius 

Atlantidium secundum Necremnus folia 

Atlantochrysa atlantica Necremnus fumatus 

Atlantocis lauri Necrobia ruficollis 

Atlantoocus adustus Necrobia rufipes 

Atlantoocus personatus Neelus murinus 

Atlantoocus semicircularis Nehemitropia lividipennis 

Atomaria apicalis Nemorilla maculosa 

Atomaria insecta Neoascia podagrica 

Atomaria munda Neoasterolepisma myrmecobia 

Atomaria pusilla Neoasterolepisma pelagodromae 

Atomaria scutellaris Neobisnius lathrobioides 

AtomariaAlternans Neochrysocharis aratus 

Atomoscelis onusta Neoclytus acuminatus 

Atractides hystricipes Neoderelomus piriformis 

Atractides insulanus Neomariania rebeli 

Atractides macaronensis Neomyia cornicina 

Atractides maderensis Neomyzus circumflexus 

Atractides rutae Neoscona crucifera 

Atropacarus striculus insularis Neoscona subfusca 

Attalus lusitanicus lusitanicus Neotoxoptera formosana 

Attalus maderensis Neotoxoptera oliveri 

Attalus minimus Neotrama maritima 

Attalus oceanicus Neotrichoporoides dispersus 

Attalus remanei Neotrichoporoides intaminatus 

Attalus rostratus Neotrichoporoides mediterraneus 

Attalus rugosus Neotrichoporoides viridimaculatus 

Aturus atlantis Neottiura herbigrada 


Atyaephyra desmaresti Nephanes titan 

Aulacaspis rosae Nephopterix angustella 

Aulacaspis tubercularis Nephrotoma antithrix 

Aulacigaster falcata Nephrotoma brevipennis 

Aulacigaster leucopeza Nephrotoma lucida 

Aulacoderus maderae Nephus conjunctus 

Aulacorthum solani Nephus depressiusculus 

Auletobius maderensis Nephus flavopictus 

Aulonothroscus integer Nephus hiekei 

Austroagallia caboverdensis Nesacinopus pelagicus 

Austroagallia hilaris Nesarpalus cimensis cimensis 

Austromenopon echinatum Nesarpalus cimensis maderae 

Autographa gamma Nesarpalus gregarius 

Autophila dilucida Nesidiocoris tenuis 

Azaisia obscura Nesoclutha erythrocephala 

Azaisia setitarsis Nesophrosyne cellulosa 

Bacillothri bagnalli Nesotes arboricola 

Bactra lancealana Nesotes asper asper 

Bactra minima Nesotes asper maderensis 

Bactra venosana Nesotes confertus colasi 

Bactrocera oleae Nesotes confertus confertus 

Baeonotus micro Nesotes congregatus 

Baetis enigmaticus Nesotes futilis 

Baetis maderensis Nesotes gagatinus 

Balclutha frontalis Nesotes graniger 

Balclutha pellucens Nesotes infernus infernus 

Bamboosiella repentina Nesotes infernus wollastoni 

Bambusaphis bambusae Nesotes leacoccianus 

Banchus insulanus Nesotes lucifugus lucifugus 

Barretonus desertae Nesotes lucifugus maritimus 

Barretonus hinterseheri Nesotes monodi 

Barretonus major Nesotes obliteratus 

Barretonus minor Nesotes portosanctanus 

Baryconus europaeus Nesotes subdepressus 

Barypeithes indigens indigens Nesothri propinquus 

Baryscapus diaphantus Nesticodes rufipes 

Bedellia somnulentella Netelia testacea 

Belaphotroctes atlanticus Netelia thoracica 

Belba interlamellaris Neumania atlantida 


Belopus elongatus Neurocladus brachiidens 

Bembidion atlanticum atlanticum Neuroterus anthracinus 

Bembidion illigeri Neuroterus aprilinus 

Bembidion schmidti schmidti Neurotomia coenulentella 

Bembidion tabellatum Nezara viridula 

Bembidion tethys Nicobium castaneum 

Bemisia afer Nicobium velatum 

Bemisia afer Niditinea fuscella 

Bemisia lauracea Nielseniella brinki 

Bemisia tabaci Nielseniella maderensis 

Beosus maritimus Nigma puella 

Berginus tamarisci Nipaecoccus nipae 

Bertkauia lucifuga Nitidula carnaria 

Berytinus hirticornis pilipes Nitidula flavomaculata 

Berytinus montivagus Noctua pronuba 

Bethylus boo Noctua teixeirai 

Bethylus fuscicornis Nomophila noctuella 

Bethylus latus Nopoiulus kochii 

Bethylus linearis Norbanus cerasio 

Bethylus tenuis Norrbomia marginatis 

Binodoxys angelicae Nosferatumyia no 

Biosteres wesmaelii Nosoyllus fasciatus 

Bisnius cephalotes Nostima picta 

Bisnius sordidus Nothrotrombidium lundbladi 

Blabinotus spinicollis Nothrus palustris 

Blacus armatulus Notiophilus geminatus 

Blacus exilis Notiophilus quadripunctatus 

Blacus humilis Nycterosea obstipata 

Blacus pappianus Nycteus meridionalis 

Blacus ruficornis Nysius contiguus 

Blaniulus guttulatus Nysius cymoides 

Blaps gigas Nysius ericae ericae 

Blaps lethifera Nysius immunis 

Blastobasis adustella Ochlerotatus eatoni 

Blastobasis decolorella Ochropleura leucogaster 

Blastobasis desertarum Ochrosis ventralis 

Blastobasis divisus Ochthebius algicola 

Blastobasis insularis Ochthebius heeri 

Blastobasis lacticolella Ochthebius quadrifoveolatus 


Blastobasis laurisilvae Ochthebius rugulosus 

Blastobasis lavernella Ochthebius subpictus subpictus 

Blastobasis luteella Octotemnus opacus 

Blastobasis marmorosella Ocypus aethio 

Blastobasis maroccanella Ocypus fortunatarum 

Blastobasis nigromaculata Ocypus obscuroaeneus schatzmayri 

Blastobasis ochreopalpella Ocypus olens 

Blastobasis pica Ocypus pedemontanus 

Blastobasis rebeli Ocys harpaloides 

Blastobasis salebrosella Odonaspis saccharicaulis 

Blastobasis serradaguae Odontocepheus elongatus 

Blastobasis spectabilella Odontothri retamae 

Blastobasis splens Odontothri ulicis 

Blastobasis subdivisus Oecanthus pellucens pellucens 

Blastobasis virgatella Oecia oecophila 

Blastobasis vittata Oecobius minor 

Blastobasis walsinghami Oecobius navus 

Blastobasis wolffi Oecobius selvagensis 

Blastobasis wollastoni Oecobius similis 

BlastobasisBassii Oedaleus decorus decorus 

Blatta orientalis Oedemera barbara 

Blattella germanica Oestrus ovis 

Blepharita inexspectata Oinophila v-flava 

Bogidiella madeirae Oius lethierryi 

Boletina nigravena Olibrus affinis 

Bolitophila saundersii Olibrus bicolor 

Bolothri insularis Olibrus cinerariae 

Bombus maderensis Olibrus liquidus 

Bombus ruderatus Olibrus millefolii 

Boophilus annulatus Oligomerus ptilinoides 

Boreoheptagyia legeri Oligonychus perseae 

Boromorphus maderae Oligosita subfasciata 

Botyodes diniasalis Oligota analis 

Bourletiella arvalis Oligota canariensis 

Bourletiella bicincta Oligota muensteri 

Brachycarenus tigrinus Oligota parva 

Brachycaudus bicolor Oligota punctulata 

Brachycaudus cardui Oligota pusillima 

Brachycaudus helichrysi Oligota selvagensis 


Brachycaudus rumexicolens Oligotoma nigra 

Brachycaudus schwartzi Olisthopus elongatus 

Brachydesmus proximus Olisthopus ericae 

Brachydesmus superus Olisthopus humerosus 

Brachyiulus lusitanus Olisthopus maderensis acutangulus 

Brachyiulus pusillus Olisthopus maderensis maderensis 

Brachymeria minuta Olpium pallipes 

Brachypeplus mauli Omalium ocellatum 

Brachypogon griseipennis Ommatoiulus moreletii 

Brachypterolus antirrhini Omonadus floralis 

Brachypterona vieirai Omosita colon 

Brachypterus labiatus Omosita discoidea 

Brachysteles wollastoni Oncocephalus pilicornis 

Brachystomella parvula Oncopodura crassicornis 

Bracon chiloecus Oniscus asellus 

Bracon ericeti Ontsira antica 

Bracon hebetor Onychiurus circulans 

Bradleycypris obliqua Onychiurus eudostachianus 

Bradycellus assingi Onychiurus ghidinii 

Bradycellus excultus Onychiurus insubrarius 

Bradycellus harpalinus Ooctonus vulgatus 

Bradycellus maderensis Ooencyrtus telenomicida 

Bradycellus wollastoni Opacifrons coxata 

Bradysia diversispina Opalimosina liliputana 

Bradysia nitidicollis Opalimosina mirabilis 

Brevicornu griseicolle Ophiomyia beckeri 

Brevicornu intermedium Ophion atlanticus 

Brevicornu sericoma Ophiusa tirhaca 

Brevicornu verralli Ophonus ardosiacus 

Brevicoryne brassicae Ophonus stictus 

Brevipalpus obovatus Opilo domesticus 

Brevipalpus phoenicis Opilo mollis 

Brindalus maderae Opogona omoscopa 

Brindalus schatzmayri Opogona sacchari 

Brontaea tonitrui Opopaea concolor 

Bruchidius Decellei Oppiella nova 

Bruchidius foveolatus Oranmorpha guerinii 

Bruchidius lichenicola Orchestes fagi 

Bruchidius lividimanus Orchisia costata 


Bruchidius seminarius Oribatula cognata 

Bruchidius varius Oribatula frisiae 

Bruchus pisorum Orius albidipennis 

Bruchus rufimanus Orius laevigatus maderensis 

Bryaxis lusitanicus Orius limbatus 

Bryaxis pandellei curticollis Orius niger 

Bryobia rubrioculus Ornativalva plutelliformis 

Bryophaenocladius illimbatus Ortheziola vejdovskyi 

Bryophaenocladius subvernealis Ortho basalis 

Bryotropha domestica Ortho kalmii 

Bryotropha plebejella Orthocentrus fulvipes 

Buchananiella continua Orthocentrus marginatus 

Buchnerillo litoralis Orthocentrus monilicornis 

Bunochelis spinifera Orthoceratium lacustre 

Byrsinus flavicornis Orthocladius fuscimanus 

Byrsinus laticollis Orthocladius rivicola 

Byrsinus pilosulus Orthocladius thienemanni 

Cacoecimorpha pronubana Orthomus barbarus haligena 

Cacoylla atlantica Orthomus bedelianus 

Cacoylla exima Orthomus berrai 

Cacoylla pyri Orthomus curtus 

Cadra cautella Orthomus dilaticollis 

Cadra figulilella Orthomus gracilipes 

Caenois fissirostris Orthomus lundbladi 

Caenois waltoni Orthomus pecoudi 

Calacalles wollastoni Orthomus susanae 

Calamoncosis minima Orthoperus aequalis 

Calaphis flava Orthoperus atomarius 

Calathus colasianus Orthoperus atomus 

Calathus complanatus complanatus Orthostigma funchalense 

Calathus complanatus vandeli Orthostigma maculipes 

Calathus fimbriatus Orthostigma madeirense 

Calathus pecoudi Orthostigma minusculum 

Calathus subfuscus Orthostigma pumila 

Calathus vividus Orthotomicus erosus 

Cales noacki Orthotylus flavosparsus 

Caliroa cerasi Oscinella frit 

Callaspidia mediterranea Oscinella maura 

Callaspidia notata Oscinella nitidigenis 


Calliphora vicina Oscinella pusilla 

Calliphora vomitoria Osmia madeirensis 

Calliptamus madeirae Osmia niveata 

Callitula bicolor Ostearius melanopygius 

Callomyia dives Othius arieiroensis 

Calocheirus mirus Othius baculifer 

Caloptilia aurantiaca Othius jansoni 

Caloptilia azaleella Othius ruivomontis 

Caloptilia coruscans Othius strigulosus 

Caloptilia laurifoliae Otiorhynchus cribicollis 

Caloptilia schinella Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus 

Caloptilia staintoni Otiorhynchus sulcatus 

Calosoma maderae maderae Oulema melanopus 

Calymmaderus solidus Outachyusa raptoria 

Calyptomerus dubius Ovatus crataegarius 

Camicnemus curvipes Oxidus gracilis 

Campanulotes madeirensis Oxyaciura tibialis 

Campiglossa producta Oxycarenus lavaterae 

Campiglossa valida Oxyethira spinosella 

Campodea quilisi Oxypleurus nodieri 

Campoletis ensator Oxypoda carbonaria 

Campoletis madeirae Oxypoda lurida 

Campoletis viennensis Oxypoda magdalenae 

Camponotus sylvaticus Oxytelus piceus 

Campoplex difformis Oxytelus sculptus 

Campoplex faunus Oxythri ajugae 

Campoplex praeoccupator Ozognathus cornutus 

Camptocera glaberrima Ozyptila atlantica 

Camptocladius stercorarius Pachymerium ferrugineum 

Camptopus lateralis Pachyneuron aphidis 

Campylomyza flavipes Pachyneuron formosum 

Canace actites Pachyneuron groenlandicum 

Canace nasica Pachysternum capense 

Canarichelifer teneriffae Pachytychius robustus 

Canthophorus dubius Pactolinus major 

Capitophorus elaeagni Paidiscura orotavensis 

Capitophorus hippophaes hippophaes Pales exsulans 

Caprainea bremondi Palliduphantes schmitzi 

CaradrinaClavipalpis pinkeri Palorus ratzeburgi 


Carcino pumilio Palpita vitrealis 

Carcino troglodytes Panonychus citri 

Cardepia deserticola antinea Panonychus ulmi 

Cardiocladius capucinus Pantoclis sulcata 

Cardiocladius freyi Pantoclis trisulcata 

Cardiocondyla emeryi Parachipteria punctata 

Cardiocondyla mauritanica Parachipteria willmanni 

Cardiophorus femoratus Paracolpodia capitata 

Cardiophorus oromii Paradeucalion desertarum 

Carios vespertilionis Paradromius insularis insularis 

Carpelimus bilineatus Paradromius insularis oceanicus 

Carpelimus corticinus Paradromius linearis 

Carpelimus exilis Paragus coadunatus 

Carpelimus nigrita Parahyponomeuta bakeri 

Carpelimus simplicicollis simplicicollis Paralabella curvicauda 

Carpophilus bifenestratus Paraleyrodes bondari 

Carpophilus dimidiatus Paraleyrodes citricolus 

Carpophilus hemipterus Paraliochthonius cavalensis 

Carpophilus marginellus Paraliochthonius hoestlandti 

Carpophilus mutilatus Parallelodera parallela 

Carpophilus nepos Parametriocnemus stylatus 

Carpophilus quadrisignatus Paramormia cornuta 

Carposina anopta Paramormia ustulata 

Carposina atlanticella Paranchus albipes 

Cartodere bifasciata Parapelecois mediocris 

Cartodere constricta Paraphaenocladius impensus 

Cartodere nodifer Paraphloeostiba clavicornis 

Cartodere satelles Paraphloeostiba gayndahensis 

Carulaspis juniperi Pararge aegeria 

Carulaspis minima Pararge xiphia 

Caryocolum marmoreum marmoreum Pararotruda nesiotica 

Caryocolum marmoreum pulchra Parasaissetia nigra 

Caryocolum sciurella Paraschizaphis rosazevedoi 

Cassida hemisphaerica Parasteatoda tepidariorum 

Cathormiocerus curvipes Parastyphloderes lindbergi 

Cathormiocerus maderae Paratibellus oblongiusculus 

Cathormiocerus variegatus Paratrechina jaegerskioeldi 

Cathormiocerus viennoti Paratrechina longicornis 

Catopidius murrayi Paratrichlocladius rufiventris 


Catopsilia florella Paratrissocladius excerptus 

Caulonomus rhizophagoides Paratullbergia callipygos 

Caulophilus oryzae Parazuphium baeticum mauretaniae 

Caulotrupis erberi Pardosa proxima 

Caulotrupis impius Paregle audacula 

Caulotrupis lacertosus Parisotoma notabilis 

Caulotrupis lucifugus Parlatoria camelliae 

Caulotrupis opacus Parlatoria theae 

Caulotrupis pyricollis Parocyusa longitarsis 

Caulotrupis subnitidus Paromalus flavicornis 

Caulotrupis terebrans Paromalus luderti 

CaulotrupisChevrolati Paromius gracilis 

CaulotrupisConicollis Parthenolecanium persicae 

Cavariella aegopodii Parthenolecanium rufulum 

Cavariella theobaldi Parydra coarctata 

Cecidophyois malpighianus Parydra fossarum 

Cenopalpus pulcher Passaloecus gracilis 

Centistes edentatus Pauesia picta 

Centrocoris variegatus Pealius azaleae 

Centromerus anoculus Pealius madeirensis 

Centromerus sexoculatus Pediobius bruchicida 

Centromerus variegatus Pediobius epigonus 

Cephennium australe Pediobius latice 

Cephennium mycetoeides Pediobius metallicus 

Ceraleptus gracilicornis Pegomya bicolor 

Ceraleptus obtusus Pegomya lateropunctata 

Ceraphron trissacantha Pegomya lyneborgi 

Cerataphis brasiliensis Peirates strepitans 

Cerataphis orchidearum Pellenes geniculatus 

Ceratinois acripes Pellenes maderianus 

Ceratinois infuscata Pempeliella lundbladi 

Ceratitis capitata Pemphigus bursarius 

Ceratobia oxymora Pemphigus populitransversus 

Ceratophysella denticulata Pentalonia nigronervosa 

Ceratophysella engadinensis Pentapleura pumilio 

Ceratophysella gibbosa Pentatemnus arenarius incognitus 

Ceratoppia bipilis Pentatrichopus fragaefolii 

Ceratothri ericae Penthimia irrorata 

Ceratozetes mediocris Pericoma improvisa 


Cerchysiella centennalis Peridroma saucia 

Cerchysius subplanus Perigona nigrice 

Cercyon nigrice Perilitus debilis 

Cercyon quisquilius Periocus alboguttatus 

Cercyon terminatus Periocus bivari 

Cerobasis albipes Periocus milleri 

Cerobasis annulata Periplaneta americana 

Cerobasis maderensis Periplaneta brunnea 

Cerobasis nigra Perirrhytus edentulus 

Cerodontha denticornis Perirrhytus eudomadeirensis 

Cerodontha morosa Perirrhytus lundbladi 

Cerodontha pygmaea Perirrhytus madeirensis 

Ceroplastes floridensis Peristenus maderae 

Ceroplastes rusci Peritrechus gracilicornis 

Ceroplastes sinensis Peritrechus nubilus 

Ceroptres clavicornis Perittia carlinella 

Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus Petrobia harti 

Ceutorrhynchus obstrictus Phacophallus pallidipennis 

Chaetanaphothri orchidii Phacophallus parumpunctatus 

Chaetocladius melaleucus Phaedrotoma exigua 

Chaetocnema hortensis Phaedrotoma flaveola 

Chaitophorus leucomelas Phaedrotoma nitidulator 

Chalarus perplexus Phaedrotoma rudis 

Chalcoscirtus sublestus Phaenocarpa rufice 

Chamaemyia polystigma Phaenoglyphis villosa 

Chamobates pusilus Phaenospectra flavipes 

Charagmus cachectus Phalangium opilio 

Charagmus gressorius Phaleria atlantica 

Charagmus intermedius Phaleria ciliata 

Charitopes areolaris Phanacis hypochoeridis 

Chauliacia canarisi Phaneroptera nana 

Chauliacia lineata Phaneroptera sparsa 

Cheiloneurus elegans Phanerotoma maculata 

Cheilotrichia nemorensis Phaonia canariensis 

Cheiracanthium albidulum Phaonia sordidisquama 

Cheiracanthium pelasgicum Phaonia trimaculata 

Chersodromia colliniana Pharoscymnus decemplagiatus 

Chetogena acuminata Phasia pusilla 

Chilocorus bipustulatus Pheidole megacephala 


Chinacapsus atlanticus Pheidole pallidula 

Chinacapsus chaoensis Phenacoccus latipes 

Chinacapsus distinctus Phenacoccus madeirensis 

Chinacapsus elongatus Phenacoccus monieri 

Chinacapsus intermedius Phenolia limbata tibialis 

Chinacapsus limbatellus Pherbellia inclusa 

Chinacapsus parvus Phereoeca allutella 

Chinacapsus proteus Phibalothrips dispar 

Chinacapsus similis Philoceanus becki 

Chinacapsus whitei Philodromus insulanus 

Chinacapsus wollastoni Philodromus punctiger 

Chironomus dorsalis Philodromus simillimus 

Chirothri aculeatus Philonthus cognatus 

Chirothri manicatus Philonthus discoideus 

Chlorichaeta albipennis Philonthus fenestratus 

Chlorissa faustinata Philonthus jurgans 

Chlorocytus koponeni Philonthus longicornis 

Chloropelix canariensis Philonthus politus 

Chlorophorus pilosus Philonthus rectangulus 

Choneiulus palmatus Philonthus turbidus 

Chorebus canariensis Philonthus umbratilis 

Chorebus cubocephalus Philonthus ventralis 

Chorebus longicornis Philorhizus conicipennis 

Chorebus norae Philorhizus umbratus 

Choreutis nemorana Philorhizus vieirai 

Chremylus elaphus Philorhizus wollastoni nitidus 

Chromaphis juglandicola Philorhizus wollastoni wollastoni 

Chromatomyia horticola Philorinum sordidum 

Chromatomyia nigra Philygria madeirae 

Chrysis ignita Philygria stictica 

Chrysis magnidens Phlebotomus sergenti 

Chrysocharis discalis Phloeonomus punctipennis 

Chrysocharis entedonoides Phloeonomus pusillus 

Chrysocharis gemma Phloeopora corticalis 

Chrysocharis miranda Phloeopora testacea 

Chrysocharis pallipes Phloeotribus perfoliatus 

Chrysodeixis acuta Phlogophora meticulosa 

Chrysodeixis chalcites Phlogophora wollastoni 

Chrysoesthia drurella Phoenicococcus marlatti 


Chrysolina aericana Phoetalia circumvagans 

Chrysolina bankii Pholcus dentatus 

Chrysolina fragariae Pholcus madeirensis 

Chrysolina hyperici Pholcus magnus 

Chrysomphalus aonidum Pholcus phalangioides 

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Pholcus silvai 

Chrysomphalus diversicolor PholcusParvus 

Chrysomphalus pinnulifer Phora cilicrus 

Chrysomya albice Phoracantha semipunctata 

Chrysomya megacephala Phronia biarcuata 

Chrysoperla agilis Phronia exigua 

Chrysoperla lucasina Phronia maderina 

Chrysopophthorus hungaricus Phronia maderopulchra 

Chrysopophthorus petiolus Phronia nitidiventris 

Chrysotus barretoi Phthiracarus ferrugineus 

Chrysotus cilipes Phthiracarus globosus 

Chrysotus femoratus Phthiracarus laevigatus 

Chrysotus neglectus Phthiracarus lentulus 

Chthonius ischnocheles Phthiracarus torosus 

Chthonius tetrachelatus Phthitia plumosula 

Chyromya flava Phthora angusta 

Cicadulina bipunctata Phthorimaea operculella 

Cilea silphoides Phylidorea contraria 

Cimex lectularius Phyllaphis fagi 

Cinara cupressi Phyllocnistis canariensis 

Cinara juniperi Phyllocnistis citrella 

Cinara pilicornis Phyllodrepa devillei 

Cinara pinea Phyllonorycter chiclanella 

Cinara pinimaritimae Phyllonorycter juncei madeirae 

Cinara tujafilina Phyllonorycter mespilella 

Cinetus angustatus Phyllonorycter messaniella 

Cionus alauda Phyllonorycter myricae 

Circulifer haematoce Phyllonorycter platani 

Circulifer opacipennis Phyllotreta consobrina 

Cirrospilus diallus Phyllotreta procera 

Cirrospilus elongatus Phymatodes testaceus 

Cirrospilus nephelodes Phytocoris mauli 

Cirrospilus pictus Phytocoris selvagensis 

Cirrospilus setipes Phytodietus ericeti 


Cis fuscipes ellié Phytoliriomyza arctica 

Cis puncticollis Phytoliriomyza pectoralis 

Cis wollastoni Phytoliriomyza scotica 

Cixius madeirensis Phytomyza affinis 

Cixius verticalis Phytomyza flavicornis 

CixiusChaoensis Phytomyza obscura 

Clada oromii Phytomyza obscurella 

Clavigesta sylvestrana Phytomyza ranunculi 

Cleis retiferana Phytomyza rufipes 

Cleis staintoni Phytomyza tenella 

Cleis subcostana Phytonemus pallidus 

Cleis subjunctana Phytosus balticus 

Cleis uncisecta Pieris brassicae wollastoni 

Cleopus pulchellus Pieris rapae 

Clinodiplosis cilicrus Piezodorus lituratus 

Clistopyga incitator Pilophorus perplexus 

Clistopyga linearis Pimpla dorsata 

Clitostethus arcuatus Pimpla rufipes 

Cloeon peregrinator Pimpla turionellae moraguesi 

Clogmia albipunctatus Pinalitus conspurcatus 

Closterotomus norwegicus Pinalitus insularis 

Clubiona decora Pinalitus viscicola 

Clunio marinus Pineus pini 

Clypastrea maderae Pinnaspis aspidistrae 

Clytocerus wollastoni Pionosomus madeirae 

Clytus arietis Piophila casei 

Cnemeplatia latice Pirnodus soyeri 

Coboldia fuscipes Pisaura quadrilineata 

Cobososia pallescens Pissodes castaneus 

Coccidoxenoides perminutus Pityophagus laevior 

Coccinella algerica Placonotus donacioides 

Coccinella genistae Placonotus granulatus 

Coccophagus lycimnia Placusa pumilio 

Coccophagus semicircularis Placusa tachyporoides 

Coccotrypes carpophagus Plagiolepis schmitzii 

Coccotrypes dactyliperda Plagiomerus diaspidis 

Coccus hesperidum Planchonia arabidis 

Coccus viridis Planchonia zanthenes 

Cochylimorpha decolorella Planococcus citri 


Coelositona latipennis latipennis Planococcus minor 

Coelositona puberulus Platurocypta punctum 

Coenosia attenuata Platyarthrus aiasensis 

Coenosia humilis Platyarthrus maderensis 

Coleophora coracipenella Platycleis falx 

Coleophora glaucicolella Platyedra subcinerea 

Coleophora orotavensis Platygaster cyrsilus 

Coleophora versurella Platygaster tenerifensis 

Colias croceus Platynocheilus cuprifrons 

Coloceras damicorne Platynota rostrana 

Colomerus vitis Platypalpus altuum 

Coloradoa rufomaculata Platystethus degener 

Comidolon acutice Platystethus nitens 

Comilura concinnata Platystethus spinosus 

Condica capensis Platytomus tibialis 

Conicera dauci Plectiscidea amicalis 

Conicera tibialis Plectiscus impurator 

Conomorium amplum Pleotrichophorus chrysanthemi 

Conoppia palmincincta PlesiothrPerplexus 

Conorhynchus conicirostris Pleurophorus caesus 

Conostethus venustus venustus Plinachtus imitator 

Conostigmus brunneipes Plinthisus brevipennis 

Conostigmus fanalensis Plinthisus canariensis 

Coproica ferruginata Plinthisus flavipes 

Coproica hirticula Plinthisus longicollis 

Coproica hirtula Plodia interpunctella 

Coproica lugubris Ploeosoma ellipticum 

Coproica rufifrons Ploiaria chilensis 

Copromyza equina Ploiaria domestica 

Coproporus pulchellus Plutella xylostella 

Coptera fissa Pnigalio pectinicornis 

Coquillettomyia lobata Pnigalio soemius 

Coranus aegyptius Poaspis cunhii 

Cordalia obscura Podagrion pachymerum 

Cordicollis instabilis instabilis Podalonia rothi 

Cordicollis litoralis Podalonia tydei 

Cordyla crassicornis Podoribates longipes 

Cordyla murina Poecilus wollastoni 

Cordylomera spinicornis nitidiformis Pogonocherus hispidulus 


Corixa affinis Pogonognathellus longicornis 

Corixa punctata Polistes dominulus 

Cornutiplusia circumflexa Pollenia angustigena 

Corticaria fagi Pollenia pediculata 

Corticaria fulva Pollenia rudis 

Corticaria inconspicua Polycentropus flavostictus 

Corticaria maculosa maculosa Polycrates consutus 

Corticaria pubescens Polyderis algiricus 

Corticaria serrata Polydesmus coriaceus 

Corticaria umbilicata Polypedilum convictum 

Corticarina curta Polypedilum nubifer 

Cortinicara gibbosa Polyphagotarsonemus latus 

Corylophus tectiformis Polyxenus fasciculatus 

Corynoptera globiformis Porcellio atlantidum 

Corynoptera laureti Porcellio cataractae 

Cosmopolites sordidus Porcellio dilatatus 

Cosmopterix attenuatella Porcellio eudopullus 

Cosmopterix pulchrimella Porcellio ferroi 

Cossyphodes wollastonii Porcellio gruneri 

Costaconvexa centrostrigaria Porcellio lamellatus 

Cothonaspis gracilis Porcellio leptotrichoides 

Crataerina acutipennis Porcellio maculipes 

Crenidorsum aroidephagus Porcellio normani 

Creontiades pallidus Porcellio scitus 

Creophilus maxillosus Porcellio xavieri 

Cricotopus beckeri Porcellio zarcoi 

Cricotopus bicinctus Porotachys bisulcatus 

Cricotopus ornatus PostelectrotermesPraecox 

Cricotopus similis Potamocypris pallida 

Cricotopus vierriensis Praeacedes atomosella 

Croantha ornatula Praon volucre 

Crocidosema plebejana Prays citri 

Crombrugghia laetus Prays friesei 

Crossocerus elongatulus elongatulus Pria dulcamarae 

Crossopalpus aeneus Prinerigone vagans 

Cryphia maderensis PrinerigonePigra 

Cryphia simonyi Priocnemis faillae corax 

Cryptamorpha desjardinsii Pristiphora atlantica 

Cryptaspidiotus aonidioides Pritha nana 


Crypto hortensis Proasellus coxalis 

Cryptoblabes gnidiella Proatelurina eudolepisma 

Cryptocephalus nubigena Probaryconus minor 

CryptocephalusCrenatus Procas armillatus 

Cryptolestes capensis Procecidochares utilis 

Cryptolestes ferrugineus Prochyliza nigrimana 

Cryptophagus cellaris Proconura aeneonitens 

Cryptophagus dentatus Proctostephanus madeirensis 

Cryptophagus laticollis Proctostephanus stuckeni 

Cryptophagus nitiduloides Proeces acicula 

Cryptophagus pilosus Proisotoma minuta 

Cryptophagus saginatus Promethes sulcator 

Cryptophilus integer Proocus pulchripennis 

Cryptophyllaspis bornmuelleri Propolydesmus laevidentatus 

Cryptopygus ponticus Prosopothri titschacki 

Cryptopygus scapelliferus Prostheca aspera 

Cryptopygus thermophilus Protapanteles lateralis 

Cryptoserphus flavipes Protapanteles luciana 

Cryptotermes brevis Protapanteles militaris 

Cryptothri nigripes Protapanteles mygdonia 

Cryptus lundbladi Protapanteles pinicola 

Crytea sanguinator Protaphorura fimata 

Ctenarytaina eucalypti Protaphorura hortensis 

Ctenichneumon hermaphroditus Proteinus atomarius 

Ctenocephalides canis Protentomon barandiarani 

Ctenocephalides felis felis Proteroiulus fuscus 

Ctenolepisma lineata Protopulvinaria pyriformis 

Ctenolepisma longicaudata Psacasta exanthematica exanthematica 

Ctenolepisma vieirai Psalmatophanes barretoi 

Ctenoplusia limbirena Psammoecus personatus 

Cucullia calendulae Psammotettix alienus 

Culex hortensis maderensis Psara bipunctalis 

Culex molestus Pselactus calvus 

Culex pipiens Pselactus spadix sulcipennis 

Culex theileri Pselaphochernes dubius 

Culicoides newsteadi Pselaphochernes lacertosus 

Culicoides obsoletus Pselaphochernes scorpioides 

Culicoides puncticollis Pselaphus minyo 

Culicoides scoticus Psenulus pallipes parenosas 


Culiseta longiareolata Pseudachorutes palmiensis 

Curimopsis brancomontis Pseudaphycus maculipennis 

Curimopsis horrida Pseudaraeopus lethierryi 

Curimopsis madeirensis Pseudaulacaspis pentagona 

Curimopsis ovuliformis Pseudexechia trivittata 

Curimopsis senicis Pseudisotoma sensibilis 

Curimopsis wollastoni Pseudobium gridellii ibericum 

CurimopsisCapitata Pseudocatolaccus nitescens 

Cybocephalus sphaerula Pseudococcus calceolariae 

Cyclophora maderensis Pseudococcus cimensis 

Cyclophora puppillaria lilacinipes Pseudococcus comstocki 

Cyclosa insulana Pseudococcus longispinus 

Cyclosa maderiana Pseudococcus viburni 

Cydia archaeochrysa Pseudocollinella jorlii 

Cydia pomonella Pseudolycoriella bruckii 

Cydia splendana Pseudolynchia canariensis 

Cydnus aterrimus Pseudomedon obscurellus 

Cylindroiulus attenuatus Pseudomogoplistes madeirae 

Cylindroiulus brachyiuloides Pseudomogoplistes squamiger 

Cylindroiulus britannicus Pseudonapomyza atra 

Cylindroiulus digitus Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides 

Cylindroiulus exiguus Pseudopezomachus bituberculatus 

Cylindroiulus fimbriatus Pseudophloeophagus aeneopiceus 

Cylindroiulus gemellus Pseudophloeophagus tenax 

Cylindroiulus hirticauda Pseudorhacochelifer coiffaiti 

Cylindroiulus infernalis Pseudorthocladius curtistylus 

Cylindroiulus insolidus Pseudosinella octopunctata 

Cylindroiulus julipes Pseudoxenos heydeni 

Cylindroiulus kappa Psilocera confusa 

Cylindroiulus laurisilvae Psilopa aequalipes 

Cylindroiulus lundbladi Psilopa clara 

Cylindroiulus madeirae Psilothrix illustris 

Cylindroiulus numerosus Psilus fuscipennis 

Cylindroiulus obscurior Psocathropos lachlani 

Cylindroiulus pallidior Psoculus neglectus 

Cylindroiulus propinquus PsPsylliodes stolidus 

Cylindroiulus quadratistipes Psychoda cinerea 

Cylindroiulus rabacalensis Psychoda minuta 

Cylindroiulus speluncaris Psychoides filicivora 


Cylindroiulus transmarinus Psylliocus ramburii 

Cylindroiulus truncorum Psylliodes amplicollis 

Cylindroiulus uroxiphos Psylliodes chrysocephalus 

Cylindroiulus velatus Psylliodes erberi 

Cylindroiulus waldeni Psylliodes hospes 

Cylindroiulus xynon Psylliodes laticollis 

Cylindroiulus ynnox Psylliodes pyritosus 

Cylindroiulus zarcoi Psylliodes tarsatus 

CylindroiulusCaramujensis Psylliodes umbratilis 

CylindroiulusCristagalli Psylliodes vehemens vehemens 

Cylindromyia brassicaria Psylliodes wollastoni 

Cymindis maderae Ptenidium laevigatum 

Cymindis paivana Ptenidium pusillum 

Cymindis suturalis eudosuturalis Pteremis fenestralis 

Cymoptus vieirai Carmona Pterocomma populeum 

Cynaeda dentalis Pteromalus alternipes 

Cynedesmus formicola Pteromalus amage 

Cypha reducta Pteromalus ametrus 

Cyphocleonus armitagei Pteromalus anaxis 

Cyphoderus albinus Pteromalus integer 

Cyphopterum fauveli Pteromalus intermedius 

Cyphopterum quartaui Pteromalus poisoensis 

Cyphopterum retusum Pteromalus puparum 

Cyphopterum salvagensis Pteromalus semotus 

Cypridois lusatica Pteromalus speculifer 

Cypridois vidua Pterostichus aterrimus aterrimus 

Cyrba algerina Pteroxanium kelloggi 

Cyrtogaster clavicornis Ptilinus cylindripennis 

Cyrtogaster degener Ptilinus pectinicornis 

Cyrtophora citricola Ptinella aptera 

Dacnusa faeroeensis Ptinella denticollis 

Dacnusa flavicoxa Ptinus fur 

Dacnusa plantaginis Ptinus latro 

Dacnusa pubescens Ptinus variegatus 

Dacnusa sibirica Pulex irritans 

Dactylochelifer latreillei Puliciphora borinquenensis 

Dactylopius coccus Pullimosina heteroneura 

Dactylosternum abdominale Pullimosina vulgesta 

Dactylotrypes longicollis Pullimosina zayensis 


Danaus plexippus Pulvinaria floccifera 

Dasyhelea flavoscutellata Pulvinaria grabhami 

Dasyphora albofasciata Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi 

Dasyphora pratorum Pycnopogon fasciculatus 

Dasyyllus gallinulae gallinulae Pycnoscelus surinamensis 

Decticus albifrons Pygostolus falcatus 

Delia bracata Pyralis farinalis 

Delia echinata Pyramica membranifera 

Delia flavibasis Pyrausta sanguinalis 

Delia platura Pyroderces argyrogrammos 

Delia radicum Quedius curtipennis 

Dendroacalles ornatus Quedius levicollis 

Dendrocerus aphidum Quedius nigrice 

Dendrocerus laevis Quedius simplicifrons 

Dendrocerus punctipes Raglius alboacuminatus 

Depressaria ultimella Ramblinus spinipalpis 

Deraeocoris punctum Ramusella clavipectinata 

Deraeocoris serenus Ramusella confusa 

Dermestes frischi Raphimetopus ablutella 

Dermestes maculatus Reduvius personatus 

Derolathrus parvulus Reticulitermes grassei 

Desmometopa m-nigrum Rhacaplacarus ortizi 

Deucalion oceanicum Rhagio latipennis 

Deuterixys carbonaria Rhagio scolopaceus 

Deutonura plena Rhagovelia nigricans maderensis 

Deutonura sinistra Rhamphus subaeneus 

Diadegma aculeatum Rhaphitelus maculatus 

Diadegma basale Rheocricotopus atripes 

Diadegma chrysostictus Rheotanytarsus guineensis 

Diadegma flavoclypeatum Rheotanytarsus pentapoda 

Diadegma nigriscapus Rhicnocoelia impar 

Diadegma semiclausum Rhinoncus castor 

Diadromus collaris Rhinoppia minimedia 

Diaeretiella rapae Rhinoppia subpectinata 

Dialectica hedemanni Rhinothripiella ctenifera 

Dialectica scalariella Rhipicephalus bursa 

Diamesa alata Rhipicephalus sanguineus 

Diamesa permacra Rhipicephalus turanicus 

Diaphania indica Rhipidothri brunneus 


Diapria conica Rhizophagus bipustulatus 

Diasemiois ramburialis Rhizophagus depressus 

Diaspidiotus laurinus Rhodobium porosum 

Diaspidiotus perniciosus Rhodochlanis salsolae 

Diaspis boisduvalii Rhodometra sacraria 

Diaspis bromeliae Rhomphaea nasica 

Diaspis echinocacti Rhopalicus tutela 

Dibrachys affinis Rhopalomesites euphorbiae 

Dibrachys cavus Rhopalomesites maderensis 

Dicaelotus montanus Rhopalomesites palmi 

Dicaelotus pumilus Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon 

Dicaelotus resplendens Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae 

Dichochrysa sensitiva Rhopalosiphoninus tulipaellus 

Dichodiplosis langeni Rhopalosiphum maidis 

Dichomeris acuminatus Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae 

Dichrogaster longicaudata Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae 

Dichrogaster madeirae Rhopalosiphum padi 

Dichrogaster tenerifae Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale 

Dichromacalles dromedarius Rhyacionia buoliana 

Dicladocerus ii Rhyncaphytoptus ficifoliae 

Dicranocephalus agilis Rhyparobia maderae 

Dicranocephalus albipes Rhytideres plicatus 

Dicranomyia maderensis Rhyzobius chrysomeloides 

Dicranomyia michaeli Rhyzobius litura 

Dicranomyia vicina Rodolia cardinalis 

Dicrotendipes septemmaculatus Roederiodes longirostris 

Dictyla indigena Rugathodes madeirensis 

Dictyna civica Rugilus orbiculatus 

Dicyphus hyalinipennis Ruspolia nitidula 

Dicyphus poneli Rymosia lauricola 

Dicyrtomina minuta Rymosia maderensis 

Dicyrtomina ornata Rymosia spinipes 

Dienerella argus Saccharicoccus sacchari 

Dienerella elegans Saemundssonia peusi 

Dienerella ruficollis Saissetia cerei 

Dieuches schmitzi Saissetia coffeae 

Diglyphus chabrias Saissetia oleae 

Diglyphus crassinervis Saldula arenicola arenicola 

Diglyphus eleanorae Saldula pallipes 


Diglyphus isaea Saldula palustris 

Dilophus maderae Salticus mutabilis 

Dilophus oceanus SalvagoPselactus mauli 

Dilta lundbladi Saprinus caerulescens caerulescens 

Dilta madeirensis Saprinus chalcites 

Dinocampus coccinellae Saprinus semistriatus 

Dinoderus bifoveolatus Saprinus subnitescens 

Dinotrema aplicatum Sapromyza hirtiloba 

Dinotrema brunneicornis Sapromyza imitans 

Dinotrema caudatum Sapromyza inconspicua 

Dinotrema concinnum Sapromyza indigena 

Dinotrema concolor Sapromyza laurisilvae 

Dinotrema distractum Sapromyza madeirensis 

Dinotrema glabriscutum Sapromyza mauli 

Dinotrema lacessivum Sapromyza ultima 

Dinotrema lineolum Sarcophaga africa 

Dinotrema madeiracola Sarcophaga amputata 

Dinotrema mesocaudatum Sarcophaga argyrostoma 

Dinotrema tenerifensis Sarcophaga crassipalpis 

Dinotrema tuberculatum Sarcophaga kunonis 

Dinotrema ultimum Sarcophaga madeirensis 

Diospilus rubricollis Sarcophaga tibialis 

Dioxyna sororcula Sarothrogammarus cataractae 

Diplazon laetatorius Sarothrogammarus madeirensis 

Diplostyla concolor Scaeva albomaculata 

Diplotemnus pieperi Scaeva pyrastri 

Dipoenata longitarsis Scaeva selenitica 

Dipogon variegatus Scambus monticola 

Diptacus gigantorhynchus Scapheremaeus corniger 

Disparrhopalites patrizii Scaptodrosophila lebanonensis 

Displotera maderae Scaptomyza apicalis 

Distoleon catta Scaptomyza disticha 

Diuraphis noxia Scaptomyza flava 

Dixa tetrica Scaptomyza flaveola 

Docosia gilvipes Scaptomyza graminum 

Dohrniphora cornuta Scaptomyza pallida 

Dolichoiulus eumadeirae Scaptomyza tetrasticha 

Dolichoiulus madeiranus Scarites abbreviatus abbreviatus 

Dolichoiulus salvagicus Scarites abbreviatus cimensis 


Dolichomiris linearis Scarites abbreviatus desertarum 

Dolichomitus lateralis Scatella crassicosta 

Dolycoris numidicus Scatella major Becker 

Dometorina plantivaga insularis Scatella paludum 

Donus lunatus Scatella stagnalis 

Drapetis assimilis Scathophaga litorea 

Drassodes lapidosus Scathophaga stercoraria 

Drassodes lutescens Scatophila cavice 

Drassodes rugichelis Sceliphron caementarium 

Drepanosiphum oregonensis Scenopinus albicinctus 

Drepanosiphum platanoidis Scenopinus fenestralis 

Drino imberbis Schistocerca gregaria gregaria 

Droacalles lunulatus Schizaphis graminum 

Dromius angustus alutaceus Schizaphis pyri 

Drosophila ampelophila Schizaphis rotundiventris 

Drosophila ananassae Schrankia costaestrigalis 

Drosophila busckii Sciapus glaucescens 

Drosophila buzzatii Sciocoris helferi 

Drosophila fasciata Sciocoris maculatus 

Drosophila forcipata Sciocoris sideritidis 

Drosophila funebris Scirtothri inermis 

Drosophila hydei Scirtothri longipennis 

Drosophila immigrans Scobicia barbata 

Drosophila madeirensis Scoliopteryx libatrix 

Drosophila melanogaster Scolopostethus pilosus maderensis 

Drosophila mercatorum ScopaeusSubopacus 

Drosophila repleta Scopula irrorata 

Drosophila simulans Scotognapha paivai 

Drosophila subobscura Scotophaeus blackwalli 

Drosophila virilis Scotophaeus cultior 

Drymus pilicornis Scotophaeus musculus 

Dryo luridus Scrobipalpa ocellatella 

Dryocoetes villosus villosus Scrobipalpa portosanctana 

Duponchelia fovealis Scrobipalpa suaedicola 

Dusona peregrina Scrobipalpa vasconiella 

Dynaspidiotus britannicus Scutellista obscura 

Dysaphis apiifolia Scutigera coleoptrata 

Dysaphis crataegi crataegi Scutigerella immaculata 

Dysaphis crithmi Scymnus abietis 


Dysaphis emicis Scymnus epistemoides 

Dysaphis foeniculus Scymnus haemorrhoidalis 

Dysaphis maritima Scymnus interruptus 

Dysaphis plantaginea Scymnus limbatus 

Dysaphis pyri Scymnus limnichoides 

Dysaphis tulipae Scymnus marinus 

Dysdera coiffaiti Scymnus nubilus 

Dysdera crocata Scymnus rubromaculatus 

Dysdera longibulbis Scymnus subvillosus 

Dysdera nesiotes Scymnus suturalis 

Dysdera portisancti Scytodes thoracica 

Dysdera wollastoni Scytodes velutina 

DysderaDiversa Segestria florentina 

Dysmicoccus boninsis Sehirus aeneus 

Dysmicoccus brevipes Seioptera vibrans 

Earias insulana Seira domestica 

Echemus modestus Seis biflexuosa 

Echidnophaga murina Seis lateralis 

Echinodera pallida Seis punctum 

Echinosomidia porcellus Seis thoracica 

Echinotheridion gibberosum Seladerma tarsale 

Ecphylus caudatus Selania leplastriana 

Ectemnius cephalotus Semidalis candida 

Ectemnius continuus rufitarsis Sepedophilus lusitanicus 

Ectemnius sexcinctus Sepedophilus monticola 

Ectobius haeckeli Sepedophilus nigripennis 

Ectobius panzeri Sepedophilus testaceus 

Ectomocoris chiragra Sericoderus lateralis 

Ectoocus briggsi Sesamia nonagrioides 

Ectoocus rileyae Setaphis canariensis 

Ectoocus strauchi Sibinia primita 

Ectroma dalmatinum Sigara lateralis 

Ectroma koponeni Signiphora aleyrodis 

Eidmannella pallida Silvanoprus scuticollis 

Elachertus lateralis Silvanus lateritus 

Elachertus marginalis Simulium intermedium 

Elachertus pulcher Simulium petricolum 

Elachertus sobrius Simulium ruficorne 

Elachertus sylvarum Sinella pulcherrima jugoslavica 


Elachiptera bimaculata Sinella pulcherrima pulcherrima 

Elachiptera megaspis Singhiella citrifolii 

Elachisoma aterrimum Siphona maderensis 

Elachisoma bajzae Siphoninus phillyreae 

Elachisoma pilosum Siphunculina striolatum 

Elachista encumeadae Sirex noctilio 

Elasmus maderae Sirocalodes nigroterminatus 

Elasmus platyedrae Sitobion avenae 

Elatobium abietinum Sitobion fragariae 

Elliodes glabrata glabrata Sitobion luteum 

Elliodes glabrata oblongior Sitona cinnamomeus 

Eluma caelatum Sitona discoideus 

Ematheudes punctella Sitona flavescens 

Embidoocus enderleini Sitona humeralis 

Emblethis angustus Sitona lineatus 

Emblethis denticollis Sitophagus hololeptoides 

Emblethis griseus Sitophilus granarius 

Emmelina monodactyla Sitophilus oryzae 

Empicoris brevispinus Sitophilus zeamais 

Empicoris rubromaculatus Sitotroga cerealella 

Empoasca alsiosa Smicronyx albosquamosus 

Empoasca distinguenda Sminthurides parvulus 

Empoasca fabalis Sminthurinus aureus 

Encarsia formosa Sminthurinus elegans 

Encarsia hispida Sminthurinus gamae 

Encarsia inaron Sminthurinus niger 

Encarsia levadicola Smittia aterrima 

Encarsia lounsburyi Smittia nudipennis 

Encarsia lutea Sogatella nigeriensis 

Encarsia noahi Solva nigritibialis 

Encarsia pergandiella Sophiothri makaronesicus 

Encarsia tricolor Sophonia orientalis 

Encyrtus infelix Soteriscus bremondi 

Endomia occipitalis Soteriscus brumdocantoi 

Endrosis sarcitrella Soteriscus desertarum 

Enicmus histrio Soteriscus fructuosi 

Enicmus transversus Soteriscus madeirae 

Enicospilus atrodecoratus Soteriscus porcellioniformis 

Enicospilus faciator Soteriscus relictus 


Enicospilus obtusangulus Soteriscus wollastoni 

Enicospilus striatipleuris Spalangia cameroni 

Enochrus politus Spalangia endius 

Enoplognatha diversa Spalangia nigroaenea 

Enoplognatha sattleri Spalangia subpunctata 

Enoplops bos Spathius erythrocephalus 

Ensina decisa Spathius moderabilis 

Entelecara schmitzi Spathius pedestris 

Entomacis platyptera Spathocera dalmanii 

Entomobrya atrocincta Spelobia bifrons 

Entomobrya marginata Spelobia eudosetaria 

Entomobrya multifasciata Spelobia luteilabris 

Entomobrya muscorum Spelobia parapusio 

Entomobrya pazaristei Sperchon brevirostris 

Enytus homonymator Spermophora senoculata 

Enytus madeirae Spermophoride selvagensis 

Enytus nitidiventris Sphaericus albopictus albopictus 

Enytus ericeti Sphaericus albopictus albosquamosus 

Eosentomon delicatum Sphaericus albopictus brevinasus 

Eosentomon mixtum Sphaericus albopictus carinasus 

Eosentomon noseki Sphaericus albopictus flavotarsus 

Eotetranychus lewisi Sphaericus albopictus minutus 

Epermenia aequidentella Sphaericus albopictus plantaginis 

Ephedrus plagiator Sphaericus ambiguus 

Ephestia elutella Sphaericus ater 

Ephestia kuehniella Sphaericus bicolor 

Ephistemus globulus Sphaericus dawsoni 

Ephydra macellaria Sphaericus erinaceus 

Ephysteris brachyptera Sphaericus flavosquamosus 

Ephysteris promptella Sphaericus fragilis 

Epicaecilius pilipennis Sphaericus leileri 

Epiclerus femoralis Sphaericus longicornis 

Epidiaspis leperii Sphaericus naviculiformis 

Epidiplosis filifera Sphaericus nigrescens 

Epinotia thaiana Sphaericus nodulus 

Episinus maderianus Sphaericus obscurus 

Episyrphus balteatus Sphaericus orbatus 

Epitetracnemus intersectus Sphaericus pilula 

Epitrix cucumeris Sphaericus pinguis 


Epuraea luteola Sphaericus saetiger 

Epuraea unicolor Sphaericus selvagensis 

Epyris longicollis Sphaericus truncatus basibulbosus 

Eremocoris maderensis Sphaericus truncatus interpositus 

Eretes sticticus Sphaericus truncatus truncatus 

Eretmocerus mundus Sphaericus ventriculus 

Ergasiola ergasima Sphaeridia pumilis 

Ergates faber Sphaeridium bipustulatum 

Ericydnus sipylus Sphaeriestes impressus 

Ericydnus strigosus Sphaerocera curvipes 

Eriococcus araucariae Sphaeroderma rubidum 

Eriococcus madeirensis Sphaerophoria rueppellii 

Eriophes barbujanae Sphaerophoria scripta 

Eriophyes parabuxi Sphegigaster nigricornis 

Eriosoma lanigerum Sphenella marginata 

Eristalinus aeneus Sphingonotus caerulans 

Eristalinus taenio Sphingonotus rubescens rubescens 

Eristalis tenax Sphrodus leucophthalmus 

Ernobius mollis mollis Spilomalus biquadratus 

Ernobius rufus Spilomena canariensis 

Ero aphana Spilonota ocellana 

Ero flammeola Spilostethus pandurus 

Ero quadrituberculata Spiloyllus cuniculi 

Ero tuberculata Spinilimosina brevicostata 

Esperia sulphurella Spodoptera cilium 

Essigella californica Spodoptera exigua 

Esuridea lathridioides Spodoptera littoralis 

Ethelurgus balearicus Spoladea recurvalis 

Ethmia bipunctella Stactobia atra 

Eublemma ostrina Stactobia nybomi 

Eublemma parva Steatoda distincta 

Euborelia annulipes Steatoda grossa 

Eubrachium ovale Steatoda nobilis 

Eucallipterus tiliae Steganacarus applicatus 

Eucalymnatus tesselatus Steganacarus carusoi 

Eucarazzia elegans Steganacarus insulanus 

Euceraphis punctipennis Steganacarus similis 

Euchorthippus madeirae Stegobium paniceum 

Euchromius cambridgei Stelis ornatula 


Euchromius ocellea Stenaphorura quadrispina 

Euconnus campestris campestris Stenichnus helferi helferi 

Euconnus pragensis maderae Stenichnus tythonus mesmini 

Eucosma cana Stenichnus tythonus tythonus 

Eucyclo serrulatus serrulatus Stenocaecilius caboverdensis 

Euderomphale cortinae Stenocarus ruficornis 

eudeuophrys vafra Stenodema guentheri 

Eudonia angustea Stenolophus marginatus 

Eudonia decorella Stenolophus teutonus 

Eudonia scoriella Stenomacrus affinitor 

Eudonia shafferi Stenomacrus caudatus 

Eudonia stenota Stenomastax madeirae 

Euiella devonica Stenoniscus pleonalis 

Euiella gracei Stenoponia tripectinata tripectinata 

Euiella similIs Stenoptilia grisescens 

Eulachnus mediterraneus Stenoptilodes taprobanes 

Eulachnus rileyi Stenoptinea cyaneimarmorella 

Euleia heraclei Stenostoma lowei 

Eumacepolus dulcis Stenus cicindeloides 

Eumerus hispidus Stenus guttula 

Euodynerus variegatus Stenus heeri 

Eupelmus vesicularis Stenus ossium 

Eupelo reticulatus Stenus providus 

Eupeodes corollae Stenus ruivomontis 

Eupeodes luniger Stenus undulatus 

Eupeodes nuba Stenus wollastoni 

Euphyllura canariensis Stephanodes similis 

Euphyllura olivina Stereus cercyonides 

Eupitecia latipennata Stethorus tenerifensis 

Eupitecia massiliata Stethorus wollastoni 

Eupitecia rosai Stictopleurus abutilon 

Euplectus intermedius Stictopleurus pictus 

Euplectus karsteni Stictopleurus ribesi 

Euplectus lundbladi Stigmatogaster dimidiatus 

Euplectus sexstriatus Stigmella atricapitella 

Euplexia dubiosa Stigmella aurella 

Eupristina verticillata Stigmella centifoliella 

Eupteryx capreola Stilbus testaceus 

Euro impressicollis impressicollis Stilpnus gagates 


Eurydema herbacea Stomorhina lunata 

Eurydema lundbladi Stomoxys calcitrans 

Eurydema ornata Stosatea italica 

Eurygnathus latreillei latreillei Stricticollis tobias 

Eurygnathus latreillei wollastoni Stromatium unicolor 

Euryomma peregrinum Strophingia arborea 

Eurystylus bellevoyei Strophingia fallax 

Eusandalum inerme Strophosoma melanogrammum 

Euscelidius variegatus Strumigenys silvestrii 

Euscelis ormaderensis Stygnocoris fuligineus 

Euseius hibisci Suillia innotata 

Eusphalerum metasternale Suillia oceana 

Eutheia schaumi Suillia variegata 

Eutriptus putricola Sunius propinquus 

Euxestus erithacus Superodontella lamellifer 

Euxestus parkii Sylvicola cinctus 

Euxoa canariensis Sylvicola oceanus 

Euzonitis quadrimaculata Symbiotes gibberosus 

Evergestis isatidalis Sympetrum fonscolombii 

Exaeretia conciliatella Sympetrum nigrifemur 

Exallonyx confusus Sympherobius fallax 

Exallonyx subserratus Symphylella vulgaris 

Exechia bicincta Symphylellois subnuda 

Exechia cinctiformis Sympiesis dolichogaster 

Exechia fusca Sympiesis gordius 

Exitianus capicola Sympiesis gregori 

Exitianus fasciolatus Sympiesis sericeicornis 

Exochus erythronotus Sympiesis thaianae 

Eysarcoris ventralis Symplecta pilipes pilipes 

Fannia canicularis Sympycnus hispidus 

Fannia incisurata Synagapetus punctatus 

Fannia leucosticta Synanthedon myopaeformis 

Fannia manicata Synclisis baetica 

Fannia monilis Syncopacma polychromella 

Fasciosminthurus quinquefasciatus Synema globosum 

Filistata insidiatrix Synergus albipes 

Fiorinia fioriniae Synergus gallaepomiformis 

Flastena fumipennis Synopeas ciliatum 

Florodelphax leptosoma Synorthocladius semivirens 


Folsomia candida Synthesiomyia nudiseta 

Folsomia penicula Syntomus fuscomaculatus 

Folsomides parvulus Syntomus lundbladi 

Forcipomyia madeira Syntormon pallipes 

Forficula auricularia Syntretus idalius 

Forficula lucasi Syritta pipiens 

Frankliniella occidentalis Syromastus rhombeus 

Franklinothri vespiformis Syrphoctonus coloratus 

Friesea claviseta Syrphophagus aeruginosus 

Friesea ladeiroi Syrphophagus aphidivorus 

Friesea mirabilis Syrphus torvus 

Frontinellina dearmata Syrphus vitripennis 

Frontiphantes fulgurenotatus Systasis basiflava 

Fucellia tergina Systole albipennis 

Furchadaspis zamiae Tachinaephagus zealandicus 

Gabrius nigritulus Tachyporus caucasicus 

Gabrius simulans Tachyporus celer 

Gabronthus thermarum Tachyporus dispar 

Galgula partita Tachyporus nitidulus 

Galleria mellonella Tachyporus quadriscopulatus 

Galumna alata multiiterata Tachys bistriatus 

Galumna obvia Tachys obtusiusculus 

Gamasomorpha insularis Tachysphex lindbergi 

Gammarus nox Tachyura curvimana 

Gamocoris punctipes punctipes Tachyura lucasi 

Ganaspis mundata Taeniapion delicatulum 

Garypus beauvoisii Taeniapion urticarium 

Garypus levantinus Takecallis arundinariae 

Garypus saxicola salvagensis Tamarixia arboreae 

Gastrancistrus fuscicornis Tamarixia pallicornis 

Gastrothri mauli Tamarixia pronomus 

Gauropterus fulgidus Tamarixia upis 

Gelis carbonarius Tanycarpa bicolor 

Gelis longicauda Tanytarsus brundini 

Geocoris lineola lineola Tanytarsus curticornis 

Geogarypus canariensis Tapinoma madeirense 

Geogarypus minor Tarisa flavescens 

Geogarypus nigrimanus Tarphius angusticollis 

Geomyza tripunctata Tarphius angustulus 


Geophilus carpophagus Tarphius brevicollis 

Geophilus flavus Tarphius cicatricosus 

Geophilus truncorum Tarphius compactus 

Geostiba arieiroensis Tarphius echinatus 

Geostiba bicacanaensis Tarphius excisus 

Geostiba brancomontis Tarphius explicatus 

Geostiba caligicola Tarphius formosus 

Geostiba ericicola Tarphius inornatus 

Geostiba filiformis Tarphius lauri 

Geostiba formicarum Tarphius lowei 

Geostiba graminicola Tarphius lutulentus 

Geostiba lauricola Tarphius nodosus 

Geostiba lindrothi Tarphius parallelus 

Geostiba noctis Tarphius rotundatus 

Geostiba occulta Tarphius rugosus 

Geostiba ogea Tarphius sculptipennis 

Geostiba portosantoi Tarphius sylvicola 

Geostiba ruivomontis Tarphius testudinalis 

Geostiba subterranea Tarphius truncatus 

Geostiba temeris Tarphius zerchei 

Geostiba tenebrarum Tarsonemus occidentalis 

Geostiba vaccinicola Tarsonemus randsi 

Geranomyia atlantica annulirostris Tasgius winkleri 

Geranomyia atlantica atlantica Tathorhynchus exsiccata 

Geranomyia bivittata Taylorilygus apicalis 

Geranomyia canariensis Tebenna micalis 

Geranomyia unicolor Technomyrmex pallipes 

Gerris thoracicus Tegenaria domestica 

Gibbiuylloides Tegenaria maderiana 

Gloeosoma velox Tegenaria pagana 

Glymma candezii Tegenaria parietina 

Glyphipterix diaphora Telenomus othonia 

Glyphipterix pygmaeella Telenomus vinicius 

Glyptobrothus apicalis apicalis Telmatogeton japonicus 

Glyptotendipes pallens Temelucha decorata 

Gnathocerus cornutus Temnothorax unifasciatus 

Gnathocerus maxillosus Temnothorax wollastoni 

Gnathoribautia bonensis Tenaga nigripunctella 

Gonatopus lunatus Tenebrio molitor 


Gonatopus nearcticus Tenebrio obscurus 

Gonepteryx maderensis Tenebroides mauritanicus 

Gonia bimaculata Teneriffa spicata 

Gonocephalum affine Tenothri frici 

Gonocephalum dilatatum Tenothri hilarus 

Gonocephalum rusticum Tenuiphantes miguelensis 

Gracilentulus gracilis Tenuiphantes tenebricoloides 

Gracilia minuta Tenuiphantes tenuis 

Grammospila rufiventris Tephritis praecox 

Graphoocus cruciatus Tephrochlamys laeta 

Gryllus bimaculatus Tephrochlamys rufiventris 

Gryon bolivari Tereticepheus undulatus 

Gryon misellum Teretrius poneli 

Gryon subfasciatum Tessaradiplosis entomophila 

Gustavia fusifer Tethina alboguttata 

Gymnoscelis insulariata Tethina pallipes 

Gymnoscelis rufifasciata Tethina strobliana 

Gynaikothri ficorum Tetracanthella matthesi 

Gyochares nielswolffi Tetracnemoidea peregrina 

Gyonoma minutana Tetragnatha extensa 

Gyrohypnus angustatus Tetragnatha obtusa 

Gyrohypnus fracticornis Tetramesa aequata 

Habrocerus capillaricornis Tetramesa antica 

Habrolepis dalmani Tetramesa lativentris 

Hadena atlantica Tetramesa maderae 

Hadena karsholti Tetramesa minor 

Hadrus alpinus Tetramesa subfumata 

Hadrus carbonarius carbonarius Tetramesa szelenyii 

Hadrus carbonarius paivae Tetramorium bicarinatum 

Hadrus carbonarius sousai Tetramorium caldarium 

Hadrus illotus Tetranychus ludeni 

Hadula trifolii Tetranychus urticae 

Haemaphysalis inermis Tetrastichus julis 

Haemaphysalis punctata Teuchophorus bipilosus 

Hahnia insulana Textrix caudata 

Halictus frontalis Thalassomya frauenfeldi 

Halipeurus abnormis Thalassophilus caecus 

Halipeurus bulweriae Thalassophilus pieperi 

Halipeurus pelagicus Thalassophilus whitei whitei 


Halipeurus spadix Thalassosmittia atlantica 

Halipeurus theresae Thanatus vulgaris 

Halobates micans Thaumalea brincki 

Halocladius varians Thaumalea subafricana 

Halophiloscia couchii Thecabius affinis 

Halophilosciidae Thecophora atra 

Halticoptera aenea Thecophora fulvipes 

Halticoptera circulus Thelaxes suberi 

Haplodrassus dalmatensis Themira minor 

Haplodrassus signifer Theridion hannoniae 

Haploembia solieri Theridion melanurum 

Haploprocta sulcicornis Theridion musivivum 

Haploschendyla barbarica Therioaphis trifolii 

Haploschendyla grantii M D Theroscopus fasciatulus 

Haplothri gowdeyi Theroscopus hemipteron 

Haplothri kurdjumovi Thienemanniella clavicornis 

Haplothri lundbladi Thinodromus transversalis 

Haplothri niger M Thiodia glandulosana 

Haplothri psilatipennis Thiotricha wollastoni 

Harmonia quadripunctata Thoracochaeta brachystoma 

Harpalus attenuatus Thorictus grandicollis westwoodi 

Harpalus distinguendus distinguendus Thrips angustice 

Harpalus tenebrosus Thrips atratus 

Hauptmannia benoni Thrips flavus 

Hebecnema anthracina Thrips major 

Hebecnema fumosa M Thrips nigropilosus 

Hecamede albicans Thrips origani 

Hecatera maderae Thrips pennatus 

Hedma microcasis Thrips tabaci 

Hegeter latebricola Thrychosis legator 

Hegeter tristis Thyas incerta 

Helcystogramma convolvuli Thyois cancellata maderensis 

Helicoverpa armigera Thysanoplusia orichalcea 

Helina atlantica Tigriopus fulvus 

Helina clara Tinea dubiella 

Helina evecta Tinea murariella 

Helina lundbladi Tinea trinotella 

Helina reversio Tinearia alternata 

Helina vilissima Tineola bisselliella 


Heliothis peltigera Tineophoctonus euphranor 

HeliothrHaemorrhoidalis Tingis aetheria 

Hellula undalis Tingis insularis 

Helorus ruficornis Tingis maderensis 

Hemerobius madeirae Tinodes cinereus 

Hemerobius stigma Tinodes merula 

Hemiberlesia cyanophylli Tinotus morion 

Hemiberlesia insularis Tipula atlantica 

Hemiberlesia lataniae Tipula lundbladi 

Hemiberlesia palmae M Tipula paludosa 

Hemiberlesia rapax M Tipula rufina maderensis 

Heminothrus peltifer Tisbe ensifer 

Hemiptarsenus ornatus Tomicus destruens 

Hemiptarsenus unguicellus Tomocerus minor 

Hemiptarsenus varicornis Tomosvaryella geniculata 

Hemitrichus seniculus Torneuma coecum 

Henia bicarinata Torneuma desilvai 

Henia vesuviana Torneuma maderense 

Herbulotina maderae Torneuma picocasteloense 

Hercinothri bicinctus Torrenticola affinis 

Hermanniella granulata Torrenticola crassa 

Herpetogramma licarsisalis Torrenticola crassirostris 

Hesperorrhynchus lineatotessellatus Torrenticola elliptiformis 

Heterischnus nigricollis Torrenticola insulicola 

Heterogaster canariensis Torrenticola maderensis 

Heterogaster urticae Torrenticola mandibularis 

Heteromurus major Torrenticola nesiotes 

Heteromurus nitidus Torrenticola pharyngealis 

Heteromyza atricornis Torrenticola rotunda 

Heteropeza pygmaea Torymoides kiesenwetteri 

Heteropoda venatoria Toxeumorpha nigricola 

Heterospilus divisus Toxoptera aurantii 

Heterotho minutus Toxoptera citricidus 

Hexacola hexatoma Toya hispidula 

Hexarthrum capitulum Toya propinqua 

Himantarium mediterraneum Meinert Trabeculus schillingi 

Hipparchia maderensis Trachyopella atomus 

Hippobosca equina Trachyopella hem 

Hippodamia variegata Trachyopella leucoptera 


Hippotion celerio Trachyopella lineafrons 

Hirticollis hispidus Trachyopella nuda 

Hirtodrosophila cameraria Trachyopella straminea 

Hirudicryptus canariensis Trachyphloeus algesiranus 

Hockeria chaoensis Trachyphloeus angustisetulus 

Hodebertia testalis Trachyphloeus laticollis 

Hofmannophila eudospretella Trachyphloeus reichei 

Hogna biscoitoi Trachyscelis aphodioides 

Hogna heeri Trachyzelotes holosericeus 

Hogna ingens Trachyzelotes lyonneti 

Hogna insularum Trechus alticola 

Hogna maderiana Trechus assingi 

Hogna nonannulata Trechus bibulus 

Hogna schmitzi Trechus cautus 

Holcaphis holci Trechus custos 

Holcostethus strictus Trechus debilis 

Holobus ignoratus Trechus decolor 

Holoparamecus depressus Trechus dilutus 

Holoparamecus niger Trechus flavocinctus 

Holoparamecus singularis Trechus flavomarginatus 

Holothri soror Trechus fulvus fulvus 

Holotrichapion wollastoni Trechus laranoensis 

Homalotyloidea dahlbomii Trechus lundbladi 

Homalotylus quaylei Trechus maderensis 

Homolobus madeirensis Trechus minyo 

Homoporus desertarum Trechus nigrocruciatus 

Homoporus fulviventris Trechus nugax 

Homoporus laeviusculus Trechus obtusus asturicus 

Homoporus nypsius Trechus signatus 

Homoporus titanes Trechus silveiranus 

Homotherus locutor Trechus tetracoderus 

Hoplandrothri hungaricus Trechus umbricola 

Hoplandrothri maderensis Trialeurodes vaporariorum 

Hoplitis acuticornis Tribolium castaneum 

Hoplothri lepidulus Tribolium confusum 

Hoplothri ulmi Tribremia brevitarsis 

Hormius maderae Trichadenotecnum circularoides 

Hormius oreas Trichiusa immigrata 

Hormius tenuicornis Trichocera annulata 


Horvathiolus canariensis Trichoferus fasciculatus senex 

Horvathiolus superbus Trichogramma cordubense 

Howardia biclavis Trichogramma evanescens 

Humerobates rostrolamellatus giganteus Trichogramma gicai 

Hyadaphis coriandri Trichomalus consuetus 

Hyadaphis foeniculi Trichomalus cupreus 

Hyadina guttata Trichomalus elongatus 

Hyalesthes madeires Trichomalus gynetelus 

Hyalesthes portonoves Trichomalus lucidus 

Hyalochilus ovatulus Trichomalus rufinus 

Hyalomma lusitanicum Trichoniscus bassoti 

Hydrellia albilabris Trichoniscus pusillus 

Hydrellia griseola Trichonta laura 

Hydrellia maura Trichoocus brincki 

Hydromya dorsalis Trichoocus clarus 

Hydroporus lundbladi Trichoocus coloratus 

Hydroporus obsoletus Trichoocus difficilis 

Hydroptila fortunata Trichoocus fastuosus 

Hydroptila juba Trichoocus marmoratus 

Hydroptila vectis Trichophaga bipartitella 

Hydrosmecta longula Trichophaga robinsoni 

Hydrotaea armipes Trichophaga tapetzella 

Hydrotaea ignava Trichophya huttoni 

Hydroyche maderensis Trichophysetis whitei 

Hygrotus confluens Trichoplusia ni 

Hyicera curvator Trichopria aequata 

Hylaeus maderensis Trichopria crassifemur 

Hylaeus signatus Trichopria fucicola 

Hylastes angustatus Trichopria halterata 

Hylastes linearis Trichopria madeirae 

Hylastinus obscurus Trichopria verticillata 

Hyles livornica Trichorhina hoestlandti 

Hyles tithymali Trichothyas petrophila 

Hylotrupes bajulus Triclistus lativentris 

Hylurgus ligniperda Trifurcula ridiculosa 

Hypena lividalis Trigonorhinus zeae 

Hypena obsitalis Trimorus bassus 

Hypera constans Trimorus rotundus 

Hypera melancholica Trimorus trimareta 


Hypera postica Trimorus wollastonae 

Hyperaspis pantherina Trioza chenopodii 

Hyperomyzus lactucae Trioza erytreae 

Hyperomyzus picridis Trioza fernandesi 

Hypoborus ficus Trioza laurisilvae 

Hypocaccus brasiliensis Trioza pittospori 

Hypocoprus latridioides Trioza urticae 

Hypogastrura manubrialis Trisois oleae 

Hypolimnas misippus Trissolcus basalis 

Hypolixus semilunatus Trissolcus semistriatus 

Hypomedon debilicornis Trixagus algiricus 

Hypoponera eduardi Trixagus gracilis 

Hypoponera punctatissima Trixagus obtusus 

Hyposoter corpulentus Trixoscelis sexlineata 

Hypothenemus eruditus Trogium pulsatorium 

Hyptiotes flavidus Trogloneta madeirensis 

Hyssopus cracens Tromatobia lineata 

Hyssopus tumidiscapus Tropistethus seminitens 

Hysteroneura setariae Trox scaber 

Icerya purchasi Trupanea amoena 

Icerya seychellarum Trupanea insularum 

Ichneumon nubigenus Trupanea stellata 

Ichneumon sarcitorius Trybliographa longicornis 

Ichneumon xanthorius Trypoxylon clavicerum 

Idaea atlantica Tubaphis ranunculina 

Idaea maderae Tuberculoides annulatus 

Idiopterus nephrelepidis Tuberolachnus salignus 

Idris diversus Tuoba zograffi 

Ifnidius atlanticus Tuponia mixticolor 

Illinoia azaleae azaleae Turinyphia maderiana 

Illinoia lambersi Tychius filirostris 

Ilythea nebulosa Tydeus californicus 

Insignorthezia insignis Tydeus caudatus 

Iphiseius degenerans Tydeus kochi 

Irwiniella nana Tylos latreillei 

Irwiniella nobilipennis Tylos madeirae 

Ischiodon aegyptius Tylos ponticus 

Ischiolepta pusilla Typhaea stercorea 

Ischnaspis longirostris Typhlocyba maderae 


Ischnocoris mundus Typhlodromus pyri 

Ischnoglossa prolixa Typhlodromus rhenarus 

Ischnopterapion modestum Typhochrestus acoreensis 

Ischnosoma biplagiatum Tytthus parvice 

Ischnura pumilio Udea atlanticum 

Isoneurothri australis Udea ferrugalis 

Isotoma antennalis Udea maderensis 

Isotomiella minor Udea numeralis 

Isotomiella paraminor Uloborus walckenaerius 

Isotomodes productus Uresiphita gilvata 

Isotomodes trisetosus Uroleucon erigeronense 

Isotomurus palustris Uroleucon hypochoeridis 

Issoria lathonia Uroleucon jaceae jaceae 

Issus maderensis Uroleucon mierae 

Ixodes ricinus Uroleucon sonchi 

Ixodiphagus hookeri Urozelotes rusticus 

Javesella dubia Utetheisa pulchella 

Kalaphorura tuberculata Valenzuela burmeisteri 

Kalcapion semivittatum sagittiferum Valenzuela flavidus 

Kalcapion semivittatum semivittatum Vanessa atalanta 

Karnyothri melaleucus Vanessa cardui 

Kelisia ribauti Vanessa vulcania 

Kissister minimus Velia maderensis 

Kleidocerys truncatulus Vespula germanica 

Kleidotoma iloides Villa nigrifrons 

Kleidotoma longicornis Virgatanytarsus albisutus 

Kleidotoma longipennis Viteus vitifoliae 

Kleidotoma tetratoma Voria ruralis 

Kochiura aulica Wahlgreniella arbuti 

Kowarzia biacuminata Wesmaelia petiolata 

Kowarzia haemorrhoidalis Wesmaelius navasi 

Kowarzia maderensis Wesmaelius subnebulosus 

Kowarzia rabacali Wichmannia pictipennis 

Kowarzia tetracuminata Wollastoniella obesula 

Labia minor Xanthandrus babyssa 

Labidura riparia Xanthochilus saturnius 

Laccobius atricolor Xantholinus longiventris 

Lachesilla greeni Xanthomus pallidus 

Lachesilla pedicularia Xanthorhoe rupicola 


Lachesilla tectorum Xenillus latilamellatus 

Laemostenus complanatus Xenillus tegeocranus 

Lamennaisia ambigua Xenochlorodes magna 

Lampides boeticus Xenochlorodes nubigena 

Lamprolonchaea smaragdi Xenomerus canariensis 

Lamyctes emarginatus Xenomerus ergenna 

Langelandia mauli Xenomma convexifrons 

Langelandia porto-santoi Xenomma planifrons 

Lantanophaga pusillidactylus Xenorchestes saltitans 

Laophonte cornuta Xenostrongylus histrio 

Laparocerus abditus Xenoylla cheopis 

Laparocerus acuminatus Xenoylla gratiosa 

Laparocerus aenescens Xenylla maritima 

Laparocerus angustulus Xenylla welchi 

Laparocerus calcatrix Xenylla xavieri 

Laparocerus chaoensis cevadae Xenyllodes armatus 

Laparocerus chaoensis chaoensis Xestia c-nigrum 

Laparocerus chaoensis cryptus Xyalaspis petiolata 

Laparocerus clavatus Xyleborinus saxesenii 

Laparocerus colasi Xyleborus perforans 

Laparocerus distortus Xylena exsoleta 

Laparocerus excelsus Xylocoris canariensis 

Laparocerus fritillus Xylodromus concinnus 

Laparocerus garretai Xylostiba tricolor 

Laparocerus hobbit Xylota segnis 

Laparocerus inconstans Xysticus grohi 

Laparocerus instabilis Xysticus lanzarotensis 

Laparocerus lamellipes Xysticus madeirensis 

Laparocerus lanatus Xysticus nubilus 

Laparocerus lauripotens Xysticus squalidus 

Laparocerus lindbergi Xysticus verneaui 

Laparocerus madeirensis Zaglyptus rufus 

Laparocerus max Zargus desertae 

Laparocerus morio Zargus monizii 

Laparocerus navicularis Zargus pellucidus 

Laparocerus noctivagans Zargus schaumii 

Laparocerus prainha Zatypota percontatoria 

Laparocerus schaumii Zavrelimyia nubila 

Laparocerus serrado Zelleria oleastrella 


Laparocerus silvaticus Zelleria wolffi 

Laparocerus undulatus Zelotes civicus 

Laparocerus ventrosus Zelotes longipes 

Laparocerus vespertinus Zelotes schmitzi 

Laparocerus waterhousei Zetha vestita 

Lariophagus distinguendus Zimirina lepida 

Larsia curticalcar Zodarion styliferum 

Lasioderma serricorne Zoophthorus alticola 

Lasioglossum villosulum Zoophthorus ericeti 

Lasioglossum wollastoni Zoophthorus pluricinctus 

Lasius grandis Zoophthorus rufithorax 

Lathriopyga longiseta Zorois rufipes 

Lathys affinis Zosis geniculata 

Latridius porcatus Zygiella x-notata 

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Zygomyia valida 

Lebertia madericola Zygota fuscata 

Lebertia maderigena Zygota wollastoni 

19.3.5.7. Piscis – 71 species 

Abudefduf luridus Pagellus bogaraveo 

Anguilla anguilla Pagrus pagrus 

Antennarius nummifer Phycis phycis 

Anthias anthias Polyprion americanus 

Aphanopus carbo Pomatomus saltatrix 

Balistes carolinensis Pontinus kuhlii 

Beryx decadactylus Pseudocaranx dentex 

Beryx splendens Pseudolepidaplous scrofa 

Bodianus scrofa Raja clavata 

Boops boops Salmo trutta 

Capros aper Sarda sarda 

Caranx hippos Sardina pilchardus 

Chromis limbata Sarpa salpa 

Conger conger Scomber japonicus 

Coris julis Scorpaena maderensis 

Dentex dentex Scorpaena notata 


Dentex gibbosus Scorpaena porcus 

Diplodus cervinus Scorpaena scrofa 

Diplodus sargus Seriola dumerili 

Diplodus sargus Seriola rivoliana 

Enchelycore anatina Serranus atricauda 

Epinephelus marginatus Serranus cabrilla 

Gymnothorax unicolor Sparisoma cretense 

Helicolenus dactylopterus Sparus aurata 

Hippocampus hippocampus Sphoeroides marmoratus 

Katsuwonus pelamis Sphyraena viridensis 

Kyphosus sectator Sphyrna zygaena 

Manta birostris Synodus saurus 

Mobula mobular Thalassoma pavo 

Mola mola Trachinotus ovatus 

Mullus surmuletus Trachurus picturatus 

Muraena augusti Xiphias gladius 

Muraena helena Xyrichtys novacula 

Mycteroperca fusca Zenopsis conchifera 

Naucrates ductor Zeus faber 

Oncorhynchus mykiss 

19.3.5.8. Anfibia – 1 species 

Rana perezi 

19.3.5.9. Reptilia – 9 species 

Caretta caretta Lepidochelys olivacea 

Chelonia mydas Tarentola bishoffi 

Dermochelys coriacea Tarentola mauritanica 

Eretmochelys imbricata Teira dugesii dugesii 

Lepidochelys kempii 


19.3.5.10. Mammalia – 33 taxa 

Balaenoptera acutorostrata Mustela nivalis 

Balaenoptera borealis Nyctalus leisleri verrucosus 

Balaenoptera edeni Orcinus orca 

Balaenoptera musculus Oryctolagus cuniculus 

Balaenoptera physalus Ovis aries 

Bos taurus Physeter macrocephalus 

Capra aegagrus Pipistrellus maderensis 

Delphinus delphis Plecotus austriacus 

Eubalaena glacialis Pseudorca crassidens 

Globicephala macrorhynchus Rattus norvegicus 

Grampus griseus Rattus rattus 

Kogia breviceps Stenella coeruleoalba 

Megaptera novaeangliae Stenella frontalis 

Mesoplodon bidens Steno bredanensis 

Mesoplodon densirostris Tursiops truncatus 

Monachus monachus Ziphius cavirostris 

Mus domesticus 

19.3.5.11. Aves – 27 taxa 

Accipiter nisus granti Puffinus puffinus puffinus 

Alectoris rufa hispanica Regulus madeirensis 

Anthus bertheloti madeirensis Scolopax rusticola 

Buteo buteo harterti Serinus canaria canaria 

Carduelis carduelis parva Sylvia atricapilla heinecken 

Columba livia atlantis Sylvia conspicillata orbitalis 

Columba trocaz Turdus merula cabrerae 

Coturnix coturnix confisa Apus Unicolor 

Erithacus rubecula rubecula Calonectris diomedea borealis 

Falco tinnunculus canariensis Bulweria bulwerii 

Fringilla coelebs madeirensis Oceanodroma castro 

Motacilla cinerea schmitzi Sterna hirundo 

Petronia petronia madeirensis Larus cachinnans 

Pterodroma madeira 


19.4. LIST OF MAIN BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES 

Abreu, A. D. (1995). Moluscos do Arquipélago da Madeira. Islenha, Nº 16:116-120 

Abreu, A. D. (2005): Povoamentos Malacológicos em Substrato Móvel ao longo da 

Plataforma Insular Sul da Ilha da Madeira; PhD. Thesis, University of Madeira. 265pp. 

Abreu, A. D. & Biscoito, M. J. (1998): A Vida nos Mares da Madeira, Islenha, Nº23 

Jul/Dez: 5-14. 

Alves, F. Chícharo, L. Serrão, E. & A. D. Abreu. (2003). Grazing by Diadema antillarum 

(Philippi) upon algal communities on rocky substrates. Scientia Marina, 67 (3): 307 – 

311. 

Araújo, R. & R. Calado (2003). Crustáceos decápodes do arquipélago da Madeira. 

Biodiversidade Madeirense: Avaliação e Conservação. Direcção Regional do Ambiente, 

Madeira.235 pp. 

Bell, B. D. (2001). Removal of rabbits ftom Deserta Grande Island, Madeira Archipelago. 

Arquipélago, Life and Marine Sciences, Supp. 2 (Part B): 117-119. 

Biscoito, M. & F. Zino (2002). Aves do Arquipélago da Madeira. Biodiversidade 

Madeirense: avaliação e Conservação. Direcção Regional do Ambiente; Madeira. 112 pp. 

Borges, P. A. V. ; R. Cunha; R. Gabriel; A. F. Martins; L. Silva & V. Vieira (2005). 

Listagem da Fauna e Flora (Mollusca e Arthropoda, Bryophyta, Pterydophyta e 

Spermatophyta) terrestre dos Açores. Direcção Regional do Ambiente e Universidade dos 

Açores. Horta, Angra do Heroísmo e Ponta Delgada. 317 pp. 


Borges, P. A. V.; C Abreu; A. M F. Aguiar; P. Carvalho; R. Jardim; I. Melo; P. Oliveira; C. 

Sérgio; A. R. M. Serrano & P. Vieira. (eds.) (2008). A list of terrestrial fungi, flora and 

fauna of Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos. Direcção Regional do Ambiente da Madeira 

and Universidade dos Açores. Funchal and Angra do Heroísmo. 

Cabral, M. J.; J. Almeida; P. R. Almeida; T. Dellinger; N. Ferrand de Almeida; M. E 

Oliveira; J. M. Palmeirim; A. I. Queiroz, L. Rogado & M. Santos-Reis (coord). (2005). 

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252 pp. 

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Terrestres Autóctones dos Arquipélagos da Madeira e Selvagens. Biodiversidade 

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Água das Lagoas de São Miguel – comparação de resultados entre 2001 e 2004. 

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Madeira. 3ª edição. Publicações Europa-América. Lisboa.364 pp. 

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Climáticas no Arquipélago da Madeira. Projecto CLIMAT II. Direcção Regional do 

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Schafer, H. (2005). Endemic vascular plants of the Azores: an updated list. Hoppea, 

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Água das Lagoas de São Miguel. 178 pp. 

Segers, W., F. Swinnen & A. D. Abreu. (2009). An annotated checklist of the Marine 

Mollusca from the Archipelago of Madeira and the Selvagens (NE Atlantic Ocean). 

Bocagiana; 226. 60 pp. 

Silva, C.S. 2009. Tradição Oral de Santana. Junta de Freguesia de Santana. 108 pp 

Silva, L. & C. W. Smith (2004). A characterization of the non-indigenous flora of the 

Azores Archipelago. Biological Invasions 6: 193-204. 

Silva, L., Ojeda, E. & Rodríguez Luengo, J. L. (eds.) (2008). Flora e fauna terrestre 

Invasora na Macaronésia. Top 100 nos Açores, Madeira e Canárias. ARENA, Ponta 

Delgada, 546 pp. 


SRES. 2005. Plano de Ordenamento do Território da Região Autónoma da Madeira. 

Secretaria Regional do Equipamento Social da Região Autónoma da Madeira 

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Regional do Turismo e Transportes da Região Autónoma da Madeira. 31 pp. 

Teixeira, D. & Abreu, C. (2003). Moluscos terrestres da Ponta de São Lourenço e Ilhéus 

Adjacentes. Biodiversidade Madeirense: Avaliação e Conservação. Direcção Regional do 

Ambiente. Madeira 122pp. 

Teixeira, S., (2005). “Os morcegos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) do Arquipélago da Madeira: 

Identificação Morfológica e Acústica. Um Contributo para a sua Conservação”. Tese de 

Licenciatura. Universidade da Madeira. Funchal. 50 pp. 

Teixeira, S. (2008). Chordata – Chiroptera (Vespertilionidae, Molossidae). In: Borges, 

P.A.V., Abreu, C., Aguiar, A.M.F., Carvalho, P., Jardim, R., Melo, I., Oliveira, P., Sérgio, 

C., Serrano, A.R.M. & Vieira, P. (eds.). A list of the terrestrial fungi, flora and fauna of 

Madeira and selvagens archipelagos. pp. 366 – 368, Direcção Regional do Ambiente da 

Madeira and Universidade dos Açores, Funchal and Angra do Heroísmo. 

Teixeira, S. & Jesus, J. (2009). Echolocation calls of bats from Madeira Island: Acoustic 

characterization and implications for surveys. Acta Chiropterologica. 11 (1): 183 - 190. 

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Zino, F., Hounsome, M. V. Buckle, P. A & Biscoito, M. (2008). Was the removal of rabbits 

and house mice from Selvagem Grande beneficial to the breeding of Cory’s shearwaters 

(Calonectris diomedea borealis)? Oryx 42(1): 151-154. 

19.4.1. Websites and other digital support information 

Centro de Estudos da Macaronésia (www3.uma.pt/cem). 

Centro de Química da Madeira (cqm.uma.pt). 

Centro de Ciências Matemáticas (ccm.uma.pt). 

Centro de Estudos de Economia Aplicada do Atlântico 

(www.uma.pt/portal/html/ceeapla). 

Centro de Investigação e Tecnologia da Madeira (www.citma.pt). 

Laboratório de Genética Humana (www3.uma.pt/lgh). 

Laboratório Regional de Engenharia Civil (www.lrec.pt). 

Museu da Baleia (www.museudabaleia.org). 

Estação de Biologia Marinha do Funchal (www.cm-funchal.pt/cmf). 

Jardim Botânico da Madeira Eng. Rui Vieira (www.sra.pt/jarbot). 

Parque Natural da Madeira (www.pnm.pt). 

Instituto Hidrográfico (www.hidrografico.pt). 

Instituto de Meteorologia (www.meteo.pt). 

Secretaria Regional do Turismo e Transportes (srtt2.wisepass.net) 

Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e Recursos Naturais (www.sra.pt) 

Câmara Municipal de Santana (www.cm-santana.com) 

20. ADDRESSES 

20.1. CONTACT ADDRESS OF THE PROPOSED BIOSPHERE RESERVE 

Reserva da Biosfera de Santana, Madeira 

Município de Santana 

Sítio do Serrado 

9230-116 Santana 

Madeira 

Portugal 

gap@cm-santana.com 

geral@terracidade.com 

Telefone: +351.291. 570200 

Fax: +351.291. 570201 


ANNEXES 



LETTERS OF SUPPORT 


ANNEX TO BIOSFERE RESERVE NOMINATION FORM 



Annex to Biosfere Reserve Nomination Form 

ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS 

Country: PORTUGAL 

MABnet Directory of Biosphere Reserves 

Biosphere Reserve Description 

Name of Biosphere Reserve: Reserva da Biosfera de Santana, Madeira 

Year designated: 

Administrative authorities: Santana City Council 

Contact address: geral@terracidade.com 

Related links: http://www.cm-santana.com/cmsantana/ 

DESCRIPTION 

General description: 

Madeira Island is characterized by having very steep relief and the coastal area is 

almost entirely composed of steep sea cliffs and some cliff deposits as a result of the 

retreat of the cliffs due to oceanic abrasion. In the center of the island there is a 

mountain massif composed of several mountains with altitudes above 1600 m, cut by 

numerous basaltic dykes and veins. In the eastern part of the massif, there is an 

extensive plateau with an average altitude of 1550 meters. The link between coastal and 

central mountain massif is made up of several hills and valleys, resulting from the water 

weathering of bedrock. This geomorphological complexity results in a huge set of 

heterogeneous bio-climatic characteristics that create conditions for the existence of a 

wide diversity of native climatophylous broadleaf vegetation and unique habitats, 

especially the Macaronesian coasts with endemic vegetation, the Mediterranean laurel 

forest of the Canary laurel, the temperate laurel forest of the Madeira laurel and high- 

altitude heathlands. 


The proposed Biosphere Reserve corresponds to the entire onshore area of the 

municipality of Santana, and includes the adjacent marine area to the isobath of 200 m 

of depth. 

The total resident population in the area of the proposed Biosphere Reserve is of 

8591 inhabitants, of which 99% live in the transition zone, 1% in the buffer zone and 0% 

in core areas. 

The core zones are Sites of Community Interest, which integrate Natura 2000 areas 

and the buffer zones correspond to ruled usage areas through various planning and 

management instruments. The transition zones consist mainly of rural land, urban and 

public and private plots, with rules for its use imposed by activities management plans . 

Major ecosystem type: 

Subtropical oceanic Island habitats characteristic of Macaronesian biogeographical region, 

especially the vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts, the 

Mediterranean laurel forest of the Canary laurel, the temperate laurel forest of the 

Madeira laurel and high-altitude heaths. 

Major habitats & land cover types: 

Terrestrial area; Coastal and Marine area; Rural Area; Urbana Area (Local) 

Location (latitude e longitude): 

Latitude: 32º 46’ N; Longitude: 16º 54’ W 

Area (ha) 

Total: 15.218,04 

Core area(s): 5.884,05; marine 1.708,45; terrestrial 4.175,60 

Buffer zone(s): 707,67; marine 109,68; terrestrial 597,99 

Transition area(s): 8.626,32; marine 3.845,93; terrestrial 4.780,39 


Different existing zonation: 


Altitudinal range (metres above sea level): 

The highest elevation above sea level is 1861 meters 

RESEARCH E MONITORING 

Brief description: 

Several regional entities develop activities related with Environmental Education, 

research, monitoring and safeguarding of natural heritage as well as several initiatives 

dedicated to gastronomy, folklore, music and built heritage sites. All the knowledge 

produced is published and available for review and future research and monitoring in the 

area of the proposed Biosphere Reserve or of the Network of Biosphere Reserves of the 

Eastern Atlantic (REDBIOS). 


Specific variables (please fill in the table below and tick the relevant parameters) 

Abiotic Biodiversity 

Abiotic factors Afforestation/Reforestation 

Acidic deposition/Atmospheric factors Algae 

Air quality Alien and/or invasive species 

Air temperature Amphibians 

Climate, climatology Arid and semi-arid systems 

Contaminants Autoecology 

Drought Beach/soft bottom systems 

Erosion Benthos 

Geology Biodiversity aspects 

Geomorphology Biogeography 

Geophysics Biology 

Glaciology Biotechnology 

Global change Birds 

Groundwater Boreal forest systems 

Habitat issues Breeding 

Heavy metals Coastal/marine systems 

Hydrology Community studies 

Indicators Conservation 

Meteorology Coral reefs 

Modeling Degraded areas 

Monitoring/methodologies Desertification 

Nutrients Dune systems 

Physical oceanography Ecology 

Pollution, pollutants Ecosystem assessment 

Siltation/sedimentation Ecosystem functioning/structure 

Soil Ecotones 

Speleology Endemic species 

Topography Ethology 

Toxicology Evapotranspiration 

UV radiation Evolutionary studies/Palaeoecology 

Fauna 

Fires/fire ecology 

Fishes 

Flora 

Forest systems 

Freshwater systems 

Fungi 



Genetic resources 

Genetically modified organisms 

Home gardens 

Indicators 

Invertebrates 

Island systems/studies 

Lagoon systems 

Lichens 

Mammals 

Mangrove systems 

Mediterranean type systems 

Microorganisms 

Migrating populations 

Modeling 

Monitoring/methodologies 

Mountain and highland systems 

Natural and other resources 

Natural medicinal products 

Perturbations and resilience 

Pests/Diseases 

Phenology 

Phytosociology/Succession 

Plankton 

Plants 

Polar systems 

Pollination 

Population genetics/dynamics 

Productivity 

Rare/Endangered species 

Reptiles 

Restoration/Rehabilitation 

Species (re) introduction 

Species inventorying 

Sub-tropical and temperate rainforest 

systems Taxonomy 

Temperate forest systems 

Temperate grassland systems 

 

Tropical dry forest systems 

Tropical grassland and savannah systems 

Tropical humid forest systems 

Tundra systems 

Vegetation studies

Volcanic/Geothermal systems 

Wetland systems 

Wildlife 


Socio-economic Integrated monitoring 

Agriculture/Other production systems Biogeochemical studies 

Agroforestry Carrying capacity 

Anthropological studies Conflict analysis/resolution 

Aquaculture Ecosystem approach 

Archaeology Education and public awareness 

Bioprospecting Environmental changes 

Capacity building Geographic Information System (GIS) 

Cottage (home-based) industry Impact and risk studies 

Cultural aspects Indicators 

Demography Indicators of environmental quality 

Economic studies Infrastructure development 

Economically important species Institutional and legal aspects 

Energy production systems Integrated studies 

Ethnology/traditional practices/knowledge Interdisciplinary studies 

Firewood cutting Land tenure 

Fishery Land use/Land cover 

Forestry Landscape inventorying/monitoring 

Human health Management issues 

Human migration Mapping 

Hunting Modeling 

Indicators Monitoring/methodologies 

Indicators of sustainability Planning and zoning measures 

Indigenous people's issues Policy issues 

Industry Remote sensing 

Livelihood measures Rural systems 

Livestock and related impacts Sustainable development/use 

Local participation Transboundary issues/measures 

Micro-credits Urban systems 

Mining Watershed studies/monitoring 

Modeling 

Monitoring/methodologies 

Natural hazards 

Non-timber forest products 

Pastoralism 

People-Nature relations 

Poverty 

Quality economies/marketing 

Recreation 

Resource use 

Role of women 

Sacred sites 

Small business initiatives 

Social/Socio-economic aspects 

Stakeholders' 292 Application interests of Santana, Madeira to Biosphere Reserve – UNESCO - MAB 

Tourism 

Transports

CARTOGRAPHY

Candidatura Reserva da Biosfera - Santana Madeira Biosfera

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