1938 - The Vasculum

THE VASCULUM 

Vol. XXIV. No. I. FEBRUARY, 1938. 

EASTWARD HO ! 

J. W. HESLOP HARRISON. 

A GLIMPSE OF STROMBOLI. 

We left Marseilles in the morning to speed into a sea that was far 

from placid. So rough, indeed, was it, that only a few of the bolder spirits, 

fired by memories of Prosper Merimee's " Columba," kept a sharp look out 

for the Corsican Mountains. However, they were to be disappointed, as our 

good ship passed through the Straits of Bonifacio towards midnight, when 

the absence of lights only too plainly emphasised the sparseness of the 

population of Corsica and of its sister island Sardinia. Many consoled 

themselves with the reflection that, at any rate, we could not be cheated of 

our view of Stromboli in that way, for, clearly, that volcano could only 

stand out more prominently on a dark night. Next morning damped their 

hopes with the "authentic" information that Mussolini objected to British 

ships passing through the Straits of Messina, and that we were to make for 

Malta instead. Like many another ship's rumour, before noon this was 

definitely proved to be baseless for the ship's course, as laid out on the 

chart, was unmistakably set for the Lipari Islands. Long before they came 

into sight crowds anxiously scanned the horizon, only to be baffled by the 

black domelike clouds piling up on every side. Quite unexpectedly, the 

islands loomed up, and the major group passed to the accompaniment of an 

incessant dis-play of lightning flashes. Right and left they streaked until a 

loud cry of "Look! " was heard. There, almost immediately ahead, lay a 

crimson glow high in the sky, recalling the appearance of an old-fashioned 

fusee. Just as suddenly as it appeared,

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the glow vanished, only to return at fairly regular intervals, 

sometimes as a dull redness, but at others as an expanding fan of smoke, 

fire, and cinders stretching far heavenward. 

Finally, we had a magnificent view of the mountain itself, just 

when one of the most spectacular eruptions was at its height, a terrific 

lightning flash traversed the sky behind the peak, silhouetting for one 

splendid moment the regular cone itself and its fiery cap. This glimpse, 

short as it seemed, was such as one can never forget. 

With this we passed Stromboli to enter the quiet waters of the 

strait sparkling with the reflection of the lights of San Giovanni and Reggio 

on the mainland, and those of Messina on Sicily to our left, occasionally 

broken by the reds and greens of the ferry services. Messina passed, we 

strained our eyes towards Etna, but the lights of Sicily faded into the night 

with our hopes unfulfilled. 

Now, as I sit writing this, many are gazing just as eagerly toward 

Crete for a glimpse of Mount Ida: I wonder if that desire will be satisfied.? 

PORT SAID TO ADEN. 

Our arrival at Port Said was heralded by picturesque groups of 

fishing boats, all resplendent as their snow-white sails glistened in the 

morning sun. Slipping past them, we anchored near a pontoon bridge, over 

which we reached the shore. 

Once on land we gazed curiously about with mixed impressions. 

As a whole, Port Said is a dismal-looking town, but individually, many of 

its streets and houses are exceedingly attractive. All are infested with hosts 

of beggars and worse, asking for anything and selling everything-even the 

buyer! In contrast to this, the town must have the largest police force of any 

its size in the World, and it is really necessary! 

After a cursory glance at shops, and sending off a plentiful crop of 

Christmas cards, my time was spent in admiring the strange vegetation; this 

was indeed magnificent. In some streets festoons of delicately purple 

Bougainvillea scrambled over the houses, relieved here and there by the 

azure blue of Morning Glories, Hibisus and Wisterias, whilst in the gardens 

Poinsettias

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and Oleanders flamed out. There, too, were to be admired endless Palms, 

Lantanas, She Oaks (Casuarina) and Cassias, the latter still decorated with 

their enormous pods. These were varied by a magnificent tree with large, 

leathery, oval leaves and glorious yellow flowers which I failed to 

recognise. At intervals, too, low Heliotrope and taller Acacia hedges 

attracted one's attention. Again, in a shady garden reserved for women and 

children, huge Eucalypti, laden with fruits, seemed perfectly at home. 

Despite this wealth of vegetation, insects, even flies, were very 

rare, one species of ant, a few Diptera and a solitary Humming Bird Hawk 

alone being seen. The latter, as usual, haunted the hottest walls, which it 

deserted at times to probe the purple trumpets of the Morning Glories. 

Our stay here was short, and soon we were heading for the Suez 

Canal. To the east of the entrance, we saw that strangest of strange sights, 

the coaling of a ship by human labour alone. Like ants in a nest, to the 

sound of melancholy music, hundreds of men went in endless procession 

with baskets of coal on their heads-and this in the hottest of hot suns! 

Soon we were in the canal itself, which is about as monotonous a 

sight as one could conceive. To the east lies the desert bare and dismal 

looking, whilst to the west stretch enormous lagoons, nowhere more than 

two feet deep, but still covered with fishing boats and crowds of birds, 

flamingoes, storks, pelicans, etc., all being represented. Between the 

lagoons and the canal passes the railway and near it are belts of feathery 

Papyrus, interspersed with Tamarisks and Acacias. For miles this type of 

scenery prevailed, although once, a few miles north of El Kantara, the 

terminus of the Jerusalem Railway, we caught sight of a group of Arabs 

with three camels, and just before that event a Monarch Butterfly (Danais 

chrysippus) dashed aboard. 

Then sunset approached, and across the desert we saw a truly 

magnificent spectacle of the gorgeous sun sinking slowly in the midst of 

masses of red, purple and gold. 

El Kantara itself, a little town not unpleasantly situated amidst 

innumerable belts of Casuarinas, Eucalypti, etc., was reached as darkness 

finally closed in. Its groups of electric lights, however, served to remind us 

that we lived in the twentieth century.

4 

We traversed the Bitter Lakes just before retiring to bed, and 

when we awoke in the morning the rugged, desolate mountains of Sinai 

appeared in the east and similar formations in Egypt to the west. Such was 

the endless view, with not a scrap of vegetation to break the monotony, until 

we reached the Red Sea. There the succession of red hot days and steamy 

nights, broken by intermittent lightning flashes on the Eritrean shore, has 

been our unvarying lot. Once a yellow and black dragon-fly (Temnea 

limbata) came aboard and, again, just at dusk a hawkmoth (probably the 

Striped Hawk) and a butterfly (Junonia sp.) visited us when we were easily 

one hundred miles from the nearest land. Rarely, too, schools of dolphin 

and porpoises have gambolled alongside, with an odd flying-fish skimming 

along at intervals. Now we are heading into Aden, the breeze is freshening 

and the temperature falling, so I close this in order to post it at that port. 

OUR LOCAL WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 

INTRODUCTION. 

GEORGE W. TEMPERLEY. 

Everyone interested in bird life ought to have a thorough 

knowledge of the Wild Birds Protection Acts and the Orders based upon 

them. Without that knowledge the public opinion supporting protection 

cannot be an informed and influential one. Even more essential is it that 

those who are engaged in the killing or taking of wild birds-the sportsman 

and the gamekeeper, the wild-fowler, the shore-shooter and the bird-catcher, 

should have the Acts and Orders by heart, unless they are carelessly or 

wilfully to infringe them. The courts and the police should also understand 

the Acts and Orders, else how are they to administer them? In point of fact, 

how many people are there who know anything about them whatever? Very 

few, apparently, otherwise infringements would be fewer or prosecutions 

very much more numerous.

5 

The reason for this general ignorance is easily found. The Acts are 

so involved, the Orders are so illogical and cumbersome, that they are hard 

to' understand, impossible to remember and difficult to administer. 

There are in all seven Wild Birds Protection Acts, besides one or 

two other Acts relating to wild birds and a number of Game Acts which 

apply to certain species only. Upon these Acts the Wild Birds Protection 

Orders are based and their form and substance must comply with the varied 

requirements of the Acts. The seven Acts, which were passed at intervals 

between 1880 and 1908, display all the faults of piecemeal and illconsidered 

legislation, and the Orders reflect these faults. The Orders do not 

in themselves set forth the terms of the Acts or the penalties to be suffered 

from the breaking of them. In law every person is supposed to know the 

laws of the country and ignorance is no excuse for breaking them. So the 

public is only informed in the Orders what variations in the laws are 

decreed in the area covered by the Order. Each County Council or County 

Borough Council frames its own Order, subject to the approval of a 

Secretary of State, so no two Orders are likely to be identical. This latitude 

was doubtless allowed in order that local circumstances should be fully 

considered in drawing up an Order; but it has resulted in a most confusing 

lack of uniformity. A man walking from Birtley to Gosforth, for instance, 

passes under the jurisdiction of four different courts, each one administering 

a different Order: how is he to remember the terms of each? 

But the lack of uniformity is not the worst feature of the Orders. 

They have, many of them, been drawn up by people without sufficient 

knowledge of the distribution and habits of birds to enable them to judge as 

to which species should be protected and which should not, which should be 

given an extended "close time" and which should be protected all the year 

round. As the specially protected species have to be named upon the Order 

and as birds are known by different names in different parts of the country, 

many of the birds have to be mentioned two or three times under different 

names in the same Order. Long lists are therefore a necessity and very 

often, owing to ignorance, these

6 

lists are encumbered by the names of birds which never occur in the county 

concerned or are out of it, on migration, during the period over which the 

protection is being extended. For example, it is no use wasting words over 

protecting the kite in Gateshead, or the eggs of the chough in 

Northumberland, or the nightingale in winter anywhere in England; and yet 

this sort of thing is done almost invariably. 

As the Acts are not summarised in the Orders, it is necessary to go 

back to them to get at the laws relating to the protection of wild birds. 

Briefly, the two main provisions of the seven Acts are as follows:- 

I. They appoint a period known as the " close time" during which 

it is an offence-- 

bird; 

(a) to knowingly and wilfully shoot or attempt to shoot any wild 

(b) to use any boat for the purpose of shooting or causing to be 

shot any wild bird; 

(c) to use any lime, trap, snare, net or other instrument for the 

purpose of taking any wild bird; 

(d) to offer or expose for sale or have in possession or control 

after March 15th any wild bird recently killed or taken. 

The "close time" is normally between the 1st of March and the 1st 

of August; but it is within the powers of a Secretary of State, at the request 

of any County or County Borough Council, to issue an Order, for the 

County concerned, extending or varying the close time for certain species of 

birds, all of which must be named in the Order. The earliest date on which a 

"close time " may begin is the 1st of February and the latest date for it to 

end is the 1st of December; but protection may be obtained during the 

remainder of the year for species to be specially named in the Order. The 

Secretary of State may also grant, at the request of a Council, an Order 

protecting all wild birds "in places to be named" during the whole or any 

part of the period not included in "close time." Under this section it is 

possible to prohibit Sunday and Christmas Day shooting or to delimit 

special sanctuaries where all shooting is prohibited.

7 

The" close time," and the variations thereto mentioned above, do 

not apply to Game-birds-partridge, pheasant, bustard, grouse and 

blackgame, as the close time for each is already legislated for under the 

Game -Acts: but they do apply to other wild birds which are objects of 

"sport" and are for some purposes included under the Game Acts, such as 

wild-duck, teal, wigeon, woodcock, snipe, etc. The prohibitions against the 

killing or taking of wild birds during close time or any other period 

mentioned above, do not apply "to any owner or occupier of any land or his 

authorised agent on such land," except in the case of certain species, about 

1oo in number out of a possible 375 or so, which are named in a Schedule 

attached to the Act of 1880 and a few subsequent additions thereto. An 

examination of the Schedule shows that these species have been selected 

mainly on account of their rarity (oriole, chough, etc.), their usefulness 

(peewit, owl, etc.). their beauty (kingfisher, goldfinch, etc.), their value as 

game-birds (duck, woodcock, snipe, etc.); or for sentimental reasons 

(cuckoo, lark, nightingale, etc.); but judging from the names of the species 

which have not been put upon the Schedule, it is quite evident that a 

haphazard selection would have been equally logical. Fortunately a special 

provision of the Act gives power to the Secretary of State, at the request of a 

Council, to issue an Order giving other birds this special protection against 

"the owner or occupier of any land or his authorised agent on such land" " 

as if such species were included under the Schedule of the Act." This 

provision has rarely been taken advantage of by any of our local Councils, 

as will be seen later. One of the drawbacks is that each additional bird so 

protected must be named in the Order, so a further long list of names is 

involved. From the above it will be seen that" landowners, farmers, fruitgrowers, 

gardeners and shooting tenants, together with their authorised 

agents, gamekeepers, etc., are permitted to kill or take any species of wild 

bird, that they may consider to be harmful to their particular interests, 

subject to its not being named on the Schedule to the Act or added to the 

Schedule by the Order for the County. This may lead to absurd anomalies, 

The kestrel,

8 

one of the farmers most valuable friends, is not named on the Schedule; it 

may therefore be destroyed by the gamekeeper who suspects that it may 

occasionally take game-chicks. 

II. They give permission to a Council to apply to the Secretary of 

State for an Order to prohibit- 

(a) the taking or destroying of wild birds' eggs in any specified 

place or places; 

(b) the taking or destroying of eggs of any specified kind of wild 

bird within the whole of a County or County Borough or any specified place 

therein. 

A full list of the names of every species of wild bird whose eggs 

are so protected must be set forth in the Order and a full description of any 

specified place or places must also be given. 

It will be seen from the above that the Acts themselves do not 

prohibit the taking of the eggs of wild birds. Egg-taking only becomes 

illegal if a County Council applies for and obtains an Order making it so, 

and then the prohibition only extends to the eggs of those particular species 

mentioned by name in the Order. 

It will be noted that no reference is made in the Orders to any 

prescribed penalties; but these are set out in the Acts. In the case of a 

conviction for an offence committed in respect of " any wild bird," the 

offender shall for the first offence be reprimanded and discharged upon 

payment of costs; but for every subsequent offence he shall pay, in addition 

to costs, a sum not exceeding 5s. for each bird, and in addition to this 

penalty any trap, net, snare or decoy-bird used by such person may be 

forfeited. If, however, the offence is in respect of a "Scheduled" wild bird or 

a wild bird added to the Schedule by an Order, then for every such bird a 

fine not exceeding £1 may be imposed and the trap, net, snare or decoy-bird 

used may be forfeited and the wild bird, dead or alive, in respect of which 

the offence has been committed may also be forfeited. With regard to eggs, 

any person who shall take or destroy or incite any other person to take or 

destroy the eggs of any wild bird protected under an Order shall, on 

conviction, pay for every egg so taken or destroyed a sum not exceeding £1. 

In addition to the penalty, the wild

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bird's egg, in respect of which the offence has been committed, may be 

forfeited. Both as regards "any wild bird " and "scheduled birds" and 

presumably the eggs of birds mentioned in an Order, a penalty not 

exceeding 10s. may be imposed for refusal to give name and address or 

giving false name and address to any person asking for such name and 

address. 

From the foregoing it will be noted that any person may take up 

the duty of preventing disobedience to the Acts and Orders and help in 

obtaining convictions for any offences. Any person may also apply for a 

summons against an offender and himself prosecute. (A summons should be 

taken out for each offence against each person to be charged, and it is 

advisable to apply for more than one summons where more than one bird or 

egg has been taken or destroyed.) 

The main features of the Acts and the Orders based upon them 

having been dealt with, it is now possible to consider our local Wild Birds 

Protection Orders in the light thereof. It must not be concluded, however, 

that in this brief introduction to the subject all the provisions of the various 

Acts have been adequately considered. There are provisions dealing with 

particular species, such as the Lapwing or Peewit; with particular forms of 

traps, such as the pole-trap; with methods of treating decoy-birds and so on.; 

but these have no direct bearing upon the substance or form of the Orders. 

There are complications arising from the fact that certain wild birds are also 

"game" and therefore, for certain purposes, are exempt from the Wild Birds 

Protection Acts. It is impossible to deal with all these matters in an article 

such as this. 

THE ORDER FOR THE COUNTY OF NORTHUMBERLAND. 

The Northumberland County Council has made repeated attempts 

to draw up an Order which shall give adequate protection to its Wild Birds 

without interfering with what are generally considered to be the interests 

and rights of the many sections of the community likely to be affected. The 

farmers, the gardeners, the fruit-growers, the game-preservers, the 

wildfowlers and the fishermen have all been considered, with the result that 

even after

10 

repeated revisions the Order gives the birds very little real protection 

indeed, and what they do receive is so ill-conceived and misdirected that it 

only benefits a few out of the many that need it. 

The following are the chief provisions of the Order now in force, 

dated Whitehall, 28th August, 1936. 

(a) It adds no birds to the Schedule of the Act of 1880. That is, it 

gives no protection at any season of the year against " any owner or 

occupier of any land or his authorised agent on such land" to any species of 

bird not already mentioned in the Schedule -a mere 100 species out of a 

possible 375 or so. 

(b) It protects "during the whole of the year" only 28 species out 

of a possible total of about 200: and amongst this 28 are included such 

species as the nightingale, which, if ever it came to the County, would only 

do so in the close time, and the chough, which has never once been seen in 

Northumberland! 

(c) It extends the "close time" by 12 days (1st August to 12th 

August) to about 56 species; the exact number is not easy to arrive at from 

the list of names given in the Order, as some species are mentioned twice 

under different names and others may or may not be included under such 

vague categories as "wild duck," " loon," etc. Amongst the species named as 

receiving the benefit of this extended protection are some which have never 

been known to visit the county at any time, such as the American quail, the 

chough and the bee-eater; others which are never here during the period 

mentioned such as the auk and the smew; while many species which are 

really in need of this extension are not included. 

(d) It extends the "close time" by 31 days (from August 1st to 

September 1st) to gulls (except black-headed and black-backed), terns, 

dotterel, oystercatcher, guillemot, razorbill and puffin. 

(e) It prohibits the shooting of gulls (all species) on Sundays and 

on Christmas Day. 

(f) It deprives the cormorant and. the little owl of all protectionthe 

latter until March 11th, 1941, only.

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(g) It takes no advantage whatsoever of the provisions of the Acts 

whereby special areas may be set aside wherein all wild birds are protected 

all the year round and / or the eggs of all wild birds are protected: and this 

in a county admirably suited for the establishment of bird sanctuaries. 

(h) It protects the eggs of certain species of birds, a list of which 

is given. In this list many species are named which have never been known 

to breed in the county and never will, such as the bittem, chough, 

greenshank, hoopoe and phalarope; whilst the names of useful and 

interesting species which do breed here are omitted. The list conveys the 

impression that the selection of species has been purely a haphazard one, for 

it shows many absurd anomalies; thus, the pied-flycatcher's eggs are 

protected while the spotted-flycatcher's are not; the rock-pipit's eggs are 

protected, but not those of the meadow-pipit or the tree-pipit, and so on. 

A closer examination of the Order than is possible here reveals its 

many outstanding anomalies and complexities. To show how impossible it 

is in practice, for even those who wish to do so, to abide by the Order the 

following example must serve. A shore- shooter, taking gun along the 

foreshore on August 1st may legally shoot two species of seagull only out 

of the five species which he will find there (the immature black-backed gull 

which he may shoot cannot be distinguished in certain plumages from the 

immature herring-gull which he may not shoot, even by an expert); of the 

waders he may shoot the turnstone, the knot, the spotted-redshank and some 

of the sandpipers. By August 12th, however, he may shoot a grey-plover, 

but not a green-plover; a common redshank, but not a greenshank. By 

September 1st he may legally shoot two more of the sea-gulls, and he may 

now also shoot oystercatchers, but neither a ruff nor a peewit. 

The Northumberland County Council is now about to consider 

certain proposed modifications of this Order, which will make it somewhat 

simpler and rather more logical; but, as has already been pointed out, many 

of the complications are inherent in the Acts themselves and will remain 

until these are drastically altered.

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THE ORDER FOR THE COUNTY OF DURHAM. 

This Order, dated Whitehall. May 3rd. 1929 differs in several 

respects from that of Northumberland. but is no more adequate. 

(a) Its chief merit is that it adds 14 species to the Schedule thus 

protecting them from " any owner or occupier of land or his authorised 

agent on that land." Eight of the 14 are birds of prey, most of them rare 

visitors of the kind which normally fall victims to the gamekeeper. three are 

of the swallow family and one is the bearded tit-a species never once seen in 

Durham. 

(b) It protects during the whole of the year only 8 species out of a 

possible total of about 200. These are the goldfinch, kingfisher, housemartin, 

sand-martin, swallow, peewit, common tern and lesser tern. It will 

be noted that five out of the 8 species are summer visitors only, so outside 

the close time, when they are already protected, they live in the southern 

hemisphere and not in County Durham. 

(c) (d) It extends the close time by 31 days (the whole of the 

month of August) for all wild birds. Unfortunately. the Durham County 

Council does not state this fact on the placards which they display to the 

public, so it is not generally known. 

(e) It prohibits the taking or killing of "any wild bird" on any 

Sunday, Christmas Day, Good Friday or Bank Holiday except, for some 

reason or reasons not disclosed, in certain specified parishes in Upper 

Weardale and Upper Teesdale.-which seems rather unfair to the inhabitants 

of other parts of the County. 

(g) It takes no advantage whatever of the provisions of the Act for 

setting aside areas where all wild birds or their eggs may be protected all the 

year round. 

(h) It prohibits the taking or destroying of the eggs of 43 species 

of birds only-a most inadequate and haphazard selection. 

THE ORDER FOR THE CITY AND COUNTY OF 

NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE. 

Under the limitations imposed by the Acts, this Order, issued in 

1930, is a model of what an Order for a City or County Borough should be. 

The credit for this belongs in the first place to the

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late Town Clerk, Sir Arthur M. Oliver, himself a keen naturalist, who 

arranged for the Order to be drawn up under the advice of a local expert. 

The Order is divided into three main sections:- 

(a) It extends protection to all wild birds throughout the City and 

County of Newcastle upon Tyne during the whole of the year. By so doing 

it makes the fullest possible use of protection that the Acts allow. 

(b) It adds to the Schedule about 40 species which are not already 

upon it, thus protecting them against the owner or occupier of any land or 

his authorised agent" as well as against the general public. This list includes 

the commoner species of birds which normally visit town gardens and 

parks. 

(c) It protects throughout the City and County the eggs of certain 

species of birds, of which a list is given. This list includes the names of 

those birds which breed, or might be expected to breed, in gardens and 

parks, in Jesmond Dene and on the Town Moor. 

The Order throughout is kept as simple and straightforward as 

possible and is therefore easy to understand and remember. 

THE ORDER FOR THE COUNTY BOROUGH OF 

GATESHEAD. 

This Order, issued in 1937, appears for the most part to have been 

copied from that of Newcastle. 

(a) It prohibits the taking or killing of all wild birds within the 

Borough. 

(b) It adds to the Schedule all the species enumerated in the 

Newcastle list; but needlessly increases this already long list by including 

such species as the kite and Montagu's harrier-birds which, alas, are never 

likely to be seen in Gateshead. 

(c) It protects the eggs of exactly the same species as are protected 

on the Newcastle Order. 

An analysis of the Wild Birds Protection Orders for the County 

Boroughs of Tynemouth, South Shields, Sunderland, West Hartlepool, 

Darlington and Middlesbrough will be given in the next issue. 

(To be continued.)

14 

A NOTE ON SOME HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED RECORDS OF 

THE LITTLE BUSTARD OTIS TETRAX L., IN NORTHUMBERLAND 

AND DURHAM. 


In his "Catalogue of the Birds of Northumberland and Durham," 

published in 1874, John Hancock mentions only three occurrences of the 

Little Bustard, all in the County of Northumberland and all in the early 

twenties of last century. These are: one, in the plumage of a female, caught 

at Prestwick Carr about the year 1820; a female shot at Warkworth in the 

autumn of 1821 and a male in winter plumage killed near Twizell House on 

February 1st, 1823. 

George Bolam in his "Birds of Northumberland" (1932) repeats 

these records and is unable to contribute any others. 

From information kindly given me by Mr. Algernon Noble of 

Hexham, I am now able to record another occurrence in Northumberland. In 

the month of November, 1906, one was shot by Mr. John Douglas on Link 

Farm, Amble. It was seen feeding with the poultry in the farmyard. The 

specimen was sent to Mr. Robert Wade, bird-stuffer, of Radcliffe, near 

Amble, from whom Mr. Noble acquired it. 

In looking through John Hancock 's annotated copy of his own 

"Catalogue," I have come across the following MS. note referring to a Little 

Bustard in County Durham. It reads: "A specimen of this bird was shot at 

Harton, near South Shields, in December, 1876. I saw the bird, a female, in 

March, 1877, in the hands of Bates, the local bird-stuffer." 

The Natural History Society has recently been presented with a 

Little Bustard by Mr. W. R. Pape. All the information available about this 

specimen is that it was shot at Marsden by William Sisterson about 1860. It 

is just possible that this is the bird seen by Hancock in 1877, as Harton and 

Marsden are adjacent parishes and " about 1860," at this distance of time, 

would not be a bad guess at 1876. Unfortunately, Hancock does not record 

who shot the bird he saw. So far as I can discover there are no other records 

for County Durham. '

15 

TREE SPARROWS IN SUNDERLAND. 

D. B. BLACKBURN. 

On October 24th, when out for a walk, my attention was caught 

by an unusually musical twittering in the trees. I looked up to see a 

collection of small birds resembling House-Sparrows: but the note was such 

as no House-Sparrow ever produced. The birds' behaviour was also very unsparrow-like. 

As I watched them at closer quarters I had no difficulty in 

recognising them-they were Tree-Sparrows. 

While in the trees they appeared to be light grey birds, as only 

their undersides were visible. They pecked at the twigs in a manner 

resembling that of Tits, not being at all particular at what angle they found 

themselves. About thirty or forty of them flew to the ground and settled 

among the grass and thistles. Their flight was undulating and they hovered 

before settling, staying poised with rapidly beating wings for a few seconds. 

Several hung on to some dead thistles in the manner of a Siskin. They kept 

rising from the ground, tossing themselves into the air, chasing each other, 

then gently fluttering to the ground again, where they diligently searched for 

something. They all seemed to be on very good terms with one another, 

which is not always the case with a collection of House-Sparrows, who are 

very much inclined to quarrel. 

On closer inspection I noted their russet-brown heads and small 

black bibs and white collars. Their cheeks were dull white and their breasts 

light grey and they had two white bars on their wings. Their legs seemed a 

little longer and thinner than those of House-Sparrows. All the members of 

the flock looked alike, for among Tree-Sparrows there is no difference 

between the plumage of the cock and the hen. In this they differ from the 

House-Sparrows. 

The points that struck me most were their musical notes, almost 

amounting to song, and their graceful and dainty ways as compared with the 

rather clumsy and unmusical House-Sparrow.

16 

SOIL AND FLORA. 

BENJAMIN MILLARD GRIFFlTHS. 

The vegetation of a wood, a heath, a field, a saltmarsh-each has a 

distinctive appearance which is largely due to the varying predominance of 

trees or shrubs or herbs of different kinds among the plants making up the 

society. A boggy moor with its herbaceous vegetation looks very different 

from an oak wood with its arborescent vegetation; and the herbaceous 

vegetation of a saltmarsh is again different from that of a heathy grassland. 

These differences in appearance and floristic composition are definitely 

associated with differences in the texture and composition of the soil in 

which the plants grow. Each plant prefers a particular type of soil. and each 

soil has its own characteristic assemblage of plants. 

Sometimes cases arise where in passing from one type of soil to 

another there is no marked change in the appearance of the vegetation 

although there is a change in floristic composition. Such an instance is seen 

in Co. Durham where in passing from the Coal Measures to the Magnesian 

Limestone there is no difference in the general appearance of woodland. 

hedgerow and pasture but closer inspection shows that there is a definite 

change in the floristic composition of these societies of plants. The western 

edge of the Magnesian Limestone stretches from South Shields to Ferryhill 

as a prominent escarpment cut by many denes. The fame of certain rarities 

in some of the coastal denes on the eastern edge of the formation does not 

concern us because these plants are merely oddments and are of little 

importance in the general flora. The particular portion of the area which is 

considered in this article. is one extending through Sherburn Hill. 

Shadforth, Cassop, Quarrington and Coxhoe, all within a few miles of 

Durham City which itself lies on Coal Measure sandstones.

17 

The first feature of the flora that strikes one is that the trees are 

different, both in the hedgerows and in the woods. The woods lie on the 

sides of the denes, and are composed not of oak, but of ash. The ash woods 

are sadly ravaged by grazing animals which steadily destroy the 

innumerable young seedlings, and prevent the old trees from being replaced 

by young ones as the older ones die off. The trees can only hold their own 

in the old quarries where grazing is prevented by the rocky ground, and in 

such places the trees still flourish. Beneath the ash trees there is a dense 

scrub of hazel and hawthorn, and a ground flora of wood sanicle and 

woodruff. These ash woods are characteristic of the magnesian limestone 

soils in Durham and they are also abundant on the Carboniferous Mountainlimestone 

areas of Yorkshire. They correspond to the moist oak woods of 

the non-calcareous soils, which prevail over most of Co. Durham and 

Northumberland, and are fairly well displayed in the woods around Durham 

City. The second feature of the flora is seen in the hedgerows. These look 

familiar enough at first sight, but a closer inspection reveals several 

differences as we pass from the non-calcareous to the calcareous soil. The 

common hard head or knapweed (Centaurea nigra) becomes much less 

abundant, and is replaced by the greater knapweed (C. scabiosa). The 

common ragwort (Senecio Jacobaea) gives place to the cutleaved ragwort 

(S. erucifolius) which has grey, hairy young leaves, but looks like a rather 

straggling common ragwort in its older stages. The common wild violet is 

supplemented by the hairy violet (V. hirsuta); the hedge parsley is 

accompanied by the pepper saxifrage (Silaus pratensis) and climbing the 

hedge is the black bryony (Tamus communis) with its strange dusky leaves 

and scarlet fruits. 

Most striking of all is the grassland flora where the soil is thin and 

the limestone rock comes close to or actually reaches the surface. The 

customary flora of thin, poor non-calcareous soil is ling, heather, matgrass, 

bent grass and hair grass, but on the calcareous soil, these plants are 

replaced by a different set. Quake grass (Briza media) is the common grass, 

accompanied by another grass (Koeleria cristata), and an abundance of the 

salad burnet (Poterium Sanguisorba), and the hoary plantain (Plantago

18 

media). Where the rock is practically at the surface, there abounds the 

common rock rose (Helianthemum vulgare), the blue moor- grass (Sesleria 

caerulea), and the sea plantain (Plantago maritima). Other plants are the 

field gentian (Gentiana amarella), the ladies' fingers (Anthyllis vulneraria) 

and several kinds of orchids, including Gymnadenia, Orchis pyramidalis, 

the early purple (O. mascula) and the spotted (O. maculata). The milk wort 

(Polygala vulgaris) is abundant and of large size, and occurs in three 

colours, blue, pink, and white. 

The blue moor-grass (Sesleria), which occurs so plentifully, is 

usually associated with mountain country, and the presence of rare 

specimens of the mealy primrose (Primula farinosa), mountain cat's-ear 

(Antennaria dioica) and the globe flower (Trollius europeus), all of which 

are mountain plants, seems to indicate that we have here relics of a flora 

which prevailed in post-glacial times and still survives in places like Upper 

Teesdale. Apart from Sesleria, however, these mountain plants do not affect 

the general composition of the flora. The change from non-calcareous to 

calcareous soil has therefore a profound effect on the flora, although the 

general appearance of woodland, field and hedgerow remains the same. The 

change is much less spectacular, for instance, than in passing from the 

waterlogged soil of a marsh to the thin dry soil of a heath, but the change is 

there nevertheless, and its observation is a matter of interest to every 

naturalist.

19 

MIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN 1937. 

F. C. GARRETT. 

The year 1937 has been a poor one for lepidoptera and most 

species have been scarce throughout Europe, the migrants being particularly 

so, but some very interesting observations have been made. For long it was 

believed that migration to the British Isles was one-way traffic, that swarms 

came over from the Continent, but that there was no movement from this 

country southwards, but it is certain, now, that numbers of migrants do 

leave for France, though it is not certain whether this occurs regularly or 

only occasionally. Mr. A. W. Godfrey reported from the Start Lighthouse 

that on August 28th "thousands of Plusia gamma passed in steady flight 

going due south, at an elevation of 200 feet," and he found about fifty 

specimens round the lantern (Entomologist, lxx, page 229), and there were 

other cases. 

Pieris brassicae-The Large White. Many great swarms were 

reported from the Continent, several reached the South coast, and 

throughout the country it was abundant. Mr. W. Wannop wrote from 

Bamburgh: "On July 1st I was in the bathing hut, to the north of the Castle, 

where I saw hundreds of white butterflies just landing, on a frontage of 

about two hundred yards. It was quite a sight to see them bobbing up-and 

down like wagtails. They seemed to be making south and west.'" 

Vanessa cardui-The Painted Lady, was unusually scarce, only a 

very few odd specimens being reported. 

Vanessa atalanta-The Red Admiral. None were seen in the 

spring, and in the autumn it was less common than usual, though fairly 

plentiful in some places-Shiremoor and Alnmouth, for example. A great 

swarm arrived at Brighton on June 5th one observer estimating their 

numbers at 20,000 and another stopping his car because there were 

hundreds on the road. Our own records suggest that some of these worked 

northwards for the insect was

20 

first seen at Birtley on June 8rn, at Washington on the 10th, Catcleugh the 

16th, Sunderland and Alnmouth the 21st, Belford the 26th, and at Holy 

Island on June 27th. 

But there were other swarms, for, on October 3rd Mr. G. L. Drury 

was on Tynemouth Pier, at the seaward end, and in the course of a couple of 

hours saw 20 to 30 of the butterfly come to land during a period of about 

two hours. 

Aglais urticae-The Small Tortoiseshell, and Nymphalis io-The 

Peacock Butterfly, though residents, are observed as checks, and the former 

was unusually abundant in the spring, but much less common than usual 

later in the year. For forty years the Peacock has been exceedingly rare in 

this district, but there are some indications that it is spreading, and it was 

reported this year from Wark-on-Tyne, Corbridge, Stocksfield, and 

Sunderland, which encourages one to hope that it may re-establish itself in 

the North. A careful look-out must be kept this year. 

Acherontia atropos-The Death's Head Moth. All the Hawk Moths 

have been exceptionally scarce, but Mr. L. Hawdon took a Death's Head in 

Sunderland, and Mr. J. E. Nowers obtained one in Darlington. 

Macroglossa stellatarum-The Humming Bird Hawk. Only one 

specimen was seen (at Alnmouth), an unusually poor record. 

Plusia gamma-The Silver Y. As a rule this is one of the most 

abundant of our moths, but this year only odd specimens were seen here and 

there; had the migration of August 5th anything to do with this? 

I have to thank Mrs. T. E. Hodgkin and Messrs. J. D. Billany, W. Carter, R. 

Craigs, G. L. Drury, C. J. Gent, J. Newton, J. E. Nowers, J. P. Robson, J. W. 

Thompson and W. Wannop for their help in collecting these records of an 

interesting season.

21 

THE SOCIETIES. 

NORTHERN NATURALISTS' UNION. 

The Union visited Hexham for the first time on November 13th, 

and was hospitably entertained by the Hexham Natural History and 

Antiquarian Society; the regrettable absence through illness of the President 

and Treasurer of the Society threw an unduly heavy load onto the shoulders 

of the Secretary, Miss L. E. Bamett, but she bore it successfully, and was 

well supported by a number of members. The attendance was smaller than 

was hoped, but Hexham is rather inaccessible for many people, and nearly 

all the societies were represented, even naturalists from Darlington and 

Cleveland making the journey. 

The afternoon was given to a conversazione, arranged by 

members of the home Society, at which numerous interesting collections 

were shown, and were admired by the visitors. After tea, at which thirtyfive 

were present, Dr. H. O. Bull gave an unusually interesting lecture on 

"Commercial Products of the Sea," which started a discussion that was 

ended too soon by the need of so many to catch trains. But the meeting was 

a success, and numerous visitors expressed a hope that more would be seen 

of the Hexham workers in future. 

Notice.-As the Secretary will be away until March 24th, any 

urgent matters should be sent to the Hon. Treasurer, Mr. J. E. Ruxton, 17, 

Queen's Road, Blackhill. 

The annual meeting of the Entomological Section on December 

4th was an unqualified success; the attendance was not large, for 

entomologists are not numerous at present, and the storm kept the 

Redesdale detachment away, but the enthusiasm shown by the ten who were 

present was impressive. Dr. F. C. Garrett was re-elected Chairman, and Mr. 

William Cartel succeeded Mr. J. E. Ruxton as Secretary, the latter having 

quite enough to do as

22 

Treasurer of the Union and being glad to hand over to so capable a 

successor. A strong and general desire for more meetings being expressed. 

It was decided to meet again on January 15th and on April 5th. a summer 

programme to be arranged at the later meeting. The Chairman having 

reported on the butterflies in 1937 (see p.19) there was a general and 

instructive discussion on the occurrence and peculiarities of the Large Heath 

Butterfly (C. tullia) and specimens were shown from a great number of 

localities, Mr. J. P. Robson bringing a particularly fine collection. Other 

insects also were shown and discussed, and the meeting was an instructive 

one. 

REPORT OF CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION. 1937. 

We have had no sectional outings this year, but the members have 

been present at most of the excursions of the N.N.U. and Wallis Club, and 

have added some notable records to the local list. 

Special work has been done at Dipton woods on the fauna of the 

millstone grit area as compared with that of the mountain limestone belt 

which surrounds it. The rare slug Limax terrellus, first found by Alder at 

Allansford, was taken in type and rufa forms-one in the limestone area of 

the burn, the other in the golden form feeding on fungus (Russula spp.) in a 

pine wood, linking it with those found in Scotland in the same type of 

forests. Limax arian albida was taken in the burn area. 

At Mitford (millstone grit with limestone traces) 35 species were 

secured, among them the rare Oxychilus rogersi and Retinella radiatula. 

Succinea pfefferi swarmed on the reeds of one pond well out into the water, 

together with Arian ater and Agrialimax laevis, a rare occurrence. 

At Slaggyford our rarities were R. radiatula, O. rogersi, Balea 

perversa and Clausilia cravenensis. The Broadwood area list is given 

below. At Craglough our chief find was the rare Arian ater olivacea, a very 

beautiful form.

23 

On one of the Whittle Dene Reservoirs, run off for twelve 

months, we took Zonitoides nitidus. This snail has only been taken in V.C. 

67 by Alder in Heaton Dene and H. Watson (1890) near Corbridge. There is 

one record in 1912 by A. M. Oliver for V.C. 68, at Spindleston. Helix 

nemoraiis and H. hortensis swarmed on the banks of one of the reservoirs in 

close conjunction, which is very unusual. As an aside: recently the absence 

of many Helices on the coast line of the two counties was partly accounted 

for by a native who said that he and others were accustomed to cook and eat 

these snails. The fact has been strenuously denied, but this confirms the 

statement previously made. 

Certain incidental observations should be noted. In the Farding 

Lake, Whitburn, the bodies of Limnaea peregra were very yellow of an 

unusually deep colour, similar to the colour of the Anodontacygncaea taken 

in the magnesian limestone area ponds at East Boldon, probably due to the 

presence of the limestone. The re-crudescence of Theba cantiana in 

Northumberland noted last year has been further and strikingly exemplified. 

The presence of' albinism in slugs, especially in the millstone grit area, has 

been very marked. A rare form of Arion subfuscus was found in Benridge 

Bog. Arion ater albida and alba-lateralis have been fairly frequent, 

especially in the west, and at CatcIeugh there was quite a brood of the 

albida. Albinism is said by some authorities to be a feature of chalky 

districts; others say it is due to dwelling in shady forests, others that it 

occurs where the species has reached its horizontal and vertical limit. The 

matter needs further investigation and is a good subject for research. 

Hydrobia jenkinsi also is spreading steadily in Northumberland. The new 

areas are at R. Pont, Berwick Hill, Whittle Dene Reservoir, West 

Cramlington and New York near Whitley Bay. In Durham it swarms. This 

species simply crowds out other species by its swarming. A very remarkable 

Limncea peregra ovata was found in the old Marden Lake at Cullercoats, 

heavily impregnated with magnesian lime-stone. The shells were large, 

solid, highly polished, very rounded, and had the consistency and almost the 

shape of the marine Natica catena-doubtless another effect of the 

magnesian limestone.

24 

At the annual meeting held at Hexham in November it was 

decided to develop the marine side. The existing officials were re-electedthe 

Rev. E. Percy Blackburn, president; R. Hope Lowe, secretary. 

. Species, observed at Broadwood: Limax maximus L., Agriolimax agrestis 

reticulata Mull., Vitrea crystallina Mull., Oxychilus cellarius Mull., O. 

alliarius Miller, Retinella nitidula Drap., Euconulus fulvus Mull., Arian ater 

L., A. subfuscus Drap., A. intermedius Normand., A. circumscriptus G. J 

ohnson, Goniodiscus rotundatus Mull., Trichia hispida L., Arianta 

arbustorum Leach in Turton, Helix (Cepaea) hortensis Mull., Cochlicopa 

lubrica Mull., Clausilia cravenensis J. W. I., Ancylastrum fluviatilis Mull., 

Limnaea peregra Mull., Pisidium spp. 

THE WALLIS CLUB. 

FIELD WORK. 

July 10th.-We had a run out to the familiar spot Whittle Dene. 

The weather was very wet at the starting hour and the brave few who came 

went, not to the Dene, but to the Reservoirs and were rewarded by having a 

beautiful afternoon and evening. A small reservoir which had been drained 

for cleaning and repairs was covered with a crop of annual plants. Among 

them was found a rare snail (Zonitoides nitidus), which has only been 

recorded in South Northumberland three times in a hundred years. As the 

party passed to the lower road the sides of the reservoir were found to be 

swarming with Helix nemoralis and' Helix hortensis, which are seldom 

found together. The chief botanical finds were mosses and lichens. 

July 24th.-This was the third of 'the series of expeditions to 

Dipton Wood and although the day was wet, and the attendance poor, some 

good work was done. 

Sept. 18th:-This was the last of the Dipton series and the party 

took the Stokoe Wood and Temperley Grange route. The whole party were 

kindly entertained to tea by the Misses and Mr. Randal B. Cooke at their 

home in the area, with its lovely garden full of rare and beautiful plants and 

trees.

25 

INDOOR MEETINGS. 

Sept. 20th.-We met at the Hancock Museum by kind permission 

of the Natural History Society. The exhibits were chiefly botanical: Mr. 

Watson showed some galls, Dr. Blackburn some very bright yellow pansies 

(Viola lutea) from the Welsh mountains, Mr: Cooke a series of plants from 

Raasay, and Mr. Temperley specimens of a freak plantain (Plantago major) 

with monstrous inflorescences. Some snails were also shown by Mr. 

Blackburn. 

Oct. 18th.-We held the first meeting of the Autumn Session, a 

members' night, in King's College, with a good attendance. Mr. C. W. 

Willoughby exhibited an ant's nest with the ants working in it; Mr. Steele a 

chameleon, Mr. Watson a flower of the Angel's Trumpet (Datura 

suaveolens) from Brazil, and Dr. Blackburn flowering specimens of, the 

water-plants Limosella aquatica and L. subulata from South Wales. Mr. 

Drury gave an account of a flight of Red Admiral butterflies coming in from 

the sea at Tyne- mouth and also of an Aurora display which he had seen. 

Oct. 25th.-Mr. J. W. Watson gave a very interesting and 

instructive lecture on Rock Gardens, with excellent lantern illustrations. A 

lively discussion followed. 

Nov. 8th.-A members' night. Professor Hobson showed some 

living Brine Shrimps (Artemia salina) and two species of barnacles from the 

Hebrides. Mr. Pittendrigh spoke about two pairs of the rare Great Black 

Woodpecker, which he saw this year in Finland, and of other birds and 

butterflies seen in the Baltic area. Dr. Blackburn showed Ivy-leaved Bellflower 

from Glastonbury, Brown Beak-rush (Rynchospora fusca) from 

Tregaron Bog, Cardiganshire, a white Chrysanthemum showing somatic 

segregation to red, on some branches, and also two species of the alga 

Batrachospermum to show the mode of branching. Miss D. Blackburn 

brought a specimen of the bivalve Mollusk Spondylus avicularis, to show its 

extraordinarily strong hinge. 

On Nov. 18th the Annual Dinner was held. This unusually early 

date enabled us to have Professor Harrison with us and to give a good sendoff 

to him before-he left on his visit to India

26 

with the British Association party, and to Mr. Beadle, who is shortly 

leaving for a three months' zoological excursion to Algeria. Miss H. H. 

Harrison proposed the toast to "The Club," which was replied to by Miss 

Lomas, our President. Mr. F. A. Booth then proposed "The New Members," 

which was responded to by Mr. C. S. Pittendrigh. The speeches, both formal 

and informal, were much appreciated and we all enjoyed a happy and 

friendly evening. 

Nov. 22nd.-Dr. W. A. Clark gave an extremely interesting and 

amusing lecture describing a scientific expedition, in company with Dr. 

George Harrison, to the Hebridean Islands of Coll, Mingulay and Berneray. 

The lecture was well illustrated by lantern slides from his own photographs. 

Nov. 29th was again an Exhibit Night. Mr. Blackburn showed the 

skeleton of a beautiful sponge, Euplectella aspergillum. Dr. Blackburn 

showed pressed specimens of the Graft-Hybrid Cytisus Adami, showing 

brown, purple and yellow flowers in different parts, and the difference in 

nature between this and the parti- coloured chrysanthemum, exhibited at a 

previous meeting, was discussed by the members. 

DARLINGTON AND TEESDALE NATURALISTS' FIELD CLUB. 

Sept. 28th (Evening meeting).-Mr. J. B. Nicholson reported on the 

Fungus Foray of the previous Saturday. He said that members had worked 

hard to gather so many specimens under the unfavourable conditions 

prevailing, for owing to the dry state of the woods the larger fungi were 

very scarce, but a much larger proportion of the smaller species were 

gathered. He discussed the more uncommon species, some from the actual 

specimens and others with the aid of lantern slides from the "Mason" 

collection. 

Mr. A. E. Wade reported that a Blackbird with white markings 

had been recently seen in the Cockerton district of the town. 

Oct. 5th (Evening meeting).-Miss N. Glendinning reported on, a 

walk taken the previous Saturday from Shildon to the old Brusselton incline 

of the Stockton & Darlington Railway. Some

27 

of the old iron rails still attached to the stone sleepers were seen, in 15 ft. 

lengths without fishplates; the stone sleepers are 2 ft. square. This portion of 

the railway was disused in 1856, and is now quite overgrown with 

brambles, etc., in places looking very like one of the old pack-horse roads. 

The old building which once housed a stationary winding engine to work 

the incline was also visited. A 99 year old notice warning trespassers and 

some very old weigh notes were exhibited. 

Mr. R. H. Sargent spoke of having seen the pupa of a Small White 

butterfly on the leaves of a book standing on some book- shelves. 

Oct. 12th.-This was the opening meeting of the Autumn Session. 

Mr. J. E. Ruxton gave a lecture entitled "Off the Beaten Track in 

Argyllshire," in which he gave a most interesting account of a trip to the 

neighbourhood of Loch Awe, mainly for the purpose of bird study and 

photography. The Red-throated Diver and the Black-throated Diver were 

among the birds photographed in their nesting haunts; very beautiful slides 

of these and of ancient castles and other historic places were shown. 

Mr. E. W. Markham reported having heard Redwings during the 

week-end. 

Oct. 19th.-A lecture entitled "The Pruning and Care of Trees," by 

Mr. J. W. Watson, who fully explained the proper method of pruning both 

timber and ornamental trees, illustrating wrong methods by means of 

lantern slides and specimens. He also mentioned that trees 30 or 40 feet in 

height could be transplanted and thrive afterwards, and spoke of the danger 

of driving nails into and fastening wire round trees. 

Oct. 26th.-Mr. J. B. Nicholson reported on a walk through 

Billybank Woods, Richmond (V.C. 65) on Saturday, October 9th, in which 

18 members took part. The object was fungus hunting, but owing to the 

very dry state of the woods very few were found. However, 32 species were 

collected on the outskirts and in adjacent fields; about half of these were 

"rusts." A large quantity. of Polygonum Bistorta was seen in a field on the 

Reeth Road in full flower.

28 

Mr. H. D. Pritchett reported on a walk from Winston to Barforth (Yorks.) 

on Saturday, October 16th. The sites of old Richmond and St. Laurence's 

Chapel were inspected. 

Mr. A. Stainthorpe reported on a walk on Saturday, October 23 rd , 

from Brignall Mill down Gretadale (Yorks.), a party of 15 members taking 

part. Rain commenced as soon as the party started from the mill and 

continued all afternoon, but in spite of this one good find was made, a 

fungus, Lycoperdon saccatum Vahl, being a new record for the club's area. 

The only other thing collected was a good wetting. 

Mr. H. A. Inness reported having seen two Swallows at Croft- on- 

Tees on October 24th (V.C. 65). He exhibited a copper ring inscribed 

"Orielton Decoy, Pembrokeshire, Britain, 1736," taken from the leg of a 

Teal, shot on Oxen-le-Flats Farm, near Darling- ton Sewage Farm, on 

October 18th. 

Nov. 2nd.-This evening was devoted to reports of observers under 

the Royal Meteorological Society scheme of Phenological Observations. 

Nov. 9th.-Mr. A. R. Dickinson, B.A., gave a lecture entitled 

"Through Finland to the Arctic Ocean;" giving an account of a trip taken 

this summer from Hull to the Arctic, illustrated by an epidiascope. 

Mr. E. W. Markham reported having seen Snow Buntings at the 

Tees Mouth on Nov. 7th. 

Nov. 16th.-Miss E. M. Clegg, B.A., gave a lecture entitled "A 

Trip to the Italian Lakes," illustrated by the lecturer's own lantern slides. 

Nov. 23rd.-Three footpaths section walks were reported on- Nov. 

6th, Newton Morrell to Manfield (Yorks.); Nov. 13 th , Heighington to 

Summerhouse; Nov. 20th, Croft to Halnaby, Middleton Tyas and Kirklands 

(Yorks.). 

Several cine-films were exhibited, including one of a young 

Cuckoo. This was of great interest as it was of the same bird that was 

exhibited alive at two or three previous meetings.

29 

Nov. 30th.-Professor A. D. Hobson, M.A., gave a lecture entitled 

"Marine Biology in the Hebrides," giving an account of some of the work 

done on the recent expedition from King's College to South Rona. The 

lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and specimens. 

Dec. 7th.-Mr. A. Stainthorpe reported on a walk taken on 

November 27th from Croft to Middleton Tyas and Scotch Corner, 14 

members taking part. A Water Rail that had been injured by flying against 

the telephone wires was seen at the Croft Spa Hotel, here it has been since it 

was found on November 14th. It is now quite tame, coming for food when 

called. 

Dec. 14th.-Mr. H. D. Pritchett gave a paper entitled" Manor 

Houses and Manors of England." 

Dec. 21st.-A presentation was made to Mr. H. D. Pritchett the 

President on behalf of the members, of an electrically illuminated reading 

glass. Mr. Pritchett, who is an old member the club, is shortly leaving the 

town. He has been a very active member, having held the office of President 

and Librarian and Archaeological Leader. He has given 15 papers and led 

24 general excursions. 

JOHN E. NOWERS, 

Hon. Secretary. 

THE WEARDALE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 

A new society is being formed in Weardale, with its head-quarters 

at Wolsingham, and we hear that already more than fifty have promised to 

support it; with such an area at its disposal there is scope for this society and 

we wish it great success. Two meetings have been held and were addressed 

by Mr. J. E. Ruxton and by Mr. J. B. Nicholson, but the annual meeting will 

not be held until March, and at this rules will be adopted and officers 

elected. For the present Miss M. E. Lay ton (6, Stanhope Road, West End, 

Wolsingham) is acting as Secretary, and she will be glad to hear from 

anyone who is interested in the proposal.'

30 

NOTES AND RECORDS. 

NOTES. 

Wasps in the Team Valley. 

As I have pointed out on several occasions, the Team Valley is a very poor 

district for wasps. In fact, except for an occasional queen Vespa sylvestris in Autumn, or at 

Gooseberry blossom in Spring, they are generally absent. This year, on the other hand, 

although Hymenoptera have been generally exceedingly scarce, wasps have been fairly 

common. I discovered two nests, one of Vespa rufa and the other of V. germanica. The latter 

species is the rarest of our local wasps, and one I have never seen here previously.-J. W. 

HESLOP HARRISON. 

The Wasps' Nest Beetle (Metoecus paradoxus) at Throckley. 

This very extraordinary beetle parasitic in nests of Vespa vulgaris and Vespa rufa 

has been reported from Durham before, but not, I believe, from Northumberland. A fortnight 

ago, the Rev. E. P. Blackburn handed me several specimens which he had received from Mr. 

H. Liddle of Throckley, who reported that they were the first he had seen for forty years.- 

J.W.H.H. 

The Bug Tropicoris rufipes Locally. 

Why this species, of all our once more extensive Pentatornid population, should 

alone survive I fail to understand. Perhaps the present occurrence will help to explain the 

matter. Three weeks ago, Mrs. Jeffreys, The Avenue, Birtley, caught one in her garden. Now 

that garden is a very unlikeiy one to produce this species. Is it possible that the species is a 

migrant and that our local "supplies" are replenished at intervals?- J. W. H. H. 

The Parasitisation of Pierid Larvae by Microgaster. 

This season, as a result of reinforcement in early summer, there have been 

enormous quantities of larvae of the Large Garden White (Pieris brassicae) on cabbages and 

"nasturtiums." From these plants I collected a hundred or so from a Newcastle garden, and, 

with the aid of Mr. R. B. Cooke, a similar quantity from his garden. In the former case 

Microgaster destroyed 98% of the larvae, and in the latter only three individuals. In the case 

of Pieris rapae (the Small White), which has proved to be quite common in town gardens, in 

spite of remarks I made in our last issue, none from Mr. Cookes' garden were stung, and 

only three from about 80 in a Newcastle batch.-J. W. H. H. 

Wild Roses in Mid-Durham. 

Recently, as the area just west of Brancepeth appeared as a blank in my list of 

rose records, I paid a visit to that district. The results were quite remarkable, not a single 

representative of the Rosa mollis, R. Sherardi or

31 

R. glauca groups turning up. The bulk of the population appertained to the R. canina and R. 

dumetorum groups. Of the former the representatives were var. fallens, var. mucronulata, 

var. sylvularum, var. adscita and of the latter, var. urbica., var. gabrielis and var. 

semiglabra. In addition, I was exceedingly pleased to add to my knowledge of the R. 

tomentella fraternity by collecting var. caryophvllacea, var. decipiens, and var. obtusifolia. 

The only other form taken was the denticulata variety of R. subcanina.- J.W. H. H. 

The Corn Cockle (Lychnis Githago) and the Corn Bluebottle (Centaurea Cyanus) in our 

Counties. 

Recently, whilst in the North of Scotland, I noticed cornfields full of the Corn 

Bluebottle whilst my colleague, Mr. W. A. Clark, reported that he had found the Corn Cockle 

abundant on the Isle of Coll. For at least 25 years I have not seen the latter locally, although 

it used to occur freely in the Team Valley. In the case of the Corn Bluebottle I have only seen 

it casually of recent years, the last occasion being near Rushyford during the present summer. 

As I am greatly interested in the rise and fall of these cornfield weeds, reports on the subject 

of the above plants and others would be welcomed from readers.-J. W. H. H. 

The Carline Thistle at Birtley. 

Just before the war I noticed this plant in some quantity here on slag heaps and, 

although it has not spread, it has greatly increased in numbers. It is, of course, favoured by 

the lime on the heaps. Does it occur on similar heaps elsewhere?-J. W. H. H. 

A Strange Bird at Craster, Northumberland. 

Early in November last it was reported to me that a strange bird was daily to be 

seen in a turnip field on Craster South Farm. I took little notice of these reports until on 

November 19th I went over to investigate when I saw the bird for myself, though under 

conditions which made it impossible for me to identify it. On the 21st I saw the bird again. It 

rose from the turnips about 60 yards from me in a clear bright light so that I was well able to 

see its form and colouring while in flight. Except that it was a species which I had never 

previously met with, I was still unable to identify it. Most unfortunately, owing to the cover 

of the turnip shaws, it was never possible to get a glimpse of the bird on the ground. On the 

night of November 21st there was a frost, which knocked over the shaws; the loss of this 

cover must have alarmed the bird for it was never seen again. I wrote out a detailed account 

of the bird's appearance at the time I saw it and I have compared this with descriptions and 

illustrations in Bird Books, and I have come to the conclusion that the bird I saw could only 

have been a Little Bustard, Otis tetrax L. However, without further proof, it cannot be 

accepted as a definite record. 

Here is a brief description of the bird:-Size approximately that of a mallard, but 

wings longer and narrower; very distinctive whistling flight, which begins directly the bird 

leaves the ground: when seen on the wing at

32 

some little distance the wings look very white indeed: flight reminiscent of that of a 

redshank when performing the nuptial trill, that is to say that the wings rarely rise above the 

horizontal, but appear to be rather trembled than flapped, and are mostly down-curved. 

It has been suggested to me that the bird might have been an Egyptian Goose; but I am 

confident that it was no goose, and I am already particularly familiar with the Egyptian 

species.-J. M. CRASTER. 

Recovery of Marked Teal. 

A Teal, Anas crecca L., shot on Oxen-le-Flats (adjacent to the Darlington 

Sewage Farm) on October 18th 1937 by Mr. J. H. C. Inness, was banded by a copper ring 

marked "Inform Orielton Decoy, Pembroke, Britain. 1736." In acknowledging the receipt 

of this information Mr. H. A. Gilbert wrote- "Teal 1736 was ringed by us three miles from 

Pembroke on December 13 th , 1936. It is very rare for us to get a return from so far north in 

England." During the three years ending May 1937 there were ringed at Orielton Decoy 

602 drake and 1,077 duck Teal, in addition to other species of Duck.- J. E. NOWERS. 

Woodcock at Craster. 

On the Craster Estate on December 14th a party of five guns shot 37 

Woodcock. This is a record; the previous best being 21 on December 31st 1927. We 

actually had 40 down, but three were not picked.-J. M. CRASTER. 

BIRDS. 

RECORDS. 

Oriolus oriolus oriolus (L.). The Golden Oriole. 68 

Mr. A. E. Gregory, of Birling Manor, Warkworth, reports that on October 9th, 

1937, at about 3 p.m. he observed in his garden an immature Golden Oriole. He 

stood within 12 feet of the bird for at least 15 minutes while it was feeding on 

the berries of the hawthorn, so he had no difficulty in identifying it. 

This is an interesting occurrence, for all the previous records for 

Northumberland and Durham, of which there are very few indeed, are for the 

month of May. 

Sylvia nisoria (Bechst.). The Barred Warbler. 68 

Mr. H. G. Alexander reports, in British Birds" XXXI, p. 196, that he and two friends 

identified a Barred Warbler on Holy Island on August 24th, 1937. It appeared to be 

an adult bird, with barring on the underside. 

Circus c. cyaneus (L.). The Hen-Harrier. 68 

On December 27th 1 had an excellent view of a female, or immature Hen- 

Harrier on Brockley Hall Moor, on the Doxford Estate. This may possibly have 

been one of two which were previously reported to me as having been observed 

frequenting Harehope Hill near Wooler for some weeks past.- J. M. 

CRASTER.

33 

Mergus merganser merganser L. Goosander. 67 

Pair in fine winter plumage seen on Gosforth Park Lake, November 14th. This is the 

first time I have seen the bird on the lake in some years of intermittent watching. The 

white of the breast had a yellow tinge, not salmon pink as described in the books; but 

as the head of the male looked jet black instead of dark green, this may have been 

due to the light.-A. MACRAE. 

Mergus senator L.Red-breasted Merganser. 67 

A female off the coast north of Monkseaton, October 3rd.-C. J. GENT. 

Numenius ph. phoeopus (L.). Whimbrel. 68 

These birds appear to have been relatively common on the Northumberland coast 

during 1937. I saw or heard them on the following dates:- 

May 10th. Alnmouth (2). 

July 24th. Alnmouth (1). 

July 25th. Alnmouth (3). 

August 10th. At three points-Alnmouth (1), Boulmer (1) and Beal (2 or 

more). 

October 3rd. About 6 at Budle Bay. 

Tringa nebularia (Gunn). Greenshank. 68 

One remained at Alnmouth last winter from September till late January; it was 

generally to be found in one small area of the estuary, and always in company with a 

redshank. One greenshank was seen near by on August 17th, 2 on August 20th, and 

on November 7th a bird (? last year's) was found in exactly the same spot as before.- 

F. J. NATTRASS. 

MOLLUSCA. Slugs and Snails. 

Hydrobia jenkinsi Smith. 67 

Collected on the Wallis Club visit to Whittle Dene Reservoir and in the R. Pont at 

Berwick Hill.-E. P. B. 

Limnaea palustris (Müll.). 66,67 

Birtley.-J. W. H. H. 

Whittle Dene Reservoir-E. P. B. 

Limnaea peregra (Müll.), 67 

An unusual form, var. ovata, which is large, thick-walled and polished and resembles 

a Natica, was found at Marden Lake, Cullercoats.-S. WILSON. 

Limnaea stagnalis (L.) 66 

Durham-R.H. LOWE 

Vertigo antivertigo (Drap.). 66 

Whygates.-J. D. BILLANY 

Vallonia excentrica Sterki. 68 

Rugley.-E. P. B.

34 

Vallonia pulchella (Müll.). 66 

High Haining.-R. H. L. 

Arion ater var. albida W.O.R. 67 

Dipton Wood.-L. C. BEADLE. Catcleugh.-R. CRAIGS. 

Arion ater var. albolateralis W. D. R. 67 

Old Riding.-G. W. TEMPERLEY. 

Arion ater var. olivacea Taylor. 67 

Crag Lough.-E. P. B. 

Helicella virgata (Costa). 67 

North Shields, Backworth Links.-S. W. 

Zonitoides nitidus (Müll.). 67 

Whittle Dene Reservoir. This snail was last recorded for the vice- county in 1890.- J. 

D. BILLANY and O. K. FITTIS. 

Retinella radiatula (Alder). 68 

Rugley.-E. P. B. 

Retinella pura (Alder). 67 

Oxychilus cellarius (Müll.). 67 

The occurrence of these two shells on the open fell at Whygates in company with the 

Vertigo mentioned above, is unusual.-J. D. B. 

Oxychilus rogersi (B.B.W.). 

Mitford.-E. P. B. 

FLOWERING PLANTS. 

Andromeda polifolia L. Marsh Andromeda. 67 

Reported from Boddle Moss on the Rothbury Hills by George Swan: a new locality. 

Professor Harrison records (Vasculum XXIII, p.158) finding this plant in "a new 

locality," Baron House Bog; which, by the by, is in V.C. 67 and not V.C. 66 as stated 

by him. Mr. R. B. Cooke and I found the plant there in 1924. 

It is strange that this species, so widely distributed in V.C. 67 should never have been 

recorded for either V.C. 68 or V.C. 66 that is, neither north of the Coquet nor south 

of the Tyne-Derwent.- G. W. TEMPERLEY. 

Erigeron acre L. Fleabane Erigeron. 67 

Plentiful in the disused shipyard at Amble.-M. E. URTON. 

Rosa tomentella Lern. 66 

Because this rose has been nearly always regarded as of more or less southern 

proclivities, it has always attracted my attention, and this year, as previous records 

will show, has provided me with many new localities in Durham and 

Northumberland. None of the forms listed was new to Britain. However, I was 

gratified to find in Shadforth Dene (November 1937) not only ordinary tomentella 

forms but also the novelty var. pseudo-dumetorum Rouy.-J.W.H.H.

35 

MARINE ALGAE. Sea weeds. 

This group has been extensively studied in the past and we have good local lists in 

the "Catalogue of the Marine Algae of North-umberland and Durham" by G. S. 

Brady (Tyneside Naturalists Field Club, Vol. IV, 1860) and in "A List of Marine 

Algae of Berwick-on-Tweed " by A. L. Batters (Hist. Berwicksh , Nat. Cl. Vo!. XII 

(2), 1888). These lists are very full and accurate but rather old. A modern "Handbook 

of the British Seaweeds " by L. Newton, published by the British Museum, is a great 

help in identifying these plants. A group of us are attempting to bring the lists up to 

date and we should welcome more helpers. The following list of new records is the 

work of Miss R. Harries and myself.-K. B. BLACKBURN. 

MYXOPHYCEAE. Blue-Green Algae. 

Xenococcus Schousboei Thur. (=Dermocarpa Schousboei (Thur.) Born.). 66 

This is recorded by Batters for Berwick-on-Tweed . It has now been found at 

Marsden , epiphytic on small filamentous algae. 

Dermocarpa violacea Crouan. 67 

On Laurencia at St. Mary's Island. 

Spirulina subsalsa OErsted (=S. tenuissima Kütz.). 67 

This animated spiral spring is a fascinating microscopic object. Brady recorded it as 

green from an aquarium in County Durham but some brought from a Cullercoats 

tank by Dr. Day was purple. We have seen it green from the shore at St. Mary 's 

Island and at Cullercoats. 

CHLOROPHYCEAE. Green Algae. 

Chlorochytrium immersum Massee. 66,67 

This occurs sunk in the gelatinous sheath of the colonial diatom Schizonema and has 

been seen at Marsden and St. Marys Island. 

Endoderma Wittrockii Wille. 67 

Newton's reference to 1\orthulllberland probably refers to Batters' list, if so St. 

Mary's Island provides a new Vice-County. The plant is epiphytic on Ectocarpus. 

Chaetomorpha melagonium Kütz (=Conferva melargonium Web.). 66 

Brady records for Northumberland only; we have found it also in Durham at 

Whitburn. The solitary stiff green bristles are easily overlooked. 

PHAEOPHYCEAE. Brown Sea weeds. 

Ectocarpus Hinksiae Harv. 67 

Epiphytic on the stipes of Laminaria Cloustoni (Rough stalked Oar-weed) at Seaton 

Sluice and St. Mary's Island. 

Litosiphon Laminariae Harv. 66, 67 

This parasite on Alaria is only recorded for V.C. 68. We can now add the localities 

Roker and Seaton Sluice.

36 

Chaetopteris plumosa Kütz. (=Sphacelaria plumose Harv.) 67 

Found at lowest tide level at Seaton Sluice. Previous records only for Durham. 

Tilopteris Mertensii Kütz. (=Ectocarpus Mertensii Harv.). 

Brady only mention a specimen "probably from the South of Northumberland." We 

have found it near low water level both at St. Mary's Island and at Seaton Sluice. 

Myrionema strangulans Grev. 67 

Both type and var. punctiforme are not uncommon on Enteromorpha, etc., at about 

mid-tide at St. Mary 's Island. 

RHODOPHYCEAE. Red Seaweeds. 

Erythrotrichia carnea J. G. Agardh. 67 

At St. Mary's Island in September 1936 it was very plentiful formed a soft pink down 

over other seaweeds. 

Bostrychia scorpioides Kütz. 66 

This occurs on the salt marsh at Greatham. 

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS. 

Contributions falling entirely or for the most part under the categories set out below 

must be sent to the person named, and must as a rule be received on or before the first of the 

month preceding that of the publication of the number of The Vasculum in which it is desired that 

they should appear if accepted. The Vasculum is published in February, May, August and 

November. 

Ornithology- Mr. G. W. Temperley, Restharrow, Apperley Road, Stocksfield. 

Entomology- Professor J. W. Heslop Harrison, Armstrong College. 

Flowering Plants- Dr. K. B. Blackburn, Armstrong College. 

Fungi- Mr. A. W. Bartlett, Armstrong College. 

Fresh-water Algae- -Dr. B. M. Griffiths, University Science Laboratories, Durham. 

Ecology 

Mammalia -Professor A. D. Hobson, Armstrong College. 

Marine Zoology 

Geology- Dr. Raistrick, Armstrong College. 

All MSS not covered by the above heads must be sent to the Rev. J. E. Hull, Belford 

Vicarage, Northumberland. 

It is particularly requested that Notes and Records should be cast exactly in the form 

used in The Vasculum and sent to Professor J. W. Heslop Harrison, Armstrong College. Records 

falling under different heads should be written on separate sheets, and Notes should be separate 

according as they relate to Vertebrates, Invertebrates, Botany, and Varia.

THE VASCULUM 

Vol. XXIV. No. 2. MAY, 1938. 

ARACHNIDA IN CAPTIVITY. 

J. E. HULL. 

It seems probable that the detestation in which spiders and their 

allies were once generally held is losing its strength; nevertheless there must 

be very many people who would no more dream of taking a spider under 

their care than they would of introducing a wolf or cobra into the family 

circle. Like the toad " ugly and venomous," spiders have an evil reputation 

to live down and not many opportunities of doing it. Before history began 

Anglo- Saxons knew them (as Scandinavians still do) by the name of 

"attercop." which means lump of poison. Venomous they are, in their 

measure, which is very small indeed compared with the sting of a bee or 

wasp, for all that is required of it is to stupefy their prey. 

Moreover, their most intimate contact with us tells heavily against 

them, for in our homes even their virtues are set to their discredit; the more 

industrious they are, the greater nuisance they become. War against the 

pernicious house-fly may be praise-worthy, but the means employed is 

abomination to the housewife. Yet Bruce is far from being the only person 

able to view the spider in a less sinister aspect. On Tyneside in the days of 

my youth I was assured that to find a spider crawling on one's clothes was a 

sure indication of the speedy acquisition of a new suit; also that the killing 

of a spider was so heinous a deed that it would certainly cause a fall of rain. 

Another thing which tells against spiders is the difficulty of 

handling them. Nobody abhors a thing which can be handled comfortably; 

but the trouble with a spider is that the legs offer the only means of holding 

it, and if you grasp a leg the spider promptly makes you a present of it and 

departs hastily without it.

38 

Once on a time I had given to me one of those big hairy spiders 

which are imported occasionally with bananas. With her legs naturally 

outspread she covered a space as large as the palm of my hand. In order to 

see as much of her as possible I kept her on my writing table, tethered to a 

paper weight by a front leg. I fed her with little bits of raw flesh which she 

seemed to enjoy immensely; but the wanderlust came upon her one night 

and next morning a tethered leg was all that remained. Evidently she had 

found the open window, for she was never seen again. If ever there is a 

second time, the rope will go round the body between the third and fourth 

pair of legs! 

Such a method of keeping a spider within bounds can only be 

applied to the big beasts from the tropics, and I only resorted to it on that 

occasion for the sake of free observation; for the spider's instinct is for ever 

at war with the observer's purpose. The latter's only chance is to resolve 

himself into an inoffensive element of the environment, and even then he 

can only guess when the effect of his first appearance has worn off. 

Moreover, a great many spiders are most active in darkness, and artificial 

light must be used, a disturbance which may cause all natural operations to 

be suspended. These remarks apply to all living creatures kept in 

confinement, but seem to need special attention in the case of spiders. 

I may add another caution for the less experienced observer. One 

might very naturally say, "When you approach a spider it takes fright and 

runs away to hide itself." That describes very exactly the behaviour of 

certain ground spiders; nevertheless the expressions" takes fright," " runs 

away," "hide itself" cannot mean the same thing when applied to a spider as 

they do when used of a human being. When you run you have a reason for 

it; the spider has not-only a cause. The spider does not hide itself; it 

instinctively retreats from an intrusion with which it cannot cope. The 

manner of the retreat depends on the general habit of the spider, and varies 

too much to be described here. 

In short, we must be careful in watching such creatures as spiders 

not to impute motives to them, as we would to human beings. For instance, 

certain writers have kept pairs of spiders under observation for the purpose 

of making notes of the process of pairing. In describing the behaviour of the 

male they have used

39 

the word " courtship" as if his actions were intended to influence the female; 

which is impossible. He is merely passing through the stages of sexual 

excitement. The subject is much too large to be discussed here, but those 

who appreciate the main point will be all the better equipped to indulge in 

the pleasure which I set out to recommend, namely, the easiest way of 

keeping spiders (and some other Arachnida) in captivity without hampering 

their activities. To keep them in anything like a cage is possible only with 

the largest species, and when it can be done is difficult and unsatisfactory. 

The smaller fry can only be kept in glass tubes or jars, and feeding is a hard 

problem. So I pass on to the simplest way. 

It is possible with only one British species, for it is the way of the 

aquarium, and we have only one species which actually lives in the water. It 

is the Water Spider (Argyroneta aquatica) which is at home in ponds and 

slow-moving water. It is pretty widely distributed in the British Isles, but I 

have never myself met with it locally, though it has been taken by others in 

one or two places in Durham. I got my first specimens in the fens near 

Cambridge, where it is very abundant. Later I had a pair which Prof. Heslop 

Harrison sent me from Middlesbrough. The first local record goes back to 

the fifties of last century when Pickard-Cambridge was an undergraduate at 

Durham and kept some specimens in his rooms in the Castle. He got them 

in a pond somewhere near the city, but could not remember the locality. 

My aquarium is home-made 22" x 10" x 10" -which is just right 

for one pair of spiders, giving room for webs and for free movement also. 

As it is glazed all round and the plants not too dense, "visibility is good." Of 

local plants I have used chiefly Water Crowfoot and Starwort; I like also a 

patch of Duckweed, but it must not cover more than a fourth of the surface 

and becomes unsightly if disturbed. Aquarium dealers supply Frogbit, 

which I should prefer to the Crowfoot, and in the Fens it is the spider's 

favourite cover. 

A few small water snails are necessary to check confervous 

growth, and a lively interest will be added if you put in also a dozen or so of 

the beautiful scarlet water mites (Arachnida of the family Hydrachnidae), 

which can be found about the margin of ponds and streams almost 

anywhere. They are lively little

40 

creatures and not difficult to observe, for they have a habit of swimming 

round and round the confines of the aquarium close to the glass-not seeking 

a way of escape but because the water margin is their habitual huntingground. 

You can vary the perpetual circling round by introducing a little 

rocky islet, but place it near a corner so as not to cramp the movements of 

the spiders. 

The present month (May) is the best time to stock an aquarium, 

and towards the end of the month dealers should be able to supply the Water 

Spiders. I have found fresh water "shrimps" a convenient food for the 

spiders. 

SOME BIRDS ON THE NORTH NORTHUMBERLAND COAST IN 

JUNE AND JULY, 1937. 

H. TULLY. 

Abel Chapman in his "Bird Life of the Borders" (published in 

1907), page 383, wrote as follows:- 

"Visit a great estuary in June or July; you may ramble for miles 

around its shores, the scene of the winter's exploits (and failures), and call to 

mind the wondrous flights of wild-fowl seen, and the glorious moments 

enjoyed on these very spots in January and February. In summer there is 

hardly a living creature to enliven the dreary monotony of the wastes. Now 

and again the glint of a sea-gull's wing, or perhaps a brood of young sheldducks-that 

is all one sees in several hours' ramble." 

The opinion that there is little bird life to be seen on the mud-flat 

areas of our coast in summer still appears to be generally held, and there are 

few June or July records in later works by Chapman and George Bolam. I 

saw, however, a great deal of interest in 1937 when I was present from the 

1st to the 13th June, and also twice in July, and the following notes are the 

result of my observations.

41 

In some cases for purposes of comparison I have given quotations 

from Chapman's and Bolam's Works. These are numbered, and references 

will be found at the end of this paper. 

SHELD-DUCK: I saw ten of these birds on Fenham Flats on the 

1st June, and 54 on Budle Bay on the 6th June. On Holy Island it was 

plentiful on the 12th June. Occasional broods of young were seen. Bolam 

remarked that numbers varied considerably for no apparent reason, and the 

year 1937 would appear to have been a year of plenty. 

WIGEON: This bird has bred occasionally at some of our inland 

loughs since 1912, and it appears to be possible that it is now breeding near 

the coast. I was told locally that it did so, and there may be some truth in the 

story, as I saw a single drake north of Fenham Flats on the 1st June; a pair at 

the same place on the 5th June; and a pair on Budle Bay on the 6th June. 

COMMON SCOTER: There was a flock of some 300 off 

Bamburgh on the 4th June. 

MANX SHEARWATER: I saw a single bird on the wing near the 

Farne Islands on the 9th June. This species has been seen here on several 

occasions at the breeding season, but has never been proved to breed. 

OYSTER-CATCHER: There were nearly always a few about; 

larger numbers were 45 Fenham Flats on the 8th June, 50 Goswick sands 

10th June, 30 Holy Island 12th June. As this bird takes more than one year 

to grow to maturity, most of these would presumably be immature birds. 

RINGED PLOVER: Bolam wrote: "Large migratory flocks visit 

the coast ... sometimes as late as the end of May." (A.I). As I saw flocks of 

50 to 100 birds on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th June, I think this migration spreads 

over into June. Our local birds were breeding plentifully along the coast. 

GOLDEN PLOVER: Bolam said: -" On the coast the home-bred 

birds begin to appear early in August" (B.1). He should, I think, have said 

about the middle of July, as I saw a flock of about 300 birds on Fenham 

Flats on the 17th July, and these could only have been British breeding 

birds. Eight days later there was only one Golden on the same area, so this 

flock had probably already moved south. Chapman remarked of the Golden 

Plover that "Their southern migration commences in July" (C. 1).

42 

GREY PLOVER: Bolam wrote: -" In spring a few may be found 

on passage in full summer plumage, in May; and Selby mentions having 

met with them even in June on the Fame Islands" (A.2), and with regard to 

the autumn, Chapman said:- "Arrive mid-September all young birds--never 

an adult among them-and many winter here" (C.2). The situation to-day 

would appear to be that a few of these birds may be found on our coast 

throughout the summer. My records from Fenham Flats are as follows:-One 

on the 1st June. Six, of which two in summer plumage, on 3rd June. Four on 

5th June. Eleven, including one in summer plumage, on 7th June. Seven on 

the 8th and 11th June. Nine on 18th July. Thirteen on 25th July. This 

species does not attain maturity until more than one year old, and our coast 

is possibly included in the summer range of the immature birds. 

LAPWING: As was to be expected, there were usually a few 

about the coast, but a more interesting sight was a flock of some 80 birds 

flying over Ross Links on the 6th June. This bird is one of the earliest to 

flock, and according to Chapman these first gatherings consist of young 

birds. It seemed strange to see this sign of autumnal conditions here, while 

flocks of other species were still on migration to their northern breeding 

grounds. 

TURNSTONE: It is well known that a few of these birds are to be 

seen throughout the summer on the Farnes and elsewhere, but 28 birds 

which I saw on the Longstone on the 9th June seems an unusually large 

number. Some of these may, of course, still have been on the move 

northwards. They were not all in one flock. 

SANDERLING: I saw a fine flock of about 60 birds on Goswick 

sands on the 5th June, but only two were in full breeding plumage. Bolam 

made no mention of June migrants, but Chapman wrote:- " In spring, on the 

Northumberland coast, Sanderlings again became numerous, northward 

bound. These are in full summer plumage, and the passage occurs during 

May and even continues well into June" (C.3). He was right in his dates, but 

apparently wrong about the plumage. It may even be that the last flocks to 

pass through are mainly composed of immature birds which possibly do not 

go as far north as the birds about to breed.

43 

I also saw four birds on Holy Island on 12th June, and two at Monkhouse 

on 17th July, in summer dress. 

KNOT: I can find no previous local record of this bird for June, 

but Bolam was under the impression that some birds might remain with us 

through the summer, as writing of birds shot by others in July, he said, " 

such individuals may never have left our shores, for on the 8th July, 1897, I 

saw a flock of twelve Knots on the Fame Islands, not one of them, it is 

worthy of remark, showing any trace of summer plumage, and that 

experience was not singular" (B.2). I can now add the following records, all 

from Fenham Flats:-Thirty grey and two red birds on 3rd June, eleven grey 

and two red on 5th June, four grey on 8th June, seven grey and one reddish 

on 11th June, two reddish birds on 18th July. It seems, therefore, to be 

extremely probable that some Knots remain here right through the summer. 

DUNLIN: Present in small numbers in June, and on the 17th and 

25th July there were flocks of two to three hundred on Fenham Flats. I 

estimated that at least 80 per cent. of these flocks were adults with black 

underparts. 

LITTLE STINT: With the flock of Sanderlings previously 

mentioned, were two Little Stints in summer dress. The date was 5th June, 

and this appears to be the first record of this species appearing on our coast 

on the spring migration. Bolam wrote :-" I have never known it to occur in 

Northumberland in spring, nor met with an adult, but there is one in the 

British Museum in adult plumage marked ' Northumberland, presented by J. 

E. Harting, 1888 ' "(A.3). Chapman also was very emphatic that it never 

appeared in spring. 

COMMON REDSHANK: This bird was always to be seen in 

small numbers during June, and a pair were breeding on the coast near Beal. 

The adult birds caused a great commotion whenever I passed by, and on one 

occasion after the young were hatched, both birds perched on the top of a 

high thorn hedge during the period of alarm, a thing I never saw before. On 

the 17th, 18th, and 25th July, there were flocks of a hundred or more birds 

on Fenham Flats.

44 

GREENSHANK: Neither Chapman nor Bolam mentioned any 

occurrence of this species in either June or July, but I saw single birds on 

Budle Bay on the 2nd and 6th June, and on Fenham Flats in July there were 

two on the 17th, and seven on the 25th. Of the latter, five were on an islet at 

high tide, and it is interesting to add that at the identical spot on the 8th 

August I again saw five birds, Mr. Temperley being with me on this 

occasion. It seems more than possible that these were the same individuals. 

BAR-TAILED GODWIT: On Fenham Flats I only saw one bird 

on 11th June, four on 17th July, and one or two with Whimbrel on 25th 

July, but there was a party of 18 on Holy Island on 12th June. The latter 

were all immature birds, and were probably summering on our coast. 

CURLEW: There were only a few of these birds on the coast in 

June, my notes being:-One on Fenham Flats on the 2nd, six on the 4th, one 

on the 5th, and twelve on Budle Bay on the 6th. On the 17th July, however, 

there was a flock of about 120 on Fenham Flats. These would presumably 

be birds which had bred at no great distance from our area, and their 

offspring. 

WHIMBREL: While on Fenham Flats on the 25th July I heard a 

WhimbreI calling, and three birds passed over flying south. I nearly jumped 

to conclusions and put down three Whimbrel, but the glass revealed one 

Whimbrel, one Godwit, and the third was undoubtedly one or the other, but 

by the time I got on to it, it was too far off to be certain as to. its identity. 

COMMON TERN: Odd birds were to be seen now and then on 

Fenham Flats during early June. Near Fenham Mill on the 4th there were 

20. I never saw an Arctic Tern on this area during my visit, so these birds 

evidently keep nearer the open sea. 

LITTLE TERN: At least one pair were frequenting Fenham Flats 

during June. On the evening of the 7th June the male was fishing in a pool 

for his mate who remained on the sand, and after presenting her with his 

catch, he would sometimes remain standing by her for a time. On one such 

occasion a Common Tern came to the same pool, and in an instant the male 

Little Tern was after it and chased it well away, the larger bird showing no 

inclination to resist. This seems to be an interesting example of

45 

temporary "territory" possession, as the pool was only a pool at low tide, 

and so far as I know the birds did not return to this spot at every tide. They 

were trying to breed about a couple of miles away. 

BLACKHEADED GULL: Adult birds were very scarce on 

Fenham Flats and Budle Bay, but first summer birds were numerous. Of 

these there were a hundred or more on Fenham Flats during early June, and 

about 150 on Budle Bay. With regard to this bird, Bolam wrote: "A large 

proportion of the young reared here seem to leave us on the approach of 

winter and not to return again until they have assumed the full adult dress, 

which is not before their second autumn. A few individuals, however, may 

sometimes be observed nesting, although still retaining the dark terminal 

band on the tail and other vestiges of immaturity" (A.4) These summer 

coastal gatherings may therefore have escaped his notice, or more probably 

are a recent development in the increase of this species. 

COMMON GULL: I saw very few of these birds, but there were 

about 20 immature birds at Bamburgh on the 4th June. 

Although I was not on the coast from 13th June to 12th July _a 

critical period when one is suggesting that some species remain on our coast 

right through the summer-it is evident that unless 1937 was an exceptional 

year, there have either been changes in the habits of several of our birds 

since Chapman's and Bolam's time, or there has been incomplete 

observation in the past. Future observation will at any rate show to what 

extent the year 1937 was exceptional. 

REFERENCES. 

" A." "A Catalogue of the Birds of Northumberland." (Transactions of the 

Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle upon 

Tyne. Vol. VIII.) published 1932. George Bolam. 

A.1 page 127. A.2 page 126. A.3 page 114.A4 page 134. 

"B." "The Birds of Northumberland and the Eastern Borders." published 

1912. George Bolam. 

B.1 page 519. B.2 page 567. 

"C." "Bird Life of the Borders." published 1907. Abel Chapman. 

C.1 page 176. C.2 page 404. C.3 page 402.

46 

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE LITTLE BUSTARD AND THE 

GREAT BUSTARD ON THE SIBERIAN STEPPES. 

ALGERNON NOBLE. 

The notes on the Little Bustard (Otis tetrax L.) in the February 

issue of The Vasculum interested me greatly, and it was a curious 

coincidence that in the same number in which Mr. G. W. Temperley gave a 

new record for Northumberland (antea p. 14), Mr. J. M. Craster should give 

his experience of a living example in a turnip field at South Craster Farm 

(antea p. 31). 

I have had some experience of this bird in the Siberian Steppe 

district, particularly in that portion situated north of a line running roughly 

between the Aral Sea and Lake Balkash. I prospected and explored a large 

part of this area; my journeys sometimes taking me two or three hundred 

miles from my main camp. As the baggage camels could only move on 

these expeditions at the rate of about three miles an hour, it was quite easy 

to take note of the local wild life in these uninhabited steppes. 

In whatever direction I went, I flushed Little Bustards every now 

and then wherever there was any cover. This cover consisted chiefly of 

sage, southernwood or a small bush of hard resinous wood, called locally 

"biarlish." This last burns well and is the alternative to camel dung for the 

camp fire. I never saw the Little Bustard on the bare areas of the steppe that 

merely sustained coarse patches of grass here and there. This area was 

occupied by the Great Bustard (Otis tarda L), which was very conspicuous, 

stalking about in solemn dignity. In the spring, when one often comes 

across parties of from four to ten birds very busy with their courting 

arrangements, I have several times got very close to them, either on a camel 

or by walking up screened by a camel. I once got to within thirty yards of a 

party where two males were showing off, with outspread wings and tails, 

strutting about in front of the females. I always noticed more females than 

males in these parties-sometimes two or three

47 

females to one male. The hens lay their eggs on the barest and most exposed 

ground, the cock bird always stalking about on watch. 

Immediately our small expedition left the bare stony steppe and 

got amongst the scrub of biarlish, sage, southemwood, etc.. again, it was not 

long before we put up Little Bustards. It was only unexpectedly, and when 

the wind was in the right direction, that I had a good look at them in a 

clearing and then they immediately ran for cover, emerging on the wing in 

some unexpected quarter. Mr. Craster's description of its flight fits the bird 

perfectly and I have no doubt in my own mind that he has seen a Little 

Bustard. The trembling of the down-curved wings is very characteristic as 

the bird flies just over the top of the scrub in this manner, looking for a 

clearing in which to feed. On camping at night I often saw a bird pop up 

somewhere in the distance and hover about with quivering wings and then 

suddenly drop down amongst the bush. Its manner of flight has been 

developed to suit its environment, just as has that of the Pheasant, which, in 

the same district, on the banks of the river Chu rockets up among the 

fourteen feet high reed beds when alarmed. It is its native reed beds that 

have taught our local Pheasants to rocket. As we proceeded hour after hour 

through the scrub, I was much intrigued at seeing so much white exposed 

immediately the bird rose and every now and then as it receded the white 

would suddenly disappear and as suddenly reappear again. I am of the 

opinion that this is due to the bird throwing itself over in an attempt to look 

back at the object of its alarm and so exposing the white under-parts of 

wings and body. The Great Bustard does not do this, but goes straight ahead 

and no conspicuous white is noticeable. This latter bird cannot throw itself 

suddenly into the air like the lighter and more agile Little Bustard, but has 

to have a short run. It runs first, then jumps with outstretched wings, which 

it moves until it feels the lift, then withdraws its legs and flies very low for 

quite a distance before it can get up into the wind. 

In shooting I found the Great Bustard unapproachable under about 

four hundred yards on the bare steppe, but it was a fairly easy mark if it 

could be flushed among the rough as it was so

48 

clumsy and slow in getting clear of the obstruction. But I never found them 

among the rough till about August. Then they are very fond of sunning 

themselves, spreading their wings and roIling from side to side in the shelter 

of low scrub or in the burnt-out coarse grass along river bottoms, some of 

them old river beds where water had ceased to flow. I think they do this to 

help the moult. 

Referring to the Little Bustard again, I can see in my mind's eye 

quite clearly the flashes of white here and there over the tops of the sage, 

etc., as we flushed these birds in all directions. It looked just as if stray 

papers had been blown up by the wind all over the place. 

Both Little and Great Bustards are a tasty dish, very like Pheasant, 

and sometimes I could get nothing else to eat for days on end when we ran 

out of provisions. 

With regard to the plumage of the Little Bustard, this is very 

beautiful in the breeding season. In the male the top part of the head is fawn 

and black. The sides of face to the top of the neck are a pearly grey. The 

neck lower down is deep black with two white bands, the lower band being 

the broader and reaching down to the top of the breast. The female is all 

fawn except that the sides of the body are barred with black. Towards the 

Turkestan border the black and white colouring is more definite than it is in 

the Orenburg district. In the latter I noticed that the birds were a dirty white 

and had not such definite black markings when in nuptial plumage. The 

winter plumage of the bird is less striking; the black resolving itself into a 

dark brown and the white becoming rather dull. There are said to be two 

forms of this bird, a western and an eastern form. I think the only difference 

is that the further east they are found the more pronounced are the black, 

white and fawn markings, while towards the west the plumage is duller and 

not so striking. 

As winter approaches the Little Bustards congregate at favoured 

spots, drift south and may be found in numbers in December on the Chu 

river, near Lake Balkash, and on the shores of the Aral and Caspian Seas. I 

have no positive information as to where these flocks migrate after 

December, probably to parts of Asia

49 

Minor, Arabia and North Africa. They are back in their old breeding haunts 

on the Steppe before all the snow is off. 

I came across the specimen of the Little Bustard that Mr. 

Temperley mentions as having been shot near Amble some years ago; and 

when I heard that the owner was going to sell it to a ship's captain, who 

intended to present it to the Museum at Stockholm. I stepped in and rescued 

it. The late George Bolam saw this bird and thought that it might be the 

western form. Just before his lamented death he had intended looking more 

closely into the matter as he was not quite sure about it. I intend handing it 

over to the Hancock Museum on the first opportunity when it will be 

interesting to compare it with the others in the collection. 

In conclusion. it is curious that the Egyptian Goose should have 

been mentioned as a possible explanation of Mr. Craster's bird as the 

Egyptian Goose breeds near the sloughs and brakish waterholes in the 

Southern Steppes and I have shot both these birds in the same afternoon; but 

there is no mistaking them, the difference both in shape and flight is too 

marked. 

OUR LOCAL WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 

PART II. 


In the last issue of The Vasculum (antea p. 4) I gave a brief 

account of the Wild Birds Protection Acts of 1880-1908. and explained how 

County and Borough County Councils were empowered to issue at their 

discretion "Orders" enforcing certain permissive provisions of the Acts to 

make them applicable to the particular circumstances and conditions in their 

areas. I then analysed the Orders issued by the County Councils of 

Northumberland and Durham, the City Council of Newcastle upon Tyne 

and the County Borough Council of Gateshead showing how far these 

bodies had applied the powers bestowed upon them for the protection of the 

wild birds within their areas. This analysis showed that Northumberland 

County Council, while neglecting to enforce some very necessary 

provisions, has made and was now making, a considered effort to secure the 

adequate protection of its wild

50 

birds; that the Durham County Council issued an Order that was quite 

inadequate and singularly inappropriate to the bird life of the county; that 

the Newcastle City Council had drawn up such an excellent Order that it 

might well be taken as the model of what a city Order should be; that the 

Gateshead Borough Council's Order was almost identical with that of 

Newcastle. 

There remain to be considered the Orders of the other six local 

County Boroughs, namely those of Tynemouth in Northumberland, South 

Shields, Sunderland, West Hartlepool and Darlington in County Durham, 

and Middlesbrough in Yorkshire. Of these, not one has availed itself of the 

example set by Newcastle upon Tyne. They have contented themselves by 

issuing Orders which are as inappropriate to the birds of their areas as they 

are inadequate to protect them. 

THE ORDER FOR THE COUNTY BOROUGH OF TYNEMOUTH. 

This Order, dated Whitehall, 21st February, 1914, appears to have 

been copied originally from that of the County of Northumberland in force 

at that date; but the County has since, on two occasions, altered and 

improved its Order while the Borough has made no change. It is thus very 

inadequate. The practice of making a Borough Order conform to that of the 

County in which it is situated appears at first sight to be a reasonable one; 

but on further consideration it will be realised that this is not so, for the 

species of wild birds inhabiting the restricted area of a town and breeding 

under urban conditions are quite different in number and in kind from those 

to be found in the varied environment of a far-flung rural county. 

The main provisions of the Tynemouth Order are the following: - 

(a) It adds no species to the Schedule. That is, it protects no species against 

"the owner or occupier of any land or his authorised agent on such land," in 

addition to those mentioned in the Schedule of the Act of 1880. 

(b) It protects during the whole of the year about 28 species -a similar 

number to those protected by the Northumberland Order, but not the 

identical species. This list includes species which spend most of the year in 

the southern hemisphere.

51 

(c) It extends the close time by 12 days only (1st August to 12th 

August) to about 56 species-the same heterogeneous collection as is 

mentioned in the County Order; some of them quite unknown in the North 

of England. 

(d) It extends the close time by 31 days (1st August to 1st 

September) to a dozen species taken from the County list. 

(e) It prohibits the shooting of gulls (all species) on Sundays, 

Christmas Day and Good Friday. 

(h) It protects the eggs of some 40 species, no less than 33 of 

which have never bred and are never likely to breed within the Borough 

boundary. The eggs of the species habitually nesting in the parks and 

gardens of Tynemouth are unprotected. 

THE ORDER FOR THE COUNTY BOROUGH OF SOUTH SHIELDS. 

This Order is dated Whitehall, 14th August, 1920. It is very brief. 

(a) It adds no species to the Schedule. 

(b) It protects during the whole of the year some 33 species, 

whose names are listed. It is a most extraordinary list, both on account of 

the species which it includes and those which it excludes. For example, it 

gives all-the-year-round protection to the night-jar and the sand-martin, 

which, except during the close time, are living in Africa. It protects the 

game-preservers' worst enemies, the carrion-crow and the sparrow-hawk, 

whilst giving no protection to the farmers' best friend, the kestrel. It selects 

for protection only one of the tits, only two of the thrushes and only three of 

the finches. 

( c) (d) It makes no extension of close time. 

(e) It does not prohibit Sunday shooting. 

(h) It protects no eggs except those of the peewit. 

THE ORDER FOR THE COUNTY BOROUGH OF SUNDERLAND. 

This Order is dated Whitehall, 24th May, 1929. For brevity it must establish 

a record. It only concerns itself with two species of wild bird-the common 

tern and the lesser tern. These birds, which only visit the British Isles for 

four or five months in the summer and spend the rest of the year in the 

southern hemisphere, are protected in Sunderland during the whole of the 

year. The

52 

taking or destroying of their eggs is prohibited throughout Sunderland, 

notwithstanding the fact that never within the memory of man has either 

species been known to breed within the town. All other wild birds, with the 

exception of those few already protected under the Acts, may legally be 

taken or killed in Sunderland and the eggs of any wild bird may be 

destroyed. 

THE ORDER FOR THE COUNTY BOROUGH OF DARLlNGTON. 

This Order, dated Whitehall, 15th May, 1929, is an exact copy of that of the 

County Council of Durham issued in the same year. As has already been 

pointed out (antea p. 12), the Durham Order is quite inappropriate for the 

County and for the Borough of Darlington it is even more unsuitable. It 

specifically protects birds which never visit the town while ignoring the 

need for protecting resident species; it protects all the year round birds 

which spend most of their lives in the southern hemisphere; it protects the 

eggs of about 43 species, of which only about ten are ever likely to breed in 

the Borough, while most of the species habitually nesting in parks and 

gardens are not mentioned. 

THE ORDER FOR THE COUNTY BOROUGH OF WEST 

HARTLEPOOL. 

This is dated Whitehall, 21st June, 1929, and is identical with that of 

Darlington (see above). Everything said in criticism of that Order applies 

equally to this one. 

THE ORDER FOR THE COUNTY BOROUGH OF MIDDLESBROUGH. 

This Order, dated end February, 1921, is also a very brief one. 

(a) It adds no birds to the Schedule. 

(b) It protects during the whole of the year eleven species only. 

The merit of this list is that though short, it does contain the names of some 

species which might reasonably be expected to reside in the parks and 

gardens of Middlesbrough, though there are some notable omissions--as, for 

instance, the tits, the wren, the hedge-sparrow and the yellow-hammer. The 

starling, which is included, can hardly be said to require protection. 

(c) (d) It makes no extension of the close time. 

(e) There is no prohibition of Sunday shooting. 

(g) No areas are set aside as bird sanctuaries. 

(h) It protects no eggs except those of the peewit.

53 

SUMMARY. 

The Wild Birds Protection Acts, inadequate and cumbersome as they are, do 

put into the hands of local County and County Borough Councils an 

instrument capable of being used to provide protection for such species of 

wild birds as are valuable to the farmer, the gardener and the forester by 

virtue of their habit of destroying vermin and noxious and harmful insects, 

such species as add to the beauty and music of our woods, parks and 

gardens and such as are of special interest and delight to the ornithologist 

and bird-lover. The foregoing analysis of our local Protection Orders shows 

how our local Councils have neglected or misapplied that instrument. They 

have failed to protect either the birds or the eggs of most of the species 

which destroy vermin and harmful insects; they have, instead, given 

protection to species that do not need it, species which never visit the 

districts concerned or are not there during the periods when protection is 

extended to them. With two notable exceptions, the Councils of Newcastle 

upon Tyne and of Gateshead, they have omitted to establish protected areas 

where wild birds could find sanctuary for breeding, feeding or resting. Had 

they used a little common sense, had they asked advice from any Natural 

History Society, ornithologist or bird-lover, they might have carried out the 

useful and beneficial work which the framers of the original Acts intended 

and expected that they would. 

APPENDIX. 

It may be asserted that the foregoing is merely critical and that it fails to 

indicate any constructive policy with regard to Wild Birds Protection 

Orders. To meet this objection a simple form of Order is appended which 

would be adequate and suitable to meet the needs of any or all of our local 

County Boroughs. The drafting of County Orders is a much more difficult 

and complicated undertaking, as each County has its own problems and 

conditions vary so much from one county to another. It is therefore 

impossible to draw up a "model" that can safely be recommended to all.

54 

DRAFT OF A WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDER SUITABLE FOR A 

COUNTY BOROUGH IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 

TITLE. 

I.-This Order may be cited as " The Wild Birds Protection 

(County Borough of……...) Order, 193 ." 

BIRDS. 

ALL BIRDS PROTECTED THROUGHOUT THE COUNTY BOROUGH 

DURING THE WHOLE OF THE YEAR. 

2.-During the period of the year to which the protection afforded 

by the Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, does not extend, the taking or 

killing of all Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the County Borough of 

………... 

ADDITIONS TO THE SCHEDULE OF THE ACT OF 1880. 

3.-The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply within the 

County Borough of ………... to the following species of Wild Birds in the 

same manner as if those species were included in the Schedule of the Act: - 

Blackbird, Brambling, Bullfinch, Reed-bunting, Chaffinch, Dipper, 

Fieldfare, Flycatcher (both species) Goldcrest, Greenfinch, Kestrel, House 

Martin, Sand Martin, Pipits (all species), Redwing, Robin, Hedge Sparrow, 

Tree Sparrow, Swallow, Swift, Song Thrush, Missel Thrush, Tits (all 

species), Tree-creeper, Wagtails (all species), Grasshopper Warbler, Sedge 

Warbler, Willow Warbler, Wood Warbler, Waxwing, Wheatear, 

Whitethroat, Wren, Yellowhammer. 

EGGS. 

CERTAIN EGGS PROTECTED THROUGHOUT THE COUNTY 

BOROUGH. 

4.-The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the following species 

of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the County Borough of 

………………: -Blackbird, Bullfinch, Chaffinch, Dipper, Flycatchers (both 

species), Greenfinch, Lapwing or Peewit, House Martin, Sand Martin, Owls 

(all species), Pipits (all species), Robin, Skylark, Hedge Sparrow, Tree 

Sparrow, Swallow, Swift, Song Thrush, Missel Thrush, Tits (all species), 

Tree-creeper, Wagtails (all species), Sedge Warbler, Willow Warbler, 

Wheatear, White- throat, Wren, Yellowhammer.

55 

ORNITHOLOGICAL REPORT FOR NORTHUMBERLAND AND 

DURHAM FOR THE YEAR, 1937. 

Compiled from the Records of the members of the Ornithological Section of 

the Natural History Society and others, by George W. Temperley. 

The Weather and its effect on Bird Movements. 

January was a wet month, with much rain and snow towards the 

close. Snow fell from the 26th to 30th and during that period Little Auks 

were noted on the coast and inland. The rough weather continued into 

February and in the first days of that month occurred the "invasion" of 

Smews and of Red-necked and Slavonian Grebes. Many of these birds 

remained on inland waters for three or four weeks. There was a strong 

westerly gale on February 6th and more snow on 12th and 13th. On the 25th 

the first Waxwings were observed. March 5th brought more snow, which 

remained until the 19th. This was very heavy indeed in some places. The 

Raven's nest at Chattlehope was carried away by it and the Bilsmoor 

Ravens did not breed. After a few mild days winter returned on the 21st 

with N .E. wind and snow. Easter week-end was very cold. Nevertheless, 

the first Wheatear was seen on the coast on the 26th and inland (Colt Crag) 

on the 27th; though for the most part they were not recorded until the first 

week in April. The early part of April was dull and wet with some fog and 

cold wind at times. Spring was very backward, and even by the middle of 

the month very few flowering plants were in evidence. Sandmartins were 

first reported on the 7th, Swallows on the 10th. but the first House-martin 

was not seen until the 30th. The first Willow-warbler was heard on the 9th; 

but they were not reported generally until the 18th. The Sand- piper was 

observed on the 17th, the Corncrake on the 23rd, and the Cuckoo on the 

26th. Ground frosts at night continued to the end of the month. In May east 

winds prevailed during the first half and it was very dull until the 14th. The 

first Swifts were seen on the 1st, 3rd and 4th, but it was not until the 10th 

that they were generally distributed. The 3rd and 4th of May saw the

56 

arrival of most of the Warblers and the Pied Flycatcher. The Spotted 

Flycatcher, usually the last to appear, was reported on the 11th. 

Classified Notes. 

RAVEN (Corvus corax).-The Chattlehope pair built a nest, but 

not on the usual site. It was seen on March 11th, but during the violent 

storms it was brought down by the weight of the snow and the birds did not 

breed again (R. Craigs). The Bilsmoor birds were not seen at their nesting 

site after the snowstorm. 

HOODED CROW (Corvus cornix).-Again very few records. 

Warkworth, two April 24th and one 26th. Holy Island, seven on September 

3rd-an early date! Beal, one on the shore, November 6th, and another in 

Christmas week. 

STARLING (Sturnus vulgaris).-The great roost at Colt Crag is no 

longer in use. Where have the birds gone? 

GOLDEN ORIOLE (Oriolus oriolus).-Warkworth, Birling 

Manor, an immature bird was seen by Mr. A. E. Gregory on October 9th 

(The Vasculum, XXIV, p. 33). 

HAWFINCH (Coccothraustes coccothraustes).-Stocksfield, 

Newton Hall, three or four were seen several times in spring and autumn 

(H. Tully): Apperley Road, a flock of five birds visited the garden daily 

during January and February (G. W. T.). Newbrough, a cock found dead on 

March 25th. 

GOLDFINCH (Carduelis carduelis).-Has bred close to Hexham 

this year (A. Noble). Otterburn, a flock of 14 on August 31st and a pair 

feeding young on September 28th (R. Craigs). Craster, a flock of 17 on 

November 14th (J. M. Craster). 

SISKIN (Carduelis spinus).-Very few reports. Allansford, two 

seen. Little Swinburn, a flock on March 30th. 

NORTHERN BULLFINCH (Pyrrhula p. pyrrhula).-A cock of 

this species was obtained on Holy Island on April 15th. This is the first 

authenticated record for Northumberland; though large, brightly-coloured 

individuals noted here. in spring and autumn have been suspected of 

belonging to this species by various observers. 

CROSSBILL (Loxia curvirostra).-A pair attempted to breed in 

Dipton Wood in March. The hen was seen building while the

57 

cock was singing. The nest was not completed. The woodman states that 

they bred in the same place in the previous year (W. R. Philipson). A flock 

remained near Slaley during the winters of 1936-37 and 1937-38. A few 

birds were seen there during the summer months, but no nest was found (G. 

W. T.). Near Blanchland, four seen on April 10th (G. B. Angus). Near 

Corbridge, four seen on April 11th (C. J. Gent). Small flocks (two to eight) 

were seen about Shotley Bridge until April 26th (J. E. Ruxton). Catcleugh, 

one seen on July 7th (R. Craigs). 

BRAMBLING (Fringilla montifringilla).-One remained near the 

Town Moor, Newcastle, throughout the summer of 1937 (see The 

Vasculum, XXIII, p. 121). 

SNOW BUNTING (Plectrophenax nivalis).-Catcleugh, flocks 

seen on October 18th and November 22nd (R. Craigs). Plentiful in winter at 

Teesmouth (J. Bishop). 

YELLOW WAGTAIL (Motacilla flava rayi).-An increase 

reported about Teesmouth (J. Bishop). In May a pair was observed close to 

the Trading Estate in the Team Valley. From their behaviour and the length 

of time they remained it was concluded that they were attempting to breed, 

but no nest was found (G. D. Sinclair). 

NUTHATCH (Sitta europaea affinis).-This species is now 

breeding in one locality in South Durham (J. Bishop in The Vasculum, 

XXIII, p. 56). It should be looked for in other parts of the county. 

WILLOW TIT (Parus atricapillus kleinschmidti) .:-Has been 

noted in the Stockton-on- Tees district for the last eight years for certain (J. 

Bishop). Gosforth Park, one seen on April 1st (W. R. Philipson). 

LONG-TAILED TIT (AEgithalos caudatus rosaceus).-Several 

observers comment on its scarcity. 

WAXWING (Bombycilla garrulus) .-Particulars of the "invasion" 

of February, 1937, have already been mentioned in the pages of The 

Vasculum. A few had been seen about Hexham in November, 1936 (T. H. 

Welsh); but the main invasion began on February 25th, 1937. During March 

and April they were observed in every part of the two counties where 

suitable food was obtainable-from Berwick-on-Tweed to Stockton-on-Tees 

and from the

58 

coast to Catcleugh. The last flock was seen on April 27th at Rowlands Gill. 

In the autumn of 1937 a few birds arrived; on November 24th a small flock 

was seen near Rowlands Gill, but they did not remain there as in previous 

years; on November 30th a birdcatcher reported having seen a flock of 

seven or eight near Allansford. 

BARRED WARBLER (Sylvia nesoria).-One was seen on Holy 

Island by H. G. Alexander and others on August 24th (British Birds, XXXI, 

p. 196). 

LESSER WHITETHROAT (Sylvia curruca).-Nested near Ryton 

(W. Eltringham). 

SHORE LARK (Eremophila alpestris flava).-At Teesmouth 

during the winter-"a fair showing " (J . Bishop). 

COMMON WHEATEAR (OEnanthe oe. oenanthe}.-On Holy 

Island in August a Wheatear was observed of such abnormal appearance 

that there was much conjecture as to its species. It was afterwards shot and 

sent to the Hancock Museum, where it was identified as a Common 

Wheatear with white feathers about its head and neck (S. E. Cook). 

GREENLAND WHEATEAR (OEnanthe oe. leucorrhoa).-On 

Holy Island, on August 25th, several were identified (S. E. Cook). 

REDSTART (Phoenicurus ph. phoenicurus).-Unusually scarce 

this year in the Tyne Valley. On St. Mary's Island two were identified by W. 

A. Pearson on December 19th: a very late date! 

BLACK REDSTART (Phoenicurus ochrurus gibraltariensis).- 

Near Alnmouth, a hen, or immature bird, was seen on April 11th and 12th 

(M. C. Tate). 

GREEN WOODPECKER (Picus viridis).-Observers continue to 

record the increase of the species in the Tyne Valley. Reports from farther 

north are still wanting. 

LITTLE OWL (Athene noctua vidalii).-Bamburgh, one seen on 

April 8th where they had been noted in the previous year (T. C. Studdert). 

Near Kirkley Hall, one seen on April 25th (J. E. Ruxton). 

BARN OWL (Tyto alba).-Near Stocksfield a pair successfully 

reared young. These were ringed on July 27th by Mrs. Hodgkin; one of 

them was recovered at Stockton-on-Tees on November 15th,

59 

and another at Winlaton during the same month (British Birds, XXXI, p. 

307). At Catcleugh a nest with six young was found in a dove-cote on 

August 24th (R. Craigs). Near Roker a pair has bred for the last two or three 

years in the chimney-breast of a house (C. Potter). 

PEREGRINE FALCON (Falco peregrinus).-The Cheviot pair 

successfully reared young this year. 

HEN HARRIER (Circus cyaneus).-On Holy Island, an immature 

cock was shot on January 28th. During December a couple of Harriers, said 

to have been of this species, were frequently seen about Harehope Hill, N., 

and on December 27th a hen was seen on Brockley Hall Moor, N., by J. M. 

Craster, which may have been one of these two. 

COMMON BUZZARD (Buteo buteo).-In Upper Teesdale 

Buzzards were again seen this summer. One was seen flying over the Team 

Valley on June 20th (G. B. Angus). 

BITTERN (Botaurus stellaris).-One shot near Sedgefield on 

February 8th (A. Todd). 

BEAN GOOSE (Anser fabalis).-At Settlingstones on March 27th, 

a flock of 20 (J. Crawford). 

BARNACLE GOOSE (Branta leucopsis) .-Reported by Holy 

Island fishermen that 100 were hanging about the Snook for two or three 

days in October (per W. de L. Aitchison). 

SHELD-DUCK (Tadorna tadorna).-Increasing at Teesmouth (J. 

Bishop). Inland-at Gosforth Park Lake, one on April 9th (W. A. Pearson); at 

Hallington, one on November 13th (H. Tully). 

GARGANEY (Anas querquedula).-Teesmouth, two on April 26th 

and one (drake) on August 7th (P. L. Hogg). Holy Island Lough, one drake 

on August 26th (W. de L. Aitchison). 

SCAUP (Nyroca marila).-Inland-On Whittle Dene Reservoirs, a 

female on November 21st (H. Tully). 

COMMON SCOTER (Oidemia nigra).-Inland-a female on 

Newton Hall Lake on October 3rd (H. Tully). 

GOOSANDER (Mergus merganser).-Gosforth Park Lake, a pair 

on November 14th (A. MacRae). 

(To be continued.)

60 



By invitation of the Northumberland and Durham N .H.S. the 

Annual Meeting was held in the Hancock Museum on January 30th and was 

well attended. The Secretary reported that the year had been uneventful; all 

three sections were doing good work, but the Field Meetings had been 

largely spoilt by bad weather. The Treasurer's report showed that income 

had exceeded expenditure and there was a balance of £30 in hand largely 

because it had not been necessary to assist the Publication account; 

generous donations to the latter had been received from The Wallis Club 

and various members and a small number of the Transactions had been 

published but the balance in hand (£19) was likely to be exhausted during 

1938. 

Mr. A. W. Bartlett was elected President with as Vice- Presidents 

Dr K. B. Blackburn and Messrs. G. L. Drury. J. W. H. Harrison, A. D. 

Hobson, R. H. Sargent, and G. W. Temperley; the Hon. Treasurer and the 

Hon. Secretary were re-elected. 

An interesting and valuable discussion on "The Work of a Natural 

History Society" was opened by the President (Professor A. D. Hobson). 

and Dr. K. B. Blackburn, Miss Dowling, and Messrs. BartIett. Temperley. 

Stainthorpe. C. P. Nicholson, J. B. Nicholson, Sargent, and Garrett joined in 

it. 

Ruxton. 

Field Meetings will be held as follows:- 

June 18th.-The Upper Browney Valley. Organiser. Mr. J. E. 

July 16th.-Hedgeley. Organiser. Mr. W. Campion. It is expected 

that arrangements can be made for those who wish to do so to spend a few 

days in this interesting neighbourhood. 

August 27th.-Eastgate. Organiser. Mr. A. Stainthorpe.

61 

The third and last indoor meeting of the winter session was held 

on Saturday, March 26th, at 3.30 p.m. in the University Science Building, 

Durham. The President, Mr. A. W. Bartlett, was in the chair, and twenty-six 

members were present. Dr. B. M. Griffiths read a most interesting paper on 

"Dispersal Factors in Plant Life," with lantern illustrations, and this was 

followed by a discussion in which several present took part. Votes of thanks 

to Professor Masson for the use of the Science Buildings and to Dr. B. M. 

Griffiths for his lecture and for making all the necessary arrangements 

ended the meeting. Tea was provided afterwards in the Science Buildings. 

THE WALLlS CLUB. 

Jan. 17th.-We opened our Spring Session with a delightful exhibit 

evening: Professor A. D. Hobson showed us a part of the series of Marine 

Mollusca collected during the University Expedition to Rona and Raasay. 

He gave us an account of the distribution of the shore species and also 

compared the size of specimens found in sheltered havens with those on 

exposed shores. 

Jan. 24th.-This was the Annual Meeting. Mr. Blackburn reported 

an increase in membership and that the finance was in a thoroughly 

satisfactory condition. Mr. W. H. Campion was elected as President for the 

year. The retiring President, Miss W. Lomas, then delivered her Address 

entitled "The Seasonal Changes in Trees." Special reference was made to 

the duration of autumn colours and careful data, covering three seasons, 

showed the differences between different kinds of trees. 

On Feb. 7th Mr. F. A. Booth gave us a very lucid paper, 

illustrated by clever drawings on the blackboard, on "Notes from Wray 

Castle, Windermere." He began with a history of the Fresh-Water 

Biological Association and its Laboratory and gave us details of the 

valuable work it is doing. We heard about the formation of the lakes and 

their later silting up. differences in the rate of which give rise to the 

differences in the inhabitants of the various lakes. We were also introduced 

to the characteristic types of creatures in the lake and the streams feeding it. 

After

62 

the lecture Mr. Steel gave the first of a series of short talks, on the 

Classification and Identification of Insects, to a small group of interested 

members. 

Feb. 21st was a Members' Evening. Mr. J. W. Watson exhibited 

damaged bulbs attacked by the larvae of the fly Merodon. Dr. Maclagan had 

prepared a collection of External Parasites (bugs, fleas, mites, etc.) which 

Mr. Booth demonstrated in his absence. Mr. Steel had an excellent exhibit 

of insects and their relations, to illustrate his talk at the previous meeting. 

On March 1st we had our Annual Conversazione. There was as 

fine a show of exhibits as the Club has ever seen. The list is too long to 

report all that was there, but mention should be made of Mr. R. B. Cooke's 

beautiful collection of over a hundred kinds of flowers from his garden. 

Professor Hobson had a fine series of Marine Mollusks from the Hebrides, 

and Mr. F. A. Booth showed the inhabitants of the fresh water which he had 

referred to in his lecture. Mr. J. E. Ruxton's lantern lecture was a delightful 

feature. He showed, and told us about, a number of his beautiful 

photographs of birds, many taken in Derwent Valley, others in Scotland. 

The Black-throated Diver set was really wonderful. 

March 7th.-Dr. A. Raistrick favoured us with an excellent lecture, 

well illustrated with slides, maps and diagrams on " The Lower 

Carboniferous Strata of Northumberland and Durham," contrasting them 

with those of Clitheroe and Alston. He showed us that there is very little 

true Millstone Grit in our areas, less in Northumberland than in Durham. He 

also explained to us why the amount of actual limestone exposed in 

Northumberland is extremely small compared with areas with rocks of 

similar date in Yorkshire. 

March 21st.-Professor Hobson gave the first demonstration of an 

exhibit of Littorina saxatilis Olivi and L. littoralis L., showing a long series 

of varieties and colour variations. Dr. Blackburn showed celandines to 

illustrate the differences between those producing seed and those bearing 

bulbils. She also showed male and female flowers of butterbur and a sample 

of iron-bacteria. Mr. Watson brought the larva of a moth feeding on willow 

wood. Mr. E. P. Blackburn showed specimens of foreign and English 

Helices

63 

from his live-box to show the length of years in captivity and hibernating 

habits. We ended the evening by viewing an exhibit displayed in the 

Zoology Laboratory to show types of the different groups of Invertebrates. 

DARLINGTON AND TEES DALE NATURALISTS' FIELD CLUB. 

Jan. 11th.-The spring session opened with a very successful 

Conversazione, at which 62 members and friends were received by the 

President (Mr. A. Stainthorpe) and Mrs. C. P. Nicholson (a member of the 

Council). An address on Bird Sanctuaries was delivered by the President, in 

which he said that there is a growing need for bird sanctuaries, as owing to 

the development of towns, roads, overhead wires and ribbon building, birds 

are driven from their breeding grounds. He said that public parks, recreation 

grounds, cemeteries, sewage farms, railway embankments and river banks 

could be reserved at little or no expense. A list of trees and shrubs suitable 

for nesting purposes was given, suggesting that some of these could be 

planted in places reserved as sanctuaries. Mention was made of the great 

benefit that insectivorous birds are to the farmer and others in destroying 

injurious insects. 

A very fine film of various species of warblers nesting, by Oliver 

Pike, F.Z.S., was shown by Mr. C. Bennett. Refreshments were served by a 

committee of ladies. Among the exhibits were a collection of photographs 

of Past-Presidents; a collection of edible snails, and eggs of the Rail family 

by Mr. B. R. Lucas; 50 species of British Mosses by Mr. J. E. Nowers: 

specimens of the insects on the Royal Meteorological Society list for 

phenological observation; and several cases of insects from the club 

collection. 

Miss N. B. Glendinning presented to the club on behalf of Messrs. 

C. P. and J. B. Nicholson and herself, Vol. I of "Local Records of the 

Darlington and Teesdale Naturalists' Field Club," and in doing so she 

thanked all those members who had contributed to the book, saying that Mr. 

C. P. Nicholson had planned the method of keeping records in this form and 

that without him

64 

there would have been no book. The President accepted the book on behalf 

of the club and thanked Miss Glendinning and Messrs. Nicholson for 

producing such an excellent and useful work, it being the only one of its 

kind in existence . 

Jan. 18th.-This evening was devoted to a show of colour 

photographs of the neighbourhood of Bergen, Norway, described by Dr. O. 

H. Wicksteed, with lantern operated by Dr. W. C. Fothergill. 

Jan. 25th.-Mr. A. Stainthorpe reported on two walks, one on 

December 27th (Boxing Day) in which 15 members took part, from Croft to 

Kirkland, returning by bus from Scotch Corner, and another on January 

15th from Pierce bridge by Gainford and through Selaby Park to Staindrop, 

15 again taking part. 

Mr. C. P. Nicholson reported on a visit to Durham on Saturday, 

January 22nd, attended by a party of 22. A bus was taken to Croxdale, and 

they walked through the woods as far as Shincliffe, returning to Durham for 

tea, after which a visit was paid to the Cathedral under the leadership of 

Canon Bentley. It was seen to the best advantage, the interior being floodlighted. 

Mr. A. Stainthorpe gave some notes on the Little Owl, illustrated 

by full-sized sketches of its pellets and those of other owls; he stated that 

2,760 had been analysed; most of them contained injurious insects and 

remains of vermin, mice, voles, etc., 130 contained earwigs, one a game 

chick, seven containing poultry chicks; thus showing that the Little Owl is 

quite a good little fellow. He mentioned that one had recently been seen in 

the Locomotive Sheds at North Road, Darlington. 

Mr. J. E. Nowers exhibited a fine series of Swallow-tail Butterfly 

(Papilio machaon) collected in the larva state in Norfolk, and gave a short 

account of the life history. Specimens of the food plants were also on 

exhibition. Mr. E. S. Ayton reported having seen a Stoat in its white winter 

coat, near Rutherford Bridge (V.C. 65) on January 16th, Mr. Stainthorpe 

reported that he had heard the following birds singing during the last few 

days:- Missel-thrush, Song-thrush, Blackbird, Robin, Wren and Hedge- 

sparrow.

65 

Feb. 1st.-The Hon. Secretary read the delegate's (Dr. K. B. 

Blackburn's) report on the British Association meeting at Nottingham, 

September, 1937. Mr. R. H. Sargent reported on the N.N.U. annual meeting 

at Newcastle on January 29th. Mr. A. E. Wade spoke of watching the birds 

at the fat hung up for them when Greenfinches were driving the Blue Tits 

away from it, the Tits returned and mounted on the backs of the 

Greenfinches. He also saw Starlings deliberately cut the strings and carry 

the whole piece of fat away. He reported a Starling with a white tail. 

Feb. 8th.-Mr. A. Stainthorpe reported on a walk taken on 

Saturday, February 5th, by a party of 15, from Richmond to Aske, Gilling 

and Kirkland. Rhododendrons were seen in flower, but very few birds were 

observed. 

Mr. C. P. Nicholson gave his lecture entitled "This Darlington!" 

in which he brought out a number of historical facts that are unrecorded in 

published histories of the town. He asked members if they had any old 

documents throwing light on the history of the town, or knew of anyone 

who had any. He would be glad to see them, as some would possibly be 

useful in compiling a second volume of records. 

Feb. 15th.-Mr. Joseph Bishop (Tees-mouth bird-watcher), gave a 

lecture entitled " Tees Birds," giving a very full account of the birds he had 

seen at the Tees-mouth, mentioning particularly those species that had 

nested there. He stated that he knew of at least six pairs of Nuthatches 

nesting in the Tees area. 

Feb. 22nd.-Mr. E. N. Iley gave a lecture entitled" A Trip to 

Colombia (South America)." He said this trip was taken for the purpose of 

erecting some locomotives that had been manufactured in Darlington, and 

gave a graphic account of this mountainous country. The lecture was 

illustrated by lantern slides from the lecturer's own photographs. 

March 1st.-Mr. A. Stainthorpe reported on two walks, one on 

February 12th, in which 20 members took part, from Piercebridge to 

Manfield. On February 19th a party of 20 walked from Croft by Halnaby to 

Kirkland. There was a fine show of Winter Aconite and Snowdrops at 

Halnaby. Both walks were in V.C. 65

66 

Mr. C. P. Nicholson reported on a visit to Barnard Castle by a party of nine 

on February 26th. Bowes Museum was visited; a flint found at Kirkarrian 

was inspected; and Startforth Church was visited, where a curious old 

inscribed stone was seen. Mr. E. S. Ayton reported having seen a Nuthatch 

and two pairs of Bullfinches in Deepdale (V.C. 6S) during the week-end. 

Mr. A. Stainthorpe reported that Golden Plover, Common Plover and 

Curlew were busy at their nesting sites on Swaledale Moors (V.C. 6S) and 

that he had heard the Dipper singing. 

March 8th.-Miss E. M. Dowling, B.Sc., gave a very interesting 

lecture on Blakeney Point, Norfolk, speaking of the plants and birds that are 

found at this carefully protected sanctuary. Mr. A. Stainthorpe reported on a 

walk taken on March 5th in which 22 members took part, from Gilling to 

Aske and Kirkland. 

March 15th.-The President (Mr. A. Stainthorpe) gave a lecture 

entitled " Lost, Rare and Vanishing Birds," giving full particulars of 25 

species of the very rarest birds in the British list. Miss N. Glendinning 

reported on a walk taken on March 12th by a party of 12 from Richmond by 

Billybank Woods and Round Howe to the War Department Pumping 

Station on the Reeth Road and back to Richmond (V.C. 65). A number of 

spring flowers were noted, including Toothwort (Lathraea squamaria) and 

Alpine Currant (Ribes alpinum). A Kingfisher and Bullfinches were seen. 

Miss R. E. Dowling reported a Snipe drumming at the week-end. Mr. E. W. 

Markham reported a Nuthatch by the Tees at Blackwell (V.C. 66) on March 

13th. 

March 22nd.-Dr. H. P. Budgen gave a lecture entitled " Movable 

Bridges," in which he dealt with movable bridges in a most interesting 

manner from the earliest type to the gigantic structures of the present day. 

The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides. 

March 29th.-Mr. J. E. Nowers gave a lecture entitled" British 

Parasitic Flowering Plants." He gave a full account of the parasitic plants 

included in the British list, illustrated by lantern slides (many of which were 

made from photo-micrographs) and by dried specimens, one of which was 

Orobanche major collected in 1797 by Edward Robson between Ingleton 

and Staindrop

67 

(V.C. 66). Mr. C. P. Nicholson reported on a walk taken by 16 members 

from Cleasby to Piercebridge; also on one from Barton to Croft in which 16 

members again took part. Mr. H. A. Inness took the party to a field on 

Oxon-le-Flats farm which has only been brought into cultivation during the 

last few years. During ploughing operations pieces of rock have been turned 

up, which on examination proved to be Tufa. It is thought to have been 

formed by an overflow from Hell Kettles, the water of which has a heavy 

calcium carbonate content. This will be further investigated in the near 

future. 

The first spring migrants were reported: Chiffchaff within the 

Borough of Darlington, March 29th, by Mr. Stainthorpe; Wheatear at 

Richmond, March 26th, at Richmond by Miss Dowling. 



WEARDALE NATURALISTS' FIELD CLUB. 

The first Annual Meeting of this new society was held on March 

21st, and the following officers were elected: President, Mr. J. E. Hodgkin; 

Hon. Treasurer, Mr. T. L. Hilton; Hon. Secretary, Mr. R. Hughes 

(Wolsingham Grammar School); and a programme of work was drawn up. 

We welcome this new society very cordially; it has a large field to work in, 

and we expect that it will make valuable additions to our knowledge of the 

fauna and flora.

68 


NOTES. 

The "Display" of the Corncrake. 

In these days, local ornithologists have few opportunities for observing the habits of 

the Corncrake: the following note, contributed by Mr. J. Greenwell of Bishop Auckland, is 

therefore of special interest. "Some years ago, on a farm near Bishop Auckland, I was sitting 

behind a hedge bordering a meadow of half-grown hay. Suddenly a raucous "crake-crake" came 

from the meadow almost directly behind me. Peering through the thick hedge I saw the legs and 

body of a corncrake on a little hillock not much larger than a molehill, which was part of the 

uneven hedge-back and almost bare of grass. The bird was so close that I could have just about 

reached it with outstretched arm; but from where I sat I could only see, through a convenient hole 

in the hedge, the legs and body, but not the neck and head when these were held erect. Presently it 

lowered its head and neck, elongated its body and rasped out its call or challenge. As it uttered its 

double call in succession, it turned round on the mound in the manner of a domestic cock pigeon 

displaying and "cuttering." It lifted its feet alternately and deliberately and displayed by turning 

slowly round two or three times, calling during the performance, with head and neck lowered to 

the horizontal. Its voice, when it turned in my direction, was deafening, producing in me an actual 

physical discomfort; but naturally, when the bird circled and craked, the volume of sound 

decreased as the head of the bird turned away from me and this is possibly all there is in the socalled 

ventriloqual feat of this species. 

Some Observations on the Habits of Redwings. 

Last winter Redwings were very numerous. They were to be seen in the fields and on 

the hedgerows in October; but it was not until the cold wintry weather set in, in December, that 

they appeared in the parks and gardens of Sunderland. On that very frosty Sunday at the 

beginning of December there were eight of them on the lawn of our garden. Since then until 

March 7th we were never without them. Usually there were from one to four of them. At 

daybreak the redwings were there, and until nightfall they were always the first and the last to be 

seen. They spent their days hopping about upon the lawns or on the beds, occasionally rising to 

the lowest branches of the nearest tree if disturbed. They listen for worms in the same way as 

thrushes do; then, having caught one, they play with it, as a cat does with a mouse, repeatedly 

taking quick hops away from it and back again. Other food seems to be insects collected from 

dead leaves, etc., and in very hard weather they will come for crumbs. During the frosty weather 

they constantly polished their beaks upon the frozen grass by moving their heads from side to side 

as if sharpening a knife.

69 

They wander about amongst the other birds on the lawn as if totally unaware of their 

presence. The other birds, thrushes, starlings, sparrows, hedge-sparrows, chaffinches, 

greenfinches, great-tits, blue-tits and occasional jackdaws and rooks treat them in the same 

manner, except the blackbirds and they try to chase the redwings away. It has not much effect, 

however, as the latter just hop away a few paces and continue as before. Sometimes the redwings 

chase other redwings away from their feeding ground, but they never seem to fight. 

They were much less nervous than any other birds in the garden. Even the opening of 

a very noisy window quite near to them did not scare them. The hedge-sparrow was the only bird 

which stayed to keep the red wings company if there happened to be a noise; and then both 

seemed to be totally unafraid. 

Redwings are easy to recognise if one looks for the curved whitish cream lines above 

and below the eye and the red flank feathers. Their breasts are cream coloured and very speckled; 

their eyes are darker and more peaceful than those of the thrushes, the latter always having a very 

wide-awake and startled look. Their feathers do not lie as smoothly as those of the thrushes and 

their legs are shorter. They are birds of heavy flight and are almost silent. 

On March 3rd and 4th there were several redwings in the garden all very excited. 

They kept up a continuous noise like the squeaking of a wheel that needs oiling. This was heard at 

intervals until March 7th after which none were seen. A year ago at about the same time I saw a 

field almost full of redwing and fieldfares all terribly excited, obviously just ready to migrate 

north. Our garden is not even on the outskirts of Sunderland; it is on the main coast road at the 

junction of five roads with noisy trams and cars passing all day; but the redwings adopted the 

garden, all the same.-D. B. BLACKBURN. 

Spring Butterflies in 1938. 

Although this spring has been so exceptionally early the first Tortoiseshell (Aglais 

urticae) was not observed until April 12th when a pair was seen near Wallsend. On the same day, 

also in Northumberland, a female Green-veined White (Pieris napi) was noticed at the flowers of 

Cardamine pratensis; this is the earliest date I have ever seen the species on the wing. On April 

13th a second example of Pieris napi was probing the flowers of the Wild Cherry in Lambton 

Park.-J. W. HESLOP HARRISON. 

Vegetation in the Spring of 1938. 

Although practically everything, except perhaps grasses, is well forward, it has now 

in the third week in April received a check. However, the position is remarkable as far as the 

Team Valley is concerned. In several places oaks were in leaf on March 25th whilst during the 

first week in April violets, red campions, wood forget-me-nots, cowslips, bluebells, etc., were 

fully out. In Lambton Woods on April 12th, the open glades were sheets of blue with

70 

the bluebells, intermingled in places with the red of the campions. Similarly, at Lanchester on 

April 15th the mountain ash was vying with the blackthorn in its display of blossom.-J. W. H. H. 

The Powdered Quaker (Taeniocampa gracilis) at Billingham. 

In the August number of 1937 the occurrence of larvae of this species at Billingham 

was recorded. The resulting imagoes, all females, have now been bred, and they form a very 

interesting lot, from the variation standpoint. Most appertain to var. pallida Tutt but vars. rufosparsus 

and rosea are both represented.-J. W. H. H. 

Cream Coloured Flowers of the Lesser Celandine. 

Last year a clump of plants of this species bearing cream flowers was noticed near 

Chester-le-Street. This year a second similar patch has been detected.-J. W. H. H. 

The Mussel-scale in the Team Valley. 

This species has always been accounted as rare by me in our area. In fact, as far as 

Durham is concerned I have only seen it on apple near Low Fell and on rock rose on the coast. I 

have just examined a flourishing colony on apple in a garden not twenty yards from mine.-J. W. 

H. H. 

The Occurrence of the American Blight (Schizoneura lanigera) on Crab Apple. 

Although this insect can be found only too freely in some gardens locally, it was 

quite recently that I discovered it in great quantity on a row of crab- apples in a hedge near 

Birtley. The infestation was so great that many of the trees were dead or dying. In spite of this, the 

advent of the insect must have been recent as we have examined the plants quite closely for many 

years in the hope of taking Psylla mali on them.-J. W. H. H. 

Sparrows and Sallow Catkins. 

For years I have had trouble with the sparrows and my primrose, oxlip and cowslip 

flowers, for in some seasons not a blossom has been left. Of recent years I have lost most of my 

Vernales primroses with the result that the sparrows have had nothing to play with. This season 

they have turned their attention to my Salices of the Capraea group. Early in February these gave 

promise of enormous crops of catkins; by the first week in March not an inflorescence was left 

except on a single plant of parentage Salix repens X S. aurita, Underneath the other shrubs the 

ground was covered with catkins. -J. W. H. H. 

The Times of Appearance of Humble-Bees. 

During the past few weeks I have kept a sharp look out for hibernated queen humblebees, 

with a somewhat remarkable result. Although Bombus agrorum is our commonest bee no 

example of that species has yet been seen on the wing; specimens of Bombus terrestris , B. 

hortorum and B. lucorum. on the other hand, have been seen quite commonly. My son (Dr. G. 

Heslop Harrison) has had a similar experience in North Uist and Harris (Outer Hebrides). There 

Bombus smithianus and B. lucorum compete in numbers; -only the latter insect has been 

captured.-J. W. H. H.

71 

Larvae of the November Moth (Oporinia nebulata). 

Normally, larvae of this species are just hatching on April 15th even indoors; this 

season numbers of full grown examples have been collected wild during the first and second 

weeks of the present month. Similarly, wild larvae of Acalla variegana from hawthorn have now 

pupated.- J. W. H. H. 

BIRDS. 

RECORDS. 

Eremophila alpestris flava (Gm.). The Shore Lark. 68 

At Alnmouth, on the beach, I have had under observation a flock of from 10 to 12 

birds. They were first seen on 30th January and were still there on 14th March.-F. J. 

NATTRASS. 

Athene noctua vidalii Brehm. The Little Owl. 68 

On 27th February one flew into the castle at Holy Island.- F. J. NATTRASS. 

Anser albifrons (Scop.). The White-fronted Goose. 68 

Brania leucopsis (Bechst.). The Barnacle Goose. 68 

At New Haggerstone on 8th January three of the former and one of the latter were 

shot whilst flying with a flock of Pink-footed Geese (Anser brachyrhynchus Baillon). 

This is interesting because this place is at least three miles from the seaboard and 

because both species are of unusual occurrence on the east coast.-W. DE L. 

AITCHISON. 

Limosa limosa L. The Black-tailed Godwit. 68 

When sitting in a car by Budle Bay on 6th March 1938, a Godwit came and settled 

quite nearby. At first sight, owing to the length of its bill, I felt that it was not the 

common Bar-tailed Godwit, and when flying off shortly after it showed the 

characteristic white bar on the wing and white upper tail, identification was certain. 

This is a rare species on our coast at any time of the year and apparently not since 

1831 has it been recorded here in March.- H. TULLY. 


Senecio vulgaris L. Groundsel. 66 

I hope the heading to this note does not worry anyone unduly! The record I really 

wish to make is really important. On April 13th near the Brooms, Birtley, a 

remarkable colony of the form lanuginosus Trow was detected. I believe this plant to 

be narrow in its distribution and I suggest that a search be made for it in our counties. 

It is easily recognised by the possession of a dense woolly covering, although, in 

addition, to my eyes, the leaves seem darker in hue.-J. W. H. H.

72 

Allium oleraceum L. 66 

In 1919 this species was discovered to the west of Birtley but, almost immediately, 

lost. It has reappeared in a station about a quarter of a mile away from the original 

locality and in some quantity.-J. W. H. H. 

Mercurialis perennis L. Dog's Mercury. 66 

In Lambton Woods recently I was struck by the great differences existing in the leaf 

form of the various colonies and therefore examined the plant critically. I found that 

in some areas the form ovata Mitten prevailed.-J. W. H. H. 

Viola Riviniana Reich. Dog Violet. 67 

On April 12th I collected a large number of violets in South Northumberland, but the 

only form of any note taken was var, minor Murb. which occurred on the sand dunes 

near Blyth.-J. W. H. H. 

Sesleria Caerulea L. Blue-grass. 66 

Found in flower, just east of Plawsworth, on March 5th.- J. W. H.H. 






November. 






Ecology 










THE VASCULUM 

Vol. XXIV. No. 3. AUGUST, 1938. 

DECREASING OCCURRENCE OF ROSA MOLLIS IN OUR AREA. 

ETHEL BOLTON, M.Sc. 

The Rose Flora of Northumberland and Durham has long been 

subjected to intensive study by the field botanist; evidence of this is to be 

seen in the writings of Winch more than a century ago. In particular, Rosa 

mollis Sm., on account of its difficulty, attracted special attention. In an 

account of the Roses of Northumberland, Cumberland and Durham, in an 

"Essay on the Geographical Distribution of Plants" (1805), Winch states 

that Rosa mollis Sm. was " very common about Newcastle in hedges and 

woods," and again, in " Some Indigenous Roses" (1811). that" near 

Newcastle it is extremely common." To-day this no longer applies, although 

colonies of it may still be found if one knows where to look for it. In view 

of Winch's statements and the situation as it now exists, it would seem 

natural to seek for some explanation accounting for the gradual 

disappearance of one of our most beautiful Roses. 

Before doing so, however, let me describe it briefly. Rosa mollis 

is a low-growing shrub, with erect stems armed with numerous straight 

prickles; the leaves are dark green in colour, more or less oval or elliptical, 

and pubescent on both sides. The petals are of a deep red colour, and the 

sepals, which are shorter than the petals, appear more or less pinnate and 

persistent. Its glandular hispid peduncles are 1-3 in number, and attain much 

the same length as the fruit which is globose, about 1/2 inch in diameter, 

and likewise aciculate or strongly hispid. 

It is well known that many of our older woods and copses have 

vanished during the past 60 years, with the result that in many cases their 

representative floras, including Rosa mollis, have tended to gravitate 

elsewhere. They cannot pass to the newer

74 

plantations, for these are often coniferous and, if otherwise, too rapid 

growing to suit Rosa mollis should seedlings develop there. It must, 

therefore, for the most part, attempt to colonise the hedgerows. Here its 

differences from Rosa canina forms manifest themselves. Of low stature, 

and with straight prickles, when driven from open waste places, the rose 

cannot take to the hedge itself. It fails to overtop the hawthorn, and 

moreover, its prickles are unsuitable for anchoring purposes. Consequently, 

it can only succeed at the bases of hedges where the modern mania for 

excessive trimming and cleaning of road edges soon eradicates it. 

Again, during the last century, industries have sprung up all round 

Newcastle, which, apart from encroaching on the many suitable habitats, 

have also served to pollute the atmosphere. A noticeable effect of this 

smoke and chemical-laden atmosphere is seen in the case of the lichens, 

very few of which ever bear "fruit" in the area under consideration. It may 

be that these conditions have also had an adverse effect on Rosa mollis. In 

support of this suggestion is the fact that many of its present known stations 

are at comparatively high altitudes, or in exposed situations where the air 

may be considered to be more or less pure and uncontaminated. Thus, for 

example, a number of bushes are to be found on Birtley Fell, which is 

higher than the surrounding district and very exposed. 

Further its very beauty militates against it. Rosa mollis is one of 

our earliest flowering Roses, and this, coupled with the fact that it possesses 

deep red flowers, causes it to be plucked from the hedgerows more 

vigorously than later flowering Roses; hence the chance of its producing 

seeds is diminished. 

Thus, the balance of evidence is in favour of its elimination by 

human effort, for on coast sand hills, on disused waggon-way sides, old pit 

heaps and in the secluded and untouched country roads of the western areas 

of both counties, it still survives. More significantly, too, if new habitats of 

such type as some of these are set free, by the closing of worked-out mines, 

Rosa mollis is one of the earliest colonists, even when these are in the midst 

of the most thickly populated areas. In fact, no scheme of beautifying old pit 

and slag heaps can be considered complete without, at least, a trial of the 

possibilities of Rosa mollis.

75 

TWO PLANTS NEW TO VICE COUNTY 67. 

J. W. HESLOP HARRISON, K. B. BLACKBURN and W. A. CLARK. 

Nowadays we have little or no right to expect that species of 

plants new to our counties should turn up. Nevertheless, additions to our 

lists are steadily made, the last to be recorded for V.C. 66 (Durham) being 

that noteworthy discovery of Mr. Cooke's, the Ivy-leaved Bellflower 

(Wahlenbergia hederacea) and the most recent in V.C. 67 (Tyneland) being 

Microcala filiformis. Now, once again further interesting novelties have to 

be reported in the shape of the grass Mibora verna, and of the sedge Carex 

incurva. 

It is true that the latter plant is not new to our counties, for it has 

long been known from V.C. 68 (Cheviotland). Moreover, its presence in 

Tyneland has not been unrecognised, as the late Mr. Thomas Robson, long 

ago schoolmaster at Burradon, found it at Tynemouth on June 29th, 1877. 

He, however, in the absence of a suitable local medium for doing so, did not 

record it. 

The history of our finds is a very simple one. Every year outings 

are arranged to give the students of the Department of Botany, King's 

College, some acquaintance with our local Flora, and invariably one of 

these takes the form of a visit to the sand dunes lying between Seaton Sluice 

and Blyth. On the occasion of the 1938 visit one of us (K.B.B.), after a lapse 

of sixty-one years, confirmed Mr. T. Robson's discovery by collecting a 

sedge, instantly seen to be unusual, and later determined to be Carex 

incurva. As the plant is already on record for the geographical county, no 

further description seems necessary here. 

Later in the same day, an attempt was made to rediscover 

Microcala filiformis on its original ground when almost simultaneously 

patches of Mibora were discovered by all three leaders of the party. The 

plants appeared in the form of small tufts of glaucous leaves, without 

flowers, strongly resembling miniature clumps of chives. They were 

speedily recognised as a grass, and three taken home for study. These are 

now flowering beautifully, as are also those left in their native habitat.

76 

Subsequently, on June 18th, Miss H. Heslop Harrison observed 

other patches growing not far from the original lots in the same "duneslack." 

The presence of the plant at Seaton Sluice provides, once more, a 

noteworthy extension of range for the plant involved, although not so great 

as the text books would indicate. According to most British Floras Mibora 

verna is restricted to Anglesea, but a year or two ago it turned up in 

Norfolk. 

The plant is a small, tufted, annual grass, in the case of 

Northumberland specimens not over an inch in height, with somewhat short, 

narrow glaucous leaves, possessing thin sheaths. The flowering spike, 

barely a centimetre long, is rather stiff and bears small purplish spikelets, 

almost sessile on the spike. 

RANDOM NOTES ON OBSERVING AND RECORDING BIRDS. 


Every bird-lover knows the thrill experienced in observing an 

uncommon bird for the first time; the excitement of approaching it near 

enough to distinguish all its characteristic features and yet not so close as to 

scare it away; the trepidation lest an incorrect determination be made; the 

exhilaration when all doubts as to its identity are cleared up. The attraction 

of rare bird hunting is, however, not without its dangers. If it draws 

attention from the observation of the habits, plumages and distribution of 

commoner birds, then it tends to lessen rather than to increase the total sum 

of knowledge about bird life. It has been pointed out by many writers that a 

great deal is yet to be learnt about the very commonest species and that it is 

by concentrating attention upon these that many puzzling problems, such as 

those relating to bird behaviour, may yet be solved. Hunting for accidental 

wanderers and storm-driven waifs can be overdone. This is not to 

discourage the observer of a rare bird from recording the fact, it is only to

77 

remind him that the study of Ornithology is something more than mere pothunting 

with field-glasses. After all, the best preparation for recognising a 

rare bird, when it appears, is a thorough and detailed knowledge of the 

forms, plumages and habits of the commoner species with which it might 

otherwise be confused. 

It must be remembered that Ornithology is a science, and the 

recording of birds, rare and common alike, must be carried out with the 

same regard for accuracy as the astronomer is expected to exercise in 

recording the stars or in tracing the movements of the planets. There is no 

place here for guesswork; only ascertained facts are admissible. The old 

school of ornithologists only accepted a record if it were accompanied by 

the specimen in the flesh. With the increase of competent observers and the 

realisation that the science of Ornithology is the study of the living bird and 

not the mere labelling of skins, that position is no longer maintained and a 

well authenticated record of a bird which has been seen and not shot is 

accepted. But it behoves everyone to maintain a very high standard as to 

what constitutes a "well authenticated record," and very great care must be 

exercised in collecting and testing the evidence before a record should be 

accepted. This should be fully realised by all ornithologists and bird lovers. 

It is here that the Ornithological Recorder of any natural history society 

finds that his office is no sinecure. He is continually faced with the problem 

of which of the records sent in to him by the members he can accept and 

which he must reject. If he throws doubt upon a record, or asks for further 

information, he must risk offending the observer, who quite naturally does 

not like to have his word doubted, even in the interests of science. If he 

accepts a record merely on the ground that he considers the observer to be a 

reliable and conscientious member, he overlooks the fact that no one is 

infallible and that in any given instance a mistake may have been made. 

When John Smith records having seen a Reed Warbler in 

Northumberland, the Recorder must ask himself the question: Is John Smith 

an experienced, reliable and conscientious observer? He must ask Smith: 

What distinguishing characters did you actually observe to convince you 

that it was really a Reed Warbler and not a common Sedge Warbler? Has 

anyone else seen the

78 

bird and does he confirm your identification? If satisfactory replies are 

given to these and other such questions, then the record can be considered to 

be "well authenticated," but not otherwise. At times the evidence, on the 

face of it, appears reliable enough; but the Recorder, knowing the zeal and 

optimism of John Smith and the unlikelihood of a Reed Warbler being in 

the place indicated, suspects that what actually happened was something 

like this: John Smith sees a bird skulking in the reeds on a dull day- " A 

Sedge Warbler no doubt," thinks John, "but how dull in colour and how 

silent for a Sedge Warbler. Can it be something else? Its eye-stripe is surely 

not so pale or distinct as that of the Sedge Warbler that I saw on the top of 

the reeds in the sunshine last week. Those marks on its crown; are they not 

merely shadows cast by the reeds rather than bars on the plumage? With a 

head like that it might be a Reed Warbler!" John goes home and looks up 

his bird-book and reads-" The Reed Warbler has an indistinct, pale buff eyestripe, 

the top of its head is a uniform brown, not barred brown like that of 

the Sedge Warbler; the longer, not graduated tail distinguishes it from the 

latter species." "That's the very bird," thinks John, " though I never paid any 

attention to its tail; but, now I come to think of it, it did seem to be a bit 

longish. I will ask Brown when I see him, he is sure to know." A week or 

two later he meets Brown and describes to him the bird which he thinks that 

he has seen-but he uses the words of the bird-book, for, having seen them in 

print, they are the words which rise to his mind and he cannot, by this time, 

clearly distinguish between what he actually observed in the field and what 

he has since read. Brown's comment is-" Well, your description certainly 

agrees exactly with that of a Reed Warbler." And so without further 

hesitation a "well-authenticated record" is sent to the Recorder. 

The question is, how can this type of recording be discouraged? 

What ought Smith to have done under the circumstances? First of all, he 

should have written down on the spot every feature of the bird which he was 

able to observe clearly; not only a description of the eye-stripe and the 

markings of the crown, which were all he had remembered amongst the 

distinguishing characteristics of the species, but every detail of plumage, 

shape and size, nothing

79 

being neglected as unimportant. On returning home he should have 

compared this description, word for word, with those in his bird-book to 

ascertain to what extent it agreed, first with that of the Sedge Warbler and 

then with that of the Reed Warbler. Unless his own description tallies 

exactly with that of the latter species, his verdict must be "not proven," and 

he must leave it at that. If, however, he is now convinced that he has seen a 

Reed Warbler he must immediately report the fact to his fellow 

ornithologists so that they may see the bird for themselves and confirm his 

identification. Then and only then can the record be accepted as "well 

authenticated. " 

Every observer should keep two note-books; one to carry out into 

the field for jotting down at the time exactly what he sees, the other, to be 

written up at home from the notes made on the spot, to serve as a permanent 

record of his observations in a well indexed diary form. Such a diary, after a 

period of years, becomes of the very greatest value to the serious bird 

student. 

One more word about the verdict "not proven." Every observer 

must be resigned to the necessity for bringing in this verdict. It is impossible 

to identify every bird seen. Beware the man who claims to be able to do so! 

That duck, a mere speck out at sea, rising and falling on the waves, now in 

sight, now hidden, cannot be identified with certainty by means of the field- 

glasses we carry. That wader, out on the slakes, whose shapeless image 

dithers in the hot quivering air, cannot be resolved into any known species 

until atmospheric conditions change. That little bird, which flashed from 

tree to tree and is gone, did not remain in sight for long enough for any of 

its distinguishing features to be observed: it is no use guessing its identity 

now. Distance, bad lighting, obscuring foliage and many other handicaps 

may make identification impossible at the time; but on such occasions the 

only helpful virtue is patience. Presently the duck may drift nearer; in time 

the light may improve; the small bird may retrace its flight and the 

identification may be accurately made after all. But if this opportunity does 

not occur, then the verdict must stand- " not proven."

80 

NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF BUTTERWORTS AND 

THEIR RELATIONS. 

KATHLEEN B. BLACKBURN. 

The name" Butterwort" may well have been derived from the 

appearance of the curious shining yellow rosette of leaves of the plant, 

Pinguicula vulgaris, which we find, fairly frequently, in damp places by 

streams or runnels on the fell. The Irish Butterwort (P. grandiflora) has a 

somewhat larger rosette with the leaves slightly greener in colour, whereas 

the pinkish flowered Pinguicula lusitanica has boat-shaped leaves of a 

duller hue. All these plants have the peculiarity that their leaves are, in 

effect, fly-papers and, having caught the fly with the sticky fluid produced 

by tiny mushroom-shaped glands, they then proceed to digest it by means of 

a secretion from other glandular hairs. The meat-extract is then absorbed by 

the plant and gives a valuable additional food supply, since Butterworts live 

in poor peaty soils and might otherwise find difficulty in obtaining 

sufficient nitrogen. Their relations, the Bladderworts (Utricularia spp.), 

which live submerged in water, provide small traps, the bladders, in which 

minute animals are caught and the products of their decay are similarly 

utilised by the plant. This insectivorous habit is common to all members of 

the family Lentibulariaceae, to which both Butterworts and Bladderworts 

belong. 

Another feature of considerable interest in relation to these plants 

is the condition in which they pass the winter. The Bladderworts quite often 

do not flower, but they have a very efficient method of multiplication 

combined with perennation. Towards autumn, at the ends of the submerged 

branches. small hard green pills may be seen which presently sink to the 

bottom of the water. These consist largely of tightly packed finely-divided 

leaves well supplied with nourishment. When spring arrives each one of 

these buds opens out by elongation of the stem, rises to near the surface of 

the water, and produces a new plant. The Common Butterwort also forms a 

tightly folded bud, in the heart

81 

of its leaf-rosette, but, in this case, it is shaped something like a tulip bulb. 

In autumn the old leaves decay, leaving the winter- bud lying unattached 

where it was formed, and, in the spring, the leaves open as a new rosette and 

roots are formed to anchor the plant to the old position; if by good luck the 

bud was not washed away or otherwise disturbed during the winter. Herein 

lies the difficulty of keeping the plant in a garden, for, among other 

disturbing influences, inquisitive birds have to be reckoned with. The Irish 

Butterwort winters in a similar manner but seems to be better provided for 

multiplication because, besides at times producing two buds in the place of 

one, it may produce rows of tiny budlets along the line of insertion of the 

inner leaves of the old rosette. These tiny buds also develop into plants next 

year, though they are rather small in the first season. The third species 

mentioned, P. lusitanica, sometimes referred to as the Western Butterwort, 

behaves in a quite different manner. It has fewer leaves, of a much more 

fragile appearance, and these leaves survive the winter just as they are, 

instead of decaying as do those of the other species and, as far as can be 

seen, no bud is formed at all. In spring growth continues with no obvious 

change, but the flowering is much later than in the other species. 

There seems nothing in the distribution of these three plants, 

either within our islands or beyond their confines, which could be correlated 

with this behaviour. In general, they all like the same type of habitat. The 

buds of P. vulgaris might suggest an adaptation to a harder winter, in 

accordance with its more northern distribution in Britain and beyond, but P. 

grandiflora is similar and its distribution is definitely southern; it only 

reaches south-west Ireland and is chiefly found in the Spanish Peninsula. P. 

lusitanica, with a similar continental distribution, is much more widely 

spread here, for it reaches up the western side of our islands as for north as 

Orkney. 

No account of these plants would be complete without some 

mention of their striking flowers, which catch the attention both by their 

colour and their form. The Bladderworts have spikes of yellow flowers on 

slender stems lifted well above the water. The flowers have lips fashioned 

after the manner of a Snapdragon, but the tube is quite short and provided 

with a curious turned up

82 

spur varying in form with the species. Last year on the Island of Soay some 

of the dykes among the peat-cuttings were quite yellow with innumerable 

flowers of the Small Bladderwort (Utricularia minor). The flowers of the 

Butterworts are very different both as to colour and form. The corolla is 

open and more or less trumpet- shaped, the narrow end formed of a long 

spur. In all cases the flowers are borne singly on a straight stalk arising from 

the centre of the leaf rosette, and each rosette may carry several. The 

Common Butterwort has a deep violet flower in which the rounded free tips 

of the petals continue the general line of the flower tube. P. grandiflora, on 

the other hand, has a larger flower, of a more bluish tint, with broad free tips 

to the petals spreading out flat and with frilled margins; both length and 

width of the flower may at times reach an inch in measurement. The pale 

lavender-pink flowers of P. lusitanica cannot reach the showy brilliance of 

the other two, but the tiny flowers on their inch high stalks have a dainty 

grace which is all their own. 

SOME FEATURES OF CUMBRIAN PLACE-NAMES. 

J. E. HULL. 

It is interesting to compare the evolution of place-names in our 

four northern counties, for though the same three races contributed to their 

formation on both sides of the Pennines, the measure of the influence of the 

three-Cymric, Anglian and Scandinavian- is far from being the same in the 

west as it is in the east. Nor is it quite accurate to make the Pennines a 

boundary line, as with county limits in one's mind it is natural to do; It 

would be better to say that the Cymric and Scandinavian elements are much 

stronger in the hill country of the west than they are in the low-lands of the 

east. The history of the settlement of the latter from 500 A.D. onwards is 

continuously Anglian, subject to some Danish influence in the 9th and 10th 

centuries. Only the river names remain, as a rule, as a memorial of the 

disinherited British. Also the Anglian settlers were plainsmen and left the 

hills to the British and Norsemen to whom they were familiar.

83 

From the hills to the western sea the Britons were comparatively 

undisturbed, though the region was reckoned part of Northumbria, and 

Anglian settlements were made on the coast and in the low-lying country. 

The British kingdom of Strathclyde, including what is now Cumberland and 

Westmorland, long remained as such under the Northumbrian kings. There 

were therefore British settlements and centres of population as well as 

Anglian, and a few of the names survive. The 9th century saw the beginning 

of the Norse influx. It cannot have been a very peaceful penetration, but it 

seems to have been more or less gradual. One can only guess what 

happened, but the result was so general an occupation of the region that the 

Norse tongue became predominant. 

Such, we may suppose, was the state of things in the 10th century, 

and the wave of immigration continued eastward into the Cheviots and the 

hills and dales of the Pennines as long as the flow lasted. When the 

occupation was completed there followed the natural fusion of the closely 

related Anglian and Scandinavian tongues, the language of the ruling race 

inevitably absorbing the other. It may be taken for granted that all new 

Norse settlements received Norse names, but a certain number of British 

and Anglian names were retained for reasons which can only be guessed. A 

very interesting group is found in the coastal region of S.W. Cumberland 

from Workington southward-Addingham, Frizington, Harrington, 

Helsington, Hensingham and others-all of the same form, signifying the 

"ham" or "tun" of the Addings, Frizings, etc. The folk-names formed with - 

ing suffix, so common in Northumberland, were formerly regarded as 

patronymics (e.g., in Mawer's Place-names of Northumberland and 

Durham) until it was pointed out in The Vasculum (X, 23) that they were 

never based on personal names but always on place-names. 

It happens that we can definitely say that such names are pre- 

Norse, because this mode of naming (or re-naming!) a settlement was 

already employed in the time of Bede. It would seem there-fore that the 

Angles of this particular area were not dispossessed, or if they were, the 

place-names remained unaltered. This remark may be applied also to other 

AngIian names which have persisted anywhere in Cumberland or 

Westmorland, though it may be

84 

added that there is a third possibility-that when the Anglian tongue 

became universal some Norse names which lent themselves to 

assimilation took on permanently a wholly Anglian form. 

The new Norse settlements were farmsteads for which the 

general name was thveit, in modern spelling thwaite, long in 

independent use for an agricultural holding. It is a cognate of Anglian 

white, whit, or whitt, which in our Anglian area was applied to a place 

for timber-cutting or faggoting. The root persists in a modified sense in 

the E. whittle. Originally, it would seem that thwaite had reference to 

the preparation of land for cultivation by the removal of trees, thickets, 

or any coarse weedy growth-a clearance rather than a clearing-and so 

naturally denoted an area newly brought under cultivation either as 

pasture or ploughland. It is therefore a word of the lowlands. 

Another name in wide use for farm settlements in general was 

by(r), which gives the familiar suffix by. It contains no reference 

whatever to preparation of the land for farm use, but like the Anglian 

ham was concerned (at least in origin) only with the establishment of a 

home, or a group of dwellings-a hamlet, village, or town. It might 

therefore be employed where the inhabitants were not engaged in 

farming at all. Pastoral settlements usually received the Scandinavian 

name of- set(r), which as a suffix now generally takes the form of sate 

in M.E., and finally becomes side. In Lancashire it occurs in 

combination with " thwaite " at Satterthwaite. Such farms, being in 

occupation all the year round, necessarily had meadow-land as well as 

pasture. On the higher slopes where haymaking was difficult or 

impossible, the grass lands were used in summer only. There was no 

permanent dwelling but a shelter of some kind for the herd, in 

Icelandic skali, a shelter, Anglicised into "scale." Hence scalinga, the 

name of such summer pastures in the charters of Hexham Priory 

(referring to the Cheviots, where the herd's hut was in M.E. a "schele," 

now usually spelled "shield"). 

In the Gaelic of western Scotland the equivalent of "skali" 

was airidh, which was adopted by the Norsemen in the form "erg." In 

the Cumbrian tract it is characteristic of southern Westmorland, where 

occur such names as Mansergh, Sizergh, Ninezergh: The last, in M.E. 

Niandeserghe, apparently means

85 

the "erg" of the ninth son (Icelandic niundi, ninth). The well known Airey 

Force has been referred to this interesting word; wrongly, I think, for the 

M.E. form is Ayragh, which cannot represent "erg." It suggests to me a 

comparison with Welsh ager, vapour or fine spray, and ach, water. It should 

be noted that these Westmorland " ergs" are not alpine pastures, so that erg 

is here used as the equivalent of setr, not of skali. 

A word of caution concerning the terminal side. It usually 

represents setr, as in Ambleside, Annaside, etc. The former-in M.E. 

Amelsate-is the" middle setr," where "middle" is used in its geographical 

sense of the tract of land between two confluent streams (in this case the 

Stockgill beck and the Rothay). "Middle" itself occurs in this sense, as in 

Middleton-in-Teesdale and elsewhere, and in Pennine Westmorland will be 

found on the O.S. map designating the tongue or ridge between two 

converging valleys or streams. 

But in Arnside and a few other names, "side" is quite a different 

thing; for Arnside in M.E. was Arnholvisheved, i.e., Arnulf's head 

(headland). Burnside seems a very obvious name, but the M.E. of 1349 

makes it Brounolvesheved, i.e., Brunwulf's head, and whatever that may 

mean it is something quite different from the bank of a stream. It might be 

supposed that Whasset was clear of all such ambiguity, but the M.E. version 

is Qwasheved, the Anglian rendering of Norse hvass-hofud, windy head. 

Here I may remark that this common terminal "head" is of much varied 

application and must be interpreted according to the site. It may be a 

headland, coastal or inland, and may equally well be the head of a valley, 

after the fashion of Tynehead or Wearhead. Aikhead (oakhead) and Eskett 

(ash-head) suggest an eminence crowned by an oak or an ash, or several 

such trees; but it is doubtful, and the actual topography is unknown to me. 

Ormside (M.E. Ormesheved, i.e., Orm's head) suggests rather the upper 

limit of Orm's property. 

Let us now consider some of the Celtic relics. First come the wellknown 

ancient sites such as Carlisle, Penrith, and Arthuret. The first, I 

suppose, is well-known, but the explanation may briefly be given. It occurs 

in M.E. as Kar1ioli or Karleol. The Cymro-Latin name was Luguvallum. 

Simeon of Durham makes

86 

it Lugubalium and adds "quae Luel vocatur." This contraction with the 

prefix caer gives the M.E. forms as above. The distinctive element of 

Luguvallum-Lugu or Lug-is said to name a Celtic deity. It signifies light 

or splendour-cf. Welsh llug = Latin lux = North English dialect low, 

flame. So Carlisle is the city or stronghold of Lug. Penrith is simply 

"head of the ford," i.e., head of the rising ground above the ford of the 

Eamont (cf. Welsh pen, head; rhyd, a ford). Arthuret is no doubt the 

Ardderyd of Welsh legend, modified by association with king Arthur. It 

is probably the "black ford." With this we must couple Carwinley (M.E. 

Carwendelowe). Skene (Celtic Scot., i, 157) makes this Caerwenddolau, 

city of Gwenddolau, one of the kings present at the battle of Arthuret. 

Other names which are wholly Celtic are few, and often 

doubtful. Thus there are several beginning with Blen (sometimes Plen), 

of which Blencogo, in M.E. Blenecoghow and Plenecogo , is almost 

certainly Cymric, the elements answering to Welsh blaen, head (of a 

valley or hill), and gogof, cavern or den, though the M.E. scribe very 

naturally gave it a Norse terminal. But the similar Blencow is in M.E. 

Blenco and Blenkhaur, which makes it wholly Norse, i.e., Blekk-haugr, 

bleaching hill. This casts suspicion on the supposed Celtic origin of 

Blencarn, where indeed there seems to be nothing of the nature either of 

a "blen" or a "cairn," so that I am inclined to read it Blekk-arn 

(pronounced Blenkarn), bleach-house. I append a few of those which I 

take to be really Cymric names, though a fuller knowledge of the sites 

would enable one to speak more confidently. 

Cardew (M.E. Carthew, Cardeu) corresponds to Welsh caerddu, 

dark fort. 

Cardurnock (M.E. Cardrunoke, Cardronok). In spite of the 

resemblance to Dornock and to the Gaelic dronach, I think this should 

be divided into car-drun-oke, or in Welsh caer-drum-ochr, military 

station on the rim of the ridge. 

Catterlen (M.E. Kaderlenge, Katrelenn). Cf. Welsh cader, hill 

fort; lleng, legion, host. 

Cumdivock (M.E. Cumdevoc). In Welsh elements this is cwmdei-ochr, 

the latter part appearing also in Devoke Water and

87 

signifying sheep-slope. "Hollow (cwm) in the mountain side which is a 

sheep run." 

Cumrew (M.E. Comreu, Cumreue). In Welsh, cwm-rhiw, slope of 

the glen; but locally (as at Haltwhistle) cwm seems to be applied loosely to a 

hollow in a hillside. 

Dacre (M.E. Dacre, Daker). The river is probably Bede's Dacore 

(Hist. Eccl., iv, 32), which is perhaps equivalent to Welsh da-cwr, good 

corner, a valley of superior pasture. 

Gilgarran was so named as early as 1298. Cf. Welsh cil (= gil) , a 

retired place or back part of a property; gerwin, garw, rough. Probably an 

outlying area which had not been cleared. 

Glencoyne (M.E. Glencaine, Glenekone). Welsh collen is hazel, 

which gives the first element of Coanwood (So. Tyne); so this is perhaps 

Glencoan-glyn-collen, the hazel glen. 

Parton (M.E. Parian, Partane, Partyn). The Anglian simplicity of 

the modern form is an obvious fraud. Possibly Welsh par-tan may be a clue 

to the name. If so, there was here a coast-beacon (par = prepared; tan, 

fire). 

Penruddock (M.E. Penruddoc). In Welsh elements pen (head or 

chief) rhuddawc (red). W. rhuddell, the colour of red ochre. The place is in 

the midst of a small tract of old red sandstone lying between Troutbeck and 

Penrith. 

Triermain (M.E. Treuermain, Trevermane). This name may 

perhaps be approximated by Welsh tref-oer-maen, which is " crag-bank 

house." Oer, in the form ore, is a common name for the slope of a ridge in 

E. Westmorland (see the O.S. map). Maen appears locally as man, men, or 

min; thus we have Swadman, a rocky islet of the Fame group, and 

Clickernin, the facetious aspect of which has probably caused it to be 

introduced here and there. The same Celtic vocable probably appears in 

Parmentley, near Whitfield. 

Names which are partly Celtic or may be so, are too frequent to 

attempt a tabulation, but one or two are of unusual interest. Windermere, for 

example, has been taken to be Anglian without a shadow of suspicion; but 

in M.E. it was Wynendamere and Wynandermer, and it was Winandermere 

on the first school map I ever used. It has nothing to do with the name 

Winder, which

88 

in M.E. was Wynder and Wyndergh-obviously the same as Icelandic vinderg, 

the "erg" exposed to the winds. But its first element does appear in 

Winderworth, near Asby (M.E. Wynander-wath). It can be explained by 

means of Welsh Gwy-nan-derch, water of an upland valley, coupled in one 

case with Norse vathr, ford, and in the other with Anglian mere. 

Redmain (M.E. Rademan, Redman) cannot very well be 

Icelandic reidmenn, knights; so the terminal may be the Celtic loan-word 

man, a stone. Reid-man would then be "saddle-stone" (Icelandic reid, 

saddle), i.e., a saddle-shaped' stone, or more probably a saddling stone 

(mounting stone, or bink). 

Maughanby (M.E. Merghanby) has obviously been corrupted, 

Maughan (Welsh, little) being a common surname. One can only conjecture 

the origin of Merghan-perhaps the same as Welsh Merchyn, a little horse. 

Was this a " by " where" dales ponies" were bred? 

Lanercost was so named in M.E. and does not seem to have 

suffered much change. M.E. ost represents O.E. ast, a kiln or oven; for what 

purpose it would be here used I do not know. The former part was borrowed 

from the native tongue; cf. Welsh llanerch., a glade. The name of Kendal 

had also assumed its modern form in M.E. and obviously is Kent-dale, the 

dale of the river Kent. Like nearly all the principal streams, it has retained 

its Celtic name. In Welsh the word appears as cant, rim, circumference, or 

border. The reference may be either to the southern limit of the kingdom of 

Strathclyde or to the border region of the Cumbrian mountain mass which it 

drains. 

Holme Cultram (M.E. Holmcoltrie, Holcoltram, Holkolterham) 

offers a difficult problem. The third M.E. form quoted seems to give the 

elements most clearly. Holcol is very like Welsh heal-col, narrow road or 

passage, and for the local use of heol one may compare the well-known 

Cheviot Hen-hole (i.e., ancient path or track). The addition here of the 

terminal tre(f) , houses or town gives the earliest M.E. form, except for the 

intrusive m-obviously a mistake, though taken up again later because of the 

familiar Norse" holm." In late M.E. the Anglian terminal ham was added, as 

at Hexham and a few other places.

89 

ORNITHOLOGICAL REPORT FOR NORTHUMBERLAND AND 

DURHAM FOR THE YEAR, 1937. 

Compiled from the Records of the members of the Ornithological Section of 

the Natural History Society and others, by George W. Temperley. 

Classified Notes .-Continued. 

SMEW (Mergus albellus).-An unusual "invasion" occurred in 

February as the following reports show:- 

East Boldon Pond: One first seen February 5th. Last seen March 

1st. 

Hurworth Burn: One first seen February 10th. Last seen March 

24th. 

Billingham: One first seen February 10 th . 

East Rainton: One first seen February 11th. 

Colt Crag: Three first seen February 20th. Last seen February 

27th (one only). 

Hebburn Ponds: One first seen February 26th. Last seen March 

23rd. 

Hallington: Three first seen March 6th. Last seen March 30th (one 

only). (This trio may have been the same as was previously on 

Colt Crag.) 

Capheaton: One first seen March 26th. 

Holy Island: Two first seen March 26th. 

On December 27th a couple, females or immature, were seen on 

Hallington (H. Tully). 

MANX SHEARWATER (Puffinus puffinus).-Near Fame Islands, 

one seen on June 9th: off Whitley Bay, fifteen on September 11th (H. 

Tully). 

GREAT CRESTED GREBE (Podiceps cristatus) .-The 

Hallington pair did not breed there in I937; but a pair, perhaps the same, 

nested and reared young on another local sheet of water. In February many 

were seen in winter plumage on inland waters:- Catcleugh, two February 

12th: three March 18th (R. Craigs). Whittle Dene Reservoir, two February 

14th, remaining to well into

90 

March (H. Tully). Gosforth Park, one April 21st (C. J. Gent). In October 

two visited Catcleugh and remained for the rest of the year. 

RED-NECKED GREBE (Podiceps griseigena) .-As already 

recorded (The Vasculum, XXIII, p. 76), several were seen on inland waters 

during February. The first reported were two on Hebburn Ponds on 

February 2nd, the last were seen on Hurworth Burn Reservoir on March 

3rd; but most of them left before the end of February. They were recorded 

from the following waters :-Holy Island two, Capheaton Lake one, Whittle 

Dene five, Jarrow Slake one, Hebburn Ponds two, Gateshead Park one, East 

Boldon Ponds one, East Rainton one, Leamside one, Hurworth Burn five, 

Teesmouth two. 

SLAVONIAN GREBE (Podiceps auritus).-During February five 

were reported. Whitburn, one on February sth. Colt Crag, .one on February 

7th-last seen on 27th. Hallington, on on February 7th. Whittle Dene, two on 

13th-last seen on 23rd. These had all gone by the beginning of March; but 

on April 17th one appeared on Newton Hall Lake, Stocksfield, which was 

well on the way to assuming full breeding plumage (H. Tully). 

BLACK-NECKED GREBE (Podiceps nigricollis) .-In Holy 

Island Harbour, five were seen on April 1sth (S. E. Cook). 

OYSTER-CATCHER (Haematopus ostralegus).-A nest with 

three eggs was found on a shingle bed in Upper Redesdale on May 25th. 

Birds had previously been noted there, but this is the first certain proof of 

breeding in that area. They also breed in Upper Coquetdale and Upper 

North Tynedale. 

DOTTEREL (Charadrius morinellus).-On May 13th, three were 

seen feeding on a recently sown cornfield on Holy Island by S. H. Long, 

next day they were joined by a fourth bird. They passed on during the night 

of the 14th (British Birds, XXXI, p. 60). On the 15th an immature male was 

found dead under telephone wires on the Island and was sent to the 

Hancock Museum. In early May, 12 or 14 birds arrived at Teesmouth and 

remained for a day or two (J. Bishop). 

GOLDEN PLOVER (Charadrius apricarius).-Returned to their 

breeding haunts in Redesdale on February 4th (R. Craigs).

91 

RINGED PLOVER (Charadrius hiaticula).-Fewer breeding at 

Teesmouth this year (J. Bishop). At Hallington Reservoir, eight on 

September 12th (H. Tully). 

RUFF (Philomachus pugnax).-One shot at Stamford Pond, 

Craster, on October 27th (J. M. Craster). 

GREEN SANDPIPER (Tringa ochropus).-Whittle Dene 

Reservoir, one March 6th (H. Tully). Team Valley, one April l8th (G. D. 

Sinclair). Catcleugh, one October 3rd (R. Craigs). 

REDSHANK (Tringa totanus).-Extending its breeding range in 

Weardale (J. Greenwell). Fewer breeding at Teesmouth now (J. Bishop). 

GREENSHANK (Tringa nebularia).-From September, 1936, to 

January, 1937, one remained at Alnmouth, usually in one corner of the 

estuary and always in company with a Redshank. One was seen in 1937 as 

late as November 7th at the same place (F. J. Nattrass). At Hallington, two 

were seen on September 4th and one on the 12th (H. Tully). 

BLACK-TAILED GODWIT (Limosa limosa).-Small parties are 

now seen at Teesmouth in May every year (J. Bishop). 

CURLEW (Numenius arquata).-First seen inland-at Grindon, 

February 27th (G. W. T.); at Catcleugh, March 4th (R. Craigs). At the end 

of 1937 odd birds were noted on the moors-at Otterburn, one on November 

9th: at Minsteracres, one on November 30th: at Hallington, two on 

December 27th. 

WHIMBREL (Numenius phaeopus).-An unusual number reported 

-in May, July, August, September and October. 

BLACK TERN (Chlidonias niger).-One seen fishing in a pond 

near Brockley Whins, August 10th (H. Glover). 

LITTLE GULL (Larus minutus).-One at Berwick, January 28th (J. 

B. Duncan). 

GLAUCOUS GULL (Larus hyperboreus).-Near Warkworth, one 

on March 21st (E. Miller). 

KITTIWAKE (Rissa tridactyla).-The Marsden Rock colony, only 

recently founded, now numbers at least 250 nests (F. G. Grey). 

GREAT SKUA (Stercorarius skua).-One off Boulmer on August 

20th (G. W. T.).

92 

LITTLE AUK (Alle alle).-Unusually numerous at the end of 

January and early February. 

LITTLE BUSTARD (Otis tetrax).-A bird, supposed to have been 

of this species, was seen at Craster for about 14 days up to November 21st 

(J. M. Craster in The Vasculum, XXIV, p. 31). 

CORNCRAKE (Crex crex).-Reported to be increasing in 

numbers. Near Wolsingham four birds were heard craking at one time (J. 

Greenwell). 

WATER-RAIL (Rallus aquaticus).-Gosforth Park, a nest of 10 

eggs was found on April 30th; on May 3rd all the eggs had gone (W. A. 

Pearson). In the first week in June another nest with seven eggs was found; 

these eggs also disappeared (C. J. Gent). 

QUAIL (Coternix coternix).-Notes on the occurrence of Quails in 

the Tyne Valley will be found in The Vasculum, XXIII, pp. 97 and 150. 

NOTE.-In order that these annual Ornithological Reports shall be as 

complete as possible the compiler will be grateful for records from all 

interested readers. 

(Continued from p. 59) 



The 29th Field Meeting was held on Saturday, June 18th, in the 

upper Browney valley between East Butsfield and Broadwood Hall, by 

permission of L. T. Penman, Esq., and the Consett Iron Company. The 

President (Mr. A. W. Bartlett) and over 40 members worked the area and 

good results were obtained. The associated clubs were well represented, and 

although rain fell heavily before the meeting, it did not interfere with the 

work of the afternoon. 

Mr. Stainthorpe reports that some 32 birds were seen or heard, 

including Goldcrest, Carrion Crow, Pied Flycatcher, Jay and Cole Tit. 

Of plants Dr. K. B. Blackburn reports: "Botanically the area is 

somewhat disappointing. In the woodland to the south of the

93 

Browney the most interesting plants found were the Lesser Wintergreen 

(Pyrola minor) and the Burnet Rose (Rosa spinosissima). Here the Common 

Milkwort (Polygala vulgaris) appeared in a wide range of colour-red, white 

and blue. North of the river a good patch of heathland suggested the nature 

of much of the original vegetation. The sides of the lanes carried a fairly 

rich vegetation, and such plants as Betony, Strawberry, Zigzag Clover and 

Cathartic Flax were observed. A field of sown hay which was growing very 

thin, showed a wealth of large blue and yellow pansies (Viola tricolor), very 

similar as to flower-size and colour to the fountain Pansy (V. lutea) which 

we find so plentifully on the banks of the Tyne." 

Of Lepidoptera Mr. G. Nicholson reports that the most 

noteworthy imagines seen were-Pearl Border Fritillary, Pebble Hook-tip, 

Dagger, Peppered Moth (normal type), Welsh Wave, Clouded Border and 

the Small Argent and Sable. 

The Rev. E. P. Blackburn writes of the Mollusca: "We had a fair 

number of conchologists present and good work was done. Many species 

previously reported were secured, but the following are new for the area- 

Agriolimax laevis, Limax arborum, Cepaea nemoralis. The most notable 

find was taken by our youngest member, Mr. O. K. Fittis, in the form of 

Retinella radiatula var. viridula (Menke). The last record of this beautiful 

shell was made in 1884 for Gibside, and the shell is in the Sunderland 

Museum. We also took an unusual variety of Limax maximus, viz., concolor 

sub-var, limbata." 

The third and last indoor meeting of the winter session was held 

on Saturday, March 26th, at 3.30 p.m. in the University Science Building, 

Durham. The President, Mr. A. W. Bartlett, was in the chair, and 26 

members were present. Dr. B. M. Griffiths read a most interesting paper on 

" Dispersal Factors in Plant Life," with lantern illustrations, and this was 

followed by an active discussion in which several present took part. Votes 

of thanks to Professor Masson for the use of the Science Buildings and to 

Dr. B. M. Griffiths for his lecture and for making all the necessary 

arrangements ended the meeting. Tea was provided afterwards in the 

Science Buildings.

94 

F. C. GARRETT, O.B.E., D.Sc. 

At a meeting of the Council of the Northern Naturalists' Union 

held on May 13th, Dr. F. C. Garrett tendered his resignation as Secretary of 

the Union, which was accepted with many expressions of regret. I am sure 

that I shall be voicing the opinion of everyone belonging to the N.N.U. 

when I say that it is difficult to speak too highly of Dr. Garrett's great 

services to the Union during the fourteen years that he has been Secretary. I 

believe I am correct in stating that he was one of the original founders of 

this federation of the Natural History Societies of Northumberland and 

Durham. During his long tenure of office Dr. Garrett has had the work and 

the responsibility of making all the arrangements for the two or three field 

excursions and the same numbers of indoor meetings, which have taken 

place each year. It is true that he has had the valuable help of many willing 

workers; nevertheless the organisation of these meetings has rested with 

him. Mention must be made of the notices which have been sent out giving 

particulars of every field meeting, Each notice consists usually of four 

pages, and in addition to the ordinary details of times of trains or buses, 

arrangements for tea, etc., frequently includes a sketch-map of the district to 

be visited and valuable notes on the geology, birds, insects, molluscs, 

flowering plants, etc. These notices are models of their kind and are worth 

preserving for future reference. In many cases land-owners have had to be 

approached to obtain permission to trespass on their territories. 

The same excellence in the arrangements made has been 

noticeable in the many enjoyable and instructive indoor meetings and 

conversaziones, for the details of which Dr. Garrett has been again 

responsible. 

Dr. Garrett has seldom missed attending the meetings of the 

council, where his judgment and experience have always been most helpful. 

Another phase of Dr. Garrett's work for the N.N.U. has been in connection 

with the Transactions of which he has always been the editor, and we are 

glad to notice that he will still continue in this office. 

Dr. Garrett may be assured of the gratitude and good wishes of 

every member and associate of the N.N.U. for his long and

95 

faithful services. At the same time the N.N.U. is to be heartily 

congratulated upon the fact that Mr. E. L. Drury, a past-President of both 

the Northern Naturalists' Union and the Darlington Field Club, who has 

recently come to reside in Newcastle, has consented to take on the duties of 

Secretary. No worthier successor to Dr. Garrett could be found. 

WALLIS CLUB. 

INDOOR MEETINGS. 

A.W.B. 

May 2nd.-We had a miscellaneous collection of exhibits, 

including a piece of Araucaria tree from the West Indies by Dr. Garrett, the 

Irish Butterwort by Miss Blackburn, a Broomrape from the Algerian Sahara 

by Mr. Beadle, and a collection of molluscs from Pigdon by Mr. Blackburn. 

May 30th.-Miss Blackburn exhibited Viola tricolor from 

Lynshiels, and a collection of varied and beautiful molluscs recently 

received from Greece were shown by Mr. Blackburn. 

June 27th.-An interesting meeting at which a number of exhibits 

were shown, including the following:-Mr. Fittis, Retinella radiatula var. 

viridula from E. Butsfield; Mr. Beadle, the giant Diaptomus ingens, an 

Algerian crustacean from freshwaters; Miss Blackburn, the Marsh 

Stonecrop from Bavington; Mr. Blackburn, Arianta arbustorum and Helix 

aspersa from Kirkharle; and Mr. Watson, an abnormal inflorescence of 

Plantago lanceolata. 

FIELD MEETINGS. 

April 30th.-We started the season with a well-attended meeting at 

Pigdon Dene and were favoured with good weather. The dene was looking 

its best with a profusion of primroses, wild hyacinths, forget-me-nots, 

moschatel, and bird cherry. The stone bramble is still to be found here and 

appears to be increasing. The conchologists had a good day, their finds 

including three species of Clausilia and the rarer glass shell Oxychilus 

rogersi. 

May 14th.-We again visited Lemmington, near Alnwick, and 

under the guidance of Mr. Lupton everyone found something of interest, 

including those interested in Roman remains. The small

96 

yellow saxifrage Saxifraga cymbalaria has become well established in the 

woods, where the botanists also made other good finds. The ornithologists 

saw 25 species of birds including the Corbie Crow, Willow and Garden 

Warbler, the Great, Longtailed, Bene and Coal Tits, Green Woodpecker and 

Redshank. 

June 11th.-During another visit to Dipton we were privileged with 

a view of Mr. Mail's garden and of his 15-year-old "tame" trout. The 

botanists made an intensive survey of a restricted meadow area for the 

purpose of starting a series of observations from time to time on the changes 

in the flora. 


April 5th.-Mr. A. Stainthorpe reported the arrival of the Meadow 

Pipit and Chiffchaff, a number of Goldfinches and Goldcrests in the west 

side of the town, and the Great Spotted Woodpecker back at its last year's 

nesting site within the Borough. Mr. E. W. Markham reported a Great 

Spotted Woodpecker within the confines of the town. Mr. J. E. Nowers gave 

some comparative figures of shade temperatures for 1937 and 1938, 

showing:- 

1937 1938 

Mean 41.5 55.8 

Maximum 

Mean 30.7 40.7 

Minimum 

Mean 36.1 48.2 

for the month of March at 220 ft. above sea-level, 21/2 miles north of the 

town. 

Mr. W. Bennett exhibited a specimen of Gymnosporangium 

clavariaeforme (Jacq.) growing on Juniper in a Darlington Park. 

Miss E. Johnson reported on a Foothpath Section walk taken on 

April 2nd by a party of 15 from Coatham Mundeville by field path by 

Aycliffe old windmill to Ricknall. A number of observations of spring 

flowers were made; very few birds were either seen or heard, owing to the 

high wind. 

April 12th.-Mr. R. H. Sargent exhibited Gentiana acaulis and 

Geranium phaeum in flower, grown in his garden; both very early 

flowering.

97 

Mr. J. E. Nowers exhibited six male Emperor moths, recently 

emerged. The larvae were collected last autumn at Bowes (V.C. 65). 

Miss L. Hodgson reported on a walk taken by nine members on 

April 9th from Croft to North Cowton by way of Vince Moor (V.C. 65). 

This latter is the nearest place to Darlington where Heather has been found. 

A number of birds were observed, including Curlew, Snipe, Redshank, 

Partridge and Pheasant. Oak, Cherry, Apple, Horse Chestnut and Hawthorn 

were all in flower. 

April 26th.-Annual General Meeting, at which the report of the 

Council on the work of the Club for the past year was read by the Hon. 

Secretary, stating that the excursions had been carried out according to 

programme, with one exception, which was cancelled owing to foot-andmouth 

disease. The autumn and spring programmes have been carried out as 

arranged, with an average attendance at the meetings of 42.5. A new feature 

has been introduced into the meetings, that is the showing of cine-films, Mr. 

R. H. Sargent having kindly lent the instrument. The balance sheet, read by 

the Hon. Treasurer, showed a satisfactory financial state of the Club. 

Reports of the various sections were submitted by the section organisers. 

Mr. J. B. Nicholson, M.A., was elected President. Two additional ladies, 

Miss R. E. Dowling, M.Sc., and Miss . B. Glendinning, were elected Vice- 

Presidents. Mr. J. E. owers and Mr. R. H. Sargent were elected Hon. 

Secretary and Hon. Treasurer respectively. Mr. H. D. Pritchett elected an 

hon. member. 

Mr. A. Stainthorpe reported Sandpipers above the High Force on 

April 23rd, and Tree Pipit, Garden Warbler and Willow Warbler at the west 

end of the town on the 19th. He exhibited Gentiana verna, Primula farinosa 

and Prunus Padus from Teesdale. Miss B. Glendinning reported having 

seen one Swallow at Brusselton on the 23rd. 

May 3rd.-Miss L. Jones reported on a walk taken on April 30th in 

which 17 members took part, from the top of Gilling Bank along an old 

pack-horse lane, called Jaggers Lane, which is said to have at one time 

extended from east to west of the country, but of course now obliterated in 

many parts. A large number of

98 

plants in flower were noted, including the Alpine Currant (Ribes alpinum). 

A number of birds were noted, also nests with eggs seen. 

Mr. J. E. Nowers exhibited larvae in various stages of the Golden- 

8 moth (Plusia moneta Treit.), found in a garden at Beaumont Hill, 

Darlington, feeding on Monkshood. House Martin reported at Low 

Coniscliffe on May 2nd: Sand Martins near Bowes on May 1st. 

Saturday, May 7th.-The first excursion of the season took place 

under the leadership of Miss N. B. Glendinning, a party of 34 visiting 

Durham. The whole of the afternoon and evening were spent at the Castle 

and Cathedral. 

May 10th.-Mr. J. E. Nowers gave some notes on the variation in 

the number of petals and sepals in the flowers of Lesser Celandine 

(Ranunculus Ficaria). The number of flowers examined was 737; of these 

58 per cent. had 8 petals; 21-8 per cent. had 9; 10.7 per cent. had 10; 5.1 per 

cent. had 11; 3.1 per cent. had 7; .81 per cent. had 12; .27 per cent. had 6 

petals. Of 300 flowers examined for number of sepals, 95.5 per cent. had 3, 

4 per cent. had 4, and 0.5 per cent. had 2 sepals. Mr.E. W. Markham 

reported Sand Martins, Swallow, House Martin and Yellow Wagtail on May 

5th, and Blackcap Warbler and Sandpiper on May 6th, all on Tees-side near 

Darlington. Mr. F. Williams reported about half-a-dozen Swallows at the 

Tees-mouth on May 8th. Mr. J. B. Nicholson reported one Sand Martin at 

Barmpton sand pit near Darlington on May 8th. Mr. J. E. Nowers said he 

had been told of a pair of Grasshopper Warblers having been seen and heard 

about 4 miles N.E. of Darlington. 

May l4th/15th.-The annual all-night walk took place in the 

neighbourhood of Richmond (V.C. 65). Fifteen members took part; it was a 

fine warm night, the minimum temperature recorded being 54° F. About 20 

birds were recorded between 3.15 a.m. and 4.40 a.m., including Sandpiper 

at 3·15, Skylark at 3.35, Woodcock at 3.38, Cuckoo at 3.59, Robin at 4.5, 

Song Thrush at 4·7, Blackbird at 4·16, Garden Warbler and Willow 

Warbler at 4.20, Rook at 4.40. After 5.0 a.m. 15 other birds were either seen 

or heard. Mr. A. Stainthorpe, as usual, acted as leader.

99 

May 17th.-Two members reported Swifts in the town on May 

11th. Mr. E. W. Markham reported Sedge Warblers for the same date. Mr. J. 

E. Nowers reported Ash in leaf on May 16th, and Orange Tip butterfly on 

May 10th. 

May 24th.-Mr. C. P. Nicholson reported on a walk taken on 

Saturday, May 21st, in which 16 members took part, from Barnard Castle 

through Pecknell Woods to Cotherstone. A list of 28 species of flowering 

plants was made, among which was Doronicum Pardalianches L. 

(Leopard's Bane), which is plentiful in the woods (V.C. 65). Miss E. M. 

Clegg reported on a visit to Branksome Mere, Staindrop Road, Darlington. 

This is an old clay pit that has become filled with water and is now well 

stocked with aquatic vegetation and fresh-water life. It is also the home of 

numerous aquatic and other birds. Among the plants noted were:- 

Ranunculus Lingua L. (Spearwort), Iris Pseudacorus L. (Yellow Flag), 

Sparganium ramosum Huds. (Bur-reed), Alisma Plantago- aquaticum L. 

(Water Plantain), and Nymphaea lutea L. (Yellow Water-lily). Some fine 

specimens of Planorbis corneus (Ram's horn snail) were taken, as well as 

Asellus aquaticus, larvae of Dytiscus sp., Notonecta glauca and many other 

aquatic species. Whitethroat's, Wren's, Woodpecker's and Barn Owl's nests 

were seen. 

It was announced that a Cut-leaved Beech on the Woodside Estate 

(which is now being built on) has had a plate fixed on it which reads: 

"County Borough of Darlington, No. 1 Protected Tree." 

On Saturday, May 28th, an excursion to Upper Teesdale took 

place, led by Mr. J. B. Nicholson (President), 23 members taking part. This 

was in conjunction with the Cleveland Club. Unfortunately rain fell heavily 

all afternoon, and very little botanical work was possible. Some few of the 

typical Teesdale plants were seen, and very few birds were either seen or 

heard. Some of the party visited Cow Green barytes mine and inspected the 

washing machinery. Others walked as far as Cauldron Snout. 

May 31st.-Mr. C. P. Nicholson reported on a footpath section 

walk from Croft to Barton (V.C. 65) on the 29th, eight members

100 

taking part. Obstructions found on the footpath were removed, and a 

number of birds and their nests were seen. Miss Dowling exhibited Volvox 

globator, gathered near Winston. 

Saturday, June 11th.-An excursion to the Tees-mouth took 

place, and 32 members attended under the leadership of Mr. Joseph Bishop 

(Bird Watcher). The first place visited was "Charlton's Pond," Billingham, 

where Pochard and Coot were seen; thence to a large pool near Haverton 

Hill, near which the reclamation scheme is being carried out. Here Shelduck 

with 5 young were seen; then on to Greenabella Marsh and the sand dunes 

at the Tees-mouth. A total of 35 birds were recorded, including Turnstone, 

Redshank, Ringed Plover, Little Grebe, Dunlin, Common and Little Terns, 

Tufted Duck, Cormorant, Reed Bunting, Yellow Wagtail, Wheatear and 

Sedge Warbler. A list of 26 species of flowering plants was made, but 

nothing previously un-recorded. Miss R. E. Dowling collected a number of 

Algae and Diatoms. 

June 14th.-Mr. E. W. Markham reported hearing a Corncrake at 

Blackwell (V.C. 66) on June 3rd, and a pair of Ring Ouzel between Barnard 

Castle and Richmond (V.C. 65) on June 12th. Mr. R. H. Sargent reported a 

case of two Cuckoo eggs in a Meadow Pipit's nest. 

June 2Ist.-Mr. C. P. Nicholson reported on a walk in which 12 

members took part, on June 16th, from Croft to Jalby Mill. 

Mr. A. Stainthorpe said that he was at High Cup Nick on June 

19th, and found a Common Buzzard's nest with two young about I4 days 

old. 

June 28th.-Miss E. M. Clegg reported on a walk taken on 

Saturday, June 25th, to Catkill Lane, a disused road about 4 miles .E. of 

Darlington. A good list of flowering plants was made including 

Menyanthes trifoliata L. (Bog-bean). . Nine members took part in this very 

interesting walk. 


Hon. Secretary.

101 

A NEW COUNTY FLORA OF CERTAIN AREAS IN THE INNER AND 

OUTER HEBRIDES. 

In 1934 the Department of Botany, King's College, formed the 

project of preparing and publishing a comprehensive County Flora of V.C.'s 

103 and 104 (Inner Hebrides) and of V.C. 110 (Outer Hebrides). To carry 

out this work no fewer than twenty-four islands, including Skye, Raasay, 

South Rona, Scalpay, Fladday, Longay, Pabbay, Soay, Canna, Sanday, 

Rhum, Eigg, Muck, Eilean nan Each, Mull, Coil, Tiree, Barra, Mingulay, 

Berneray, North Uist, South Uist, Baleshare, and Harris have been visited. 

In addition, further parties will work selected areas in both Inner and Outer 

Islands during the present season. 

However, to make our work as complete as possible, we should 

welcome further information concerning the Flora of these and other 

Hebridean Islands within our selected areas. 

Letters dealing with the Inner Islands should be directed to 

Professor J. W. Heslop Harrison or to Dr. K. B. Blackburn, and, in the case 

of the Outer Islands, to Dr. W. A. Clark, in all instances at King's College, 

Newcastle upon Tyne. 

THE STATUS OF THE PEACOCK BUTTERFLY (NYPHALIS IO) IN 

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 

As this butterfly seems to be making a successful attempt to reestablish 

itself in our area, a sharp look-out should be kept for it this season. 

Facts concerning its presence in either county will be welcomed by 

Professor J. W. Heslop Harrison, King's College, Newcastle upon Tyne. 

Plusia moneta in Northumberland. 


NOTES. 

Of recent years considerable interest has been aroused in the distribution of the 

"Golden Ear" moth, and quite recently Hexham has been cited as the limits of its northward range. 

I can now record it as occurring at Birtley (North Tyne), and Lemington, Alnwick. These records, 

however, have lost much of their former importance for I have recently detected

102 

to larvae of the species on Monkshood and Larkspur, often in considerable 

abundance, in very many Scottish stations, ranging from Jedburgh in Roxburghshire to 

Dalwhinnie in Inverness-shire.-J. W. HESLOP HARRISON. 

The late pupation of local larval of the Six-spot Burnet. 

During the period June 1st-June 10th I was working in the Islands of Muck and Eigg 

in the Small Islands Parish of the Inner Hebrides, and on all I found Six-spot Burnet cocoons in 

abundance attached to rocks and heather. As I felt that the island form might be different from 

local examples I proceeded on June 18th to Seaton Sluice in search of material. Without 

exception, the species was still in the larval condition. As the Hebridean insects were then 

emerging, this means that our colonies are nearly a month later than they are. I should add that 

Fife specimens are just as late as ours.-J. W. H. H. 

Rosa tomentella in Northumberland and Durham. 

As I have been insisting for some years, this curious rose is widely scattered, often 

abundantly, over our two counties. Very often, even to the extent of 75% of the examples 

examined, the form collected is var. sclerophylla, the type being very rare. Recently, I detected it 

near Darlington, a new locality for any form of the species.-J. W. H. H. 

Yellow larval of Aglais urticae. 

It is well known that larvae of the Small Tortoiseshell Butterfly are very variable, for 

they exist in colours ranging from yellows mixed with black almost to black. Last week, I 

detected a batch on nettles close to Great Bavington, Northumberland, which were the palest I 

have ever seen. In fact, they were nearly a clear, pure gamboge in colour.-J. W. H. H. 

The late appearance of the Common Blue. 

In view of the remarkable nature of the past spring, an early appearance of butterflies 

with hibernating larva, was to be anticipated. Such opinions have not been justified, for I saw the 

first local example of the Common Blue (Lycaena icarus) on June 18th and have not yet seen the 

Small Copper. -J. W. H. H. 

Orchis purpurella and O. praetermissa in our counties. 

`Soon after the discovery and naming of this orchid, Dr. Druce determined quite a 

number of Northumberland plants as Orchis "praetermissa" var. pulchella. All, without 

exception, as far as my investigations go should have been labelled Orchis purpurella. I feel 

positive that the only genuine station for Orchis praetermissa in either county is Billingham 

Marsh, near Norton. Even there its present position is doubtful, as this orchid with others, could 

not be found during recent visits to the marshes.-J. W. H. H. 

The Colouration of the larval of the November Moth (Oporinia autumnata) 

Quite recently, whilst I was working in Glen Doll and Glen Clova, found that this 

insect was to be beaten in some numbers from the common birch. Although the fact is not 

generally known, the larvae are light, sensitive, bright apple-green larvae occurring on birch, 

darker green specimens on alder and a paler grey-green on Salices of the Caprea group. In spite

103 

of these observations, quite a number of the Glen Clova birch specimens were yellow green in 

colour. The Glen Doll alder specimens were similar to alder forms from our area.-J. W. H. H. 

An early larvae of Polia chi. 

In September, 1937, Mr. R. B. Cooke gave me some cuttings of several species of 

Buddleia which I struck without difficulty in the cool greenhouse. Early in April, one of these 

cuttings looked very delapidated, and a search soon revealed the culprit, a single full-grown larva 

of the Grey Chi. Obviously, all egg had been deposited on the Buddleia at Corbridge in 1937 to 

hatch with me in 1938. Normally, the larvae are full grown here in July and August.-J. W. H. H. 

The yariability of the Tea-leaved Willow (Salix phylicifolia). 

Fifteen years ago, I brought a lot of cuttings of this willow from Langdon Beck to 

grow in the garden for experiments with the sawflies of the genus Pontania. When I brought 

them, they were typical Salix phylicifolia. Now I have to examine them very carefully indeed to 

separate them from their ally Salix Andersoniana which I grow alongside them.- J. W. H. H. 

Dianthus deltoides from Colwell, Northumberland. 

Last year I recorded the discovery of this plant in some abundance near Colwell, as 

well as the occurrence of a white variety. I did not then mention that I took cuttings from plants of 

various colours. Most of these have now formed sturdy plants, and are flowering well. One of the 

coloured forms i remarkable, for upon it, by bud-mutation, a white flowered branch has 

developed.-J. W. H. H. 

Pink flowered forms of the Burnet Rose (Rosa spinosissima). 

Rarely have I seen such a glorious show of blossom as the pink form of this species 

has displayed on the dunes at Seaton Sluice; nor do I remember their scent as being so delicate. 

Nevertheless, for real beauty, they must yield to coloured forms growing on the Isle of Muck and 

Eilean nan Each in the Inner Hebrides. In the former case the rose passed into dark cherry, but in 

the latter to a similar shade tending to buff. 

The Muck plant was creeping up a crack in one of the cliffs whilst the Eilean nan 

Each clump covered a large space on a top of a large rock, or rather cliff, just off the sea-coast.-J. 

W. H. H. 

Suspected Breeding of the British Willow Tit (Parus atricapillus kleinschmidti) in Gosforth 

Park. 

On May 1st a low "churr, churr, churr " was heard in Gosforth Park, and a tit was 

seen near a rotten alder stump on some marshy ground. On inspection of the alder stump a hole 

was discovered, and fresh wood chippings observed on the ground. The hole was about 7 inches 

to 8 inches deep, and the entrance appeared to have been artificially excavated. Some nesting 

material was visible in the bottom of the hole. 

Several visits were made but it was not until May 22nd, when the nest contained 

almost fully fledged young, that the bird was seen again. During half an hour's watching, the bird 

was observed visiting the nest on seven

104 

occasions, each time carrying a green caterpillar. The bird was rather restless, and, although it was 

examined with the aid of strong glasses, the pale patch on the closed wing could not be detected, 

but the crown of the head was seen to be dull sooty and not shining black. The only note heard 

was the low "churr, churr , churr"-C. J. GENT. 

A note on Gosforth Park Starling Roost. 

Whilst watching at Gosforth Park Lake for migrants several years ago, one noticed 

the nightly congregation of the starlings prior to their roosting in the reeds which fringe the 

margins of the lake. At first only one or two are seen, but, as they fly backwards and forwards 

over the lake, their numbers gradually increase until they reach from one hundred to two hundred 

birds. They keep twisting and turning in concert with a loud swish of wings, occasionally giving 

voice to a conversational chatter, but the flock has not the unanimity of movement a flock of 

waders has. The flock gradually flies lower and lower until the birds finally alight in the reeds. 

Loud chattering and sounds of movement can be heard at first, but gradually the hubbub subsides, 

and finally, as darkness falls, silence reigns. 

The majority of the birds come in from the west, although small parties have also 

been observed flying in from the south. 

The roost does not appear to be used during the winter months by the large numbers 

of immigrant starlings, as, during the past winter in the area to the south of Gosforth Park there 

was a well marked movement to the west during the late afternoon, the parties varying in size 

from one or two up to several hundred birds, and a corresponding return movement was noticed in 

the morning.-C. J. GENT. 

Spring Butterflies and their times of appearance. 

Professor Heslop Harrison, in the May Vasculum, records that he observed his first 

Green-veined White on April 12th. The species came first to my notice about the same date, but I 

have to report the very curious fact that the butterfly has appeared in two spurts, the second dating 

from the middle of May and extending until the middle of June.-T. R. M. 

(I have noticed the same fact not only in connection with the Green-veined White but 

also with its relatives Pieris rapae and P. brassicae, Even indoors these two species have 

displayed the same trick, as there are to-day (June 26th) living specimens of both in my cages, the 

results of 1937 collected larvae. -J. W. H. H.) 

The Severn-spot Ladybird in Abundance. 

Yesterday I had occasion to visit Waldridge Fell to collect some Sphagnum moss, 

and took advantage of the opportunity to examine the vegetation in view of the complete 

disappearance of the once abundant Black Crowberry, and the present bad state of the Heather. In 

doing so, I was immediately struck by the excessive numbers of the Seven-spot Ladybird sitting 

about everywhere. At one spot I counted 61 specimens, but this was eclipsed at another where I 

observed over 500 in an area of less than a square yard. On this basis the quantity over the whole 

Fell must have been colossal-and if that is so, what must have been the numbers of the "Green 

fly" which preceded them?-J. W. H. H.

105 

Curious Pupating Place of the Currant Moth. 

I had two pupae of this moth brought to me on June 21 for identification. They were 

found spun up in a corner of a frame in a bee-hive when it was moved to take the honey.-J. E. 

NOWERS. 

Emperor Moth. 

I had ten larvae of this moth, taken near Bowes last year, all of which pupated. Seven 

of them emerged this spring all of them males; the three remaining pupae are still alive (June 26).- 

J. E. NOWERS. 

Obliging Spider. 

I used to have a colony of Amaurobius ferox about the stump of apple-tree in my 

garden, and when I learned that specimens would be acceptable at the Hancock Museum I 

cheerfully promised to supply a pair, quite forgetting that I had destroyed that stump. Before I had 

an opportunity of looking up other likely spots I came upon a fine adult male crawling on a 

whitewashed wall indoors. The date was early (April 6), and there was still the female to get. 

About three weeks later she very obligingly presented herself on the same wall. This is the first 

time I have seen the species within a dwelling.-J. E. H. 

Bog Stonecrop, Sedum Villosum L. 

At Whitsuntide a few leafy plants of this species were collected from the well known 

Bavington locality and were left lying dry on my desk. Late June, to my great astonishment, they 

were noticed to be in full flower. They had doubled their length and differed little from specimens 

collected in the field at the same time except that their flowers, for lack of light, were white 

instead of pink; yet they had been completely without water-supply for a month. The field 

material was discovered to be in two stages. Many of the plants were in full flower with withering 

red leaves whereas others showed clusters of young green leaves only. Since the plants are 

annuals this suggests that the seeds which germinate in autumn flower in June whereas the spring 

seedlings give a second flowering later in the season.-K. B. B. 

Teesdale's Rare Wild Flowers. 

Two of Teesdale's rare wild flowers, the Blue Gentian (Gentiana Verna) and the 

Major Strata, are now blooming in Upper Teesdale ..... The Major Strata .. is just breaking into 

bloom .... The flower, which is of pale green shade, perhaps owes its very existence to its natural 

colour."- Local Newspaper, June 26. 

Wild Geese in Flight. 

At 5.30 p.m. this evening (June 7) a flock of 27 wild geese flew over Waren Mill 

going direct south. They were flying, I may say, rather as if their wings were not at their best.- T. 

B. SHORT. 

Golden-8 Moth at Darlington. 

I have taken about 40 larvae of this beautiful moth this season, feeding on Aconitum 

and Delphinium in three gardens at Beaumont Hill; also at Newton Ketton about three miles east, 

and at Haughton-Ie-Skerne two miles north-east. My neighbour, in whose garden I found a 

number of the larvae, tells me he has killed many both this year and last.- J. E. NOWERS

106 

(I can add to this the fact that I have myself found Plusia moneta to occur freely in 

gardens near the High School, Darlington.-J. W. H. H.) 

Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis britannica) in Durham. 66 

In view of the rather local distribution of this species I am pleased report a pair seen 

by me near Fatfield on May 10th.-C. J. GENT. 

BIRDS. 

RECORDS. 

Locustella n. noevia (Bodd.). The Grasshopper Warbler. 66 

Heard and seen in Catkill Lane, a disused and over-grown pack-horse road four miles 

N .E. of Darlington on May 7th and 15th.- JOHN E. NOWERS 

Crex crex (L.). The Corncrake. 66 

Only three reports have been received up to date (June 28th) of the Corncrake having 

been heard in this district. On June 3rd near Blackwell on the Croft Road by E. W. 

Markham. On June 13th on the road from Scotch Corner to Greta Bridge about two 

miles from the latter place by B. R. Lucas. On June 22nd near Winston Old Colliery 

on the Barnard Castle Road by B. R. Lucas. JOHN E. NOWERS. 

LEPIDOPTERA. Butterflies and Moths. 

Asthena Blomeri. Blomer's Rivulet. 66 

I was pleased to capture a freshly emerged ♂ of this very little moth in Castle Eden 

Dene on the 9th July, 1938. The last record I can find is that J. E. Robson took some 

specimens in the same Dene in July 1896.-WILLIAM CARTER. 

Abraxas sylvata L. Clouded Magpie. 67 

MOLLUSCA. 

Flying in considerable numbers along the east side of Park on June 9th.-C. J. GENT. 

The following snails, new to the N.W. portion of V.C. 68, collected by my daughters at 

Whitsuntide. 

Agriolimax laevis Müll. 68 

Berrington Law. 

Vitrina pellucida Müll. 68 

Horncliffe and Roughtinglinn. 

Oxychilus rogersi B.B.W. 68 

Wark-on-Tweed. 

Retinella pura nitidosa Gray. 68 

Wark-on-Tweed. 

Euconulus fulvus Müll. 68 

Berrington Law and Wark Common. 

Arion subfuscus Drap. 68 

Cornhill. 

Arion minimus Simroth. 68 

Near the Scotch Border on Wark Common.

107 

Punctum pygmamm (Drap.). 68 


Vallonia excentrica Sterki. 68 

Near Longridge Towers. 

Arianta arbustorum Linne , 68 

Cornhill. 

Cephaea hortensis Müll. 68 

Hornc1iffe and Wark-on- Tweed. 

Vertigo pygmaea Drap. 68 


Succinia pfeifferi Rossm, 68 

Hornc1iffe. 


Fumaria Borrei Jord. 68 

Typical specimens at Allerdean and near Velvet Hall Station.- JOHN BROWN. 

Also at Akeld-K. B. BLACKBURN. 

Fumaria micrantha Lag. 68 

Not frequent in our Counties but found at Powburn and at Akeld. -K. B. B. 

Astragalus glycyphyllos L. Wild Licorice. 68 

In a wood near Cornhill.-D. B. BLACKBURN. 

Vicia lathyroides L. Spring Vetch. 68 

On stony flats by the College Burn showing very conspicuously the change of colour 

of the flower, with age, from red to blue.-D. B. B. 

Lychnis Githago Scop. Corn Cockle. 68 

Found last year at a farm east of Velvet Hall Station.-J. BROWN. 

Hyoscyamus niger L. Henbane. 68 

With other lime-loving plants at Wark-on-Tweed.-K. B. B. 

Daphne Laureola L. Spurge Laurel. 68 

In plenty in a wood near Cornhil1.-K. B. B. 

Allium Scorodoprasum L. Purple Garlic. 68 

Growing in quantity in a wood near Cornhill, and showing, when pulled up, the 

characteristic small purple offsets attached to the bulb. Almost all the plants were 

heavily infected by a rust, identified by Mr. Bartlett as Uromyces ambiguus Lév.-K. 

B. B. 

Paris quadrifolia L. 70, 67 

Growing abundantly amongst scrub on the steep right bank of the Irthing, below 

Harrow's Scar Milecastle. Many of the plants had only three leaves.-W. DE L. 

AITCHISON. 

It was also found under similar conditions on the Wallis Club expedition to Pigdon.- 

K. B. B. 

FUNGI. 

Ombrophila clavus A. and S. 66 

Near Lanchester -E. P. B.

108 

Peronospora alsinearum Casp. 67,68 

On Stellaria media, Rock and Haydon Bridge. 

Galera ovalis Fr. 67 

Between Wylam and Ovingham. 

Humaria granulata (Bull.) Quel. 67 

Town moor, Newcastle upon Tyne. 

Erinella nylanderi Rehm. 67 

Riding Mill. 

Coriolus obducens (Pers.) Quel. 67 

Stocksfield. 

Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) Fr. 67 

Var bulbosa Barla, Gosforth Park. 

Hygrophorus pratensis (Pers.) Fr. Var. pallidus B. and Br., 67 

Var pallidus B. and Br., in a field near Dipton Wood. 

Helotium citrinum (Hedw.) Fr. 67 

Riding Mill. 

Pluteus eximius Saund. and Sm. 67 

Between Wylam and Ovingham. 

Uromyces scillarum Wint. 68 

On cultivated Scilla nutans; Milfield, near Wooler. 

All of the above are new records for both counties.-A. W. B. 






November. 






Ecology 










THE VASCULUM 

Vol. XXIV. No. 4. NOVEMBER, 1938. 

HOLIDAY IN RETROSPECT. 

J. E. HULL. 

A holiday is one thing only to the field naturalist-a blessed 

opportunity of enlarging his coasts, of widening his range of study. Such a 

chance comes rarely to me, and when it does it gives me Hobson's choice. 

Essex or nothing; whereby I am saved all that agony of decision which so 

sorely afflicts other people: Shall it be the Alps or Blackpool? New Forest 

or County Kerry? Thus my subject is ready to hand: the Inexorable Three 

have written my sub-title, Essex. 

I had not seen the county till my son settled there in 1929, but 1 

was not without some knowledge of it. F. P. Smith, who in the matter of 

spiders was my fellow pupil under Pickard Cambridge, lived in North 

London and naturally gave a good deal of time to Epping Forest. Through 

him 1 made my first acquaintance with the fauna of Essex; but colour 

photography took him captive and the spiders knew him no more. 

About that very time a strolling player (I am afraid 1 cannot name 

him) whose company periodically toured Essex and East Anglia (no: that's 

not a slip, unless an Angle is a Saxon; which is absurd, to quote a gentleman 

who knew quite a lot about angles), began sending me liberal collections of 

spiders, many from Essex but more from East Anglia. Last and chiefest, the 

Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, brother-in-law of my very kind mentor in the study 

of Acari, Dr. A. D. Michael, handed over to me his notes and drawings of 

Acari of all kinds, with a long series of lantern slides of mites, made from 

microphotographs. 1 never met him, but we corresponded for many years 

and 1 had an overprint (concerning his beloved Psychides) shortly before 

his death. Among my most prized possessions are some beautiful 

microscope slides of Oribatids given to me by Dr. Michael. 1 learnt from 

Burrows that they were

110 

really the work of Mrs. Michael. Burrows himself lived in south Essex, hard 

by the Thames where, as he bitterly complained, ten« was by no means 

firma, so that microphotography was very difficult because of ground 

vibration. 

Rather ancient history, most of this; I must get on to May of this 

present year. 

From one spot on the east coast to another does not suggest that 

change of scene so essential to a real holiday, but latitude and geology 

between them make a very satisfactory job of it, even though the latter only 

substitutes one clay for another. Yet one clay differeth from another clay, as 

the gardener who wishes to make a rockery on the London clay soon 

discovers; he must import his rock material or make shift with chunks of 

concrete; there is plenty of gravel but no stone. It is a fact which has a direct 

bearing on the fauna, for a multitude of creatures find a home under stones 

whether they be lying loose on the ground or are more or less embedded in 

it. In the search for spiders the familiar phrase " to leave no stone unturned " 

is a hard and fast rule and to be taken literally. In the seaward half of Essex, 

to which my activities were limited, it is a dead letter, for there are no 

stones. 

Compensation, more than adequate perhaps, is provided by the 

abundance of tidal creeks, a characteristic feature calling for special 

attention. I visited several, but far the best of all was that between Mersea 

island and the mainland. On both sides of the causeway (the" Strood ") by 

which the road crosses the channel, tidal drift is always present in quantity. 

When neither too dry nor too wet it swarms with life, including a 

flourishing" minority" of spiders to help to keep the population within 

bounds. Among them were two species of special interest because here they 

occurred quite freely, whereas previous records were few and far between. 

One of them, Attus caricis, a Salticid or " jumping spider," has been found 

in swampy places in Cumberland, Norfolk, and the New Forest (also at 

Lichfield, in a greenhouse!), but apparently never so abundantly as here. 

The other, Oxyptila simplex, a small pale Thomisid or "crab spider," was 

even more rarely seen till I located it all along the Essex coast from the 

Blackwater to Walton- on-the-Naze, sometimes in tidal drift, sometimes in 

short grass just above the beach.

111 

I am not forgetting that an arachnologic tale is more or less 

foreign to those who will read this, but each will readily translate it into the 

vulgar tongue of his own pursuit, and if he picks up a little spider lore in the 

process, it is all to the good. If I can make it plain what a good time I had, 

without perpetrating a technical treatise (that can be had on application to 

me ! ), I shall be content. Naturally, I did see one or two things that were not 

Arachnida on the rare occasions when the beating tray was left at home. 

There was a Sunday morning, for instance, and the pleasant little 

14th century church was a mile away, by green lane and field path. Just a 

pretty country lane it is, like many another, with a big ditch on the left, and 

on the right a grassy border of very ordinary aspect. As we strolled along a 

Spurge appeared in that border, rising well above the coarse grass; not the 

Wood Spurge, which abounds in Essex, for this was not so tall and the 

bright yellow bracts were missing. Round a turn of the road there were 

many more and one became aware that every plant was dotted with tiny 

white spots. These on examination proved to be the ovaries, clad in white 

silk. Now you may "join the glad throng" by naming the plant: no prize! 

After the lane, field paths, the last through a mustard field with a much 

varied under- growth including multitudes of Thale Cress and Mousetail. I 

had never seen the latter species in situ before. Both were ripening their 

seed and practically leafless (29th May). 

Such things were casual delights coming unexpectedly like the 

wafted scent of a hidden honeysuckle. So it was by a happy chance that we 

drew up in a delectable by-road somewhere in the direction of Brightlingsea 

and found ourselves midway between a stately Fennel on the one hand and 

a golden bed of Alexanders on the other. In the fiercest contrast with that 

leafy spot was the bald face of a great clay bank on the opposite side of the 

Colne. Working up the steep ascent of it, probing for spiders among the 

tufts of grass, I suddenly found my fingers among the spotted leaves of 

Medicago arabica. 

Away beyond the rose-fields north of Colchester there is a 

country lane of very ordinary aspect which twists and winds its way among 

pastures of like character. In the failing light of a June evening the outlook 

is just a bit of rural England which could

112 

be matched anywhere in the kingdom, even in this north country where a 

flat enough tract could be found. Strolling along in twilight one might easily 

lose the sense of being in unfamiliar country, till one's ear catches from one 

hedge after another the opening bars of the nightingale's song; then back 

comes the glamour of new things. That song I have never heard east 

Colchester, though no doubt it is heard there. I think the chorus grows in 

volume as the bleak North Sea is left farther and farther behind and reaches 

its climax by the river Lea, somewhere in confines of Bedfordshire and 

Hertfordshire, where I have the the grand fortissimo swelling as if there 

were a songster in eve bush not in every hedge, and as loud as the halloo of 

John Peel. 

These are digressions into the paths of other people, yet doubt 

they will be condoned because they are such matters as an eye or ear can 

appreciate. From my own pursuit, the same kind of thrill is by no means 

absent, as I will try to show. On my first morning this last May, being for 

the time carless, I had to make the best of my immediate surroundings, quite 

new to me as my son had moved from the town right out into the country. 

The garden, like my own, is liberally furnished with shrubs, and with 

beating tray and tubes I set to work. At home I know exactly what spiders I 

shall get by beating the selfsame shrubs-four species at most, as a rule. To 

one accustomed to that state of things the Essex yield of the same shrubs 

was almost a shock at first, the numbers were so much greater and the 

species so largely different. 

Conspicuous among them wherever the tray was used, in garden, 

field or wood, was always a slim-bodied creature with lanky legs to match, 

having the general appearance of a crane-fly or "daddy-long-legs." It is 

Tetragnatha solandri, of which I took a young example on the dunes at 

Goswick a few days ago; indeed it may be found almost anywhere in 

Northumberland, though I seldom see it about Belford and never in my 

garden. There are five species in the genus, of which I have taken four in 

Essex one of them-T. nigrita-being present with solandri in nearly every 

thicket and wood where my tray was put to use. 

Viewing beating operations as a whole, more especially t beating 

of whins, four ubiquitous species-Meta segmenta,

113 

Zygiella atrica, Philodromus aureolus, and Theridion sisyphium- represent 

the common element of north and south, though in Essex they are a small 

minority, whereas in the north they are likely enough to be the only species 

present. At Kirknewton in May, for example, all I could get out of the whins 

were the four named and a few immature examples of Epeira diademata. 

The increase in arboreal species as one proceeds southward is a well known 

fact strikingly exemplified by the genus Theridion. In Essex any day's bag 

could be relied on to contain eight species at least; in Northumberland it 

would usually be two only. The total number of species in the two regions is 

not so disparate as that, for several occur north of the Tees, but are very rare 

with us. Oddly enough, it happens that I have taken two species of 

Theridion in Durham. One in the city itself, the other within a mile of itwhich 

have not yet been seen in Essex. Most of the species are beautifully 

marked, the handsomest of all (in my judgment!-Jackson has described it as 

a "washed out Th. sisyphium") being Th. impressum. Next to it I place Th. 

vittatum. Some-especially Th. varians and Th. simile-are very variable in 

colouring. Of simile Simon has tabulated no less than fifteen colour 

varieties. They are nameless, however, except one which Cambridge 

described as a new species under the name of Th. honorum. 

Fewer in number but more than equal in interest are the spiders of 

the genus Epeira. Our commonest northern representa tive is E. diademata, 

but it does not reach maturity till late in the season. Young examples, 

however, occur freely in May, so that I was surprised to find it quite rare in 

Essex. This year I was much disappointed on discovering that the bit of 

ground which in former years had yielded the best Epeirae was no longer 

available. It was a thicket at West Mersea which has been built over during 

the past three years. In early June of 1935 I found there, among other things, 

Epeira pyramidata, a rather large white species with a dark triangular patch 

on the posterior half of the dorsum. It was the most numerous of the genus, 

but only a few odd females were adult. There was also E. ocellata in 

considerable numbers, all of a handsome colour variety (ground colour 

warm umber). That thicket being lost, it occurred to me to try a clump of 

trees

114 

and bushes on a part of the mainland immediately opposite, called Ray 

Island. It was a lucky shot, for there I obtained nearly the same species as at 

West Mersea with the notable exception of E. pyramidata, which this year 

did not turn up anywhere. At this place I bottled a spider which I took to be 

a colour variety of E. gibbosa. It was really a female E. bituberculata, 

which we used to know as E. dromedaria, so named because of its two 

humps (more pointed than those of gibbosa and divergent). Later I turned 

up both sexes of bituberculata in two other localities several miles apart. 

The only other British locality is Burnham Beeches. 

I used to wonder why E. diademata was called the "garden 

spider," because with us in the north it is far more frequent in the open than 

in gardens. In Essex, however, diademata (brown with a creamy ornamental 

cross on its back) and the much smaller E. cucurbitina (bright green) are the 

only species of the genus which do not avoid the neighbourhood of human 

habitations. For the others you must go farther afield to the woods, thickets 

and rural lanes which are plentiful in Essex. Friday Wood, two or three 

miles south of Colchester, gave the best lot of Epeirae this year. Here are 

the species in order of frequency: gibbose, triguttata, bituberculata, redii, 

cornuta, cucurbitina, diademata (immature), inconspicua. Of these 

triguttata was confined to young oaks and cornuta mostly to whins. Our 

northern cornuta haunts watery places-streams, swamps and ditches-and 

frequently stretches its big web vertically over the water, but in Essex it 

shows no such disposition. 

E. redii was really out of its element, so to speak, in thickets and 

woods. I first made its acquaintance (in the flesh!) on a bit of neglected 

grass land apparently intended for bungalow sites. Tall dead stems of coarse 

grasses, thistles, etc., stuck up everywhere and appeared to me very likely to 

be inhabited by Dictyna arundinacea, so I proceeded to trespass. It was 

there, sure enough, and with it redii in equal numbers and fully mature. 

Afterwards I found that where there was a choice between bushes and stems 

of thistles, as on Tiptree Heath, it invariably chose the latter.

115 

THE PROGRESS OF PLUSIA MONETA. 

F. C. GARRETT 

In an earlier number of The Vasculum (Vol. XII, pp. 56-64), Mr. 

C. Nicholson gave a valuable account of that interesting moth Plusia 

moneta-the Golden Ear, Golden Plusia, Golden 8, call it which you pleaseand 

of its invasion of England, but it has made so much progress since he 

wrote in I926, and so few seem to be familiar with the records that it is 

worth while to bring them up to date. 

The moth has been known for many years in Normandy, Southern 

Germany, and elsewhere, but the Plusias are restless fellows and in 1875 it 

seems to have become restless, for in that year it appeared in Northern 

Germany and the Netherlands, where it had no difficulty in establishing 

itself. Two specimens (Spies?) were taken in Kent in 1857, but were not 

recognised until long after, and the real invasion began in 1870 when single 

specimens were taken over a wide front, in Kent, Sussex, Berkshire and 

Cambridge. Once started, the movement continued, the insect pushing out 

in all directions, and by 1926 it was established as far north as Hexham and 

as South Westmorland. 

German writers call this a moth of the hills, and it has been taken 

on the Brocken nearly 3,000 feet above sea-level, but it's early haunt in 

Normandy, Falaise, is far from any hills, and in Great Britain it thrives 

perfectly in the lowlands. Once arrived, it multiplies and spreads rapidly, 

and although not known in Northumberland until 1924, is now far from rare 

in the Tyne valley. It is not necessary to give details of its progress, but Dr. 

Hull found it at Belford in I937, and as the Fords took it at Carlisle in I93I, 

it was reasonable to expect that it would cross the Border; and the invasion 

of Scotland has proceeded rapidly. The first Scottish record came from 

Glasgow, where it was taken in 1934, and it was found in Inverness-shire in 

1936; this year (1938) Dr. Harrison found it in several Scottish counties 

from the Border up to Inverness-shire, and it appears that its occupation of 

the country is nearly complete already. 

It is a wonderfully interesting story. Appearing as an immigrant in 

the south-east of England, in less than seventy years it has spread almost to 

Cape Wrath, and as it is hardy and prolific, and its food plants Larkspur and 

Monkshood are common, we may hope that before long this welcome 

newcomer will be one of our commoner moths.

116 

NEW PLANTS FROM THE OUTER HEBRIDES. 

J. W. HESLOP HARRISON, D.Sc., F.R.S. 

As is well known, for the past four years numerous expeditions 

have been despatched from the Department of Botany, King's College, 

University of Durham, to study the Flora and Fauna of the Inner and Outer 

Hebrides. This year's work, as far as the main party was concerned, began 

on the Isle of Rhum and its neighbours, and ended on the Isles of South 

Uist, Eriskay, and Fuday. 

Whilst working the last three islands, the investigators were 

strongly impressed by the obvious differences between the plants seen there 

and the same species from the North of England. Curiously enough, the 

most noteworthy of these, a rose observed on South Uist, was one of the 

earliest plants any of our parties had collected in the Outer Islands, for it 

had been brought home in 1935. Then, owing to the tumultous gales 

prevalent that year, it was completely devoid of leaves when obtained. 

Under such circumstances, on account of the great similarity of its armature 

to that of Rosa spinosissima, it was recorded in our register of Outer 

Hebridean plants as that species, the misapprehension only being removed 

when Mr. R. B. Cooke and I rediscovered it simultaneously, in some 

quantity, in several stations in the south of South Uist. As the rose is clearly 

an endemic form of some importance, it is now described, and advantage is 

also taken of the opportunity to deal with one or two additional plants at the 

same time. Further papers, discussing interesting and probably endemic 

varieties, will appear in due course. 

(1) Rosa Sherardi var. Cookei var. novo Fruticulus 40-55 cm. 

altus. Rami ramulique dense aculeate. Foliola parva, vix 1.75: 1 cm., 

elliptica, basi cuneata, apice breviter acuta, supra pilis adpressis ornata, 

subtus tomentosa et ± glandulosa; serratura profunda acuta, dentes 

denticulis glandulosis muniti. Pedunculi plerumque 1 cm. vel paulo brevi 

ores et disperse glandulis stipitatis obsiti; sepala post anthesim patentia; 

receptacula fructifera ovata; styli dense pilosi. 

A small shrub with a height of 40-55 cm. Branches and twigs 

more or less densely armed as in Rosa spinosissima. Leaflets 7, small, with 

a maximum length of 1.75 cm. and breadth of 1 cm.,

117 

more or less wedge-shaped at the base; the upper side lightly hairy, and the 

lower tomentase and somewhat glandular; serrations, deep, acute, the teeth 

being furnished with acute, glandular denticles. Peduncles one to five, for 

the most part a centimetre or less in length, and sprinkled with stalked 

glands; the sepals spreading on the ripening fruit. Fruit, smooth, broadly 

ovoid; styles pilose. 

The favoured habitats of this plant are near the sea, where it 

frequents rock ledges often overhanging the water. When first observed this 

season, it was assumed at once to be a spinosissima-Sherardi hybrid, but a 

carefu1 consideration of the plant, its habit, wide distribution, general 

structure, fertility, the absence of any form of Rosa spinosissima, or even of 

any other variety of R. Sherardi in the vicinity, betrayed that we were 

concerned with a new form of the latter rose. 

It is named after Mr. R. B. Cooke, who has done so much good 

work for our expeditions both in the Inner and Outer Islands. 

(2) Lonicera periclymenum var. Clarki var. nov. 

A typo re cedens foliis glabris, ellipticis, latis, subcoriaceis. 

Easily separated from the type by its glabrous, subcoriaceous, elliptical, 

broad leaves. 

These are somewhat glossy, thicker than in the usual form, and possess 

slightly revolute margins. 

The plant occurs on rocks often, but not always, overhanging the 

sea. When first seen on cliffs on Ben More, South Uist, it was thought to be 

Salix phylicifolia on account of its dark green glossy leaves and general 

appearance, which produced a striking resemblance to specimens of that 

willow growing on rock ledges on Falcon Clints, Co. Durham. Only when 

collected was its identity made manifest. 

Named after Dr. W. A. Clark, another energetic member of our Outer Island 

parties. 

(3) Orchis pyramidalis var. Fudayensis var. nov. 

Inflorescentia 8 cm. longa. 

In this very remarkable form the spike, instead of being pyramidal 

as in the type, becomes elongated and cylindrical, so that it attains a length 

of 8 cm. or more. In fact, it approximates very closely in appearance to that 

of a well-grown specimen of Orchis Fuchsii. It was discovered on the Isle 

of Fuday in some abundance. More typical plants were also encountered 

there.

118 

I-SPOONBILLS. 

RARE BIRDS IN NORTHUMBERLAND. 

On June 25th, 1938, Miss E. Rothera, who was staying at Fenham Mill, 

observed a couple of Spoonbills (Platalea l.leucorodia L.) on the flats. They 

were in company with a number of Herons which are in the habit of 

congregating along the shore near Low Moor Point. On June 29th Mr. T. R. 

Goddard and Miss G. M. Scott, to whom the discovery had been reported, 

visited the spot and obtained a very clear view of both birds. On July 2nd, in 

company- with several other members of the Natural History Society, I had 

a very good view of the birds feeding in the shallows, flying over the mudflats 

and roosting on a pebble-ridge. When feeding, the birds moved their 

long necks and spoon bills from side to side like haycutters swinging their 

scythes. In flight their necks and bills were stretched stiffly forward-not 

withdrawn like those of the Heron-while their legs, sticking out behind, 

showed very black beyond their white tails. When at rest they frequently 

stood on one leg like Storks. As their crests were not very evident and no 

buff colouring was observable on their necks, it was assumed that they had 

not yet reached complete maturity. 

The birds were seen on several occasions during the summer, the 

last reported date being August 9th. No record of their violent death having 

appeared in the local press, it is hoped that they may have escaped the fate 

which befell the last Spoonbill which had the temerity to visit the 

Northumberland coast. In the interests of the birds, it was considered 

desirable not to give publicity to their visit until after their departure. This 

was regrettable, since there are many local ornithologists and bird-lovers 

who would have been delighted to have had this rare opportunity for seeing 

these interesting birds and observing their habits. This is a deprivation 

which will have to be endured so long as our Wild Birds' Protection Acts 

are allowed to remain a dead letter and "collectors" can continue to destroy 

rare birds with impunity.-G. W. TEMPERLEY.

119 

II.-AN OSPREY. 

On April 30th, 1938, while watching birdlife by the stream near 

the Whittle Dene Waterworks, there was suddenly a great commotion 

amongst the gulls from the north reservoir, the cause of which was an 

Osprey, which flew along the stream very leisurely, showing supreme 

indifference to the gulls which were round about it. It was evidently hunting 

for fish, as it followed the stream and hovered now and then. It was, 

however, un-successful, and went away to the south. I turned the car and 

followed, and by the time I got to the southern pond, it had caught a fish 

some 10 inches in length which it took to the bank. It shortly moved on to a 

wooden fence and commenced its meal. At this stage I left the Waterworks 

to call for Mr. G. W. Temperley, and on our return to the spot about 45 

minutes later, we found the bird in exactly the same place. We stalked it, 

obtaining some excellent close-up views, till the bird became suspicious and 

moved off. It flew some two or three fields distance away, and settled on the 

ground with some rooks in attendance. On several later visits, we failed to 

find it. 

Subsequent to this date, Mr. Clive Cookson saw the bird fishing 

on the Tyne above Dilston on May 29th, and tells me that he was fortunate 

enough to see it stoop and make a catch. At the moment when the bird 

struck the water, its wings were elevated, the legs stretched out downwards 

and slightly forward, and the head held close into its neck, which was very 

greatly arched backwards, the result being that practically the only parts of 

the bird to come in contact with the water were the legs and tail. The fish, 

Mr. Cookson estimates, was from 1/3 lb. to 1/2 lb. weight. and the Osprey 

went out of sight towards Dipton with it. 

Mr. Cookson warned the keepers near the' river that the bird was 

in the locality, so that they should not shoot it, and he tells us that it has 

since been reported to him from Howdon Dene, Beaufront, Nunwick and 

Hallington. 

With further reference to the Whittle Dene neighbourhood, one of 

the employees on the Stelling Point-to-Point Course saw a large bird on the 

course on April 25th. Then on June 5th, when I was away from home, the 

woodman at Newton Hall saw a large bird

120 

on a post close to the lake there. In both these cases I think, from the 

descriptions given to me, that there is little doubt that it was the Osprey 

which was seen. 

Considering all these reports together, it is evident that this 

Osprey was in South Northumberland from April 25th until June 5th, and it 

is indeed pleasant to know that it was here for so long without being 

molested, due probably in no small measure to the action of Mr. Cookson, 

to whom our gratitude is due. 

The species is a very irregular visitor to Northumberland, but it is 

interesting to recall that Abel Chapman had one under observation at 

Houxty from May 23rd to December 2nd, 1927.- H. TULLY. 

III-A WHISKERED TERN. 

It is not often in these days that one is able to add a bird to the 

Northumbrian list, but this year a Whiskered Tern has paid us a visit for the 

first time. I saw it on Budle Bay on June r8th, evidently having just arrived, 

as it was not there on the 16th and previous days. It was still present on July 

24th, so was with us for not less than five weeks-a longer period, I think, 

than any previously recorded visit to this country. 

This bird is one of the trio of marsh terns which visit us, the 

others being the Black Tern, which in some counties is regularly seen on 

migration, and the very rare White-Winged Black Tern. 

Our bird was in full breeding plumage, and was indeed very 

handsome with its black head, white cheek and throat, black belly and white 

under tail-coverts. The back and wings were pale grey, the under-wing pearl 

grey, and a touch of colour was given by the blood-red bill and deep 

vermilion legs. 

The normal habitat of marsh terns is, according to the authorities, 

fresh-water marsh-land; so this bird was somewhat exceptional in its choice 

of an estuary as its temporary home, and its feeding habits--due no doubt to 

this fact-were also unusual, in that instead of taking its food on the wing or 

from the surface of water, it almost invariably plunged into the water, never 

however vanishing beneath the surface.

121 

It fed on the stream on the south side of Budle Bay when the tide 

was out, and would beat up against the wind with a steady, deliberate flight 

some six feet or more above the water, hesitate, drop slightly when it saw 

something attractive, then plunge down for it. It was not able to hover in 

still air, in the way a Little Tern or even a Common or Arctic Tern does, and 

in these circustances it made a rapid turn back and downwards to the object. 

Occasionally it would plunge two and three times before it got what it 

wanted. When it arrived at the end of the stretch of water over which it was 

working, it would make a rapid sweep back to the point of commencement, 

and repeat this procedure over and over again. During the first weeks of its 

visit it hardly left the upper part of the stream, but later it seemed to 

frequent a stretch of water somewhat nearer the sea. 

The food it took must have been small marine life, but 

occasionally it took sand eels, and when it made a catch of this magnitude it 

generally took the fish to the bank, swallowed it, and rested for a while. It 

was during these periods that one had the best opportunities of getting good 

views of the bird, and it certainly looked its best when at rest. On one 

occasion it stood on one leg for quite a time-in the same way as Waders do. 

The legs, incidentally, are considerably longer relatively than those of the 

Common or Arctic Terns. 

One would hardly have thought that this bird, which was 

continually plunging into water for food, would need to drink, but on June 

22nd I saw it rise from the ground, skim along the surface of the water and 

touch it about six times in rapid succession, then settle on the water for a 

short time. It was quite evident that it was not picking insect life from the 

water, and there can be little doubt, I think, that it was drinking. On June 

23rd it did a similar thing, but touched the water twice only, and did not 

settle. 

The bird seemed to be very silent, but I heard it call twice on the 

first day I saw it, namely, June 18th ; the first time for no apparent reason, 

and the second when another Tern-probably Arctic-flew up the stream. The 

note was a short scolding one, which might be represented by krrr, and on 

the occasion when the Tern passed by, this was repeated three times.

122 

During the early days of its visit, the bird was most aggressive, in 

that on one occasion it flew at an Arctic Tern, which approached it, and 

chased it off. Then, on June 22nd, it suddenly rose from the ground where it 

had been resting, and flew very rapidly for about 250 yards up stream-a 

most surprising move and difficult to account for, until at the end of this 

flight I saw it fly at and chase off another Arctic Tern. When it had 

satisfactorily got rid of this bird, it flew leisurely back to its original resting 

place, preened, and went to sleep. This aggressiveness seemed to pass, as 

later on, although there were often odd Terns about, it took no notice of 

them. It ignored Gulls entirely. 

At high tide when the stream-bed was submerged the bird roosted 

on a small spit of land at the head of the Bay, near Waren Mill, in company 

with Blackheaded Gulls and Lapwings. It also went to roost in the same 

place in the evenings, irrespective of the state of the tide. 

The normal breeding range of the Whiskered Tern is Southern 

Europe and North Africa, and it winters in Africa. Slightly differing forms 

are found in India, China and Australia, and apparently another form is 

resident in South Africa. There are only some sixteen previous records of 

the bird visiting the British Isles, including one each from Scotland and 

Ireland, and it is interesting to note that ours is not the only country to have 

received a visit from the species this year, as in the October issue of British 

Birds it is reported that two parties have actually bred in Holland; and the 

suggestion is made that the appearance of the birds in this part of Europe 

has been caused by a drought in the Camargue in Southern France, which is 

a regular breeding place of the species.-H. TULLY.

123 

THE CHRONICLES OF THE KING'S COLLEGE EXPEDITIONS 

TO THE INNER AND OUTER HEBRIDES. 

VI.- WE VISIT HEISKER. 

In the minds of most people the Hebrides are THE Misty Isles. 

Remembering our last year's experiences on the Isle of Rhum, we had little 

cause to revise that verdict. Nevertheless, looking back to our stay in July 

and August of the present year, the picture before us is a succession of 

cloudless skies and scorching suns. 

The day fixed for our excursion to Canna, Sanday and Heisker 

was no exception, for we awoke to a fair wind, a clear sky and the 

mountains bathed in the rays of the eastern sun. After we had partaken of 

breakfast, we mounted the Rhum Express (a very rum express indeed!), 

soon to be rocking over the winding moorland path, at one time ascending, 

at another descending, until Kilmory Bay was reached. There a motor-boat 

was to pick us up and to transport us to Canna. 

As we awaited its arrival, we explored the cliffs just south of the 

bay, and were amazed to discover a huge cave open both at the landward 

and seaward ends, through which the sea crashed incessantly. This was a 

veritable rock garden, crammed with ferns and flowering plants of all kinds. 

Far across the Sound, Canna and Sanday stood out boldly, and we 

stared to catch the earliest glimpses of the boat which was to carry us 

thither. To our surprise, it ran in from the north, where its occupants had 

been examining their lobster pots. Scrambling down the slippery rocks to 

the still more dangerous beach, in the end we were merrily chug-chugging 

toward Canna. Looking backward, we had magnificent views of the 

mountains of Rhum, and, in particular, of Bloodstone Hill, the site of other 

exploits. Here and there up Guirdil we could see groups of noble stags, 

browsing on the sweet grass for which in days long gone by the valley had 

been famous. 

Soon Sanday was reached, but, ignoring that island for a time, we 

put into Canna to set ashore the parties intending to explore

124 

the two sister isles. Then the remainder struck across the harbour to 

Sanday, where they landed until the fishermen had prepared the 

consignments of fresh milk, bread, and books for the lighthouse keepers 

on Heisker. As they wandered over the luxuriant vegetation, the explorers 

revelled in the perfume of the far-famed 

Canna clover, often to be perceived well out to sea. They likewise beguiled 

the time by capturing specimens of the "Ginger" Humble Bee (Bombus 

smithianus), the well-known Hebridean specialty. This fine insect abounded 

everywhere, probing the flowers of clover, thistle, knapweed, and even 

belated yellow rattle. So, too, they toyed with the glorious shoals of 

butterflies, Dark Green Fritillaries, Blues, Graylings and Meadow Browns 

which dashed about in all directions, admiring all but catching none. 

Once again on the sea, they rounded Sanday Lighthouse, gazing 

westward as they did so to admire Canna Church with its little round tower 

and pebbled roof, as well as Sanday Church, conspicuous in the morning 

sun. Soon, however, we lost interest in Sanday and strained our eyes for 

Heisker lying far to the south-west. In vain we looked, for the low-lying 

reef, with its snowy white lighthouse, was lost in the shimmering haze. 

Finally, first the lighthouse was discerned and then the reef, to become more 

and more prominent until, rounding the massive Cean Mar, we reached the 

landing stage. Here we were overwhelmed with the welcome we received 

from the three keepers. Needless to say, they are accustomed to few visitors, 

and such as come are sure of an enthusiastic reception. 

With hurried explanations that we had come to work, and must 

carry out our plans, we assured our hospitable hosts that we would return, 

without fail, to the lighthouse for tea and a long talk. We then scattered and 

found that the bulk of Heisker was a bare rock, obviously of the same 

geological build as the Scurr of Eigg, and at no distant period once 

continuous with it. Likewise demonstrating that Heisker had once been 

much more than a mere reef 34 feet above sea-level, we made the 

observation that the little soil it possessed was composed of peat. 

However, where the soil did exist, the vegetation was rich, no 

fewer than 86 species of flowering plants being collected. But

125 

what curious combinations we encountered! Here Ragged Robin grew 

mixed with Sea Campion, there Bird's-foot Trefoil struggled with Stag'shorn 

Plantain, Adder's Tongue Fern and Sand Sedge, on this scrap grew 

Bluebells and the Spring Vetch and so on. In the pool in the middle ot the 

islet the Grass Wrack, Ruppia, Sea Clubrush and Fox Sedge abounded. The 

presence of the latter in this remote spot seems very strange; until we had 

detected the plant on Raasay it had been deemed absent from Skye and its 

neighbours. Realising from the peat that the island had once been subjected 

to moorland conditions, we looked for survivals of heath- loving plants, but 

of these the Tormentil seemed the sole representative. 

As we continued our explorations, we were often surprised to find 

that great stretches of turf seemed to have been lifted bodily out of place 

and then thrown face downward. Later, the lighthouse keepers informed us 

that this was the result of last winter's gales. 

As we wandered far and near, we saw further grim reminders of 

the winter conditions to which the reef is exposed. The passage from point 

to point is made over massive concrete causeways guarded by chains, to 

which the keepers cling to prevent their being blown away, 

One of our special quests was for the Ginger Humble Bee; from 

its distribution, independently of the geological facts, we had hoped to forge 

a link in the chain of evidence enabling us to reconstruct the immediate 

post-Glacial coastline of the West of Scotland. We had been greatly 

disappointed when we were informed that the only bee on Heisker was the 

black, white, and yellow one (Bombus hortorum). For a considerable period 

we thought that even this was a mistake, as we saw no bees at all; however, 

just as we had despaired of success, two queens of Bombus smithianus were 

observed near the signal gun. Thus was Heisker brought into line with 

Canna, Rhum, Eigg, and Muck. 

Of lepidoptera we had but few hopes; in this we were agreeably 

surprised. We were delighted to observe dark Small Tortoiseshells and also 

the Common Blue, the latter seeming ubiquitous, even in the most distant 

and minute of the Hebridean Islands. Amongst

126 

the moths, we collected larvae of the Marbled Coronet on the Sea Campion, 

and odd examples of Dark Arches which had flown to the lighthouse during 

the previous night. Commonest of all was the "Micro" Crambus pascuellus, 

which caused us to marvel about its methods of surviving the tempestuous 

waves, which Iinwinter sweep the reef from one side to the other. 

Abundant too were earwigs; often half a dozen could be seen on 

one ragwort head. Of some interest also were two dragon flies, the 

resplendent blue Agrion puella and its fiery ally A. minium, frequenting the 

peaty pools. These latter were worked with a waternet, but only the 

Whirligig beetle and a Water Boatman turned up, although in some plenty. 

In the end, dragging ourselves from our labours, we returned to 

the lighthouse where, fresh from a really good wash, a welcome relief after 

the intense heat of the bare rock surfaces and the brilliant sun, we sat down 

.to a " scrumptious" tea and a chat with the keepers. Next, a microscope, 

presented to the lighthouse to afford recreation during the long dark nights, 

was produced and adjusted. However, a look at the clock gave us warning, 

and with many regrets we proceeded to the landing-stage. There, taking 

leave of our kindly hosts, we stepped aboard the boat. Instead of setting our 

course directly for Sanday, we skirted the adjacent islet Garbh Sgeir (the 

Rough Scar) to gaze at the countless Kittiwakes, all with young. Dragging 

ourselves away from this wonderful sight, and once more sailing around 

Cean Mor, we were gratified to receive a parting salute of a dozen shots 

from the automatic signal gun. 

Speeding onward, we passed the forbidding rock Umaolo and 

finally made the passage, so rarely attempted, between Sanday and Canna, 

thus approaching the other parties from the west instead of from the east as 

was expected. Once we were reunited, the voyage to Rhum was 

accomplished in record time. As we approached that island, Askival, 

Halival and Minshal in turn attracted our notice, and reminiscences were 

exchanged of exploits here, rare plants there, and of dangers everywhere. 

Jumping ashore on the Kilmory rocks, we mounted our conveyance (?), 

soon to reach our home from home and-a welcome cup of tea!

127 

CLIFF NESTING OF THE HOUSE MARTIN. 


A request for information on this subject which appeared in a 

recent issue of British Birds (Vol. XXXII, p. II8), caused me to search for 

records of its occurrence locally. 

For some years there has been a considerable colony of House Martins 

nesting on the cliffs at Cullernose Point, between Howick and Craster, on 

the Northumberland coast. The colony is immediately south of the Point and 

extends in a southerly direction for some distance along the cliffs, which 

there face due east. 

I have no information as to when the colony was founded, but when I first 

visited the place, in 1922, it was already well established in the sheltered 

corner where the Point suddenly juts out into the sea. There were then a 

score or more of nests. Since that date the colony has greatly increased and 

nests are found where the cliff faces are suitable for several hundred yards 

south of this spot. A few of the most northerly nests are on the rocks of the 

basaltic outcrop, but the others are upon the sandstones and limestones of 

the Carboniferous series, which, being more irregularly weathered, provide 

more suitable recesses to shelter the nests. 

This is the only instance of cliff nesting of the House Martin 

known to me in Northumberland; but the late George Bolam, in his" Birds 

of Northumberland and the Eastern Borders" (page 131) wrote as follows: -" 

Along our cliff-girt, northward coast (This no doubt refers to the coast north 

of the Tweed.-G. W. T.) there are many populous colonies, both in 

Sandstone and Silurian rocks, of which the Swallows' Craig, near 

Cockburnspath, and the headland beyond the Needle's Eye, a mile from 

Berwick, are but examples. . . . Inland there are also several of these natural 

breeding places, in some of which the bird has likewise given its name to 

the rock or crag. In some of these stations a cove, or overhanging shelf of 

rock, afford corners to which typical nests can be affixed, and there they 

often appear crowded together, several sometimes touching one another 

(This very well describes the

128 

Cullernose Point colony referred to above.-G. W. T.); but narrow crevices 

between rocks, or weatherworn holes in the face of the stone, are often also 

occupied, and in these no more mud is used than is necessary to reduce the 

size of the entrance to the hole or to partition off a section of the creviceledge." 

On page 132 he refers to " Edrington Castle, where there is a nesting 

colony on the rock overlooking the Whitadder ." 

I shall be glad if readers will inform me of any other local 

occurrences known to them, with details as to the number of nests, date of 

founding of the colony, etc., etc. 

(i) FIELD MEETINGS. 


NORTHER NATURALISTS' UNION. 

The 30th Field Meeting was held on Saturday, July roth, I938, at 

the south-east Cheviot in the Ingram, Hedgley and Brandon area of the 

River Breamish. Mr. F. E. Lupton (Lemmington) acted as leader, but owing 

to the unsettled weather the attendance was smaller than usual. Some 20 

members joined the President (Mr. A. W. Bartlett) at Brandon. 

Mr. A. W. Bartlett, M.A., reports .on plants that three species of 

Mimulus are thoroughly established among shingle, viz.: 

Mimulus luteus, Mimulus luteus var. cupreus and Mimulus moschatus; also 

the Teesdalia nudicaulis rarely found in Northumberland away from 

Cheviotland river gravels. 

Dr. K. B. Blackburn and Mr. J. Brown (Berwick) report, in 

addition, Musk Mallow, Hemlock, Round-leaved Mint, Leopard's Bane, 

Dyer's Weed, Small Yellow Trefoil, Parsley Piert, Water Starwort, Least 

Cudweed, Aaron's Rod, Knawel, Good King Henry, Toad Rush. 

The following Fungi were taken by Mr. Bartlett: Amanita 

rubescens and Marasmius oreades.

129 

The Rev. E. P. Blackburn writes of the Mollusca that 13 species 

were taken, but that the following three have not been previously recorded 

for the area:- 

Agriolimax laevis, 

Ashfordia granulata. 

Ancylus fluviatilis. 

The 31st Field Meeting was held in the Upper Weardale Valley at 

Eastgate on August 27th, when the Rookhope Burn Valley was explored. 

Mr. A. Stainthorpe (Darlington) acted as leader and a large 

number of members, including many from the newly-formed Weardale 

Naturalists' Field Club, joined the President, Mr. A. W. Bartlett. 

Although the earlier part of the afternoon was very fine, the 

weather broke in the latter part of the day, but the meeting at the Cross Keys 

Inn over tea was enjoyed by all present. 

The date of this meeting enabled good records of Fungi to be 

obtained. Mr. A. W. Bartlett reports the following for the Rook-hope 

Valley:- 

Amanita rubescens (Pers.) Fr. 

Boletus elegans (Schum.) Fr. 

B. scaber (Bull.) Fr. 

B. subtomentosus (Linn.) Fr. 

Clavaria fragilis (Holmsk.) Fr. 

Clitocybe infundibuliformis (Schseff.) Fr. 

Coleosporium Campanulae Lev. 

C. Euphrasiae Wint. 

Coprinus plicatilis (Curt.) Fr. 

Hygrophorus conicus (Scop.) Fr. 

H. psittacinus (Schzeff.) Fr. 

Lactarius volemus Fr. 

Plasmopara pusilla Schrcet. 

Also a Myxomycete, Mucilago spangiosa Morgan. 

Mr. J. B. Nicholson. M.A., reports for the Wear Valley between 

Stanhope and Eastgate :- 

A. In the open: 

Bovista nigrescens Pers.

130 

Hygrophorus chloropanus Fr. 

H. pratensis (Pers.) Fr. 

Leptonia aithiops Fr. 

Uromyces trifolii Lev.-teleutospores on Trifolium pratense. 

Puccinia leonodontis J acky .-uredospores on L. hispidus. 

P. hieracii Matt.-uredospores on H. boreale. 

P. menthae Pers.-uredospores on M. aquatica. 

Coleosporium euphrasue Wint.-uredospores on E. officinalis. 

C. campanulce Lev.-uredospores on C. rotundifolia. 

Pulvinula cinnabarina (Fuck.) Boud.-on bare sand. 

B. Under Larches: 

Lycoperdon echinatum Pers. 

Lepiota cristata (A. & S.) Fr. 

Clitocybe aurantiaca (Wulf.) Studer. 

Lactarius rufus (Scop.) Fr. 

Lenzites scepiaroia (Wulf.) Fr. On fallen Larch trunk. 

Boletus oiscidus (L.) Fr. 

Aleuria uesiculosa (Bull.) Boud. Near horse dung. 

Dr. K. B. Blackburn reports the following plants:- 

Shining Cranesbill. 

Marjoram. 

Wild Basil. 

Stone Bramble. 

Ferns. 

Wall Rue. 

Rusty-back fern; no doubt planted, but an interesting plant to find 

growing in this area. 

The Rev. E. P. Blackburn writes of the Mollusca at Rookhope 

Burn and Eastgate : -There were I6 species taken, but of these only three 

were previously recorded. The following are new records for the district:- 

Agriolimax agrestis. 

A. laevis, 

Hyalinia rogersi. 

H. alliaria. 

H. pura. 

H. crystallina.

131 

Arion intermedius. 

A. hortensis. 

Hygromia hispida. 

Acanthinula aculeaia. 

Helix hortensis. 

Cochlicopa lubrica. 

Lauria cylindracea. 

Mr. Stainthorpe reports that the Birds were very few, probably 

due to the unsuitable weather. A party of Redstarts provided an interesting 

scene for some of the members. 

(ii) PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED IN EXCHANGE FOR THE 

Transactions. 

The Smithsonian Institution has agreed to send the Bulletins of 

the United States National Museum in exchange for the Transactions of the 

N.N.U. In the words of the advertisement printed in each issue, "The 

Bulletin series . . . consists of separate publications comprising 

monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic 

treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of 

expeditions, catalogs of type specimens and special collections, and other 

material of similar nature." For example, those which have been received 

include a series of works on the fauna of the Philippine Islands, an account 

by Herbert Friedmann of the" Birds Collected by the Childs Frick 

Expedition to Ethiopa and Kenya Colony," and a " Revision of the Fishes 

of the Family Liparidae " by Victor Burke. Subjects outside the Zoological 

field are also dealt with, such as " Fire as an Agent in 

Human Culture" by Walter Llough, and "American and European Swords 

in the Historical Collections of the United States National Museum" by 

Theodore T. Belota. 

A complete series of the Entomologische Beihefte aus Berlin 

Dahlem has also been received. This journal was started in 1934 and 

contains papers dealing with a great variety of entomological subjects. 

These publications are at present deposited in the department of 

Zoology, King's College, Newcastle upon Tyne. They are available for the 

use of all members of the Union. Those wishing to consult them should 

apply to me.-A. D. HOBSON

132 


July 5th.-Mr. C.P. Nicholson reported on two walks, one on 

Thursday evening, June 30th, from Faverdale to Patches Lane, which is an 

old and almost disused part of the Great North Road between Darlington 

and AycIiffe, returning by a field path over what remains of a once wellknown 

botanists' paradise, Redcar Field. Thirteen members took part. 

On Saturday afternoon, July 2nd, 14 members starting from 

Winston, walked by Little Newsham and Streatlam to Staindrop, returning 

to Winston mostly by field paths. There was little of importance noted on 

either walk. 

Mr. B. R. Lucas reported a Misselthrush nest in a Box tree, only 

5 ft. 6 in. in height, in his garden, and so close to the drive that a car almost 

touched it in passing. Four young were hatched and got away about May 

7th. Another egg was laid on May 20th and incubated until early in June, 

and then abandoned. Mr. A. Morton exhibited a large Longicorn, 

Hammaticherus heros Scop., found at the L. & N.E.R. Wagon Works, 

Darlington. 

July 9 th (Saturday).-Excursion to Maiden Castle, Swaledale, 19 

members taking part, with Mr. H. A. Inness as leader. These ancient 

earthworks are of considerable interest because it is not exactly clear what 

was their original use, and several theories have been put fonvard. 

Another party of four members visited the I.C.I. works at 

Billingham-on-Tees, on the invitation of the Yorkshire Geological 

Society. 

July 12th.-Mr. C. P. Nicholson reported on the excursion to 

Maiden Castle on the previous Saturday, giving an interesting account of 

the earthworks and their supposed uses. The President (Mr. J. B. 

Nicholson) reported on the botany at the same excursion, stating that the 

Juniper growing in the vicinity is very stunted, doubtless owing to the 

exposed situation. Rosa mollis, Crowberry, Bilberry and Pill-headed Sedge 

were among the plants noted.

133 

Mr. J. E. Nowers reported on the Billingham visit. The party, 

consisting of about 30 members of the Yorkshire Geological Society, the 

Cleveland and the Darlington Field Clubs, were received at the General 

Offices of the I.C.I., where the layout of the works was explained. They 

then descended the Anhydrite mine, and afterwards were shown over some 

portions of the works, including the very high pressure boilers, electric 

generating station and the ammonia plant. The party were entertained to tea 

by the I.C.I. Directors. 

July 19th .-Mr. J. B. icholson reported on a walk taken on 

Thursday evening, July 14th, by 10 members along the Tees side from 

Middleton-one-Row to Low Middleton (v.c. 66). This proved very 

interesting, the party observing two distinct floras, that on the right on the 

river bank including Indian Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera), Soapwort 

(Saponaria officinalis), Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis odorata); that on the left a 

typical corn-field flora including :-Poppy (Papaver Rhceas and P. dubium), 

Wild Radish (Raphanus Raphanistrum), Night-flowering Catchfly (Silene 

noctiflora), and Hairy Tare (Vicia hirsuta). 

Miss N. B. Glendinning reported on a visit to Stainmore on 

Saturday, July 16th, in which 15 took part. The object of the visit was to 

find a rock called "The Stone in the Moss," which marks a point in the 

boundary between Westmorland and the North Riding in a corner of Bowes 

Moor at the head of Deepdale. God's Bridge, where the Greta disappears 

into the earth for about 200 yards, was also visited, and a number of 

botanical observations of the ordinary moorland flora were made. 

July 23rd.-Excursion to Gilling, Aske and Richmond, in which 14 

members took part, Miss C. M. Evans acting as leader. The Vicar of Gilling 

conducted the party round the church, which is of considerable interest. A 

fine Cut-leaved Beech was seen in the Vicarage garden, with a trunk 10 ft. 

in diameter. After tea at Richmond the party walked through Billybank 

Woods. 

July 26th.-Mr. J. B. Nicholson reported on a visit to Branksome 

Mere, Darlington, by 14 members. A number of flowering plants were. 

noted, including: -Great Spearwort (Ranunculus Lingua) plentiful and in 

flower, Yellow Water-lily (Nymphcea

134 

lutea), Marsh St. John's Wort (Hypericum quadrangulum), Mare's- tail 

(Hippuris vulgaris), Marsh Bedstraw (Galium palustre), Water Plantain 

(Alisma Plantago-aquatica). Mr. Inness reported having seen an Alpine 

Swift at Summerhouse Lodge Tarn, Swaledale, on Sunday, July 24th. 

Mr. J. E. owers exhibited some barley plants badly affected with 

a mildew, Erysiphe graminis D.C. 

August 9 th .-Mr. J. B. Nicholson reported on a walk taken by 

seven members along the river Skerne from Barmpton lo Ketton, a little 

to the north of the town. The usual common riverside plants were noted, 

but he remarked that the Indian Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) is in 

much less quantity and smaller in size than last year, perhaps because of 

the abnormal season and the contamination of the river. Specimens of the 

Wood Leopard and of the Swallowtail moths were exhibited, both caught 

locally. 

August 13 th .-Excursion to Dryderdale in the Wear valley. Mr. J. E. 

Hodgkin, President of the Weardale Naturalists' Field Club, invited both 

clubs to meet on his estate. Eighteen Darlington and nineteen Weardale 

members were present. Most of the afternoon's work was done on fungi, 60 

species being identified, 21 of which are additional to the Dryderdale list. 

Four of these are new to our district. After tea the Darlington President, Mr. 

J. B. Nicholson, moved a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Hodgkin for 

so kindly entertaining the joint party, Mr. D. R. Hughes, Hon. Secretary of 

the Weardale Club, seconding. Mr. Nicholson gave an account, as far as 

possible, of the fungi collected, but a number of species required a more 

critical examination to give them their proper names. The Oak fern 

(Phegopteris 

Drypteris) was seen in considerable quantity, as was the Wood Horse-tail 

(Equisetum sylvaticum). Very few flowering plants were noted. 

August 16th.-The President, Mr. J. B. Nicholson, reported that a 

walk in which twelve members took part was taken on Thursday evening, 

August nth, from Hurworth through Rockcliffe Park to Croft, but nothing 

of particular interest was noted. Several members reported seeing a 

number of Swifts in and near the town during the last few days.

135 

August 23rd.-Mr. R. H. Sargent exhibited a fine specimen of a 

live Rhinoceros Beetle (Strategus titanus) found in a fruit warehouse in the 

town; also an Elephant Hawk larva. Mr.J. E. Nowers exhibited Azolla 

filiculoides sent from Bournemouth by Mr. R. Watkin. 

August 30th.-Mr. C. P. Nicholson reported that a walk took place 

on Thursday, August 25th, from Newton Morrell to Cleasby and Blackwell. 

Very little of interest was seen; four members were present. Mr. A. 

Stainthorpe reported that three of our members attended the N. N. U. field 

meeting at Eastgate on 27th. 

Mr. J. B. Nicholson exhibited a specimen of a fungus (Isaria 

farinosa) growing on a dead chrysalis, which he collected in Auckland 

Park. 

Mr. M. G. Robinson reported having seen the following birds at 

Darlington Sewage Farm within the last few days: -Green-shank, Green 

Sandpiper, Ruff and Reeve. 

September 6th.-Miss E. Johnson reported on a walk taken on 

Saturday, September 3rd, in which eight members took part, from Aske to 

Richmond, and 11 species of fungi were gathered. 

Mr. M. G. Robinson reported on a visit by 13 members to the Sewage 

Farm on Thursday evening, September 1st. Birds observed were three Ruff, 

two Reeve, two Greenshank, thirteen Sandpipers, numerous Yellow and 

Pied Wagtails. As it was a dull, rainy evening members were able to get 

close to the birds and get a good view of them. Mr. R. H. Sargent exhibited 

a Corncrake that had been shot in error for a Partridge at the top of Gilling 

Bank (V.C. 65). Only four cases of the Corncrake having been heard during 

this year have been reported by members. 

September 13th.-Mr. C. P. Nicholson gave an account of a visit 

paid on Saturday, September 10th, by 18 members to the recent finds of 

Roman remains at Piercebridge. These are the west gate, with a guard-room 

on either side and the Wall at the north-west corner of the camp. Mr. H. 

Richardson of Piercebridge was leader. 

Mr. H. A. Inness reported seven Swifts seen at Croft on 

September 11th.

136 

Primroses gathered at Muker (V.C. 65) on September 10th were 

exhibited by Miss N. B. Glendinning. 

September 17th (Saturday.)_An excursion to Keld, Swaledale, 

took place and 24 members attended, with Mr. A. Stainthorpe as leader. 

September 20th.-Mr. J. B. Nicholson exhibited a number of 

plants from the Tees-side at Low Middleton (V.C. 66), including: 

Wild Oat (Avena [aiua L.) and Water Dropwort (OEnanthe 

crocata L.). 

September 24th (Saturday) .-A party of 13 visited Hartlepool at 

the invitation of the Cleveland Naturalists' Field Club. St. Hildas was 

visited, where an interesting description was given by Mr. H. N. Wilson. 

The town walls were seen; also the lighthouse, which is entirely 

electrically driven and is the only one of the pattern in the world. Mr. W. 

Charlton, President of the Cleveland Club, entertained the party to tea. 

September 27 th .-Among the exhibits at this meeting was a 

fasciated head of Asparagus 6 ft. 2 in. high by 25/8 in. wide. 

REVIEWS. 



The Flora of Westmorland, By Albert Wilson, F.L.S., F.R.Met.Soc. T. 

Buncle & Co., Ltd.; Arbroath. Price 25s. 

Like Northumberland and Durham, Westmorland has been 

long without a modern flora; in fact, J. G. Baker's" Flora of the Lake 

District," which only covers a limited part of the county, has been the 

sole work, apart from casual papers, to which one could appeal for 

information concerning its plants. The want has now been satisfied, and 

in such a way as to make dwellers on this side of the Pennines envious 

of the result. 

The book follows the usual lines, commencing with an excellent 

description of the topography and geology of the area under consideration, 

and with this is coupled a general account of the more characteristic and 

rarer plants of the various districts into which

137 

the county has been divided. Succeeding this is an interesting essay on the 

climate of the county in which the author emphasises the damage done to 

vegetation by smoke from such towns as Newcastle, Middlesbrough and 

others in the industrial districts of West Yorks. and South Lancashire. 

Sections dealing with the botanical features in general, and with 

the bibliography, close the introductory portions of the work. The former 

gives a statistical analysis of the flora from diverse aspects, and makes 

comparisons with the floras of adjacent counties. Here it seems necessary 

to repeat one very significant remark, " I regret that I am unable to include 

the figures for Durham, as these are not available." 

The arrangement of the Flora is not unlike that adopted in " 

Baker and Tate." and the usual facts in respect to range, etc., appear, 

although the addition of the times of flowering in the case of the 

Phanerogams is unusual, but, nevertheless, convenient. 

For the most part, except in minor points, there remains little but 

praise. One is, however, struck by the inequality in the treatment of the socalled 

critical genera. Here the chief defects are seen in the Roses and 

Pansies. In particular, it would have been better to have obtained the 

opinion of some expert in the genus Rosa rather than to have left it in its 

present misleading position. When one is informed that Rosa tomentosa is 

" rather common," then one's credulity becomes strained. It is practically 

certain that in the majority of cases the plant intended is R. Sherardi . 

Similarly, it is safe to state that the bulk of the localities assigned 

to Orchis praetermissa should be transferred to Orchis purpurella, as is 

betrayed by the frequent citation of " var. pulchella Druce." In the North, 

the only clear locality known for O. praetermissa is Billingham Marsh in 

South-east Durham. 

The Flora ends with a valuable account of the mosses, liverworts 

and lichens. 

Attention must be drawn to the series of beautiful and interesting 

photographs which at frequent intervals add to one's appreciation of the 

book. We can recommend it, without reservation, to our readers as one of 

the best and most useful of the County Floras that have come into our 

hands recently. 

AURELIAN

138 

Nature Study. By Major H. C. Gunton. Published by H. F. & G. Witherby 

Ltd. Price 7S. 6d. 

This little book deals with the Lepidoptera and is intended to 

suggest problems to the amateur naturalist which will not only add interest 

to his hobby, but at the same time yield results of scientific value to the 

professional entomologist. The topics emphasised are such phenomena as 

protective resemblance, mimicry, variation, phenology, etc. 

In discussing these, it must be admitted that the author has 

produced stimulating and suggestive material, well selected so as to secure 

the end he has in view. We do think, however, that the work would have 

been improved by more careful proof-reading. Many spelling errors occur 

both in Latin and in English words. Moreover, one gets quite a shock when 

generic names appear suddenly in the form of a single capital letter without 

the faintest indication of what the name actually is. Again, specific names 

are occasionally introduced, adorned with capitals. Then, too, what is one 

to say of such phrases as " formally normal type" (page 62) ? This is 

objectionable and incorrect for several reasons. Besides this, other errors in 

point of fact are not infrequent. 

Nevertheless, we think that the book will fill a gap and satisfy 

the nature lover who wishes to do something more than merely assist in 

the extermination of a very beautiful group of insects; to such we 

cordially recommend its purchase. 


AURELIAN. 

NOTES. 

The Vernal Whitlow Grass (Erophila verna) flowering in September. 

As its name indicates, this plant flowers normally in spring; nevertheless, we 

found well-developed plants in full bloom during the second week in September on the crags 

near Barrasford, and on the moorland road leading westward from Wark north of the burn.-R 

.R. COOKE and J. W. HESLOP HARRISON. 

Nests of the British Carder Bees. 

During the past three weeks I have had the pleasure of discovering and 

examining nests of no fewer than three species of Carder Bees, Bombus smithianus, B. 

agrorum , and B. muscorun, var. pallidus. The first named was observed on the Island of 

South Uist, the second near the ruins of

139 

Simonburn Castle, Northumberland, and the third on Widdy Bank Fell in 

Upper Teesdale. These differed but little except that the H. smithianus nest contained much 

more moss and less dry grass than the others. Moreover, its cells were larger in size and 

browner in colour. All were parasitised by larvae of the fly Volucella.-J. W. H. H. 

Lepidopterous Immigrants in 1938. 

Until the first two weeks of September I should have said that no local spring 

immigration had taken place this season. However, whilst at Barras- ford recently, I was pleased 

to see a fine Red Admiral flying across the path in front of me. Similarly, a second example was 

observed at the Buddleias in Mr. Cooke's garden at Corbridge the same week. The position of the 

"Whites" is somewhat uncertain. I should have stated definitely that there had been no movement 

of the Large White (Pieris brassicae) into this area had it not been for observations made on the 

Isles of Rhum, Eriskay and South Uist. In all three of these, the amount of possible food plant for 

that insect is exceedingly small. In fact, on Rhum only one patch is available. Naturally, as I have 

only seen P. brassicae on Carina previously, I carefully examined every cabbage on Rhum. None 

showed the faintest signs of having been eaten. Nevertheless, on August 20th, the species was 

detected flying near Loch Scresort. Much the same observations were made on South Uist and 

Eriskay, where the Large White was in evidence during the first week in September. Here, only 

the cabbages on S. Uist were examined, but they too revealed no traces of insect attack. 

In the same way the insect has occurred freely enough during the last fortnight in N. 

Durham and Northumberland. Again careful inspection of the usual food plants seems to 

negative the idea that the butterflies observed were descendants of spring insects that had fed lip 

locally. It is, however, just possible that all, those noted in the Hebrides included, resulted from 

1937 pupae which had failed to emerge earlier in the year. My opinion leans to the view that they 

were genuine autumnal migrants.-J. \V. H. 11. 

Pontania pedunculi galls on Salix cinerea. 

Although listed for Salix cinerea, in my experience, the saw-fly Pontania. pedunculi 

almost uniformly attacks Salix aurita in these counties even when, as sometimes occurs, the two 

species of sallow grow intermingled. Last week, whilst on Cold martin Bog, near Wooler, 

collecting galls of what is probably a new species of Pontania, I was fortunate enough to find a 

number of galls of P. pedunculi on Salix cinerea. The allied Sallow (S. aurita) grew not far away, 

and it also provided the same sawfly.- J. W. H. H. 

Rosa tomentella in our Area. 

During the past twenty years [ have pointed out that, whilst R. tomentella was not 

one of our commonest wild roses, it still occurred freely in both counties. Throughout that period 

I have consistently reported new localities as they turned up. Last week I was lucky enough to 

find fine bushes of var. Borreri near Barrasford, and of var. sclerophylla near Simonburn, both 

localities being in V.C 67.-J. W. H. H.

140 

A Search for Drosera anglica. 

As this sundew has not been recorded for Northumberland for some time, it was 

determined to make a search for the species north of Slaterfield, near Simonburn, whence Wallis 

reported it more than 150 years ago. We found the bog he described without difficulty, but we 

realised almost immediately that it had been drained too successfully to support the plant. 

However, we were gratified to see the Grass of Parnassus in abundance, the first timeeither of us 

had noted it in a pasture.-R. B. C. and J. W. H. H. 

Cornfield Weeds in Durham and Northumberland. 

A fortnight ago, the first time for years the Fool's Parsley (AEthusa Cynapium) was 

gathered near Birtley. This aroused in my mind the thought that many of the cornfield weeds like 

Lychnis Githago (the Corn Cockle) seem to have vanished from the Team valley. It would be 

interesting if readers would give their experiences with such weeds, even of the commonest 

description, elsewhere. Some indication of their frequency formerly, and at present, would be 

usefuL-J.W. H. H. 

In the Footsteps of Wallis. 

In 1759, Wallis recorded the Wood Vetch (Vicia sylvatica) from "the banks of wood 

on both sides of Simonburn Castle, plentifully" and Dropwort (Spiraea Filipendula) from "a 

pasture called the Cragclose, a quarter of a mile north from Barresford." We determined to 

ascertain whether or not these plants still existed in the localities stated, In both cases we were 

successful, although no one would regard the adverb "plentifully" as describing the state of 

affairs in respect to the Wood Vetch now. In much the same way the Dropwort seems to be more 

or less in danger owing to grazing by sheep.-R. B. C., J. W. H. H. 

The Death's Head Hawk at Belford. 

This apparently is a Hawk Moth year, and the Death's Head has figured prominently, 

My own share is "couple of fine Iarvas from a garden at Ross. The first was brought to me on the 

8th September and the second on the 29th. The earlier was full fed when it arrived and duly 

pupated; the other continued feeding for a couple of days and has not yet (Oct. 5th) pupated. A 

third larva has since been brought in from Easington farm (Oct. 14th)- J. E. H. 

Dune Spiders in Autumn. 

Happening to be at Goswick on October 1st it occurred to me to ascertain what 

spiders were then on and among the rnarrarn grass, The most numerous (as usual, at any time of 

year) was Dismodicus bituberculatus in the half gro\yn stage in which it will pass the winter, 

becoming adult inspring, .Its companions were the usual Trochosa perita (immature) and 

Clubiona phragmitis (immature, with some adult females). These females all belonged to the 

smaller race of the species, and an example which I brought home measured exactly 6 mm., 

whereas the larger race, much the more abundant in the summer, measures 8-9 mm. These 

members of the smaller race arc always paler than the larger, but the present examples were not 

the normal gray, being coloured like C. diversa-pale canary with a brown madder longitudinal 

stripe on the fore part of the dorsum, With

141 

the three named appeared a single young Tetragnatha solandri, a species I have never seen on 

the dunes before. On the other hand, Meta segmentata. and Tibellus oblongus, so common in 

summer, were not to be seen. -J. E. H. 

Ryton Willows Pool. 

This year both the Greater Bladderwort and the Frogbit were seen there again, but 

neither flowered. Twenty-four years ago I collected both in flower for a kindly old scholar, Dr. 

Randell of Ryton, but have seen neither in flower since.-W. ELTRINGHAM. 

The Peacock Butterfly. 

Apart from those bred from larvae brought home from the west coast, I have seen a 

Peacock in Northumberland on three separate occasions, twice in 1906 and once two or three 

years later, always in my garden at Ninebanks, some four miles from the Cumberland boundary. 

Now I am living in hope, for at the annual meeting of the Berwickshire Naturalists a Peacock 

taken this year near Duns was on exhibition, and while we were examining it Mrs. Leather, of 

Middleton Hall (just a mile away from here), informed me that she had seen several at the 

dahlias in the garden at that place in September, 1937, but had not noticed any this year.-J. E. H. 

Light Sensitive Caterpillars. 

In the August number of The Vasculum I reported that the larvae of the November 

Moth (Oporinia autumnata) were light sensitive. It might have been added that those of the 

December Moth .(Poecilocampa populi), belongingto the Lasiocampidae, a widely removed 

family, display the same phenomenon. When working in Glen Doll and Glen Clava I found, as 

was the case on Raasay, that the species was not uncommon on alder. On that tree, the long 

ventrally flattened larvae rest closely adpressed to the alder twigs. Influenced by their 

surroundings, they by degrees assume the same darkish tones. In this area (Northumberland and 

Durham), the insect favours alder as well as birch, and more rarely oak; I was therefore greatly 

surprised in Glen Doll when I knocked a series of larvae out of the Eared Sallow (Salix aurita) 

where their resting places are necessarily pale in hue. Reacting once more to their environment, 

everyone of these was very light in colour and variegated with a still lighter, or even whitish, 

regular pattern.- J. W. H. H. 

Food Plants of the Scalloped Oak (Crocallis elinguaria). 

In the Birtley (North Durham area) this moth invariably feeds on hawthorn although 

not so far away it eats sloe, birch, oak, bramble and many other plants. Still further westward, in 

the moorland areas, it feeds on heather which also provides its food in the Isle of Rhum, Raasay, 

etc. On the other hand, in South Rona, I found eggs on Salix auritaa, One of the strangest foods 

chosen by the insect, however, is red currant, upon which I noted it in Glen Clava. It should be 

added that once again we are concerned with an insect in which the larval colours respond to 

those of the environment, for the Glen Clova examples displayed an amazing adaptive 

colouration , These facts will be developed further when my main papers on the Glen Clova and 

Glen Doll observations are published.-J. W. H. H.

142 

Is the Green-veined White ever an Immigrant? 

Of recent years I have noticed several statements that our sedentary populations of 

the three common white butterflies are liable to be reinforced by immigration. This is 

undoubtedly true in the case of the Large White (Pieris brassicae) and, to a less extent, of the 

Small White (P. rapae). It seems to me to have no validity at all in respect to the Green Vein. 

That species develops well marked local races in this country as, for instance, in Fifeshire and 

other districts. If these were contaminated by wandering groups from over the sea or elsewhere, 

then a shift in the mean of the populations should be observable. Some of these races have been 

under observation for over thirty years, and I feel quite sure that no change in facies has occurred. 

In other words, one is bound to infer that no immigrants have appeared to influence the stocks. 

Besides, has anyone ever produced the slightest evidence that the insect is prone to migrate?- 

J.W.H.H. 

The Northward Spread of the Peacock Butterfly. 

Nearly every year of my life I have visited relations on the coast of 

Kirkcudbrightshire between Gatehouse-of-Fleet and Creetown. From 1910 to 1924 I collected 

lepidoptera with considerable ardour, and would claim to have combed that district pretty 

thoroughly. I never saw Nymphalis io once, and did not know of any Scottish record. 

Last year I was shooting in the same district in mid-Septernber , and was astonished by the 

appearance of the Peacock in great numbers on the stone dykes between fields and shore. I still 

collect, but no longer have time to display the same zeal as before and rarely publish notes; 

otherwise I should have recorded the fact. 

This year I saw a single Nymphalis io on a Buddleia in our own near Strathpeffer, Ross-shire; 

this was on September 20th. 

These occurrences seem to supply confirmation of Professor Heslop Harrison's opinions 

concerning the northward extension of the species which he has developed as a result of his 

observations in the Islands of Coll, Raasay and Barra.-D. GORDON. 

RECORDS. 

BIRDS. 

Corvus c. cornix L. The Hooded Crow. 68 

Two, immature but fully fledged, were seen at Craster on July 3rd and 5th by J. M. 

Craster. One of them was shot at the same place on July 17th. 

Athene noctua vidalii Brehm. The Little Owl. 66 

One was seen at Thornley on June 18th by A. Todd. 

Falco p. peregrinus Tunst. The Peregrine Falcon. 66 

A pair attempted to breed on Falcon Clints, Upper Teesdale. They were seen on May 

8th by G. W. Temperley; but shortly afterwards reported that both birds had been 

shot off nest. 

Pernis a. apivorus (L.). The Honey Buzzard. 66 

An adult female was shot at Hylron, near Sunderland, on September 30th. It was an 

exceptionally dark bird.-G. W. T.

143 

Pandion h. haliastus (L.). The Osprey. 67 

One remained in the Tyne valley for several weeks in May and June. (See page 119.) 

Platalea l. leucorodia L. The Spoonbill. 68 

Two birds remained on the Northumberland coast from June 22nd till August 9th. 

(See page 118.) 

Chlidonias n. niger (L.). The Black Tern. 68 

One, in winter plumage, was seen feeding over the estuary of the Aln on the evening 

of September 20th by F. J. Nattrass. 

Chlidonias l. leucopareius (Temm.). The Whiskered Tern. 68 

One remained in Budle Bay from June 18th until the first week in August. (See page 

120.) 

INSECTS. 

LEPIDOPTERA. Butterflies and Moths. 

Vanessa io Peacock. 66 

My brother reports a male on dahlia flowers in Barnes Park, Sunderland, September 

10th. Two days later he saw what was probably the same insect in the same Park.-J. 

NEWTON. 

Scoliopteryx libatrix Herald. 66 

One at sugar this year in May; the first I have seen in Sunderland.-J. N. 

Acherontia atropos. Death's Head Hawk. 66,68 

Imago, Sunderland, June 30th.-W. ATKINSON. 

Larvae; Ross, Belford, one September 8th; another September 29 th ; Easington, 

Belford, one October th.-J. E. H. 

Pararge megaera. Wall Butterfly. 66 

A male at Ryhope, August 27 th , in fairly good condition. –J. NEWTON 

Aphantopus hyperanthus. The Ringlet. 68 

A single example (var. arete) on Belford Moor, August 1st.-J. E. H. 

Hadena unanimis Tr. 67 

Larvae abundant on the grass Phalaris arundinacea in the pond in which OEnanthe 

Phellondrium grows near Wooler.-J. W. H. H. 

Anaitis plagiata L. Treble-bar. 67 

On September 15th at Corbridge, a very late date; this may be a second brood 

example, but I doubt it.-J. W. H. H. 

Camptogramma bilineata L. Shell. 66 

On September 8th at Birtley, an exceedingly late occurrence, more specially as the 

species began to appear in late June.- J. W. H. H. 

CECIDOMYIDAE. Gall-gnats. 

Perrisia gentianae Kieff. 66 

Not rare on Gentiana amarella on Widdy Bank Fell.-J. W. H. H. 

Perrisia hygrophila Mik 67,68 

Not uncommon on Galium. p alustre at Simonburn, Barrasford, Wark, 

Coldmartin.-J. W. H. H.

144 

ARACHNIDA. 

ARANEAE. Spiders. 

Dysdera crocota. 68 

A fine female was found by my wife under the sink in her still-room, September 

16th (Belford Vicarage). This is the first seen since the destruction of the churchyard 

wall which was the head- quarters of the species.- J. E. H. 

ACARI. Mites 

ANALGIDAE. Feather Mites. 

Alloptes modularis Berl. 68 

Both sexes on the flight feathers of a Blackbird, Belford Vicarage, June 28th.-J. E. H. 


Ulmus nitens Moench. 68 

There is a fine specimen of this tree on the south bank of the stream about midway 

between Langleeford and Langleeford Hope. The elongated and very asymmetrical 

leaves give it a very distinctive appearance even at a distance.-J. E. H. 

Veronica hybrida L. 68 

Belford Vicarage. A single plant sprang up in the garden this summer on a bit of 

stonework which had not been touched in any way for several years.-J. E. H. 

Fumaria vaillantii Lois. 68 

A small-flowered Fumitory (with tiny sepals and ascending pedicels much longer 

than the bract) apparently of this species sprang up freely with boraei on a patch of 

soil laid bare during building operations at Belford.-J. E. H. 

Viola obtusifolia Jord. 

V. arvatica Jord. 68 

These (as determined from Butcher's diagnoses) both occurred in a wheat field at the 

Chesters, Belford.-J. E. H. 

Corydalis claviculata. Climbing Fumitory. 67 

In a gorge on the Wark Burn, but showing no signs of climbing. -J. W. H. H. 

Pimpinella major Huds. 67 

Sparingly in the Barrasford area.-J. \\T. H. H. 

Rosa glaucophylla Winch. 67 

In addition to the usual subcristata and Reuteri forms growing near Simonburn, I 

collected asubcanina variety remarkable in respect to the conical nature of the disc 

and the size of its orifice. The cone was exaggerated to an extent rarely seen in 

canina forms, whilst the orifice was just as small as in that species. The sepalswere 

reflexed on the ripe fruit and deciduous, whilst the flattish woolly head of style was 

just as marked as in ordinary R. glaucophylla.-J. W H. H.

1938 - The Vasculum

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