Vlok et al. 2005_Klein Karoo Vegetation Report

Project team: 

A VEGETATION MAP 

FOR THE LITTLE KAROO. 

A project supported by: 

Jan Vlok, Regalis Environmental Services, P.O. Box 1512, 

Oudtshoorn, 6620. 

Richard Cowling, University of Port Elizabeth, P.O. Box 1600, Port 

Elizabeth, 6000. 

Trevor Wolf, P.O. Box 2779, Knysna, 6570. 

Suggested reference to maps and this report: 

Date of Report: March 2005. 

Vlok, J.H.J., Cowling, R.M. & Wolf, T., 2005. A vegetation map for the Little 

Karoo. Unpublished maps and report for a SKEP project supported by CEPF 

grant no 1064410304.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: 

Stakeholders in the southern karoo region of the SKEP project identified the need 

for a more detailed vegetation map of the Little Karoo region. CEPF funded the 

project team to map the vegetation of the Little Karoo region (ca. 20 000 km ²) at 

a scale of 1:50 000. The main outputs required were to classify, map and describe 

the vegetation in such a way that end-users could use the digital maps at four 

different tiers. Results of this study were also to be presented to stakeholders in 

the region to solicit their opinion about the dissemination of the products of this 

project and to suggest how this project should be developed further. 

In this document we explain how a six-tier vegetation classification system was 

developed, tested and improved in the field and the vegetation was mapped. Some 

A3-sized examples of the vegetation maps are provided, with the full datasets 

available in digital (ARCVIEW) format. 

A total of 56 habitat types, that comprises 369 vegetation units, were identified 

and mapped in the Little Karoo region. All of these units constitute critical 

components of the Little Karoo environment that must be understood before 

rational decisions and actions are taken to conserve the biodiversity of the region. 

To simplify understanding of the often complex vegetation of the Little Karoo the 

environment is described and discussed as 32 major habitat types. Diagnostic 

descriptions are also provided for each of the 369 vegetation units identified in the 

Little Karoo region. These descriptions are grouped following the proposed 32 

major habitat types. These descriptions and a photo of approximately 80% of the 

units are also provided in digital format and they have been linked to the 

ARCVIEW database. 

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The outcomes of a workshop held to determine how the products of this project 

should be disseminated and developed are also presented here. Major actions 

recommended by the delegates are as follows; 

Make maps and reports of this study easily accessible to all stakeholders. 

Capacitate civil society and important decision makers to read the maps 

and documents of this report. 

Prepare a field guide that would be useful to land owners, - mangers and 

tourists. 

Prepare a conservation plan for the Little Karoo of which the outcomes 

will be clear and useful to all the affected parties in the region. 

Revise the current carrying capacity map for animals in the region. 

Provide recommendations on a fire protection plan for the region. 

Extend vegetation map to adjacent areas in a similar format. 

Determine environmental water requirements of the local aquatic systems. 

Prepare a field guide on the flora of the Little Karoo. 

Market the biodiversity of the Little Karoo environment better. 

3

CONTENTS 

PAGE 

1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………... 05 

2. STUDY AREA, PROPOSED CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 

AND METHODS USED TO MAP THE LITTLE KAROO 

VEGETATION UNITS …………………………………………. 07 

2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………….. 07 

2.2 Study area ……………………………………………………. 08 

2.3 Proposed hierarchy and classification system ……………….. 10 

2.4 Methods used to sample vegetation, record the data and 

to map the vegetation ……………………………………….. 16 

2.5 References …………………………………………………… 17 

3. RESULTS ………………………………………………………. 19 

3.1 Altered classification system ………………………………. 19 

3.2 Ecosystem concept in altered classification system ………… 23 

3.3 Biome concepts ……………………………………………… 23 

3.4 Habitat type concepts ………………………………………… 24 

3.5 Regional (bio-geographic) concepts ………………………….. 25 

3.6 Sectors ………………………………………………………… 26 

3.7 Solid versus mosaic vegetation units …………………………. 27 

3.8 Spatial extent of vegetation units …………………………….. 29 

4. HABITAT UNITS ……………………………………………… 34 

4.1 A basic framework to understand the Little Karoo vegetation 34 

4.2 Aquatic Units ………………………………………………… 36 

4.3 Terrestrial Units ……………………………………………… 41 

5. UNIT DESCRIPTIONS …………………………………………. 82 

5.1 Sequence and style of description of vegetation units ………... 82 

5.2 Aquatic Units …………………………………………………. 84 

5.3 Terrestrial Units ……………………………………………… 92 

6. THE WAY FORWARD AS INDICATED BY STAKEHOLDERS 221 

Appendix One: Notes made at SKEP fine scale mapping workshop. 

4

1. Introduction 

Participants at a Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Planning (SKEP) workshop, held in 

Oudtshoorn on 25-26 March 2003, identified the need for a vegetation map of the Little 

Karoo region. They indicated that a detailed map of the vegetation of the Little Karoo 

region is required to provide baseline information for informed decision-making on 

conservation, sustainable commercial farming and land-use planning in the region. The 

ultimate purpose of this vegetation map, and hence this project, is to enable landowners, 

land managers, environmental conservation agencies and regional planners to take 

informed decisions on sustainable land-use practices and when determining priorities for 

conservation projects in the Little Karoo region. 

The Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Planning (SKEP) project identified the Little Karoo 

map project as a high priority for their Southern Karoo sub-region and Regalis 

Environmental Services CC approached the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund 

(CEPF) for potential funding for this project. The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund is 

a joint initiative of Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the 

Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. A fundamental 

goal is to ensure civil society is engaged in biodiversity conservation. The Critical 

Ecosystem Partnership Fund subsequently afforded a grant to Regalis Environmental 

Services to proceed with the project. The four main outputs required in this project are as 

follows; 

1. To produce a map of all the vegetation units that occur in the Little Karoo area at 

a scale of 1:50 000 in electronic (ArcView) format at each of the four tiers of the 

vegetation classification system. 

2. To produce a document in which the four-tier classification system is described 

and in which diagnostic descriptions and illustrations are provided for all the 

vegetation units that have been mapped in the Little Karoo. 

3. The vegetation transformation layers that will be produced by an affiliated project 

must be ground truthed. 

5

4. All the relevant stakeholders agree upon a way in which a fine-scale conservation 

plan will be developed for the critical natural capital of the Little Karoo. 

The latter point pertains to a potential continuation of the project after the vegetation map 

and transformation layers for the vegetation of the Little Karoo have been produced. In 

this document only the results of the field survey for the vegetation map are presented. 

The project team for this project entitled “A vegetation Map for the Little Karoo.” 

consisted of; 

1. Prof. R.M. Cowling (Terrestrial Ecology Research Unit, University of Port 

Elizabeth), who supervised and provided guidance in the development of the 

project. 

2. Mr. J.H.J. Vlok (Regalis Environmental Services, Oudtshoorn), who mapped the 

vegetation and described the vegetation units. 

3. Mr. T. Wolf (Trevor Wolf, Knysna), who was responsible for digitizing and the 

production of the electronic maps. 

4. Me. Elna van den Berg (Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Potchefstroom), 

who prepared the hard copies of the LANDAT images used to map the vegetation. 

The project team wishes to acknowledge and thank the Critical Ecosystem Partnership 

Fund for the grant that funded this project (Grant Code 1064410304). We also wish to 

thank the delegates that attended a workshop, held on the 22 nd November 2004 in 

Oudtshoorn, to present the mapping results of this project and to discuss the main 

requirements of stakeholders during a second phase of this project. We are very grateful 

to Marina Moller and Susan Botha for assistance during this workshop and for keeping 

minutes of the meeting. The outcomes of this workshop are summarized in Chapter 6. 

Lastly Jan Vlok wishes to thank all the landowners who provided permission to access 

their land and especially my wife Anne Lise and daughter Marlene for their patience and 

support during this study. 

6

2. Study area, proposed classification system and methods used to map the Little 

Karoo vegetation units. 

2.1 Introduction: 

The two most important factors that determine the approach that should be followed 

when vegetation is mapped are: (i) the requirements of the end users, and (ii) the 

resources available. Adequate time and resources are rarely available to satisfy all the 

wishes of the end-users, which implies that one must plan the final output carefully. Here 

I will explain how I planned the mapping work and the methods I used. 

In this case the requirements of the end-users were identified at a Succulent Karoo 

Ecosystem Planning (SKEP) workshop held in Oudtshoorn. The participants indicated 

that a detailed map of the vegetation of the Little Karoo region is required to provide 

baseline information for informed decision-making on conservation, sustainable 

commercial farming and land-use planning matters in the region. The main purpose of 

this map thus being to facilitate people in the agricultural, conservation and regional 

planning sectors to identify and locate areas that are sensitive to the current and future 

land-use practices of the region. The vegetation map will thus be used to locate sensitive 

areas, either since they contain unique biodiversity components, or because vital life- 

supporting ecological processes are operating in these areas. 

In this project time and resources have also been limited. In this project an area of 2 343 

900 ha had to be sampled and mapped within a six month period. Approximately 40 000 

ha had to be sampled and mapped during each day of field survey time available. Taking 

the end-user requirements and limited time available into consideration, the most 

appropriate scale at which the units could be mapped is 1:50 000. Any finer scale map 

would have required considerable more resources and time, whilst any coarser scale 

would not produce a reasonably useful map to the end users. 

7

The units recognized in this project thus do not represent vegetation units in the strict 

Braun-Blanquet school of thought, but rather functional units that constitute one or more 

of the following; 

1. Aquatic and terrestrial vegetation that contain biodiversity components endemic 

at a local to a regional scale. 

2. Aquatic and terrestrial vegetation units that have unique structural and/or floristic 

characteristics. 

3. Units in which ecosystem processes are operating that are vital for the people of 

the region, including water sources, water drainage systems and rangelands. 

4. Units that have intrinsic vulnerabilities, e.g. sensitive to soil erosion, nutrient 

enrichment, biodiversity vulnerable to physical disturbance, etc. 

5. Units in which it is vital to retain certain ecological processes that are required to 

maintain biodiversity pattern on a local to regional scale. These processes include 

occurrence of fire, migration corridors for fauna and flora and interactions 

between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. 

2.2 Study area. 

The exact extent of the Little Karoo is a debatable point. Here I followed the generally 

acceptable concept that it consists of the land that lies between the coastal mountain 

range (Langeberg-Outeniqua to Tsitsikamma mountains) and the inland mountain range 

(Witteberg-Swartberg to Baviaanskloof mountains), from Montagu in the west to 

Uniondale in the east (cf. Moriarty, 1982). 

Perhaps even more debatable is the question, which vegetation types should be regarded 

as belonging to the Little Karoo. Here that debate is evaded by including all the 

vegetation types that occurs within the Little Karoo region as denoted above. An effort 

was made to follow municipal boundaries, but this was not possible for the Laingsburg, 

Prince Albert, Breede and Langeberg municipalities (see Figure 2.1). Their domains 

encompass vast areas that cannot be considered as being part of the Little Karoo region. It 

was, however, possible to include the entire Kannaland, Oudtshoorn and South Cape 

8

municipal areas. In the west the Breede River municipality boundary was used as a 

boundary (the reason why the Koo valley is excluded) and in the east the South Cape 

municipality boundary was followed (the reason why part of the Kouga mountain and the 

upper Langkloof is included). The remainder of the southern boundary follows the crest 

of the watershed of the Langeberg-Outeniqua mountain ranges. The northern boundary 

follows those of the South Cape and Oudtshoorn boundaries up to the northernmost point 

of the Oudtshoorn municipality, from here it runs in a straight line westward to include 

the entire Klein Swartberg mountain complex (figure 2.1). Some Succulent Karoo 

vegetation north of the Groot Swartberg mountain complex has been excluded, but some 

pragmatic cut-off line had to be chosen. Here I tried to consolidate natural watershed 

boundaries of streams that drain directly into the Little Karoo region with those of at least 

all the major municipalities within the Little Karoo. 

9

2.3 Proposed hierarchy and classification system. 

Taking all of the above into account a simplistic hypothetical model was developed to 

rapidly identify vegetation units in the field. The hypothetical model has six hierarchical 

levels to ensure that information will be captured from a local to a regional scale. The six 

tiers are as follows; 

1. At the first tier a simple split between aquatic and terrestrial systems. 

2. At the 2 nd tier the aquatic units are split between those that have fresh water 

permanently available and those that drain water seasonally or only have brack 

water permanently available. The terrestrial units are here split on the biome level 

(see Figure 2.2). 

3. At the 3 rd tier the units are split according to the major habitat types they 

represent. These habitat types mostly represent structural characteristics of the 

vegetation present (see Figure 2.2) 

4. At the 4 th tier the floristic component of the habitat type is considered with 

regards to its regional bio-geographical context. Mostly only widespread species 

present are considered here. For example, with each letter indicating a common 

widespread species and capitals relative abundance, the species composition at 

this regional scale tends to alter from ABCde, to BCDef, to DEFgh, etc. Each of 

these units is regarded as representing a regional bio-geographic unit. 

5. At the 5 th tier units are split according to the floristics of species with a limited 

distribution (local endemics) and/or the specific combination of the species 

dominant in the unit. For example, with dominance being indicated by capitals, 

the floristic component may change from ABcde, to BCdef, bCDef, or bCDeg. 

6. Finally at the 6 th tier terrestrial habitat units were split into two structural types, 

those that occur as solid unfragmented units (elements of only one biome present) 

and those that occur as mosaic units (elements typical of more than one biome 

present) See Figures 2.3 to 2.5 for Thicket, Succulent Karoo and fynbos 

examples. Freshwater aquatic units were split between those occurring on north 

versus south facing slopes, with no further differentiation in brackwater-systems. 

10

ECOSYSTEM BIOME HABITAT TYPE UNITS 

AQUATIC 

WATER RIVERS & FLOODPLAINS 17 

DRAINAGE PERENNIAL STREAMS 21 

80 WATER PERENNIAL WETLANDS 21 

SOURCES SEASONAL WETLANDS 21 

AFROMONTANE 

FOREST FOREST 2 

ARID THICKET + SPEKBOOM 

VALLEY THICKET + SPEKBOOM 

THICKET MOS RENOSTERVELD 

SUBTROPICAL ARID THICKET MOS SUCC KAROO 100 

THICKET ARID THICKET MOSAIC RENOSTER 

ARID THICKET MOSAIC FYNBOS 

VALLEY THICKET MOS SUC KAROO 

VALLEY THICKET MOS RENOSTER 

VALLEY THICKET MOSAIC FYNBOS 

RANDTEVELD 

APRONVELD 

SUCCULENT GANNAVELD 140 

KAROO QUARTZVELD 

KALKVELD 

TERRESTRIAL SANDVELD 

508 SUCC KAROO MOS ARID RENOSTER 

MESIC RENOSTERVELD 

ARID RENOSTERVELD 

RENOSTERVELD RENOSTERVELD MOS PROT FYNBOS114 

RENOSTERVELD MOS GRASSY FYNB 

RENOSTERVELD MOS ARID FYNBOS 

RENOSTERVELD MOS WABOOM 

SUBALPINE 

ERICACEOUS 

MESIC PROTEOID 

FYNBOS ARID PROTEID 152 

GRASSY 

ARID RESTIOID 

ARID ASTERACEOUS 

WABOOMVELD 

TOTAL NUMBER OF PREDICTED UNITS 588 

Figure 2.2: First 3-tiers of hierarchy proposed for Little Karoo vegetation units. 

The predicted number of units in each class is also indicated. 

11

BIOME HABITAT TYPE REGION SECTOR HABITAT UNIT 

SUBTROPICAL 

GOURITS GOURITS SOLID 

ARID THICKET + GAMKA GAMKA SOLID 

SPEKBOOM EASTERN GROOT GROOT SOLID 

GOURITS GOURITS SOLID 

VALLEY THICKET + GAMKA GAMKA SOLID 

SPEKBOOM EASTERN GROOT GROOT SOLID 

THICKET MOS BREEDE BREEDE MOSAIC 

RENOSTERVELD GAMKA GAMKA MOSAIC 

THICKET WITTEBERG MOSAIC 

MATJIESGOED MOSAIC 

ELANDSBERG MOSAIC 

WABOOMSBERG MOSAIC 

GOURITS ANYS-TOUWBERG MOSAIC 

KLEINSWARTBERG MOSAIC 

LANGEBERG MOSAIC 

ARID THICKET MOS WARMWBERG MOSAIC 

SUCCULENT KAROO ROOI-GAMKA MOSAIC 

GROOTSWARTBERG MOSAIC 

GAMKA ROOI-GAMKA MOSAIC 

OUTENIQUABERG MOSAIC 

KAMANASSIE MOSAIC 

EASTERN GROOT ANTONIESBERG MOSAIC 

KOUGA MOSAIC 

Figure 2.3: Tiers 2-6 of hierarchy proposed for Subtropical Thicket vegetation in the 

Little Karoo domain. 


DEBOERS WITTEBERG SOLID 

ELANDSBERG SOLID 

WABOOMSBERG SOLID 

BREEDE W-LANGEBERG SOLID 

WARMWBERG SOLID 

TOUWS KLEINSWART SOLID 

ANYS-TOUWBERG SOLID 

GAMKA W-GROOTSWART SOLID 

FYNBOS SUBALPINE C-GROOTSWART SOLID 

C-LANGEBERG SOLID 

GOURITS ROOI-GAMKA SOLID 

INLAND-OUTENIQ SOLID 

W-OUTENIQUA SOLID 

OUTENIQUA E-OUTENIQUA SOLID 

KAMANASSIE SOLID 

E GROOT E-GROOTSWART SOLID 

ANTONIESBERG SOLID 

KEUR-KOUGA KOUGA SOLID 

TSITSIKAMMA SOLID 

ERICACEOUS SIMILAR TO ABOVE SOLID 

MESIC PROTEOID SIMILAR TO ABOVE SOLID 

ARID PROTEOID SIMILAR TO ABOVE SOLID 

Figure 2.4: Tiers 2-6 of hierarchy proposed for the Fynbos vegetation in the study area. 

12


MATJIESFONTEIN SOLID 

DEBOERS WITTEBERG SOLID 

MATJIESGOED SOLID 

MONTAGU SOLID 

TRADOUWS SOLID 

BREEDE BARRYDALE SOLID 

WABOOMSBERG SOLID 

LAINGSBURG SOLID 

FLORISKRAAL SOLID 

BUFFELS SPREEUFONTEIN SOLID 

SUCCULENT ROUXPOS SOLID 

KAROO RANDTEVELD 

APRONVELD TOUWSFONTEIN SOLID 

GANNAVELD TOUWS LADISMITH SOLID 

QUARTZVELD 

ect. MUISKRAAL SOLID 

SUCC KAROO 

GOURITS BAKOOND SOLID 

VANWYKSDORP SOLID 

GAMKAPOORT SOLID 

GAMKA KANDELAARS SOLID 

BARANDAS SOLID 

E GROOT HARTBEESVLAKTE SOLID 

MOS RENOSTER SIMILAR TO ABOVE MOSAIC 

Figure 2.5: Tiers 2-6 of hierarchy proposed for the Succulent Karoo vegetation in the 

study area. 

Most challenging in the development of the hypothetical model was to align regional 

units (tiers 4& 5) for the different ecosystems, as each of these ecosystems have their 

own intrinsic biogeographical patterns. It is easy to recognize habitat units at a local 

level, but very hard to consolidate variance in these local units to portray true regional 

ecosystem units. Major river drainage systems were mostly used as predictors of regional 

bio-geographical changeover points, as was used by Vlok et al (2003) in their Subtropical 

Thicket study. 

To develop the proposed hierarchy I used the work of several previous workers in the 

region. At the biome level I mostly followed the biome concepts of Low and Rebelo 

(1995), here only differing in recognizing Renosterveld at the biome level while they 

regard it as part of the Fynbos biome. Although some Renosterveld units clearly relate 

closely to the Fynbos Biome, I departed from their classification as other Renosterveld 

types relate better with the Succulent Karoo and Subtropical Thicket biomes. In the 

13

hypothetical model I thus propose that the Renosterveld should be seen as a biome on its 

own that represents a transition from Fynbos to the Succulent Karoo and Subtropical 

Thicket biomes. 

A most useful reference to develop the proposed classification system has been the 

gradient analyses work of Bond (1981) for the vegetation of the coastal and inland 

mountain complexes of the eastern Little Karoo. His approach, and to some extent also 

that of Euston-Brown (1995), formed the basis for the proposed classification system. I 

also used some of the results of Campbell (1985) as a general framework for the fynbos, 

those of McDonald (1993) for the fynbos of the Langeberg and those of Taylor and van 

der Meulen (1981) for the fynbos of the Rooiberg mountain complex. Their conclusion 

that “… structural units and floristic associations closely correlate with each other and 

their distribution reflects the major environmental influences, …” is most reassuring that 

the approach followed here to recognize vegetation units is at least to some degree 

scientifically defendable, while being practical to indicate units “ … whose range of 

variation is small enough to permit the whole of it to have the same farming 

potentialities” (sensu Acocks, 1953), or “… structural homogeneous units will be 

characterized by particular life and growth forms and can be expected to react in a 

reasonably uniform way to treatment such as burning, and to use as grazing by game.” 

(sensu Taylor and van der Meulen, 1981). 

There is almost no published literature available that could help me to develop a 

workable classification system for the Succulent Karoo units in the Little Karoo region, 

probably the main reasons why the stakeholders requested this project. I thus had to 

develop a new classification approach for the Succulent Karoo vegetation. Here I follow 

a “landscape-ecology” approach, with some of the proposed concepts derived from 

already well-established concepts in the agricultural community. Concepts such as 

“Apronveld”, “Gannaveld” (sometimes called Vlakteveld), “Gwarrieveld”, “Randteveld”, 

etc. are used often to refer to certain landscape units within the Succulent Karoo biome. 

They are often used in the general literature (cf. le Roux et al, 1994; Shearing, 1994), but 

the exact origin of these concepts is not known. 

14

For the Subtropical Thicket biome I followed Vlok et al (2003). The only potentially 

controversial aspect in their classification system may be that most of the Thicket mosaic 

units are regarded as belonging to the Subtropical Thicket biome, irrespective of the 

nature of the matrix vegetation type. This approach implies that the matrix vegetation 

“invaded” the area after the Thicket vegetation became fragmented, due to changes in the 

climate, or whatever other reason. I uphold their classification proposal. Others feeling 

uncomfortable with this approach can easily alter the biome level category by noting the 

nature of the matrix vegetation as indicated in the habitat type classification (3 rd tier). For 

instance, if you would rather classify “Gwarrieveld” types as belonging to the Succulent 

Karoo biome, you will note at the 3 rd tier that the habitat type indicates all these units as 

Mosaic with Succulent Karoo. For these you only need to alter the 2 nd tier to Succulent 

Karoo and “bingo”, you have created your own new biome level map. This is certainly 

the biggest advantage of the proposed 6-tier classification system. The database is easily 

manipulated to create whatever map you require for your own purposes. 

The proposed hypothetical model predicts that a total of 588 vegetation units would occur 

within the study area. This is obviously far to many, as the hypothetical model assumes 

consistent variance in topography, edaphic conditions and rainfall within the landscapes 

of the different regions. From the onset I knew that many of the predicted vegetation 

units do not occur in certain areas, e.g. not all the mountains are high enough to have 

Subalpine Fynbos and that quartz patches are rare in the eastern Little Karoo. The main 

reason for following the rather rigid proposed classification system is threefold. To 

record the data of each vegetation unit consistently at all 6 tiers (for easy reference and 

manipulation afterwards), to be able to recognize units rapidly and to see which ones are 

present that were not predicted. 

15

2.4 Methods used to sample vegetation, record the data and to map the vegetation. 

The study area was sampled systematically, from April to September 2004, from the 

northwestern boundary in a southerly and thereafter easterly direction. I followed public 

roads to access the areas, but wherever possible also accessed private properties to 

sample the vegetation. Where possible I surveyed areas by climbing up a high hill or 

mountain slope to get an overview of the area. Both structure and floristic component 

were used as indicators of changes in the vegetation units. Each unit was sampled by 

walking at least 200 meters into the unit, noting the species dominant in the unit and 

where possible, the occurrence of localized endemic species. Not much time could be 

spent hunting for rare species and I rarely had time to record much more than the 

common and abundant species present, limited sampling thus obviously a shortcoming in 

this study. I doubt, however, if much more sampling would have altered the number and 

extent of the recognized units. The unit descriptions would have been better, but probably 

not the vegetation map that has been produced. No quantitative data were thus collected 

for the vegetation units during this study. Only the major species composition was noted 

with nomenclature of species following Goldblatt and Manning (2000). 

The working hypothesis throughout the field survey was that all the areas that were 

surveyed represented untransformed vegetation, until I found evidence (e.g. in a fence 

line contrast) that the vegetation has been transformed. Care was thus taken not to 

recognize highly transformed areas as unique units. Transformation was detected by 

noting the relative abundance of indicators of transformation (e.g. Augea capensis, 

Cotyledon orbiculare, Enneapogon spp., Galenia africana, Leipoldtia schultzei, 

Malephora lutea, etc.) and a lack of alpha- and beta-diversity within the unit. Another 

useful indicator of veld condition is the physical condition and relative abundance of 

highly palatable plant species (e.g. Berkeya spinosa, Felicia filifolia, Hermannia 

cuneifolia, Hermannia filifolia, Hirpicium alienatum, Pappea capensis, Portulacaria 

afra, Salsola tuberculata, Schotia afra, Tripteris sinuatum, etc.) and, where present, the 

condition of the “heuweltjies” (termataria) in the unit. The condition of the vegetation in 

the corners of grazing camps is often also a good indication of general veld condition. 

16

Where the corners of a camp are heavily trampled, the vegetation in the rest of the camp 

is usually also in a poor condition. 

Once I was reasonably sure I understood the parameters of a unit, its boundaries were 

mapped on a hard copy of a LANDSAT image printed at a scale of 1:50 000. Each of 

these mapped polygons was coded with a unique number and the vegetation unit data 

recorded according to the hypothetical 6-tier classification system. Where unpredicted 

units were found, the hierarchy was adjusted to accommodate these new units. The 

polygon boundaries were digitized from the hard copy maps by Mr. Trevor Wolf to 

capture the data in a GIS (ArcView 3.2 Redlands CA). 

2.5 References. 

Acocks, J.P.H., 1953. Veld types of South Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of 

South Africa 28: 1-128. 

Bond, W.J., 1981. Vegetation gradients in southern Cape mountains. MSc Thesis. 

University of Cape Town. 

Campbell, B.M., 1985. A classification of the mountain vegetation of the fynbos biome. 

Memoirs of the Botanical survey of South Africa 50: 1-115. 

Euston-Brown, D.I.W., 1995. Environmental and dynamic determinants of vegetation 

distribution in the Kouga and Baviaanskloof Mountains. MSc Thesis. University 

of Cape Town. 

Goldblatt, P. & Manning, J., 2000. Cape Plants. A conspectus of the Cape flora of South 

Arica. Strelitzia 9: 1-743 

Le Roux, P.M., Kotze, C.D., Nel, G.P. & Glen, H.F., 1994. Bossieveld. Bulletin 428: 1- 

17

291, Department of Agriculture, Pretoria. 

Low, A.B. & Rebelo, A.G., 1996. Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. 

Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria. 

McDonald, D.J., 1993. The vegetation of the southern Langeberg, Cape province. 3. The 

plant communities of the Bergfontein, Rooiwaterspruit and Phesantefontein areas. 

Bothalia 23(2): 239-263. 

Moriarty, A., 1982. Outeniqua, Tsitsikamma en oostelike Klein Karoo. Wildflower 

guides of South Africa 2: 1-208. Botanical Society of South Africa, Cape Town. 

Taylor, H.C. & van der Meulen, F., 1981. Structural and floristic classifications of Cape 

mountain Fynbos on Rooiberg, southern Cape. Bothalia 13(3&4): 557-567. 

Shearing, D., 1994. Karoo. Wildflower guides of South Africa 6: 1-192. Botanical 

Society of South Africa, Cape Town. 

Vlok, J.H.J., Euston-Brown, D.I.W. & Cowling R.M., 2003. Acocks’ Valley Bushveld 50 

years on: new perspectives on the delimitation, characterization and origin of 

subtropical thicket vegetation. South African Journal of Botany 69(1): 27-51. 

18

3. Results 

In this chapter I briefly summarize the main results of the field study, where 369 

vegetation units were mapped in 2728 polygons. Below I discuss alterations to the 

proposed classification model and provide an adapted classification system for the 

vegetation units. New concepts developed within the six-tiers of the classification system 

are also discussed here. 

Finally maps are provided to indicate the extent and distribution of the Little Karoo 

vegetation at five different levels of the classification system developed during this study. 

The A3-sized maps (Maps 3.1-3.5) provided here are obviously grossly inadequate to 

give the reader detailed information. These maps are also available in digital format that 

can be used at a scale up to 1:50 000 (in Arc Explorer or Arc View 3.2). Please note that 

these maps should not be used at a scale lower than 1:50 000, even though these maps 

can be enlarged easily beyond this level in digital format. The field mapping accuracy is 

estimated to be within 100 meter either side of the exact position (thus 2mm error at 

mapping scale of 1:50 000). If the digital map scale is, for instance enlarged to 1:20 000, 

the mapping error in the field will be inflated 2.5 times. 

3.1 Altered classification system 

The proposed classification system (Figure 2.2) was a very useful guide to identify and 

classify most of the units found in the veld. In seeing reality in the veld the system had to 

be altered to some degree though, mostly due to two factors; (i) consequence of scale of 

mapping, and (ii) occurrence of unanticipated vegetation units. 

The 1:50 000 scale of mapping employed was too coarse to map some of the proposed 

units that have a very limited spatial extent. Within the Aquatic Ecosystem (1 st tier) I 

could not map the perennial and seasonal wetlands, as they were often too small. They 

19

were consequently mapped as part of the perennial streams that drain the water from the 

uplands to the lowlands, here called the perennial stream units. The small pockets of 

Afromontane Forest that occur within the domain are largely restricted to narrow, fire- 

protected gorges in the Rooiberg and Swartberg mountains, usually with some permanent 

water stream running through them. Due to their limited spatial extent, I could not map 

the stream and the forest and regarded it more important to map an uninterrupted 

perennial stream. The Afromontane Forest unit was thus removed from the proposed 2 nd - 

tier of classification. 

Mapping all the fresh water streams running off the mountain ranges and their origin 

seepage zones as “perennial streams” often resulted in an already complex map within 

certain mountain ranges. Little room was left to map the proposed “Ericaceous Fynbos” 

and occasionally “Arid Proteoid” and “Mesic Proteoid” units where they occurred on the 

same mountain slope. In nature the vertical extent of these units may be extensive but on 

a map their horizontal axes is often small, an issue that depends on the steepness of the 

slope. Many of the “Ericaceous”, “Arid Proteoid” and “Mesic Proteoid” fynbos units that 

occur on steep slopes could thus not be mapped. The true number and extent of these 

units in the Little Karoo mountains cannot be shown on a map at a scale of 1:50 000. 

The scale of mapping also required changes to the proposed classification system for the 

envisaged “Sandveld” and “Quartzveld” units of the Succulent Karoo. The envisaged 

“Sandveld” is a real unit that occurs in small patches where gorges at the base of 

Sandstone mountains open into the lowlands. Due to their small spatial extend these units 

could not be mapped and are included in the newly proposed “Renosterveld Mosaic Arid 

Fynbos” units. The limited spatial extent of most of the quartz patches also rendered them 

very difficult to map at a scale of 1:50 000 and they were also mapped in the broader 

context of the matrix vegetation in which they occur. 

The divergent nature of the flora of the quartz patches that occurs in the Succulent Karoo 

was also not recognized in the proposed classification system. In the new classification 

system developed they have been split into three groups and are here called “Quartz 

20

Apronveld”, “Quartz Asbosveld” or “Quartz Gannaveld”, depending on the surrounding 

matrix vegetation. (See Figure 3.1). Closely related to the original “Quartzveld” concept 

is the newly introduced “Gravel Apronveld” concept. This unit is also rich in highly 

localized species, but differs from the “Quartz”-units in having terrace gravels (mostly 

Enon-like round pebbles) on the surface, rather than quartz pebbles. 

The concept of “Sandolienveld” is probably the most significant introduction amongst the 

unforeseen units. Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) is dominant or prominent in all 

these vegetation units, just as Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is in the currently 

established concept of Renosterveld. The floristic content of the “Sandolienveld” spans 

those of almost all the biomes in the region, with the dominant Sandolien probably best 

affiliated with Subtropical Thicket. The “Sandolienveld” is similar to “Renosterveld” in 

being part of a fire driven ecosystem and being dominated by a single species, but the 

main difference is that “Sandolienveld” mostly occurs on sandy to loamy soils, rather 

than the shale-derived soils typical of the Renosterveld. In a broader classification one 

could add Sandolienveld to the Renosterveld and recognize them as a series of 

“Transitional Fire-dependant Shrublands”. 

Another unforeseen vegetation concept that is here developed is that of “Asbosveld”. 

Asbosveld is a unit where Asbos (Pteronia incana) is the dominant or most common 

species and it is mostly restricted to deep clayey to loamy-clay soils. Renosterveld and 

Sandolienveld replace it rapidly where the soils have a higher fraction of sand. It may 

also occur as a mosaic with these units, where clayey patches occur in the other 

environments. Asbosveld is also fire-prone, but fires burn rarely here, perhaps only at a 

frequency of 50-years or more. 

The gradient from Sandolienveld to Renosterveld to Asbosveld corresponds strongly to a 

decrease in rainfall and an increase in nutrient status of the soils. All these units could 

thus be added to a new concept, “Transitional Fire-dependant Shrublands”. This aspect 

will be discussed in a following chapter. 

21

ECOSYSTEM BIOME HABITAT TYPE UNITS 

AQUATIC DRAIN River & floodplain 7 

SOURCE Stream 17 

Arid + Spekboom 2 

Arid + Spekboom + Fynbos 5 

Arid + Spekboom + S Karoo 18 

Arid + Spekboom + S Karoo + Sandolien 2 

Arid + Spekboom + Sandolien 1 

Arid Mos Asbosveld 5 

Arid Mos Fynbos 11 

Arid Mos Renosterveld 8 

SUBTROPICAL Arid Mos Sandolienveld 2 

THICKET Arid Mos Succulent Karoo 37 

Arid Mos Waboomveld 1 

Thicket Mos Asbosveld 1 

Thicket Mos Renosterveld 1 

Thicket Mos Waboomveld 2 

Valley + Spekboom 2 

Valley + Spekboom + Fynbos 1 

Valley + Spekboom + Renoster 1 

Valley + Spekboom + S Karoo 3 

Valley + Spekboom + Sandolien 1 

Valley Mos Succulent Karoo 3 

Apronveld 19 

Asbosveld 2 

Gannaveld 26 

SUCCULENT Gravel Apronveld 8 

KAROO Kalkveld 1 

Quartz Apronveld 8 

Quartz Asbosveld 3 

TERRESTRIAL Quartz Gannaveld 9 

Randteveld 20 

Scholtzbosveld 3 

Arid Renosterveld 1 

Mesic Renosterveld 8 

Mos Arid Fynbos 6 

Mos Asbosveld 8 

RENOSTERVELD Mos Grassy Fynbos 2 

Mos Proteoid Fynbos 1 

Mos Sandolienveld 8 

Mos Succulent Karoo 4 

Mos Waboomveld 7 

Arid Asteraceous 3 

Arid Proteoid 16 

Arid Restioid 6 

Ericaceous 3 

Grassy 9 

Grassy Mos Waboomveld 1 

Mesic Asteraceous 1 

MOUNTAIN Mesic Proteoid 18 

FYNBOS Mesic Proteoid Mos Waboomveld 1 

Restioid 2 

Sandolien 8 

Sandolien Mos Renosterveld 5 

Subalpine 5 

Waboomveld 15 

Waboomveld Mos Forest 1 

TOTAL NUMBER OF UNITS 369 

Figure 3.1: First 3-tiers of the final hierarchy proposed for the Little Karoo vegetation. 

22

3.2 Ecosystem concept in altered classification system 

Using the terms aquatic and terrestrial is not strictly correct. The units listed as aquatic 

units should probably be called hygrophilous vegetation units, but that is a long word. 

Here I will use the much simpler term aquatic as a collective term. With the term aquatic 

I here imply all those vegetation units that are highly water dependent and that occur in or 

alongside permanent or seasonal water drainage zones. In this study the spatial extent of 

the mapped aquatic units indicates the boundaries of the water dependant vegetation 

plant species. Please note that the mapped units do not necessarily indicate the actual 

width of the water drainage channel or the volume of water that drains through the area. 

The mapped units indicate where at least subsurface water is permanently available 

within these areas. In many cases these units may also have permanent surface water 

during the rain season, but the level and spatial extend of these will vary much. The 

subdivision in the two major aquatic habitat types indicates mostly if the available water 

is brack (containing fair amounts of salt and other solvents) or is if it is fresh (indicated as 

perennial steam). 

It is similarly incorrect to use the term terrestrial for the non- hygrophilous vegetation 

units, as it implies that the hygrophilous vegetation units are non-terrestrial. To evade big 

words I retain the name terrestrial for all those units that do not occur within water 

drainage zones. It should, however, be noted that the terrestrial units are connected to the 

upper ends of the aquatic units as they are the water runoff sites that are supplying the 

water to the water run-on sites (or aquatic units). 

3.3 Biome concepts 

With the exception of removing the Afromontane Forest biome, for reasons explained 

before, I retain the biome concepts as proposed in the original classification proposal. 

23

It seems more realistic to alter the current biome concept of Renosterveld by adding all 

the non-fynbos units that are also fire-prone into a new concept, the “Transitional Fire- 

dependant Shrublands” biome. Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and other 

closely related fine-leaved asteraceous shrubs are always present in all these units. Also 

present in these units (Figure 3.1) are the Thicket mosaic units (from Subtropical biome), 

Asbosveld and Quartz Asbosveld (from Succulent Karoo biome), Sandolien (and its 

mosaics) and Arid Asteraceous (from the Fynbos biome) units. Collating all these units 

with the current concept for Renosterveld may resolve many conceptual problems. Most 

useful in such an altered concept would be the removal of all the transitional units into 

one “messy” (or transitional) group that will clarify the spatial boundaries of all the other 

distinct fire-prone biomes much better. Recognition of such transitional units would also 

clarify the boundaries of non-fire prone systems, such as the solid Subtropical Thicket 

and Succulent Karoo biomes. Such a classification is not entirely unscientific as it will 

establish a “transitional biome” characterized by plant communities that are always 

dominated by a single species (Dodonaea angustifolia, Elytropappus rhinocerotis and 

Pteronia incana). One may perhaps extend this concept to for instance some of the Arid 

Restioid Fynbos units that are also dominated by a single species (e.g. Rhodocoma 

arida). I suggest that these units be called “Fire-prone Transitional Shrub- and 

Woodlands”. 

3.4 Habitat type concepts 

Most of the habitat concepts proposed at the 3 rd -tier of the classification system are 

retained. Only the forest and wetland habitat types were removed from the proposed 

system, because they could not be mapped at the 1:50 000 scale. 

A number of new habitat concepts are introduced. They mostly pertain to the unforeseen 

Asbosveld and Sandolienveld units and the refinement of the proposed Quartzveld 

concept that has been divided into Quartz Apronveld, Quartz Asbosveld, Quartz 

Gannaveld and Gravel Apronveld. Within the Fynbos biome I added the concept of 

24

Restioid Fynbos (as opposed to Arid Restioid Fynbos) and Mesic Asteraceous Fynbos, to 

accommodate units in more mesic sites. All the other newly proposed habitat concepts 

are mosaic unit combinations that I could not imagine to exist, e.g. Thicket mosaic with 

Waboomveld and Waboomveld mosaic with Forest. 

3.5 Regional (bio-geographic) concepts 

All of the originally proposed regional units have been retained. The only deviation from 

the originally proposed regional concepts is the reduction of the Keur-Kouga unit into the 

E Groot (Eastern Groot River) regional unit. I could not find any significant reason to 

separate the vegetation within the drainage areas of the Keurbooms and Kouga Rivers 

from those of the eastern Groot River. A summary of the number of vegetation units 

found in each region is provided in Table 3.1. 

Table 3.1: Number of vegetation units per biome in each of the bio-geographical 

regions formed by local river drainage zones. 

REGION AQUATIC 

THICKET SKAROO RENOSTER FYNBOS TOTAL 

De Boers 0 0 4 5 2 11 

Touws 0 3 51 10 16 80 

Groot 3 0 25 4 13 45 

Gourits 7 61 0 1 13 82 

Gamka 9 24 15 5 18 72 

Egroot 2 9 2 8 9 30 

Breede 3 10 2 9 10 33 

Outeniqua 0 0 0 3 13 16 

Total 24 107 99 45 94 369 

In most cases the floristic component of the different vegetation units correlated 

remarkably well with those of the water catchment of the different river systems. The 

only exception being Thicket vegetation typical of Gourits River region that extends well 

into Groot and Touws River systems. Note also that the Outeniqua region does not 

represent a river drainage area, it falls within the Gamka catchment area. I retained the 

25

Outeniqua region mostly because the Fynbos flora in this region differs significantly from 

those in the rest of the Gamka region. 

With a few exceptions, selected Little Karoo domain forms a reasonably well-defined and 

natural bio-geographical region. Only some of the units captured in the extreme 

northwestern section of the domain (here called De Boers) contain elements of a different 

flora that is better affiliated with those of the southern Tanqua-Swartruggens-Roggeveld 

region. The spatial extent of some of the Fynbos and Renosterveld units in the extreme 

eastern area have not been captured fully, because they extend beyond the eastern 

boundary of the South Cape municipal boundary. I thus believe that a conservation plan 

analyses for the selected domain will not provide skewed results for most of the 

vegetation units present in the area, with the only exceptions being those captured along 

the extreme northern and eastern boundaries of the planning domain. 

3. 6 Sectors 

At the 5 th tier, the sector concept recognizes local variance of the regional habitat type. 

The Regional habitat type may for instance be Gamka Apronveld, but the specific sector 

may be the Calitzdorp Apronveld that differs from other Gamka Apronveld types (e.g. 

Oudtshoorn Apronveld) in its floristic component, and/or because the structural 

characteristics of the vegetation differ in average height, prominence of “heuweltjies”, 

etc. No alteration to the proposed concept was required, but the predicted number of units 

was mostly too high. The only exception being the number of sectors in the Subtropical 

Thicket, especially Arid Thicket mosaic with Succulent Karoo. The very high number of 

these units is largely due to considerable variance in the matrix Succulent Karoo 

component. The only other unforeseen proliferation in number of units that had to be 

recognized was within the Gannaveld of the Succulent Karoo biome. I was most 

surprised to find that they varied so much from site to site. 

The number of recognized Aquatic and Renosterveld units is far fewer than the predicted 

number. This is mostly because the topography and rainfall pattern is not consistent 

26

throughout the area, with for instance the number of Renosterveld units tailing off rapidly 

towards the east. The difference in predicted versus finally recognized units clearly 

indicate the value of a field survey. No model would have been able to predict the true 

number of vegetation units in the Little Karoo domain. 

3.7 Solid versus mosaic vegetation units 

Solid vegetation units in this study are those that I could map at a 1:50 000 scale that 

consists of unbroken patches of vegetation where the plant communities present were 

uniform in their structure and in the species present. A stand of Arid Proteoid Fynbos was 

for example recorded as a solid vegetation unit when the area had little variance in its 

structure and the floristic component of the different communities was only a 

recombination of the same set of species. In sites where the local terrain is broken stands 

of an Arid Fynbos community may, for instance, only occur on southern slopes with the 

northern slopes consisting of for instance Renosterveld. In such cases the unit was 

recorded as a mosaic unit, simply because the northern and southern slopes of each hill 

could not be mapped as individual vegetation units at a scale of 1:50 000. In the latter 

case the unit would be recorded as Renosterveld mosaic with Arid Fynbos, or visa versa, 

depending on which vegetation type is the most abundant in the area (here called the 

matrix vegetation). The development of the vegetation mosaic concept is thus largely an 

attempt to resolve pragmatic problems to show complexity in the field that originates 

from the scale of mapping that is employed. Ideally one should employ a mapping scale 

that would resolve all the vegetation units to solid types. In the rather complex Little 

Karoo environment this probably implies a mapping scale of 1:5 000. Such a detailed 

map may satisfy the needs of some plant ecologists, but will be of little use to land 

managers – the focus of this study. To attain a balance between scientific credibility and 

end-user needs, I suggest that one should develop a classification and mapping system in 

which at least 50 percent of the recognized units can be mapped as solid vegetation units. 

27

In this study the recognition of vegetation units as solid or mosaic types largely thus 

depended on the spatial scale of mapping that was used. To understand the practical 

implications, keep in mind that a square of 10 mm X 10 mm represents approximately 25 

ha in the veld at a mapping scale of 1: 50 000. When reading a 1:50 000 map few people 

can comprehend information beyond those shown at a scale of 1cm². In this project I thus 

evaluated the structural and floristic component of the vegetation of the Little Karoo at 

the approximately 25 ha level, but a few exceptions where made where distinct tiny units 

contain unique biodiversity pattern, or where the vegetation occurs as long thin polygons 

(e.g. perennial streams). 

Many of the Succulent Karoo vegetation units here called solid vegetation units also have 

plant communities that are very patchy, with the species present in the different plant 

communities changing rapidly from one patch to the next. These vegetation units also 

have a high degree of species turnover (beta-diversity), but the important difference is 

that these communities are structurally similar. In these patchy Succulent Karoo 

vegetation units the individual plant communities are often quite small (less than 1 ha), as 

for instance in the very divergent communities present on and off “heuweltjies” in 

Gannaveld. 

Apart from structural composition I also considered the floristic affiliation of the patchy 

communities present in a unit. Where the floristic affiliation of the plants present in the 

different communities is similar, I do not call them mosaic vegetation units, but called 

them solid units. This is why there are for instance no mosaic vegetation units in the 

Succulent Karoo (Table 3.2), as all the different communities consist of species that are 

of a temperate affiliation. The opposite is true in the Subtropical Thicket, where many of 

the distinct communities (bush-clumps) consist of species that have a strong link with the 

subtropical flora of for instance the Maputoland-Pondoland region (van Wyk and Smith, 

2001). Where such communities occur for instance in matrix vegetation where the flora is 

of temperate affinity (e.g. Succulent Karoo Region, sensu van Wyk and Smith, 2001), I 

called the units a mosaic vegetation type. 

28

Mosaic vegetation units must be considered as special cases when a conservation plan is 

developed for a region. To conserve the full species component of patchy vegetation units 

that have a floristic component of a divergent nature one may need to conserve examples 

of the unit at several sites. The population dynamics of many of the species in these types 

of mosaic vegetation units seem to follow meta-population rules, with some species 

periodically becoming extinct in one site, but surviving at another site. 

As the majority of the units (about 60%) could be mapped as solid vegetation units 

(Table 3.2), I am satisfied that the 1:50 000 scale used in this project was appropriate to 

locate vegetation units that constitute realistic management units, especially with regards 

to their intrinsic biodiversity and/or functional significance to ecological processes. 

Table 3.2 Number of mosaic versus solid vegetation units in the different 

biomes of the Little Karoo study area. 

BIOME Mosaic Units Solid Units Total 

Aquatic 

0 24 24 

Subtropical Thicket 102 5 107 

Succulent Karoo 0 99 99 

Renosterveld 36 9 45 

Fynbos 16 78 94 

Total 154 215 369 

3.8 Spatial extent of vegetation units 

3.8.1 Aquatic versus terrestrial units 

A surprisingly high percentage (about 10 %) of the Little Karoo region consists of aquatic 

vegetation units (Table 3.3). Despite their importance to management, these aquatic 

vegetation units are usually ignored in vegetation maps. Another surprising feature of the 

Little Karoo aquatic units is that they are much more prominent in the eastern Little 

29

Karoo than in the west (Map 3.1). This is not an artifact of the mapping method 

employed, but rather a true feature of the different landscapes, perhaps due to the more 

recent nature of the eastern Little Karoo landscapes, with erosion processes more active 

in the eastern Little Karoo. 

3.8.2 Biome units 

It may be a big surprise that only a small part of the Little Karoo consists of true 

Succulent Karoo vegetation units and that much of the area is covered in Thicket mosaic 

units (Table 3.3 and Map 3.2). The field study confirmed that units here called Arid 

Thicket mosaic with Succulent Karoo should be regarded belonging to the Subtropical 

Thicket biome, rather than the Succulent Karoo biome. For those disagreeing with this 

point of view, it may be a relief to hear that about 50 percent of the area consists of 

Thicket mosaic and Succulent Karoo vegetation units. 

Most of the Renosterveld in the area also occurs as a mosaic with other vegetation units, 

but Fynbos follows the opposite pattern. This indicates that the recognition of a “Fire- 

prone Transitional Shrub- and Woodland” biome may be a more true reflection of the 

nature of the Little Karoo environment than retaining the current rather poorly defined 

concept for Renosterveld. I am less than ever before convinced that Renosterveld per se 

is a clearly defined unit, or that it should be nested within the Fynbos biome. 

Table 3.3 Percentage of the Little Karoo study area covered by the different Biome 

units. 

BIOME Mosaic Units Solid Units Total 

River & floodplain 0 % 5.5 % 5.5 % 

Perennial 

Stream 

0 % 3.4 % 3.4 % 

Subtropical Thicket 32.7 % 2.5 % 35.3 % 

Succulent Karoo 0 % 17.4 % 17.4 % 

Renosterveld 10.3 % 2.3 % 12.6 % 

Fynbos 2.8 % 23.1 % 25.9 % 

Total 45.8 % 54.2 % 100 % 

30

3.8.3 Regional units 

The broad patterns that emerge from the locally identified regional units indicated in Map 

3.3 show that six bioregional areas could be recognized in the Little Karoo region. They 

are as follows; 

1. A region in the southwestern area that includes the lowland vegetation that occurs 

within the water catchment area of the Breede River, but it extends along the 

Langeberg mountains eastwards to about the Gouritz River. This area corresponds 

well with those of the Langeberg phytogeographic center (sensu Goldblatt and 

Manning, 2000). I will also call it the Langeberg region. 

2. The second region occurs in the central inland part of the western Little Karoo 

and it is mostly restricted to the drainage areas of the Touws -, western Groot 

River and the western branches of the Gouritz River. It falls within the Karoo 

Mountain phytogeographic center (sensu Goldblatt and Manning, 2000). I will 

call it the Touws region, which should be seen as a western sub-center of the 

Karoo Mountain center. 

3. Although the third region is quite clearly delineated in the central Little Karoo its 

boundaries cannot easily be defined in terms of river catchment boundaries. It is 

mostly restricted to the drainage area of the Gamka - and Olifants Rivers. It 

consists of the remainder of the Karoo Mountain phytogeographic center (sensu 

Goldblatt and Manning, 2000), with the exception of the Kamanassie Mountain 

that I rather affiliate with the following region. I will call it the Gamka region. 

4. The fourth region occurs directly south of the Gamka region and it consists 

mostly of the Fynbos and Renosterveld of the Outeniqua and Kamanassie 

mountains. The species present in these Fynbos and Renosterveld units differ 

significantly from those in the Gamka region, although the area is located within 

the drainage area of the Olifants River. I will call it the Outeniqua region, which 

is a western subdivision of the Southeast phytogeographic center (sensu Goldblatt 

and Manning, 2000). 

31

5. The fifth region lies in the extreme eastern end of the Little Karoo and includes 

most of the units that occur within the drainage of the eastern Groot River, Kouga 

and Keurbooms Rivers. Although it is located within the Southeast 

phytogeographic center (sensu Goldblatt and Manning, 2000) I will call it the 

Eastern Groot region, because I removed the Outeniqua region from the 

Southeast center. 

6. The last region is located along the northwestern boundary and its flora relates 

best with those that pertain to the Tanqua Karoo, Roggeveld and Northwestern 

phytogeographic center of the Cape flora (sensu Goldblatt and Manning, 2000). It 

should be seen as an intrusion from the north and I will call it the DeBoers 

region. 

3.8.4 Habitat types 

The spatial distribution of habitat types is strongly influenced by topography, geology 

and rainfall. It is not possible to unravel the effect of each of these factors, as there is 

often an interaction between these three factors. Within mountainous areas one for 

instance finds a steep rainfall gradient that may correspond with rapid changes in soil 

type as the geology changes down the slope. East-west rainfall patterns are also affected 

by these high mountains, with one side of the mountain for instance receiving a higher 

proportion of summer rain than the other side. Topography is furthermore related to the 

geology of the area as certain geological formations erode more easily than other, with 

annual rainfall also affecting the rate of erosion. 

The complexity in the interactions between these major factors is undoubtedly one of the 

reasons why there are so many habitat types in the Little Karoo area. The general pattern 

that emerges is that the complexity in the spatial distribution of these habitat types 

increases where mountain ranges are close to each other. Where they are further apart and 

running parallel to each other, as for instance in the central Little Karoo area, the habitat 

32

types tend to be less fragmented and better stratified. The spatial distribution of the 56 

habitat type units listed in Figure 3.1 is indicated in Map 3.4. 

3.8.5 All vegetation units 

Approximately 60 percent of the 369 vegetation units occur in the western Little Karoo 

(Langeberg and Touws regions) and most of them are relatively small in size (Map 3.5). 

The proliferation of the vegetation units in the western little Karoo corresponds with the 

higher degree of fragmentation and complexity of habitat types in the western region and 

the fragmentation and reduction in spatial extent of the Subtropical Thicket vegetation. 

It is interesting to note that the high number of units in the western region is largely due 

to a proliferation in lowland vegetation units (mostly Succulent Karoo), with only a 

slightly higher number of Fynbos and Renosterveld units in the western mountainous 

areas. Keeping in mind that many of these vegetation units contain endemic plant species, 

one would expect a higher degree of plant endemism in the western half of the Little 

Karoo region. 

3.9 References. 

Goldblatt, P. & Manning, J., 2000. Cape Plants. A conspectus of the Cape flora of South 

Arica. Strelitzia 9: 1-743 

Van Wyk, A.E. & Smith, G.F., 2001. Regions of floristic endemism in southern 

Africa. Umdaus Press, Pretoria. 

33

4. Habitat Units 

4.1 A basic framework to understand the Little Karoo vegetation. 

It is perhaps best to first develop an understanding of the major habitat types that occur in 

the Little Karoo before one attempts to learn how to differentiate the complex vegetation 

patterns of the Little Karoo area. Habitat type concepts are simpler than those of 

vegetation units, because the complexity of the species present can largely be ignored. 

With habitat types the focus rather lies on the structure of the vegetation present and the 

main ecological processes operative. There is an interaction between the structure of the 

vegetation and ecological processes, because; 

1. The specific combination of abiotic factors of a habitat type (nutrient and water 

availability, erodibility of the substrate, occurrence of wind, fire, frost and snow, 

etc.) all select for specific plant growth forms and their relative abundance (thus 

the structure of the vegetation) in the habitat type, and, 

2. The structure of the vegetation in an area in part determines which animals can 

inhabit that habitat type, this results in an interactive and dynamic process as 

grazing by the fauna present in the area further defines which plant growth forms 

will be abundant or rare in the local communities. 

The major habitat unit hierarchy proposed for the Little Karoo domain is presented in 

Figure 4.1. Note that this habitat model is derived directly from the mapped vegetation 

units (thus derived from Figure 3.1) and that it differs from the proposed vegetation unit 

hierarchy in that; 

1. It attempts to identify basic units most relevant for the agricultural and game 

industries, without ignoring intrinsic vulnerabilities of the vegetation present; 

2. It mostly considers the appearance of the vegetation (physiognomy) and not much 

the plant species (floristic component) present of the vegetation, and; 

3. The biome concept of Renosterveld is replaced by the broadened concept of 

“Transitional fire-prone wood- and shrublands”. Included in this broadened 

34

concept are all the vegetation types that are periodically exposed to fire, but which 

differs from the Fynbos in having a low cover of Restios and having a mix of 

species present that also occur in the Succulent Karoo and Subtropical Thicket. 

The vegetation in these habitat types is often dominated by a single species 

(Dodonaea angustifolia, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Pteronia fascicularis, 

Pteronia incana and Passerina obtusifolia) and they rarely exhibit a high degree 

of fine- or coarse scale patchiness as found in e.g. mosaic vegetation units. 

ECOSYSTEM BIOME MAJOR HABITAT TYPES UNITS 


SOURCE Freshwater stream & seepage area 17 

Valley Thicket with Spekboom 2 

SUBTROPICAL Valley Thicket with Spekboom Mosaics 6 

THICKET Valley Thicket Mosaics 3 

Arid Thicket with Spekboom 2 

Arid Thicket with Spekboom Mosaics 26 

Arid Thicket Mosaics 64 

Randteveld 20 

Apronveld 19 



KAROO Gannaveld 26 

Quartz Gannaveld 9 


TERRESTRIAL Kalkveld 1 

Thicket Mosaics 4 

Asbosveld 2 


FIRE-PRONE Arid Renosterveld 1 

TRANSITIONAL Arid Renosterveld Mosaics 4 

SHRUB- AND Mesic Renosterveld 8 

WOODLANDS Mesic Renosterveld Mosaics 32 

Sandolien 13 

Asteraceous 4 

Restioid 8 

MOUNTAIN Grassy 10 

FYNBOS Waboomveld 16 


Mesic Proteoid 19 

Ericaceous 3 


TOTAL NUMBER OF VEGETATION UNITS 369 

Figure 4.1: Hierarchy of the proposed 32 major habitat types in the Little Karoo area. 

35

4.2 Aquatic Habitat Units 

4.2.1 River and floodplain habitat 

The River and floodplain habitat units are all restricted to the lowest points in the local 

landscape, where water draining from the upper catchment areas are transported to the 

sea. There is nothing novel about the concept. Included here are the lower riverine 

vegetation and those that occur on the slightly higher embankment area that is 

occasionally inundated during floods (approximately 1:50 year flood line), often called 

the floodplain. 

It is easy to recognize this habitat (Photo 4.1) as the riverine vegetation consists mostly of 

woody trees (Acacia caffra, Acacia karoo, Rhus lancea, Tamarix usneoides, etc.), reeds 

(Phragmitis australis) and bulrush (Typha capensis) that are resilient to brackish 

conditions. Shrubs that are mostly 1.0-1.8 meter tall dominate the floodplain vegetation. 

Ganna (Salsola aphylla) is always abundant but a variety of other shrub species also 

occur here (e.g. Atriplex vestita, Chrysanthemoides incana, Kochea tricophylla, Pteronia 

oblanceolata, Salsola glabrescens and Suaeda fruticosa). On the upper embankments 

Gannaveld, which is here nested in the Succulent Karoo habitat types, usually replaces 

this unit. 

The mapped spatial extent of the Riverine and floodplain habitat extends into the side 

branches of the main river courses to include most of the seasonal drainage areas that 

deliver water into the main drainage system after heavy rain. The vegetation of these 

upper drainage areas is often quite different to those of the main river channal, but Acacia 

karoo is always present. An interesting feature in the western Little Karoo is that Schotia 

afra is sometimes abundant in these seasonal drainage areas. After good rain the grass 

component may be well developed, often with Cenchrus ciliaris, Cynodon dactylon, 

Ehrharta thunbergii, Eragrostis sarmentosa and/or Fingerhuthia africana locally 

abundant. Few rare or localized endemic plant species are known to occur in this habitat. 

36

Photo 4.1. The Touws River is a typical example of the River and floodplain habitat 

in the Little Karoo. The dense green vegetation is Phragmitis australis. 

Most of the Riverine and floodplain habitat in the Little Karoo region has been negatively 

affected by a number of activities. Most of the fresh water that used to run from the upper 

catchment areas into the river systems have been cut off and is now mostly used for 

agricultural purposes. The removal of this perennial supply of fresh water would have 

altered the composition of the natural vegetation in the riverine areas. The upper 

floodplain embankments have also in many cases been transformed to establish intensive 

agricultural crops, such as lucern. Irrigation of these lands results in the leaching of 

sodium from these old floodplain soils into the river system, thus causing an increased 

salinity of the water progressively down the river. This in turn resulted in the salination of 

soils in many of the lower riverine areas. Most of the local river systems are also heavily 

invaded by alien species such as Arundo donax, Nerium oleander, Pennisetum 

clandestinum, Prosopis glandulosa, Shinus molle, Tamarix chinensis and Tamarix 

ramosissima, while the floodplains occasionally have Alhagi maurorum and Atriplex 

nummularia present. 

37

Apart from providing many unique habitats for bird and invertebrate species, this unit 

probably also played an important role to provide suitable migration corridors for larger 

mammals (e.g. Elephant, Black Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, etc.) in the past. They acted 

as important freshwater and fodder sources for these animals, which in turn probably 

maintained many open channels within the riverine vegetation, which limited flood 

damage to the upper floodplain zones. 

4.2.2 Freshwater stream & seepage habitat 

The Freshwater stream and seepage habitat type differs from the River and floodplain 

habitat type in having only fresh water flowing through these units. This difference in 

water regimes resulted in quite a different kind of vegetation being present as at least 

some subsurface freshwater is permanently available. Most of this habitat type is 

restricted to areas located within or to the base of the Cape sandstone mountains and their 

soils are usually sandy and acidic. Where they do occur on shale, the floor of the 

streambed is often lined with rounded white sandstone pebbles. 

In the upper catchment areas the habitat starts as perennial or seasonal water seepage 

zones, here the vegetation is often short and dominated by restioid and/or graminoid 

vegetation. On the lower mid-slopes woody shrubs become more prominent, especially 

once several streams have joined up to form a prominent water drainage channel (Photo 

4.2). Typical and characteristic of these perennial streams are an abundance of shrubs 

such as Empleurum unicapsulare, Psoralea affinis, Psoralea imminens and Psoralea 

nubicola and broad-leaved herbs such as Gunnera perpensa. The vegetation along these 

streams is usually dense and almost impenetrable when old. 

Lower in the landscape, where the drainage channel changes from quartzitic to shale 

substrates, the composition of the vegetation changes rapidly. From this point onwards 

the habitat is in most cases changed to the Riverine and floodplain habitat type. There are 

some exceptions, such as in Seweweekspoort, Meiringspoort and Schoemanspoort where 

high volumes of fresh water retain the vegetation similar to those of the upper streams. 

38

These exceptions are usually easy to recognize as the streambed is lined with white 

sandstone pebbles and boulders. These rivers could be recognized as a habitat type of 

their own, but are here included in the stream and seepage habitat type. Flood resistant 

trees and shrubs are abundant in these lower freshwater rivers and streams with Cliffortia 

strobilifera, Freylinia lanceolata, Rhus laevigata and Salix mucronata the most common 

species. Remnant populations of these species can be found even in cases where the 

water supply of these streams has been cut off for many years. They and other typical 

herbs and graminoids, such as Carpha glomerata, Juncus effuses, Juncus oxycarpus and 

Zanthedeschia aethiopica, have been used as indicators of streams that have (or had) a 

perennial supply of fresh water. 

Photo 4.2. This perennial stream on the lower northern slopes of the Outeniqua 

mountains is typical of the Freshwater stream & seepage area habitat type. 

This unit is an important habitat for flora and fauna. Especially the mid- to upper sections 

of this habitat is often rich in highly localized endemic plant species. Some localized 

endemic vertebrates and invertebrates (e.g. Heleophryne spp.) are also present. It is also 

39

the favored habitat for some rare bird species (e.g. Victorin’s Warbler). This habitat is 

obviously vital for humans, as it delivers clean fresh water to agriculture and 

communities at the base of mountains. Once this vegetation is disturbed it results in 

accelerated soil erosion (reduction in water quality), invasion by alien species (increased 

water use by stream bank vegetation) and loss of biodiversity (specialized organisims 

restricted to this habitat). When it is in a pristine condition it is remarkably resilient to 

invasion by alien plant species. Rubus and Populus species seem to be the only plants 

able to invade undisturbed examples of this habitat. 

This habitat is severely threatened by the abstraction of groundwater as altered water 

availability results in the rapid demise of this habitat. Certain species that have a very 

narrow habitat that is restricted to just above the summer water flow level, such as Disa 

elegans, Disa tripetaloides, Disa uncinata, Gladiolus aquamontanus and Osmunda 

regalis, are even vulnerable to altered seasonal water flow regimes. Some of the rare 

shrubs restricted to this habitat, like Erica astroites, Penaea dahlgrenii, Stirtonanthus 

chrysanthus and Stirtonanthus taylorianus may be less vulnerable to the actual volume of 

water flowing in the stream but they would certainly die rapidly if no water were 

available. 

40

4.3 Terrestrial 

4.3.1 Subtropical Thicket 

The Subtropical thicket habitat types occur in areas where fire and frost are absent, or at 

most infrequent. These habitat types are best developed on nutrient-rich soils, but it may 

also occur on nutrient poor soils if fires are rare. In the latter case the non-flammable 

Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is always prominent, thus affording some protection 

against fire. A minimum of about 100 mm rain during spring and summer months 

(October-March) is required to maintain the subtropical vegetation typical of this habitat 

type. Above this minimum the actual amount of summer rain seems less important than 

its proportion in relation to winter rain. A proportion of 40:60 percent of summer versus 

winter rain (either way) seems to be the cut-off point. Beyond this balance point, with for 

instance 70 percent of the rain falling in winter, a temperate vegetation type replaces the 

subtropical vegetation. 

The Subtropical Thicket habitat types are most easily recognized by the occurrence of 

woody trees, spinescent shrubs and a relative abundance of succulents. When occurring 

as solid stands the vegetation can form impenetrable dense thickets, but this is uncommon 

in the Little Karoo. In most of the area the Subtropical Thicket vegetation occurs as 

discrete bush-clumps, usually in a matrix of Succulent Karoo vegetation. In very arid 

areas these thicket bush-clumps are often reduced to only a single tree (mostly Euclea 

undulata), usually with a few remnant spinescent vines (Asparagus) and succulents under 

or around it. Some people may wish to refer these areas to the Succulent Karoo habitat 

type, but I refrain from doing so as I believe that this condition is at least in part due to 

the impacts of many years of grazing. These lonely trees usually have a ring of open 

ground around them, indicating that the rest of the original bush-clump has been removed 

in relatively recent times. All sites in which woody trees (excluding Acacia karoo) are 

thus relatively abundant are here referred to the Subtropical Thicket habitat. 

41

The woody trees most typical and abundant in this unit are Euclea undulata, Gloveria 

integrifolia, Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, Rhus glauca, Rhus longispina, Rhus undulata, 

Pappea capensis and Schotia afra on shale derived soils, with Lachnostylos bilocularis, 

Maytenus oleoides and Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus most abundant on quartzitic 

substrates. The most abundant and typical shrubs include Carissa haematocarpa, Lycium 

cinereum, Lycium ferocissimum, Nymannia capensis, Putterlickia pyracantha and 

Rhigozum obovatum. Characteristic stem-and leaf succulents and vines are; Asparagus 

burchellii, Asparagus densiflorus, Asparagus retrofractus, Crassula arborescens, 

Crassula orbicularis, Crassula perfoliata, Crassula ovata, Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia 

atrispina, Euphorbia heptagona, Gasteria brachyphylla, Pachypodium succulentum, 

Pelargonium peltatum, Pelargonium teragonum, Portulacaria afra, Sarcostemma 

viminale and Tylecodon paniculatus. Grasses are only abundant after good summer rain 

(Cenchrus ciliaris, Eragrostis plana, Fingerhuthia africana and Sporobolus fimbriatus), 

but Ehrharta calycina and Stipa dregeana is usually present throughout the year when 

the veld is in a good condition. Most of the rare and localized endemic plant species that 

occur in this habitat type occur in the Thicket Mosaic habitat types. 

The Subtropical Thicket habitat types are very important for many bird, mammal and 

invertebrate species. Apart from being an important source of fodder, it also provides 

important migration corridors for non-resident large mammals such as Kudu. The recent 

erection of many game fences may cause a serious barrier for the natural migration of 

these animals. This habitat unit, especially the more arid types, is very vulnerable to 

impacts relating to overgrazing by domestic stock and game, especially where 

extralimital game species (e.g. Impala) have been introduced. Most of the vegetation in 

these habitat types are of a relictual nature and cannot recover naturally when seriously 

overgrazed. Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) seems to play an important role to prevent 

soil erosion, rainwater infiltration into groundwater and in the natural regeneration of 

many of the tree species, but it has been removed through intensive grazing in many sites. 

42

4.3.1.1 Valley Thicket with Spekboom 

In this habitat type the Thicket vegetation occurs in extensive stands with Spekboom 

(Portulacaria afra) prominent. This habitat is most easily recognized by having 

Pruimbome (Pappea capensis) relatively abundant which, like most of the other trees 

present, often occur as fairly large single trees that are not restricted to bush-clumps. Aloe 

speciosa is another useful indicator of this habitat, but it is not always present. 

This fairly uniform habitat type is best developed on steep hill slopes. It would be 

vulnerable to impacts caused by large herbivores, if they would fragment the vegetation 

and cause soil erosion. No localized endemic plant species are known to occur in this 

habitat unit, with those that are uncommon here (e.g. Ceropegia ampliata, Liparis 

remota, etc.), being more abundant in the eastern Cape. 

Photo 4.3. Calitzdorp Valley Spekboomveld is typical of the Valley Thicket with 

Spekboom habitat type. Note the abundance of Spekboom and woody trees. 

43

4.3.1.2 Valley Thicket with Spekboom Mosaics 

This habitat type differs from the Valley Thicket with Spekboom habitat type in having 

the Thicket vegetation present occurring as fragmented patches. Spekboom is also 

present, but often not abundant, but Pruimbome (Pappea capensis) remains prominent in 

the Thicket patches that can occur in a matrix of Succulent Karoo, Renosterveld, 

Sandolien or Fynbos vegetation. In areas with a broken topography the Thicket patches 

are often restricted to north-facing slopes, with the vegetation present on the south facing 

slopes depending on the local geology. On shale it is Succulent Karoo or Renosterveld, 

while quartzitic areas will have Sandolienveld or Fynbos on the southern slopes. The 

species present in the Valley Thicket patches vary little, but those that are present in the 

matrix vegetation can vary dramatically in sites where the geology is complex.. 

Photo 4.4. The Hartbeesvlakte Spekboomveld in the foreground is a typical of the Valley 

Thicket with Spekboom Mosaics habitat type. Note the rapid change to 

Gannaveld and Gwarrieveld habitat types in background. 

44

4.3.1.3 Valley Thicket Mosaics 

The main difference between this and other Valley Thicket habitat types is that 

Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is never abundant. Its absence is not due to recent impacts 

of grazing, as no typical “tell-tale” patches of short-lived grasses (e.g. Enneapogon spp.) 

have been noted in these units. Structurally it may look similar to some of the Arid 

Thicket Mosaic habitat types, but woody trees occur mostly in bush-clumps in Arid 

Thicket habitat types and Pappea capensis is rare. 

This habitat type occurs mostly at the southern base of mountain ranges, where the soils 

are often deep, sandy or loamy. The grass component is often well developed and a rich 

variety of stem succulents (especially Apocynaceae) are usually present. Not many rare 

species are known from this habitat. This habitat type does not vary much in the region 

and it is one of the best vegetation types for larger game species in the Little Karoo. 

Photo 4.5. Zorgvliet Pruimveld is typical of the Valley Thicket Mosaics habitat. The 

Sandolien in foreground occurs on south - and the Thicket on the north slopes. 

45

4.3.1.4 Arid Thicket with Spekboom 

An extensive stand of unfragmented Thicket vegetation in which Spekboom 

(Portulacaria afra) is prominent is also characteristic of this habitat type. It differs 

mostly from the Valley Thicket with Spekboom habitat types in lacking Pruimbome 

(Pappea capensis), but Gwarrie (Euclea undulata), Pendoring (Gloveria integrifolia) and 

Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) are prominent trees. Noorsdoring (Euphorbia coerulescens) 

is sometimes abundant and where absent, is replaced by other thorny Euphorbia species 

such as Euphorbia atrispina and Euphorbia heptagona. A rich variety of succulent 

species is usually present, but grasses are uncommon. 

This habitat occurs mostly on northern slopes of hills and mountains. It is vulnerable to 

the impacts of grazing as is not able to recover easily from heavy grazing pressure. 

Photo 4.6. Calitzdorp Arid Spekboomveld is a typical example of the Arid Thicket with 

Spekboom habitat type. Note the presence of Noorsdoring in the foreground. 

46

4.3.1.5 Arid Thicket with Spekboom Mosaics 

This habitat differs from the Arid Thicket with Spekboom habitat in having fragmented 

patches of Thicket occurring in a matrix of Succulent Karoo and/or Renosterveld. The 

general structure of the vegetation in this habitat remains very similar, but the species in 

the matrix vegetation changes much with variance in soil conditions and rainfall. Quite a 

large number of vegetation units (26 units) have thus been identified to occur in this 

habitat type. Several localized endemic plant species occur in the matrix Succulent Karoo 

or Renosterveld vegetation of this habitat type. The combination of Thicket, Spekboom 

and other vegetation renders it an ideal for grazing purposes, both for domestic stock and 

game. Due to the general aridity, care must be taken not to over utilize this habitat, as it 

would be slow to recover. 

Photo 4.7. Assegaaibosch Spekboomveld is typical of the Arid Thicket with Spekboom 

Mosaics habitat type. Note the density of trees on the southern slope and 

fragmented nature of the Thicket bush clumps in the background. 

47

4.3.1.6 Arid Thicket Mosaics 

This is one of the most widespread and variable habitat types in the Little Karoo. Typical 

of this habitat is a landscape dotted with Thicket bush-clumps, usually with Gwarrie 

(Euclea undulata) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) the most abundant trees. Unlike the 

former habitat type, Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is never abundant and I did not find 

evidence in any of the 64 vegetation units that occur in this habitat that Spekboom was 

abundant here in recent times. On shale-derived soils the matrix vegetation is Succulent 

Karoo but in higher rainfall areas it is Asbosveld, with Pteronia incana the dominant 

species. Where it occurs on sandstone derived soils the matrix vegetation changes to 

Renosterveld, Sandolienveld or Fynbos, depending on rainfall. Sosaties (Crassula 

rupestris) is usually abundant in this habitat, irrespective of the local soil conditions. This 

habitat may be confused with the Randteveld of the Succulent Karoo biome, but it differs 

in always having trees and bush-clumps present on the north-facing slopes. In the 

Randteveld only a few of these trees occur on south-facing slopes. 

Photo 4.8. Hartbeesvlakte Asbos-Gwarrieveld is typical of the Arid Thicket Mosaics 

habitat type. Here Asbos is the dominant shrub in the matrix vegetation. 

48

4.3.2 Succulent Karoo 

These habitat types occur in the lower valleys and hills of the Little Karoo where the soils 

are rich in nutrients, the mean annual rainfall is less than 350 mm per year and summer 

rain is less than half the annual rainfall. Leaf- and stem-succulents are always abundant in 

Succulent Karoo habitat types, indicating that high winter air humidity is vital, because it 

prevents “black-frost” that could kill most of these succulents. Maximum sunlight, thus a 

sparse cover of tall woody shrubs and trees, seems equally important. The lack of 

summer rain and paucity of tall shrubs and trees is not coincidental, as these tall plants 

seem to require a fair amount of summer rain to be abundant in the environment. 

Some of the Succulent Karoo habitat types can be confused with the Thicket habitat 

types, but they always differ in lacking a well-developed woody tree component. Some of 

the tall shrub species present in the Thicket (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Lycium 

cinereum, Nymannia capensis and Rhigozum obovatum) may also be present in the 

Succulent Karoo habitat types, but they are never dominant. Predominant in most of the 

Little Karoo habitat types are shrub species that are less than 1 meter tall and most of 

them belong to the Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae or Asteraceae plant families. 

One of the interesting features of the Succulent Karoo is that many species only occur 

under the small shrubs. These shrubs provide microhabitat conditions suitable for the 

establishment of certain species, often resulting in close relationships between plants 

species of different growth forms to develop miniature bush-clumps, the basic building 

block of plant communities in the Succulent Karoo. Grasses are never abundant here, but 

“heuweltjies” (termataria constructed mostly by Microhodotermes viator) are often a 

prominent feature. Also remarkable about the Succulent Karoo is the abundance of 

lichens, liver mosses and mosses that form a prominent crust on the ground. These simple 

plants play a vital role to prevent soil erosion in fine fractured soils, maximize water 

infiltration and minimize water runoff that could result in floods during heavy rain 

storms. They are, however, easily demised by physical disturbance such as repeated 

trampling by domestic stock. 

49

4.3.2.1 Randteveld 

This is a very arid habitat type, one of the most arid habitat types in the Little Karoo. It is 

only prominent in the western Little Karoo and is replaced in the east by the Arid Thicket 

Mosaic habitat. It differs from the latter habitat in having only a sparse woody tree and 

tall shrub component present and if present, it is mostly restricted to south-facing slopes. 

This habitat occurs on ridges and hills where the shale derived soils are very shallow. The 

vegetation consists mostly of a sparse cover of small shrubs and compact leaf-succulents. 

Even here one often finds a well developed lichen and moss cover. They often indicate 

microhabitat sites to which the highly localized species endemic to this habitat type are 

restricted. The structural features of this habitat type does not vary much, but the species 

present differ so much that 20 different vegetation units have been recognized to occur in 

this habitat type. 

Photo 4.9. Stormberg Randteveld is a typical example of the Randteveld habitat type of 

the Succulent Karoo. Note the absence of woody trees and the low cover of 

short shrubs. 

50

4.3.2.2 Apronveld 

The Apronveld habitat type is always located at the base of hills and ridges. It never 

occurs on steep slopes (Randteveld or Arid Thicket Mosaic habitat types) or in valley 

bottoms, where the Gannaveld habitat type replaces it. The soils are usually loamy to 

clayey and surface rocks are usually abundant. The shrub cover is well developed with 

Gombos (Pteronia spp.) and Kapokbos (Eriocephalus spp.) often the most abundant 

species. Leaf- and stem-succulents, as well as a variety of bulbous plants (geophytes) are 

usually abundant here, but grasses are uncommon. It is one of the Little Karoo habitat 

types used most by domestic stock, as many of the common plant species are palatable 

and the terrain is easily accessible. The species present in this habitat varies much and 19 

different vegetation units are recognized in this habitat type. Several rare plant species 

occur in this habitat, but not many of them are highly localized endemics. 

Photo 4.10. Kruisrivier Apronveld is typical of the Succulent Karoo Apronveld habitat. 

Note the even, but short shrub cover and abundance of surface rocks. 

51

4.3.2.3 Quartz Apronveld 

The Quartz Apronveld habitat only differs from the Apronveld in having patches of white 

quartz pebbles present. These often-small quarts outcrops are islands located in the 

matrix Apronveld where the vegetation differs remarkably from those of the surrounding 

shrubby Apronveld. A rich variety of usually small succulents and bulbous plants can be 

found within these quartz patches. Many of them are highly localized species that may be 

restricted to only a few of these quartz patches. Although the matrix Apronveld is a 

favored grazing area by domestic stock, few of the plants on the quartz patches are 

grazed, except under severe grazing pressure. These sensitive sites are, however, often 

subjected to trampling by domestic stock as one often sees many footpaths crisscrossing 

these quartz patches. Another threat seems to be restricted seed dispersal between the 

quartz patches brought about by fences that restrain movement of dispersal agents, such 

as tortoises. Despite the rich endemic flora, only 8 vegetation units are recognized in this 

habitat type. This is mostly due to their limited occurrence in the Little Karoo. 

Photo 4.11. Ockertskraal Quartz Apronveld is typical of the Quartz Apronveld habitat. 

Note the presence of white quartz pebbles, prominence of leaf succulents. 

52

4.3.2.4 Gravel Apronveld 

The Gravel Apronveld habitat occurs mostly in the central Little Karoo where it is largely 

restricted to old river terraces where terrace gravels are prominent, but it also occurs on 

lower slopes of Enon conglomerate hills where the soils are sandy or loamy and rounded, 

quartzitic rocks are abundant. The structure of the vegetation differs from the other 

Apronveld habitat types in having tall shrubs (e.g., Carissa haematocarpa, Rhigozum 

obovatum, Nymannia capensis, etc.) usually prominent. Other plant growth forms, such 

as large leaf-succulents (e.g. Aloe microstigma), bulbous plants and grasses (e.g. 

Ehrharta calycina) are also abundant. An interesting feature is the patchiness of the 

vegetation, with each patch having its own locally dominant species. This is caused by 

variance in local soil conditions. Many localized endemic plant species occur in the 8 

vegetation units recognized in this habitat type. This habitat is favored by small game 

species (Duiker, Steenbok, etc) and several tortoise species. They clearly play an 

important role in the local dynamic processes of the vegetation. 

Photo 4.12 Greylands Gravel Apronveld is typical of Gravel Apronveld habitat type. 

Note the presence of tall woody shrubs in background. 

53

4.3.2.5 Gannaveld 

Gannaveld is also an easy habitat to recognize. It is always located in valley bottoms and 

often forms large open plains just above the River and floodplain habitat type. The soils 

are usually deep, loamy and saline. It is denuded of trees, with one exception 

(Boerboonleegte Gannaveld), but tall shrubs such as Gannabos (Salsola spp.) and 

Kriedoring (Lycium spp.) are usually abundant. Many other small shrubs (Eriocephalus 

spp, Pentzia incana, Pteronia spp., Tripteris spp. etc.) also occur here and after rain it has 

many annual species, some of which are endemic to this habitat type. Succulents are 

uncommon, perhaps due to the occurrence of frost in these valley bottoms. Grasses are 

also uncommon, except in sandy patches where they may be locally abundant (e.g. 

Stipagrostis spp). 

Photo 4.13 Sandfontein Gannaveld is typical of the Gannaveld habitat type of the 

Succulent Karoo. Note the absence of trees and relative abundance of 

Gannabos (Salsola aphylla) in a flat open landscape. 

54

“Heuweltjies” are often a prominent feature, especially in the eastern Little Karoo, but 

they are not restricted to the Gannaveld habitat. The species that occur on these 

“heuweltjies” differ very much from those in the matrix Gannaveld. This results also in a 

rather patchy vegetation. The “heuweltjies” vegetation is often first targeted by domestic 

stock and a deterioration of the “heuweltjies” vegetation can be used as an early 

indication of over utilization of the Gannaveld habitat. When badly degenerated the 

“heuweltjies” have few perennial plants and only an abundance of annual plants after 

rain, often with Mesembryanthemum crystallinum super abundant. 

Most of the species present in the matrix Gannaveld are also very palatable and it is the 

favored habitat of most of the small game species typical of the Little Karoo. Rodents are 

also remarkably active here, especially in winter and spring months, before snakes 

become active. The soft soils of the Gannaveld are an important breeding area for many 

of the wasp species of the Little Karoo. These wasps are important predators of other 

invertebrates that could become destructive to the veld and agricultural crops if not 

controlled. These wasps are, however, very sensitive to disturbances of the soft soils of 

the Gannaveld. An over utilization of the Gannaveld vegetation may thus rapidly result in 

a changed invertebrate fauna. 

The deep, fine-fractured soils of Gannaveld are very prone to soil erosion when the 

vegetation is overgrazed. This often results in gully erosion that cannot be rectified 

easily. Most of these eroded soils are transported to the Riverine and floodplain habitat 

during rainstorms, which not only degrades the water quality, but also causes nutrient 

enrichment that favors the growth of many undesired plant species. Once disturbed this 

habitat is also prone to invasion by non-locally indigenous species (e.g. Augea capensis) 

and alien species (Atriplex lindleyi ssp. inflata) that disrupt the natural regeneration 

processes of the local species inter alia by increasing the salinity of the topsoil. 

The Gannaveld habitat varies so much in the species present and in its structure that 26 

vegetation units are recognized to occur in this habitat type 

55

4.3.2.6 Quartz Gannaveld 

The Quartz Gannaveld habitat is similar to the Apronveld versus Quartz Apronveld case. 

It only differs from Gannaveld in having patches of white quartz pebbles present, but 

Gannabos (Salsola aphylla) remains to be the most abundant shrub in the matrix 

vegetation. Quartz Gannaveld only occurs in the western Little Karoo. Leaf succulents 

are only abundant in the quartz patches and where the quartz pebbles are sparse they are 

also sparse. Most of these species are different from those that occur in the quartz patches 

of the Quartz Apronveld habitat type, perhaps due to differences in the underlying soil.. 

A number of these succulents are localized endemics, with the result that 9 vegetation 

units are recognized to occur in the Quartz Gannaveld habitat type. This habitat is also 

very sensitive to overgrazing as it results in accelerated soil erosion and the introduction 

of alien plants. Soil stability in these quartz patches seems to be vital for regeneration of 

the succulents that are endemic to these patches. 

Photo 4.14 Bellair Quartz Gannaveld is a fine example of the Quartz Gannaveld 

habitat type of the Succulent Karoo. Note the presence of quartz pebbles, the 

abundance of leaf succulents and absence of trees. 

56

4.3.2.7 Scholtzbosveld 

The Scholtzbosveld habitat is also quite easy to recognize, as it is usually located on flat 

tops of hills and dominated by a single shrub species Scholtzbos (Pteronia pallens), but 

quite a rich variety of other shrubs and small succulents may also be present. The surface 

soils are often loamy to clayey, but they are invariable underlain by calcrete. Small 

patches of Scholtzbosveld also occur in the Apronveld and Gannaveld habitat types, 

wherever such patches of calcrete underlay the local soils. 

Scholtzbos itself is not palatable, but most of the other species present in this habitat 

seems to be quite palatable. The relative dominance of Scholtzbos may in some cases be 

an artifact of many years of heavy grazing pressure that favored Scholtzbos to become 

very abundant. I am, however, not of the opinion that this is a man-made habitat type. Its 

occurrence is highly predictable in the Little Karoo landscape and species composition 

rather uniform. Only 3 vegetation units are recognized within the Scholtzbos habitat, as it 

is quite uniform with no localized endemic plant species known to occur here. The 

relative stability of its soils and absence of endemic plant species render this one of the 

least sensitive habitat types in the Little Karoo region. 

Photo 4.15 Touwsfontein Scholtzbosveld is a typical example of the Scholtzbosveld 

habitat of the Succulent Karoo biome. Note the abundance of the 

yellowish colored Scholtzbos and sparse tree cover. 

57

4.3.2.8 Kalkveld 

Kalkveld is one of the rarest habitat types of the Little Karoo. It is restricted to the 

western Little Karoo, where it occurs along the upper edges and ridges of hills where the 

upper soil layer has been stripped from the calcrete. It thus replaces Scholtzbosveld in 

sites where the topsoil has been stripped from the hilltops and the underlying calcrete is 

fully exposed. 

It is a very arid habitat type, with sparse vegetation cover. It is, however, very rich in 

species of which several are highly localized endemics. Perhaps due to its aridity the 

vegetation is not dominated by any specific species or plant growth form. A rich variety 

of plants occur here, small shrubs, succulents, geophytes, a sparse cover of trees (Euclea 

undulata) and several small grasses (Eragrostis bergiana). It is interesting to note that 

some species present here are more typical of the calcrete outcrops in the northern Cape 

(e.g. Matthiola torulosa), perhaps indicating that the northern calcrete outcrops also 

evolved from Scholtzbosveld. Most of the plants present seem to be very palatable and 

domestic stock seems to target these calcrete outcrops. The presence of several rare and 

endemic plants renders this habitat quite vulnerable to heavy grazing pressure. 

Photo 4.16 Allemorgens Kalkveld is the only example of the Kalkveld habitat type 

in the Little Karoo region. The very sparse vegetation cover does not 

imply severe overgrazing, it seems to be its natural state. 

58

4.3.3 Fire-prone transitional shrub- and woodlands 

Included in this enlarged concept for the Renosterveld are all the habitat types that are 

periodically exposed to fire, that have vegetation mostly dominated by a single species 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Dodonaea angustifolia, Pteronia incana or Pteronia 

fascicularis) and in which Restios (Restionaceae) are uncommon. Woody trees are 

largely restricted to patches of Thicket vegetation that occur in fire-protected sites 

(Thicket Mosaics). Grasses (Poaceae), some short-lived shrubs (especially Hermannia 

species) and geophytes are often abundant soon after a fire. Many of these “fire-weeds” 

are endemic to these habitat types. Annuals are usually rare, but may also be abundant 

after fire, but few of the annuals are endemic to these habitats. Succulents are largely 

restricted to rocky outcrops, with a few seemingly specifically adapted to flower after fire 

(e.g. Machairophyllum spp.). 

The 9 habitat types included here occur in the usually hilly landscapes between Thicket 

and Succulent Karoo in the lowlands and Fynbos in the higher mountainous areas. The 

sequence of occurrence in the landscape of these habitat types is usually quite 

predictable; 

1. Asbosveld occurs on clayey soils in the lower lying arid areas, 

2. Renosterveld occurs just above the Asbosveld, usually on more loamy soils and 

where the rainfall is higher, 

3. Sandolienveld occurs just above the Renosterveld, often on rocky sites where the 

soils have a higher sand fraction, 

4. Asteraceous Fynbos occurs just above the Sandolienveld where the soils are 

nutrient poor, just before one enters the true Fynbos habitats that are largely 

restricted to wetter sandy soils. 

5. Where the topography is very broken the transition from one of these habitats to 

the other is not smooth. Here different combinations of vegetation units may 

result in mosaic units, such as Thicket patches in fire-protected sites within a 

matrix of Renosterveld. The Mosaic habitat types are thus largely restricted to 

areas with a broken topography. 

59

4.3.3.1 Thicket Mosaics 

This habitat type occurs in higher rainfall regions of the lowlands, where Thicket 

trees (e.g. Buddleia saligna, Cussonia spicata, Olea europaea, Osyris compressa, 

Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus, Rhus lucida and Tarchonanthus camphoratus) are 

often prominent. The matrix vegetation depends on the local soil condition and can 

be Asbosveld, Renosterveld or even Waboomveld. The local dominance in species 

can change rapidly with any change in slope, aspect or soil condition. It seems to be 

a bloody battlefield between plants, where competitive interactions between plants 

from different biomes is severe. The single occurrence of a hot, slow burning fire 

can obliterate all the Thicket elements and enable “fire-weeds” such as Renosterbos 

or Asbos to establish. Once well established they can alter the previous fire-regime 

of the area. This habitat is thus sensitive to any unnatural event caused by man, 

either through fire or by high grazing pressure. Despite the inordinate structure of 

the vegetation that often occurs in this habitat type, not many localized endemics 

have evolved in this battlefield. 

Photo 4.17 Bergplaas Waboom-Thicket is typical of the Thicket Mosaics habitat 

type of the “Fire-prone transitional shrub- and woodlands” biome. 

60

4.3.3.2 Asbosveld 

This habitat is also dominated by a single shrub species, Asbos (Pteronia incana). It 

is not limited to the Little Karoo region, as it also occurs westwards into the 

Robertson Karoo (round Worcester) and to the borders of the Fish River in the 

Ciskei in the east. Within the Little Karoo region it is similar to the Renosterveld, as 

it rarely occurs in extensive stands and tends to occur as a mosaic vegetation unit. 

In most cases Asbosveld occurs in combination with Arid Thicket (thus as Asbos- 

Gwarrieveld vegetation units) or in combination with Renosterveld (Asbos- 

Renosterveld vegetation units) in the higher rainfall areas. 

I have little doubt that all these Asbosveld types require periodic fire as a natural 

disturbance regime. The dominant Asbos (Pteronia incana) contains a remarkable 

amount of oil in its leaves and is highly flammable during dry, hot days. It does not 

sprout after a fire, but it recruits well with seedlings often along with an array of 

Hermannia species after a fire. Annuals (especially Scrophulariaceae) and 

geophytes may also be abundant in the first few years after a fire. Several of fire- 

stimulated species are narrow endemics and an altered fire regime may threaten 

them. In the Langeberg region many of the Asbos mosaic units have been grazed 

severely, to the point that the vegetation has been so fragmented that it cannot carry 

a fire any longer. Several alien annual grass species (Avena, Bromus, Lolium, etc.) 

have established in the gaps created by the heavy grazing. Incorrect grazing and 

burning regimes are undoubtedly a severe threat to all the Asbosveld habitat types. 

In the evolution of the habitat types of the Little Karoo I strongly suspect that 

Asbosveld replaced much of the original Subtropical Thicket vegetation when 

summer drought set in. The flammable Pteronia incana thus being one of the first 

“fire-weeds” that can establish in ex-Thicket sites and, once established, 

maintaining quite high intensity fires that gradually eliminate the Thicket species. It 

is thus no surprise that the Asbosveld of today only have resprouting, fire-resistant 

species such as Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) present. Small patches of intact Thicket 

61

may remain on rocky outcrops that afford some protection against fire, or the 

Thicket may re-establish on arid north facing slopes where Asbos cannot recruit 

well enough to retain a fire regime. In the latter case Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) 

seems to displace Asbos and act as a precursor for the re-establishment of 

Subtropical Thicket. In very hilly terrain, such as in the Ladismith Arid 

Spekboomveld, there are very interesting examples where Asbosveld occurs on 

steep south facing slopes, with the Spekboomveld restricted to the more arid north 

facing slopes. If the geology is also complex the vegetation can consist of a 

complex mosaic of different vegetation units in such areas. Some of the rare species 

present have an unusual disjunct distribution. Pelargonium ochroleucum for 

instance is known from three sites, one near Somerset East, one near Grahamstown 

and one in Asbosveld near Oudtshoorn. 

Photo 4.18 The small grayish area in the lower central area is Spreeufontein 

Asbosveld, one of the few solid Asbosveld habitat types that occur in 

the Little Karoo region. Note the rapid change from this habitat to a 

different habitat type upslope. 

62

4.3.3.3 Quartz Asbosveld 

In this uncommon habitat type, patches of quartz occur in a matrix of Asbosveld. 

Asbos (Pteronia incana) remains the dominant species, but Renosterbos 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is often also abundant. The succulents that are 

abundant in the quartz patches differ from those that occur in the quartz patches of 

the Quartz Apronveld or Quartz Gannaveld habitats. Many of them and the 

geophytes that occur in the matrix Asbosveld are endemic to this habitat type. Fires 

are important for the regeneration of some species, but due to the general arid 

nature of this habitat, occurs infrequently. Even the succulents that occur in the 

matrix Asbosveld (e.g. Glottiphyllum depressum) are able to survive fire very well, 

with some of the shrubby succulents (e.g. Drosanthemum spp.) perhaps even fire- 

dependant. An altered fire-regime, and especially grazing by domestic stock within 

the first few years after a fire, may be a serious threat to the highly localized 

endemic species of this habitat type. 

Photo 4.19 Muiskraal Quartz Asbosveld is a typical example of the Quartz 

Asbosveld habitat type. Asbos (Pteronia incana) is the dominant shrub. 

63

4.3.3.4 Arid Renosterveld 

This habitat type only occurs in the extreme northwestern end of the Little Karoo region. 

The plant species present indicate that it is an intrusion of a habitat more typical of the 

Swartruggens-Roggeveld and western Koup Karoo regions. Here Renosterbos 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is dominant on rather coarse sandy to sandy-loam soils, but 

several other shrub species (Eriocephalus, Euryops, Felicia, etc.) are also present. 

Grasses (e.g. Pentameris, Pentaschistis, etc.) and Restios (e.g. Calopsis, Ischyrolepis, 

Restio, Thamnochortus, etc.) are often present. A rich assemblage of annuals and 

geophytes occur after good rain. Much of this habitat has been ploughed to establish 

wheat fields, it has been subjected to bad burning practices (patch-burns) and severe 

grazing pressure. Some species of this habitat may have gone extinct before they could be 

described in the scientific literature. 

Photo 4.20 Witteberg Renosterveld is the only example of the Arid Renosterveld 

habitat type in the mapped area. This habitat is better developed north- 

and northwest of the Little Karoo. 

64

4.3.3.5 Arid Renosterveld Mosaics 

This habitat occurs along the interface of Succulent Karoo and Renosterveld 

vegetation in the northwestern part of the Little Karoo. Renosterbos (Elytropappus 

rhinocerotis) is often abundant in typical Succulent Karoo communities, usually 

where sandy soils washed onto the lowland soils. It can be confused with some 

overgrazed Succulent Karoo habitat types, but a lack of palatable species (e.g. 

grasses such as Ehrharta calycina) and an abundance of unpalatable species (e.g. 

Cotyledon and Tylecodon spp.) will indicate that it is a transformed Succulent 

Karoo habitat type. Trees are sparse, but a diverse array of plant growth forms 

occurs in this habitat. Shrubs (mostly Elytropappus, Eriocephalus, Euryops and 

Pteronia species) and succulents are dominant, but grasses (Ehrharta and 

Pentaschistis), annuals and geophytes can be abundant after rain. Several localized 

endemic plant species occur in this habitat type and it is vulnerable to incorrect 

grazing regimes, but if rested seems able to recover rapidly. 

Photo 4.21 Bloutoring Karroid Renosterveld is a typical example of the Arid 

Renosterveld Mosaics habitat type. Note the prominent grass cover. 

65

4.3.3.6 Mesic Renosterveld 

The Mesic Renosterveld is another easily identifiable habitat, as it has a sparse tree 

cover, is dominated by Renosterbos and has few other shrub species abundant. In 

the first few years after a fire it may have a well-developed grass layer (C3- grasses 

such as Ehrharta, Merxmuellera and Pentaschistis species and C4-grasses such as 

Themeda triandra), but Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) displaces the grass 

cover in time. Also prominent after fire is an abundance of bulbous plants and 

sometimes also annual species. Many of these geophytes are rare and often very 

localized endemic species. 

The dominant Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is not an introduced weed, 

as some people believe. It is a natural feature of this habitat type and even the host 

plant of a number of very specialized invertebrates (some of which are also 

localized endemics). Few vertebrates utilize Renosterbos, which is probably why it 

is often locally dominant in heavily grazed sites. When the grass component is 

heavily utilized after fire by grazers, the competitive advantage of these grasses is 

weakened and the Renosterbos seedlings can establish unhindered. Repeated 

grazing after fires thus allowed the Renosterbos to become superabundant in some 

sites. The original grass component can be restored by not grazing these sites within 

the first two to three years after a fire. This would also be vital to restore healthy 

populations of many of the rare geophyte species that occur in this habitat. 

This habitat occurs mostly along the lower slopes and foothills of mountains, where 

the soils are loamy and rich in nutrients and the winter rainfall is fairly high. With 

these characteristics it is easy to understand why most of this habitat has been 

transformed to establish wheat fields. Currently even the small, unploughed patches 

of this habitat are subjected to several inappropriate management practices. 

Incorrect burning regimes are often used, such as spring and winter burns, because 

landowners are afraid of runaway fires in summer and autumn. In some cases it is 

burned too frequently or not at all. When left unburned tall woody shrubs, such as 

Rhus lucida, invade this habitat type. 

66

Careless spraying of the adjacent what fields and fruit orchards sometimes cause 

drift from herbicide and insecticides that severely threaten the plants and 

invertebrates that still survive in these Renosterveld patches. 

Photo 4.22 Western Langeberg Renosterveld is a typical example of the Mesic 

Renosterveld habitat type. Note its position in the landscape, lower 

foothills of mountains and the abundance of Renosterbos and grasses. 

This habitat type is also prone to the invasion by alien vegetation. A number of 

alien grass species (especially Avena, Bromus and Lolium species), shrubs (Hakea 

sericea) and trees (especially Pinus halepensis) have been noted in this habitat. It is 

thus no surprise that a large number of the plant species endemic to this habitat type 

are regarded as threatened species. 

67

4.3.3.7 Mesic Renosterveld Mosaics 

The Mesic Renosterveld Mosaic habitat differs from the Mesic Renosterveld habitat 

in having several shrub and even tree species abundant with Renosterbos. It differs 

from the Arid Renosterveld Mosaic habitat in occurring along the interface between 

Fynbos and Renosterveld, rather than along the border of the Succulent Karoo. As it 

occurs in a higher rainfall zone, it has few succulents, but the grass component is 

often well developed. This habitat type varies considerably as the Renosterveld may 

occur in a fine- or coarse-scale mosaic with Asbosveld, Grassy Fynbos, Proteoid 

Fynbos, Waboomveld or Thicket vegetation. The structure of the vegetation varies 

so much that 24 vegetation units are recognized in this habitat type. It has many 

endemic annuals, geophytes, shrubs and succulents. It has the same vulnerabilities 

as the Mesic Renosterveld habitat, with a high percentage of it ploughed to establish 

wheat fields and other intensive agricultural crops. It is also often exposed to 

inappropriate grazing and burning practices. 

Photo 4.23 Horlosiekrans Fynbos-Renosterveld is one of many variants of the 

Mesic Renosterveld Mosaics habitat type. 

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4.3.3.8 Sandolienveld 

This habitat forms a distinct band in the lowlands where Fynbos and Renosterveld 

meet the Succulent Karoo and Thicket biomes. It is easy to recognize as the tall 

shrub Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) is always abundant here. Depending on 

local soil conditions and rainfall, it may have Fynbos, Renosterveld, Succulent 

Karoo or Thicket elements present and sometimes even a mix of species from all 

these biomes. 

In wetter sandy sites one usually finds Fynbos elements present (including some 

Restios), with Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) often abundant amongst the 

Sandolien where the soils are more clayey. The Thicket and Succulent Karoo 

elements occur mostly in rocky and arid areas where they are protected against 

periodic fires. Succulents (including Aloe comptonii, Aloe ferox, Aloe microstigma, 

etc.) and some woody trees (e.g. Euclea undulata, Maytenus oleoides, 

Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus and Rhus undulata) may thus be present on north- 

facing slopes and rocky outcrops. A variety of other shrubs (Agathosma, Felicia, 

Lobostemon, Montinia, Passerina, Phylica, Polygala, etc.) and grasses (Aristida, 

Cymbopogon, Pentaschistis, Themeda, etc.) are usually present. 

Sandolienveld is in general quite an arid habitat, especially during summer, when 

fire occasionally occurs here. It seems to have a low fire frequency, but when it 

does burn it burns at very high fire intensities. Sandolien is one of the first shrubs to 

recover after fire, as it is able to resprout. Recruitment by means of seedlings is not 

restricted to the post-fire environment as seedlings also occur in unburned sites 

where the vegetation has been opened by physical disturbance. Some of the short- 

lived species that appear after fire (e.g. Lotononis spp.) is endemic to this habitat, 

but not many localized endemic species are known from this habitat. 

Although Sandolienveld has a wide variety of plant growth forms present it varies 

little in the species present over most of its distribution range. The many different 

69

Fynbos, Renosterveld, Succulent Karoo and Thicket vegetation units with which 

Sandolienveld forms mosaic vegetation types introduce variance in species that one 

finds here, so much so, that 21 vegetation units are recognized to occur in this 

habitat. 

The basic Sandolienveld component of species seems to consists of a very rigid 

coalition of species supported in the eastern Little Karoo by some summer rain and 

certain soil conditions (often relating to the old African surface), this coalition 

disintegrates gradually westwards, where Fynbos or Renosterveld units replace it. 

One of the components that are favored by summer drought and an increase of 

winter rain are tall, drought-tolerant Restios (e.g. Rhodocoma arida, 

Thamnochortus karooica, etc.). Here the Sandolienveld habitat changes into the 

Arid Restioid Fynbos habitat. 

Photo 4.24 Leeublad Sandolien-Renosterveld is typical of the Sandolienveld 

habitat type. The light-green leaved shrub in the foreground is 

Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia), it is always abundant in this habitat. 

70

4.3.3.9 Asteraceous Fynbos 

With one exception the Asteraceous Fynbos habitat occurs in arid areas and is 

mostly restricted to quite shallow sandy, rocky soils. It is dominated by small- 

leaved shrubs that mostly belong to the Asteraceae family (Euryops, Felicia, 

Metalasia, Othonna. Pteronia, Senecio, etc.), but Renosterbos is never abundant 

here. Other shrubs such as Aspalathus, Passerina and Phylica species may also be 

abundant, bur Ericas and Restios are uncommon and Proteas are absent. Grasses 

(Aristida, Cymbopogon, Pentameris, Pentaschistis, etc.) are only prominent after 

fire. Rocky sites contain a variety of succulent and geophyte species, but this 

habitat type is not very rich in species. Only a few endemic species are known to 

occur in this habitat type. In the unusual site this habitat follows a shale band to 

higher altitudes where some highly localized endemic species (e.g. Metalasia 

oligocephala) are known to occur. 

Photo 4.25 Gamkaskloof Arid Asteraceous Fynbos is typical of the 

Asteraceous Fynbos habitat type included here in the 

Transitional Fire-prone Shrub- and Woodland biome. 

71

3.3.4 Mountain Fynbos 

Habitat types of the Fynbos biome are easily recognized, as its major vegetation 

components, Restios, Ericas and Proteas, are generally well known and easy to recognize. 

The habitat types in the Fynbos are also quite well stratified along an altitudinal gradient. 

It is thus quite easy to predict their occurrence in the landscape. No new habitat concepts 

are introduced for the Fynbos biome. The different habitat types in Fynbos differ 

structurally very much as the relative abundance of Restios, Ericas, Proteas and Grasses 

changes. Not all of these plant growth forms are thus equally abundant in the different 

habitat units, but at least two or more of these plant growth forms must be present to 

define habitat types of the Fynbos biome. 

Most of the Fynbos habitat types in the Little Karoo study area occur on acidic sandy to 

sandy-loamy soils that are poor in nutrients, especially in nitrogen and phosphorous 

content. They are all located in the mountains and thus the higher rainfall parts of the 

Little Karoo. Most of these habitats are remarkably rich in plant species and they are vital 

to the local inhabitants as they deliver remarkably clean water to the lowlands. 

Fire is one of the most important natural disturbance regimes in the Fynbos biome, with 

grazing by larger mammals almost negligible. Impacts of small mammals, mostly 

rodents, are however vital as they play important roles as pollinators and seed dispersers 

of plants. Rodents also played an important role in the evolution of the Fynbos plants 

traits. Anomalous fire regimes, invasion by alien plants and grazing by domestic stock 

soon after a fire affect the regeneration success of plants after a fire. This in turn alters the 

post-fire structure of the vegetation, the finely tuned plant-plant competitive interactions 

and the faunal (often small-mammals and birds) component present. Changes in the 

natural composition of Fynbos plant communities also negatively affect the quality and 

quantity of water runoff from mountain water catchment areas. 

The two main factors that determine the occurrence of the seven habitat types in the 

Fynbos are rainfall and soil condition. The rainfall pattern is usually quite simple, as it 

72

tends to increase with altitude. Soil condition is less predictable as it depends on geology. 

Where shale bands are absent in a mountain the habitat types replaces one another in 

quite a predictable pattern. The general pattern is as follows; 

1. Restioid Fynbos occurs mostly at the base of the mountains on often quite rocky, 

shallow sandy soils. It usually sits just above the Arid Asteraceous Fynbos, here 

grouped with the Fire-prone Transitional Shrub- and Woodlands biome. 

2. In arid areas, a band of Grassy Fynbos occurs just above the Restioid Fynbos. In 

higher rainfall areas the band of Grassy Fynbos may be very narrow or absent. 

3. Just above the Grassy Fynbos is usually a band of Arid Proteoid Fynbos, which in 

many cases have not been mapped on southern slopes in this project because it is 

rather narrow in these higher rainfall areas. 

4. Just above the Arid Proteoid Fynbos occurs an often well-developed band of 

Mesic Proteoid Fynbos along the mid to upper slopes of the mountain. It is by far 

best developed on south facing slopes, while the Arid Proteoid Fynbos is most 

abundant on north facing slopes. 

5. Above the Mesic Proteoid Fynbos, usually in the upper quarter of the mountain 

slope, occurs the Ericaceous Fynbos habitat. It is mostly restricted to very wet, 

south facing slopes. In the arid inland mountains this band is often so narrow that 

it has not been mapped in this project. Included in this habitat are the upper water 

seepage zones from where most of the perennial water streams originate. Much 

of this habitat type has thus been mapped as part of the Freshwater stream and 

seepage area habitat, here grouped with the Aquatic biome units. 

6. Right on the crest of high peaks, usually at an altitude of 1500 meters and above, 

occurs the Subalpine Fynbos habitat. It seems to be largely restricted to the band 

in which snow often occurs in winter. 

7. The Waboomveld habitat type occurs in shale bands that are mostly located along 

the base of mountains, but it sometimes does run higher up the mountain slopes. It 

has an interesting position in the “assemblage rules” for fynbos habitat types, as it 

is only present if Renosterveld is present below it. Where Thicket Mosaic 

vegetation occurs at the base of the mountain Waboomveld is displaced by 

Restioid Fynbos or Grassy Fynbos. 

73

4.3.4.1 Restioid Fynbos 

The Restioid Fynbos habitat is quite easy to recognize. The vegetation is structurally 

simple, with Restios (mostly only Rhodocoma arida or Thamnochortus karooicum) 

dominant, grasses (Aristida, Cymbopogon, Pentaschistis, etc.) uncommon and the shrub 

component (Agathosma, Aspalathus, Euryops, Eriocephalus, Felicia, Hermannia, 

Montinia, Passerina, Phylica, etc.) usually also poorly developed. Sandolien (Dodonaea 

angustifolia) may be present, but is never abundant. Some stem-and leaf succulents 

(Euphorbia, Othonna, Ruschia, etc.) may be present on rocky outcrops, but they are 

never abundant. This habitat is usually not rich in species, not even after fire when 

relatively few geophytes are present. Only 8 vegetation units have been recognized to 

occur in this habitat type, despite its relative widespread occurrence in the Little Karoo. 

Photo 4.26 Warmwaterberg Arid Restioid Fynbos is a typical example of 

the Restioid Fynbos habitat type. Note the abundance of 

Restio’s (Rhodocoma arida) and lack of proteoid shrubs. 

74

4.3.4.2 Grassy Fynbos 

The Grassy Fynbos habitat type is also easy to recognize, as it is structurally very simple, 

with grasses (mostly only C3-grasses such as Aristida, Merxmuellera, Pentameris, 

Pentaschistis, etc.) abundant. Restios (Calopsis, Hypodiscus, Ischyrolepis, Restio, 

Rhodocoma, etc.) and Ericas are present, but never prominent. Proteas (mostly only 

Leucospermum and Paranomus) are rare, but quite a variety of other shrubs (Agathosma, 

Aspalathus, Euryops, Eriocephalus, Felicia, Heliophila, Hermannia, Montinia, 

Passerina, Phylica, etc.) may be present. Some short-lived shrubs (Aspalathus and 

Hermannia) may be super-abundant after a fire, when some geophytes are also present, 

but the geophytes are never as abundant as they tend to be in the wetter Fynbos habitats. 

Despite the relative abundance of grasses the Grassy Fynbos is not particularly suitable 

for grazing purposes, except perhaps for bulk-grazers, e.g. Mountain Zebra. 

Photo 4.27 Gamkaberg Grassy Fynbos is a typical example of the Grassy 

Fynbos habitat type. Note the even structure of the vegetation 

and abundance of coarse grasses (Merxmuellera arundinacea). 

75

4.3.4.3 Waboomveld 

One of the most distinctive features of the Waboomveld habitat is the presence of 

Waboom (Protea nitida), which may be tall and abundant or sometimes small and 

uncommon, but it is always present. Grasses (C4 grasses, e.g. Ehrharta spp., Themeda 

triandra, and C3 grasses, e.g. Aristida, Merxmuellera, Pentameris, Pentaschistis, etc) are 

always present and they may be prominent soon after fire, when a rich variety of 

geophytes are usually also present. Restios (Cannamois, Hypodiscus, Ischyrolepis, 

Restio, Rhodocoma, etc.) are present, but they are not very abundant. 

Photo 4.28 Gamkaskloof Waboomveld is typical of the Waboomveld 

habitat type, with the gray-leaved tree prominent here the 

characteristic Waboom (Protea nitida). 

Erica species are also present in Waboomveld, but they are rarely very abundant. A wide 

variety of other small-leaved shrubs (Agathosma, Aspalathus, Cliffortia, Euryops, 

76

Hermannia, Phylica, etc.) are, however, abundant. Proteas (Leucadendron, 

Leucospermum, Paranomus and Protea species) are rarely abundant, but this may be due 

to previous burning and grazing practices. I suspect that much of the Waboomveld was 

frequently burned in the past to utilize the grass component of this habitat type. Such 

practices may have removed much of the original populations of the non-sprouting 

Proteas from the Waboomveld. Succulents (e.g. Aloe ferox) are often prominent on rocky 

outcrops, often along with some trees (Gymnosporia, Maytenus, Rhus and 

Pterocelastrus). It is also one of the few Fynbos habitats in which lianas (e.g. Cassytha, 

Dipogon and Rhynchosia) are prominent. The Waboomveld habitat thus harbors a very 

rich variety of plant species and many of them are localized endemic species. Sixteen 

vegetation units are recognized to occur in this habitat type, mostly due to differences in 

the species present. 

Due to the higher nutrient status of the soils it is one of the Fynbos habitat types that offer 

better grazing opportunities for animals. Waboomveld has been subjected to some 

grazing by game species in the past and even nowadays one sees small game species (e.g. 

Grysbok, Grey Rhebuck and Klipspringer) more often in Waboomveld than in any other 

of the Fynbos habitat types. It also seems to be one of the favored habitat types of the 

Cape Mountain Zebra, perhaps because sweet grasses (C4-species) tend to be more 

abundant here. Grazing by domestic stock should, however, not be allowed within the 

first two to three years after a fire. Many of the species present in the Waboomveld 

regenerate by means of seedlings after a fire and it is also the period when most of the 

geophytes flower. During these initial years after a fire these plants are very vulnerable to 

the impacts of heavy grazing pressure. 

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4.3.4.4 Arid Proteoid Fynbos 

Proteoid shrubs (Leucadendron, Leucospermum, Paranomus and Protea species) are 

usually abundant in this habitat, along with a rich variety of other small-leaved shrubs 

(including Erica species) and Restios and sedges (Cyperaceae). Grasses are not abundant. 

This habitat can only be mistaken with Mesic Proteoid Fynbos, but the Proteas rarely 

form a tall, closed canopy here. It also differs in the species present, with species such as 

Protea repens and Cannamois scirpoides that are common here, quite uncommon in the 

Mesic Proteoid Fynbos. The species present in this habitat varies considerably from one 

mountain range to the next and 16 vegetation units have been identified to occur in this 

habitat. Several species are localized endemics and habitat destruction, incorrect burning 

and grazing regimes and infestation by alien species are the main threats to this habitat. 

Photo 4.29 Barrydale Arid Proteoid Fynbos is typical of the Arid Proteoid 

Fynbos habitat. Note the abundance of proteoid shrubs 

(Leucadendron salignum) and variety of other shrubs and 

Restios present. 

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4.3.4.5 Mesic Proteoid Fynbos 

The Mesic Proteoid Fynbos differs mostly from the Arid Proteoid Fynbos in its structure, 

with the proteoid shrubs often so dense that they form a closed canopy, the ericoid shrubs 

(especially Erica species) tend to be more abundant and the sedge (Cyperaceae) 

component is often better developed than in Arid Proteoid Fynbos. The species present 

are the best indicators with Leucadendron eucalyptifolium (as opposed to Leucadendron 

rubrum in the Arid version), Leucadendron spissifolium (as opposed to Leucadendron 

salignum in the Arid version), Protea neriifolia and Protea punctata (as opposed to 

Protea laurifolia, Protea lorifolia and Protea repens in the Arid version) are reliable 

indicators. The same holds for the Restios with for instance Cannamois virgata often 

abundant here (Cannomois scirpoides in the Arid version) and in the Ericas with Erica 

copiosa present (as opposed to Erica melanthera in the Arid version). The plant 

communities present in the Mesic Proteoid Fynbos differs so much on the different 

mountains of the region, that 19 vegetation units are recognized in this habitat type. 

Photo 4.30 Kouga Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is a typical example of the Mesic 

Proteoid Fynbos habitat. Note abundance of Protea neriifolia. 

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4.3.4.6 Ericaceous Fynbos 

The Ericaceous Fynbos habitat is quite a distinctive habitat with a dense layer of fine- 

leaved shrubs (mostly Ericas) present and Restios and Sedges abundant. Some proteoid 

shrubs may be present (e.g. Protea cynaroides), but they are never very abundant. It is 

mostly restricted to steep, wet, upper south facing slopes of mountains where peaty, 

sandy soils occur. It differs from the Subalpine Fynbos in having a well-developed 

vegetation layer up to a height of about 1,5 meter. It is not abundant in the Little Karoo 

region, but it is well developed along the southern slopes of the coastal mountain range. It 

also occurs on the upper southern slopes of the inland mountain ranges (Swartberg), but 

in such a narrow band that it could not be mapped in this project. Many highly localized 

endemic plants occur in this habitat type, they are all very sensitive to any physical 

disturbance, changes in the water drainage regime and the natural fire regime. 

Photo 4.31 Kanetberg Ericaceous Fynbos is typical of the Ericaceous 

Fynbos habitat type. Note the abundance of Ericas. 

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4.3.4.7 Subalpine Fynbos 

This is one of the most interesting habitat types of the Fynbos biome. Few of the plants 

that occur in the harsh climate of this habitat grow much beyond one meter tall. Here the 

soils are nutrient poor, the winter temperatures are freezing and strong winds blow 

frequently. The vegetation is dominated by Restios, Sedges and ericoid shrubs, but a 

number of low-growing Proteoid shrubs are also present. It is very rich in species and the 

species changes rapidly from one mountain peak to the next. Many of these species are 

localized endemics that grow slowly. They are thus very sensitive to physical disturbance 

even repeated trampling by man, but also to changes in soil condition (such as nutrient 

enrichment or change in pH) and water drainage systems. The sensitivity of this habitat is 

amplified by the occurrence of a highly localized invertebrate fauna. Despite its 

remoteness it has been degraded in many sites, often where telecommunication masts or 

firebreaks were established. Frequent fires have thus had a negative impact on many of 

the species endemic to these mountain peaks. 

Photo 4.32 Groot Swartberg Subalpine Fynbos is typical of the Subalpine 

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5. Unit Descriptions 

5.1 Sequence and style of description of vegetation units. 

The sequence in which the vegetation units are described in this chapter follows those of 

the proposed 32 major habitat types proposed in Chapter 4. For easy reference I provide 

the proposed hierarchy again in Figure 5.1. 

ECOSYSTEM BIOME MAJOR HABITAT TYPES UNITS 


SOURCE Freshwater stream & seepage area 17 

Valley Thicket with Spekboom 2 

SUBTROPICAL Valley Thicket with Spekboom Mosaics 6 

THICKET Valley Thicket Mosaics 3 

Arid Thicket with Spekboom 2 

Arid Thicket with Spekboom Mosaics 26 

Arid Thicket Mosaics 64 

Randteveld 20 

Apronveld 19 



KAROO Gannaveld 26 

Quartz Gannaveld 9 


TERRESTRIAL Kalkveld 1 

Thicket Mosaics 4 

Asbosveld 2 


FIRE-PRONE Arid Renosterveld 1 

TRANSITIONAL Arid Renosterveld Mosaics 4 

SHRUB- AND Mesic Renosterveld 8 

WOODLANDS Mesic Renosterveld Mosaics 32 

Sandolien 13 

Asteraceous 4 

Restioid 8 

MOUNTAIN Grassy 10 

FYNBOS Waboomveld 16 


Mesic Proteoid 19 

Ericaceous 3 


TOTAL NUMBER OF VEGETATION UNITS 369 

Figure 5.1: Hierarchy of the proposed habitat types in the Little Karoo area and 

sequence in which vegetation units are described in this chapter. 

82

Within each habitat type the descriptions of the vegetation units are not provided in 

alphabetic order. The units are grouped following the structure and floristic composition 

of the units, to ensure that most similar units are described close to each other. These 

groups follow a sequence with units located in the west described first, working 

eastwards. It may initially appear haphazard, but I am sure you will soon follow the logic. 

In the 369 unit descriptions I attempted two address two aspects; 

1. To explain as briefly as possible why each unit has been recognized as a distinct 

unit, often by contrasting the vegetation of the unit with those of most similar 

unit(s), and 

2. To provide the reader with some data on the distinct common species present in 

the unit and where possible also on any rare or localized endemic species that are 

known to occur in the unit. 

Please note that these descriptions are often a generalization of the vegetation in the units. 

Vegetation units that extend over a wide area can vary considerably in the species most 

abundant at the two extreme ends of the unit. In such cases the description will best fit 

those that occur towards the center of the unit. The data provided on rare or localized 

endemic species should also be read with caution as; 

1. Some localized endemic species have a wide ecological amplitude. They may thus 

be present in several units. Even in the latter case these species are useful 

indicators to distinguish structurally similar units in a different bio-geographical 

regions, with for instance the eastern Little Karoo Tylecodon cacalioides replaced 

by Tylecodon wallichii in similar looking units in the western Little Karoo. 

2. Most of the Little Karoo region is botanically poorly surveyed. Many more 

interesting species may be present in a unit than has been noted. 

The description for each vegetation unit is also available in MS Excel format along with a 

photo for approximately 300 of the 369 units. These descriptions and photos are directly 

linked to the vegetation unit in the electronic copy of the vegetation map (available in 

ARCVIEW 3.2 format. 

83

5.2 Aquatic Habitat Units 

5.2.1 River and floodplain habitat 

The Breede River and floodplain unit is easily recognized as Sweet Thorn (Acacia 

karoo) is present and often abundant in the main riverbed. This unit differs from all the 

other River and floodplain units in having species such as Brabejum stellatifolium and 

Melanthus major present, especially in the region where the river enters the Langeberg 

mountains. This unit is also unusual in having species such as Buddleja saligna, 

Gymnosporia buxifolia and Melianthus comosus often abundant in the upper water 

drainage lines. Its also one of the few river systems in the Little Karoo where the alien 

Acacia saligna is often abundant. No rare or localized endemic species are known from 

this unit, but the very rare Gladiolus stefaniae occurs on vertical cliffs next to this unit. 

In the Touws River and floodplain woody trees such as Acacia karoo, Rhus lancea and 

Tamarix usneoides are often abundant on the river banks, while reeds such as Phragmitis 

australis and Typha capensis are occasionally abundant along the edges of pools and in 

the riverbed. Grasses are uncommon, but Agrostis lachnantha occurs in moist sites in the 

riverbed and Stipagrostis namaquensis often form prominent clumps higher up in the 

floodplain. This unit has been invaded by several alien species, including Arundo donax, 

Prosopis glandulosa, Shinus molle, Tamarix chinensis and Tamarix ramosissima, with 

Atriplex nummularia occasionally also present in the floodplain zone. No rare or 

localized endemic species are known to occur in this unit. 

The vegetation of the lower sections of the Buffels River and floodplain is currently 

very similar to those that occur in the Touws River and floodplain unit, but it probably 

differed significantly in the past, as many of the tributaries that originate in the Klein 

Swartberg would have delivered high volumes of fresh water throughout the year into the 

main river system. Most of this water is now diverted for agricultural use and the 

riverbanks have been altered in many places to such an extent that it is hard to reconstruct 

the original vegetation. This unit differs from most of the other River and floodplain units 

84

in being quite seriously infested by the alien Sesbania punicea, another indicator that this 

system carried mostly fresh water. No rare species are known from this unit, but 

Cotyledon tomentosa ssp. ladismithiensis occurs on some of the steep rock faces that 

often align this unit. 

The Groot River and floodplain unit is intermediate between the Touws - and Buffels 

River & floodplain units. It differs from the Buffels River unit in receiving its supply of 

fresh water from the Langeberg mountains and from the Touws unit in having had a 

higher yields of fresh water. Along its inland drainage areas it often has Schotia afra as a 

prominent tree element, with Acacia karoo less prominent. An interesting feature along 

the main streambed is the occurrence of the spiny grass Cladoraphis spinosa that often 

occurs with clumps of Stipagrostis namaquensis in sandy areas. 

The vegetation of the Gamka River and floodplain unit is most similar to the Touws 

River unit as it also has its main catchment in the Nama Karoo. There are not many 

freshwater streams feeding into this river and it thus naturally carried less fresh water. 

Periodic floods deposited deep silt beds from the Great Karoo in the floodplain, where 

Sweet Thorn trees (Acacia karoo) and grasses such as Cynodon dactylon and Stipagrostis 

namaquensis are prominent amongst Ganna (Salsola aphylla). Some interesting annuals 

occur in the floodplain, such as Manulea chysantha, some of these annuals and other 

herbs are more typical of the Nama Karoo from which their seed is periodically washed 

during floods. It remains a mistery why they are not more abundant in the adjacent river 

systems. The main stream is currently badly infested with Nerium oleander and Tamarix 

chinensis and Tamarix ramosissima are also abundant in certain sites. Tromotriche 

choanantha is a rare succulent that occurs on the vertical cliffs where this river cuts 

trough the Rooiberg. 

The Gouritsrivier River and floodplain unit is the recipient of all the waters from the 

other riverine units and it is thus no surprise that it shares characters and species with all 

the other riverine units. I have little doubt that in pre-European days it had a perennial 

flow of fresh water, only periodically punctuated with floods from the Nama Karoo. In 

85

places the vegetation on the riverbanks still contain typical fresh-water dependent plants 

such as Cliffortia strobilifera and Salix mucronata, but they are now uncommon. The 

floodplain vegetation is often dominated by Acacia karoo, Salsola aphylla and Suaeda 

fruticosa, but many of the embankments are sandy with a fairly well developed grass 

cover (Cynodon dactylon, Ehrharta ramosa, Stipagrostis namaquensis, etc.). These sandy 

embankments are often rich in annual species after rain. The steep cliff embankments just 

above the 1:100 year flood line have a rich assemblage of succulent species, some being 

local endemics such as Cotyledon tomentosa ssp. ladismithiensis it probably also harbors 

a number of interesting Haworthia species. 

The Olifants River and floodplain unit differs from most of the other riverine units in 

that many of its upper inland streambeds are still eroding into the landscape with a great 

many fingers. Acacia karoo is the most prominent species here, often along with herbs 

such as Ballota africana. An interesting feature in this unit is the occasional abundance of 

Acacia caffra. Many perennial fresh-water streams used to feed into the main drainage 

channel from the Kamanassie and Tsitsikamma mountains, with periodic floods coming 

from the eastern Great Karoo during summer. The floodplain of this unit is somewhat 

different from all the other riverine units, but the shrub Salsola aphylla remains abundant 

and distinctive. Odd species noted in the floodplain include Chrysocoma oblongifolia and 

Cyperus congestus. 

5.2.2 Freshwater stream & seepage habitat 

The Central Langeberg perennial steam vegetation is easily recognized as the upper 

seepage areas are dominated by short Restio's and Erica's with several local endemics 

such as Berzelia burchellii, Cliffortia lanceolata, Erica tetrathecoides, Nevillea sp.nov. 

and Spatalla colorata present. Lower streams dominated by taller shrubs and Restios such 

as Berzelia intermedia, Cannamois virgata, Erica curviflora, Leucadendron salicifolium, 

Otholobium bowieanum, Platycaulos compressus, Psoralea aphylla and Pteronia 

86

camphorata. Typical and restricted to this unit is the very localized Penaea dahlgrenii. 

Some unusual orchid species may be present after fire. 

The Seweweekspoort perennial stream unit is most easily identified, as it is the only 

inland mountain stream vegetation in which Virgilia divaricata is abundant. Typical other 

tall shrubs and trees include Hypocalyptus sophoroides, Psoralea affinis and Salix 

mucronata. The seepage areas on the north-facing slopes are unusual in their species 

combination, but Calopsis paniculata, Erica curviflora, Erica quadrangularis and 

Rhodocoma capensis are reliable indicators. Some rare and localized species may occur 

in these seepage zones, especially after a fire. 

The upper seepage zones of the Klein Swartberg perennial stream unit is also 

dominated by short Restios and Ericas. The unit is most easily recognized by the 

presence of the localized endemic tall shrub Stirtonanthus chrysanthus that is often 

abundant along the streambank. Calopsis paniculata, Cannamois virgata and several 

Psoralea species are reliable indicators along the lower streambank. 

The Kamanassie perennial stream unit is also indicated by an abundance of Cannamois 

virgata, Calopsis paniculata and Rhodocoma capensis, along with Erica caffra, Erica 

curviflora, several Psoralea species and Pteronia camphorata. The broad-leaved herb 

Gunnera perpensa is another typical element and reliable indicator of this unit, as well as 

the tree Virgilia divaricata that is often present along the mid slopes of the mountain. 

Small patches of forest may occur in fire-protected kloofs, often with an abundance of 

ferns (mostly Blechnum species.) A number of localized endemic species such as 

Geissorhiza elsiae and Liparia genistoides and some rare orchids (e.g. Disa elegans) 

occur in the upper seepage areas. 

The Keurbooms River and perennial stream unit is easily identified in having 

Keurbooms (Virgilia divaricata) abundant along the main drainage channel as well as 

small patches of Afro-montane forest, often with Afrocarpus falcatus and Rhus 

chirendensis present. Berzelia intermedia, Cannomois virgata, Leucadendron conicum, 

87

Leucadendron eucalyptifolium and Protea mundii are abundant and prominent along the 

upper streams. The upper seepage areas often have grasses such as Ehrharta dura 

abundant after fire. The rare orchid Acrolophia barbata and the uncommon localized 

endemic shrubs Erica inconstans and Psoralea keetii also occur in these upper seepage 

areas. This unit is most similar to the Outeniqua Perennial Stream unit, but can be easily 

recognized by the presence of Protea mundii and the absence of Protea aurea. 

The Central Swartberg perennial stream unit is most similar to the Klein Swartberg 

Perennial Stream unit in having Calopsis paniculata, Cannamois virgata, Erica caffra, 

Rhodocoma capensis and several Psoralea species as dominant species along the lower 

streambank, but it differs in having some other localized endemic species present. Along 

the lower streambank occur rare species such as Brunsvigia josephinae and Diascia 

patens, while the upper streams and seepage areas have rare localized species such as 

Erica astroites, Geissorhiza nigromontana, Gladiolus aquamontana, Liparia racemosa and 

Stirtonanthus taylorianus that are absent from any other similar units. Small patches of 

Afro-montane forests occur in fire-protected sites, often with Ilex mitis, Maytenus 

acuminata and Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus as the most abundant trees and Blechnum 

species abundant in the understorey. 

Although the streams of the Groot Swartberg perennial stream-north drain 

northwards, the species dominant in this unit differ little from those that drain southwards 

in the Central Swartberg Perennial stream unit. Calopsis paniculata, Cannamois virgata, 

Erica caffra, Erica curviflora, Gunnera perpensa, Rhodocoma capensis and several 

Psoralea species are thus also the dominant species here. It differs mostly in having 

different localized endemic species present, such as Erica chionodes, Erica dolfiana and 

Geissorhiza uliginosa. Liparia racemosa is the only localized endemic that it shares with 

those streams that drain southwards in the Groot Swartberg. The upper seepage areas 

contain some rare orchid species such Disa elegans. 

The Outeniqua perennial stream unit is most similar to the Keurbooms River & 

Perennial Stream unit, but can be easily identified in lacking Protea mundii as a 

88

prominent element, with Virgilia divaricata only occasionally abundant along the main 

drainage channel. Berzelia intermedia, Cannomois virgata, Leucadendron conicum, 

Leucadendron eucalyptifolium and Protea aurea are here the most prominent species 

along the stream banks. The upper seepage areas also have grasses such as Ehrharta dura 

abundant after fire, along with many orchid species. Rare and localized species known in 

this unit include Erica gillii, Gladiolus fourcadei and Psoralea vlokii. 

The Anysberg perennial stream unit is quite easy to identify as water-dependant species 

such as Calopsis paniculata, Cannamois virgata, Carpha glomerata, Cliffortia strobilifera, 

Erica curviflora, Erica quadrangularis, Leucadendron eucalyptifolium, Leucadendron 

salicifolium and Psoralea affinis and other Psoralea species present. None of these 

species are abundant in any of the nearby seasonal streams. The upper seepage areas 

contain localized endemic species such as Erica sp.nov. (cf. lehmanii) and Hesperantha 

malvina that are not known from any other unit. 

The Waboomsberg perennial stream unit is most similar to the Anysberg Perennial 

Stream unit as it also has water-dependant species, such as Calopsis paniculata, 

Cannamois virgata, Cliffortia strobilifera, Erica quadrangularis, Leucadendron 

salicifolium and Psoralea species abundant that are rare in the nearby seasonal streams. It 

seems to share some of its species also with the Western Langeberg perennial stream unit 

and may contain some of the rare species otherwise only known from the Langeberg. 

The Western Langeberg perennial stream unit can easily be recognized by an 

abundance or at least presence of Leucadendron eucalyptifolium and/or Leucadendron 

salicifolium amongst the usual other indicator species of perennial streams of the coastal 

mountains, Berzelia intermedia, Calopsis paniculata, Cannamois virgata, Carpha 

glomerata, Cliffortia strobilifera, Erica curviflora, Platycaulos compressus, Rhodocoma 

capensis, Psoralea aphylla and other Psoralea species. The only uncommon species 

known in this unit is Otholobium bowieanum, but many others may also occur here. 

89

The Touwsberg perennial stream unit is most similar to the Anysberg Perennial Stream 

unit with water-dependant species such as Calopsis paniculata, Cannamois virgata, 

Carpha glomerata, Cliffortia strobilifera, Erica quadrangularis, Leucadendron 

eucalyptifolium and Psoralea species present and acting as reliable indicators to separate 

it from nearby seasonal streams. It differs from the Anysberg Perennial Stream unit in 

lacking its local endemics, with Alonsoa peduncularis the only rare species known in this 

unit. 

The vegetation of the Eastern Langeberg perennial stream unit is most similar to those 

of the Central Langeberg perennial stream unit in having species that are reliable 

indicators of permanently wet sites such as Berzelia intermedia, Cannamois virgata, 

Cyclopia sessiliflora, Erica curviflora, Leucadendron salicifolium, Platycaulos 

compressus, Psoralea aphylla and Pteronia camphorata common and abundant. It differs 

from the other units in also having Protea coronata present, indicating a transition to the 

Outeniqua perennial stream unit. It furthermore differs in lacking most of the local 

endemics present in the other units with its own distinctive species such as Cyclopia 

dregeana, Erica rhodantha and Otholobium bowieanum. The very rare orchid Pachites 

appressa occurs in the upper seepage areas. 

The vegetation of the Kamanassie northern perennial stream unit is most similar to 

those of the Kamanassie Perennial Stream unit, but it differs somewhat as here the 

streams drain northwards. It is also easily recognized and differs from nearby seasonal 

streams in having reliable indicators of wet sites such as Cannamois virgata, Calopsis 

paniculata, Carpha glomerata, Cliffortia strobilifera, Erica caffra, Erica curviflora, 

Mentha longifolia, Psoralea affinis and Rhodocoma capensis common and abundant. It 

differs from all the other similar units in the uncommon species present, which include 

ferns such as Asplenium platyneuron, Histiopteris incisa and Osmunda regalis in cool, 

shady sites with the local endemic Pelargonium pseudoglutinosum sometimes abundant 

in sunny open sites. The uncommon tree Lachnostylos bilocularis and Cyrthanthus 

inaequalis occur on vertical rock faces flanking this unit. 

90

The Rooiberg Perennial Stream unit is most similar to the vegetation of the Central 

Swartberg Perennial stream unit in having Calopsis paniculata, Cannamois virgata, Erica 

caffra, Hypocalyptus sophoroides, Rhodocoma capensis and several Psoralea species 

abundant along the streambank, but it differs in lacking its localized endemic species 

present. Rare species in the upper seepage area, such as Nivenia argentea, indicate a 

relationship also with the Langeberg flora. Patches of Afro-montane forests also occur 

here in fire-protected sites, also with Ilex mitis, Maytenus acuminata and Pterocelastrus 

tricuspidatus as the most abundant trees, with ferns such as Asplenium and Blechnum 

species abundant in the understorey. 

The Tsitsikamma perennial stream unit is most similar to the Keurbooms River & 

perennial stream unit, but here the streams drain northwards into the Olifants River 

system. Afro-montane forest patches are absent here and the unit is dominated by fynbos 

species such as Cannomois virgata, Leucadendron conicum, Leucadendron 

eucalyptifolium, Platycaulos compressus, Protea neriifolia and Protea mundii, often with 

Pteronia camphorata abundant. Uncommon species present are Leucadendron uliginosum 

ssp. glabratum, with rare species present including an odd locality for Disa marlothii and 

another unusual orchid Pterygodium newdigateae not uncommon after fire on the upper 

streambank. 

The Kouga perennial stream unit corresponds most closely with those of the 

Tsitsikamma perennial stream unit in having species such as Calopsis paniculata, 

Cannomois virgata, Leucadendron eucalyptifolium, Platycaulos compressus and Protea 

neriifolia abundant. It differs in having rare species such as Encephalartos longifolius and 

Widdringtonia schwarchii occurring on steep rock faces aligning these streams that drain 

into the Kouga River. 

91

5.3 Terrestrial 

5.3.1 Subtropical Thicket 

5.3.1.1 Valley Thicket with Spekboom 

The Calitzdorp Valley Spekboomveld may be mistaken with the Calitzdorp Arid 

Spekboomveld as Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is abundant and prominent amongst 

woody trees and shrubs such as Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gymnosporia 

szyszylowiczii, Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus longispina and Rhus undulata, but it can 

easily recognized by having Pappea capensis also abundant. Other stem- and leaf 

succulents are also abundant, including species such as Aloe ferox, Aloe microstigma, 

Aloe speciosa, Crassula rupestris, Dioscorea hemicryptica, Euphorbia heptagona, 

Gasteria brachyphylla, Pachypodium bispinosum, Pachypodium succulentum, 

Pelargonium teragonum and Sarcostemma viminale. Grasses are present (e.g. Agrostis 

lachnantha, Cenchrus ciliaris, Fingerhuthia africana, Panicum coloratum, Panicum 

deustum, Sporobolus africanus, Stipa dregeana, Tribolium uniolae, etc.), but they are 

only prominent after good summer rain. No rare species are known from this unit, but the 

localized endemic Tylecodon cacalioides is present. 

The Groot Spekboomveld may be confused with the Calitzdorp Valley Spekboomveld 

as it is structurally very similar very Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) abundant and as it has 

distinctive species such as Aloe speciosa and Pappea capensis also abundant, but it can be 

recognized easily as species such as Crassula ovata are abundant here that are absent 

from the Calitzdorp Valley Spekboomveld. No rare or localized endemic species are 

known from this unit. Only a relatively small portion of this unit occurs in the Little 

Karoo. This unit is much more abundant in the Eastern Cape. 

92

5.3.1.2 Valley Thicket with Spekboom Mosaics 

The Zoar Fynbos-Spekboomveld may be confused with the Sandberg Fynbos- 

Spekboomveld as this unit occurs mostly also on steep north facing slopes on outcrops of 

quartzitic rocks where Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is abundant on the lower slopes and 

Arid - and Grassy Fynbos forming the matrix vegetation on the upper slopes. This unit 

differs, however, in having Doppruim (Pappea capensis) often abundant, and the 

uncommon Ficus cordata present, in the Thicket vegetation on the lower slopes. Some 

rare, localized endemic succulents, such as Tromotriche baylisii are also present on rocky 

outcrops in ravines. 

The Hartbeesvlakte Spekboomveld could be confused with the Hartbeesvlakte Fynbos- 

Spekboomveld as Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees such as Gwarrie 

(Euclea undulata), Spalkpendoring (Gloveria integrifolia) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) 

are dominant on the north facing slopes, but it differs in also having Doppruim (Pappea 

capensis) abundant in these communities. Here the vegetation present on the south facing 

slopes also contrasts sharply with those present on the northern slopes, with the 

communities on the upper slopes dominated by shrubs such as Renosterbos 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis), Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia), Nymannia capensis, 

Polygala pinifolia and in having Fynbos elements (such as Rhodocoma arida) present. 

Another quite unusual feature is the presence of species usually abundant in the lower 

lying Gannaveld (e.g. Salsola aphylla) abundant on the lower south facing slopes. No rare 

or localized endemic species are known from this unit. 

The Kruisrivier Spekboom-Pruimveld occurs mostly on gravelly sandy soils where 

Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is abundant amongst woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Carissa 

haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia capensis, Pappea 

capensis, Rhigozum obovatum, etc.) in a matrix of Succulent Karoo communities in 

which Asbos (Pteronia incana) and Kapokbos (Eriocephalus africanus, Eriocephalus 

ericoides and Eriocephalus punctulatus) are often abundant. Grasses are present (e.g. 

Cenchrus ciliaris, Ehrharta calycina, Panicum coloratum, Panicum deustum, Sporobolus 

93

africanus, Stipa dregeana, etc.) but they are only prominent after heavy rain. Stem- and 

leaf succulents (e.g. Aloe microstigma, Aloe ferox, Cotyledon orbiculare, Gasteria 

brachyphylla, Pelargonium peltatum, Pelargonium tetragonum, Quaqua pillansii, Ruschia 

ceresiana, Sarcostemma viminale, Tylecodon cacalioides, Tylecodon paniculata, etc.) and 

geophytes (e.g. Chlorophytum comosum, Dipcadi viride, Drimia capensis, Hessea 

stellaris, Nerine humilis, Ornithogalum graminifolium, etc.) are also abundant in these 

communities. Some of these geophytes (e.g. Eriospermum rhizomatum) are localized 

endemic species, while others (e.g. Liparis remota) represent interesting westernmost 

distribution records. 

The Boerbonefontein Pruimveld is in many respects similar to the Kruisrivier 

Spekboom-Pruimveld, but here Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is less abundant and mostly 

restricted to north facing slopes. Woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, 

Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia capensis, Pappea capensis, Rhigozum 

obovatum, etc.) are also abundant in the matrix Succulent Karoo communities, where 

Asbos (Pteronia incana), Kapokbos (Eriocephalus africanus) and Vygies (several 

Drosanthemum species, Lampranthus haworthii and Ruschia ceresiana) are often the 

dominant species. Grasses (e.g. Cenchrus ciliaris, Ehrharta calycina, Eragrostis curvula, 

Digitaria argyrograpta, Digitaria eriantha, Panicum deustum, Sporobolus africanus, Stipa 

dregeana, etc.) are often also abundant in the lower lying areas. Stem- and leaf succulents 

(e.g. Aloe microstigma, Aloe ferox, Cotyledon orbiculare, Gasteria brachyphylla, 

Sarcostemma viminale, Tylecodon paniculata, Tylecodon wallichii, etc.) and geophytes 

(e.g. Chlorophytum comosum, Dipcadi viride, Drimia capensis, Hessea stellaris, 

Ornithogalum graminifolium, etc.) are also abundant in these communities. No rare or 

localized endemic species are known from this unit, but it is poorly surveyed. 

The Kruisrivier Sandolien-Spekboomveld occurs mostly on rocky, sandy soils derived 

from the Enon conglomerate formation. Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is usually abundant 

on north facing slopes, along with some woody trees and shrubs similar to those that 

occur in the Grootkop Arid Spekboomveld (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, 

Gloveria integrifolia, Grewia robusta, Nymannia capensis, Rhigozum obovatum and 

94

Rhus undulata), but here Doppruim (Pappea capensis) is more abundant. This unit may 

also be confused with the Kruisrivier Spekboom-Pruimveld, but here Sandolien 

(Dodonaea angustifolia) is abundant on south facing slopes, where fynbos elements (e.g. 

Aspalathus rugosa, Paranomus dregei, Phylica axillaris, Rhodocoma arida, etc.) are often 

also prominent. Kapokbos (Eriocephalus africanus) and Asbos (Pteronia incana) are 

abundant in the Succulent Karoo communities, as well as succulents (e.g. Aloe 

microstigma, Tylecodon paniculata, Tylecodon wallichii, etc.), with the localized 

endemic Haworthia truncata also present in this unit. 

5.3.1.3 Valley Thicket Mosaics 

The Prinspoort Pruimveld is most similar to the Boerbonefontein Pruimveld as 

Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is uncommon amongst the woody trees and shrubs (e.g. 

Carissa haematocarpa, Dodonaea angustifolia, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, 

Nymannia capensis, Pappea capensis, Rhigozum obovatum, etc.) that are abundant in the 

matrix Succulent Karoo vegetation. These Succulent karoo communities also differs 

somewhat in having Netvetbos (Monechma incanum) often also abundant along with 

Asbos (Pteronia incana), Kapokbos (Eriocephalus africanus) and Vygies (several 

Drosanthemum species, Lampranthus haworthii and Ruschia ceresiana), with other 

localized endemic shrubs such as Crotalaria lebeckioides also present in the Succulent 

Karoo communities. Grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa, Cenchrus ciliaris, Ehrharta calycina, 

Digitaria argyrograpta, Sporobolus africanus, etc.) are present, but they are not very 

abundant. Stem succulents (especially species of Duvalia, Huernia, Piranhas, Quaqua, 

Stapelia and Tylecodon) are remarkably abundant in this unit, but leaf succulents (e.g. 

Aloe comptonii, Aloe microstigma, Aloe ferox, Cotyledon orbiculare, etc.) are not 

uncommon. Two of these stem succulents (Quaqua linearis and Quaqua ramosa) and at 

least one of the leaf succulents (Cotyledon tomentosa ssp. ladismithiensis) is localized 

endemic species. 

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The Touws River Pruimveld is a distinct unit located along on the upper embankment of 

the Touws River, where the alluvial soils are deep, often sandy to loamy, with a high 

quartzitic rock component. Most characteristic is the abundance of woody trees with 

species such as Gloveria integrifolia and Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii abundant with 

Euclea undulata and occasionally Pappea capensis. The abundance of these trees and 

presence of shrubs and lianas such as Asparagus burchellii, Zygophyllum morgsana, etc 

in the bush-clumps clearly indicate that this unit is related to the Subtropical Thicket 

Biome. It is linked to the other Gouritz River Thicket units via a Touws River- 

Touwsberg-Rooiberg connection. In this unit the matrix Succulent Karoo communities 

are not very rich in species, with the most abundant and dominant species being Crassula 

rupestris, Leipodtia schultzei, Monechma incanum, Pentzia incana, Pteronia fasciculata, 

Pteronia flexicaulis, Rhigozum obovatum, Thesium lineatum and Tylecodon wallichii. Of 

interest is that the grass component is often well developed, at present they are not 

abundant, probably because they were severely impacted upon when this unit was grazed 

by domestic stock. Other species characteristic of this unit are Aloe comptonii, Bulbine 

latifolia, Carissa haematocarpa, Cotyledon orbiculata, Crassula subaphylla, Crassula 

deltoidea, Crassula pyramydalis, Dicoma spinosa, Digitaria argyrograpta, Ehrharta 

calycina, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Felicia filifolia, Felicia muricata, Gnidia deserticola, 

Hereroa gracilis, Ornithogalum maculatum, Psilocaulon junceum, Rhodocoma arida, 

Ruschia cf. ceresiana, Sceletium tortuosum and Selago albida. Tritonia watermeyeri and 

an interesting Haworthia species not yet identified (H.decipiens–H.lockwoodii- 

H.mucronata complex) are two uncommon species present. 

The Zorgvliet Pruimveld is somewhat intermediate between the Prinspoort - and 

Boerbonefontein Pruimveld units as woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, 

Dodonaea angustifolia, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia capensis, 

Pappea capensis, Rhigozum obovatum, etc.) are also abundant in the matrix Succulent 

Karoo vegetation, but here the species dominant in the Succulent Karoo communities 

differ much, as some sites have sandy soils and others have clayey soils. On the sandy 

soils Netvetbos (Monechma incanum), Kapokbos (Eriocephalus africanus) and Vygies 

(several Drosanthemum species and Ruschia ceresiana) are often the most abundant 

96

shrubs, with grasses such as Aristida diffusa, Ehrharta calycina, Digitaria argyrograpta, 

Digitaria eriantha, etc. often locally abundant. In these communities stem succulents 

(including the uncommon Euphorbia pillansii) are also abundant. On the clayey soils the 

Succulent Karoo communities are dominated by short asteraceous shrubs (e.g. Hirpicium 

alienatum, Pentzia incana, Pteronia adenocarpa, Pteronia glomerata, etc.) that often have 

many small leaf-succulents (e.g. Haworthia aranea, Crassula capitella, Senecio radicans, 

etc.) growing under them. Close to water drainage areas shrubs typical the Gannaveld 

(e.g. Salsola aphylla, Salsola calluna, etc.) are also prominent in these communities. 

5.3.1.4 Arid Thicket with Spekboom 

The Swartberg Arid Spekboomveld occurs mostly on north facing slopes, often on 

shallow, rocky soils. Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is usually abundant and prominent 

amongst woody trees and shrubs such as Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, 

Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus longispina and Rhus undulata, 

with Schotia afra occasionally also present. Other stem- and leaf succulents that are 

usually common and prominent are Aloe microstigma, Crassula rupestris, Dioscorea 

hemicryptica, Euphorbia heptagona, Gasteria brachyphylla, Pachypodium bispinosum, 

Pachypodium succulentum, Pelargonium tetragonum, and Sarcostemma viminale. No 

rare or localized endemic species are known from this unit. 

The Calitzdorp Arid Spekboomveld is structurally very similar and share most of its 

common species with the Swartberg Arid Spekboomveld, but it can be easily recognized 

by having Noors (Euphorbia coerulescens) present and often locally abundant. It also 

have a number of other species present that are more typical of the eastern Cape (e.g. 

Barleria obtusa) that are absent from all the other Little Karoo units. Rare and localized 

endemic species known from this unit include Crotalaria lebeckioides, Eriospermum 

rhizomatum, Huernia guttata var. calitzdorpensis and Huernia pillansii. 

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5.3.1.5 Arid Thicket with Spekboom Mosaics 

The Meiringspoort Spekboom Thicket is somewhat similar to the Swartberg Arid 

Spekboomveld in the species present, but here the woody trees and Spekboom 

(Portulacaria afra) are less prominent, while shrubs (including some fynbos species, such 

as Aspalathus, Erica, Phylica, etc.) and grasses (e.g. Cymbopogon, Pentashistis, etc.) are 

more prominent. Several rare and localized endemic species occur here, including 

Gladiolus leptosiphon, Haworthia vlokii, Lachnostylis bilocularis, Nerine peersii and 

Senecio ficoides. 

The Voorsorg Fynbos-Spekboomveld is most similar to the Meiringspoort Spekboom 

Thicket structurally and in the common and uncommon species present (e.g. Lachnostylis 

bilocularis and Senecio ficoides), but it differs in having some other common species 

present (e.g. Euclea natalensis, Euclea polyandra, Salvia africana-lutea, etc.) and some 

rare species (e.g. Cyrthanthus inaequalis) not known from the Meiringspoort Spekboom 

Thicket. The latter common and uncommon species oddly seems to bridge a distribution 

gap for species normally better known from coastal environments. 

The Rooiberg Fynbos-Spekboomveld is structurally similar to the Meiringspoort 

Spekboom Thicket and Voorsorg Fynbos-Spekboomveld as they share many common 

and even uncommon species such as Lachnostylis bilocularis, but it differs in lacking the 

distinctive species of the other two units and having its own uncommon species present, 

such as Crassula rupestris ssp. marnierana and Haworthia blackburniae var. blackburniae. 

The patches of Spekboomveld present on the northern slopes of the Hartbeesvlakte 

Fynbos-Spekboomveld are most similar to those that occur in the Swartberg Arid 

Spekboomveld, but here the fynbos that is present on southern slopes is quite different as 

it has species such as Erica spectabilis, Helichrysum cylindriflorum, Hertia alata, Linum 

africanum, Protea humiflora, Pteronia fasciculata and Syncarpha ferruginea often 

prominent. No rare or localized endemic species are known from this unit. 

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The Sandberg Fynbos-Spekboomveld is very similar to the Hartbeesvlakte Fynbos- 

Spekboomveld unit, but it differs by having the Spekboomveld less prominent on 

northern slopes and the fynbos better developed on southern slopes, where uncommon 

species such as Paranomus roodebergensis are present. No rare or localized endemic 

species are known from this unit, but this unit has been poorly surveyed. 

The Buffels Arid Spekboomveld is similar to the Swartberg Arid Spekboomveld in 

having Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees and shrubs such as Carissa 

haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, 

Nymannia capensis, Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus undulata and some Schotia afra present 

on the northern slopes, but it differs in having the Thicket elements less dense and 

Succulent Karoo communities better developed. Succulents that are usually common and 

prominent here include Braunsia apiculata, Crassula arborescens, Crassula rupestris, 

Delosperma frutescens, Delosperma inconspicum, Delosperma subincanum, 

Drosanthemum striatum, Drosanthemum uniflorum, Lampranthus haworthii, Leipoldtia 

schultzei, Phyllobolus splendens, Prenia radicans and Trichodiadema decorum. Towards 

the west Spekboom is currently rare or even absent, but this seems to be due to grazing 

impacts as indicators of disturbance (e.g. patches of short-lived grasses such as 

Enneapogon species) seem to indicate. 

The Noukloof Arid Spekboomveld may be confused with the Buffels- and Ladismith 

Arid Spekboomveld as Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is also abundant here on the 

northern slopes, but it differs in having the woody tree component (Carissa 


Nymannia capensis, Putterlickia pyracantha, Rhigozum obovatum and Rhus undulata) 

also prominent on the southern slopes. Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is absent 

or rare on the southern slopes, but the Succulent Karoo communities are quite rich in 

species. The following species have been recorded thus far; Acanthopsis disperma, 

Aptosimum procumbens, Asparagus aethiopicus, Asparagus striatus, Berkheya cuneata, 

Berkheya spinosa, Brachiaria serrata, Bulbine fruticosa, Bulbine praemorsa, Carissa 

haematocarpa, Chrysocoma valida, Crassula barbata, Crassula cultrata, Crassula 

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lanceolata, Crassula orbiculata, Crassula nemorosa, Crassula nudicaulis, Crassula 

perforata, Crassula rupestris, Crassula umbella, Cymbopogon plurinodes, Delosperma 

laxipetalaum, Drosanthemum giffenii, Drosanthemum opacum, Ehrharta calycina, 

Enneapogon scaber, Eriocephalus ericoides, Eriocephalus sericeus, Euclea undulata, 

Euphorbia mauritanica, Felicia fascicularis, Felicia filifolia, Fingerhuthia africana, 

Garuleum schinzii, Helichrysum rosum, Hermannia althaeifolia, Hermannia filifolia var. 

grandicalyx, Hirpicium integrifolium, Lampranthus haworthii, Leipoldtia schultzei, 

Lepidium africanum, Lotononis pungens, Lycium hirsutum, Nymannia capensis, Oedera 

squarrosa, Osteospermum muricatum, Othonna amplexifolia, Othonna arborescens, 

Oxalis obtusa, Oxalis pes-caprae, Pappea capensis, Pegolettia bacharidifolia, 

Pelargonium alternans, Pelargonium abrotanifolium, Pentzia incana, Polygala affinis, 

Polygala asbestina, Polygala bracteolata, Polygala empetrifolia, Psilocaulon articulatum, 

Pteronia adenocarpa, Pteronia incana, Pteronia paniculata, Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus 

lucida, Rhus undulata, Ruschia cymosa, Ruschia subpaniculata, Ruschia tumidula, 

Sceletium strictum, Selago spinea, Senecio angustifolius, Senecio articulatus, Senecio 

radicans, Tetragonia fruticosa, Themeda triandra, Thesium lineatum, Trichodiadema 

decorum, Veltheimia capensis, Viscum rotundifolium, Zygophyllum flexuosum and 

Zygophyllum morgsana. Rare and localized endemic species known from this unit are 

Haworthia blackburniae var. blackburniae and Huernia praestans. 

The Vaalhoek Arid Spekboomveld unit corresponds in many respects to the 

Vanwyksdorp Arid Spekboomveld, but it differs in having outcrops of calcrete on the 

tops of hills where unusual Succulent Karoo communities occur with species of Aizoon, 

Eriocephalus, Jamesbrittenia, Muraltia, Pentashistis, Ruschia and Selago prominent. Here 

patches of Gannaveld are also present in the small valleys between the hills, they are 

typical of the Grootrivier Gannaveld in the species present. No rare or localized endemic 

species are known from this unit, but the unit has been poorly surveyed. 

The northern slopes of the Assegaaibosch Arid Spekboomveld unit corresponds well 

with those of the Vanwyksdorp Arid Spekboomveld, but this unit differs in having 

Renosterveld and Fynbos elements (e.g. Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Ischyrolepis 

100

gaudichaudianus, Rhodocoma arida, etc.) much better developed on the south facing 

slopes. Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) is also often abundant on the south facing 

slopes. At least one rare species, Freylinia vlokii, seems to be endemic to the southern 

slopes of this unit. The Succulent Karoo communities that are dominated by Berkheya 

cuneata on the north facing slopes, also has a very unusual variant of Haworthia 

magnifica present. 

In Volmoed Arid Spekboomveld the Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is quite abundant to 

locally dominant on north facing slopes, as well as woody trees and tall shrubs (Carissa 

haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus 

undulata and some Pappea capensis). Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) occurs on the 

crests of hills and can be abundant on the southern slopes. The Succulent Karoo patches 

present are often dominated by Pteronia species (e.g. Pteronia fascicularis, Pteronia 

flexicaulis, Pteronia incana, Pteronia paniculata, etc.) and are often rich in species, with 

succulents (e.g. Aloe microstigma, Crassula arborescens, Gasteria brachyphylla, etc) 

abundant. No rare or localized endemic species are known from this unit, but it is poorly 

surveyed. 

In Pietslaagte Arid Spekboomveld Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees and 

tall shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Rhigozum 

obovatum, Rhus undulata and some Pappea capensis) are also dominant on the north 

facing slopes, but here Asbos (Pteronia incana) is the dominant species on south facing 

slopes. This unit can easily be differentiated from most of the other Little Karoo Arid 

Spekboomveld types as it has Crassula ovata prominent, which replaces the usual 

Crassula arborescens. The local Succulent Karoo communities also differ, with e.g. 

Rosenia oppositifolia replacing Rosenia humilis and Freesia corymbosa replacing the 

usual Freesia refracta here. No rare or localized endemic species are known from this 

unit, but it is an area of great bio-geographic significance as this is the area where many 

western and eastern species replaces each other. 

101

In the Kliphuisvlei Arid Spekboomveld patches typical of the Swartberg Arid 

Spekboomveld occur on northern slopes in a matrix of Succulent Karoo vegetation. On 

the southern slopes Asbos (Pteronia incana) is often the most abundant species. 

Succulents such as Aloe ferox and Crassula rupestris are prominent on north facing 

slopes and geophytes are not uncommon, with species such as Veltheimia capenis present 

in the Thicket communities and a seemingly localized endemic Gethyllis species present 

in the Succulent Karoo communities. The rare fern Pellaea rufa occurs sporadically on 

rocky outcrops. Another oddity present in the Thicket clumps is Gasteria carinata, a 

species better known from much further west. 

The Witvlakte Arid Spekboomveld is most similar to the Buffels Arid Spekboomveld, 

but here Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and the woody trees and shrubs such as Carissa 


Rhigozum obovatum and Rhus undulata are less abundant, while Nymannia capensis and 

Schotia afra are often more prominent on the northern slopes. The Thicket elements are 

thus not very dense, with the Succulent Karoo communities well developed. Spekboom is 

rare to often absent in many areas, but this is due to grazing impacts in the past as 

indicators of disturbance (e.g. very high densities of Crassula rupestris and patches of 

short-lived grasses such as Enneapogon species) seem to indicate. The unit is not very 

rich in species and no rare or localized endemic species are known to occur in this unit. 

The Ladismith Arid Spekboomveld may be confused with the Buffels- and Noukloof 

Arid Spekboomveld as Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is often also abundant on the north 

facing slopes, but it is quite easy to recognize as Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) 

and some fynbos elements (e.g. Aspalathus hystrix, Ischyrolepis gaudichaudianus, 

Rhodocoma arida, etc.) are often prominent on the south facing slopes. Succulent Karoo 

communities are also often prominent on the lower north facing slopes in which the 

localized endemic Dicoma relhanioides is often prominent. This unit is rich in species, 

with the following thus far recorded; Acrodon bellidiflorus, Anthospermum spathulatum, 

Chrysocoma valida, Crassula tetragona, Delosperma inconspicuum, Delosperma 

macrostigma, Dianthus caespitosus, Drosanthemum acutifolium, Drosanthemum 

102

evifolium, Drosanthemum giffenii, Euryops rehmanii, Felicia filifolia, Indigofera 

heterophylla, Lampranthus argenteus, Lampranthus convexus, Leipoldtia schultzei, 

Malephora luteola, Monechma incanum, Monechma spartioides, Montinia 

caryophyllacea, Oedera squarrosa, Ornithogalum juncifolium, Othonna carnosa, Oxalis 

obtusata, Phymaspermum aciculare, Polygala microlopha, Polygala uncinata, Pteronia 

fascicularis, Ruschia caroli, Ruschia cymosa, Ruschia muricata, Sarcostemma viminale, 

Senecio ficoides, Tribolium hispidum, Trichodiadema decorum and Zygophyllum 

fulvum. The only rare species known from this unit is Holothrix grandiflora, but a more 

detailed survey will probably reveal more species. 

The Ockertskraal Arid Spekboomveld is structurally very similar to the Witvlakte Arid 

Spekboomveld in having Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees sparse, but this 

unit differs in having some patches of diffuse quartz pebbles present. The species that are 

present in the Succulent Karoo communities differs consequently and these communities 

are often quite rich in succulent species, such as Braunsia geminata, Cylindrophyllum 

comptonii, Delosperma laxipetalum, Delosperma macrostigma, Delosperma subincanum, 

Drosanthemum giffenii, Drosanthemum salicolum, Euphorbia mauritanica, Leipoldtia 

schultzei, Malephora lutea, Pachypodium bispinosum, Pachypodium succulentum, 

Phyllobolus splendens, Pleiospilos compactus, Psilocaulon junceum, Ruschia amicorum, 

Sceletium rigidum, Trichodiadema attonsum and Trichodiadema bulbosum. No rare or 

localized endemic species are known from this unit. 

The Keurbosch Arid Spekboomveld share most of its species with the Ockertskraal 

Arid Spekboomveld, but here the tree component (e.g. Euclea undulata, Gloveria 

integrifolia, Pappea capensis, Rhus undulata, Schotia afra, etc.) and are taller and denser. 

It also differs in having the grass component (e.g. Aristida diffusa, Eragrostis 

argyrograpta, etc.) better developed, especially on the flat tops of the hills. Quartz pebble 

patches are also absent in the Succulent Karoo matrix vegetation. Spekboom 

(Portulacaria afra) is often abundant on the north facing slopes, but absent in many sites 

due to heavy grazing pressure. No rare or localized endemic species are known from this 

unit. 

103

In the Vanwyksdorp Arid Spekboomveld the Thicket vegetation is usually well 

developed on the northern slopes, with Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) abundant amongst 

woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria 

integrifolia, Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, Nymannia capensis, Putterlickia pyracantha, 

Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus undulata and a few Pappea capensis). The lower northern 

slopes sometimes have interesting Succulent Karoo communities with Berkheya cuneata 

as the dominant species, where interesting succulent species such as Bergeranthus 

vespertinus and Ruschia amicorum can be found. Succulent Karoo communities 

predominate on the southern slopes, often with Zygophyllum morgsana abundant, but 

some Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and Fynbos elements (e.g. Phylica 

axillaris, Rhodocoma arida, etc.) may also be present. No rare or localized endemic 

species are known from this unit. 

The northern slopes of the Kwessie Arid Spekboomveld are very similar to those of the 

Swartberg Arid Spekboomveld in having Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees 

and shrubs predominant, but here the southern slopes are dominated by Succulent Karoo 

communities similar to those that occur in the Stormberg Randteveld with species such as 

Crassula arborescens, Euphorbia mauritanica, Zygophyllum foetidum and Zygophyllum 

morgsana abundant on the south facing slopes. The only two rare species known from the 

southern slopes of this unit are Freesia speciosa and Gasteria brachyphylla var. bayeri. 

They both indicate a close affiliation with the western Little Karoo region, despite the 

location of the unit. It seems to represent an area of bio-geographic interest. 

The Grootkop Arid Spekboomveld is somewhat similar to the Volmoed Arid 

Spekboomveld in having Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees and tall shrubs 

(Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Grewia robusta, Lycium 

cinereum, Nymannia capensis, Rhigozum obovatum and Rhus undulata) abundant to 

locally dominant on north facing slopes, but here Doppruim (Pappea capensis) and 

Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) are sparse. The Succulent Karoo communities present 

are also mostly dominated by Pteronia species (e.g. Pteronia fascicularis, Pteronia 

flexicaulis, Pteronia incana, Pteronia paniculata, etc.) with succulents (e.g. Aloe 

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microstigma, Cotyledon orbiculare, Tylecodon cacalioides, Tylecodom wallichii, etc.) 

abundant. It differs in having some localized endemic species, such as Haworthia truncata 

present in the Succulent Karoo communities. Small patches of the Grootkop- and 

Greylands Gravel Apronveld types are also present on the lower slopes and they may 

contain some of the rare species typical of those units. 

The structure and common species present in the Kandelaars Arid Spekboomveld is 

intermediate between those of the Kwessie and Vaalhoek Arid Spekboomveld units. Here 

Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees and shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea 

undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, Nymannia capensis, 

Putterlickia pyracantha, Rhigozum obovatum and Rhus undulata) are also abundant on 

north facing slopes and Succulent Karoo communities dominant on the south facing 

slopes. The combination of species present in the Succulent Karoo communities indicates 

that this unit represents a changeover zone from the western Little Karoo to the east. 

Bitter Aloe (Aloe ferox) is often abundant in the unit, perhaps the origin of the name of 

the local river (kandelaars = candelabra = the shape of the Bitter Aloe inflorescence). 

The northern slopes of the Stompdrift Arid Spekboomveld are similar to those of the 

Kandelaars Arid Spekboomveld in having Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees 

and shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Gymnosporia 

szyszylowiczii, Nymannia capensis, Rhigozum obovatum and Rhus undulata) abundant, 

but here the southern slopes differ in having Asbos (Pteronia incana) abundant to locally 

dominant. These southern slopes are somewhat similar to those of the Blossoms Asbos 

Gwarrieveld, but they are more arid. No rare or localized endemic species are known 

from this unit. 

The northern slopes of the Barandas Arid Spekboomveld are most similar to those of 

the Pietslaagte Arid Spekboomveld, but here Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody 

trees (Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata) are less abundant. The 

Succulent Karoo communities are better developed, with Kapokbos (Eriocephalus 

ericoides) dominant on the north facing slopes, and Asbos (Pteronia incana) prominent on 

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south facing slopes. Crassula ovata is also present on south facing slopes, but it is not 

very abundant. Kraalbos (Galenia africana) and Koperdraadgras (Aristida diffusa) are 

often very abundant in this unit, indicating that most of this unit has been subjected to 

severe grazing pressure. No rare species are known from this unit. 

The Georgida Arid Spekboomveld also has Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody 

trees and shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus 

undulata and some Pappea capensis) abundant on north facing slopes, but here the 

Succulent Karoo communities in the lower lying valleys often have shrubby leaf- 

succulents (e.g. Drosanthemum species, Lampranthus haworthii, Ruschia cf. ceresiana, 

etc.) as the dominant species. I suspect that grasses may be abundant after good summer 

rain, but most of this unit has also been subjected to heavy grazing pressure as can be 

seen by the abundance of Kraalbos (Galenia africana) and often super-abundance of 

Bitter Aloe (Aloe ferox). No rare or localized endemic species are known from this unit, 

but some of those known from the Toverwater Sandolien-Spekboomveld may occur on 

the small silcrete topped hills present in this unit. 

The Toverwater Sandolien-Spekboomveld is somewhat similar to the Pietslaagte Arid 

Spekboomveld in having Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees and tall shrubs 

(Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Rhigozum obovatum and 

Rhus undulata) abundant on the north facing slopes, but here Sandolien (Dodonaea 

angustifolia) is very prominent on the crests of hills and the south facing slopes. It also 

differs in having some very rare and localized endemic species present, such as 

Carruanthus peersii and Haworthia comptonii. Currently much of this unit lacks the 

original stands of palatable species (such as Spekboom) and they have been replaced by 

often-dense stands of indicators of disturbance, such as Bitter Aloe (Aloe ferox). 

In the De Rust Sandolien-Spekboomveld the Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody 

trees (Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata) are not very abundant, 

but Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) and other tall shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, 

Grewia robusta, Nymannia capensis, Rhigozum obovatum and Rhus tomentosa) are 

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prominent on the north and south facing slopes. Some Fynbos elements (e.g. Rhodocoma 

arida) are sometimes also present on the southern slopes, but they are not very abundant. 

The matrix Succulent Karoo communities are rich in species, with several rare and 

localized endemic species present, including Bulbine sp.nov. Euphorbia colliculina, 

Haworthia bayeri, Moraea regalis, Pelargonium curviandrum, Syringodea derustensis and 

Trichodiadema burgeri. 

The Kruisrivier Arid Spekboomveld differs from the Kruisrivier Sandolien- 

Spekboomveld in occurring mostly on steep slopes where the soils are loamy to clayey 

and derived from shale. Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees and shrubs 

(Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Grewia robusta, Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus 

undulata and some Pappea capensis) are also abundant on the northern slopes, with 

Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) only occasionally abundant in exposed sites. On south 

facing slopes woody trees and tall succulents (e.g. Aloe speciosa, Senecio ficoides, etc.) 

are often abundant and this vegetation approaches those on southern slopes in the 

Calitzdorp Valley Spekboomveld. Lachnostylos bilocularis is the only localized endemic 

species known to occur in this unit. 

5.3.1.6 Arid Thicket Mosaics 

In the Waboomsberg Asbos Gwarrieveld some Gwarrie trees (Euclea undulata) are 

present in the matrix Succulent Karoo communities of the north facing slopes, but they 

are not very abundant. Succulents (e.g. Aloe microstigma) are often abundant on the 

north facing slopes, but they are not common on the southern slopes, where Asbos 

(Pteronia incana) is the dominant shrub. Uncommon species in this unit include 

Drosanthemum micans and Kniphofia sarmentosa in the water drainage areas. The latter 

species indicate some relationship with the flora of the Roggeveld region and I suspect 

that a careful survey will reveal more interesting species (especially geophytes such as 

Ixia) in this unit. 

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In the Hartbeesvlakte Asbos-Gwarrieveld the matrix Succulent Karoo communities are 

mostly dominated by Asbos (Pteronia incana), but woody trees and shrubs (Carissa 

haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, etc.) 

are quite abundant. Succulents (Drosanthemum giffenii, Gasteria brachyphylla, 

Glottiphyllum depressum, Senecio radicans, Tylecodon paniculata, Tylecodon wallichii, 

etc.) are also abundant, with Aloe lineata distinctive and often locally abundant. 

Geophytes (Holothrix sp., Ornithogalum dubium, Tritonia securigera, etc.) are also 

abundant. Some heuweltjies are present, but they are not very abundant. No rare or 


In the Gourits Asbos-Gwarrieveld woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, 

Euclea undulata, Nymannia capensis, Rhus glauca, Rhus undulata, etc.) are quite 

abundant, along with a few Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) on the northern slopes. 

Succulents (Aloe ferox, Drosanthemum giffenii, Euphorbia mauritanica, etc.) are also 

abundant and some of those present, such as Delosperma asperulum, Delosperma 

pageanum, Drosanthemum albiflorum and Drosanthemum bicolor are uncommon 

species. Asbos (Pteronia incana) and Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) are the 

dominant shrubs on the south facing slopes, with Lebeckia cytisoides and Polygala 

pinifolia sometimes also prominent. Patches of woody trees (e.g. Buddleja saligna, Olea 

europaea, etc.) occur sometimes in the water drainage areas on southern slopes. Grasses 

(e.g. Ehrharta calycina, Ehrharta erecta, Pentashistis airoides, etc.) and geophytes (e.g. 

Lapeirousia pyramidalis, Tritonia securigera, etc.) are sporadically also abundant on the 

south facing slopes. Apodolirion lanceolatum is the only rare species known from this 

unit. 

In Pietslaagte Asbos-Gwarrieveld Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Koeniebos (Rhus 

undulata) are the only common woody trees. Some Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) may be 

present on the north facing slopes, but there is no indication that it was abundant before. 

Bitter Aloe (Aloe ferox) is the only common succulent, with species usually abundant in 

other similar units (e.g. Cotyledon and Tylecodon species) being quite rare here. The 

matrix Succulent Karoo communities are dominated by Asbos (Pteronia incana) and 

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Kapokbos (Eriocephalus species), indicating that parts of this unit may be subjected to 

periodic fires. Geophytes are not common, but two species present Freesia verrucosa and 

Lachenalia haarlemensis, are uncommon species. 

In the Blossoms Asbos-Gwarrieveld the Succulent Karoo communities on the south 

facing slopes are dominated by Asbos (Pteronia incana), with Renosterbos (Elytropappus 

rhinocerotis) occasionally also present but never the dominant species. Woody trees and 

shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Gymnosporia 

szyszylowiczii, Nymannia capensis, etc.) are most abundant on the north facing slopes, 

where a few Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) may also be present. This unit is rich in 

succulents and geophytes, of which some are rare or localized endemic species (e.g. 

Drosanthemum sp.nov. Glottiphyllum linguiforme, Haworthia emelyae, Pelargonium 

ochroleucum, Tylecodon leucothrix, etc.). Grasses, especially Ehrharta calycina, can also 

be abundant on south facing slopes. Small patches of quartz outcrops occur sporadically 

in this unit and they are particularly rich in succulent species. 

The vegetation on the upper slopes of the Touwsberg Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is most 

similar to those that occur in the Anysberg Asteraceous Fynbos, probably because the 

local sandy to loamy soils are also derived from the Rietvlei formation. The vegetation on 

the lower slopes differ considerably in having trees such as Euclea undulata, Pappea 

capensis and Rhus undulata often abundant, along with shrubs such as Dodonaea 

angustifolia, Euryops rehmanii, Helichrysum zeyheri, Monechma incana, Passerina 

vulgaris and Pteronia fasciculata, graminoids (e.g. Pentaschisis eriostoma, Rhodocoma 

arida, etc.) and succulents (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Cerochlamys pachyphylla, Cotyledon 

orbiculare, Crassula rupestris, etc.). One of the succulents present, an unidentified 

Conophytum species, may well be a rare localized endemic (Steve Hammer, pers. com., 

2004). Other rare species known from this unit includes Freesia speciosa, Crotalaria 

lebeckioides and an unusual single-stemmed variant of Euphorbia pseudoglobosa. 

In the Anysberg Fynbos-Gwarrieveld the matrix Fynbos vegetation consists of species 

that occur in the Anysberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos and the Klein Swartberg Grassy Fynbos, 

109

with the graminoid component often well developed. This unit is easily recognized by the 

relative abundance of Maytenus oleoides and Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus in rocky sites. 

Members of the Proteaceae are uncommon in the matrix Fynbos, with only a few Protea 

laurifolia plants present. Agathosma ovata is one of the most abundant small leaved 

shrubs in this unit. No rare or endemic species are known from this unit. This unit is 

structurally similar to the Perdefontein and Zorgvliet Fynbos-Gwarrieveld, but it differs 

in the combination of species present in this unit. 

The Zorgvliet Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Touwsberg Fynbos- 

Gwarrieveld, but here the woody trees (Euclea undulata, Pappea capensis and Rhus 

undulata) are more abundant on the lower slopes. The most common shrubs are also 

Dodonaea angustifolia, Euryops rehmanii, Helichrysum zeyheri, Monechma incana and 

Pteronia fasciculata and succulents (such as Aloe comptonii and Crassula rupestris) are 

also abundant on rocky outcrops. It differs in having rare species such as Alonsoa 

peduncularis, Crassula rupestris ssp. marnierana and Haworthia blackburniae var. 

blackburniae present. 

The Mistkraal Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Zorgvliet Fynbos- 

Gwarrieveld, but here the woody trees (Dodonaea angustifolia, Euclea undulata and Rhus 

undulata) are less abundant on the lower slopes. The most common shrubs are also 

Euryops rehmanii, Monechma incana, Polygala pinifolia and Pteronia fasciculata, with 

succulents such as Aloe comptonii and Crassula rupestris abundant on rocky outcrops. 

Restioids (Cannamois scirpoides, Ischyrolepis gaudichaudianus, Hypodiscus striatus, 

Willdenowia teres, etc.) are abundant in the matrix Fynbos, but proteoid shrubs are 

uncommon with only Leucadendron pubescens present on the upper slopes. The only rare 

species known from this unit are Muraltia karooica and Adromischus leucophyllus. The 

latter is an interesting disjunct population of a species that is otherwise only known from 

the Langeberg mountains. An unidentified Cyrthanthus species that was found here may 

also be a rare species. 

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The Klein Swartberg Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is somewhat similar to the Mistkraal 

Fynbos-Gwarrieveld in having woody trees (e.g. Euclea undulata, Osyris compressa and 

Rhus undulata) not very abundant. Here the smaller shrub component differs in the 

matrix Fynbos vegetation as species such as Diosma prama are present, but the same 

succulent species (Aloe comptonii and Crassula rupestris) are abundant on rocky 

outcrops. Restioids (mostly Cannamois scirpoides, Ischyrolepis ocreata and Hypodiscus 

striatus) are also abundant and proteoid shrubs rare (only some Leucadendron pubescens) 

in the matrix Fynbos. Geophytes are uncommon, but Boophane disticha is occasionally 

locally abundant. Known rare species present in this unit include Crassula rupestris ssp. 

marnierana and the localized endemic Nivenia stenosiphon. An unusual wooly-leaved 

Cotyledon species that was found here may be a localized endemic. 

The Eastern Swartberg Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is similar to the Groot Swartberg Fynbos- 

Gwarrieveld in having woody trees (e.g. Euclea undulata, Osyris compressa and Rhus 

undulata) quite abundant, but here the matrix Fynbos vegetation consists of species 

typical of the Eastern Swartberg Grassy Fynbos. Proteoid shrubs are absent or very rare 

with only Agathosma ovata and Aspalathus hystrix being abundant ericoid-leaved shrubs. 

Geophytes are uncommon but two rare species, Apodolirion lanceolatum and Geissorhiza 

roseoalba, are known from this unit. Succulents are abundant on rocky outcrops, 

including two rare species, Carruanthus peersii and Carruanthus ringens. 

The Perdefontein Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is somewhat similar to the Anysberg Fynbos- 

Gwarrieveld with the matrix Fynbos vegetation consisting of species typical of the Klein 

Swartberg Grassy Fynbos and having shrubs such as Aspalathus hystrix often abundant. 

Here, Maytenus oleoides is less abundant, but Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus and Rhus 

undulata are common in drainage lines. Some Gwarrie trees (Euclea undulata) are present 

on the lower slopes, but they are never abundant. Members of the Proteaceae are also 

uncommon in the matrix Fynbos, with only a few Leucadendron salignum plants present. 

No rare or endemic species are known from this unit. 

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The Doornboom Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Mistkraal Fynbos- 

Gwarrieveld, but here the woody tree component (Dodonaea angustifolia, Euclea 

undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia capensis and Rhus undulata) is much better 

developed. The most common shrubs are also Euryops rehmanii, Monechma incana, 

Polygala pinifolia and Pteronia fasciculata and succulents such as Aloe comptonii, Aloe 

microstigma and Crassula rupestris are also abundant in this unit. The only restioid that is 

sometimes abundant is Rhodocoma arida, but grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa, Cymbopogon 

plurinodes, Digitaria eriantha, etc.) are sometimes abundant. No proteoid shrubs are 

present and no rare or localized endemic species are known from this unit, but some 

interesting species may appear after good rain. 

The Keurbosch Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Zorgvliet Fynbos- 

Gwarrieveld as woody trees (mostly Rhus undulata) are abundant on the lower slopes, but 

here uncommon other species (such as Calpurea intrusa) are also present in water 

drainage lines. The most common shrubs are also Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia), 

Harpuisbos (Euryops rehmanii), Netvetbos (Monechma incana) and Parafienbos 

(Pteronia fasciculata). Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is also present, but it is 

never dominant. Succulents, especially Aloe comptonii, Crassula rupestris and Senecio 

ficoides are abundant on rocky outcrops, but many other species are also present, e.g. 

Adromischus caryophyllaceus, Crassula biplanata, Lampranthus dependens and Ruschia 

amicorum. Geophytes are not abundant, but Strumaria spiralis may be locally abundant 

on rocky outcrops. 

The Gamkaskloof Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is similar to the Groot Swartberg Fynbos- 

Gwarrieveld in having Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) the most abundant woody tree, with 

Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) trees uncommon and the localized endemic Klipkoolhout 

(Lachnostylos bilocularis) tree often abundant on rocky slopes. It is also similar to the 

Perdefontein Fynbos-Gwarrieveld in having other tree species (such as Gymnosporia 

buxifolia, Maytenus acuminata, Maytenus oleoides and Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus) often 

abundant in water drainage lines. Proteoid shrubs are also uncommon in the matrix 

Fynbos, with only a few Leucadendron salignum plants present. Aspalathus hystrix is 

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often abundant along with shrubs that are typical of the Gamkaskloof Arid Asteraceous 

Fynbos. On the lower slopes some shrubs more typical of the more inland Nama Karoo 

region (e.g. Dimorphotheca cuneata) are also present. Geophytes and succulents are 

abundant on the lower rocky outcrops, of which at least one is a rare species (Moraea 

vlokii). 

The Groot Swartberg Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is similar to the Klein Swartberg Fynbos- 

Gwarrieveld in having Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) the most abundant woody tree, with 

only a few Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) trees present. It differs in often having the localized 

endemic Klipkoolhout (Lachnostylos bilocularis) tree often abundant on rocky slopes. 

Here the shrub component in the matrix Fynbos vegetation differs as species such as 

Diosma apetala are present, but the same restioids (Cannamois scirpoides, Ischyrolepis 

ocreata and Hypodiscus striatus) are abundant. Proteoid shrubs are also uncommon, but 

Protea canaliculata and Protea lorifolia is sometimes present on the upper slopes. The rare 

Erica insignis also occur on rocky outcrops in this unit. The same succulent species (Aloe 

comptonii and Crassula rupestris) are abundant on rocky outcrops, but here two rare 

succulents (Crassula brachystachya and Gasteria vlokii) are present that are not known to 

occur in any of the other Fynbos-Gwarrieveld units of the Little Karoo. 

Vrede Renoster-Gwarrieveld is largely restricted to south facing slopes where the 

sandy-loamy soils are derived from the Wagendrift and Karoopoort formations. A sparse 

woody component is present, consisting almost entirely of Euclea undulata. This unit 

differs from the Vrede Gwarrieveld mostly in having Renosterbos (Elytropappus 

rhinocerotis) the most abundant shrub, with Kapokbos (Eriocephalus africanus) often also 

abundant here. The abundance of Renosterbos is probably due to the periodic occurrence 

of fires, more so than through disturbance via overgrazing by domestic stock in the past. 

The only known uncommon species known from this unit are Gasteria brachyphylla var. 

bayeri, Hoodia pilifera and Tylecodon leucothrix. All three these species reach about 

their westernmost distribution here. 

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The Warmwaterberg Renoster-Gwarrieveld is similar to the Vrede Renoster- 

Gwarrieveld in having a sparse component of woody trees (mostly Euclea undulata and 

Rhus undulata) present in a matrix of asteraceous shrubs in which Renosterbos 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is often prominent on the south facing slopes. Succulent 

Karoo communities are also present on the lower south facing slopes in which shrubs 

such as Berkheya cuneata, Berkheya spinosa, Eriocephalus africanus, Eriocephalus 

ericoides, Felicia filifolia, Pteronia paniculata and Pteronia incana are the most abundant 

species. Neither succulents nor geophytes seem to be abundant in this unit, but some 

geophytes may appear after rain. No rare or localized endemic species are known from 

this unit. 

The northern slopes of the Hoogfontein Renoster-Gwarrieveld is similar to the 

Addersfontein Gwarrieveld as Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) 

trees are abundant on the north facing slopes, but it differs in having Renosterbos 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) abundant to dominant on the upper and Asbos (Pteronia 

incana) on the lower south facing slopes. These southern slopes are somewhat similar to 

those that occur in the Warmwaterberg Renoster-Gwarrieveld, but the "Apronveld-like" 

Succulent Karoo communities are not well developed on the lower slopes in this unit. 

In the Poortjieskloof Renoster-Gwarrieveld the matrix vegetation is dominated by 

Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and Asbos (Pteronia incana), with only a few 

Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) trees present on rocky 

outcrops. Shrubby leaf succulents (especially Ruschia and some Crassula species) and 

geophytes (especially Drimia and Ornithogalum species) are abundant in the matrix 

vegetation, but grasses are rare. No rare or localized endemic species are known from this 

unit, but it has been poorly surveyed. I am sure that some interesting geophytes would 

appear after a fire in this unit. 

The Koktyls Renoster-Gwarrieveld is similar to the Warmwaterberg Renoster- 

Gwarrieveld, but here the woody tree component (mostly Euclea undulata and Rhus 

undulata) is better developed and often have succulents such as Crassula arborescens 

114

locally abundant amongst these trees. Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is only 

common on the upper south facing slopes. The Succulent Karoo communities are also 

well developed on the lower slopes with shrubs such as Berkheya spinosa, Eriocephalus 

africanus, Eriocephalus ericoides, Felicia filifolia, Pteronia fasciculata, Pteronia 

flexicaulis and Pteronia incana abundant in the different communities. No rare or 

localized endemic species are known from this unit, but a more detailed survey will 

probably reveal some. 

In the Brandrivier Renoster-Gwarrieveld the northern slopes have Succulent Karoo 

communities that are dominated by asteraceous shrubs and leaf-succulents, with species 

such as Berkeya cuneata, Berkheya spinosa, Eriocephalus africanus, Eriocephalus 

ericoides, Felicia filifolia, Pteronia incana and Ruschia ceresiana abundant in the 

different communities, with trees such as Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Koeniebos 

(Rhus undulata) often uncommon. On the southern slopes Renosterbos (Elytropappus 

rhinocerotis) is the dominant species. These southern slopes may be rich in geophyte 

species, but they will require a fire to show which species are present. I suspect that some 

may be rare and localized endemic species. 

The Floriskraal Renoster-Gwarrieveld unit is one of the most arid Renoster- 

Gwarrieveld units that occur in the Little Karoo region. Here the woody trees (Euclea 

undulata and Rhus undulata) are sparse on the north and south facing slopes. The unit is 

dominated by asteraceous shrubs, with Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) usually 

abundant on the upper south facing slopes. Elements more typical of the Nama Karoo 

(e.g. Dimorphotheca cuneata, Pentzia incana, etc.) are often abundant on the lower 

slopes. Succulents (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Crassula arborescens and Crassula rupestris) are 

abundant on rocky outcrops on north and south facing slopes. No rare or endemic species 

are known from this unit, but it is very poorly explored. 

The vegetation on the northern slopes of the Rietvlei Renoster-Gwarrieveld are similar 

to those that occur in the Waterval Gwarrieveld, with trees such as Euclea undulata, 

Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata abundant in the matrix Succulent Karoo 

115

communities, where Asbos (Pteronia incana), Harpuis (Euryops oligoglossus) and Aloe 

microstigma are often prominent species. Heuweltjies are also present on the northern 

slopes, but they are absent on the south facing slopes where the vegetation is dominated 

by Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis). Blombos (Metalasia pungens) and Lebeckia 

cytisoides are often also abundant on these southern slopes, as well as geophytes (e.g. 

species of Ixia, Ornithogalum, Tritonia, etc.). No rare or localized endemic species are 

known from this unit, but I am sure that some will be found in the local Renosterveld. I 

suspect that the very rare Pollhillia connata may also be present in this unit. 

Vrede Arid Gwarrieveld is largely restricted to arid north-facing slopes, where the 

usually shallow and rocky sandy to loamy soils is derived from the Wagendrift and 

Witpoort formations. It is similar to the Vrede Renoster-Gwarrieveld in having a sparse 

cover of Euclea undulata, but differs in Elytropappus rhinocerotis being uncommon. 

Drought tolerant shrubs and succulents (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Braunsia apiculata, Crassula 

rupestris, Monechma incanum, Pelargonium alternans, Pteronia fasciculata, Sarcostemma 

viminale, etc.) are abundant and prominent on the rocky outcrops. Most of this unit has 

been subjected to severe grazing pressure with palatable species such as Cymbopogon 

plurinodes, Monechma incanum, Zygophyllum fulvum, etc. now being uncommon. This 

unit is mostly free of alien plants, but a few Opuntia ficus-indica plants have been seen in 

this unit. Quaqua linearis and Romulea sphaerocarpa are two rare species known to occur 

in this unit. 

The Rooinekpas Gwarrieveld is quite a distinctive unit in which Gwarrie trees (Euclea 

undulata) are sometimes abundant in the Succulent Karoo communities that are mostly 

dominated by leaf succulents (often with Crassula rupestris very abundant) and small 

shrubs, such as Berkeya cuneata and the localized endemic Dicoma relhanioides. 

Geophytes (especially Oxalis species) and small succulents (e.g. Conophytum and 

Haworthia species) are often also present and some of these may be localized endemic 

species. 

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The Keurfontein Arid Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Vrede Arid Gwarrieveld in 

having a sparse cover of Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Spalkpendoring (Gloveria 

integrifolia) trees present in a matrix of Succulent Karoo communities in which 

asteraceous shrubs and succulents such as Aloe comptonii, Crassula arborescens, 

Crassula rupestris, Monechma incanum, Pelargonium alternans, Pteronia fasciculata and 

Tylecodon wallichii are abundant. It differs in the species present on the south-facing 

slope, where some fynbos elements (such as Ischyrolepis ocreatus) and a rich assemblage 

of small succulents (especially Crassula species) are present. No rare or localized 

endemic species are known from this unit, but I suspect that some will appear after good 

rain. 

The northern slopes of the Bylshoek Arid Gwarrieveld are also similar to the Vrede 

Arid Gwarrieveld in having Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) 

trees present in a matrix of Succulent Karoo communities in which asteraceous shrubs 

and succulents such as Aloe microstigma, Crassula rupestris, Monechma incanum, 

Pelargonium alternans, Pteronia fasciculata, Pteronia incana and Tylecodon wallichii are 

abundant. It differs in having some Apronveld communities present on the lower slops in 

which Pteronia paniculata is usually abundant and having some Renosterbos 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) on the south facing slopes. No rare or localized endemic 

species are known from this unit, but some interesting geophytes may appear after good 

rain. 

The Langeberg Arid Gwarrieveld is somewhat similar to the Keurfontein Arid 

Gwarrieveld in having a sparse cover of Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Spalkpendoring 

(Gloveria integrifolia) trees present in a matrix of Succulent Karoo communities in which 

asteraceous shrubs and succulents such as Aloe comptonii, Crassula rupestris, Pteronia 

fasciculata, Pteronia incana, Pteronia paniculata and Ruschia caroli are abundant, but it 

differs in having fynbos elements (such as Ischyrolepis ocreatus, Passerina obtusifolia, 

Rhodocoma arida, etc.) more prominent and in having a rich assemblage of succulents 

(especially Crassula species) present on rocky outcrops, of which Adromischus 

leucophyllus is a localized endemic. 

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The Zewefontein Arid Gwarrieveld may be confused with the nearby Touws River 

Pruimveld, but Doppruim (Pappea capensis) is absent or very rare here. It is more similar 

to the Vrede Arid Gwarrieveld in having a sparse cover of Gwarrie trees (Euclea 

undulata) present in a matrix of Succulent Karoo communities in which species such as 

Aloe comptonii, Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia mauritanica, Monechma incanum and 

Pteronia fasciculata are often prominent, but it differs in having rare species such as 

Cotyledon tomentosa ssp. ladismithiensis that are absent from the Vrede Arid 

Gwarrieveld. Much of this unit has been subjected to severe grazing pressure, in which 

case an abundance of Aloe striata is a good indicator. 

The Warmwaterberg Arid Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Slangkrans Arid 

Gwarrieveld, but here the woody trees present, Gwarrie (Euclea undulata), 

Spalkpendoring (Gloveria integrifolia) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata), are more 

abundant. The matrix Succulent Karoo communities are also dominated by asteraceous 

shrubs and succulents such as Aloe comptonii, Braunsia apiculata, Crassula arborescens, 

Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia mauritanica, Monechma incanum, Pteronia fasciculata and 

Tylecodon wallichii, but here the species typical of the Breede River system (e.g. Ruschia 

caroli) are rare or absent, while more eastern elements (e.g. Cerochlamys pachyphylla) 

are present. Some fynbos elements (e.g. Rhodocoma arida) are also present on south 

facing slopes. No rare or localized endemic species are known from this unit. 

Despite its limited extend the Elandsvlei Gwarrieveld is quite a distinctive vegetation 

unit. Here small patches of Thicket bush-clumps, in which woody tree species such as 

Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata are prominent, occur in a matrix 

of Succulent Karoo communities where an unusual combination of species that are 

typical of both the Succulent - and Nama Karoo biomes are present. They include species 

such as Aloe ferox, Blepharis inermis, Cadaba aphylla, Euphorbia burmanii, Euphorbia 

mauritanica, Euryops lateriflorus, Hermannia flammula, Hermannia salviifolia, 

Mestoklema tuberosum, Lycium cinereum and Pentzia incana. No rare or localized 

endemic species are known from this unit, but this unit is of particular interest as it 

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epresents the westernmost examples of true Subtropical Thicket bush clumps occurring 

in a matrix of Succulent Karoo communities. 

The Vleiland Gwarrieveld unit occurs in a very arid environment where the woody tree 

component (mostly Euclea undulata and Rhus undulata) is sparse, despite the fact that 

this unit is largely restricted to south facing slopes. Here the Succulent Karoo matrix 

communities are dominated by small asteraceous shrubs with shrubby leaf succulents 

uncommon. The only known localized endemic species present is Monechma robustum. 

The Prinspoort Arid Gwarrieveld is similar to the Zorgvliet Fynbos-Gwarrieveld in 

having woody trees such as Gwarrie (Euclea undulata), Spalkpendoring (Gloveria 

integrifolia) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) prominent on north facing slopes in a matrix 

of Succulent Karoo communities where species such as Dodonaea angustifolia, Euryops 

rehmanii, Helichrysum zeyheri, Monechma incana and Pteronia fasciculata and 

succulents such as Aloe comptonii and Crassula rupestris are abundant. It differs, 

however, in not having fynbos elements prominent (only some Phylica axillaris, 

Rhodocoma arida, etc.) and having its own component of rare species present, such as 

Muraltia karooica and Stapeliopsis exasperata. 

In the Snyberg Gwarrieveld woody trees such as Gwarrie (Euclea undulata), 

Spalkpendoring (Gloveria integrifolia) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) are abundant in 

the fairly sandy soils, where the matrix Succulent Karoo communities often have grasses 

(e.g. Cymbopogon plurinodis, Digitaria eriantha, Ehrharta calycina, Eragrostis capensis, 

Eragrostis curvula, Sporobolus fimbriatus, etc.) abundant amongst the dominant shrubs 

(Gnidia deserticola, Helichrysum zeyheri, Monechma incana, Pentzia incana and several 

Pteronia species). Succulents (Aloe ferox, Bulbine frutescens, Crassula rupestris and 

several Drosanthemum species) and geophytes (e.g. Babiana securigera, Freesia 

corymbosa, Lapeirousia pyramidalis, Moraea polystachya, Tritonia securigera, etc.) are 

also abundant in this unit. No rare or localized endemic species are known in this unit. 

The Rouxpos Gwarrieveld may be confused with the Rouxpos Randteveld, but here the 

woody trees (mostly Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Rhus undulata and some 

119

Pappea capensis) and tall shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Rhigozum obovatum, etc.) 

are much more abundant on the north and south facing slopes. The matrix Succulent 

Karoo communities are also dominated by asteraceous shrubs (mostly Pentzia and 

Pteronia species) and succulents (especially Crassula arborescens and Crassula rupestris, 

but some Aloe comptonii and Aloe microstigma also present), but some grass (mostly 

Aristida diffusa) is also present. Huernia praestans is the only rare species known from 

this unit. 

The northern slopes of the Slangkrans Arid Gwarrieveld are similar to the Keurfontein 

Arid Gwarrieveld in having a sparse cover of Gwarrie (Euclea undulata), Spalkpendoring 

(Gloveria integrifolia) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) trees present in a matrix of 

Succulent Karoo communities in which asteraceous shrubs and succulents such as Aloe 

comptonii, Braunsia apiculata, Crassula arborescens, Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia 

mauritanica, Monechma incanum, Pteronia fasciculata and Tylecodon wallichii are 

abundant. It differs in having more fynbos elements (such as Ischyrolepis ocreatus, 

Euryops tenuissimus, etc.) and succulents more typical of the Breede River system (e.g. 

Ruschia caroli) present. No rare or localized endemic species are known from this unit. 

The Spitskop Arid Gwarrieveld is somewhat intermediate between the Bylshoek and 

Vrede Arid Gwarrieveld units as it also has Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Koeniebos 

(Rhus undulata) trees present in a matrix of Succulent Karoo communities where 

asteraceous shrubs and succulents such as Aloe comptonii, Aloe microstigma, Crassula 

rupestris, Monechma incanum, Pelargonium alternans, Pteronia fasciculata, Tylecodon 

paniculata and Tylecodon wallichii are present, but it differs in having some Succulent 

Karoo communities present on the lower slops in which species typical of the Spitskop 

Apronveld occurs. No rare or localized endemic species are known from this unit, but I 

suspect that some interesting geophytes may appear after good rain. 

The Waboomsberg Arid Gwarrieveld is similar to the Slangkrans Arid Gwarrieveld in 

having a sparse cover of Gwarrie (Euclea undulata), Spalkpendoring (Gloveria 

integrifolia) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) trees present in a matrix of Succulent Karoo 

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communities in which asteraceous shrubs and succulents such as Aloe comptonii, 

Braunsia apiculata, Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia mauritanica, Pteronia fasciculata, 

Pteronia incana, Ruschia caroli and Tylecodon wallichii are abundant. It differs in being a 

moister unit, as this unit occurs mostly on south facing slopes, with the shrubs in the 

matrix Succulent Karoo vegetation denser and in which Renosterbos (Elytropappus 

rhinocerotis) is present. No rare or localized endemic species are known from this unit. 

The Zoar Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Elandsvlei Gwarrieveld, but here the 

Thicket bush-clumps are not well developed. The most common woody trees are also 

Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata, but the local matrix Succulent 

Karoo communities sometimes also have Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) and 

Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) present. Much of this unit has been subjected to 

severe grazing pressure, with Blepharis inermis and Pentzia incana abundant in these 

sites. Succulents (e.g. Glottiphyllum depressum) and geophytes (e.g. Tritonia securigera) 

are abundant in the less disturbed sites No rare or localized endemic species are known 

from this unit, but some interesting species may appear after good rain. 

The Gouritsrivier Sandolien-Ruigtewoud consists of a patchwork of quite different 

vegetation types. Patches of Spekboomveld (typical of the Vaalhoek Arid 

Spekboomveld) occur sporadically on arid north facing slopes, while patches of Gouritz 

Valley Thicket (in which species such as Azima tetracantha, Buddleja saligna, Capparis 

sepiaria, Euclea undulata, Gymnosporia buxifolia, Olea europaea, Pappea capensis, 

Putterlickia pyracantha, Rhus glauca, Rhus pterota, Schotia afra, Scolopia mundii, 

Sideroxylon inerme, Tarchonanthus camphoratus, etc. are prominent) are often present on 

fire-protected south facing slopes. Some Succulent Karoo communities (usually 

dominated by Pteronia species, with many succulents present) are often present on the 

hilltops, but the matrix vegetation is dominated by Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) on 

the northern slopes and Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) on the south facing 

slopes. No rare or localized endemic species are known from this unit, but I am sure that 

a more thorough survey will reveal several. 

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The Matjiesvlei Sandolien-Thicket is similar to the Gouritsrivier Sandolien-Ruigtewoud 

as it also consists of a patchwork of several different vegetation types in a matrix 

dominated by Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) and Renosterbos (Elytropappus 

rhinocerotis), but it differs in having the Thicket patches less prominent, in having more 

Fynbos elements (e.g. Aspalathus hystrix) present and in having Asbos (Pteronia incana) 

more abundant in the Succulent Karoo communities. No rare or localized endemic 

species are known from this unit, but some interesting species may be present, especially 

on the small silcrete-topped hills. 

The Eyerpoort Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Vrede Gwarrieveld as Gwarrie trees 

(Euclea undulata) are abundant in the matrix Succulent Karoo vegetation, but here the 

Succulent Karoo vegetation differs as more heuweltjies are present, as some patches are 

dominated by Scholtzbos (Pteronia pallens) and as some quartz pebble outcrops (usually 

with Pteronia flexicaulis and succulents such as Antegibbaeum fissoides abundant) are 

present. The very rare and localized endemic Gibbaeum johnstonii occurs in this unit. 

In the Poortjieskloof Gwarrieveld the matrix Succulent Karoo vegetation is dominated 

by asteraceous shrubs (especially Pteronia species), but Renosterbos (Elytropappus 

rhinocerotis) is uncommon, even on southern slopes. Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and 

Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) trees are abundant on the northern and sometimes also the 

southern slopes. Some heuweltjies are also present, often with succulents such as 

Botterboom (Tylecodon paniculata) prominent. Shrubby leaf succulents (especially 

Drosanthemum and Ruschia species, including Ruschia caroli) and geophytes (especially 

Drimia, Hesperantha and Ornithogalum species) are abundant in the matrix vegetation. 

Annual grasses (e.g. Ehrharta erecta) are often abundant on south facing slopes, but they 

are often displaced by alien species (e.g. Bromus, Hordeum and Lolium species). A 

number of interesting small succulents are present on rocky sites (e.g. Conophytum 

piluliforme), of which some (e.g. some unidentified Antimima species) may be localized 

endemics. Some rare and localized endemic geophytes, such as Wurmbea compacta and 

Tritonia watermeyeri are known from this unit. I have little doubt that a more careful 

survey will reveal more interesting species. 

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Vrede Gwarrieveld is intermediate between the Touws River Pruimveld and the Vrede 

Apronveld. Woody trees are still abundant in a matrix of Succulent Karoo communities, 

but these consists mostly only have Euclea undulata. It is easily distinguished from the 

Touws River Pruimveld in that it lacks Pappea capensis in the woody component and 

Pteronia fasciculata as a prominent shrub in the Succulent Karoo matrix. The shrub 

component consists of species that are also abundant in the Vrede Apronveld, e.g. 

Berkheya cuneata, Berkheya spinosa, Eriocephalus ericoides, Pteronia pallens, 

Tetragonia fruticosa, etc. Most of this unit has been exposed to serious grazing pressure, 

which resulted in the invasion by Elytropappus rhinocerotis. On the more clayey soils the 

disturbed sites have been invaded by Pteronia pallens and Hereroha gracilis. In the well- 

rested areas the Renosterbos shrubs became senescent and are being replaced by more 

palatable shrubs (e.g. Berkheya spinosa) and grasses (e.g. Ehrharta calycina), a very 

promising sign that Gwarrieveld communities can revert back to near pristine conditions 

if well rested from grazing pressure. The only rare species known to be present in this 

unit is Tritonia watermeyeri. 

In the VanWyksfontein Gwarrieveld woody trees (mostly Euclea undulata, Gloveria 

integrifolia, Rhus undulata, Schotia afra and some Pappea capensis) are quite abundant in 

the matrix Succulent Karoo communities in which Netvetbos (Monechma incana), 

succulents (such as Aloe comptonii, Crassula arborescens, Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia 

mauritanica, Ruschia ceresianus, Tylecodon wallichii, etc.) and geophytes (especially 

Moraea polystachya) are abundant. This unit is somewhat similar to the Snyberg 

Gwarrieveld as grasses (e.g. Cymbopogon plurinodis, Digitaria eriantha, Ehrharta 

calycina, Sporobolus fimbriatus, etc.) are often abundant where the Succulent Karoo 

communities occur on sandy soils. Kraalbos (Galenia africana) is often very abundant in 

disturbed sites. No rare or localized endemic species are known from this unit, but some 

interesting annual species may appear after rain. 

The Addersfontein Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Hoogfontein Gwarrieveld, but it 

is a more arid unit in which the Gwarrie trees (Euclea undulata) are less abundant. The 

matrix Succulent Karoo communities are also different as species such as Felicia filifolia, 

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Jamesbrittenia atropurpurea, Microloma saggitata, Phymaspermum aciculare and Sutera 

halmifolia are often abundant, but these communities are also dominated by Pteronia 

species with succulents (e.g. Crassula arborescens, Crassula rupestris, etc.) abundant. No 

rare or localized endemic species are known from this unit. 

The Bellair Gwarrieveld is most similar to the VanWyksfontein Gwarrieveld as woody 

trees (Euclea undulata, Rhus undulata and some Schotia afra) are abundant in Succulent 

Karoo communities where species such as Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia mauritanica, 

Monechma incana, Pteronia fasciculata, Ruschia ceresianus and Tylecodon wallichii are 

prominent, but Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) and Renosterbos (Elytropappus 

rhinocerotis) are also present in this unit. Kraalbos (Galenia africana) is also abundant in 

disturbed sites in this unit. The only rare species known from this unit is Cotyledon 

tomentosa ssp. ladismithiensis. 

In the Mistkraal Gwarrieveld woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, 

Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus undulata, etc.) are 

abundant in the matrix Succulent Karoo communities, in which species such as Crassula 

arborescens, Crassula rupestris, Felicia filifolia, Hirpicium alienatum, Monechma 

incanum, Nylandtia spinosa, Pteronia paniculata, Pteronia flexicaulis, Tylecodon 

wallichii and Wiborgia mucronata are prominent. Some grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa, 

Cymbopogon plurinodis, Eragrostis curvula, Sporobolus fimbriatus, etc.) are also present, 

but they are not very abundant. No rare or localized endemic species are known from the 

unit, but several Trichodiadema species were noted here and some of them may be rare. 

The Soutkloof Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Harmonie Gwarrieveld as woody trees 

and shrubs (Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Rhigozum obovatum and Rhus 

undulata) are abundant, but since this unit is mostly confined to northern slopes the 

matrix Succulent Karoo communities are dominated by asteraceous shrubs and succulents 

such as Crassula arborescens, Crassula rupestris and Euphorbia mauritanica, with 

Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) absent to very rare. No rare or localized endemic 

species are known from this unit. 

124

In the Poplers Gwarrieveld woody trees and shrubs (mostly only Euclea undulata, 

Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata) are sparse and mostly restricted to the north 

facing slopes. Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is often abundant on the south 

facing slopes, along with shrubs such as Felicia filifolia, Lebeckia cytisoides and Pteronia 

incana. Few heuweltjies are present in the matrix Succulent Karoo vegetation, where the 

communities are mostly dominated by small asteraceous shrubs (e.g. Berkheya cuneata, 

Pteronia flexicaulis and Pteronia paniculata) with Asbos (Pteronia incana) the dominant 

species on sites where deep loamy soils occur. Succulents are also abundant, including 

species such as Adromischus filicaulis, Antegibbaeum fissoides, Astroloba corrugata, 

Crassula congesta ssp. laticephala, Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia mauritanica, and 

Glottiphyllum fergusoniae. Some of these succulents, e.g. Gibbaeum velutinum, are 

localized endemic species. 

The Harmonie Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Poplers Gwarrieveld, but here the 

woody trees and shrubs (Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia capensis, 

Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus undulata and some Schotia afra) are more abundant on the 

north and south facing slopes. Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and Lebeckia 

cytisoides are less abundant on the southern slopes and the matrix Succulent Karoo 

communities are better developed, but the most abundant shrubs remain to be Berkheya 

cuneata, Crassula rupestris, Felicia filifolia, Pteronia incana and Pteronia paniculata. 

Succulents are also abundant, but the localized endemic species typical of the Poplers 

Gwarrieveld are absent here. No rare or localized endemic species are known from this 

unit. 

The Adamskraal Gwarrieveld may be confused with the Ockertskraal Arid 

Spekboomveld as the vegetation is currently structurally very similar, with Gwarrie trees 

(Euclea undulata) quite abundant in matrix Succulent Karoo communities that are also 

dominated by asteraceous shrubs and leaf succulents. There are, however, no indications 

that Spekboom was ever abundant in this unit in recent times, especially as quite 

palatable species, such as Berkheya cuneata, Berkeya spinosa, Microloma saggitata and 

Phymaspermum aciculare are still abundant in the matrix Succulent Karoo communities. 

125

It is furthermore quite a distinctive unit in having unusual variants (perhaps different 

species) of Lotononis dissitinodis and Zeuktophyllum calycinum present. 

The Springfontein Gwarrieveld is very similar to the Waterval Gwarrieveld in having 

woody trees and shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, 

Nymannia capensis and Rhus undulata) and succulents such as Aloe microstigma, 

Crassula arborescens, Crassula rupestris and Tylecodon paniculata abundant on north 

facing slopes and the silcrete-topped hills present in this unit. The matrix Succulent 

Karoo communities are also dominated by asteraceous shrubs and have many heuweltjies 

(where Tylecodon paniculata is also prominent), but it differs in lacking the quartz 

patches typical of the Waterval Gwarrieveld and in being quite rich in geophytes (e.g. 

species of Moraea, Ornithogalum, Tritonia, etc.). The localized endemic Euphorbia 

sussanae occurs sporadically in these Succulent Karoo communities and some of the 

geophytes present may also be uncommon species. 

In the Waterval Gwarrieveld the matrix Succulent Karoo communities are rich in 

species and dominated by asteraceous shrubs and leaf-succulent species with Asbos 

(Pteronia incana), Harpuis (Euryops oligoglossus) and Aloe microstigma often abundant. 

Small parches of quartz outcrops also occur here, in which the localized endemic 

succulent Gibbaeum angulipes is usually abundant. Heuweltjies are often prominent and 

have Botterboom (Tylecodon paniculata) often present on them. Woody trees, mostly 

Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata, are most abundant on north 

facing slopes, but they are also common on the southern slopes of the silcrete-topped hills 

present in this unit. This unit is structurally similar to the Blossoms - and Springfontein 

Gwarrieveld units, but this unit differs in the species present in the Succulent Karoo 

communities. The only rare species noted here is Haworthia magnifica, but a more 

careful survey may reveal more species. 

The Horlosiekrans Gwarrieveld is quite a distinctive unit that has species present in the 

matrix Succulent Karoo communities that are typical of both the western Succulent 

Karoo region (e.g. Pelargonium crithmifolium) and the eastern Succulent Karoo region 

126

(e.g. Pelargonium fragile). Woody trees and shrubs such as Euclea undulata, Nymannia 

capensis, Rhigozum undulatum and Rhus undulata and succulents such as Aloe 

microstigma are abundant on the north facing slopes, but they are uncommon on the 

southern slopes where shrubs such as Asbos (Pteronia incana) and some Renosterbos 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) predominates. No rare or localized endemic species are 

known from this unit, but it is possible that the rare Geissorhiza truncatula would appear 

after a fire. This unit is of significance to conservation even if no rare species are present, 

as the combination of common species present is of particular bio-geographic interest. 

The Doornkloof Gwarrieveld share many of its common species with the Springfontein 

Gwarrieveld, but woody trees and shrubs (mostly only Euclea undulata, Gloveria 

integrifolia and Rhus undulata) are sparse here. The matrix Succulent Karoo communities 

are also dominated by asteraceous shrubs (mostly Pteronia species), with Euphorbia 

mauritanica, Zygophyllum foetidum and Zygophyllum morgsana occasionally prominent 

on south facing slopes. Small quartz pebble patches (usually with Berkeya cuneata 

prominent) are present and they have many small succulents (e.g. Antegibbaeum 

fissoides, Cephalophyllum curtophyllum, Conophytum joubertii, Crassula tecta, etc.), of 

which some (e.g. Trichodiadema hallii) are localized endemic species. Other species of 

interest in the matrix Succulent Karoo communities are Euphorbia pillansii and Tritonia 

watermeyeri. 

The Montagu Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Poplers Gwarrieveld, but here the 

woody trees and shrubs (Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata) are 

abundant on the north facing slopes, often along with succulents such as Aloe 

microstigma and Tylecodon paniculata. Heuweltjies are also prominent on the north 

facing slopes and they often have Asbos (Pteronia incana) abundant on them. 

Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and shrubs such as Felicia filifolia, Lebeckia 

cytisoides and Pteronia incana are abundant on the south facing slopes, where geophytes 

and small succulents (e.g. Haworthia pumila) are also abundant. Some of these 

geophytes, e.g. Ixia gloriosa, are very rare localized endemic species. 

127

The Barrydale Gwarrieveld is somewhat intermediate between the Poplers and 

Montagu Gwarrieveld units, with woody trees and shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea 

undulata, Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata) sparse on the north and south facing 

slopes, but here the vegetation on the south facing slopes is most similar to of the 

Barrydale Asbos-Renosterveld unit in having shrubs such as Asbos (Pteronia incana), 

Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and Lebeckia cytisoides the dominant species. 

This unit is also rich in geophytes (e.g. Babiana sambucina, Pelargonium rapaceum, 

Syringodea longituba, Tritonia pallida, etc.) and succulents (e.g. Adromischus triflorus, 

Aloe microstigma, Anacampseros telephiastrum, Cephalophyllum subulatum, 

Conophytum joubertii, Drosanthemum speciosum, Euphorbia clandestina, Glottiphyllum 

depressum, Lampranthus haworthii, Senecio radicans, Tylecodon paniculata, etc.) of 

which some are rare and localized endemic species (e.g. Gibbaeum velutinum, Haworthia 

maraisii, etc.). 

The Liebervywer Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Harmonie Gwarrieveld as woody 

trees and shrubs (Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia capensis, Rhigozum 

obovatum and Rhus undulata) are abundant in the matrix Succulent Karoo communities, 

in which species such as Berkheya cuneata, Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia burmanii, 

Euphorbia mauritanica, Felicia filifolia, Monechma incanum, Pteronia incana, Tylecodon 

paniculata and Tylecodon wallichii are abundant. It differs from the Harmonie 

Gwarrieveld in having other uncommon species present, such as Lotononis dissitinodes. 

A more careful survey of especially the small silcrete-capped hills present in this unit 

may reveal the presence of other rare and localized endemic species. 

The Tweefontein Gwarrieveld consists of a combination of plant communities that 

occur also in other units in the area. The vegetation on the northern slopes approaches 

those present in the Poortfontein Randteveld, but woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Euclea 

undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Rhus undulata, etc.) are much more abundant here. The 

vegetation present on the southern slopes is somewhat similar to those present in the 

Soutkloof Asbos-Renosterveld, but Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is less 

abundant, while Euphorbia mauritanica, Tylecodon paniculata and Zygophyllum 

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morgsana are much more abundant. No rare or localized endemic species are known from 

this unit. 

The Sandkraal Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Adamskraal Gwarrieveld, but this 

unit is more arid and the woody trees and shrubs (Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, 

Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus undulata, etc.) are much sparser. Some heuweltjies are 

present on the north and south facing slopes and they often have Asbos (Pteronia incana) 

and Botterboom (Tylecodon paniculata) on them. The matrix Succulent Karoo 

communities are also dominated by asteraceous shrubs (mostly Pteronia species), but 

succulents (Aloe microstigma, Gasteria brachyphylla, etc.) are not abundant. No rare or 


The Nooitgedacht Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Volmoed Arid Spekboomveld, but 

here Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is less abundant. Trees and tall shrubs (Carissa 

haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia capensis and some 

Pappea capensis) are relatively abundant in the matrix Succulent Karoo communities, 

which are mostly dominated by Pteronia species, with succulents (e.g. Aloe microstigma, 

Tylecodon wallichii, etc.) abundant and some grass (e.g. Ehrharta calycina) present. 

Some heuweltjies are present, but they are not prominent. Ornithogalum sardienii and 

Tylecodon cacalioides are the only rare and localized endemic species known from this 

unit. 

The Mons Ruber Waboom-Thicket is quite a distinctive unit with certain Subtropical 

Thicket elements prominent on the north facing slopes (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, 

Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Rhus undulata and some Portulacaria afra), while 

other woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Cassine euclaeformis, Gymnosporia buxifolia, 

Maytenus acuminata, Maytenus oleoides, Nymannia capensis, Olea europaea ssp. 

africana, Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus, etc.) are abundant in fire-protected sites on the 

south facing slopes. Fynbos elements (e.g. Agathosma recurvifolia, Erica karooica, 

Ishyrolepis gaudichaudianus, Passerina obtusifolia, Protea nitida, Rhodocoma arida, 

Rhodocoma gracilis, etc.) are often prominent on the south facing slopes. Several rare 

129

and localized endemic species occur here, including Babiana sp.nov (radians), Haworthia 

blackburniae var. derustensis, Lachenalia latimeriae, Machairophyllum brevifolium, 

Machairophyllum latifolium and Manulea derustiana. 

5.3.2 Succulent Karoo 

5.3.2.1 Randteveld 

The vegetation of the Spreeufontein Randteveld is similar to those of the Touwsfontein 

Ranteveld, both in its structure and floristic component, but differs in being a more arid 

unit with some differentiation in the species present. It also occurs on shallow clayey 

soils derived from the siltstone and shales of the Adolph sport group of formations, where 

both the tree component (mostly Euclea undulata) and shrubs (e.g. Berkheya spinosa, 

Carissa haematocarpa, Pteronia pallens, Osteospermum scariosum, etc.) are sparse. 

Typical is the abundance of the leaf succulents Cylindrophyllum tugwelliae and Hereroha 

gracilis on north facing slopes. The very rare localized endemic Tanquana hilmari is 

restricted to shallow soils on shale ridges in this unit, which interestingly replaces the 

similar looking Gibbeaum nebrownii of the Touwsfontein Randteveld in this unit. Indeed 

a rather remarkable example of convergent evolution. 

The vegetation of the Rouxpos Randteveld is intermediate between those of the 

Spreeufontein - and Prince Albert Randteveld units. In this unit trees and tall shrubs 

(mostly only Euclea undulata, Rhigozum obovatum and Rhus burchellii) are more 

prominent on southern slopes than in the Spreeufontein unit, but they are not as abundant 

as they are in the Prince Albert Randteveld. Succulents such as Aloe comptonii, Crassula 

arborescence and Monsonia crassicaule are often locally abundant, but this unit is not 

very rich in species. Shrubs remain sparse, but the presence of species such as 

Slanghoutjie (Garuleum bipinnatum) is quite characteristic to distinguish it from 

surrounding vegetation units. No rare or localized endemic species are known from this 

unit. 

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The Prince Albert Randteveld should also be regarded as being part of a large unit that 

intrudes into the Little Karoo from the north, rather than being a small unit endemic to 

the Little Karoo. Elements typical of Nama Karoo Randteveld types (e.g. Crassula 

rupestris, Euphorbia arceuthobioides, Fingerhuthia africana, Pentzia incana, Pteronia 

pallens, Rhigozum obovatum, etc.) are prominent and dominant in this unit. It differs 

from the Prince Albert Apronveld unit in lacking the small patches of quartz gravels and 

having Rhigozum obovatum very prominent, along with some Euclea undulata trees. 

The Montagu Randteveld is also a very arid unit with shrubs and trees very sparse on 

north facing slopes. It is most similar to the Rouxpos Randteveld unit as they share most 

of their common species, but it differs in having a more shrubby leaf succulents present, 

including uncommon species such as Drosanthemum micans. Another difference is that 

Kraalbos (Galenia africana) is often prominent here in disturbed sites. 

Vrede Randteveld occurs mostly on shallow clayey soils derived from the siltstone and 

shales of the Tra-Tra and Waboomsberg formations. It is most similar to the 

Touwsfontein Randteveld, but it differs in its species composition, as it is a less arid 

habitat. Small trees and shrubs such as Euclea undulata and Nymannia capensis are 

occasionally present even on north facing slopes. Some of the succulents typical of the 

Touwsfontein Randteveld (e.g. Cylindrophyllum tugwelliae) are absent or rare, but 

Crassula arborescens remains abundant on north facing slopes. The shrub component is 

similar to those of the Touwsfontein Randteveld, but tall shrubs are more abundant and 

species such as Pteronia incana and Elytropappus rhinocerotis occurs on the south-facing 

slopes. There seems to be nothing unique to this unit, except the combination of abundant 

species on the north and south slopes. In all respects a true intermediate unit, with no 

known rare on endemic units known to occur here. 

The Touwsfontein Randteveld is restricted to shallow clayey soils that are derived from 

the shale and mudstones of the Klipbokkop formation. Here the tree and tall shrub 

component is very sparse with only a few gnarled Carissa haematocarpa and Euclea 

undulata trees present. Shrubs and succulents with Berkheya cuneata, Berkheya spinosa, 

Chrysocoma ciliata, Eriocephalus ericoides, Hereroa gracilis, Osteospermum scariosum, 

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Pentzia incana, Pteronia pallens, Salsola tuberculata, Tetragonia fruticosa and 

Zygophyllum retrofractum the most abundant species dominate the sparse vegetation. 

Other characteristic shrubs and succulents are Crassula arborescens, Crassula subaphylla, 

Cylindrophyllum tugwelliae, Dicoma spinosa, Plumbago triste, Pteronia flexicaulis, 

Rosenia humilis and Scleletium tortuosum. The only known rare plants present are 

Conophytum joubertii and the localized endemic Gibbaeum nebrownii that are restricted 

to outcrops of bare shale in this unit. 

The VanWyksfontein Randteveld unit typically lacks woody trees and tall shrubs on the 

northern slopes, except the odd Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) tree, but this Randteveld unit 

is very distinctive as it occasionally has small, but well-developed quartz patches present 

in which Gibbaeum pubescence is prominent, along with a few Gibbaeum heathii and in 

having the otherwise quite rare Zeuktophyllum suppositum locally abundant in some 

sites. Other oddities include a form of Oedera resinifera that lacks the long peduncles and 

an unusual variant of Euphorbia pillansii. 

In the Bellair Randteveld trees are also sparse on the northern slopes, with only a few 

Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Koenie (Rhus undulata) trees present, but tall woody 

shrubs such as Klapperbos (Nymannia capensis) and Granaat (Rhigozum obovatum) are 

often abundant along with the distinctive western Little Karoo endemic Crotalaria 

lebeckioides. Succulents such as Aloe comptonii, Crassula arborescens and Crassula 

rupestris are also prominent on these northern slopes. 

The Plathuis Randteveld unit occurs in a very arid environment where only a few 

Gwarrie trees (Euclea undulata) are present on south facing slopes, while drought 

resilient shrubs such as Granaat (Rhigozum obovatum) and succulents like Sosaties 

(Crassula rupestris) and Cylindrophyllum comptonii are the most abundant succulents on 

the north facing slopes. The lack of species richness in this unit may be due to severe 

grazing pressure in the past, but it is hard to tell, as no common indicators of disturbance 

are present. 

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The Ockertskraal Randteveld unit is very similar to the Plathuis Randteveld unit, but 

differs in having the woody tree component better developed on south facing slopes and 

having some Boerboon (Schotia afra) even on north facing slopes present. The local plant 

communities remain poor in species, perhaps also due to heavy grazing pressure over a 

prolonged time, as the occasional abundance of Kraalbos (Galenia africana) on south 

facing slopes and sosaties (Crassula rupestris) on north facing slopes seem to indicate. 

Small quartz gravel patches are present in this unit, but they are not rich in species with 

no species of particular interest present. 

The Stormberg Randteveld is somewhat similar to the Zewefontein Gwarrieveld in the 

common species present, but differs in having Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) uncommon on 

north and south facing slopes and the vegetation being sparser. Small strips of Apronveld 

may be present on the lower slopes with distinctive shrubs such as Barleria pungens 

present. Zygophyllum foetidum, Zygophyllum morgsana and Euphorbia mauritanica are 

often abundant on the upper south facing slopes. No rare on localized endemic species 

are known from this unit. 

The Kareebosch Randteveld also has small narrow strips of Apronveld present on the 

lower slopes, often with Scholtzbos (Pteronia pallens) locally abundant. Small, diffuse 

patches of quartz occur occasionally in this unit, but they do not have a rich assemblage 

of succulents present. Only a few Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Boerboon (Schotia afra) 

trees occur on south and north facing slopes. It is most similar to Request Randteveld, but 

differs in having species such as Crassula rupestris less abundant. 

The Poortfontein Randteveld is somewhat similar to the Stormberg Randteveld, but 

differs in the vegetation that occurs on the southern slopes that are often very rocky. Here 

Gwarrie trees and small shrubs such as Berkeya cuneata and Nenax microphylla are often 

abundant on the southern slopes, with Zygophyllum morgsana rare. The only rare species 

known from this unit is Adromischus mammilaris, which occasionally occurs on rocky 

outcrops on the south facing slopes. 

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The Soutkloof Randteveld unit seems to occur in an arid and probably cold environment 

on mostly very shallow, shale soils, as trees and tall shrubs are almost absent and even 

the short shrubs, e.g. Berkeya cuneata and Pteronia species, are sparse. Succulents are not 

very common either, with only some Crassula congesta and Braunsia apiculata present in 

the sparse quartz pebble patches. Some heuweltjies are present and they usually have 

Pteronia incana as the dominant species on them. No rare or localized endemic species 

are known from this unit. 

The Koenieleegte Randteveld occurs in a very arid environment also on very shallow 

shale soils. Despite its aridity it is quite an interesting unit as some of the seemingly 

barren shale slopes have many small succulents present (e.g. Conophytum joubertii, 

Crassula congesta, Crassula tecta, Glottiphyllum depressum, etc.) of which Gibbaeum 

dispar is a rare localized endemic. The south facing slopes are better vegetated with 

species such as Berkheya cuneata, Berkeya spinosa and Eriocephalus ericoides 

prominent. Nymannia capensis is sometimes abundant on the south facing slopes, but 

other woody trees are sparse. 

The Ortmansgat Randteveld also occurs in an arid area where the soils consist mostly 

of very shallow shales. Trees and tall shrubs are rare on the north facing slopes, but some 

Euclea undulata; Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia capensis and Rhus undulata may be 

present on south facing slopes. Some uncommon succulents are present on the exposed 

shale slopes, including Cerochlamys trigona, Haworthia mucronata var. morrisiae and 

Pleiospilos nobile (the latter is often included in Pleiospilos compactus ssp. canus, but I 

regard it as a distinct taxon). 

The Dammetjies Randteveld is most similar to the Touwsfontein Randteveld, but it is 

less arid and occasionally has some patches of sparse quartz pebbles present where some 

succulents typical of the Eyerpoort Quartz Apronveld can be found. The local hills are 

not very tall or steep and the vegetation of the lower slopes approaches those of the 

Spitskop Apronveld and it has some of its uncommon succulents, such as Rhinephyllum 

134

muirii, present. The very rare Gibbaeum nebrownii has been recorded to occur in this 

unit, but I have not seen it here. 

The Hondewater Randteveld also has tall shrubs and trees almost absent and is 

dominated by short shrubs and succulents. It is quite unusual amongst the Randteveld 

units in often having grasses, such as Digitaria argyrograpta present, but they are never 

dominant. This may be due to the presence of terrace gravels on the tops and sometimes 

the slopes of these hills. The vegetation is quite rich in species with the following odd 

combination of species noted here; Astroloba smutsiana, Cerochlamys pachyphylla, 

Crassula rupestris, Euryops oligoglossus, Garuleum bipinnatum, Glottiphyllum suave, 

Haworthia arachnoidea var. nigricans, Pelargonium karooicum, Pteronia incana, Pteronia 

staehelinoides and Rosenia humilis. On the lower slopes succulents such as 

Antegibbaeum fissoides, Gibbaeum cryptopodium, Gibbaeum pubescence and Gibbaeum 

shandii dominate some patches. The latter being an uncommon local endemic species. 

The Request Randteveld is most similar to the Stormberg Randteveld, but differs in 

being more arid with the woody trees and shrubs very sparse. Short shrubs and a few 

shrubby succulents such as Crassula rupestris and Phyllobolus splendens dominate the 

vegetation. It is not rich in species and no are or localized endemic species are known to 

occur in this unit. 

The Waterval Randteveld is somewhat similar to the Ortmansgat Randteveld as it also 

occurs in an arid area where the soils consist mostly of very shallow shales, but where 

some trees and tall shrubs such as Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia 

capensis and Rhus undulata are present on the south facing slopes. Some Spekboom 

(Portulacaria afra) may have occurred on the north facing slopes, but if so, they were 

probably sparse. It differs from the Ortmansgat Randteveld in having Renosterbos 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) present on the south facing slopes and in having some quartz 

pebble patches present, in which species typical of the Waterval Quartz Apronveld can be 

found. No rare or localized endemic species are known from this unit, but some may be 

discovered after good rain. 

135

5.3.2.2 Apronveld 

The Vrede Apronveld occurs on deep loamy to clayey alluvial soils, mostly on gentle 

south facing slopes. Woody trees are sparse to absent here and the unit is dominated by 

asteraceous shrubs, such as Berkheya cuneata, Berkheya spinosa, Eriocephalus ericoides, 

Eriocephalus grandiflorus, Pteronia empetrifolia, Pteronia pallens, Pteronia paniculata, 

etc. Non-asteraceous shrubs, such as Tetragonia fruticosa, Nenax microphylla, 

Drosanthemum spp., Selago albida, etc., are not uncommon when this unit is in a healthy 

condition. Like most Apronveld types this unit has been severely impacted upon by 

grazing by domestic stock and where this has happened Pteronia pallens and Hereroha 

gracilis are the only two abundant species. Fortunately, when rested well some of the 

palatable species such as Berkheya spinosa seem to be able to recover rapidly. When in a 

pristine condition, a wide array of species and life-forms (small shrubs, succulents and 

geophytes) are present in this unit. 

The Rouxpos Apronveld occurs in a very arid area and the small asteraceous shrubs, that 

dominate this unit, are rather sparse. Several of the species present are more typical of the 

Nama Karoo and Tanqua Karoo e.g. (Pentzia incana, Pelargonium crithmifolium, 

Tripteris oppositifolia, etc.). Small patches of quartz gravel are present, often with 

populations of Berkeya cuneata and Plumbago triste prominent. These quartz gravel sites 

are not very rich in species, but some succulents (e.g. Anacampseros arachnoides, 

Conophytum piluliforme, Crassula congesta, Crassula pyramidalis, Gibbaeum 

cryptopodium, etc.) and several geophytes (especially Oxalis spp.) are present. 

The Visgat Apronveld is a rather unique as it consists of a number of very patch, but 

distinct plant communities that often have a species combination not replicated 

elsewhere. In small quartz patches are uncommon shrubs such as Dicoma fruticosa and 

Dicoma relhanioides present, in more clayey soils are species such as Dicoma spinosa 

and Barleria pungens present, on bare shale ridges are Conophytum joubertii and 

Cylindrophyllum comptonii present, while Scholtzbos (Pteronia pallens) is abundant 

where calcrete outcrops occur. Tall shrubs and trees (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea 

136

undulata, Rhus undulata, etc.) are sparse on the lower slopes, but not uncommon on the 

upper south facing slopes. Geophytes (e.g. Syringodea longituba, Oxalis spp.) can be 

abundant after rain. 

The Prince Albert Apronveld should be regarded as part of a large unit that intrude into 

the Little Karoo from the north, rather than being a unit that is restricted to the Little 

Karoo. Elements typical of Nama Karoo (e.g. Euphorbia arceuthobioides, Fingerhuthia 

africana, Pentzia incana, Pteronia adenocarpa, Pteronia pallens, Pteronia staehelinoides, 

Rhigozum obovatum, Tripteris sinuata, etc.) are prominent and dominant in this unit. 

Small patches of quartz gravels also occur here, typically with Berkheya cuneata and a 

few succulents such as Monsonia crassicaule present, but they are not rich in species. 

Constabel Apronveld occurs mostly on tillite outcrops and it is also dominated by short 

asteraceous shrubs (e.g. Eriocephalus, Felicia, Pteronia, etc. species) that often occur in 

an unusual combination of species not found in any of the other Little Karoo Apronveld 

types. Some sour grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa) are present, to sometimes locally 

abundant and geophytes are abundant after rain. Despite being such an interesting unit the 

Constabel Apronveld should be regarded as part of a larger unit that intrudes into the 

Little Karoo from the north, rather than being a unit that is restricted to the Little Karoo. 

Most of the species and communities present are more typical of those that occur in the 

southern Tanqua Karoo region. 

The Nouga Apronveld is most similar to the Klipfontein Apronveld, but is perhaps even 

more arid and it has very few patches of quartz gravel present. The vegetation is sparse 

and also dominated by short asteraceous shrubs (e.g. Eriocephalus, Felicia, Pteronia, etc. 

species), but leaf succulents (e.g. Drosanthemum, Eberlantzia and Ruschia species) are 

often also abundant. Small patches of Nouga Gannaveld, in which Ganna (Salsola 

aphylla) is prominent, often occur along drainage lines. Other compact leaf succulents 

(e.g. Bulbine succulenta, Gibbaeum gibbosum, etc.) and stem succulents (e.g. Tylecodon 

wallichii) are present, but not abundant. One of the stem succulents present on rocky 

outcrop in this unit, Quaqua linearis, is a rare species. 

137

The Kruisrivier Apronveld occurs on gravelly-clayey soils derived from the shale and 

mudstones of the Klipbokkop and Swartruggens formations. Woody trees are rare with 

asteraceous shrubs (Berkheya cuneata, Berkheya spinosa, Eriocephalus ericoides, 

Eriocephalus grandiflorus, Hirpicium alienatum, Pteronia empetrifolia, Pteronia 

paniculata, etc.) dominant. Succulents such as Drosanthemum spp, Monsonia crassicaule, 

Monsonia salmoniflorum, Ruschia spinosa and Trichodiadema spp. are also abundant. On 

deeper soils Euphorbia mauritanica is often prominent, amongst uncommon species such 

as Euphorbia juglans, Euphorbia pillansii and Limonium amoenum. A rich assemblage of 

small leaf- and stem succulents (e.g. Antegibbaeum fissoides, Conophytum minimum, 

Conophytum piluliforme, Crassula tecta, Gibbaeum heathii, Glottiphyllum suave, etc.) 

are prominent on the small quartz and terrace gravel outcrops. Some of these succulents 

are uncommon, such as Rhinephyllum muirii, Glottiphyllum fergusoniae and 

Zeuktophyllum suppositum. Lachenalia ameliae and Ornithogalum diluculum are two 

rare geophytes that also occur here. This unit shares other uncommon species, such 

Gibbaeum gibbosum with the Klipfontein Apronveld. 

The Lettaskraal Apronveld unit shares many of its species with the Touwsrivier 

Pruimveld, but woody trees are absent to very rare here. The unit occurs on loamy to 

sandy soils and the vegetation is much taller and denser than in the related Klipfontein 

Apronveld. Stem succulents (especially Euphorbia mauritanica and Tylecodon wallichii) 

are often abundant and Ganna (Salsola aphylla) is also often prominent in drainage lines. 

Kraalbos (Galenia africana) is usually prominent in disturbed sites. No rare species are 

known from this unit, but some interesting geophytes may appear after rain. 

The MountEco Apronveld unit is quite different to all the other Apronveld types of the 

Little Karoo, perhaps because it is located at a higher altitude. The vegetation is also 

dominated by short asteraceous shrubs (e.g. Eriocephalus, Euryops, Felicia, Helichrysum, 

Pentzia, Pteronia, etc. species), but here the different species are less mixed, with 

different species being more locally dominant in patches on different soils types. At least 

one of these shrubs, Euryops subcarnosus ssp. nov (?), may be endemic to this unit. 

Compact leaf succulents are also present (e.g. Cheiridopsis namaquensis, Ruschia cf. 

138

grisea, Trichodiadema cf. hallii, etc.), but they are not very abundant. Some of these 

succulents (e.g. Ruschia cf. approximata) may be endemic to this unit, but they are 

taxonomically poorly known. Geophytes (e.g. Gladiolus permeabilis, Ixia cf. 

rapunculoides, Oxalis spp., Syringodea longituba, etc.) are abundant after rain. Most of 

this unit has been subjected to severe grazing pressure in the past, with the result that 

Kraalbos (Galenia africana) is often very abundant. 

The Klipfontein Apronveld is structurally and floristically most similar to the Vrede 

Apronveld, but it is a more arid unit that is largely restricted to north-facing slopes. The 

dominant asteraceous shrubs are sparser than in the Vrede Apronveld, while the succulent 

component is better developed. Characteristic of the unit is the relative abundance of leaf 

succulents such as Anacampseros arachnoides, Crassula rupestris, Crassula tecta and 

Gibbaeum gibbosum. Most of this unit has also been subjected to severe grazing pressure 

by domestic stock, with the palatable shrubs in this unit (e.g. Hirpicium alienatum and 

Plumbago triste) often being reduced to small gnarled plants. 

The Spitskop Apronveld occurs on gentle south-facing slope, where the rocky, loamy 

soils derived from the Wagendrift and Karoopoort formations are often underlain by 

calcrete. The structure of the vegetation and the species dominant are very similar to 

those of the Vrede Apronveld, but a few uncommon species occur in this unit. Small 

succulents such as Zeuktophyllum calycinum are often abundant in rocky outcrops, while 

Euryops sp.nov. (dasyphylla ined.) seems to be endemic to the sites with deeper soils in 

this unit. This unit has been subjected to severe grazing by domestic stock. A section of 

this unit has been ploughed to plant Atriplex nummularia. Pteronia pallens has become 

the dominant species in these disturbed areas. 

Small shrubs also dominate the Kareebosch Apronveld, but here Scholtzbos (Pteronia 

pallens) and shrubby leaf succulents (e.g. Drosanthemum giffenii, Phyllobolus splendens, 

Psilocaulon utile, etc.) are more prominent and other asteraceous shrubs (e.g. 

Eriocephalus ericoides) less abundant. Ganna (Salsola aphylla) along with Wolwedoring 

(Lycium species) occurs sporadically in drainage lines, while a few Boerboon (Schotia 

139

afra) trees are present on the ridges. Small succulents are uncommon (mostly only 

Crassula capitella and Crassula deltoidea) and stem succulents are absent. Only a few 

very sparse quartz gravel patches are present, where succulents such as Cheiridopsis 

namaquensis and the uncommon Trichodiadema olivceum occur. The relative abundance 

of Scholtzbos (Pteronia pallens) may be an artifact of heavy grazing by domestic stock in 

the past. 

The vegetation of the Biljetsfontein Apronveld unit approaches a Gravel Apronveld 

type, perhaps since the soils are here often also sandy with quartzitic rock material often 

exposed. The plant communities in this unit are very patchy, with a wide array of 

different plant growth forms locally dominant on the different soils that occur here. A 

wide variety of shrubs (e.g. Berkheya cuneata, Dicoma relhanioides, Eriocephalus 

africanus, Felicia filifolia, Hirpicium alienatum, Monechma incanum, Pteronia 

flexicaulis, Pteronia paniculata, Rosenia humilis, etc.) form the matrix vegetation, but 

some trees and tall shrubs (Euclea undulata, Nymannia capensis, Rhus undulata, etc.) 

occur sporadically throughout the unit. Grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa, Digitaria 

argyrograpta, Ehrharta calycina, etc.) are locally abundant in some communities, while 

leaf- and stem-succulents (e.g. Anacampseros spp, Cheiridopsis namaquensis, 

Cephalophyllum curtophyllum, Crassula congesta, Crassula pyramidalis, Duvalia 

parviflora, Haworthia arachnoidea, Piaranthus parvulus, Stapelia hirsuta, Trichodiadema 

spp., Tylecodon paniculata, Tylecodon wallichii, etc.) are prominent in other 

communities. Geophytes are also abundant; some of them are rare and local endemic 

species, e.g. Freesia speciosa, Syringodea saxatilis and Tritonia watermeyeri. 

The Klipgat Apronveld unit also consists of a diverse group of often quite clearly 

delimitated plant communities. Here small patches of Scholtzbosveld (with Pteronia 

pallens prominent) are not uncommon, but these patches are to small to map as individual 

units. The same is true for small patches of Gannaveld (with Salsola aphylla locally 

abundant) that are mostly prominent along drainage lines here. Perhaps furthermore 

confusing is the fact that this Apronveld unit tends to occur on the higher hill tops 

(highlands) of the local landscape, but the local terrain must be viewed in a larger 

140

context, with the nearby upper mountains and lower river areas setting the scene. Here 

the matrix vegetation is still dominated by small asteraceous shrubs with species of 

Eriocephalus, Felicia, Euryops, Pentzia and Pteronia locally dominant, but the best way 

to recognize this unit is the presence and often-local abundance of the local endemic leaf 

succulent Gibbaeum shandii. Tall woody trees, shrubs and grasses are rare in this unit, 

but some geophytes (e.g. Eriospermum and Oxalis spp.) are present. 

The Koeniekuils Apronveld is most similar to the Kareebosch Apronveld unit, in often 

having patches of Scholtzbos (Pteronia pallens) prominent, with a few very diffuse quartz 

gravel patches present. This unit is not rich in species, probably because it occurs in a 

very arid area. The matrix vegetation is dominated by a relative sparse cover of 

asteraceous shrubs (Berkheya spinosa, Eriocephalus ericoides, Pteronia and Tripteris 

species) and few succulents are present. The paucity of species in this unit may be an 

artifact of heavy grazing by domestic stock in the past, but it is hard to tell, as no clear- 

cut indicators of disturbance are present. The relative abundance of Scholtzbos may 

indicate that the biodiversity of this unit has perhaps in the past been reduced by grazing 

impacts, rather than by the natural aridity of this unit 

In the Witvlakte Apronveld the matrix vegetation is also dominated by several small 

asteraceous shrubs (mostly Berkheya spinosa, Eriocephalus ericoides, Euryops, Felicia, 

Pentzia, Pteronia and Tripteris species) and shrubby leaf succulents (e.g. Drosanthemum, 

Hereroa and Ruschia species). Scholtzbos (Pteronia pallens) is locally dominant in some 

areas, but this seems to be largely due to heavy grazing pressure in the past as indicators 

of disturbance (e.g. Hereroa species) are also abundant in these sites. Some small quartz 

gravel patches occur in this unit, typically with Berkheya cuneata locally abundant, but 

they are not very rich in succulents with only species such as Cephalophyllum 

curtophyllum, Crassula congesta and Gibbaeum heathii noted here. No rare species are 

known from this unit, but some of the local Drosanthemum and Trichodiadema species 

may be local endemics, but these genera are taxonomically poorly known. 

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The Zorgvliet Apronveld is similar to the Biljetsfontein Apronveld in having some sites 

with sandy soils and quartzitic rock material having vegetation that is similar to those that 

occur in Gravel Apronveld units. The plant communities in this unit are also very patchy, 

with different plant growth forms locally dominant on the different soils that occur here. 

A wide variety of shrubs (e.g. Berkheya cuneata, Berkeya spinosa, Dicoma relhanioides, 

Dicoma spinosa, Eriocephalus africanus, Felicia filifolia, Hirpicium alienatum, Pteronia 

paniculata, Rosenia humilis, etc.) form the matrix vegetation, but some trees and tall 

shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Nymannia capensis, Rhus undulata, etc.) 

occur sporadically throughout the unit. Grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa, Digitaria 

argyrograpta, Ehrharta calycina, etc.) are locally abundant in some sites, while leaf- and 

stem-succulents (e.g. Anacampseros spp, Cheiridopsis namaquensis, Cephalophyllum 

curtophyllum, Crassula congesta, Crassula pyramidalis, Duvalia parviflora, Euphorbia 

mauritanica, Piaranthus parvulus, Senecio radicans, Trichodiadema spp., Tylecodon 

wallichii, etc.) are prominent in other communities. Geophytes (e.g. Eriospermum and 

Ornithogalum species) are also abundant, but none of the rare species present in the 

Biljetsfontein Apronveld were noted here. Other uncommon succulents absent from the 

Biljetsfontein Apronveld, e.g. Euphorbia pillansii, were found in this unit. 

The Sandfontein Apronveld is also similar to the Biljetsfontein Apronveld in having 

sites with sandy soils and patches where quartzitic rock material is present, where the 

vegetation is similar to those that occur in the Gravel Apronveld units. The local plant 

communities vary much, but are all dominated by shrubs (e.g. Berkheya cuneata, Berkeya 

spinosa, Eriocephalus africanus, Eriocephalus ericoides, Felicia filifolia, Hirpicium 

alienatum, Monechma incanum, Rosenia humilis, Pteronia paniculata, etc.). Trees 

(Euclea undulata, Rhus undulata and Schotia afra) are sparse here, but tall shrubs (e.g. 

Carissa haematocarpa, Nymannia capensis, Rhigozum obovatum, etc.) and grasses (e.g. 

Aristida diffusa, Digitaria argyrograpta, Ehrharta calycina, etc.) are sometimes prominent 

in the more sandy sites. Leaf succulents (e.g. Anacampseros spp, Cephalophyllum 

curtophyllum, Crassula congesta, Duvalia parviflora, Gibbaeum cryptopodium, 

Gibbaeum heathii, Piaranthus parvulus, Trichodiadema spp., etc.) are prominent in the 

small quartz gravel patches present in this unit. Geophytes (e.g. Moraea polystachya, 

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Ornithogalum species, etc.) are abundant and some of them may be rare or localized 


Pietslaagte Apronveld is also dominated by small asteraceous shrubs (e.g. Berkheya 

spinosa, Eriocephalus ericoides, Pteronia and Tripteris species), but Nama Karoo 

elements (e.g. Helichrysum dregeanum, Pentzia globosa, Pentzia incana, Pteronia 

sordida, Rosenia oppositifolia, etc.) are much more prominent in this unit. Grasses (e.g. 

Aristida diffusa, Cenchrus ciliaris, Fingerhuthia africana, etc.) can be abundant after rain. 

Leaf succulents are less abundant than in the other Apronveld types, but shrubby species 

such Ruschia ferox and Aloe ferox can be locally abundant, especially in heavily grazed 

sites. Stem succulents are not very abundant either, but the uncommon Hoodia piilifera is 

sometimes present. Geophytes are not very common, but Moraea polystachya can 

become very common in heavily grazed sites. 

5.3.2.3 Quartz Apronveld 

In the Eyerpoort Quartz Apronveld unit many distinct patches of quartz gravels occur 

in the matrix Apronveld, where asteraceous shrubs typical of the Apronveld of the Touws 

region (e.g. Vrede Apronveld) are dominant and woody trees rare. The local quartz 

patches have many small shrubs, e.g. Aizoon karooicum, Anthospermum comptonii, 

Berkeya cuneata, Eriocephalus grandiflorus, Euryops subcarnosus, Hirpicium alienatum, 

Plumbago triste, Pteronia empetrifolia, Pteronia paniculata, Pteronia succulenta and 

Salsola verdoorniae present. Succulents are also prominent, with Gibbaeum pubescence 

usually the most abundant and conspicuous succulent on the quartz patches, but many 

other succulent species (e.g. Adromischus filicaulis, Antegibbaeum fissoides, 

Conophytum piluliforme, Conophytum truncatum, Crassula columnaris, Crassula 

congesta, Crassula tecta, Gibbaeum heathii, Glottiphyllum suave, Octopoma octojuge, 

Octopoma quadrisepala, Sceletium tortuosum, Trichodiadema densum, Zeuktophyllum 

calycinum, etc.) are also present. Most of these small shrubs and succulents are endemic 

to the quartz outcrops of the western Little Karoo. The vegetation on these quartz patches 

143

somehow seems to be more resilient to impacts of grazing by domestic stock than those 

of game species (especially Ostrich and Springbok). Domestic stock may have a negative 

impact by establishing many footpaths, but the game species often also browse and 

trample these special quartz plants to the point where they are killed and then these sites 

are invaded by alien (Atriplex lindleyi ssp. inflata) and weedy indigenous species (e.g. 

Augea capensis and Galenia africana). All these weeds hold are a serious threat as they 

have the ability to increase the sodium content of the topsoil. They alter the edaphic 

conditions of these highly specialized microhabitats, which can prevent the re- 

establishment of the original species. 

In the Bellair Quartz Apronveld the matrix Apronveld is intermediate between those of 

the Eyerpoort Quartz Apronveld and the Kruisrivier Apronveld. It differs from the 

Eyerpoort Quartz Apronveld in often having small patches of Bellair Quartz Gannaveld 

present, where species such as Gibbaeum cryptopodium, Gibbaeum heathii, Gibbaeum 

shandii and localized endemics such as Gibbaeum pilosulum are locally abundant. The 

very rich local succulent flora also shares rare species with other units in the region, such 

as Euphorbia pseudoglobosa. It may well be one of the Little Karoo vegetation units that 

contain the highest number of rare and localized endemic succulent species. 

The rather tiny Bakoven Quartz Apronveld unit is in most respects similar to the 

Eyerpoort Quartz Apronveld unit, but is recognized as a distinct unit because it has some 

taxa endemic to this unit, such as the locally abundant small shrub Euryops sp.nov. 

(diosmoides). 

The Ockertskraal Quartz Apronveld share most of its common species with, but is 

perhaps more arid than the Eyerpoort Quartz Apronveld. It can be easily recognized and 

differs from the Eyerpoort Quartz Apronveld in having succulents such as Gibbaeum 

geminum and Gibbaeum heathii present in the quartz gravel patches. 

The Request Quartz Apronveld is most similar to the Ockertskraal Quartz Apronveld, 

but it seems to receive less winter rain as even drought resilient succulents such as 

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Antegibbaeum fissoides and Gibbaeum pubescens are uncommon in the quartz gravel 

patches. Some succulents more typical of the more eastern parts of Little Karoo are 

present here, such as Braunsia geminata, Cerochlamys trigyna and Senecio scaposus, 

while others typical of the western Little Karoo (e.g. Conophytum joubertii, 

Trichodiadema hallii, Zeuktophyllum calycinum) remain abundant. Woody trees and 

shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata and Rhus undulata) are more 

prominent in the matrix Apronveld than in the Ockertskraal Quartz Apronveld, perhaps 

because some summer rain reaches this unit. 

The matrix Apronveld vegetation of the Sandkraal Quartz Apronveld is somewhat 

different to those that occur in the immediate surrounding area. Short shrubs also 

dominate it, but the common species differs with Berkeya cuneata, Drosanthemum 

giffenii, Drosanthemum bicolor, Eriocephalus ericoides, Felicia muricata, Pentzia incana, 

Pteronia incana, Pteronia paniculata, Pteronia pallens and Polygala teretifolia the most 

abundant species. Trees and tall shrubs are sparse, but some Carissa haematocarpa and 

Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) trees are present. Succulents are not very prominent, but some 

Aloe microstigma and Gasteria brachyphylla are present. Small quartz patches are 

present, but they are not rich in species with mostly only Adromischus filicaulis, Crassula 

congesta, Crassula tecta, Gibbaeum petrense, Glottiphyllum depressum and 

Glottiphyllum fergusoniae present. 

The Waterval Quartz Apronveld is most similar to the Sandkraal Quartz Apronveld in 

its structure and common species present, but the species in the quartz patches are 

different. Here Gibbaeum angulipes is quite abundant and Gibbaeum petrense is absent. 

A few plants of an uncommon form of Haworthia magnifica were noted here and other 

localized endemics present include a Lotononis sp.nov. (cf. rigida) that may be endemic 

to this unit. 

The Leopard Rock Quartz Apronveld is similar to the Eyerpoort Quartz Apronveld 

unit in having Gibbaeum pubescens abundant in the quartz patches, but it differs in 

having shrubs such as Berkeya cuneata, Drosanthemum giffenii, Felicia filifolia, 

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Hirpicium alienatum, Ruschia cf. ceresiana and Rosenia humilis and trees and tall shrubs 

(e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Nymannia capensis, etc.) more prominent in 

the matrix Apronveld. It furthermore has a unique combination of species present in the 

quartz patches, including rare species such as Euphorbia pseudoglobosa and Euphorbia 

susannae. 

5.3.2.4 Gravel Apronveld 

The Rooirivier Gravel Apronveld is dominated by short asteraceous shrubs 

(Eriocephalus ericoides, Hirpicium alienatum, Pteronia incana, Pteronia paniculata, 

Rosenia humilis, Tripteris sinuata, etc.) and shrubby leaf succulents (e.g. Cotyledon 

orbiculata, Drosanthemum giffenii, Lampranthus haworthii, Ruschia cf. ceresiana, etc.) 

and aloes (Aloe ferox, Aloe microstigma and Aloe variegata) are often locally abundant. 

Small patches of quarts gravels are present, but they are not very rich in species, but 

geophytes (e.g. Freesia refracta, Gladiolus permeabilis, Lapeirousia pyramidalis, Moraea 

polyanthos, Moraea polystachya, Ornithogalum dubium, Ornithogalum juncifolium, 

Tritonia securigera, etc.) are often abundant in terrace gravel patches. Trees and tall 

shrubs (e.g. Euclea undulata, Nymannia capensis, Rhus undulata, etc.) are often present, 

but sparse. Heuweltjies are often prominent in this unit. No rare or localized endemic 

species are known from this unit, but many species (e.g. Freesia refracta) reach their 

easternmost distribution in this unit. 

The Snyberg Gravel Apronveld is most similar to the Rooirivier Apronveld as they 

share most of its common shrub and tree species, but it differs in having a different 

geophyte and succulent component. Here a different set of species reach their 

westernmost distribution, with e.g. Freesia corymbosa replacing Freesia refracta of the 

Rooirivier Apronveld and Tritonia chrysantha largely replaces Tritonia securigera, but 

the latter species is still present. Some localized endemic succulents such as 

Glottiphyllum salmii and the very rare Haworthia comptoniana are present. Heuweltjies 

are rare in this unit. 

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The Greylands Gravel Apronveld is most similar to the Grootkop Apronveld in the 

structure of the vegetation and as they share most of the common shrub and succulent 

species. It differs in sometimes having Aloe humilis locally abundant and lacking the 

localized endemic species of the Grootkop Apronveld, but it has its own set of rare and 

localized succulent present, including Aloe longistyla, Bulbine sp.nov. (cf. succulentum), 

Euphorbia colliculina, Glottiphyllum cruciatum and Glottiphyllum regium. Some very 

uncommon geophytes, e.g. Lachenalia ameliae, also reach their easternmost distribution 

here. 

The vegetation of the Grootkop Gravel Apronveld is very patchy but in general 

dominated by asteraceous shrubs (Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Eriocephalus ericoides, 

Euryops lateriflorus, Euryops oligoglossus, Euryops subcarnosus, Hertia cf. pallens, 

Hirpicium alienatum, Pteronia incana, Pteronia pallens, Pteronia paniculata, Rosenia 

humilis, Tripteris sinuata, etc.) and shrubby leaf succulents (e.g. Cotyledon orbiculata, 

Drosanthemum giffenii, Lampranthus haworthii, Ruschia cf. ceresiana, Tylecodon 

wallichii, etc.) and aloes (Aloe microstigma and Aloe variegata) and grasses (e.g. 

Digitaria argyrograpta, Fingerhuthia africana, etc.) are often locally abundant. The gravel 

patches are rich in geophytes (e.g. Babiana sambucina, Freesia refracta, Gladiolus 

permeabilis, Lapeirousia pyramidalis, Moraea polyanthos, Moraea polystachya, 

Ornithogalum dubium, Ornithogalum juncifolium, Tritonia securigera, etc.) and small 

succulents (e.g. Adromischus triflorus, Conophytum truncatum, Glottiphyllum 

depressum, etc.). Trees and tall shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, 

Lycium cinereum, Nymannia capensis, Rhus undulata, etc.) are often present, but never 

dominant. Heuweltjies are often present, but not very prominent in this unit. Several rare 

and localized endemic species are known from this unit, including Adromischus sp.nov. 

(cf. triflorus), Ceropegia fimbriata, Drimia sp.nov. Drimia uranthera, Euphorbia 

colliculina, Glottiphyllum linguiforms, Haworthia truncata, Ornithogalum sp.nov. and 

Tylecodon cacalioides. 

The vegetation of the Vanwyksdorp Gravel Apronveld is also dominated by short 

asteraceous shrubs (Berkeya cuneata, Eriocephalus ericoides, Euryops oligoglossus, 

147

Euryops subcarnosus, Hirpicium alienatum, Pteronia paniculata, Rosenia humilis, 

Tripteris sinuata, etc.) and succulents (e.g. Aloe microstigma, Cotyledon orbiculata, 

Glottiphyllum depressum, Senecio radicans, Tylecodon wallichii, etc.), but grasses (e.g. 

Aristida diffusa, Digitaria argyrograpta, Fingerhuthia africana, Pentashistis pallens, etc.) 

are often locally abundant. Trees and tall shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea 

undulata, Lycium cinereum, Nymannia capensis, etc.) are present, but not abundant. 

Heuweltjies are rare in this unit. Some rare and localized endemic species are present, 

including Cotyledon tomentosa ssp. tomentosa and Trichodiadema hallii. 

The Groenefontein Gravel Apronveld unit is very similar to the Calitzdorp Gravel 

Apronveld unit in its structure and common species present, but can be easily identified 

in having other succulent species abundant in the terrace gravel patches, such as 

Gibbaeum heathii and lacking some of the local endemics of the Calitzdorp Gravel 

Apronveld, such as Euphorbia gamkaensis. Other rare species present here, that are 

absent from the Calitzdorp Gravel Apronveld, include geophytes such as Freesia speciosa 

and Ornithogalum sp.nov. 

The Calitzdorp Gravel Apronveld is most similar to the Greylands and Grootkop 

Apronveld units as the patchy structure of the vegetation is similar and since it shares 

most of the common shrub and succulent species of these units. It differs in having 

woody shrubs and trees less prominent and in having a different set of rare and localized 

species present, that in this unit includes species such as Aloe longistyla, Crassula 

rupestris ssp. marnierana, Delosperma calitzdorpense, Euphorbia gamkaensis, Euphorbia 

tridentata, Eriospermum crispum, Glottiphyllum regium, Haworthia truncata var. 

maughanii, Haworthia truncata var truncata and Ornithogalum sardinii. 

The Algerynskraal Gravel Apronveld unit cannot easily be mistaken for any other unit 

as it has its own local endemic succulent Gibbaeum pachypodium rather abundant in the 

terrace gravel sites. This unit is otherwise structurally most similar to the Groenefontein 

Gravel Apronveld unit as it also has a sparse cover of tall woody trees and tall shrubs and 

as they share some characteristic succulents such as Gibbaeum heathii. 

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5.3.2.5 Gannaveld 

In the Nouga Gannaveld, Ganna (Salsola aphylla) is the tallest (usually about 1.5 meter) 

and most prominent shrub. Other common shrubs present include Berkheya spinosa, 

Drosanthemum cf. giffenii, Drosanthemum hispidum, Eriocephalus ericoides, Lycium 

cinereum, Malephora luteola, Pentzia incana, Pteronia oblanceolata, Pteronia pallens, 

Tripteris scariosa and Tripteris sinuata. Succulents are not very abundant, but Gibbaeum 

gibbosum is occasionally present and quite characteristic of this Gannaveld type. 

Heuweltjies are not very prominent, but where present they have species such as 

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum, Oncosiphon 

suffruticosum, Phyllobolus splendens, Psilocaulon coriarium and Psilocaulon junceum 

abundant. Small patches of Nouga Apronveld occur on slightly higher lying areas in this 

unit, usually where the soils are more clayey. 

In the lower lying valleys of the Ratelfontein Gannaveld the soils are a deep loamy- 

clay, but there are small ridges present in this unit where the soils are very shallow and 

mostly consist of bare shales of the Klipbokkop and Karoopoort formations. A sparse tree 

component (mostly only Acacia karoo and some Schotia afra) occurs along the water 

drainage areas, where Ganna (Salsola aphylla) is the most prominent shrub. Other 

common species on the deeper soils include Berkheya spinosa, Chrysocoma ciliata, 

Drosanthemum cf. lique, Drosanthemum hispidum, Eriocephalus ericoides, Lycium 

cinereum, Malephora luteola, Menodora juncea, Pentzia incana, Pteronia oblanceolata, 

Pteronia pallens, Rosenia humilis, Selago geniculata, Tetragonia fruticosa, Tripteris 

scariosa and Zygophyllum retrofractum. On the ridges the shrub and tree component is 

sparse (only Carissa haematocarpa and Euclea undulata), with Berkheya cuneata, 

Crassula arborescens, Crassula subaphylla, Cylindrophyllum tugwelliae, Dicoma spinosa, 

Hereroa gracilis, Plumbago triste, Pteronia flexicaulis, Scleletium tortuosum and Tripteris 

sinuata the most abundant shrubs and succulents. Grasses are sparse, with mostly only 

Aristida diffusa present on the ridges, but this may be an artifact of previous grazing 

regimes as Fingerhuthia africana and Cenchrus ciliaris could be abundant in the deeper 

soils. The highly localized Gibbaeum nebrownii occur along with Conophytum joubertii 

149

on these small shale ridges, while the very rare and also highly localized Gibbaeum 

johnstonii occurs in some of the small quartz patches that are also present in this unit. 

The uncommon Lachenalia ameliae is the only rare species known to occur in the deep, 

soft soils of the Gannaveld. Pteronia pallens and Hereroha gracilis are super-abundant in 

sites where the vegetation has been transformed through overgrazing. Where rested, 

palatable species (e.g. Berkheya cuneata, Berkheya spinosa and Selago geniculata) 

recover rapidly. 

Puts Gannaveld is quite an unusual Gannaveld type as Gwarrie trees (Euclea undulata) 

are often prominent in the water drainage lines. An abundance of Ganna (Salsola aphylla) 

remains the distinctive element, but here the soils are often very sandy with shrubs such 

as Kraalbos (Galenia africana) and stem succulents such as Nenta (Tylecodon wallichii) 

often abundant. The latter two species are indicators of disturbance and their local 

abundance suggest that this unit has been subjected to heavy grazing by domestic stock in 

the past. Heuweltjies are rare here, but where present they are distinctive as species such 

as Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum, Oncosiphon suffruticosum, Phyllobolus splendens 

and Psilocaulon junceum are prominent. 

Montagu Gannaveld can also be easily identified from the surrounding vegetation as 

Ganna (Salsola aphylla) is the most prominent shrub here. It is similar to the Puts 

Gannaveld in having very sandy soils, but differs in having more leaf-succulents (e.g. 

Ruschia species) present and stem-succulents less abundant. Heuweltjies are also not 

prominent here. Geophytes are not uncommon with some taxa such as Oxalis 

leptogramma var. aurea seemingly endemic to this unit. 

The Touws Gannaveld is directly linked to the vegetation of the Touws River floodplain 

and they consequently share many species. In the upper areas, where the soils are not 

very saline is Bietou (Chrysanthemoides incana) usually the dominant shrub, but in the 

lower more saline areas is Ganna (Salsola aphylla) abundant, along with a number of 

other distinctive shrub species such as Atriplex vestita, Eriocephalus decussatus, Kochea 

tricophylla, Pteronia oblanceolata, Salsola glabrescens and Suaeda fruticosa. Grasses are 

150

uncommon, but clumps of Stipagrostis namaquensis are occasionally present. Flushes of 

annuals appear after rain, but geophytes are rare here. Heuweltjies are absent or very rare. 

Boerboonleegte Gannaveld is one of the most unusual Gannaveld units as beds of aeolitic 

sands are often present in this unit. Woody trees (Euclea undulata, Nymannia capensis 

and especially Schotia afra) are often prominent along the drainage lines, while Bushman 

Grass (Stipagrostis ciliata & Stipagrostis obtusa) is often abundant in the sandy areas. 

Ganna (Salsola aphylla) remains the most prominent shrub in the saline loamy soils, but 

several other shrub (mostly Pteronia and Tripteris) species are also present, including the 

distinctive Deverra denudata. No rare species are known from this unit, but it is possible 

that some small populations of the very rare Lebeckia melilotoides are present. 

Ganna (Salsola aphylla) is also the most prominent and dominant shrub in the Brakrivier 

Gannaveld, but succulents are prominent in the sparse quartz gravel patches that are 

occasionally present. Distinctive succulents present include the local endemic Gibbaeum 

geminum and an unidentified Peersia species that may also be endemic. Kruidjie-roer- 

my-niet (Melianthus comosus) and some trees (Euclea undulata and Schotia afra) are 

present along the drainage lines. Heuweltjies are absent or very rare. 

The Sandfontein Gannaveld is similar to the Brakrivier Gannaveld in having Ganna 

(Salsola aphylla) the most prominent shrub in the vegetation and in having succulents 

present in the sparse quartz gravel patches, but Gibbaeum geminum is absent here. It also 

differs in lacking the tree component and in having Scholtzbos (Pteronia pallens) often 

locally abundant. Heuweltjies are also absent to rare here. The only uncommon plant 

noted in this unit is Euphorbia multiceps. 

Koeniekuils Gannaveld is not very rich in species; here Ganna (Salsola aphylla) remains 

the dominant shrub, often with some Wolwedoring (Lycium cinereum & Lycium 

ferocissimum) present. Scholtzbos (Pteronia pallens) is often prominent on higher lying 

areas, along with some other shrubs (mostly Eriocephalus, Pteronia and Tripteris 

species). Succulents are uncommon, with mostly only Phyllobolus splendens present, but 

Malephora lutea is sometimes abundant in disturbed sites. Heuweltjies are not prominent 

in this unit either. 

151

The Ladismith Gannaveld unit is somewhat similar to the Koeniekuils Gannaveld, but it 

is richer in shrub species. Ganna (Salsola aphylla) remains the dominant species in the 

usually short shrubby vegetation, but other common shrubs present include Eriocephalus 

ericoides, Drosanthemum giffenii, Eberlantzia triticiformis, Pteronia glauca, Pteronia 

pallens, Tripteris sinuata and the local endemic Dicoma fruticosa. Only Malephora lutea 

and Phyllobolus splendens are common succulents, but some Ruschia species are also 

present. Heuweltjies are not very abundant, but where present they are easily identified, 

as species such as Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Oncosiphon suffruticosum and 

Psilocaulon junceum are prominent. 

The Algerynskraal Gannaveld is also a somewhat odd unit in often having sandy 

patches and sometimes some terrace gravels prominent. Trees and tall shrubs (e.g. Acacia 

karoo, Euclea undulata and Gloveria integrifolia) and grasses (e.g. Stipagrostis 

namaquensis, Stipagrostis obtusa and the very spiny Cladoraphis spinosa) are often 

present in these sandy and rocky patches. Ganna (Salsola aphylla) is the dominant shrub, 

but an interesting combination of other shrubs is also present, including Blepharis 

inermis, Chrysanthemoides monilifera and Wiborgia tenuifolia. Euphorbia 

arceuthobioides is the only abundant succulent, but several geophytes (e.g. Moraea, 

Oxalis, etc.) are present. Heuweltjies are absent or very rare. No rare species were found 

here, but I suspect that a careful survey after rain would reveal some interesting species to 

be present. 

The Leopard Rock Gannaveld is also an unusual Gannaveld unit as deep beds of 

aeolitic red sand occur here, in which grasses (Stipagrostis ciliaris, Stipagrostis 

namaquensis and Stipagrostis obtusa) and shrubs such as Zygophyllum foetidum are 

abundant. Also present in the sandy patches are two rare shrubs, Amphiglossa rudolphii 

and Lebeckia melilotoides, which are not known to occur anywhere else in the Little 

Karoo. Ganna (Salsola aphylla) remains the most prominent shrub in more loamy soils, 

but another unusual feature is the abundance of Melolobium candicans in disturbed sites. 

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The Koktyls Gannaveld is most similar to the Touws Gannaveld, but differs in having 

heuweltjies more prominent and often having small patches of Apronveld present. Ganna 

(Salsola aphylla) remains the most prominent and distinctive shrub in this unit, but other 

shrubs that are abundant include Eriocephalus ericoides, Pteronia pallens, Tripteris 

sinuata and Berkeya cuneata in the Apronveld patches. Trees are sparse, but some 

Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) are present along drainage lines. Succulents are not 

uncommon, with Nenta (Tylecodon wallichii) and Plakkie (Cotyledon orbiculata) often 

prominent. Most of the local heuweltjies are badly eroded, but their presence is still 

evident by the local abundance of species such as Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, 

Oncosiphon suffruticosum and Psilocaulon junceum. 

The Lemoenshoek Gannaveld is most similar to the Koktyls Gannaveld, but here Ganna 

(Salsola aphylla) is often tall (about 1.5 meter) and the heuweltjies are very prominent. 

Small patches of quartz gravel are occasionally present, in which succulents such as Aloe 

variegata; Astroloba corrugata, Gibbaeum pubescens and Glottiphyllum depressum are 

abundant. The shrub component is well developed here, with shrubby leaf succulents 

such as Drosanthemum giffenii present. Sprawling succulents (e.g. Senecio radicans) are 

often abundant underneath these shrubs. No rare species are known from this unit, but 

some unusual geophytes may appear after rain. 

The Grootrivier Gannaveld is similar to the Lemoenshoek Gannaveld in having a well- 

developed shrub component with Ganna (Salsola aphylla) usually being tall (about 1.5 

meter) and the heuweltjies quite prominent. It differs in lacking the quartz gravel patches 

and in having other succulents such as Euphorbia arceuthobioides more common and 

different rare species present, such as Huernia praestans. The very deep, soft loamy soils 

of this unit are very prone to erosion where the vegetation is overgrazed. 

The Hartbeesvlakte Gannaveld is most similar to the Ladismith Gannaveld in having 

Ganna (Salsola aphylla) abundant in the shrub dominated vegetation, but Pentzia incana 

is often very abundant here, with other shrubs like Eriocephalus ericoides, 

Drosanthemum giffenii, Pteronia glauca, Pteronia pallens and Tripteris sinuata. It differs 

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in often having grasses (Cenchrus ciliaris, Fingerhuthia africana, Eragrostis curvula and 

Digitaria argyrograpta) often abundant in drainage lines, along with Wolwedoring 

(Lycium cinereum & Lycium ferocissimum). It also has Malephora lutea and Phyllobolus 

splendens as the most common succulents, but Heuweltjies are more abundant here with 

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Oncosiphon suffruticosum and Psilocaulon junceum 

also the most prominent species. 

In the Calitzdorp Gannaveld most of the shrubs, including Ganna (Salsola aphylla), are 

rather short (less than 1 meter tall) and sparse. The unit is not very rich in species with 

shrubs such as Eriocephalus ericoides, Pteronia pallens, Salsola calluna, Tripteris sinuata 

and Zygophyllum retrofractum most abundant. Grasses (mostly Cenchrus ciliaris, 

Fingerhuthia africana, Digitaria argyrograpta, Stipagrostis ciliata and Stipagrostis obtusa) 

are present, but sparse. Malephora lutea and Phyllobolus splendens are also the most 

common succulents, but the localized endemic Delosperma calitzdorpense is occasionally 

present. Geophytes are rare, with only some Ferraria crispa noted here. Heuweltjies are 

sparse and most of them are badly degraded and invaded by Augea capensis, indicating 

that most of this unit has been transformed through grazing. 

The Kruisrivier Gannaveld is most similar to the Calitzdorp Gannaveld in its species 

composition, but here Ganna (Salsola aphylla) is much taller and the heuweltjies much 

more prominent. Scholtzbos (Pteronia pallens) is less abundant, but succulents (e.g. Aloe 

variegata, Cotyledon orbiculare, Drosanthemum giffenii, Phyllobolus splendens, 

Malephora lutea, Senecio radicans, Tylecodon wallichii etc.) are much more abundant. 

Some trees and tall shrubs (mostly Euclea undulata, Lycium cinereum and Lycium 

ferocissimum) occur along drainage lines, but they are not abundant. Flushes of annuals 

are prominent after rain, but grasses are not very abundant. 

The Kandelaars Gannaveld is similar to the Calitzdorp Gannaveld in having most of the 

shrubs, including Ganna (Salsola aphylla), not growing very tall (up to 1 meter tall) and 

being sparse. This unit is also not very rich in species with mostly only shrubs such as 

Eriocephalus ericoides, Euryops lateriflorus, Euryops oligoglossus, Pteronia pallens, 

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Tripteris sinuata and Zygophyllum retrofractum abundant. Grasses (mostly only 

Cenchrus ciliaris and Fingerhuthia africana) can be abundant in drainage lines, along with 

Wolwedoring (Lycium cinereum and Lycium ferocissimum) and a few Gwarrie trees 

(Euclea undulata). Aloe variegata, Cotyledon orbiculare, Drosanthemum giffenii, 

Malephora lutea and Phyllobolus splendens are the only succulents that are abundant in 

this unit. Heuweltjies are also not abundant and most of them are also badly degraded and 

invaded by Augea capensis, indicating that most of this unit has also been transformed 

through grazing. 

In the Vlakteplaas Gannaveld the vegetation is mostly dominated by dense, tall stands 

Ganna (Salsola aphylla), but other shrubs such as Vaalbrak (Atriplex vestita), Inkbos 

(Suaeda fruticosa) and Ankerkaroo (Pentzia incana) are often also abundant. The unit is 

not very rich in species, with Malephora lutea and Phyllobolus splendens the only two 

abundant succulents. After rain grasses, such as Cenchrus ciliaris and Fingerhuthia 

africana, can be abundant in drainage lines, where shrubs such as Wolwedoring (Lycium 

cinereum & Lycium ferocissimum) are also abundant. Heuweltjies are rare to absent in 

this unit. No rare plant species are known to occur in this unit, but I will not be very 

surprised if the rare Riverine Rabbit is discovered to occur in this unit. 

The Oudtshoorn Gannaveld is most similar to the Kruisrivier Gannaveld as Ganna 

(Salsola aphylla) is abundant and grows tall here and in having heuweltjies abundant and 

prominently build up. It differs from the Kruisrivier Gannaveld in having Scholtzbos 

(Pteronia pallens) occasionally locally abundant as well as in having other tall shrubs 

(e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Lycium cinereum, Lycium ferocissimum, Rhigozum 

obovatum, etc.) often locally abundant. This unit is also rich in other shrub and succulent 

species (e.g. Aloe variegata, Cotyledon orbiculare, Drosanthemum giffenii, Phyllobolus 

splendens, Malephora lutea, Rosenia humilis, Senecio radicans, Tylecodon wallichii etc.), 

with the localized endemic Tylecodon cacalioides often also present. Flushes of annuals 

are also prominent after rain, when localized endemic species such as Diascia decipiens 

can be abundant. 

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The Spreeufontein Gannaveld unit is most similar to the Nouga Gannaveld in having 

Ganna (Salsola aphylla) prominent in the drainage lines, along with other shrubs such as 

Lycium cinereum and Melianthus comosus and some grasses (mostly Cenchrus ciliaris 

and Fingerhuthia africana). Other smaller shrubs and succulents common in this unit 

include species such as Berkheya spinosa, Drosanthemum giffenii, Eriocephalus 

ericoides, Malephora luteola, Pentzia incana, Pteronia pallens, Tripteris scariosa and 

Tripteris sinuata. Heuweltjies are rare in this Gannaveld unit. It differs from the Nouga 

Gannaveld in lacking species such as Gibbaeum gibbosum, but having several geophytes 

(especially Oxalis species) present. 

The relative abundance of Ganna (Salsola aphylla) is the best way to discern the Van 

Zylsdamme Gannaveld from the surrounding vegetation units. This unit occurs mostly 

on deep, soft loamy soils where not many other species are present. Most abundant other 

shrubs include species such as Eriocephalus ericoides, Pteronia pallens, Sericocoma 

avolans, Tripteris sinuata and Zygophyllum retrofractum. Grasses (mostly Cenchrus 

ciliaris, Fingerhuthia africana and Stipagrostis obtusa) are not uncommon, but sparse. 

Aloe variegata, Euphorbia mauritanica, Malephora lutea and Phyllobolus splendens the 

most common succulents, but the usually uncommon Euphorbia multiceps is often locally 

abundant in this unit. An unusual Ruschia species was noted to occur in this unit and in 

no other Gannaveld type, it may be a local endemic species but this genius is 

taxonomically poorly known. Trees and tall shrubs are uncommon, but Sweet Thorn trees 

(Acacia karoo) and some Wolwedoring (Lycium cinereum) are sometimes present in the 

water drainage lines. 

The Rheboksfontein Gannaveld unit is a rather odd Gannaveld type, but it remains 

distinctive from surrounding vegetation units in having Ganna (Salsola aphylla) as the 

most prominent shrub. This unit is also dominated by shrubs with Berkheya spinosa, 

Eriocephalus ericoides, Euryops lateriflorus, Euryops subcarnosus, Lycium cinereum, 

Melianthus comosus, Pentzia incana and Selago geniculata the most common other shrub 

species. Grasses are sparse, with mostly only Ehrharta calycina locally abundant. 

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Succulents are absent, but a few geophytes, including the uncommon Tritonia 

watermeyeri is present. 

The Doornkloof Gannaveld is most similar to the Lemoenshoek Gannaveld, but Ganna 

(Salsola aphylla) is not very prominent in this unit and heuweltjies are sparser. Small 

patches of quartz gravel are occasionally present, but they are not rich in species. The 

shrub component is well developed here, with shrubby leaf succulents such as 

Drosanthemum giffenii abundant and "patient" succulents such as Senecio radicans also 

abundant underneath these and the other common shrubs present in this unit, e.g. Berkeya 

spinosa, Eriocephalus ericoides, Selago geniculata and Tripteris sinuata. Berkeya cuneata 

is occasionally locally abundant where small patches of Apronveld communities are 

present. Trees are sparse, but a few Gwarrie trees (Euclea undulata) are present along 

drainage lines. Stem-succulents are uncommon but Nenta (Tylecodon wallichii) is 

occasionally present. Geophytes are uncommon, except Moraea polystachya that may be 

locally abundant in disturbed sites. 

The Volmoed Gannaveld is similar to the Calitzdorp Gannaveld as most of the shrubs, 

including Ganna (Salsola aphylla), are rather short (less than 1 meter tall) and sparse, 

with only a few species present in the higher lying areas, e.g. Eriocephalus ericoides, 

Euryops subcarnosus, Justicia orchioides, Pteronia pallens, Tripteris sinuata and 

Zygophyllum retrofractum. It differs in having the shrub component better developed in 

lower lying areas, with species such as Atriplex vestita, Salsola glabrescens, Suaeda 

fruticosa and Zygophyllum microcarpum present. Grasses are uncommon with only 

Cenchrus ciliaris and Fingerhuthia africana present. Malephora lutea and Phyllobolus 

splendens are also the most common succulents, but the unit is quite distinctive in having 

Malephora uitenhagensis abundant in disturbed sites. The localized endemics Delosperma 

calitzdorpense and Glottiphyllum regium occur occasionally in sites where some gravel 

patches are present in this unit. Heuweltjies are also sparse and mostly invaded by Augea 

capensis. 

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5.3.2.6 Quartz Gannaveld 

The matrix vegetation of the Witvlakte Quartz Gannaveld has Ganna (Salsola aphylla) 

as a prominent shrub, often with Boerboon (Schotia afra) and some grass (Cenchrus 

ciliaris, Digitaria argyrograpta and Fingerhuthia africana) prominent in the drainage lines. 

The quartz patches present are not very rich in species, but Gibbaeum cryptopodium is 

occasionally present. No rare or local endemic species are known from this unit, but some 

interesting geophytes may appear after rain. 

The relatively small Kareevlakte Quartz Gannaveld unit is most similar to the 

Dammetjies Quartz Gannaveld, but it is differentiated because it has a different 

combination of succulents present in the quartz patches and since shrubs such as Pentzia 

incana, Selago divaricata and Selago geniculata are more prominent in the matrix 

vegetation. Gibbaeum cryptopodium, Gibbaeum heathii and Gibbaeum shandii are here 

present in the quartz patches. Small patches of this unit also occur in the Klipgat 

Apronveld unit, but they were too small to map as individual units. Most of this unit was 

decimated when Oumansoutbos (Atriplex nummularia) was planted as fodder for 

domestic stock. 

The Dammetjies Quartz Gannaveld occurs mostly in seasonal water drainage areas, 

where the soils are a deep loamy-clay derived from the Waboomsberg formation. A 

sparse layer of quartz pebbles is often exposed, which creates the favored habitat of 

Gibbaeum cryptopodium, a species that is often very abundant and characteristic of this 

unit. The tree component is absent and this unit usually has a sparse cover of shrubs and 

succulents, with Berkheya spinosa, Mesembryanthemum subtruncatum, Psilocaulon 

junceum, Pteronia pallens, Pteronia sp. (with tuberculate leaves and with hispid leaf 

margins), Ruschia sp., Ruschia spinosa, Salsola tuberculata, Salsola verdoorniae and 

Zygophyllum retrofractum the most common species. Most of this unit has been exposed 

to very heavy grazing pressure by domestic stock, which may account for the low species 

richness of this unit and the sparse vegetation. No rare species are known to occur in this 

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unit, but Gibbaeum johnstonii may be present. The unidentified Pteronia species may also 

be a local endemic. 

Ganna (Salsola aphylla) is also the most prominent shrub in the matrix vegetation of the 

Eyerpoort Quartz Gannaveld, but Scholtzbos (Pteronia pallens) is often prominent in 

arid sites. The quartz gravels that occur in patches here are often diffuse with not a very 

rich succulent flora, with mostly only Gibbaeum cryptopodium present. Where the 

gravels are denser several succulents including Antegibbaeum fissoides, Gibbaeum 

pubescence and a few Gibbaeum shandii are present. 

In the Bellair Quartz Gannaveld the quartz patches are often extensive and they have a 

rich assemblage of succulents present, with the highest number of Gibbaeum species 

recorded in any of the Little Karoo vegetation units. Here Gibbaeum cryptopodium, 

Gibbaeum geminum, Gibbaeum heathii, Gibbaeum pubescens and the localized endemic 

Gibbaeum pilosulum are present. Ganna (Salsola aphylla) remains the most abundant and 

prominent shrub in the matrix Gannaveld. 

The Request Quartz Gannaveld is most similar to the Bellair Quartz Gannaveld, but 

here Ganna (Salsola aphylla) is not very tall and fewer succulent species are present in 

the quartz patches, with only Gibbaeum cryptopodium, Gibbaeum heathii and the 

uncommon Gibbaeum pilosulum recorded. 

The Fisantefontein Quartz Gannaveld is quite different from most of the other Quartz 

Gannaveld units in having some heuweltjies present, often with some Tylecodon 

paniculata on the heuweltjies. The matrix Gannaveld also has Ganna (Salsola aphylla) 

prominent, but it is rich in other species with some rare localized endemic species such as 

Euphorbia sussanae present. The quartz gravels are often sparse, but the localized 

endemic Gibbaeum angulipes is often abundant here. 

The vegetation of the Hermanuskraal Quartz Gannaveld is in general quite sparse, but 

Ganna (Salsola aphylla) remains a prominent shrub and the distinctive element to use to 

159

distinguish this unit from those surrounding it. The quartz gravels are also sparse here 

and these quartz patches are not very rich in species, but some rare elements are present 

including the localized endemic Haworthia emelyae var. multifolia. 

The Aardvark Quartz Gannaveld unit is quite small and most similar to the Request 

Quartz Gannaveld, but it differs in several respects. Species such as Berkeya cuneata and 

Cephalophyllum curtophyllum are more prominent and heuweltjies are present in the 

matrix Gannaveld. The succulent species present in the quartz patches also differ with 

species such as Gibbaeum cryptopodium, Gibbaeum heathii and Gibbaeum petrense 

present. Some geophytes also occur here, including the uncommon Tritonia watermeyeri 

and an unidentified Trachyandra species that may be a localized endemic. 

5.3.2.7 Scholtzbosveld 

Touwsfontein Scholtzbosveld is restricted to flat open plains, where loamy, alluvial 

soils overlay calcrete. Woody trees are rare and shrubs such as Berkheya spinosa, 

Eriocephalus ericoides, Pentzia incana, Psilocaulon junceum, Pteronia glauca, Pteronia 

pallens, Ruschia spinosa, Salsola tuberculata and Zygophyllum retrofractum dominate the 

vegetation. Most of this unit was subjected to severe grazing pressure in the past, which 

resulted in the super-abundance of the unpalatable Pteronia pallens. Although not 

abundant, a rich assemblage of other species still occur here, including Asparagus 

capensis, Blepharis mitrata, Cephallophyllum curtophyllum, Drosanthemum cf. lique, 

Eragrostis bergiana, Euclea undulata, Euphorbia arceuthobioides, Fingerhuthia africana, 

Hereroa gracilis, Hirpicium alienatum, Monsonia crassicaule, Monsonia salmoniflora, 

Octopoma quadrisepalum, Phyllobolus spendens, Pteronia staehelinoides, Rhygozum 

obovatum, Ruschia cf. rigida, Sceletium tortuosum, Stipagrostis obtusa, Thesium 

lineatum and Zygophyllum lichtensteinianum. In certain sites this unit has been ploughed 

up to plant Atriplex nummularia, which still persists along with the alien Atriplex lindleyi 

ssp. inflata in disturbed sites. No rare or endemic species are known to be present in this 

unit. 

160

The Koenieleegte Scholtzbosveld also occurs in open plains with deep loamy soils, 

where Scholtzbos (Pteronia pallens) is the dominant shrub. The vegetation is not rich in 

succulent species, but shrubby species such as Drosanthemum giffenii and Phyllobolus 

splendens are not uncommon. The only rare species known from this unit is Duvalia 

parviflora that usually resides in the shade of the shrubs. 

The Oudtshoorn Scholtzbosveld occurs mostly on shallow loamy soils overlaying 

calcrete and it is also dominated by Scholtzbos (Pteronia pallens). It differs from the 

other Scholtzbosveld units in often having heuweltjies present, where species such as 

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Lycium cinereum, Oncosiphon suffruticosum, 

Phyllobolus splendens and Psilocaulon junceum are prominent. No rare species are 

known to occur in this unit. 

5.3.2.8 Kalkveld 

The Allemorgens Kalkveld is restricted to gently undulating outcrops of calcrete, often 

with very shallow soils. Despite its initial barren appearance, it is very rich in species. 

The tree component (Euclea undulata) is very sparse in this arid habitat, but the 

vegetation consists of a rich assemblage of life forms with species such as Aristida 

diffusa, Berkheya spinosa, Blepharis mitrata, Chrysocoma valida, Crassula columnaris, 

Dicoma fruticosa, Eriocephalus ericoides, Felicia cf. muricata (white woolly), Gazania 

krebsiana, Gladiolus permeabilis, Hermannia cuneifolia, Hirpicium alienatum, 

Jamesbrittennia atropurpurea, Limonium dregeanum, Mesembryanthemum subtruncatum, 

Nenax microphylla, Pentzia sphaerocephala, Pteronia glauca, Pteronia pallens, Salsola 

verdoorniae and Zygophyllum lichtensteinianum being the most abundant. Several rare 

species occur here, some of which may be endemic to this unit, such as Acmadenia 

sp.nov. (cf. argillophila), Bulbine sp.nov. (cf. foleyi), Euphorbia sp.nov. (cf. gentilis), 

Euryops sp. nov (cf. namaquaensis), Lobostemon sp. nov. (cf. fruticosus), Muraltia sp. 

nov. (cf. parviflora), Ruschia polita and Vellereophytum sp. nov.. Some unusual ecotypes 

161

are also present; such as a diminutive form of Gibbaeum heathii. The vegetation of this 

remarkable unit has been exposed to severe grazing pressure in the past, but is fortunately 

recovering rapidly. 

5.3.3 Fire-prone transitional shrub- and woodlands 

5.3.3.1 Thicket Mosaics 

In the Waboomsberg Asbos Gwarrieveld some Gwarrie trees (Euclea undulata) 

are present in the matrix Succulent Karoo communities of the north facing slopes, 

but they are not very abundant. Succulents (e.g. Aloe microstigma) are often 

abundant on the north facing slopes, but they are not common on the southern 

slopes, where Asbos (Pteronia incana) is the dominant shrub. Uncommon species in 

this unit include Drosanthemum micans and Kniphofia sarmentosa in the water 

drainage areas. The latter species indicate some relationship with the flora of the 

Roggeveld region and I suspect that a careful survey will reveal more interesting 

species (especially geophytes such as Ixia) in this unit. 

In the Hartbeesvlakte Asbos-Gwarrieveld the matrix Succulent Karoo 

communities are mostly dominated by Asbos (Pteronia incana), but woody trees 

and shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, 

Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, etc.) are quite abundant. Succulents (Drosanthemum 

giffenii, Gasteria brachyphylla, Glottiphyllum depressum, Senecio radicans, 

Tylecodon paniculata, Tylecodon wallichii, etc.) are also abundant, with Aloe 

lineata distinctive and often locally abundant. Geophytes (Holothrix sp., 

Ornithogalum dubium, Tritonia securigera, etc.) are also abundant. Some 

heuweltjies are present, but they are not very abundant. No rare or localized 

endemic species are known from this unit. 

162

In the Gourits Asbos-Gwarrieveld woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Carissa 

haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Nymannia capensis, Rhus glauca, Rhus undulata, 

etc.) are quite abundant, along with a few Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) on the 

northern slopes. Succulents (Aloe ferox, Drosanthemum giffenii, Euphorbia 

mauritanica, etc.) are also abundant and some of those present, such as Delosperma 

asperulum, Delosperma pageanum, Drosanthemum albiflorum and Drosanthemum 

bicolor are uncommon species. Asbos (Pteronia incana) and Renosterbos 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) are the dominant shrubs on the south facing slopes, 

with Lebeckia cytisoides and Polygala pinifolia sometimes also prominent. Patches 

of woody trees (e.g. Buddleja saligna, Olea europaea, etc.) occur sometimes in the 

water drainage areas on southern slopes. Grasses (e.g. Ehrharta calycina, Ehrharta 

erecta, Pentashistis airoides, etc.) and geophytes (e.g. Lapeirousia pyramidalis, 

Tritonia securigera, etc.) are sporadically also abundant on the south facing slopes. 

Apodolirion lanceolatum is the only rare species known from this unit. 

In Pietslaagte Asbos-Gwarrieveld Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Koeniebos 

(Rhus undulata) are the only common woody trees. Some Spekboom (Portulacaria 

afra) may be present on the north facing slopes, but there is no indication that it was 

abundant before. Bitter Aloe (Aloe ferox) is the only common succulent, with 

species usually abundant in other similar units (e.g. Cotyledon and Tylecodon 

species) being quite rare here. The matrix Succulent Karoo communities are 

dominated by Asbos (Pteronia incana) and Kapokbos (Eriocephalus species), 

indicating that parts of this unit may be subjected to periodic fires. Geophytes are 

not common, but two species present Freesia verrucosa and Lachenalia 

haarlemensis, are uncommon species. 

In the Blossoms Asbos-Gwarrieveld the Succulent Karoo communities on the 

south facing slopes are dominated by Asbos (Pteronia incana), with Renosterbos 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) occasionally also present, but never the dominant 

species. Woody trees and shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria 

integrifolia, Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, Nymannia capensis, etc.) are most 

163

abundant on the north facing slopes, where a few Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) may 

also be present. This unit is rich in succulents and geophytes, of which some are 

rare or localized endemic species (e.g. Drosanthemum sp.nov. Glottiphyllum 

linguiforme, Haworthia emelyae, Pelargonium ochroleucum, Tylecodon leucothrix, 

etc.). Grasses, especially Ehrharta calycina, can also be abundant on south facing 

slopes. Small patches of quartz outcrops occur sporadically in this unit and they are 

particularly rich in succulent species. 

5.3.3.2 Asbosveld 

The Spreeufontein Asbosveld is a rather small unit that occurs on deep, loamy 

alluvial soils on gentle south-facing slopes. Asbos (Pteronia incana) is the dominant 

species and few other shrub species are present, but this may be an artifact of heavy 

grazing in the past. Melianthus comosus is often prominent along watercourses in 

this unit. No alien plants were noted in this unit. One rare is plant known from this 

unit, the geophyte Strumaria karoopoortensis, which is otherwise only known from 

a single locality in the Tanqua Karoo. 

The Waboomsberg Asbosveld is very similar to the Spreeufontein Asbosveld as Asbos 

(Pteronia incana) is the dominant species with Kruidjie-roer-my-niet (Melianthus 

comosus) prominent along watercourses in this unit. It differs in having Renosterbos 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) also abundant on south facing slopes and in having some 

succulents present, e.g. Aloe microstigma, Gasteria brachyphylla, Glottiphyllum 

depressum, etc. No rare plants are known from this unit, but some interesting geophytes 

may appear after a fire. 

164

5.3.3.3 Quartz Asbosveld 

The Muiskraal Quartz Asbosveld is most similar to the Fisantefontein Quartz 

Asbosveld in having Asbos (Pteronia incana) and Renosterbos (Elytropappus 

rhinocerotis) prominent in the matrix vegetation, but it is a much more arid unit that 

lacks the species richness of the Fisantefontein Quartz Asbosveld unit. The only 

uncommon species shared with the Fisantefontein Quartz Asbosveld are Gibbaeum 

angulipes in the quartz patches and Drosanthemum bicolor in the matrix vegetation. 

The rapid decline of species richness to this unit, seemingly induced by a decrease 

in winter rainfall, is quite interesting. It would be interesting to sample this unit 

after rain, there may be more interesting species present. 

The matrix vegetation of the Springfontein Quartz Asbosveld is most similar to 

those of the Leopard Rock Quartz Apronveld, but here Asbos (Pteronia incana) is 

often the dominant species, with Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) also often 

prominent on south facing slopes. The quartz patches are also quite unique in 

having rare species such as Euphorbia susannae, Euryops sp.nov (cf. oligoglossus), 

Gibbaeum petrense, Gibbaeum velutinum, Haworthia magnifica var. magnifica and 

Quaqua ramosa present, with two species Gibbaeum album and Gibbaeum (Muiria 

hortenseae) endemic to this unit. 

The Fisantefontein Quartz Asbosveld is most similar to the Springfontein Quartz 

Asbosveld in having Asbos (Pteronia incana) often the dominant species and Renosterbos 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) prominent on south facing slopes in the matrix vegetation. It 

differs, however, in the species present in the quartz patches with Gibbaeum angulipes 

present in this unit, that also has its own local endemic, Gibbaeum schwantesii. The 

uncommon Drosanthemum bicolor and Euphorbia pillansii is also occasionally present in 

the matrix vegetation. 

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5.3.3.4 Arid Renosterveld 

The Witteberg Renosterveld unit is quite different from the Renosterveld units 

that occur further south. Elytropappus rhinocerotis remains to be the dominant 

species in this unit that occurs mostly on deep sandy soils in which fynbos elements 

(such as Hypodiscus sulcatus, Leucadendron brunioides, Leucadendron teretifolium 

and Thamnochortus scabridus) are also present. Some of these Fynbos species are 

more typical of the Bokkeveld and Cederberg Fynbos areas. Some of the species 

that occur in the more clayey soil of this Renosterveld unit (e.g. Euryops 

imbricatus) also indicate a bio-geographical link northwards. This unit is rich in 

geophytes and it may have contained some endemic species, but so much of this 

unit has been ploughed to create wheat fields that only small areas could be 

sampled. 

5.3.3.5 Arid Renosterveld Mosaics 

The Bloutoring Karroid Renosterveld is most similar to and shares most of its 

species with the Vrede Karroid Renosterveld. It differs in being more patchy, with 

patches of sandy soil in which sour grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa, Merxmuellera 

arundinacea, Merxmuellera stricta, Pentaschistis eriostoma and Pentaschistis 

pallida) are often abundant. The rather well defined Succulent Karoo communities 

are also quite different as they have succulents such as Gibbaeum gibbosum and 

Ruschia caroli present. The only known rare plant present is Ornithogalum 

diluculum, but more may be found if this unit is properly surveyed after rain. 

The Bylshoek Karroid Renosterveld is most similar to the Vrede Karroid 

Renosterveld unit as they also share many species, but it differs in having 

Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) more prominent on south facing slopes, 

perhaps because this unit receives a higher rainfall. On lower north facing slopes of 

166

this unit are rather clear cut patches of Succulent Karoo Apronveld that are very 

similar to those that occur in the Vrede Apronveld. stem succulents, such as 

Tylecodon wallichii, are also quite abundant here This unit differs from comparable 

units in having uncommon species such as Romulea sphaerocarpa and Ruschia 

amicorum present. It also needs to be surveyed well after good rain. 

The Bosluiskloof Karroid Renosterveld unit is mostly dominated by Renosterbos 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis), but other shrubs (e.g. Dimorphotheca cuneata, 

Eriocephalus africanus, Euryops lateriflorus, Euryops rehmannii, Felicia filifolia, 

etc.) are also abundant. Patches of Succulent Karoo vegetation, in which succulents 

(e.g. Antimima spp, Hereroha sp., Ruschia spp, etc.) are prominent, is also present 

on north facing slopes. A number of rare species occur in this unit, e.g. Lotononis 

dissitinodis and Moraea thomasiae, and the shrub Acmadenia fruticosa seems to be 

endemic to this unit. 

The Vrede Karroid Renosterveld unit occurs mostly on loamy- to clayey soils 

derived from the underlying Tra-Tra formation, but there are a few patches of deep 

sandy soils present. Elytropappus rhinocerotis is the dominant species in this unit, 

but Succulent Karoo communities that are similar to those that occur in the Vrede 

Apronveld on clayey soils replace it. Here the abundance of as Tylecodon wallichii 

and Cotyledon orbiculata (both indicators of disturbance) suggest that most of this 

unit has been subjected to severe grazing pressure by domestic stock in the past. 

Rare and uncommon species recorded thus far in this unit are Lachenalia ameliae, 

Lachenalia comptonii, Lachenalia whitehillensis and Oxalis orbicularis. Common 

species recorded in this unit are; Androcymbium burchellii, Anisodontea triloba, 

Brunsvigia gregaria, Bulbine mesembryanthemoides, Carissa haematocarpa, 

Ceterach cordatum, Cheilanthes parviloba, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. 

subcanescens, Crassula cultrata, Crassula hemisphaerica, Crassula muscosa, 

Eriocephalus ericoides, Felicia filifolia, Felicia macrorrhiza, Fingerhuthia africana, 

Gladiolus scullyi, Gloveria integrifolia, Hermannia filifolia var. grandicalyx, 

Hermannia sulcata, Hyobanche sanguinea, Melolobium exudans, Nemesia fruticosa, 

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Nemesia ligulata, Ornithoglossum undulatum, Othonna pteronioides, Oxalis obtusa, 

Pentzia incana, Rhus pallens and Tripteris sinuata. 

5.3.3.6 Mesic Renosterveld 

Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is the dominant shrub throughout the 

Rheboksfontein Renosterveld unit. Grasses, mostly sour grasses but also some 

sweet grasses (e.g. Digitaria eriantha, Ehrharta bulbosa, Ehrharta calycina, 

Eragrostis capensis, Festuca scabra, Merxmuellera stricta, Pentameris 

macrocalycina, Pentaschistis eriostoma, Pentaschistis malouiensis, Pentaschistis 

pallida, Themeda triandra, Tribolium uniolae, etc.) are present but they are only 

prominent after a fire. Geophytes (e.g. Ixia orientalis, Syringodea longituba, 

Watsonia aletroides, etc) are also abundant after fire. Some Restios (e.g. 

Ischyrolepis capensis, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma fruticosa, etc.) are present on 

south facing slopes, along with the rare localized endemic Diosma strumosa. 

Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is also the dominant shrub throughout the 

Western Langeberg Renosterveld, but other shrubs (e.g. Dodonaea angustifolia, 

Eriocephalus africanus, Euryops rehmannii, Freylinia densiflora, Muraltia 

squarrosa, Oedera genistifolia, Otholobium candicans, Wiborgia tenuifolia, etc.) are 

also present. Grasses (e.g. Digitaria eriantha, Ehrharta bulbosa, Ehrharta calycina, 

Eragrostis capensis, Festuca scabra, Merxmuellera stricta, Pentameris 


pallida, Themeda triandra, Tribolium uniolae, etc.) are present but they are only 

prominent after a fire. Alien annual grasses (e.g. Bromus, Hordeum, Lolium, etc.) 

have invaded this unit. Some succulents are present (e.g. Haworthia pumila), but 

they are not common. Many geophytes are present, of which some are rare and 

localized endemic species, e.g. Babiana patula, Ixia superba and Moraea cooperi. 

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Kalkoenshoek Renosterveld unit. Although most of this vegetation unit is 

seriously transformed through ploughing and burning and grazing practices, it 

seems to have had a combination of species present (e.g. Euryops and Pteronia spp.) 

that differs from all the surrounding Renosterveld units. Remnants of this unit 

should be surveyed carefully to determine which rare and localized endemic species 

are still present. I suspect that there will be several. 


Eensaamheid Renosterveld, which occurs on quite deep sandy soils with a few 

small silcrete hills in between. Several rare species occur in these hills, including 

Acmadenia maculata, Diosma passerinoides and Freesia verrucosa. This unit is also 

rich in geophyte species (e.g. Babiana sambucina, Geissorhiza inconspicua, 

Geissorhiza ornithogaloides, Gladiolus floribundus, Gladiolus virescens, Moraea 

macronyx, Watsonia aletroides, etc.). 


Langkloof Renosterveld unit, but on south facing slopes are also some fynbos 

elements (e.g. Erica cerinthoides, Erica versicolor, Leucadendron salignum, Protea 

neriifolia, Protea repens, Rhodocoma fruticosa, etc.) present, including some 

localized endemic species such as Agathosma spinosa. Grasses (e.g. Digitaria 

eriantha, Ehrharta calycina, Eragrostis capensis, Festuca scabra, Pentameris 


pallida, Themeda triandra, Tribolium uniolae, etc.) are prominent to dominant after 

a fire. Unlike most other Renosterveld units, geophytes are not very abundant, but a 

few uncommon species do occur here (e.g. Freesia verrucosa, Tritonia parvula, 

etc.). Some succulents are present on rocky outcrops, including an unusual variant 

of Gasteria brachyphylla. Other shrubs are not uncommon, including the local 

endemic Eriocephalus tenuifolius. 

169


Kliphuisvlei Renosterveld, but other shrubs (e.g. Eriocephalus africanus, Euryops 

rehmanii, Lobostemon marlothii, Lobostemon stachydeus, Polygala fruticosa, 

Polygala microlopha, Pteronia incana, etc.) are also present. Sweet and sour grasses 

(e.g. Digitaria eriantha, Ehrharta calycina, Eragrostis capensis, Festuca scabra, 

Pentameris macrocalycina, Pentaschistis eriostoma, Pentaschistis malouiensis, 

Pentaschistis pallida, Themeda triandra, Tribolium uniolae, etc.) are prominent after 

a fire. Unlike most other Renosterveld units, geophytes are not very abundant, but 

some are present (e.g. Babiana sambucina, Gladiolus permeabilis, etc.). Shrubby 

leaf succulents (e.g. Antimima spp., Drosanthemum spp., Ruschia spp., etc.) are not 

uncommon on north facing slopes. Otholobium macradenium is the only rare 

species known to occur in the Kliphuisvlei Renosterveld, but an unidentified large 

yellow-flowered Drosanthemum species (cf. D. bicolor) may be new and endemic 

here. 

Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is also the dominant shrub in the 

Swartberg Renosterveld, but other shrubs (e.g. Eriocephalus africanus, Hermannia 

saccifera, Lobostemon fruticosus, Oedera squarrosa, Pteronia incana, etc.) are also 

present. Some of these shrubs, e.g. Otholobium lucens, are endemic to this unit. 

Sweet and sour grasses (e.g. Digitaria eriantha, Ehrharta calycina, Eragrostis 

capensis, Festuca scabra, Pentameris macrocalycina, Pentaschistis eriostoma, 

Pentaschistis malouiensis, Pentaschistis pallida, Themeda triandra, Tribolium 

uniolae, etc.) are also prominent after a fire in this unit. The Swartberg 

Renosterveld is also very rich in geophytes (e.g. Babiana sambucina, Bartholina 

burmanniana, Gladiolus virescens, Satyrium erectum, Tritonia securigera, Watsonia 

aletroides, etc.), of which several (e.g. Disa lugens, Disa spathulata ssp. tripartita, 

Gladiolus leptosiphon, Tritonia bakeri ssp. lilacina, etc.) are rare and localized 



Tradouw Renosterveld unit. It is most similar to the Rheboksfontein Renosterveld 

170

unit in having mostly sour grasses but also some sweet grasses (e.g. Digitaria 

eriantha, Ehrharta bulbosa, Ehrharta calycina, Eragrostis capensis, Festuca scabra, 

Merxmuellera stricta, Pentameris macrocalycina, Pentaschistis eriostoma, 

Pentaschistis malouiensis, Pentaschistis pallida, Themeda triandra, Tribolium 

uniolae, etc.) prominent after a fire. It also shares most of the common geophytes 

(e.g. Ixia orientalis, Watsonia aletroides, etc) and has Restios (e.g. Ischyrolepis 

capensis, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma fruticosa, etc.) present on south facing 

slopes, but it differs in the rare and localized endemic species present. The very rare 

Argyrolobium crinitum is endemic to this Renosterveld unit, which also has other 

rare species such as Erepsia polita. 

5.3.3.7 Mesic Renosterveld Mosaics 

The Matjiesgoed Fynbos-Renosterveld occurs on the sandy soils derived from the 

Blinkberg and Witpoort formations and the loamy soils derived from the 

Swartruggens formation. The Fynbos patches are largely restricted to sites where 

sandy soils occur on south facing slopes, while the more abundant Renosterveld 

matrix occurs on the loamy soils, located on north- or south facing slopes. The 

Fynbos and Renosterveld elements often merge to such a degree that it is not 

possible to draw a line between them. Typical of the Fynbos patches in this unit is a 

well develop canopy of proteoid shrubs, with Leucadendron pubescens, 

Leucadendron teretifolium, Leucadendron salignum, Protea laurifolia and/or Protea 

lorifolia present. Restioids such as Cannamois scirpoides, Ischyrolepis hystrix, 

Hypodiscus striatus and Thamnochortus rigidus are often abundant, along with 

ericoid shrubs such as Erica anguliger, Erica speciosa and Erica syngenesia. Other 

ericoid shrubs abundant and co-dominant are; Felicia filifolia, Montinia 

caryophyllacea, Passerina vulgaris and Phylica lanata. Although rarely abundant a 

rich assemblage of species of all life forms occur here, such as Agathosma alpina, 

Aspalathus aemula, Aspalathus nigra, Ehrharta ramose, Elegia filacea, Erica 

copiosa, Erica ostiaria, Erica rosacea, Erica selaginifolia, Leucadendron rubrum, 

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Linum thunbergii, Oedera corymbosa, Oedera squarrosa, Pentameris 

macrocalycina, Phylica wittebergensis, Protea humifusa, Relhania calycina, 

Relhania speciosa and Syncarpha paniculata. The Renosterveld matrix lack the 

typical proteoid component and Elytropappus rhinocerotis is the only dominate 

species, but other species abundant are Agathosma capensis, Anthospermum 

spathulatum, Cliffortia teretifolia, Eriocephalus africanus, Felicia filifolia, 

Merxmuellera stricta and Oedera squarrosa. Although not abundant a rich 

assemblage of species of all life forms also occurs in the Renosterveld, typical of 

these are; Aspalathus alpestris, Clutia ericoides, Dianthus bolusii, Dimorphotheca 

cuneata, Drosanthemum sp., Muraltia parviflora (scoparia), Polygala microlopha 

and Pteronia incana. This unit is apparently almost free from alien plant species, but 

certain areas have been subjected to incorrect fire regimes and grazing by domestic 

stock. Indicators of disturbance are a lack of non-sprouting Proteaceae in the 

Fynbos and often a super abundance of Montinia caryophyllacea. A high density of 

Elytropappus rhinocerotis, together with a lack of graminoids and a variety of other 

shrubs present, indicate disturbed Renosterveld communities. Rare and localized 

species known from this unit include Acmadenia argillophila, Agathosma 

adenandriflora, Disperis purpurata, Hypodiscus sulcatus, Leucadendron cadens, 

Leucadendron osbornei, Lotononis comptonii and Quaqua linearis. 

Vrede Fynbos-Renosterveld occurs on deep alluvial soils, it consists mostly of 

deep sandy soils, but small pockets of clayey soils derived from the underlying Tra- 

Tra geological formation also occur here. This unit is transitional and intermediate 

between the Fynbos, Renosterveld and the Succulent Karoo units that occur in the 

Anysberg area. Elytropappus rhinocerotis is dominant and abundant throughout this 

unit, but in certain small patches it is replaced by species characteristic of either the 

Fynbos or Succulent Karoo vegetation. In wet, often water drainage, sites Fynbos 

species such as Erica quadrangularis, Leucadendron salignum and Rhodocoma 

capensis are abundant. Species typical of the Succulent Karoo, however, replace the 

Renosterbos communities wherever pockets of clayey soil are exposed. Here typical 

Succulent Karoo species such as Gibbaeum cryptopodium, Glottiphyllum 

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depressum and Pteronia paniculata are locally dominant and abundant. This unit 

thus contains a highly unusual combination of species where graminoids such as 

Stipagrostis obtusa live happily next to shrubs such as Lobostemon fruticosus and 

annuals such as Dorotheanthus bellidiformis. Succulents are not uncommon, 

including an unusual ecotype of Haworthia pumila that represents the easternmost 

known distribution for this species. At least one species is endemic to this unit, the 

geophyte Cyanella sp. nov. (cf. hyacinthoides), but another shrubby species that 

occurs along seasonal water drainage areas (Cliffortia cf. neglecta) may well also be 

a highly localized species endemic to this unit. A few other rare species, such as 

Cliffortia semiteres, Lachenalia ameliae, Lachenalia whitehillensis, are at present 

known to occur in this unit but there must be more. Much of this unit has been 

subjected to intensive grazing by domestic stock. Some areas has also been 

ploughed and developed as woodlots (mostly Eucalyptus species). In these 

disturbed sites the natural vegetation is replaced by an abundance of Drosanthemum 

hispidum and Galenia africana. These two species seem to collate to form a “false 

climax” community that is not easily replaced by later succesional species. This 

may, in part, be due to an abundance of rodents (e.g. Rhabdomys pumiilo) that 

colonize these dense swards of Kraalbos. 

The matrix vegetation in the Montagu Fynbos-Renosterveld is dominated by 

Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis), but patches of true fynbos (with 

Leucadendron salignum, Protea repens and Thamnochortus erectus prominent) 

occur where the soils are sandy. This unit is very rich in species of all growth forms 

and it has some rare and localized endemic species present, e.g. Babiana patula and 

Ixia superba. An unusual robust form of Brunsvigia striata may be an undescribed 

species endemic to this unit. 

The Koktyls Fynbos-Renosterveld is similar to the Montagu Fynbos-Renosterveld 

in having the matrix vegetation dominated by Renosterbos (Elytropappus 

rhinocerotis) and in having patches of true fynbos present in which Leucadendron 

salignum and Thamnochortus erectus are prominent on deep sandy soils. This unit 

173

is also rich in species of all growth forms, but it differs in lacking the rare and 

localized endemic species present in the Montagu Fynbos-Renosterveld. No 

endemic species are known from this unit, but I am quite convinced that some will 

be found once it is properly surveyed. 

In the Horlosiekrans Fynbos-Renosterveld the matrix vegetation is also 

dominated by Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis), but here the fynbos 

vegetation occurs mostly only on south facing slopes of sandstone outcrops. Erica 

speciosa, Leucadendron salignum, Protea canaliculata, Protea repens, Protea 

sulphurea and Thamnochortus rigidus are abundant in these fynbos patches. The 

matrix Renosterveld has a rich assemblage of geophyte species, including the local 

endemic Hesperantha truncutula. 

The Woeska Fynbos-Renosterveld is most similar to the Woeska Waboomveld 

and these two units share many species, including some of the rare species such as 

Leucadendron teretifolium, Paranomus longicaulis, Protea decurrens and Protea 

subulifolia. It differs, however, in being more arid and having Renosterbos 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis and Elytropappus adpressus) prominent and occasionally 

some Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) also present. Some small silcrete hills 

occur in this unit, on which succulents (e.g. Adromischus triflorus, Aloe comptonii, 

Crassula rupestris, etc.) are often prominent. A more thorough survey of these hills 

may reveal an interesting Haworthia species. 

The Hoogfontein Asbos-Renosterveld unit is quite peculiar in having Asbos 

(Pteronia incana) and Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) so dominant that few 

other shrubs are present. It may have grass and geophytes abundant after fire, but 

very few were noted when this unit was surveyed. The vegetation looked moribund 

and it may benefit from a fire. No rare species are known from this unit, but some 

unidentified Antimima and Ruschia species were noted on rocky outcrops. Some of 

these succulents may be localized endemic species. 

174

In the Barrydale Asbos-Renosterveld Asbos (Pteronia incana) is dominant on 

north facing slopes, along with some Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) and a few 

stunted Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) trees. Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is 

dominant on the south facing slopes of hills and on the deep loamy soils in the 

valleys. This unit is rich in geophytes (e.g. Babiana sambucina, Brunsvigia 

josephiniae, Pelargonium rapaceum, Syringodea longituba, Tritonia pallida, etc.) 

and succulents (e.g. Adromischus triflorus, Aloe microstigma, Anacampseros 

telephiastrum, Bulbine mesembryanthemoides, Cephalophyllum subulatum, 

Drosanthemum speciosum, Euphorbia clandestina, Glottiphyllum depressum, 

Senecio radicans, etc.) of which some are rare and localized endemic species (e.g. 

Gibbaeum velutinum, Haworthia maraisii, etc.). 

In the Soutkloof Asbos-Renosterveld Asbos (Pteronia incana) is only prominent 

on deeper loamy soils, with most of the sparsely vegetated shale ridges having 

karroid shrubs (e.g. Berkheya cuneata, Felicia filifolia, Pteronia paniculata, etc.), 

some succulents (e.g. Adromischus filicaulis, Crassula columnaris, Crassula 

rupestris, etc.) and a few geophytes (e.g. Boophane disticha and Oxalis spp.) 

present. Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is only prominent on south facing 

slopes, along with some other shrubs (e.g. Clutia polifolia, Passerina obtusifolia, 

Metalasia pungens, Montinia caryophyllacea, Oedera genistifolia, Printzia polifolia, 

etc.), of which some are rare and localized endemics (e.g. Diosma strumosa and a 

seemingly undescribed Amphithalea species). A few peculiar populations of 

Thamnochortus karooica (growing on pure shale) were found on southern slopes 

amongst which a peculiar variant of Gibbaeum velutinum was also present. 

Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is only dominant on south facing slopes in 

the Kortefontein Asbos-Renosterveld, with Asbos (Pteronia incana) and other 

shrubs (e.g. Berkheya cuneata, Eriocephalus africanus, Nylandtia spinosa, Pteronia 

paniculata, etc.) more abundant on north facing slopes. Succulents (e.g. Crassula 

columnaris, Cotyledon orbiculare, Glottiphyllum depressum, Smicrostigma viride, 

175

etc.) are not uncommon, including the localized endemic Gibbaeum petrense. Most 

of this unit has been transformed through ploughing to establish wheat fields. 

The Uniondale Asbos-Renosterveld is not very rich in species; here Renosterbos 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is dominant on south facing slopes and Asbos (Pteronia 

incana) on north facing slopes. Some geophytes are present (e.g. Babiana 

sambucina, Freesia corymbosa, etc.), including some uncommon species (e.g. 

Brunsvigia josephiniae and Tritonia chysantha). Only a few succulent species (Aloe 

ferox, Aloe microstigma, Bulbine frutescens, Gasteria brachyphylla, Glottiphyllum 

depressum, etc.) were observed here. Grasses (Ehrharta calycina, Eragrostis 

curvula, Digitaria eriantha, etc.) are also uncommon, but this may be an artifact 

from previous grazing practices. 

The Kouga Asbos-Renosterveld unit is quite uniform with Renosterbos 

(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and Asbos (Pteronia incana) abundant on north facing 

slopes, often with some other drought resilient shrubs (e.g. Dimorphotheca cuneata, 

Eriocephalus africanus, Pteronia sordida, etc.) also present. Some Fynbos elements 

(e.g. Athanasia pinnata, Cannamois scirpoides, Clutia polifolia, Leucadendron 

salignum, Protea repens, Rhodocoma fruticosa, etc.) occur on south facing slopes, 

but these sites are not rich in species with only a few geophyte species (e.g. Babiana 

sambucina, Gladiolus patersoniae, Tritonia securigera, etc.) present, of which only 

Freesia verrucosa could be considered as an uncommon species. Mostly only sour 

grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa, Pentameris eriostoma, Pentashistis pallens, etc.) are 

abundant after fire, along with the quite characteristic fireweed, Hertia clutyifolia. 

The Matjiesrivier Asbos-Renosterveld is similar to the Uniondale Asbos- 

Renosterveld in having Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) dominant on south 

facing slopes and Asbos (Pteronia incana), some trees and other shrubs (e.g. Carissa 

haematocarpa, Dodonaea angustifolia, Euclea undulata, Polygala pinifolia and Rhus 

undulata) prominent on north facing slopes. This unit is also not very rich in 

species, but some uncommon geophytes are present (e.g. Gladiolus leptosiphon) 

176

and succulents (especially Aloe ferox and Gasteria brachyphylla) are more 

abundant. Grasses (Ehrharta calycina, Eragrostis curvula, Digitaria eriantha, etc.) 

are also uncommon, but they may be after a fire. 

The Wildeperdeberg Asbos-Renosterveld occurs in an arid environment, with 

Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) only abundant on south facing slopes 

along with some Fynbos elements (e.g. Agathosma capensis, Euryops rehmanii, 

Ischyrolepis ocreata, Leucadendron salignum, Montinia caryophyllacea, Rafnia 

racemosa, etc.). Asbos (Pteronia incana) is more prominent on north facing slopes, 

along with other drought resilient shrubs, such as Dimorphotheca cuneata, 

Eriocephalus africanus, Euryops lateriflorus, etc. and a few trees (e.g. Osyris 

compressa, Rhus undulata, etc.). Grasses (e.g. Cymbopogon plurinodes, Pentameris 

eriostoma, Pentashistis pallida, Themeda triandra, etc.) are present, but not very 

abundant in this unit. 

The Bloutoring Fynbos-Renosterveld occurs mostly on steep south facing slopes 

of hills in an arid area. Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is dominant 

throughout the unit, but small patches of Fynbos are occasionally present in better- 

watered sites. Proteas are sparse, but Leucadendron salignum, Leucadendron 

teretifolium, Leucospermum wittebergense and Protea laurifolia are present in the 

Fynbos patches. Grasses are very prominent after fire, including species such as 

Cymbopogon plurinodes, Ehrharta ramosa, Merxmuellera arundinacea, 

Merxmuellera stricta, Pentameris distichophylla, Pentaschistis eriostoma, 

Pentaschistis malouiensis and Pentaschistis pallida. Agathosma adenandriflora is 

the only known rare species of this unit, but I expect that a more careful survey of 

the Fynbos patches will reveal many more such as Agathosma acocksii. 

The MountEco Fynbos-Renosterveld unit is most similar to the Bloutoring 

Fynbos-Renosterveld in having grasses such as Ehrharta capensis, Ehrharta ramosa, 

Merxmuellera arundinacea, Merxmuellera stricta, Pentameris distichophylla, 

Pentameris macrocalycina, Pentaschistis eriostoma, Pentaschistis malouiensis and 

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Pentaschistis pallida prominent, but it differs in being less arid. Here the Fynbos 

elements are more prominent on the south facing slopes, with species such as 

Agathosma ovata quite abundant. No rare or localized endemic species are known 

from this unit. 

The Haarlem Fynbos-Renosterveld unit is quite unusual in having Mesic Proteoid 

Fynbos (with Leucadendron salignum, Leucospermum and Protea neriifolia locally 

abundant), prominent on south facing slopes and Renosterbos (Elytropappus 

rhinocerotis) dominant on the north facing slopes. This unit is quite rich in species 

of a wide array of life forms including succulents (e.g. Aloe lineata) and geophytes 

(e.g. Watsonia fourcadei) of which some are rare and localized endemic species, 

e.g. Eulophia platypetala and Protea vogtsiae. 

The Anysberg Sandolien-Renosterveld occurs on the southern foot of the 

Anysberg, a zone where fires periodically sweep from the mountain onto the lower 

plains. It occurs on deep alluvial, often very rocky, soils and on the local silcrete 

plateaus. Elytropappus rhinocerotis is the dominant species and Dodonaea 

angustifolia is often abundant, with Fynbos elements present in the upper section 

near the mountain and Succulent Karoo elements present in the lower section near 

the river. This unit differs from the Vrede Fynbos-Renosterveld in having 

Dodonaea and Elytropappus more abundant, probably because fires play a more 

prominent role here. Most of this unit is still in a healthy condition, despite the fact 

that it has been utilized as grazing for domestic stock in the past. No alien plant 

species were observed here. The silcrete outcrops that occur here harbor some rare 

species, such as Acmadenia fruticosa. A more intensive survey of this section will 

certainly lead to the discovery of more interesting plant species. 

Despite its limited extent the Waaikraal Sandolien-Renosterveld is an interesting 

unit. Here Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) remains the dominant shrub, but 

Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) occurs sporadically throughout this unit. Proteas 

are absent to very rare (Protea repens), but some Leucadendron salignum occurs on 

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south facing slopes. Grasses are not abundant (perhaps after fire), but sour and 

sweet grasses (e.g. Themeda triandra) have been noted here. A wide array of shrubs 

occurs here, including rare species such as Diosma passerinoides and Salvia muirii. 

It is also rich in geophyte species including the uncommon Romulea vlokii. Much 

of this unit has been transformed through ploughing and it is in places seriously 

invaded by Acacia cyclops. 

The Ladismith Sandolien-Renosterveld unit consists of a patchwork of an 

amazing number of different plant communities, but Renosterbos (Elytropappus 

rhinocerotis) and Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) are prominent in the matrix 

Renosterveld that occurs on north facing slopes and in the valleys of this unit. Small 

patches of Spekboomveld (with Portulacaria afra present) also occur on rocky 

outcrops on north facing slopes. Grassy Fynbos (with Merxmuellera arundinacea 

prominent) often occur on the upper south facing slopes, but patches of Proteoid 

Fynbos (with Leucadendron salignum, Protea repens and Protea lorifolia 

prominent) occur on southern slopes where there are sandstone outcrops, but where 

the soils are loamy it rapidly changes to Waboomveld (with Protea nitida 

prominent) often with a rather well developed grass component (including Themeda 

triandra), even patches of Apronveld (with karroid shrubs such as the local endemic 

Blepharis inermis and Pteronia paniculata, etc. prominent) are present on lower 

slopes where the soils are clayey. No very rare or localized endemic species are 

known from this unit, but uncommon species known from this unit include 

Agathosma microcarpa and robust variants of Haworthia habdomadis. 

The Bergplaas Sandolien-Renosterveld is somewhat similar to the Ladismith 

Sandolien-Renosterveld, but it is less patchy, has less variance in the plant 

communities present and is consequently not very rich in species. It is also more 

arid with Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and Sandolien (Dodonaea 

angustifolia) more prominent throughout the unit, with only a few other shrubs 

(such as Athanasia teretifolia, Clutia polifolia, Eriocephalus africanus, Euryops 

lateriflorus, Hermannia saccifera, Melolobium adenodes, Metalasia acuta, Muraltia 

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dispersa, Pentzia dentata, etc.) present. Grasses are also sparse with only some sour 

grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa) present. The patches of Spekboomveld are somewhat 

better developed on north facing rocky outcrops. 

In the Leeublad Sandolien-Renosterveld Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) 

is dominant on the north facing slopes with Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) 

more prominent on the south facing slopes, often along with some Fynbos elements 

(e.g. Erica speciosa, Ischyrolepis capensis, Leucadendron salignum, Rhodocoma 

fruticosa, etc.). This unit is rich in species, of which several are rare and localized 

endemics such as Acmadenia maculata, Aspalathus sp.nov. (cf.glabrescens), Disa 

salteri, Disa spathulata ssp. tripartita, Freesia verrucosa, Gladiolus leptosiphon, 

Hymenolepis sp.nov. Romulea jugicola and Satyrium pallens. 

The Hartbeesvlakte Sandolien-Renosterveld is similar to the Leeublad Sandolien- 

Renosterveld in having Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) dominant on the 

north facing slopes and Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) more prominent on the 

south facing slopes often with some Fynbos elements (e.g. Calopsis andraeana, 

Ischyrolepis capensis, Montinia caryophyllacea, Oedera squarrosa, Passerina 

obtusifolia, Phylica axillaris, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Thamnochortus rigidus, etc.) 

present. It is, however, a more arid unit with succulents (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Aloe 

ferox, Machairophyllum acuminatum, etc) more prominent, along with some trees 

(e.g. Euclea undulata, Rhus undulata, etc.), on north facing slopes. Romulea 

jugicola is the only rare species known from this unit. 

The De Vlugt Sandolien-Renosterveld unit is similar to the Hartbeesvlakte 

Sandolien-Renosterveld in having Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) 

dominant on the north facing slopes and Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) more 

prominent on the south facing slopes of the silcrete hills that occur here, but it 

differs in having Subtropical Thicket and Forest elements (e.g. Buddleja saligna, 

Carissa bispinosa, Diospyros dichrophylla, Grewia occidentalis, Pittosporum 

viridiflorus, Rhus lucida, etc.) more prominent on the lower slopes and in the 

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valleys. The grass component is also better developed here, often with Themeda 

triandra and occasionally Tristachya leucothrix prominent. Succulents (e.g. Aloe 

ferox, Glottiphyllum depressum, Haworthia cymbiformis, Haworthia scabra, etc.) 

are abundant on rocky outcrops and in the Renosterveld. One of these, an unusual 

white-flowered Trichodiadema (T.mirabile-orientale complex) may be endemic 

here. 

The Kouga Sandolien-Renosterveld is very similar to the Hartbeesvlakte 

Sandolien-Renosterveld, but here Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and 

Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) mix more freely and they are both prominent on 

south and north facing slopes, perhaps because this is a wetter environment. Fynbos 

elements (e.g. Erica speciosa, Ischyrolepis capensis, Montinia caryophyllacea, 

Oedera squarrosa, Passerina obtusifolia, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Thamnochortus 

rigidus, etc.) are present on south facing slopes, but they are poor in species. It also 

differs in having far less succulents (only a few Aloe ferox present) and also only a 

few geophytes (e.g. Babiana sambucina) present. No rare species are known from 

this unit and one gets the impression that this is a newly evolving vegetation unit, 

currently dominated by only a handful of species. 

The Kortefontein Waboom-Renosterveld is mostly restricted to silcrete hills, with 

Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) the dominant shrub on north facing slopes 

and the intermediate valleys. Fynbos elements (e.g. Cannamois scirpoides, 

Hypodiscus striatus, Leucadendron salignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, 

Paranomus spathulatus, Protea repens, Rhodocoma fruticosa, etc.), with Waboom 

(Protea nitida) prominent, are more abundant on south facing slopes and wetter sites 

on the hilltops. A somewhat surprising feature is the relative abundance of 

succulents (e.g. Aloe arborescens, Aloe lineata, Crassula spp., Othonna spp and 

Senecio spp.) on the rocky outcrops. Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) and a few 

trees (Maytenus oleoides, Osyris compressa, Rhus lucida, etc.) is present, but they 

are not very abundant Sour grasses (e.g. Aristida, Merxmuellera, Pentameris and 

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Pentashistis species) are present, but not very prominent. Geophytes are not very 

abundant, but populations of the very rare Eulophia platypetala were found here. 

In the Saffraanrivier Waboom-Renosterveld, Renosterbos (Elytropappus 

rhinocerotis) is also the dominant shrub on north facing slopes, with fynbos 

elements (e.g. Cannamois scirpoides, Hypodiscus striatus, Leucadendron salignum, 

Leucadendron teretifolium, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Protea repens, Rhodocoma 

fruticosa, etc.) and especially Waboom (Protea nitida) prominent on south facing 

slopes. A rather unusual feature is the relative abundance of the otherwise 

uncommon Erica tragulifera in this unit. On the rocky outcrops are Sandolien 

(Dodonaea angustifolia) and a few trees (Maytenus oleoides, Osyris compressa, 

Rhus lucida, etc.) present, but they are not very abundant Sour grasses (e.g. 

Aristida, Merxmuellera, Pentameris and Pentashistis species) are also present, but 

not very prominent. Geophytes are quite abundant here, including some rare and 

localized endemic species such as Disa salteri, Moraea lilacina and Tritonia pallida 

ssp. taylorae. 

The Uniondale Waboom-Renosterveld unit is also largely restricted to silcrete- 

topped hills, with Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) the dominant shrub on 

north facing slopes and fynbos elements (e.g. Cannamois scirpoides, Hypodiscus 

striatus, Leucadendron salignum, Leucospermum wittebergense, Protea lorifolia, 

Protea repens, Rhodocoma fruticosa, etc.) and Waboom (Protea nitida) prominent 

on south facing slopes. On the rocky outcrops are Sandolien (Dodonaea 

angustifolia) prominent along with some trees (Maytenus oleoides, Osyris 

compressa, Rhus lucida, etc.). Sour grasses (e.g. Aristida, Merxmuellera, 

Pentameris and Pentashistis species) are present, but they are not very prominent. 

Geophytes are not abundant here, but several rare and localized endemic species are 

present, including Amphithalea vlokii, Cliffortia arcuata, Cyrthanthus inaequalis, 

Diosma passerinoides, and Drosanthemum sp.nov. (midas), Freesia verrucosa, 

Haworthia bayeri, Prismatocarpus virgatus and Relhania decussata. 

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The Kruisrivier Waboom-Renosterveld unit consists of a very unusual 

combination of plants, with Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) the dominant 

shrub on north facing slopes and Waboom (Protea nitida), along with a few other 

fynbos elements (e.g. Aspalathus hystrix, Hypodiscus striatus, Ischyrolepis 

gaudichaudiana, etc.) present on south facing slopes. Grasses may be prominent 

after a fire in this unit, but no such examples were seen. No rare or localized 

endemic plants are known from this odd unit, but a very unusual variant of 

Podalyria burchellii seems to be restricted to this unit. Some species may thus be 

evolving here. 

In Johandal Waboom-Renosterveld the vegetation is also dominated by 

Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) with a few scattered Sandolien (Dodonaea 

angustifolia) present, but here Waboom (Protea nitida) and other fynbos elements 

(e.g. Hypodiscus striatus, Ischyrolepis ocreata, Leucadendron salignum, 

Rhodocoma fruticosa, etc.) are not abundant on the south facing slopes. Grasses are 

not very abundant either, even after a fire, but many geophytes occur here, 

including very rare species such as Ixia gloriosa and Ixia leipoldtii. 

In the Springfontein Waboom-Renosterveld unit Renosterbos (Elytropappus 

rhinocerotis) is also the dominant shrub on north facing slopes, but Fynbos elements 

and Waboom (Protea nitida) are prominent on south facing slopes here. These 

Fynbos sites are rich in species, with the following species recorded here; 

Anthospermum spathulatum, Aspalathus acanthes, Bobartia macrospytha, Calopsis 

marlothii, Centella linifolia, Centella stenophylla, Centella virgata, Cliffortia 

pulchella, Corymbium glabrum, Cullumia aculeata, Cyclopia intermedia, 

Dolichothrix ericoides, Elegia filacea, Elegia galpinii, Erica anguliger, Erica 

plukenetii, Erica versicolor, Felicia filifolia, Ficinia filiformis, Gerbera serrata, 

Helichrysum zwartbergense, Hermannia odorata, Hypodiscus aristatus, Hypodiscus 

striatus, Lanaria lanata, Leucadendron salignum, Leucospermum calligerum, 

Metalasia galpinii, Metalasia massonii, Metalasia pungens, Muraltia heisteria, 

Nenax acerosa, Oedera imbricata, Paranomus spathulatus, Pelargonium fruticosum, 

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Pentashistis colorata, Pentashistis malouinensis, Phylica purpurea, Protea repens, 

Restio filicaulis, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Senecio paniculatus, 

Senecio pinifolius, Stoebe microphylla, Syncarpha paniculata, Tetraria bromoides, 

Tetraria cuspidata, Tetraria ustulata, Willdenowia bolusii and Willdenowia 

glomerata. Several rare and localized endemic species are also present, including 

Acmadenia latifolia, Acmadenia nivenii, Lotononis lamprifolia, Leucospermum 

erubescens, and Leusospermum saxatile and Protea aspera. 

Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is also the dominant shrub in the 

Matjiesrivier Waboom-Renosterveld, but Waboom (Protea nitida) is prominent 

on north and south facing slopes. Some Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) is also 

present on north facing slopes, but it is not very abundant, as it is in the 

Matjiesrivier Sandolienveld. Some Fynbos elements (e.g. Leucadendron salignum, 

Protea repens, Protea lorifolia, etc.) are present on south facing slopes, but they are 

not very prominent. Grasses may be abundant after fire, but no such examples were 

seen. No rare plants are known from this unit, but uncommon species present 

include Haworthia monticola and Haworthia mucronata. I suspect that the very 

cryptic and rare Haworthia blackburniae var. graminifolia is present in this unit. 

5.3.3.8 Sandolienveld 

The Lemoenshoek Sandolienveld share many of its species with the Lemoenshoek 

Restioid Fynbos, with the most prominent difference being that Sandolien 

(Dodonaea angustifolia) is prominent to locally abundant here. Proteas are absent to 

very rare, but the unit is quite rich in species with the following species recorded in 

this unit; Agathosma ovata, Anthospermum galioides, Aspalathus acanthes, 

Cannamois parviflora, Centella virgata, Clutia ericoides, Corymbium glabrum, 

Crassula atropurpurea, Cullumia bisulca, Cymbopogon marginatus, Diosma prama, 

Elegia galpinii, Euclea polyandra, Ficinia filiformis, Hermannia odorata, 

Hypodiscus striatus, Ischyrolepis ocreata, Ischyrolepis sieberi, Leucadendron 

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salignum, Leucospermum calligerum, Lobelia coronopifolia, Machairophyllum 

cookii, Metalasia densa, Metalasia pungens, Muraltia ciliaris, Passerina obtusifolia, 

Pelargonium fruticosum, Pentashistis eriostoma, Pentashistis malouinensis, 

Phaenocoma prolifera, Phylica axillaris, Relhania calycina, Rhodocoma fruticosa, 

Serruria balanocephala, Struthiola argentea, Syncarpha paniculata, Tetraria 

bromoides, Tetraria cuspidata and Willdenowia glomerata. The only known rare 

and localized endemic known in this unit is Wurmbea compacta. An unidentified 

Adenandra species collected here may be an undescribed species and perhaps 


Sandkraal Sandolienveld consists of a series of small silcrete hills, with some 

sandy valleys in between. Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) is dominant on the 

deeper sandy soils, often with some Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) also 

present. Fynbos elements are prevalent on the southern slopes of the silcrete hills, 

where many of the species typical of the Muiskraal Arid Proteoid Fynbos unit is 

present. They include species such as Cannamois scirpoides, Corymbium glabrum, 

Cullumia aculeata, Elegia galpinii, Erica anguliger, Erica plukenetii, Erica rosacea, 

Hypodiscus albo-aristatus, Hypodiscus aristatus, Leucadendron salignum, 

Leucadendron teretifolium, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Metalasia galpinii, 

Paranomus spathulatus, Phaenocoma prolifera, Phylica pinea, Protea repens, Restio 

filicaulis, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Tetraria cuspidata, Thamnochortus 

cinereus and Zygophyllum fulvum. Rare and localized endemic species recorded in 

this unit include Cliffortia alata, Leucospermum erubescens, Leucospermum 

saxatile and Paranomus longicaulis. There are probably several more in this very 

interesting unit. 

Dwars-in-die-weg Sandolienveld is not very rich in species, but it is never the less 

an interesting unit as it bridges the gap between the Subtropical Thicket of the 

lowlands and the Fynbos in the uplands of the Rooiberg, It is thus an ecotonal unit 

in which Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) is the dominant species but other 

shrubs such as Acmadenia sheiliae, Diosma prama, Felicia filifolia, Heliophila 

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glauca, Metalasia pungens and Passerina obtusifolia are also abundant. Some 

grasses are present, (e.g. Cymbopogon validus) but they are never very abundant. 

The only known rare species present is Alonsoa peduncularis. 

The Paardebont Fynbos-Sandolienveld is unusual in having Fynbos well- 

developed on the south facing slopes of hills, with an odd combination of species 

such as Aspalathus sceptrum-aureum, Calopsis andraeana, Cannamois parviflora, 

Cannamois scirpoides, Erica cerinthoides, Erica speciosa, Gladiolus patersoniae, 

Hypodiscus striatus, Leucadendron salignum, Leucadendron teretifolium, Oedera 

imbricata, Protea lorifolia and Protea repens. Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) in 

prominent and dominant on the northern slopes, along with succulents other shrubs 

such as Aloe lineata, Cullumia decurrens, Passerina obtusifolia and Phylica 

axillaris. The only rare species known in this unit is a Heliophila sp.nov. (cf. 

glauca), but there may be several more. 

The Springfontein Sandolienveld also has species present that are both typical of 

the Fynbos communities present on the Langeberg and the Subtropical Thicket of 

the lowlands. Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) is the dominant shrub on the north 

facing slopes, while Fynbos elements are most abundant here on south facing 

slopes. The plant communities on the upper flat slopes are rich in species and often 

have an odd combination of trees, shrubs and forbs present (e.g. Euclea undulata, 

Gasteria brachyphylla, Hypodiscus striatus, Lobostemon decorus, Pelargonium 

carneum, etc.). No rare or localized endemic species are known from this unit, but I 

have little doubt that several will be found when this unit is better surveyed. 

The Ladismith Fynbos-Sandolienveld is largely restricted to the flat tops of 

silcrete hills and some of their southern slopes. Sandolien is very abundant and 

prominent, but many fynbos elements are also present, often with Rhodocoma arida 

very prominent. This unit is thus close to an Arid Restioid Fynbos unit, but the 

relative abundance of Sandolien as well as the occurrence of karroid shrubs (such as 

Felicia filifolia and Pteronia incana) differentiates it. Other Fynbos elements that 

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are prominent include Hypodiscus striatus, Leucadendron salignum and 

Leucospermum cuneiforme. Senecio citriformis is the only known local endemic 

known from this unit. No other rare species are known from this unit, but a very 

odd, miniature form of Mimetes cucullatus is occasionally present. 

The Gamkaberg Fynbos-Sandolienveld is similar to the Ladismith Fynbos- 

Sandolienveld in being largely restricted to a series of small silcrete hills with 

Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) prominent in the vegetation, but here Fynbos 

elements are more prominent with Leucadendron salignum and Leucospermum 

cuneiforme often locally abundant. No rare species are known to occur in this unit, 

but it requires better sampling. 

The Paardeberg Fynbos-Sandolienveld also bridges the gap between lowland 

Thicket vegetation and upland Fynbos vegetation and is similar to the Ladismith 

Fynbos-Sandolienveld in being largely restricted to the flat tops of silcrete hills, 

with Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia), Rhodocoma arida and other karroid shrubs 

(e.g. Felicia filifolia and Pteronia incana) prominent on the northern slopes and flat 

tops of these hills, with Fynbos elements (e.g. Cannamois scirpoides, Erica rosacea, 

Hypodiscus striatus, Leucadendron salignum and Leucospermum cuneiforme, etc.) 

more prominent on southern slopes. It is, however, distinctive in having local 

endemic and rare species present that are absent from all the other comparable 

units, e.g. Acmadenia maculata and Haworthia emelyae. 

In the Kruisrivier Renoster-Sandolienveld both Sandolien (Dodonaea 

angustifolia) and Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) are locally dominant on 

north facing slopes. The Renosterveld is best developed in sites with deep loamy 

soils, with the Sandolienveld most abundant on more sandy and rock on north 

facing slopes. Fynbos elements (e.g. Aspalathus hystrix, Cannamois scirpoides, 

Hypodiscus striatus, Leucadendron salignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, etc.) are 

prominent on south facing slopes, occasionally with a few Waboom (Protea nitida) 

present. It is quite rich in geophyte species (e.g. Babiana sambucina, Cyanella lutea, 

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Tritonia bakeri, etc.) and grasses (e.g. Cymbopogon spp, Pentashistis spp, Themeda 

triandra, etc.). The only known rare species known from this unit is Diascia patula. 

The Fouriesberg Renoster-Sandolienveld is also largely restricted to outcrops of 

silcrete, but here Renosterveld is prominent on the deeper loamy soils between the 

hills. Elytropappus adpressus and Stoebe microphylla are often abundant in this 

Renosterveld type. are often abundant It is similar to the Paardebont Fynbos- 

Sandolienveld in having well developed stands of Fynbos on the south facing slopes 

with species such as Aspalathus sceptrum-aureum, Calopsis andraeana, Cannamois 

scirpoides, Erica anguliger, Erica cerinthoides, Erica rosacea, Ishyrolepis capensis, 

Leucadendron salignum and Leucospermum cuneiforme present. Succulents (e.g. 

Aloe ferox) are not uncommon on rocky north-facing slopes. Several rare and 

localized endemic plants are known from this unit, including Athanasia 

quenquedentata ssp. quenquedentata, Disa salteri, Erica zebrensis, Haworthia 

emelyae, Haworthia kingiana, Leucadendron ericifolium, Leucospermum pluridens, 

Lotononis filiformis, Otholobium racemosum, Oxalis attaquana, Protea decurrens 

and Romulea jugicola. 

The Tafelberg Renoster-Sandolienveld is structurally similar to the Fouriesberg 

Renoster-Sandolienveld in being largely restricted to small silcrete capped hills 

with Renosterveld occurring on the loamy soils of the valleys between these hills. 

Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) remains prominent to locally abundant in this 

unit, but the rare species present (e.g. Erica vlokii, Haworthia bayeri, etc.) 

differentiates it from all other comparable units. 

Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) is the dominant shrub throughout the 

Matjiesrivier Renoster-Sandolienveld unit, but many other drought resilient 

shrubs are also present, including species such as Felicia filifolia, Hermannia 

saccifera, Polygala pinifolia and Pteronia incana. It is in many respects similar to 

the Kruisrivier Renoster-Sandolienveld and Leeublad Sandolien-Renosterveld units, 

but Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is less prominent here. Succulents (e.g. 

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Adromischus triflorus, Aloe ferox, Gasteria brachyphylla, etc.), geophytes (e.g. 

Babiana sambucina, Cyanella lutea, Tritonia bakeri, etc.) and grasses (e.g. 

Cymbopogon spp, Pentashistis spp, Themeda triandra, etc.) are all quite abundant 

here. 

The Herold Renoster-Sandolienveld unit is most similar to the Fouriesberg 

Renoster-Sandolienveld, in its structure and because they share many common 

species with Elytropappus adpressus and Stoebe microphylla abundant in the 

Renosterveld component. It is also similar to the Paardebont Fynbos-Sandolienveld 

in having Fynbos species such as Aspalathus sceptrum-aureum, Calopsis andraeana, 

Cannamois scirpoides, Erica anguliger, Erica cerinthoides, Erica rosacea, 

Ishyrolepis capensis, Leucadendron salignum and Prismatocarpus candolleanus 

present on south facing slopes with succulents (e.g. Aloe ferox, Aloe lineata, etc.) 

present on rocky north-facing slopes. It differs, however, in having rare and local 

endemic species such as Aspalathus glabrescens, Disa spathulata ssp. tripartita, 

Haworthia outeniquensis, Lotononis elongata and Oxalis ioeides present, that are 

absent from these other units. 

5.3.3.9 Asteraceous Fynbos 

Gamkaskloof Arid Asteraceous Fynbos occurs mostly on steep south facing 

slopes in arid sites, where the soils are shallow, sandy to loamy and usually very 

rocky, often with large slabs of sandstone prominent. The vegetation is dominated 

by drought resilient shrubs, with many succulents (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Othonna 

spp, Senecio spp.) often present in rocky outcrops. Prominent shrubs are 

Agathosma capensis, Aspalathus hystrix, Euryops rehmanii, Felicia filifolia and 

Pteronia fascicularis, with the distinctive Acmadenia sheiliae often present, but not 

abundant. Elytropappus rhinocerotis and Eriocephalus africanus are usually also 

present, but never abundant. Proteaceae and Ericaceae are absent or very rare (Erica 

maesta & Leucadendron salignum) Grasses (Merxmuellera arundinacea, Pentameris 

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distichophylla, Pentashistis eriostoma, Pentashistis pallida, Themeda triandra, etc.) 

are often abundant, but only prominent after fire. Geophytes are uncommon but 

there are a few rare species present (Apodolirion lanceolatum, Gethyllis 

transkarooica, Gethyllis verrucosa and Moraea vlokii). This unit may be confused 

with Bosluiskloof Grassy Fynbos, but here Merxmuellera arundinacea is not 

dominant. 

The Rooiberg Arid Asteraceous Fynbos also occurs in rocky sandy to loamy soils 

in an arid environment, mostly on north facing slopes, but occasionally also on 

south facing slopes. Ericaceae and Proteaceae are rare here, but this unit is rich in 

Rutaceae. The vegetation is also dominated by drought resistant shrubs, such as 

Acmadenia sheiliae, Agathosma capenis, Agathosma mundii, Agathosma 

recurvifolia, Aspalathus hystrix, Cliffortia crenata, Diosma apetala, Diosma prama, 

Dolichothrix ericoides, Erica maesta, Eriocephalus africanus, Heliophila glauca, 

Hermannia flammula, Metalasia massonii, Metalasia pulcherrima, Metalasia 

pungens, Muraltia lignosa, Oedera imbricata, Osteospermum polygaloides, 

Passerina obtusifolia, Pelargonium laevigatum, Pelargonium tricolor, Phylica 

mundii, Phylica purpurea, Pteronia fascicularis, Selago pulchra, Stoebe spiralis and 

Thesium virgatum. Grasses (Merxmuellera arundinacea, Merxmuellera stricta, 

Pentashistis eriostoma) are present but uncommon, the same holds for the Restios 

(Hypodiscus striatus, Ishyrolepis capensis, Ischyrolepis gaudichaudiana, 

Rhodocoma arida). Succulents (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Cerochlamys pachyphylla and 

many Crassula spp.) are also abundant in rocky sites, of which two (Crassula 

rupestris ssp. marnierana and Haworthia blackburniae) are uncommon species. 

Other rare species known in this unit are Apodolirion lanceolatum, Lotononis 

dahlgrenii and Muraltia cliffortiifolia. 

The Anysberg Arid Asteraceous Fynbos is restricted to arid north facing slopes, 

where the shallow sandy soils are mostly derived from the Skurweberg formation. 

Along its lower margin this unit occurs also on the Rietvlei formation, where the 

soils are also very shallow, but have higher clay content and thus have a higher 

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nutrient status. Some graminoids, such as Cymbopogon plurinodes, are not 

uncommon here along with some species more typical of the Succulent Karoo 

vegetation, such as Monechma incana and Rhus undulata. The structure of the 

communities of this unit thus differ from those of the Anysberg Arid Proteoid 

Fynbos in having Proteaceae sparse, while other shrubs and small trees such as 

Dodonaea angustifolia and Rhus undulata are often abundant. Succulents such as 

Crassula rupestris are also often abundant. Other species abundant include 

Aspalathus hystrix, Euryops rehmannii, Felicia filifolia, Hypodiscus striatus, 

Leucadendron pubescens, Metalasia pallida, Passerina vulgaris, Phylica lanata, 

Pteronia fasciculata, Rhodocoma arida and Thamnochortus rigidus. Less abundant 

but also characteristic of this unit are; Anthospermum aethiopicum, Anthospermum 

galiodes, Centella virgata, Crassula rubricaulis, Cullumia sulcata, Ehrharta ramosa, 

Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Erica syngenesia, Helichrysum zeyheri, Hermannia 

salviifolia, Lampranthus sp., Leucadendron pubescens, Merxmuellera stricta, 

Muraltia dispersa, Muraltia parvifolia, Oedera squarrosa, Passerina vulgaris, 

Pentameris macrocalycina, Phymaspermum appressum, Protea laurifolia, Ruschia 

spp., Stoebe nervigera, Thesium ericifolium and Zygophyllum fulvum. At present 

only one rare species, Agathosma sp. nov. (anysbergensis), that is endemic to this 

unit is known to occur here. 

The Montagu Mesic Aster Fynbos unit is a most peculiar unit that only occurs on 

a single shale band that runs up the northern slopes of the Langeberg in a fairly high 

rainfall area. The vegetation is dominated by asteraceous shrubs (Elytropappus spp, 

Metalasia spp, Stoebe spp.) with Proteas and Ericas sparse. It is recognized as a 

unique unit because it has its own local endemic, the rather rare Metalasia 

oligocephala. 

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5.3.4 Mountain Fynbos 

5.3.4.1 Restioid Fynbos 

The Lemoenshoek Restioid Fynbos is structurally very similar to the Montagu Restioid 

Fynbos, but the species present differs. Those recorded from this unit include the 

following; Adromischus triflorus, Agathosma ovata, Anthospermum galioides, 

Aspalathus acanthes, Aspalathus grandiflora, Cannamois parviflora, Centella virgata, 

Clutia ericoides, Corymbium glabrum, Crassula atropurpurea, Crassula muscosa, 

Cymbopogon marginatus, Diosma prama, Ehrharta ramosa, Erica anguliger, Erica 

rosacea, Erica versicolor, Euclea polyandra, Ficinia filifolia, Ficinia filiformis, Ficinia 

nigrescens, Hermannia odorata, Hypodiscus striatus, Leucadendron salignum, 

Leucospermum calligerum, Lobelia linearis, Lobostemon decorus, Machairophyllum 

cookii, Merxmuellera arundinacea, Metalasia densa, Muraltia heisteria, Paranomus 

spathulatus, Passerina obtusifolia, Pelargonium fruticosum, Pelargonium tricolor, 

Pentashistis eriostoma, Pentzia elegans, Phylica axillaris, Phylica mairea, Polygala 

umbellata, Protea lorifolia, Protea repens, Relhania calycina, Rhodocoma fruticosa, 

Serruria balanocephala, Stoebe microphylla, Syncarpha paniculata, Tetraria cuspidata and 

Willdenowia glomerata. Erica barrydalensis is the only rare species known from this unit. 

Despite its limited extent the Hutchinson Arid Restioid Fynbos is quite a unique unit. It 

is restricted to the flat tops of a few silcrete hills. In deeper soils the vegetation is 

dominated by Thamnochortus karooica, but Pteronia fascicularis is most abundant in 

shallow, rocky soils. A rich assemblage of drought resilient shrubs also occur here, 

including Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Euryops rehmannii, Felicia filifolia, Passerina spp. 

and Muraltia spp., but Ericas and Proteas are rare or absent. Many succulents occur on 

the rocky outcrops (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Conophytum joubertii, Crassula spp., Euphorbia 

clandestina, Haworthia cf. magnifica, Haworthia pumila, Othonna spp. and Senecio spp.), 

some of them are rare species, such as Euphorbia pseudoglobosa and a Senecio sp.nov. 

(cf. citriformis). A small gnarled Erica that grows on the silcrete boulders may be 

something new and restricted to this unit. Geophytes are not uncommon, with often a 

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great variety of Oxalis spp. sometimes present. Why the odd name? On the 1st November 

1928 John Hutchinson walked up one of these hills and predicted that this vegetation will 

one day be recognized as a unique vegetation unit, characterized by species such as 

Pteronia fascicularis. 

Proteas and Ericas are rare or absent in the Warmwaterberg Arid Restioid Fynbos, but 

Rhodocoma arida is locally abundant to dominant in places. The unit is not rich in 

species, with only a few shrub species present (e.g. Eriocephalus africanus, Euryops 

rehmanii, Felicia filifolia, Passerina obtusifolia, etc.). Dodonaea angustifolia and 

Elytropappus rhinocerotis are also present, but they are never abundant. A few succulents 

(Aloe comptonii, Crassula rupestris, Ruschia caroli, Smicrostigma viride, etc.) occur 

here, but they are not abundant. Grasses (e.g. Cymbopogon marginatus, Pentashistis 

pallida, etc.) are present, but not very abundant. A few stunted Euclea undulata, 

Maytenus oleoides and Rhus undulata trees are occasionally present, but they are never 

common. The unit is thus somewhat similar to the Touwsberg Fynbos-Gwarrieveld, but 

here species such as Crotalaria lebeckioides are absent, the woody component poorly 

developed and the Restio component much better developed. 

The Harmonie Arid Restioid Fynbos unit is most similar to the Warmwaterberg Arid 

Restioid Fynbos, with Rhodocoma arida dominant in places and most of the other species 

also present, but it differs in having the fynbos component better developed with some 

Proteaceae such as Serruria acrocarpa present. 

The Rooiberg Arid Restioid Fynbos unit is easy to recognize as it also has Rhodocoma 

arida abundant to dominant in places. It is richer in species than most of the other Arid 

Restioid Fynbos units with the following species recorded in this unit; Acmadenia 

sheiliae, Agathosma capensis, Agathosma mundii, Aspalathus rubens, Centella virgata, 

Cliffortia crenata, Diascia patens, Diosma apetala, Diosma prama, Diospyros 

dichrophylla, Euryops erectus, Euryops rehmannii, Lobostemon decorus, Lobostemon 

paniculatus, Muraltia dispersa, Muraltia ericaefolia, Muraltia scoparia, Paranomus 

roodebegensis, Pelargonium caucalifolium, Pelargonium tricolor, Pentashistis airoides, 

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Pentashistis eriostoma, Pentzia dentata, Pentzia elegans, Phylica lanata, Phylica 

willdenowiana, Polygala microlopha, Polygala wittebergensis, Protea humiflora, Pteronia 

fasciculata, Pteronia membranacea, Rafnia racemosa, Relhania calycina, Senecio 

juniperinus, Sutera subnuda, Thamnochortus rigidus, Ursinia heterodonta, Zygophyllum 

fulvum and Zygophyllum sessilifolium. Several rare and localized endemic species are 

known from this unit, including Agathosma lanata, Alonsoa peduncularis, Haworthia 

blackburniae var. blackburniae, Muraltia cliffortiifolia and Senecio muirii. 

The Sandberg Arid Restioid Fynbos is most similar to the Rooiberg Arid Restioid 

Fynbos, with Rhodocoma arida abundant in places, but here some Protea nitida may be 

present on south facing slopes and Merxmuellera arundinacea can be common on rocky 

north facing slopes. The uncommon tree Lachnostylos bilocularis often occur in fire- 

protected rocky sites and Aspalathus hystrix, Ischyrolepis ocreata and Ischyrolepis 

gaudichaudiana is sometimes abundant on steep south facing slopes. 

The Kamanassie Arid Restioid Fynbos is somewhat similar to the Rooiberg Arid 

Restioid Fynbos as Rhodocoma arida is also dominant in most sites. This unit is, 

however, more arid as it is largely restricted to rocky, sandy soils (often underlain by 

silcrete) on north facing slopes. Succulents (e.g. Adromischus triflorus, Aloe comptonii, 

Bulbine frutescens, Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia heptagona, Gasteria brachyphylla, 

Haworthia arachnoidea, Pelargonium alternans, Pelargonium carnosum, etc.) are often 

prominent on rocky sites, along with some stunted trees (e.g. Euclea undulata, Maytenus 

oleoides, Osyris compressa and Rhus undulata). Geophytes (Boophane disticha, Drimia 

anomala, Haemanthus albiflos, etc.) are occasionally abundant, but grasses (e.g. 

Cymbopogon marginatus) are uncommon. The only rare species known to occur in this 

unit is the localized endemic Erica kamenassieae. 

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5.3.4.2 Grassy Fynbos 

The Waboomsberg Grassy Fynbos unit is very similar to the Klein Swartberg Grassy 

Fynbos in its structure, common species present and with Merxmuellera arundinacea 

dominant in places. It only differs in having a higher shrub component present, including 

Leucadendron teretifolium, a species that is absent in the Klein Swartberg Grassy 

Fynbos. It also lacks the rare Acmadenia argillophila and, although none are currently 

known, may contain its own endemic species. 

The Klein Swartberg Grassy Fynbos occurs mostly on the Rietvlei geological 

formation, where a somewhat higher nutrient status of the soils may account for the 

graminoid component present in this unit. Grass species that are abundant include 

Cymbopogon plurinodes, Ehrharta capensis, Ehrharta ramosa, Merxmuellera 

arundinacea, Merxmuellera stricta, Pentameris distichophylla, Pentameris macrocalycina, 

Pentaschistis eriostoma, Pentaschistis malouiensis and Pentaschistis pallida. The rarity of 

non-sprouting Proteaceae (only a few Leucadendron pubescens) and occasional 

abundance of Leucadendron salignum may be due to frequent fires in the past, but it may 

also be due to strong competitive interactions from the graminoid component. Other 

shrubs (e.g. Aspalathus rubens, Erica plukenetii, Erica speciosa, Pelargonium fruticosum, 

Struthiola argentea) are not abundant, but Restios (e.g. Hypodiscus striatus, Rhodocoma 

fruticosa, Thamnochortus rigidus, etc.) are not uncommon. This unit is usually free of 

alien plant species even although some of it has been exposed to grazing by domestic 

stock in the past. Acmadenia argillophila is the only rare species known from this unit. 

The Warmwaterberg Grassy Fynbos unit is very similar to the Klein Swartberg Grassy 

Fynbos in its structure, common species present and with Merxmuellera arundinacea 

dominant in places. It is also somewhat similar to the Waboomsberg Grassy Fynbos unit 

in having a higher shrub component (e.g. Chrysanthemoides monilifera, Cullumia 

bisulca, Erica speciosa, Euryops erectus, Paranomus dispersus, Phylica axillaris, etc.), but 

is distinctive as it has rare species such as Erica barrydalensis present. 

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The Bosluiskloof Grassy Fynbos unit is similar and somewhat intermediate between the 

Rooiberg - and Klein Swartberg Grassy Fynbos units, but it also has the characteristic 

Merxmuellera arundinacea dominant in places. Proteaceae remain sparse, but 

Leucadendron salignum and Protea canaliculata occasionally occur on south facing 

slopes. The shrub component is well developed in deeper soils with species such as 

Acmadenia sheiliae, Agathosma ovata, Clutia polifolia, Cullumia bisulca, Erica speciosa, 

Passerina obtusifolia, Phylica axillaris, Oedera squarrosa and Selago brevifolia present. 

The only known uncommon species present is Satyrium pallens. 

The Gamkaberg Grassy Fynbos is also most similar to the Klein Swartberg Grassy 

Fynbos in its structure as it shares most of the common species and in having 

Merxmuellera arundinacea dominant in places. It differs mostly in the somewhat sparse 

shrub component present. Here the tall Heliophila glauca may be prominent along with 

other shrubs such as Chrysanthemoides monilifera, Cullumia bisulca, Erica speciosa, 

Leucospermum wittebergense, Muraltia ericaefolia and Phylica lanata. An odd feature is 

the occasional abundance of the geophyte Boophane disticha, often along with a few 

Aloe ferox present and a localized abundance of Themeda triandra. No rare species are 

known from this unit. 

The Rooiberg Grassy Fynbos is intermediate between the Gamkaberg - and Klein 

Swartberg Grassy Fynbos units in its species composition, but it shares the common 

denominator in having Merxmuellera arundinacea dominant in places and a paucity of 

other species relative to other fynbos units. It differs from the other Grassy Fynbos units 

in having its own combination of species present, with Centella virgata, 

Chrysanthemoides monilifera, Cullumia bisulca, Diosma apetala, Erica speciosa, 

Heliophila glauca, Leucospermum wittebergense, Muraltia dispersa, Muraltia ericaefolia, 

Pelargonium laevigatum, Pelargonium tricolor, Phylica axillaris, Phylica lanata, Polygala 

wittebergensis and occasionally Tritoniopsis antholyza present. No rare species are 

known from this unit either. 

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The Kamanassie Grassy Fynbos is very similar to the Rooiberg Grassy Fynbos in its 

structure and common species present, but it differs in having some more eastern 

elements present, such as the grass-like Protea intonsa. No rare or endemic species are 

known to occur in this unit. 

The Kouga Grassy Fynbos is also characterized by having Merxmuellera arundinacea 

dominant on north facing slopes with few Proteas and Ericas on these north facing slopes, 

in this unit Protea nitida and shrubs such as Erica cerinthoides, Erica simulans, 

Leucadendron salignum and Leucospermum cuneiforme are occasionally prominent in 

small patches on south facing slopes. It shares most of its common species with the 

Grassy Fynbos of the more western areas (e.g. Heliophila glauca, Osteospermum 

imbricatum, etc.), but some of the species present in the Kouga Grassy Fynbos (e.g. 

Agathosma puberula and Muraltia juniperifolia, etc.) are absent from all the other Grassy 

Fynbos units of the Little Karoo domain. It also differs from most of the other Grassy 

Fynbos units in often having sweet grasses (C4 species such as Themeda triandra) quite 

abundant after fire. 

The Eastern Swartberg Grassy Fynbos most similar to the Kamanassie Grassy Fynbos 

in its structure and common and uncommon species such Protea intonsa, but it differs in 

having some localized endemics present, such as Muraltia carnosa, that are absent from 

all the other units. 

The Gamkaberg Waboom-Grassy Fynbos is most similar to the Kouga Grassy Fynbos 

in having Waboom (Protea nitida) and shrubs such as Erica cerinthoides, Erica speciosa, 

Leucadendron salignum and Leucospermum cuneiforme occasionally prominent on south 

facing slopes. Protea lorifolia, Protea repens and other shrubs such as Agathosma 

capensis, Anthospermum spathulatum, Eriocephalus africanus, Oedera imbricata and 

Metalasia massonii may also be present in sites where the Waboom patches are more 

extensive. The unit is, however, most easily recognized by a relative abundance and 

occasionally local dominance of Aspalathus peduncularis, a feature not shared with any 

of the other Grassy Fynbos units. Sweet grasses (C4-grasses such as Themeda triandra) 

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are locally abundant where deep loamy soils occur, but they are prominent only for a few 

years after a fire. Geophytes are often abundant, some of which are uncommon species 

(e.g. Geissorhiza roseoalba, Romulea jugicola, Romulea vlokii, etc.). Other rare and local 

endemic species known from this unit include the seemingly very rare Harveya sp. nov. 

(cf hyobanchioides) and Asparagus oliveri, which is often locally abundant here. 

5.3.4.3 Waboomveld 

Protea nitida is prominent and often abundant in the Klein Swartberg Waboomveld. 

Other proteoid shrubs prominent include Leucadendron salignum, Protea lorifolia and 

Protea repens. Ericoid shrubs (e.g. Erica cerinthoides, Erica melanthera, Erica 

umbelliflora, etc.) are not uncommon, but grasses (sour grasses such as Aristida 

junciformis, Ehrharta ramosa, Merxmuellera disticha, Pentameris eriostoma, Pentashistis 

malouinensis, Pentashistis pallida, etc and sweet grasses such as Cymbopogon 

marginatus, Digitaria eriantha, Themeda triandra, etc.) are often abundant along with 

Restios (e.g. Hypodiscus striatus, Ischyrolepis capensis, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma 

capensis, Thamnochortus rigidus, etc.). It is most similar to the Groot Swartberg 

Waboomveld, but differs in having species present (such as Erica recta, Hymenolepis 

incisa, etc.) that are absent from the latter unit. No rare species are known from this unit, 

but there are bound to be some present as there are unusual geophytes present, such as an 

autumn flowering variant of Gladiolus rogersii. 

The Gamkaberg Waboomveld is also most easily identified in having Waboom (Protea 

nitida) prominent in the vegetation and possibly best known as it has the relatively 

recently discovered local endemic Mimetes chrysanthus present. It is like most other 

Waboomveld units also rich in other species. The species thus far recorded in this unit 

include; Agathosma capensis, Agathosma ovata, Agathosma roodebergensis, Albuca 

glandulosa, Amphithalea violacea, Anginon difforme, Anthospermum ciliare, Arctotheca 

calendula, Arctotis virgata, Aspalathus hystrix, Aspalathus laricifolia, Aspalathus 

pedunculata, Aspalathus rubens, Aspalathus sceptrum-aureum, Asparagus capensis, 

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Asparagus oliveri, Babiana sambucina, Berkheya angustifolia, Bobartia orientalis, 

Brachycarpaea juncea, Brunia nodiflora, Centella virgata, Ceterach cordatum, 

Cheilanthes multifida, Cheilanthes parviloba, Chironia baccifera, Chrysanthemoides 

monilifera, Chrysocoma valida, Cineraria geifolia, Cliffortia pulchella, Cliffortia 

ruscifolia, Clutia polifolia, Crassula biplanata, Crassula muscosa, Crassula tetragona, 

Cullumia bisulca, Cyanella lutea, Cyclopia intermedia, Cymbopogon plurinodes, Diascia 

parviflora, Dimorphotheca acutifolia, Dimorphotheca nudicaulis, Diosma apetala, 

Diosma prama, Disperago ericoides, Ehrharta bulbosa, Ehrharta calycina, Ehrharta 

ramosa, Elegia filacea, Elytropappus adpressus, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Empodium 

plicatum, Eragrostis curvula, Erica anguliger, Erica articularis, Erica cerinthoides, Erica 

coccinea, Erica melanthera, Erica speciosa, Eriocephalus africanus, Euclea polyandra, 

Euryops erectus, Euryops rehmanii, Felicia filifolia, Ficinia nigrescens, Ficinia 

ramosissima, Freylinia decurrens, Garuleum bipinnatum, Gladiolus floribundus, 

Gladiolus patersoniae, Gladiolus permeabilis, Gomphocarpus cancellatus, Harveya 

capensis, Helichrysum anomalum, Helichrysum felinum, Helichrysum zeyheri, 

Heliophila glauca, Heliophila scoparia, Hermannia cuneifolia, Hermannia filifolia, 

Hermannia flammula, Hermannia holosericea, Hermannia salviifolia, Hermannia vestita, 

Hertia alata, Hesperantha falcata, Hymenolepis incisa, Hypocalyptus sophoroides, 

Hypodiscus striatus, Indigofera heterophylla, Indigofera mundiana, Ischyrolepis capensis, 

Ischyrolepis gaudichaudianus, Ischyrolepis triflora, Lachnaea ruscifolia, Lachnaea striata, 

Leucadendron rubrum, Leucadendron salignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, 

Leucospermum wittebergense, Linum africanum, Lobelia linearis, Lobelia tomentosa, 

Lobostemon fruticosa, Lobostemon glaucophyllus, Merxmuellera arundinacea, 

Merxmuelera stricta, Metalasia massonii, Metalasia pallida, Metalasia pulcherrima, 

Microloma saggitatum, Mohria caffrorum, Montinia carophyllacea, Moraea algoensis, 

Moraea gawleri, Muraltia ericaefolia, Muraltia ericoides, Nemesia fruticans, Oedera 

genistifolia, Oedera imbricata, Oedera squarrosa, Oftia africana, Osteospermum bolusii, 

Osteospermum glabrum, Osteospermum junceum, Osteospermum pinnatum, 

Osteospermum polygaloides, Osteospermum triquetrum, Othonna carnosa, Othonna 

parviflora, Oxalis attaquana, Oxalis depresssa, Oxalis obtusa, Oxalis pes-caprae, 

Paranomus dispersus, Paranomus roodebergensis, Paranomus spathulatus, Passerina 

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obtusifolia, Pelargonium abrotanifolium, Pelargonium alternans, Pelargonium fruticosum, 

Pelargonium glutinosum, Pelargonium laevigatum, Pelargonium multicaule, Pelargonium 

myrrhifolium, Pelargonium scabrum, Pelargonium tricolor, Pentaschistis eriostoma, 

Pentashistis juncifolia, Pentashistis malouinensis, Pentzia dentata, Pentzia elegans, 

Phylica lanata, Phylica paniculata, Phylica purpurea, Polygala fruticosa, Polygala 

garcinii, Polygala microlopha, Polygala myrtifolia, Polygala wittebergensis, Printzia 

polifolia, Protea eximia, Protea neriifolia, Protea repens, Pteronia stricta, Rafnia capensis, 

Rafnia racemosa, Relhania calycina, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Scabiosa 

columbaria, Selago albida, Selago burchellii, Selago eckloniana, Selago luxurians, 

Senecio coronatus, Senecio juniperinus, Solanum tomentosum, Stoebe microphylla, 

Stoebe plumosa, Stoebe spiralis, Syncarpha canescens, Syncarpha ferruginea, Syncarpha 

milleflora, Syncarpha paniculata, Thamnochortus cinereus, Theilera guthriei, Thesium 

strictum, Tribolium uniolae, Tritonia pallida, Tritonia securigera, Ursinia nana, 

Wahlenbergia rubens and Watsonia fourcadei. Other rare species known in this unit 

include Felicia esterhuyseniae, Gladiolus emiliae, Heliophila rimicola, Leucadendron 

tinctum and Prismatocarpus cliffortioides. 

The Meiringspoort Waboomveld is most similar to the Seweweekspoort Waboomveld 

and easily identified by having Waboom (Protea nitida) prominent to locally abundant, 

with succulents (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Aloe ferox, Crassula rupestris, Senecio ficoides, 

etc.) and occasionally some trees (e.g. Lachnostylis bilocularis, Maytenus oleoides, 

Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus, Rhus lucida, Rhus undulata, etc.) prominent in rocky 

outcrops. In wet, fire-protected sites are even some Afromontane Forest elements (e.g. 

Cunonia capensis, Ilex mitis, Maytenus acuminatus, etc.) present. It differs mostly from 

all the other Waboomveld units in the rare and localized endemic species present, 

including species such as Erica primulina ssp. redacta. Erica umbratica, Haworthia vlokii, 

Pelargonium pseudoglutinosum and Tritonia sp.nov. (cf.securigera). 

The Outeniqua Waboomveld is most similar to the Fouriesberg Waboomveld, but 

differs it differs in often having Protea neriifolia prominent, lacking species such as 

Leucadendron teretifolium and having a different component of small shrubs, such as 

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Erica solandra. It is very often densely invaded by Hakea sericea, which threatens the 

uncommon and rare species present in this unit, such as Aspalathus glabrescens, Erica 

ingeana, Erica sp.nov (cf. alfredii) and Lotononis elongata. 

The presence to local abundance of Protea nitida is also the distinctive feature that 

distinguishes the Gamkaskloof Waboomveld from the adjacent Fynbos units. The grass 

component (including sweet grasses such as Themeda triandra) is also well developed 

here, but many other shrub species (e.g. Brachycarpaea juncea, Cullumia decurrens, Erica 

cerinthoides, Erica maesta, Erica recta, Helichrysum lancifolium, Lobostemon fruticosa, 

Protea canaliculata, Protea repens, Rafnia capensis, Rafnia racemosa, Syncarpha 

ferruginea, etc.) are also present. Geophytes (e.g. Babiana sambucina, Gladiolus 

floribundus, Gladiolus permeabilis, Ixia orientalis, etc.) are prominent after a fire. 

The Groot Swartberg Waboomveld is in most respects very similar to the Klein 

Swartberg Waboomveld, but it differs in having a different subset of rare and local 

endemic species present, such as Aspalathus vermiculata, Aulax cancellata, Brunsvigia 

josephiniae, Crassula latibracteata, Diascia patens and Disa lugens var. lugens. 

The Witberg Waboomveld is most similar to and share many of its common species 

with the Doringrivier Waboomveld, but it differs in the rare and localized endemic 

species present which include species such as Disa arida, Erica inflaticalyx, 

Leucospermum pluridens, Lotononis filiformis and Rafnia vlokii. It also shares many of 

its common species with the Gamkaberg Waboomveld, but Aspalathus pedunculata is 

less abundant here. 

The Rooiberg Waboomveld unit is most similar to the Gamkaberg Waboomveld as it 

also has Waboom (Protea nitida) prominent in the vegetation, along with most of the 

common species recorded in the Gamkaberg Waboomveld. It differs in lacking some of 

the Gamkaberg Waboomveld local endemics (e.g. Mimetes chrysanthus) and by having 

its own local endemic species, such as Aspalathus karooensis and Metalasia tricolor. It is 

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perhaps most easily distinguished by having other more common species more 

prominent, such as Acmadenia sheiliae and Paranomus dispersus. 

The presence and occasional local abundance of Protea nitida is also the distinctive 

feature that distinguishes the Montagu Waboomveld from all the adjacent Fynbos units. 

The grass component (mostly sour grasses such as Ehrharta ramosa, Merxmuellera 

arundinacea, Merxmuellera stricta, Pentameris distichophylla, Pentameris macrocalycina, 

Pentaschistis eriostoma, Pentaschistis malouiensis and Pentaschistis pallida) is also well 

developed in this unit. It can be distinguished from all the other Waboomveld units in the 

rare and localized endemic species present that include species such as Coleonema 

virgatum, Paranomus candicans and Protea subulifolia. 

The Woeska Waboomveld is most similar to the Fouriesberg Waboomveld as they share 

many common species. The combination of rare and localized endemic species present in 

the Woeska Waboomveld is, however, quite unique. Here one can find uncommon 

species such as Acmadenia macropetala, Amphithalea flava, Aspalathus florifera, Erepsia 

pentagona, Leucadendron teretifolium, Lotononis filiformis, Paranomus longicaulis, 

Protea aspera, Protea decurrens, Protea subulifolia and the very rare orchid Satyrium 

muticum. 

Protea nitida is also prominent and abundant in the Fouriesberg Waboomveld, often 

along with other proteoid shrubs such as Leucadendron salignum, Leucadendron 

teretifolium, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Protea repens and occasionally Protea 

decurrens. The grass component is often well developed with sweet grass species (e.g. 

Themeda triandra) and sedges (e.g. Schoenoxiphium ecklonii) not uncommon. It is the 

home of several rare and uncommon species, including Erepsia pentagona, Erica 

brachycentra, Cyrthanthus carneus, Satyrium pumilum and Xiphotheca phylicoides. 

The Seweweekspoort Waboomveld is also easily identified by having Waboom (Protea 

nitida) prominent and often locally abundant. It is most similar to the Klein Swartberg 

Waboomveld, but is more arid with succulents (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Aloe ferox, Crassula 

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upestris, Haworthia habdomadis, etc.) prominent on rocky outcrops and occasionally 

also some trees (e.g. Lachnostylis bilocularis, Maytenus oleoides, Pterocelastrus 

tricuspidatus, Rhus lucida, etc.). A number of rare species occur here, Berkheya francisci, 

Crassula brachystachya, Euphorbia horrida, Gladiolus caryophyllaceus, Lotononis 

acocksii and Polygala pottebergensis. 

The Doringrivier Waboomveld is most similar to the Outeniqua - and Fouriesberg 

Waboomveld units, but differs in being more arid with Protea lorifolia often prominent. 

Succulents (e.g. Aloe lineata var. muirii) are often prominent on rocky north facing 

slopes. This unit is also often densely invaded by Hakea sericea, which threatens the 

uncommon species present in this unit, such as Gladiolus mutabilis and the localized 

endemic Leucadendron olens. 

The species present in the Kamanassie Waboomveld is somewhat intermediate between 

those that occur in the Groot Swartberg - and Outeniqua Waboomveld units. Protea nitida 

is also abundant and prominent in this unit. This unit is rich in species with the following 

species recorded here; Agathosma capensis, Agathosma ovata, Artemisia afra, Aspalathus 

alpestris, Aspalathus laricifolia, Babiana sambucina, Bulbinella cauda-felis, Cannamois 

scirpoides, Chrysanthemoides monilifera, Cineraria alchemilloides, Cliffortia linearifolia, 

Cliffortia neglecta, Cliffortia ramossisima, Cliffortia ruscifolia, Clutia polifolia, Ehrharta 

bulbosa, Elegia filacea, Eragrostis chloromelas, Erica cerinthoides, Erica maesta, Erica 

melanthera, Eriocephalus africanus, Felicia filifolia, Ferraria divaricata, Ficinia 

nigrescens, Freylinia densiflora, Haemanthus albiflos, Helichrysum cylindriflorum, 

Helichrysum teretifolium, Hermannia diffusa, Hermannia multiflora, Hypodiscus striatus, 

Ischyrolepis capensis, Ischyrolepis hystrix, Ischyrolepis unispicata, Leucadendron 

salignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Lobostemon fruticosus, Lobostemon marlothii, 

Muraltia dispersa, Oedera squarrosa, Othonna auriculifolia, Othonna lobata, Oxalis 

obtusata, Oxalis punctata, Passerina obtusifolia, Pelargonium scabrum, Pelargonium 

suburbanum, Pelargonium tricolor, Pentzia dentata, Phylica paniculata, Polygala 

microlopha, Polygala myrtifolia, Protea neriifolia, Protea repens, Restio multiflorus, 

Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Ruschia lineolata, Senecio cotyledonis, Senecio 

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ilicifolius, Spiloxene trifurcillata, Struthiola macowanii, Sutera campanulata, Tephrosia 

capensis, Tetraria cuspidata and Willdenowia teres. The combination of rare and 

localized endemic species differs from any other Waboomveld unit, with the following 

uncommon species recorded; Acmadenia maculata, Agathosma affinis, Cliffortia arcuata, 

Erica passerinae, Gladiolus leptosiphon, Lachenalia haarlemensis, Lachnostylis 

bilocularis, Lampranthus scaber, Paranomus esterhuyseniae, Pelargonium denticulatum 

and Romulea jugicola. 

The Potjiesrivier Waboomveld is most similar to the Kamanassie Waboomveld as it 

often also has Leucadendron salignum, Protea neriifolia and Protea repens present 

amongst the Waboom (Protea nitida) trees. Sedges (e.g. Ficinia bulbosa, Tetraria 

capillacea, Tetraria cuspidata, Tetraria ustulata, etc.) are here often abundant with grasses 

(e.g. Merxmuellera stricta, Pentameris distichophylla, Pentameris macrocalycina, 

Pentaschistis eriostoma, Pentaschistis malouiensis, Pentaschistis pallida and Themeda 

triandra). Several rare and local endemic species occur here, including Acmadenia 

maculata, Disa spathulata ssp. tripartita, Erica trachysantha, and Erica sp.nov. 

(cf.aneimena), Geissorhiza roseoalba, Gladiolus fourcadei, Lampranthus scaber and 

Watsonia elsiae. 

The De Vlugt Forest-Waboomveld is a very distinctive unit as small patches of forest 

(with species such as Buddleja salviifolia, Diospyros dichrophylla, Pittosporum 

viridiflorum, Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus, Rhus chirendensis, Virgilia divaricata, etc.) are 

often present on steep south facing slopes. Waboom (Protea nitida) remain prominent in 

the matrix fynbos, along with Leucadendron salignum, Protea neriifolia and occasionally 

Leucadendron eucalyptifolium. Other shrubs are also abundant, with Erica copiosa, Erica 

sparsa and Printzia polifolia abundant. Succulents (e.g. Aloe arborescens, Bulbine 

latifolia, Crassula rupestris, Haworthia cymbiformis, etc.) are abundant on rocky 

outcrops, despite the fact that this unit occurs in a fairly high rainfall area. 

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5.3.4.4 Arid Proteoid Fynbos 

The Waboomsberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos occurs in rocky sandy soil on north and south 

facing slopes. Reliable indicators of this unit are Protea laurifolia, Protea lorifolia and 

Protea repens that are quite abundant along with Leucadendron teretifolium and 

Leucadendron salignum. Ericaceae is not very abundant, but typical species present are 

Erica cerinthoides and Erica monsoniana. Restionaceae are abundant with Cannamois 

scirpoides, Hypodiscus striatus and Rhodocoma fruticosa typical species. There are a 

number of localized endemics and rare species in this unit, including Acmadenia 

matroosbergensis, Anderbergia vlokii, Cliffortia hantamensis, Disa ovalifolia, Lachnaea 

oliverorum, Stirtonanthus insignis and Vlokia ater. 

The Anysberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos is restricted to often shallow and rocky sandy soils 

derived from the Skurweberg formation. Here the species dominance vary much, 

depending on aspect, slope and the depth of the soil, but this unit is easily recognized by 

an abundance or dominance by species such as Aspalathus rubens, Cannomois scirpoides, 

Erica rosacea, Hypodiscus aristatus, Hypodiscus striatus, Ischyrolepis hystrix, 

Leucadendron pubescens, Leucadendron rubrum, Leucospermum wittebergense, 

Metalasia pallida, Passerina vulgaris, Pentameris macrocalycina, Phylica lanata, Protea 

laurifolia, Protea lorifolia, Protea repens and Thamnochortus rigidus. This unit is 

structurally similar to the Matjiesgoed Fynbos but differs in the species present. Species 

such as Leucadendron teretifolium are absent, while others such as Leucospermum 

wittebergense are present. Included in this unit are the Fynbos related communities that 

occur in the ravines on the southern and northern slopes. These communities differ much 

from those on the open slopes and have species such as Anisodontea relexa, Anisodontea 

triloba, Psoralea affinis and Psoralea sordida present. The rocky slopes of these ravines 

harbor many succulents such as Aloe comptonii, some of which are uncommon species 

such as Haworthia wittebergensis. The rare and endemic species known to be present in 

this unit include Aspalathus sp.nov. (cf. sceptrum-aureum-acanthes), Cliffortia conifera, 

Dispris bodkinii and Erica insignis. 

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Proteaceae are also abundant in the Barrydale Arid Proteoid Fynbos, with Protea lorifolia, 

Protea repens and Leucadendron salignum prominent and abundant, but a number of 

other uncommon Proteaceae species also occur here, including Leucadendron 

spissifolium ssp. spissifolium, Leucospermum mundii, Paranomus spathulatus, Protea 

cordata, Protea lorea and Protea subulifolia. Ericas are not uncommon with Erica 

cerinthoides, Erica plukenetii and Erica vestita typical species. Other ericoid shrubs are 

also abundant, especially Muraltia heisteria, with Adenandra mundiifolia one of the more 

unusual species. Restios are abundant, with Cannamois scirpoides, Hypodiscus aristatus, 

Hypodiscus striatus, Rhodocoma fruticosa and Thamnochortus cinereus typical. 

Succulents occur in rocky sites, including Machairophyllum album. The localized 

endemic Aspalathus verbasciformis occurs in this unit. 

Proteas, Ericas and Restios are all abundant in the Kortefontein Arid Proteoid Fynbos 

unit. Species recorded here include; Amphithalea violacea, Aspalathus acanthes, Brunia 

nodiflora, Centella stenophylla, Ceratocaryum decipiens, Coelidium cymbifolium, 

Corymbium glabrum, Cullumia aculeata, Elegia galpinii, Elytropappus hispidus, Erica 

anguliger, Erica articularis, Erica plukenetii, Erica versicolor, Gerbera serrata, 

Hypodiscus albo-aristatus, Hypodiscus aristatus, Lanaria lanata, Leucadendron salignum, 

Leucospermum cuneiforme, Leucospermum mundii, Mastersiella purpurea, 

Osteospermum junceum, Osteospermum triquetrum, Pentashistis colorata, Phaenocoma 

prolifera, Phylica pinea, Protea repens, Restio filicaulis, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma 

fruticosa, Serruria balanocephala, Syncarpha paniculata, Tetraria cuspidata, Tetraria 

thermalis, Tetraria ustulata, Thamnochortus cinereus, Thesium carinatum, Wahlenbergia 

desmantha, Willdenowia glomerata and Zygophyllum fulvum. Rare and localized 

endemics that occur in this unit include Acmadenia nivenii, Aspalathus vulpina, 

Leucospermum saxatile, Metalasia galpinii, Leucospermum saxatile, Protea aspera, 

Stoebe monticola and Thamnochortus ellipticus. 

Proteas, Ericas and Restios are all abundant in the Gamkaskloof Arid Proteoid Fynbos 

unit, with Cannamois scirpoides, Erica cerinthoides, Erica melanthera, Hypodiscus 

aristatus, Hypodiscus striatus, Protea lorifolia, Protea repens, Leucadendron barkerae, 

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Leucadendron salignum, Paranomus dregei and Thamnochortus rigidus typical species. It 

differs from all the other Arid Proteoid Fynbos units in having the following localized 

endemics and rare species present; Athanasia virides, Cannomois sp.nov. Cliffortia 

aculeata, Cliffortia montana, Dimorphotheca montana, Dimorphotheca venusta, Erica 

insignis, Erica sp. nov., Gasteria vlokii, Helichrysum simulans, Leucadendron cordatum, 

Otholobium swartbergense and Romulea vlokii. 

The Witteberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos is largely restricted to sandy soils derived from the 

Witpoort formation. It is most similar to the Fynbos that occurs on the Matjiesgoed 

mountain range, with Protea laurifolia and Leucadendron pubescence abundant, but 

differs in having species such as Leucadendron cadens and Leucadendron teretifolium 

more prominent. An outlier of this unit, near the farm Klipfontein, occurs where a large 

section of the Witpoort formation is exposed. In this odd site occur species that are more 

typical of the more northern flora, e.g. Conophytum minimum (C. wittebergense). 

Only a small section of Montagu Arid Proteoid Fynbos is captured in the Little Karoo 

domain. It is most similar to the Waboomsberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos in having species 

such as Protea laurifolia and Leucadendron salignum abundant with other distinctive 

species such as Protea amplexicaulis present, but differs in having uncommon species 

such as Paranomus candicans present that are absent from all the other Arid Proteoid 

Fynbos units. Three rare species are known to occur in this unit, Coelidium pageae, 

Gladiolus stefaniae and Protea subulifolia. 

The Muiskraal Arid Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Kortefontein Arid Proteoid 

Fynbos unit as it also has species such as Aspalathus acanthes, Brunia nodiflora, 

Cannamois scirpoides, Ceratocaryum decipiens, Corymbium glabrum, Cullumia aculeata, 

Elegia galpinii, Erica anguliger, Erica articularis, Erica plukenetii, Erica versicolor, 

Gerbera serrata, Hypodiscus albo-aristatus, Hypodiscus aristatus, Lanaria lanata, 

Leucadendron salignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Leucospermum saxatile, 

Mastersiella purpurea, Metalasia galpinii, Osteospermum junceum, Osteospermum 

triquetrum, Paranomus spathulatus, Pentashistis colorata, Phaenocoma prolifera, Phylica 

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pinea, Protea repens, Restio filicaulis, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Serruria 

fasciflora, Syncarpha paniculata, Tetraria cuspidata, Tetraria thermalis, Tetraria ustulata, 

Thamnochortus cinereus, Thesium carinatum, Willdenowia glomerata and Zygophyllum 

fulvum present. It differs in having some other rare and highly localized endemic species 

such as Aspalathus longifolia, Leucospermum erubescens and Paranomus longicaulis 

present. 

The Rooiberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos unit also has Proteas, Ericas and Restios abundant, 

but it has quite distinctive combination of species. The species present indicate a 

relationship with the Arid Proteoid Fynbos that occur on both the coastal and inland 

mountain ranges. These species include Acmadenia sheiliae, Acmadenia wittebergense, 

Aspalathus hirta, Aspalathus hystrix, Aspalathus rubens, Aulax cancellata, Brachycarpaea 

juncea, Cannamois scirpoides, Cliffortia arcuata, Diosma apetala, Diosma prama, Erica 

melanthera, Erica spectabilis, Hermannia flammula, Lachnaea ruscifolia, Leucadendron 

comosum, Leucadendron ericifolium, Leucadendron rubrum, Leucadendron tinctum, 

Leucospermum cuneiforme, Leucospermum wittebergense, Merxmuellera stricta, 

Metalasia massonii, Metalasia pulcherrima, Muraltia horrida, Paranomus dispersus, 

Paranomus roodebergensis, Pelargonium fruticosum, Pelargonium tricolor, Phylica 

axillaris, Polygala fruticosa, Protea repens, Protea lorifolia, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Selago 

pulchra, Struthiola argentea, Syncarpha ferruginea, Syncarpha paniculata and 

Zygophyllum sessilifolium. Rare and localized endemic species present and that renders 

it different to all the other units are Acmadenia baileyensis, Aspalathus karrooensis and 

Nivenia argentea. 

Species present in the Elandsberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos is a mix of those that occur in 

the Witteberg - and Klein Swartberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos, but Proteas and Ericas are not 

prominent in this arid environment. Leucadendron rubrum, Leucadendron salignum, 

Leucospermum wittebergense, Protea lorifolia and Protea repens occur here, but are 

sparse. Quite distinctive, however, is a relative abundance of the uncommon Protea 

convexa along the crest of this mountain. Restricted to this unit is the unusual and very 

rare orchid Disa cochlearis. 

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The Klein Swartberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos unit can hardly be confused with any other 

Arid Proteoid Fynbos unit as it has two Proteaceae species endemic, Paranomus 

centaureoides and Protea aristata. Other distinctive species present include Arctotis 

pinnatifida, Cliffortia montana, Disa salteri, Erica syngenesia and Thamnochortus 

acuminatus. 

The Witberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Rooiberg Arid Proteoid 

Fynbos as it shares common species such as Aspalathus hystrix, Aspalathus rubens, 

Cannamois scirpoides, Erica cerinthoides, Erica melanthera, Hermannia flammula, 

Hypodiscus striatus, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Leucospermum wittebergense, 

Merxmuellera stricta, Metalasia massonii, Metalasia pulcherrima, Pelargonium 

fruticosum, Phylica axillaris, Protea repens, Protea lorifolia and Rhodocoma fruticosa. It 

also share rare species such as Agathosma lanata, Disa arida and Leucospermum 

pluridens, but it differs in having species such as Aspalathus sceptrum-aureum abundant 

here and having uncommon species such as Disa salteri and Romulea jugicola present. 

Some of these latter species become more prominent in the Arid Proteoid Fynbos units 

that are located towards the east. 

Proteas, Ericas and Restios are also abundant in the Matjiesrivier Arid Proteoid 

Fynbos, which is most similar to the Gamkaskloof Arid Proteoid Fynbos in sharing 

common species such as Cannamois scirpoides, Erica cerinthoides, Erica melanthera, 

Hypodiscus striatus, Protea lorifolia, Protea repens, Leucadendron salignum and 

Thamnochortus rigidus, but it differs in lacking the local endemics species typical of the 

Gamkaskloof unit and having some Protea punctata present on south facing slopes. It 

may well have its own endemics, but this unit requires further investigation. 

Not only Proteas, Ericas and Restios are abundant in the Doringrivier Arid Proteoid 

Fynbos, but also sedges and grasses. Typical abundant species include Aspalathus 

rubens, Aspalathus sceptrum-aureum, Erica glomiflora, Erica versicolor, Erica speciosa, 

Ficinia deusta, Hypodiscus aristatus, Hypodiscus striatus, Ischyrolepis capensis, 

Leucadendron salignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Pentameris eriostoma, Pentameris 

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macrocalycina, Pentashistis malouinensis, Pentashistis pallida, Protea eximia, Protea 

lorifolia, Protea repens, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Tetraria cuspidata, Tetraria ustulata and 

Thamnochortus rigidus. Rare and local endemic species known from this unit are Aloe 

lineata var. muirii, Aspalathus glabrescens, Erica vlokii, Erica zebrensis and Haworthia 

outeniquensis. 

The Kamanassie Arid Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Doringrivier Arid 

Proteoid Fynbos in having species such as Agathosma capensis, Agathosma ovata, 

Aspalathus hystrix, Erica versicolor, Erica speciosa, Ficinia deusta, Hypodiscus aristatus, 

Hypodiscus striatus, Ischyrolepis capensis, Leucadendron salignum, Leucospermum 

cuneiforme, Pentameris eriostoma, Pentameris macrocalycina, Pentashistis malouinensis, 

Pentashistis pallida, Protea lorifolia, Protea repens, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Tetraria 

cuspidata, Tetraria ustulata and Thamnochortus rigidus prominent and abundant, but it 

differs in having uncommon species such as Cliffortia dispar, Cliffortia polita, Cliffortia 

robusta, Lampranthus diffusus and Leucospermum royenifolium present. The orange-red 

variant of Leucadendron salignum is quite abundant here, indicating that there is a shift in 

genetic material of this species in this unit. 

The Kouga Arid Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Kamanassie Arid Proteoid 

Fynbos in having species such as Agathosma capensis, Agathosma ovata, Erica speciosa, 

Hypodiscus aristatus, Hypodiscus striatus, Ischyrolepis capensis, Leucadendron 

salignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Pentameris eriostoma, Pentameris macrocalycina, 

Pentashistis malouinensis, Pentashistis pallida, Protea lorifolia, Protea repens, 

Rhodocoma fruticosa, Tetraria cuspidata, Tetraria ustulata and Thamnochortus rigidus 

prominent and abundant, but it differs in having uncommon and localized endemic 

species such as Agathosma spinosa, Erica flocciflora, Erica passerinae, Erica saxigena, 

Lachnaea glomerata and Relhania decussata present. It also show some affiliation with 

the more eastern fynbos vegetation, with for instance the local variant of Protea lorifolia 

being similar to those found in the Baviaanskloof mountains. 

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5.3.4.5 Mesic Proteoid Fynbos 

The Waboomsberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Waboomsberg Arid 

Proteoid Fynbos, but can be easily recognized by the difference in its proteoid 

component. Here species such as Leucadendron eucalyptifolium, Leucadendron 

salicifolium, Protea eximia and Protea neriifolia displace the proteoid shrubs that are 

indicators of the Arid Fynbos unit. No rare species are known from this unit, but I have 

little doubt that there would be several species endemic to this unit. 

The Anysberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is restricted to sandy soils derived from the 

Skurweberg formation located on the upper moist southern slopes of the Anysberg. This 

unit is easily recognized by the relative abundance of species such as Brunia nodiflora, 

Cannamois virgata, Protea eximia and Protea punctata. Ericoid and restioid and 

graminoid elements are often co-dominant, with species such as Agathosma capensis, 

Cliffortia mirabilis, Clutia laxa, Elegia filacea, Erica anguliger, Erica copiosa, Erica 

plukenetii, Hypodiscus synhroolepis, Leucadendron salignum, Pentameris macrocalycina, 

Phylica lanata, Rhodocoma capensis, Rhodocoma fruticosa and Tetraria cuspidata 

abundant. A rich variety of other species, such as Agathosma barnesii, Agathosma ovata, 

Cyclopia subternata, Erica selaginifolia, Leucadendron barkerae, Leucadendron 

comosum, Leucadendron eucalyptifolium, Leucadendron rubrum, Leucadendron 

salicifolium, Pelargonium laevigatum, Restio burchellii, Restio triticeus, Stoebe plumosa, 

Vexatorella obtusata ssp. albomontana and Watsonia marlothii are also present and 

characteristic of this unit. A number of highly localized endemic species are known from 

the upper peak sites, such as Adenandra dahlgrenii, Disa lineata, Erica sp.nov. (cf. 

lehmanii) and Muraltia bondii. 

Having a relative abundance of Leucadendron salignum present on the open slopes and 

Leucadendron eucalyptifolium present in wetter sites easily identifies the Touwsberg 

Mesic Proteoid Fynbos. This unit shares some rare and uncommon species with the 

Klein Swartberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos, such as Brachysiphon microphyllus, 

Leucadendron tinctum and Phylica wittebergensis, but differs in lacking many of the 

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other Klein Swartberg endemics. It also has some uncommon species present that are 

more typical of the more western mountain ranges, e.g. Xiphotheca fruticosa. 

The Warmwaterberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Touwsberg Mesic 

Proteoid Fynbos in having Leucadendron salignum abundant on open slopes and some 

Leucadendron eucalyptifolium present in wetter sites, but it differs in having other 

species present (such as Cyclopia sessiliflora and Leucadendron spissifolium ssp. 

spissifolium) that are absent from the Touwsberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos. It shares some 

rare species with the Proteoid Fynbos of the Langeberg, such as Leucospermum 

erubescens. 

The Kanetberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos can be recognized by having the following 

proteoid shrubs present; Aulax pallasia, Leucadendron eucalyptifolium, Leucadendron 

salignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Leucadendron salicifolium, Leucadendron 

spissifolium ssp. spissifolium, Leucadendron tinctum, Leucospermum mundii, Mimetes 

cucculatus, Protea cordata, Protea coronata, Protea eximia, Protea grandiceps, Protea 

neriifolia, Protea repens and Serruria fasciflora. This unit is rich in species, with the 

following also recorded in this unit; Adenandra mundiifolia, Agathosma cerefolium, 

Anthospermum galioides, Anthospermum spathulatum, Aristea racemosa, Athrixia 

heterophylla, Berzelia intermedia, Brunia nodiflora, Cannamois parviflora, Centella 

glabrata, Chrysithrix capensis, Cliffortia pulchella, Clutia alaternoides, Clutia ericoides, 

Corymbium glabratum, Cullumia aculeata, Cyclopia sessiliflora, Ehrharta dura, Elegia 

filacea, Elegia galpinii, Elegia juncea, Erica cerinthoides, Erica daphniflora, Erica 

longimontana, Erica versicolor, Erica vestita, Gerbera crocea, Gnidia galpinii, 

Haplocarpha lanata, Helichrysum rotundifolium, Hypodiscus albo-aristatus, Hypodiscus 

aristatus, Indigofera pappei, Ischyrolepis ocreata, Lachnaea penicellata, Lanaria lanata, 

Mastersiella purpurea, Merxmuellera decora, Merxmuellera rufa, Merxmuellera stricta, 

Metalasia pungens, Muraltia ciliaris, Pelargonium ovalifolium, Penaea cneorum, 

Pentashistis colorata, Petalacte epaleata, Phaenocoma prolifera, Phylica mairei, Rafnia 

cuneifolia, Restio filicaulis, Restio filiformis, Restio inconspicuus, Rhodocoma fruticosa, 

Schizaea pectinata, Staberoha cernua. Stoebe saxatilis, Struthiola ciliata, Syncarpha 

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paniculata, Tetraria brachyphylla, Tertraria bromoides, Tetraria cuspidata, Tetraria 

fasciata, Tetraria fimbriolata, Tetraria ustulata, Thamnochortus cinereus, Willdenowia 

bolusii and Willdenowia glomerata. Rare and localized endemic species recorded in this 

unit include Acmadenia nivenii, Acmadenia trigona, Acrolophia barbata, Erica 

barrydalensis and Leucadendron nervosum. 

The Muiskraal Mesic Proteoid Fynbos share most of the common species and is thus 

most similar to the Kanetberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos, but it has its own set of rare and 

local endemic species, such as Acmadenia burchellii, Disa schlechteriana, Erica garciae 

and Lobostemon muirii. 

The Kamanassie Mesic Proteoid Fynbos can be easily recognized. and differs from the 

Kamanassie Arid Proteoid Fynbos, by its proteoid shrub component. Here Leucadendron 

eucalyptifolium, Protea eximia, Protea punctata and Protea neriifolia are abundant to 

locally dominant. It differs from all the other Mesic Proteoid Fynbos units in having the 

following rare and local endemic species present, Agathosma affinis, Amphithalea 

axillaris, Bobartia paniculata, Cyclopia alopecuroides, Cyclopia plicata, Disa lugens var. 

lugens, Erica costatisepala, Erica inordinata, Geissorhiza elsiae, Gladiolus fourcadei, 

Lachnaea glomerata, Leucadendron rourkei, Liparia gensitoides, Oxalis fourcadei, 

Paranomus esterhuyseniae, Protea grandiceps and Romulea vlokii. 

The Kouga Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Kamanassie Mesic Proteoid 

Fynbos as Leucadendron eucalyptifolium, Protea eximia, Protea punctata and Protea 

neriifolia are also abundant to locally dominant in this unit, but it differs in its rare and 

local endemic component. Here the following species are present; Agathosma spinosa, 

Erica kougabergensis, Erica saptouensis, Cyclopia plicata, Leucadendron sorocephalodes 

and in rocky outcrops, Encephalartos longifolius and Widdringtonia schwarzii. 

The Attaquas Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Doornrivier Mesic Proteoid 

Fynbos in having Leucadendron eucalyptifolium, Mimetes cucullatus, Protea aurea, 

Protea eximia, Protea neriifolia and Serruria fasciflora prominent in the proteoid 

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component, but differs in also having Aulax cancellata and Protea coronata present. It 

also has its own unique component of rare and localized endemic species, including 

Acmadenia macropetala, Acmadenia tetragona, Aspalathus digitifolia, Coelidium flavum, 

Erica gillii, Erica velatiflora, Leucospermum formosum, Paranomus longicaulis, Protea 

aspera, Protea grandiceps, Satyrium muticum and Spatalla barbigera. 

The Paardeberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is intermediate between the Kamanassie - and 

Doornrivier Mesic Proteoid Fynbos units as it has Leucadendron eucalyptifolium, Protea 

eximia, Protea punctata and Protea neriifolia present in its proteoid component, it differs 

from both in also having the rare Mimetes chrysanthus present. It also contains other rare 

species such as Erica zebrensis, Geissorhiza roseoalba and an Osteospermum sp.nov. (cf. 

Oxylaena) that may be restricted to this unit. 

The Eastern Swartberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Kamanassie and 

Kouga Mesic Proteoid Fynbos units as it also has Leucadendron eucalyptifolium, 

Leucadendron salignum, Leucadendron tinctum, Protea intonsa, Protea neriifolia and 

Protea punctata present as proteoid shrubs, but it differs in having its own combination of 

rare species present, including Agathosma affinis, Erica saxigena, Gladiolus 

nigromontanus, Paranomus esterhuyseniae and Leucadendron rourkei. 

The Montagu Mesic Proteoid Fynbos can be easily identifies as it has species such as 

Aulax pallasia, Leucadendron eucalyptifolium, Leucadendron salicifolium, 

Leucadendron spissifolium ssp. spissifolium, Leucospermum calligerum, Leucospermum 

mundii, Mimetes cucculatus, Protea cordata, Protea neriifolia, Protea repens, Protea 

grandiceps, Protea speciosa and Serruria acrocarpa present as proteoid shrubs. It is also 

rich in other species, with the following recorded in this unit; Agathosma capensis, 

Agathosma ovata, Anthochortus crinalis, Anthospermum galioides, Berzelia intermedia, 

Calopsis monostylis, Ceratocaryum decipiens, Chrysithrix capensis, Cliffortia densa, 

Clutia alaternoides, Corymbium glabrum, Drosera aliciae, Ehrharta ramosa, Ehrharta 

setacea, Elegia fistulosa, Elegia galpinii, Elegia juncea, Erica cubica, Erica hispidula, 

Erica longimontana, Erica melanthera, Erica versicolor, Erica vestita, Ficinia levynsiae, 

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Ficinia nigrescens, Gleichenia polypodioides, Hypodiscus argenteus, Hypodiscus 

aristatus, Lanaria lanata, Lobelia capensis, Lobelia neglecta, Mastersiella purpurea, 

Merxmuellera rufa, Osteospermum corymbosum, Penaea cneorum, Pentashistis colorata, 

Phylica pinea, Platycaulos compressus, Prismatocarpus brevilobus, Restio filicaulis, 

Restio triticeus, Schizaea pectinata, Staberoha cernua, Stoebe aethiopica, Stoebe spiralis, 

Struthiola eckloniana, Tetraria brevicaulis, Tetraria capillacea, Tetraria cuspidata, 

Tetraria flexuosa, Tetraria thermalis, Tetraria ustulata, Thamnochortus cinereus, Ursinia 

scariosa, Ursinia trifida and Widdringtonia nodiflora. Rare and localized endemic species 

known from this unit include Acmadenia laxa, Aulax pallasia, Bobartia parva, 

Cyrthanthus odorus and Paranomus candicans. 

The proteoid component present in the Waterval Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is a mix of 

those that also in the Attaquas - and Waterval Mesic Proteoid Fynbos units, with species 

such as Aulax cancellata, Leucadendron salignum, Leucadendron spissifolium ssp. 

spissifolium, Leucospermum calligerum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Mimetes 

cucculatus, Paranomus longicaulis, Protea cordata, Protea coronata, Protea grandiceps, 

Protea lorea, Protea neriifolia, Protea repens, Serruria fasciflora and Spatalla parilis 

present in this unit. It differs, however, in having its own uncommon species present, 

such as Leucospermum winteri that are absent from the other two units. This unit is also 

rich in other species, with the following recorded in this unit; Acmadenia tetragona, 

Anthospermum galioides, Aspalathus acanthes, Aspalathus crassisepala, Bobartia 

macrospatha, Brunia nodiflora, Cannomois parviflora, Centella affinis, Corymbium 

glabrum, Cullumia aculeata, Cyclopia dregeana, Elegia galpinii, Erica cerinthoides, 

Euclea polyandra, Ficinia laciniata, Gerbera serrata, Gnidia francisci, Gnidia galpinii, 

Hermannia angularis, Hypodiscus argenteus, Hypodiscus aristatus, Hypodiscus striatus, 

Lanaria lanata, Linum gracile, Lobelia linearis, Mastersiella purpurea, Merxmuellera 

rufa, Metalasia galpinii, Metalasia pungens, Muraltia ciliaris, Nenax acerosa, Oedera 

imbricata, Osteospermum junceum, Osteospermum triquetrum, Pentashistis colorata, 

Phaenocoma prolifera, Polyarrhena reflexa, Rafnia capensis, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma 

fruticosa, Shizaea pectinata, Selago dregei, Stoebe saxatilis, Struthiola argentea, 

Syncarpha milleflora, Syncarpha paniculata, Tetraria bromoides, Tetraria cuspidata, 

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Tetraria ustulata, Thesium carinatum, Thesium subnudum, Thesium virgatum, 

Wahlenbergia desmantha and Willdenowia glomerata. 

The Rooiberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos can be easily differentiated from the Rooiberg 

Arid Proteoid Fynbos in having proteoid shrubs such as Aulax cancellata, Leucadendron 

album, Leucadendron eucalyptifolium, Mimetes cucullatus, Protea eximia, Protea 

neriifolia and Protea punctata present. This combination of species clearly indicates that 

this unit is intermediate between the Mesic Proteoid units that occur on the coastal and 

inland mountain ranges. This unit is also rich in other species, with the following species 

recorded from here; Acmadenia sheiliae, Acmadenia wittebergensis, Agathosma bifida, 

Agathosma roodebergensis, Anthoxanthum ecklonii, Arctotis campanulata, Aristea 

pusilla, Aristea spiralis, Aspalathus aspalathoides, Athanasia linifolia, Corymbium 

africanum, Dimorphotheca montana, Diosma recurva, Disa bracteata, Disa comosa, 

Dolichothrix ericoides, Ehrharta capensis, Ehrharta ottonis, Elegia filacea, Elegia 

galpinii, Erica anguliger, Erica calycina, Erica maximilianii, Erica melanomontana, Erica 

recta, Erica spectabilis, Ficinia stolonifera, Gladiolus floribundus, Helichrysum 

spiralepis, Holothrix villosa, Hypodiscus albo-aristatus, Ischyrolepis capensis, Ixia 

orientalis, Leucadendron salignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Mastersiella purpurea, 

Metalasia massonii, Metalasia pungens, Paranomus dispersus, Paranomus dregei, 

Pelargonium fruticosum, Pentashistis pyrophylla, Phylica axillaris, Phylica purpurea, 

Phylica imberbis, Phylica mundii, Rafnia capensis, Selago gracilis, Stoebe alopecuroides, 

Struthiola eckloniana, Tetraria bromoides, Tritoniopsis antholyza, Watsonia schlechteri 

and Zyrphelis microcephala. Rare and localized endemic species known to occur here 

are; Acmadenia baileyensis, Argyrolobium harveyanum, Disa arida, Lachnaea glomerata, 

Lampranthus scaber and Nivenia argentea, 

The Klein Swartberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is easy to distinguish from the Klein 

Swartberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos as it has species such as Leucadendron eucalyptifolium, 

Leucadendron album, Protea eximia, Protea magnifica, Protea punctata and Spatalla 

barbigera present. These species indicate a close relationship with the Groot Swartberg 

Mesic Proteoid Fynbos, but the proteoid component of the Klein Swartberg Mesic 

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Proteoid Fynbos is quite unique in having Protea subvestita present. It is furthermore 

distinct in having the following rare and localized endemic species present, Brachysiphon 

microphyllus, Erica kirstenii, Gladiolus caryophyllaceus, Leucospermum secundifolium, 

Moraea exiliflora, Muraltia elsiae, Nivenia parviflora, Nivenia stenosiphon and 

Ornithogalum rogersii. 

The Groot Swartberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos may be confused with the Gamkaskloof 

Arid Proteoid Fynbos, but it differs in having species such as Leucadendron 

eucalyptifolium, Leucadendron album, Leucadendron spissifolium, Protea eximia, Protea 

magnifica, Protea punctata and Spatalla barbigera present to locally dominant. This unit 

is also somewhat similar to the Klein Swartberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos, but it differs 

greatly in the rare and localized endemic species present, such as Cyclopia burtonii, Disa 

harveiana, Disa lineata, Geissorhiza nigromontana, Gladiolus nigromontanus, Liparia 

myrtifolia, Liparia racemosa, Otholobium swartbergense, Phylica costata and 

Tritoniopsis apiculata var. minor. 

The Doornrivier Mesic Proteoid Fynbos unit is most similar to the Attaquas Mesic 

Proteoid Fynbos in having Leucadendron eucalyptifolium, Mimetes cucullatus, Protea 

aurea, Protea eximia, Protea neriifolia and Serruria fasciflora prominent in the proteoid 

component, but it differs very much in the rare and localized endemic species present. 

Here the rare and localized endemic species present include species such as Acmadenia 

gracilis, Acrolophia barbata, Acrolophia ustulata, Agathosma blaerioides, Cyclopia 

bowieana, Cyrthanthus debilis, Erica brachycentra, Erica elsiana, Erica inflaticalyx, Erica 

outeniquae, Leucadendron ericifolium, Leucadendron olens, Leucospermum hamatum, 

Prismatocarpus cliffortioides, Prismatocarpus rogersii, Protea grandiceps, Rafnia vlokii 

and Spatalla barbigera. 

The Tsitsikamma Mesic Proteoid Fynbos unit is mostly dominated by Leucadendron 

eucalyptifolium and Protea mundii, with Protea neriifolia and Leucadendron uliginosum 

ssp. glabratum more common on north facing slopes. It is thus most easily recognized 

from the more western Mesic Proteoid Fynbos units by the presence of Protea mundii in 

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wet sites and Leucadendron uliginosum ssp. glabratum in more arid sites. Another feature 

is the often super-abundance of Cannamois virgata on south facing slopes. Small forest 

patches often occur in fire-protected ravines, usually with Laurophyllus capensis and 

Virgilia divaricata abundant on the ecotone. A number of fynbos species, such as 

Gladiolus carneus, reach their easternmost distribution in this unit. Rare and localized 

endemics present include Acrolophia barbata, Erica trachysantha, Gladiolus sempervirens 

and Protea vogtsiae. 

The Gamkaberg Waboom-Mesic Proteoid Fynbos unit is somewhat unique in having 

both Waboomveld and Mesic Proteoid Fynbos present. Here the Waboomveld, 

characterized by presence of Protea nitida, occurs mostly on the north-facing slope, with 

the Mesic Proteoid Fynbos mostly restricted to south facing slopes. Protea neriifolia and 

Protea repens are both abundant in the Mesic Proteoid Fynbos, along with Ericas (e.g. 

Erica cerinthoides, Erica demissa, Erica melanthera, etc.) and Restios (Cannamois 

scirpoides, Hypodiscus striatus, Thamnochortus cinereus, etc.). Grasses, including sweet 

grasses such as Themeda triandra, are mostly abundant in the Waboomveld. Rare and 

localized endemic species known from this unit include Erica sp. nov. Gladiolus emiliae, 

Liparia latifolia, Phylica meyeri and an unusual form of Paranomus spathulatus. 

5.3.4.6 Ericaceous Fynbos 

Only small sections of the Montagu Ericaceous Fynbos vegetation occur in the Little 

Karoo domain, but it is much more abundant westwards. Ericas and Restios dominate this 

fairly wet Fynbos unit with tall Proteas not very prominent, but Protea cynaroides, Protea 

grandiceps and Protea speciosa is present. Several rare and localized endemic species 

occur here, including Calopsis monostylis, Erica chlorosepala, Leucadendron 

spissifolium ssp. spissifolium, Nivenia fruticosa and Raspalia barnardii. 

The vegetation of the Lemoenshoek Ericaceous Fynbos unit is also dominated by Ericas 

and Restios with Proteas not very prominent, but several Proteaceae are present including 

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Leucadendron salignum, Leucadendron spissifolium ssp. spissifolium, Leucadendron 

tinctum, Protea acaulos, Protea amplexicaulis, Protea cordata, Protea cynaroides, Protea 

grandiceps and Protea speciosa. Other species prominent and typical of this unit are; 

Agathosma bifida, Agathosma cerefolium, Anthospermum galioiides, Aristea racemosa, 

Brunia alopecuroides, Corymbium glabrum, Cyclopia sessiliflora, Ehrharta dura, 

Ehrharta setacea, Elegia filacea, Elegia juncea, Epischoenus quadrangularis, Erica 

conferta, Erica dianthifolia, Erica hispidula, Erica longimontana, Erica regerminans, 

Helichrysum felinum. Helichrysum oxyphyllum, Hippia intergifolia, Hypodiscus albo- 

aristatus, Hypodiscus aristatus, Indigofera langebergensis, Ischyrolepis ocreata, Lanaria 

lanata, Langebergia canescens, Merxmuelera rufa, Metalasia pungens, Othonna 

quenquedentata. Penaea cneorum, Pentashistis colorata, Platycaulus anceps and Spatalla 

parilis. A number of rare and localized endemic species occur here, including Agathosma 

umbonata, Bobartia parva, Grammitis poeppigiana, Leucadendron radiatum, Spatalla 

colorata and Spatalla nubicola. 

The structure and most of the common species present in the Kanetberg Ericaceous 

Fynbos unit are similar to those of the Lemoenshoek Ericaceous Fynbos. It differs, 

however, in only sharing Leucadendron radiatum as a rare species, with other rare and 

localized endemic species present such as Acrolophia barbata, Erica miniscula and Erica 

vallis-fluminis. 

5.3.4.7 Subalpine Fynbos 

As in all the other Subalpine Fynbos units, the Kamanassie Subalpine Fynbos unit 

is dominated by Restios, Ericas and short (less than 1 meter) Proteoid shrubs. It 

share some of its rare species with the Groot Swartberg - and Kouga Subalpine 

Fynbos, but can be recognized by the local combination of rare and local endemic 

species, that includes Alepidea delicatula, Aspalathus patens, Disa neglecta, Disa 

pillansii, Elegia altigena, Erica inordinata, Erica montis-hominis, Erica valida, 

Leucadendron singulare, Protea venusta and Syncarpha montana. 

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The Groot Swartberg Subalpine Fynbos is also dominated by Restios, Ericas and 

short (less than 1 meter) Proteas. It share some of its rare species with the Klein 

Swartberg Subalpine Fynbos unit, but can quite easily distinguished by the local 

combination of rare species and many local endemic species restricted to this unit. 

They include Acrolophia ustulata, Agathosma purpurea, Agathosma 

zwartbergensis, Aspalathus congesta, Aspalathus patens, Aspalathus ramosissima, 

Cliffortia crassinervis, Cliffortia cymbifolia, Crassula peculiaris, Cyclopia 

alopecuroides, Cyclopia bolusii, Erica atromontana, Erica blesbergensis, Erica 

costatisepala, Erica gossypioides, Erica lignosa, Erica tayloriana, Helichrysum 

saxicola, Leucadendron dregei, Lighfootia tenella var. montana, Liparia confusa, 

Phylica nigromontana, Protea pruinosa, Protea venusta, Psoralea 

sp.nov.(cf.implexa), Staberoha stokoei, Syncarpha montana and Watsonia emiliae. 

The Rooiberg Subalpine Fynbos unit is also easy to recognize as it is dominated 

by Restios, Ericas and short (less than 1 meter) Proteas. It share some of its rare 

species with the Groot Swartberg - and Klein Swartberg Subalpine Fynbos, but can 

be recognized by the local combination of rare and local endemic species, that 

includes Acmadenia baileyensis, Erica melanomontana, Erica recta, Harveya 

bolusii, Leucadendron dregei, Nivenia argentea and Spatalla confusa. An unusual 

prostrate form of Leucadendron album present in this unit may be a distinct taxon 


The Klein Swartberg Subalpine Fynbos unit is also dominated by Restios, Ericas 

and short (less than 1 meter) Proteas. It share some of its rare species with the Groot 

Swartberg Subalpine Fynbos, but can easily be recognized by the local combination 

of rare and local endemic species present, that includes species such as Agathosma 

purpurea, Alepidea delicatula, Aspalathus patens, Caesia capensis, Cromidon 

gracile, Cyclopia aurescens, Erica constantia, Erica costatipetala, Erica inamoena, 

Erica roseoloba, Erica toringbergensis, Euryops glutinosus, Felicia oleosa, 

Heliophila rimicola, Leucadendron dregei, Leucospermum secundifolium, Liparia 

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capitata, Pentameris glacialis, Pentameris swartbergensis, Phylica costata, Phylica 

stokoei, Protea convexa, Protea pruinosa, Protea venusta, Pseudoselago prostrata, 

Restio papyraceus, Restio rarus, Staberoha stokoei, Tittmania laxa and Tittmania 

sp.nov (cf.Pseudobaeckia teres). 

The Kouga Subalpine Fynbos is also dominated by Restios, Ericas and short (less 

than 1 meter) Proteas, but here the grass component is often also prominent. It share 

some of its rare species with the Kamanassie Subalpine Fynbos, but can be 

recognized by the local combination of rare and local endemic species present, that 

includes Erica angulosa, Erica inordinata, Erica kougabergensis, Erica saptouensis, 

Leucadendron sorocephalodes and Protea grandiceps. 

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6. The Way Forward - as indicated by stakeholders in the region. 

The results of this study were presented to stakeholders in the region. Delegates were 

given the opportunity to indicate how they believe the results of this study should be 

processed further and how it should be disseminated to ensure that the information 

attained will be used maximally to the benefit of the local communities and the 

environment. The minutes of this meeting and workshop is provided in Appendix One. 

Here, I will briefly provide the main outcomes of the discussions of the day and 

summarize the recommendations of the 63 delegates that attended the workshop. 

During the workshop delegates grouped themselves into five “groups of interest”. The 

groups were; agriculture, environmental conservation, game farming, land-use planning 

and tourism and education. The groups were given approximately 90 minutes to discuss 

their needs and to list their findings. The listed discussions were then briefly presented to 

the full audience for further comments, but no attempt was made to prioritize any of the 

recommendations. The audience felt that requirements noted by several of the “groups of 

interest”, would naturally indicate which aspects are the highest priorities to be 

addressed. The requirements and comments of the five groups are as follows; 

Agriculture 

1. Require a document in which plant species are listed for each habitat type, as this 

is the level they prefer to work at. Indicate also important plant-plant interactions 

(e.g. nurse-patient) and recommendations for rehabilitation per habitat type. 

2. Revise current domestic stock carrying capacity map (how many hectares per 

large stock unit) in relation to current condition of vegetation. Also indicate which 

domestic animals can utilize different habitat types. 

3. A road show is required to capacitate society to read map at 1:50 000 scale. Visit 

farmer associations, upcoming farming communities and municipalities. This will 

require at least 10-15 presentations in region. 

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4. Provide ecological guidelines for management of different habitat types, 

especially in relation to fire management and restoration work required. 

5. Provide a map of sensitive sites, due to occurrence of special biodiversity. 

6. Provide analyses of how much of each habitat type and the vegetation units have 

been transformed and a map to show where remaining near-pristine areas are. 

7. Also map vegetation of adjacent areas in a similar format. Priorities are; (a) north 

of current domain the Koup Karoo (Laingsburg to Beaufort West) and link up 

with map currently prepared by Helga Rosch for Tanqua-Roggeveld; (b) south of 

current domain, Riversdale plains (Great Brak River to Breede River). 

8. Prepare about 100 CD’s that have the final reports and three main maps (biome, 

habitat type and vegetation units). These should be made available to Agricultural 

Extension officers to distribute to landowners and –managers that cannot 

download files from the Internet. 

9. Determine the minimum flow required by environment (i.e. ecological reserve) 

and current water use of alien vegetation in river systems for each irrigation board 

in the area. 

10. All the final reports and map data (as projects) must be provided in electronic 

format as soon as possible to Elsenburg. They will put it on their website 

(www.elsenburg.com). 

Environmental Conservation 

1. Urgently require fire management map for Little Karoo region to guide fire 

management plans. Use vegetation data and link it to natural fire frequency. 

2. Require a conservation plan for Little Karoo region. Indicate clearly biodiversity 

hotspots (sites of endemism) in relation to current transformation (what is left 

where); indicate conservation needs in relation to new biodiversity act; indicate 

corridors required for 5-year stewardship plan; indicate which areas need 

restoration/rehabilitation; provide an irreplacibility map. 

3. Provide ideas and recommendations for restoration-rehabilitation of the different 

vegetation types. 

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4. Develop domestic stock and game carrying capacity map (how many hectares per 

animal) in relation to current condition of veld. Also indicate which animals are 

most suitable for the different habitat types. 

5. Link all the available geology-soils maps to vegetation map in GIS data. 

6. Provide better description of what transformed condition of vegetation looks like. 

7. Identify threatened ecosystems and ensure data are incorporated into local SDF’s. 

8. Extend vegetation map to north of Swartberg mountain range. 

Game Farming 

1. Provide lists of species indicating degradation of different habitat types. 

2. Provide cadastral data (farm boundaries) with map. 

3. Provide recommendations on carrying capacity of different habitat types in 

relation to degree of transformation of vegetation. 

4. Vegetation maps should be available for individual properties. 

5. Data must be available on several websites, on CD’s and in hard copy format. 

6. Conservation plan is required to indicate conservation value of each vegetation 

unit. 

Land Use Planning 

1. Capacity building and awareness raising campaign is required to inform several 

sectors of the biodiversity importance and sensitivity of Little Karoo environment. 

Sectors that should be included are Dept. of Environment Affairs and 

Development Planning and the six affected municipalities. 

2. A conservation plan is required that will also integrate recommendations of 

CAPE, SKEP and STEP for the region. The outcomes must also be useful to 

Landcare Area Wide Planning project and six local municipalities. One of the 

products must be a simple map that shows areas that are sensitive and why they 

are sensitive. 

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3. Digital data must be freely available in GIS format. Both on Internet and on CD 

for individual use. 

4. Provide information to and capacitate landowners to read map. 

5. Provide information to and capacitate Western Cape Provincial Standing 

Committee on Environment and Agriculture to read map. 

6. Identify areas that are priority for rehabilitation projects. 

Tourism & Education 

1. Require a book and training sessions to capacitate tourist guides to know where 

interesting sites are and what is interesting at site. The book must be written in 

such a style that it can also act as a self-guide for tourists. 

2. Biodiversity of Little Karoo must be marketed better to national and international 

tourists. 

3. Road show required to target schools and local communities to present the 

vegetation map. The data must also be provided to them on a CD and they must 

be capacitated to be able to read the map, etc. 

4. Require a field guide for Little Karoo flora to understand the local flora better. 

Book must also have data on geology and soils to help explain environment. 

The ten top priority actions identified by the delegates are thus as follows; 

1. The final reports and three main maps (biome, habitat type and vegetation 

units) must be made freely available on several websites and on individual CD’s 

that can be distributed to landowners and –managers by inter alia Agricultural 

Extension Officers. (Recommendation by all 5 groups). 

2. Go on a road show to capacitate society to read the maps and documents. 

Target school groups, farmer associations and game farmers, PAWC: DEADP, 

the six affected municipalities and tourist associations. Also present data to the 

Standing Committee on Environment and Agriculture of the Western Cape 

Province. Also prepare hard copies of the maps and relevant sections of the final 

225

eports that should be availed to interested parties that cannot access data in 

electronic format. (Recommendation by all 5 groups). 

3. Prepare a field guide for the different habitat types in which lists of plant 

species present (including the species that are indicators of disturbance) are listed 

and basic management and restoration recommendations are provided that would 

be useful to both stock and game farmers. (Recommendation by agriculture, 

conservation, game farming and tourism groups). 

4. Prepare a conservation plan for the Little Karoo that will also integrate 

recommendations of CAPE, SKEP and STEP for the region. The outcomes must 

be presented in a format that will also be useful to Landcare Area Wide Planning 

and the six local municipalities, e.g. a map that shows environmental sensitivity at 

three levels (red, orange and green), with information why the sites are sensitive. 

Also indicate clearly biodiversity hotspots (sites of endemism that would be of 

particular interest to tourists), identify threatened ecosystems, indicate what 

conservation actions are required with reference to new Biodiversity Act; indicate 

corridors required for 5-year stewardship plan; indicate which areas need 

restoration/rehabilitation and provide an irreplacibility map. Ensure that outcomes 

are captured in future spatial development frameworks of the local municipalities. 

(Recommendation by agriculture, conservation, game farming and land-use 

planning groups). 

5. Revise the current carrying capacity map of Department of Agriculture for the 

region, show data as number of hectares required per large stock unit and adjust 

recommendations according to current veld condition (degree of transformation). 

Also indicate which domestic animals and game species are recommended for the 

different habitat types. (Recommendation by agriculture, conservation and game 

farming groups). 

6. Prepare a fire risk and fire protection plan map by linking natural fire frequency 

of vegetation to the current map. Indicate where firebreaks are required on a 1:50 

226

000 scale for region to guide fire management plans in region now required by 

legislation. (Recommendation by agriculture and conservation groups). 

7. Extend vegetation map to adjacent areas and follow a similar procedure. 

Priorities are; (a) north of current domain to include the Koup Karoo (Laingsburg 

to Beaufort West), linking up with Tanqua-Roggeveld map; (b) south of Little 

Karoo to cover the Riversdale plains (Great Brak River to Breede River). 

(Recommendation by agriculture and conservation groups). 

8. Determine environmental water requirements of the local aquatic systems, as 

well as the water use of current dense infestations by alien vegetation in the river 

systems. Present results in a format that will be useful to all the local irrigation 

boards. (Recommendation by agriculture group). 

9. Prepare a field guide on the flora of the Little Karoo that includes as much as 

possible information on the ecology of the local environment that all the 

interested and affected parties (including tourists) can develop a better 

understanding of the Little Karoo environment. This field guide differs from the 

one in recommendation 3 as the latter one should focus more on management of 

the different habitat types. (Recommendation by tourism group). 

10. Market the biodiversity of the Little Karoo environment better to national and 

international tourists and indicate where sites of interest are. (Recommendation by 

tourism group). 

227

APPENDIX ONE: 

NOTES MADE AT SKEP FINE SCALE MAPPING OUTPUT PRESENTATION 

WORKSHOP – 22 NOVEMBER 2004, OUDTSHOORN AGRICULTURAL FARM 

Document prepared by Susan Botha, SKEP/GI office, Oudtshoorn. 

Welcome 

Jan welcoms everyone present. Gives background on fine scale mapping. Will be 

complete by March next year. Purpose of today to find out what users of these 

maps need. 

Program of day: 

Cowling – background of Little Karoo 

Vlok – how he did this map 

Trevor Wolf – show what products look and how to manipulate 

Vlok – how to use this info 

Thompson – how far with transformation map 

Lunch – puppet theatre 

Way forward – groups (sectors) 

After completion of project, will be given to CPU to be put on website. 

Veg map already available. Can burn CD’s for those needing it. 

Present 

The details of the 63 delegates that attended the workshop are provided at the end 

of this document. 

Richard Cowling presentation 

Presents map – William Smit - about ground layers. Maps important. 

Jan’s map can change Little Karoo – reconcyle lifestyles with nature. 

Background about SKEP – 9 priority areas, Little Karoo one of them 

Information as part of priority map – not enough to enable us to make right choices. 

Jan’s map integrates space and time, can make informed decisions. 

Why important – 300 species, 20% enemic. Floristic wealth. 

How do you tie down spatial issues, how do you map. 

Jan mapped veld types – surrogate of where species are. We have to safeguard % 

of veld types (not fence, but use wisely). (Plaasvervanger). Tells us about space. 

Also tells about time – extent of transformation. Some of the veld typs are crucial 

for survival. If destroyed, transformed, will die. 

Map gives us what critical features are that we need to safeguard to keep ecosystem 

going. 

Also tells about ancient landscapes, where you find remnant plants. Co-existing 

between old and new – diversity. 

228

Jan’s map provides us with opportunity to make right choices. Choices made by 

stakeholders. 

Plenary 

No questions. 

Jan presentation 

SKEP identified project funded by CEPF. 

Project supervisor – Richard. Planning needed to be done carefully. Needed to be 

consistent. Level of detail determined. Digitising done by Trevor Wolf. 

How map was created – complexity of Little Karoo!! 

Plan on how to capture information: GIS allows us to get to more detail and to 

isolate information for specific users. 

First level: Aquatic and Terrestrial 

Second: Biome level – water drainage, water sources, STEP, SKEP, Renosterveld, 

Fynbos 

Third: Habitat type 

Fourth: Region (biogeographical) 

Fifth: Sector 

Sixth: Habitat unit 

Also used Landsat image 1:50 000. Now find veg types and draw in. 

Captured info in ArcView format – Trevor digitised. 

369 veg types in Little Karoo. 

56 habitat types 

Plenary 

Mandy Lombard – mosaics often change, thicket fairly same. Why? JV – LK used 

to be thicket vegetation – ancient. With retracting of summer rainfall component, 

thicket burnt out. Bush clumps remained. Thicket ancient remnants. Will later 

show how landscape eroded. Thicket almost withdrawing in area. 

Donovan – what will happen with veg map? Biome level to be taken to national. 

Trevor presentation 

Jan’s map was captured in ArcView. 

Trevor shows how map can be ussed in ArcView. 

Polygons linked to database file – Jan’s description on each of these polygons. 

Various levels that can be looked at. 

NB how end products are delivered. Maps can be used by normal users, not 

necessary to be GIS specialist. 

Links to pictures and description of veg types. (hot links). Can be pasted on 

website. 

229

Plenary 

Niel Jonker –downloaded – is there a plan to make a website? This workshop will 

decide that. 

Will be incorporated through CPU. 

NB – please tell in what format this info be made available to stakeholders – this 

afternoon. 

Mandy – Jan and Trevor have produced the best veg map ever. Reason: because 

they sat down and planned together at the beginning. Process – working together 

excellent lesson learnt. Jan acknowledges CEPF for funding. 

Jan presentation 

Names of habitat: ending tells you where it is. First name – farm/well-known 

place near place where type was seen first time. 

Little Karoo is natural unit. Rivers are like veins. Everything is well connected. 

Look at hand – small finger linked to thumb. Have to have both to make it 

functional. 

OF WHAT USE IS THIS MAP? 

Little Karoo Economy: Agriculture and Tourism 

Agriculture: water, soil, vegetation 

Water – volume quaity 

Soil – stability salinity 

Vegetation – foder value, productivity 

Tourism: scnery, unsual biotal 

Scenery – unspoilt, accessible 

Unusual biot: information accessible 

Little Karoo Economy 

Agriculture Tourism 

Water Soil Vegetation Scenery Unusual biota 

Volume 

Quality 

Stability 

Salinity 

Fodder value 

Productivity 

Unspoilt 

Accessible 

Information 

Accessible 

Map can help us understand vegetation better. 

Utilise vegetation on farms better (carrying capacity – veg types) – farmers can get 

veg type map of own farm for free. Fodder value can be seen. Town planners – use 

information to change boundaries, etc. 

Can see where restoration work needs to be done. 

Fire breaks – can now see where it is appropriate 

230

Tourism: Why didn’t they tell me????? Should work hard to preserve scenic 

beauty. 

BIODIVERSITY: need to capitalise on that 

Help to attain sustainable utilization o resources and develop new opportunities 

6.1 Plenary 

Margie: rare and special plants – should there be put up sign posts for Japannese? 

Info can be abused. Risk of new people finding things and abusing should not 

outweigh the benefit it has. 

Derrick – needs to communicate this info to Organised Agriculture. ODN Tourism 

– Nic Barrow is now chairperson. Plan to, at Tourism Indaba, not only market 

Oudtshoorn, but market Klein Karoo. We must incorporate with that. GI must be 

part of marketing of Klein Karoo. 

Louis Jordaan – Margies question: if landowners are aware of what is special – 

more policemen to keep eye on vegetation. 

Dennis Laidler: rehabilitation takes such a long time (example of forest in CT). 

Prevention is better than cure. Can do so much damage in such a short time. 

Annemarie – ons eie mense is so onkunding. Moet ons nie kyk na spesiale 

succulent/geomorpholical indaba nie? Celebrate our biodiversity to get them on 

board. Biodiversity Fest. 

Mark Thompson presentation 

Using satellite imagery to map transformation. 

First cut – still busy. 

Objective of transformation mapping: mapping extent of vegetation chante: loss ot 

total vegatative cover, or loss of.. 

Take existing veg map – changes inside boundaries. Veg map is “potential” map to 

see how things were if humans were not there. 

Define 4 levels of transformation: pristing, moderately transformed, severely 

transformed, lost (totally transformed) 

Methodology: satellite imagery to model transformation levels. 2 types: Landsat 

TM (Tematic Mapper) 1:50 000, Terra MODiS (Moderate Resolution Imaging 

Spectroradiometer) 1:160 000. Look at combination of different times (2002-2003, 

pictures per month) and different seasons. 

Results: (landsat): alien vegetation on mountains, rivers, agric activities, urban. 

Results (MODIS): come up with model – transformation to 5 habitat types 

Results so far were presented: 

What can be expected: single map, current levels of vegetation transformation in 

terms of pristine, moderate, severe and totally lost categories. To be done end Feb 

2005 

231

Plenary 

Donovan: Will it pick up kraalbos? JV - The more stabilised, the less 

change/fluctuation. With kraalbos, quite a lot of annuals in them. NB: not one 

snapshot – issue of loking at variance over more than one image. The more stable 

things are, the closer it is to pristine (assumption). 

Jan Smit: Manier van ground truthing? MT – we’ll produce first cut, Jan to do 

ground truthing. Still decide on how to do that. Need to talk to stakeholders. 

Paul Bucholz – effect of fires? MT - Fires might be included as particular category. 

Still deciding on how to integrate that. What will model indicate: sudden change – 

cover to nothing – fire scar. When veg type starts coming back, more problematic. 

Can’t map, will have to model. Assumption: look at rate of recovery. Split to get 

fire dependent and non-fire dependent models. Other models for ie spekboom. 

Models and assumption for key habitat types. Model won’t distinguish between 

alien types. Infested with dense woody types; not identifiable. 

AV – impact on quartz gravels – same model, re-adapt to get benchmarks. 

Stability model – should derive index of 10 – pristine to severely transformed. 

Paul – controlled plot in pristine – will be benchmark. Move from there. Calibrate 

for each veg type. 

Niel Jonker: Landsat 1: 10:000? No 1:50 000. Data access expensive if you go 

lower than Landsat. 

Roughly 25 ha plot level = planning level. Don’t expect to do field by field 

assessments with this data. 

Distribution of data? Shapefile, compatible to Arcview data. Part of same project, 

available through CPU. 

Donovan: marrying data to do conservation plan for Litttle Karoo. 

Ivan: with GI certain core areas have been identified based on veg types etc. Map 

will assist with fine tuning to farm level. 

Puppet theatre 

Background: ME – started with Dept Agriculture – LandCare. Funded pilot. Hope 

to take it further. 

Way forward 

Divide into 5 groups: agriculture, game farming, conservation, land use planning and 

tourism/education 

Conservation 

1 Map of burnable vegetation – fire rating analysis 

2 Areas that are farmed (agricultural) / drainage areas - % of 

transformation 

3 Conservation plan – bioiversity hoposts – linkages 

232

4 5 year stewardship plan – critical landholdings/habitats 

5 ID areas for restoration and priority 

6 Methods an ideas for restoration 

7 Types of veg endemic to area 

8 Vulnerable/irreplaceable 

9 Geology/soils 

10 Incorporation into SDF 

11 Habitat and species level – threatened ecosystems 

12 Information to right people 

Game farming 

1 Indicators – backwards 

2 Private land boundaries – game farms, conservancies etc 

3 Ecological caacity (recommended and updated) 

4 Individual property veg map – user friendly enough 

5 Availability – many web sites, hard copy, discs 

6 Conservation value per veg unit 

Tourism/education 

1 Flipfile with pages of pictures and description – to plot route. 

Tour guides. Number along road, corresponding with infor page. 

Need to train guides, site guides, market biodiversity tourism 

IE capacitate people to use product 

2 Focus on specific area/school/community – map and CD 

Schools to find out more about what is in their area. Become 

familiar with richness in their area 

3 Maps: need to educate in drawing/reading/using maps 

4 Satour website? Booklet for existing tourguides 

5 Booklet per town for schools 

6 Updated field guide on plants of the LittleKaroo 

7 Veg map book 

Agriculture 

233

1 Habitat level – species list – prioneer plants, nurse plants etc. Also 

indicators of disturbance etc 

2 Weidingskapasiteit – what animals into what habitat types. Make 

recommendations. Link to carrying capacity 

3 Road show – information to right people. Linked to educational 

process where we tell Boereverenigings, veral opkomende boere 

en municipalities. Between 10 – 15 presentations 

4 Ecological guidelines of what should happen ito ecological 

processes. Burning regimes. What does environment need 

5 Biodiversity sensitivity – where do we have special plants. Per 

habitat type 

6 How much has been transformed of what habitat type. Know in 

terms of restoration plannning 

7 Extend domain 

8 Distribute CD’s with data 

9 River drainage systems – determine minimum flow for these 

systems. Link alien densities to amount of water they use 

10 Shapefiles to agric to put on website agric.com 

11 Geology soils and contours. DEM for area. Rainfall distribution 

Land use planning 

1 Capacity building – presentations – road show to different 

stakeholders DEATP forward planning section – about 6 meetings, 

in in each DM, one in each local mun, one for DEATP prov 

2 No-go areas. Sensitivity anaylsis. Fragmentations, corridors. 

Fine scale conservation plan 

3 Maps of sensitivity to different impacts 

4 Digital data to Agric, prov, CPU. CD with viewer. 

5 Visit to agric people 

6 Visit political decision makers and on national level 

7 Ask land use planners what they need 

234

8 ID areas of priority 

Dennis Laidler – provincial requirement to use latest data.... 

HG – municipalities need to know first before taking it to private sector. Presentation 

to DM Board, then at AGM of Tourism. 

235

Name Organisation e-mail Phone 

1 Adam Welz UCT awelz@botzoo.uct.ac.za 073 162 3887 

2 Alan Wheeler CN alanwheeler@mweb.co.za 044 203 6300 

3 Annelene Swanepoel Agri WC annelenes@elsenburg.com 021 808 5320 

4 Anne-Lise Vlok CapeNature scapeimu@mweb.co.za 044 203 6316 

5 Anita Wheeler CN alanwheeler@mweb.co.za 044 203 6300 

6 Annemarie Gebhardt WCED angebhar@pgwc.gov.za 083 301 3248 

7 Arné Purves CN apurves@pgwc.gov.za 044-802 5323 

8 C Koopman Eden Pimms Claudia.pimss@edendm.co.za 044 874 2858 

9 Charl du Plessis Dept Agri WC dhalrdp@agri.wcape.gov.za 023 551 1034 

10 Charles Adams CN kknatser@mweb.co.za 044 241 2077 

11 Clement Cupido Dept Agri WC clementc@elsenburg.com 021-808 5323 

12 Collette van Deventer CN anysberg@mweb.co.za 023 551 1922 

13 Danie Swanepoel DEA&DP dswanepo@pgwc.gov.za 044 874 2160 

14 Dawie De Villiers Agri dawiedev@elsenburg.com 082 924 1048 

15 Dennis Laidler DEA&DP dlaidler@pgwc.gov.za 021 483 3925 

16 Deon Haasbroek DWAF dhaasbroek@mweb.co.za 044 272 4634 

17 Derrick Engelbrecht Agri Klein Karoo lucern@mweb.co.za 044 272 2991 

18 Donovan Kirkwood CN dkirkwood@cncjnk.wcape.go 082 333 1661 

19 Gerhard van Deventer Sandberg Fynbos 

20 Glynnis Barodien 

Reserve (Aghulhas 

Plain) 

barodien@nbi.ac.z 

v.za 

proteapermaculture@webmail. 

co.za 

028 482 1616 

CP (CPU) 021 799 8794 

21 Hannes Botha 

a 

Agri WC hannesb@elsenburg.com 023 347 1121 

22 Hazel Jonker Saag Jonker Groep hazel@opsa.co.za 044 272 7415 

23 Hein Gerstner Cango Caves infor@cangocaves.co.za 044 272 7410 

24 Helen de Klerk CN hdeklerk@cncjnk.wcape.gov.z 

a 

021 866 8024 

25 Helen Farmer hfarmer@botzoo.u Fitzpatrick Institute, UCT, 072 459 6736 

ct.ac.za 

Anysberg 

26 Hennis Germishuys Landbou hennisg@elsenburg.com 021 808 5093 

27 Ivan Donian CN idonian@mweb.co.za 044 802 1513 

28 Jan Nel Van Zylsdamme VZD@mweb.co.za 028 551 2114 

29 Jan Smit 

Boerdery 

Agri WC jans@elsenburg.com 082 907 1138 

30 Jan Vlok Regalis 

Environmental 

Services 

janvlok@mweb.co.za 044 279 1987 

31 Jane Green Rooiberg 

Conservancy 

028 581 2404 

32 Jean de Souza SKEP skep@mweb.co.za 044 203 6302 

33 Ken Coetzee Conservation 

Management 

Systems 

consken@cybertrade.co.za 044 870 8472 

34 Kobus Nel Agri WC kobusn@elsenburg.com 044 272 6077 

082 651 7463 

35 Liezl Landman Agri WC liezlL@elsenburg.com 021 808 5081 

36 Lluwellyn Coetzee Oudtshoorn 

Municipality 

coetzee@oudtmun.co.za 044 203 3000 

37 Lorraine McGibbon GREEN Wessa.sc@mweb.co.za 044 874 1249 

38 Louis Jordaan Agriculture minwater@absamail.co.za 044 279 1285 

236

Name Organisation e-mail Phone 

39 Mandy Lombard Conservation 

Systems 

gemsbok@mweb.co.za 044 343 1856 

40 Marbé Herbst Sanbona Marbe_herbst@yahoo.uk 028 572 1827 

41 Margaret Herron Botanical Gardens 

George 

herron@telkomsa.net 044 884 0091 

42 Marina Eilers GI gouritzm@wol.co.za 082 267 1012 

43 Mark Thompson GT Mark.thompson@geoterraima 

ge.com 

012 349 0055 

44 Mathieu Rouget NBI rouget@nbi.ac.za 021 799 8749 

45 Nelmarie Visser Agri WC nelmarie@elsenburg.com 021 808 5330 

46 Niel Jonker Private 

47 Niel Lambrechts DEA&DP dlambrec@pgwc.gov.za 044 874 2160 

48 Nina Marshall CEPF nmarshall@conservation.org 

49 Ockie Conradie Laingsburg 

Bewaringskomitee 

023 551 1821 

50 Paul Buchholz CN pbuchholz@mweb.co.za 044 

8323/5 

870 

51 Paul Eilers Private Paulfm@absamail.co.za 044 279 2214 

52 Peter Chadwick CN kammanas@mweb.co.za 044 752 1110 

53 Phyllis Pienaar Agri phyllisp@elsenburg.com 044 272 6077 

54 Richard Cowling UPE rmc@kingsley.co.za 042 298 0239 

55 Ryno Erasmus Sanbona Ryno.erasmus@sanbona.com 028 572 1822 

56 Sarah Frazee Conservation 

International 

sfrazee@conservation.org 082 738 8283 

57 Selwyn Willoughby CN willoughby@nbi.ac.za 021 799 8695 

58 Susan Botha SKEP skep@mweb.co.za 044 203 6302 

59 Therese Forsyth CN therese@cncjnk.wcape.gov.za 021 866 8026 

60 Tony Marshall Swartberg NR kkarea@mweb.co.za 082 784 1784 

61 Trevor Wolf 

62 Wenzel Botha Landou/toerisme wenzelb@absamail.co.za 082 376 7939 

63 Wim Filmalter Agri riversdal@xsinet.co.za 082 909 3956 

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