North Kerry Waxcap Survey 2012 - the Northern Ireland Fungus Group

Survey of the Grassland Fungi 

of North Kerry 

David Mitchel 

October – November 2012 

This project has received support from the Heritage Council 

under the 2012 Heritage Research Grants Scheme 

Grant Reference No. R03059

Hygrocybe reidii – a Halloween mushroom? 

Hygrocybe calyptriformis 

Hygrocybe ceracea 

2

Contents 

Contents ............................................................................................................................... 3 

Background........................................................................................................................... 4 

Assessing site quality from fungal data ............................................................................. 5 

Aims of this project................................................................................................................ 6 

The Study Area..................................................................................................................... 7 

History of mycological recording in County Kerry .................................................................. 8 

Digitisation of published records ........................................................................................... 9 

Cleaning of the Irish Records in the FRDBI......................................................................... 11 

Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 12 

Results................................................................................................................................ 13 

Weather and Fungal Fruiting........................................................................................... 13 

Summary Results............................................................................................................ 15 

Notable Finds.................................................................................................................. 16 

New Irish Records....................................................................................................... 16 

New Records for the Republic of Ireland ..................................................................... 18 

Other Notable Records – Target Species .................................................................... 20 

Other Notable Records – non-Target Species ............................................................. 22 

New Vice County Records .............................................................................................. 26 

Other wildlife observations .............................................................................................. 28 

10km square and Site Rankings...................................................................................... 29 

Mount Brandon Corries ............................................................................................... 42 

Churchyards in North Kerry ......................................................................................... 43 

Sand Dunes in North Kerry.......................................................................................... 43 

Waxcaps in Ireland.......................................................................................................... 45 

Species Rankings ........................................................................................................... 47 

Recommended sites for further survey............................................................................ 48 

Recommended Fungal Priority Species for County Kerry................................................ 49 

Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 50 

Images ............................................................................................................................ 51 

Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... 51 

Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 52 

Appendix 1 - 10km and Detailed Site Reports …………………………………………………57 

Appendix 2 - Target Species Distribution Maps………………………………………………….86 

Appendix 3 - Other species Distribution Maps………………………………………………….101 

Appendix 4 - County Kerry Biodiversity Fungi Species List……………………………………139 

3

Background 

Waxcaps (the genus Hygrocybe) have been described as the orchids of the fungi world 

(Marren, 1998). They are often startling in colour from reds, oranges and yellows to whites and 

browns. They can smell of honey or cedar wood or, less pleasantly, oily or nitrous. They are 

usually found in grasslands in Northern Europe although they can also be found in woods. 

They are one of the groups of grassland fungi that are now recognised as excellent indicators 

of unfertilised grassland or “waxcap grasslands” (Arnolds, 1980). “Waxcap grasslands” can be 

rich in other grassland fungi and usually include the Entolomaceae (pink spored gill fungi), the 

Clavarioids (fairy clubs), Geoglossaceae or earth tongues and species from the smaller 

genera of Camarophyllopsis, Dermoloma and Porpoloma. Photographs of most of the key 

species are available at www.nifg.org.uk. 

Waxcap grassland can be found in a range of grassland types from dunes to uplands, from 

lowlands to gardens or churchyards. Indeed in much of Ireland, gardens and churchyards 

have now often become the last refuge of these species, isolated areas that have been spared 

the addition of fertilisers and which give us a glimpse on what our natural grasslands once 

would have looked like. Finding the occasional isolated field that has not received large 

amounts of artificial fertiliser is incredibly difficult. It is only in upland or coastal areas on 

marginal land that waxcap grasslands can be found with more regularity. 

Many species are on national red lists across Europe, for example, The Netherlands has 32 

species of waxcap on their Red List (http://www.mycologen.nl/rodelijst/RL_2008_lst.html), 

Sweden has 19 species (http://www.artdata.slu.se/english/redlist.asp), Czech Republic 30 

species (http://www.wsl.ch/eccf/Czech07.pdf) and Switzerland 28 species 

(http://pilze.ch/roteliste/RListe_kurz.htm). Hygrocybe calyptriformis was on the list of fungal 

species proposed for inclusion onto the Berne Convention in 2003 (Dahlberg and Croneborg, 

2003) but which did not progress for various political reasons nothing to do with the need to 

protect fungi. Grassland fungi provide 9 of the 15 fungal species in Northern Ireland’s list of 

species of conservation concern. These are the waxcaps, Hygrocybe calyptriformis, H.lacmus 

and H.ovina, the earth tongues, Geoglossum atropurpureum, Microglossum olivaceum and 

Trichoglossum walteri along with Clavaria zollingeri, Entoloma bloxamii and Porpoloma 

metapodium (see http://www.habitas.org.uk/priority/splist.asp?Type=Fungi) 

These species are sensitive to the application of artificial fertilisers and it is for this reason that 

they are such a good indicator of “natural” grasslands. It was estimated in Northern Ireland 

that the cumulative surplus of phosphorus in the soil was 500,000t (Bailey, 1994) meaning that 

most of the lowland rural Northern Ireland landscape is eutrophicated. There have been 

various attempts to discover how long it might take before sites may take to recover after 

intensive fertilization. Studies in England looking at the improvement in the soil 

fungal:bacterial biomass ratio due to the cessation of fertiliser application found no 

improvement after 6 years (Bardgett and McAlister, 1999). Three sites in the Netherlands that 

conservation had only up to three species of Hygrocybe after 20 years (Arnolds, 1994) but the 

lack of suitable surrounding habitat may have influenced this very slow recovery. Experimental 

plots also in the Netherlands showed that species of Hygrocybe could colonise the plots in a 

much shorter time period if they were low on phosphorus (Arnolds, 1994). Hence recovery is 

probably more related to the nutrient status of the soils rather than the age of the site with 

factors like suitable surrounding habitat also playing a role. 

There is now greater interest in managing grasslands sustainably without high fertiliser input. 

Naturally sustainable grasslands have soils dominated by fungal pathways of decomposition 

rather than bacterial and a high microbial biomass (Bardgett and McAlister, 1999). Given their 

visual prominence in autumn, waxcaps are an indicator group for “natural” grasslands that 

offer a means of rapid site assessment. Their presence indicates a wider nature conservation 

4

value beyond mycology. It was noticeable that when comparing waxcap distribution with the 

fields found to be most favoured by chough feeding on leatherjackets (Anon, 2004) that they 

were completely coincident. 

Waxcap grasslands however are often not particularly good for higher plants which can mean 

that they are missed when designating sites for nature conservation. Statistical studies in 

Sweden have shown that there is a low congruence between the diversity of Hygrocybe spp. 

and higher plants (Öster, 2008) indicating that reliance on higher plants when protecting sites 

could well miss sites of high mycological value. 

The great unknown however is just what these species are actually doing in the soil. One 

study (Griffith et al., 2002) points to some possible answers based on stable isotope analysis. 

Stable isotopes of Carbon ( 13 C) and Nitrogen ( 15 C) occur naturally and work looking at the 

patterns of 13 C and 15 C enrichment in ectomycorrhizal and saprophytic fungi have shown quite 

different enrichment patterns. Waxcaps, however, appear different to normal saprophytic fungi 

as they are more depleted in 13 C and more enriched in 15 N. Clavarioids and Geoglossaceae 

are even more extreme in this trend, but Entolomas are more typical of saprophytic fungi. This 

could mean that Hygrocybe spp., Clavarioids and Geoglossaceae could be deep humic 

decayers rather than normal surface litter decayers adapted to N poor conditions. 

Assessing site quality from fungal data 

The first recognition of grassland fungi in Ireland was a paper by (Feehan and McHugh, 1992) 

on the Curragh and since the early 1990s, interest has been growing in this group as it has 

been recognised that this unique community is seriously threatened across Europe. 

Various systems have been proposed to rank sites for grassland sites for their fungal 

conservation value. (Rald, 1985) in Denmark proposed a system based on the number of 

species of Hygrocybe, (Nitare, 1988) looked at systems in Sweden, (Jordal, 1997) in Norway 

and the British Mycological Society instigated a survey giving the surveyed sites a CHEG 

score (Clavariaceae, Hygrocybe, Entoloma and Geoglossaceae) (Rotheroe et al., 1996). 

Rotheroe then proposed a system that included a weighted score for rarer species that are 

restricted to species rich sites (Rotheroe, 1999). This was further developed by McHugh et al 

(2002) when we proposed a weighted scoring system for Ireland. One of the main drivers for 

this was due the lack of mycological recording in Ireland, we wanted to highlight sites for 

further visits that had species thought to be rarer or more valuable indicator species. 

Weighting species is controversial as in reality the data is not available to weight them with 

confidence (Griffith et al., 2006; Griffith et al., In Press) but the point was to use this in 

conjunction with standard CHEG scores and highlight possible interesting sites (McHugh et al., 

2001). 

Most of the scoring systems above base their score on species and do not include varieties in 

the calculation (Rald, 1985), (Nitare, 1988), (Boertmann, 1995), (Vesterholt et al., 1999) and 

(McHugh et al., 2001). However, some surveys have counted varieties (Rotheroe, 1999) and 

(Newton et al., 2002) so it is very important to be clear about the basis of the system used 

when comparing data across regions. For this purpose, the definition of species used in all the 

Irish surveys follows the Checklist of the Basidiomycetes of the British Isles (Legon and 

Henrici, 2005) and Spooner’s key for Geoglossaceae (Spooner, 1998) with three exceptions 

to remain consistent with the continental surveys. 

• Hygrocybe pratensis var. pallida is the only variety included in the scoring following 

Vesterholt 1999 

• Although the Checklist of the Basidiomycetes of the British Isles (Legon 2005) did list 

Hygrocybe conicoides as a species rather than Hygrocybe conica var. conicoides, 

Boertmann’s book and his recent interpretation of Hygrocybe in Funga Nordica 

5

(Knudsen and Vesterholt, 2008) both still list it as a variety so it is not counted 

separately in this study. 

• Hygrocybe marchii is considered a synonym of H.coccinea following Funga Nordica. 

Despite this, any good database can take these differing definitions into account and a 

Microsoft Access database is in use for scoring and ranking grassland sites in Ireland. 

These site ranking systems primarily look at the genus Hygrocybe when ranking sites. 

Inevitably there will be sites that are particularly good for the other target groups and this is 

where the value of the CHEG scores is obvious. Some studies (Griffith et al., 2006) have 

added the different elements of a CHEG scores together but this has to be viewed with caution. 

Entoloma is a genus in which species are particularly difficult to identify and being honest even 

very good mycologists will often not get every Entoloma identified. Hence the Entolomataceae 

are not as well recorded and often only partially so an “E” score is often difficult to interpret. 

Added to this, there are many more species of Entoloma than in the other groups so adding 

CHEG scores together can just end up highlighting sites where mycologists who can identify 

Entoloma have visited. 

Table 1 shows the total numbers of CHEG and related species as occurring in grasslands in 

the British Isles according to the Checklist of the Basidiomycetes of Britain and Ireland (Legon 

and Henrici, 2005) and (Ridge, 1997): 

Group Total Grassland Species 

Clavariaceae 24 

Hygrocybe 51 

Entolomataceae 99 

Geoglossaceae 12 

Dermoloma 4 

Camarophyllopsis 5 

Porpoloma 1 

Table 1: Numbers of grassland CHEG and related species occurring in the British Isles 

Aims of this project 

The main aim of this survey was to provide a baseline survey of grassland fungi in North Kerry 

with the study area described below. This project aim was to locate and survey waxcap 

grasslands in as many different 10km squares as possible over a two week period between 

27/10/10 and 11/11/10. From experience, the fortnight around the end of October and start of 

November is usually the best period for fruiting for grassland fungi in Ireland as this group 

always fruits later than woodland fungi. The target group of species were the Waxcaps (genus 

Hygrocybe), the non-woodland Fairy Clubs (Clavariaceae), the Pink gills (Entolomaceae), the 

earth tongues (Geoglossaceae) and the genera Camarophyllopsis, Dermoloma and 

Porpoloma. These species would be thoroughly searched for. Records would be made of 

other species but the maps generated may not necessarily be complete for these groups. 

The data collected was to be compared with other Irish data as well as GB data to provide a 

British Isles context for the North Kerry sites. This data and interpretation would also feed into 

the National Biodiversity Data Centre. All images collected during this survey are available for 

unlimited usage for the Heritage Council or the National Biodiversity Data Centre. 

In addition, all published records of fungi that included records for the whole of county Kerry 

were entered into a database with an output being a biodiversity species list of fungi for County 

Kerry. Recommendations are also made on possible fungal Priority species for Kerry. 

6

The Study Area 

County Kerry is too large geographically for a single survey. It was not feasible to divide the 

county along vice county boundaries as the two vice counties are disjunct with South Kerry – 

H1 including the Dingle peninsula (Webb, 1980). The original proposal for this survey included 

the northern coast of the Iveragh peninsula and missed parts of northern Kerry in the region of 

Tarbert. It was decided for practical reasons with the aim of minimising travel time and 

maximising survey time to change this and have a much simpler north – south division of the 

county with the boundary following a line eastwards from the southern coast of the Dingle 

peninsula. 

Map 1 – Study Area 

The Vice county of South Kerry is coloured in pink and North Kerry in blue. The Study area 

border is in purple 

As waxcap grasslands are so sensitive to agricultural improvement, the best sites are often 

steep mountain slopes, inaccessible islands, coastal cliffs, fields that have not been improved 

due to owner age or difficult access, estate lawns and churchyards. This means that the 

Dingle peninsula was the most likely source of sites and the part of the vice county of North 

Kerry in the study area was less hopeful. The uplands to the east of Tralee (Stack Mountain, 

7

Mullaghareirk and Mount Eagle) are very wet, low and rounded with few steep slopes and 

were unlikely to be favourable. 

History of mycological recording in County Kerry 

Kerry is one of the better recorded counties in the Republic of Ireland for fungi but it is still not 

good. Recording has also largely been centred on the Killarney area. In a snapshot of the 

Fungus Records Database for the British Isles 

(http://www.fieldmycology.net/FRDBI/FRDBI.asp), the primary source of fungal records for the 

British Isles and a contributor to the National Biodiversity Data Centre, there were records for 

only 503 different species for the vice county of North Kerry and 484 for South Kerry giving a 

total of 887 species for the whole county. Compare this to 1535 species recorded for Down, 

1257 for Antrim, 1091 for Wicklow and 1038 for Fermanagh. 

Vice County No of Species 

Down 1535 

Antrim 1257 

Wicklow 1091 

Fermanagh 1038 

Dublin 881 

Offaly 708 

Londonderry 676 

Tyrone 646 

Unallocated 632 

North Kerry 503 

South Kerry 484 

Armagh 463 

Clare & Aran Islands 441 

Kildare 370 

West Cork 344 

Wexford 312 

West Galway 246 

Laois 243 

West Donegal 224 

East Donegal 206 

Clare 200 

West Mayo 196 

Mid Cork 193 

8 

Vice County No of Species 

Roscommon 186 

South East Galway 176 

Kilkenny 136 

Sligo 133 

Louth 132 

Westmeath 125 

Monaghan 109 

Galway 105 

Carlow 81 

Waterford 74 

Cavan 71 

East Cork 34 

Meath 32 

North Tipperary 29 

Mayo 27 

Donegal 19 

Leitrim 16 

East Mayo 14 

Limerick 12 

South Tipperary 12 

Longford 11 

Table 2: No of species of fungi in the FRDBI in 2009 

The most significant recording events in the county were three visits by the British Mycological 

Society in 1936, 1946 and 1989. Very relevant to this survey was one visit to Great Blasket 

recording grassland fungi by D.J. Bullock in 1975 (Bullock, 1975). 

Since these recording events, there has been an increase in interest in fungi in latter years and 

there are regular records from the county from Tom Harrington, Roland McHugh, Maria Cullen, 

Howard Fox, Richard O’Hanlon, Northern Ireland Fungus Group members amongst others. All 

these mycologists about records they held for County Kerry and thanks must go to Tom 

Harrington and Jenny Seawright for providing records and information. The 2011 Bioblitz all 

included some fungi records in County Kerry and thanks to the NBDC for providing these 

records.

Digitisation of published records 

A significant number of records for County Kerry however were published but not available in 

any recording database. The various volumes of the Catalogue of Irish Fungi by Muskett and 

Malone published between 1976 and 1984 list all publications of fungi from before these dates 

with Mangan’s paper filling in the gaps up until 2000 (Mangan, 2008). All the publications 

containing records for County Kerry that I could obtain were read and records extracted from 

them and digitised. The aim was to produce a more complete list of fungi recorded for County 

Kerry which is hopefully useful for biodiversity strategies for the county. 

The Muskett and Malone catalogues do not give details of individual records but list all species 

recorded in Ireland along with a number relating to the published reference. In total, they list 31 

references containing records that were made in County Kerry but I additionally digitised some 

other papers that I came across (see Table 3). The sources are mainly in the Irish Naturalist’s 

Journal, its predecessor, the Irish Naturalist and the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 

Such journals are not easy to access and under the auspices of this grant, I was granted 

access to the JSTOR Irish collection. JSTOR (www.jstor.org) offers free access to digital 

copies of academic papers for research purposes and in 2006, worked with Queen’s 

University Belfast to digitise the complete back catalogue of 75 journals about the natural 

history and heritage of Ireland. These include the journals quoted above. I am deeply indebted 

to JSTOR for granting me access to the Irish Collection as it made the next stage of this 

project possible making these journals immediately accessible. 

Some additional papers were obtained from the British Mycological Society library and thanks 

go to Gill Butterfield for help. 

Most biological recording databases are set up for rapid data entry of species lists found by the 

observer, i.e. one site / multiple species. Published records however often tend to be 

presented the other way round with species listed one by one along with details of the sites at 

which they are found listed, i.e. one species / multiple sites. This means direct entry into most 

biological recording databases is tedious and time consuming. To solve this, for digitising data 

for the West Galway survey, I wrote a simple database that simplified this process. As shown 

in the screenshot below, the form allows for the selection of a species at the top and below this, 

a number of sites can be entered for that species. This is saved in a table that fits straight into 

the Recorder 6 import wizard making the records compatible with the NBDC data handling 

system. As a new site is entered, the database remembers this and it is offered in dropdowns 

to speed up future data entry. For this project, this database was extended streamlining its 

working and adding new attributes to the recording form. In this way 679 records from a total of 

42 references were digitised and migrated into Recorder 6. Data entry was not restricted to 

just those records within Kerry but all records in that paper were digitised. This database 

speeded up data entry significantly but it remained a time consuming exercise. 

Fig 1: Published records data entry form 

9

Reference No Recs 

Abdullah, S.K. & Webster, J. (1980) Aquatic and aero-aquatic hyphomycetes from 

Ireland. Irish Naturalists' Journal 20: 49-55 

Boyle, P.J. (1976) A first record of the fungus Claviceps purpurea on Spartina in Ireland. Irish 

Naturalists' Journal 18: 325-326 

6 

Brereton, T.F.S. (1987) Truffles in Co. Tipperary. Irish Naturalists' Journal 22: 366 1 

Bullock, D.J. (1975) Fungi collected on the Blaskets, Co. Kerry. Irish Naturalists' Journal 18: 

150-151 

Curtis, T.G.F. & Scannell, M.J.P. (1987) Hyalospora polypodii (Diet.) Magn. - a rust fungus new 

to Ireland. Irish Naturalists' Journal 22: 206 

Doppelbaur, H. (1975) Some rust fungi from Ireland. I.N.J. 18, 198. 54 

Dublin Microscopical Club (1895) Dublin Microscopical Club. Irish Naturalist 4: 133-134 2 

Dublin Microscopical Club (1895) Dublin Microscopical Club. Irish Naturalist 4: 22 1 








Fox, H.F. (2001) New records of Ascomycetes from bogs in Ireland. Irish Naturalists' 

Journal 26: 477-478 

Gennard, D.E. & Hackney, C.R. (1989) First Irish record of a fossil bracket fungus Fomes 

fomentarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx.. Irish Naturalists' Journal 

Good, J.A. (1984) Fungi attacking eggs of the earwig Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera). 

Irish Naturalists' Journal 21: 370 

Gunn, W.F. (1919) Some Irish Mycetozoa Irish Naturalists' Journal 28, Part 4: 45-48 135 

Hegarty, B.M. & Curran, P.M.T. (1980) Ceriosporopsis halima Linder, (imperfect state) new to 


1 

Johnson, W.F. (1899) Cordyceps militaris on a beetle Irish Naturalists' Journal. 8, 24. 1 

Kirby, N. (1979) Hypocreopsis rhododendri Thaxter, new to Ireland. Irish Naturalists' Journal 

19: 328 

Mangan, Aedine (1974) Truffles, I.N.J. 18, 126. 1 

McWeeney, E.J. (1893) Fungi from Altadore, Co. Wicklow Irish Naturalist 2: 227-228 13 

McWeeney, E.J. (1893) Fungi from the south-west. Irish Naturalist 2: 227 10 

McWeeney, E.J. (1896) Fungi from Brackenstown, Co. Dublin Irish Naturalists' Journal 5: 6-11 46 

Pearson, A. A. (1950) New records and observations. T.B.M.S. 32, 258. 3 

Pim, G. (1883) Recent additions to the Fungi of Counties Dublin and Wicklow PRIA 4 p25-28 62 

Pim, G. (1885) Preliminary report on the fungi of Glengarriff and Killarney. P.R.I.A. 4 233 

Pim, G. and McArdle, D. (1899) Phragmidium tormentillae and Venturia bryophila. I.N. 8, 21. 2 

Praeger, R. Ll. (1917) Aquatic fungi. IN. 26, 55. 12 

Praeger, R. Ll. (1917) Some Leitrim fungi. IN. 26, 55-56 9 

Scannell, M.J.P. (1974) Clathrus ruber Mich. ex Pers., the lattice stinkhorn, in Ireland. Irish 

Naturalists' Journal 18: 53-54 

Scannell, M.J.P. (1979) Hymenochaete mougeotii (Fr.) Mass. a rare fungus at Fota. Irish 

Naturalists' Journal 19: 408 

Scannell, M.J.P. (1980) Cumminsiella mirabilissima (Peck.) Nannf. (rust fungus) in Ireland. 


Scannell, M.J.P. (1981) Mycosphaerella asplenii (Aursw.) Lindau. in Ireland. Irish Naturalists' 

Journal 20: 253 

10 

19 

19 

1 

4 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

3 

7

Reference No Recs 

Scannell, M.J.P. (1982) Lophium elatum Greville in Ireland. Irish Naturalists' Journal 20: 453 3 

Scannell, M.J.P. (1983) Anisogramma virgultorum (Fries.) Thiessen & Sydow new to Ireland. 


Scannell, M.J.P. (1987) Lophium mytilinum (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr. (Ascomycetes) in south-east 

Galway (H15). Irish Naturalists' Journal 22: 262-263 

Scannell, M.J.P. (1994) Asterostroma medium Bres. (Eucomycota: Asterostromataceae) in 


Synnott, D. M. . (1965) Atichia, a fungal genus new to the Irish flora. IN.J. 15, 74 2 

Wakefield, E. M. (1962) New and rare British Hymenomycetes (Aphyllophorales). T.B.M.S. 35, 

34. 

Table 3: References digitised as part of compiling historical records for County Kerry 

Cleaning of the Irish Records in the FRDBI 

The next important source of fungal records is the FRDBI itself. The FRDBI is a database 

containing over 1.6 million records for the British Isles. These records are supplied from a 

range of sources including local fungus recording groups, volunteers, the Kew and Edinburgh 

herbaria and various other sources. Not every record has a site name, a grid reference or a 

county/vice county name as the source may be an herbarium package with minimal 

information written on it. Equally, the information in the database maybe incorrect in that there 

maybe spelling mistakes in the name, the wrong grid reference given for a site or the wrong 

county/vice county given. In 2009, the British Mycological Society looked into cleaning its 

datasets and I worked with Paul Kirk, the FRDBI manager, into this process testing some 

ideas in Scotland. 

As I had been given access to the database for this process, I looked at following the protocols 

set out to clean the Irish records. The aim was to give a grid reference to record with site 

names only, to allocate all records with a site name and grid reference the correct vice county 

using GIS techniques and to fix up spelling mistakes where possible. This was a major 

exercise working on 50,754 records. It led to: 

• 2,375 records were given a grid reference for the first time 

• 288 records were given a new grid reference as the initial one was incorrect for the site 

and county given 

• 297 records were given a new vice county as they had been allocated the wrong one 

• 27 records from Great Britain but labelled as being in Ireland were corrected 

The NBN Record Cleaner (http://www.nbn.org.uk/record-cleaner.aspx), GIS and websites 

such as http://irish.gridreferencefinder.com/ were all used in this process but it has led to a 

much cleaner dataset and brought a significant amount of records into any data analysis. As 

the FRDBI is a contributor to the NBDC, this cleaner dataset can be provided to the NBDC and 

discussions are being held about this. 

Taking the new digitised records, records provided by Tom Harrington and Jenny Seawright 

and the cleaner Irish FRDBI dataset into account, this brought the list of known species of 

fungi for County Kerry from 887 to 1044 prior to this survey. The species are presented in 

Appendix 3 which includes all new species recorded in this survey as well to form an up to date 

biodiversity list of fungi for Kerry. This list (also supplied as an Excel file) notes if the species is 

found in the vice counties of North Kerry or South Kerry along with the source of the most 

record for this species. 

11 

1 

3 

1 

7

Methodology 

The 1:50,000 OSi maps were studied as were aerial photographs available on Google Earth 

and (even better) the OSi SmartMaps Viewer available at http://shop.osi.ie/shop/. As with the 

West Donegal Survey (Mitchel, 2009), another key dataset examined in advance was the 

Environmental Protection Agency’s National Soils database (https://maps.epa.ie). Earlier 

analysis of the waxcap surveys funded by the Heritage Council against soil type identified the 

soil types more likely to support waxcaps (Table 4). 

IFS SOIL type Description No Records 

AminSRPT Podzols – Peaty 423 

AminDW Acid Brown Earths – Brown Podzolics 131 

BminSW Renzinas / Lithosols Basic 128 

AminSW Lithosols / Regosols Acidic 103 

MarSands Beach sands and gravels 86 

AminPD Surface Water Gleys, ground water Gleys, Acidic 85 

Made Man made soils 43 

AeoUND Aeolian undifferentiated 41 

AminPDPT Peaty gleys, acidic 24 

BktPt Blanket peat 23 

BminDW Grey Brown Podzolic Brown Earths, Basic 15 

AminSP Shallow Surface or Ground water Gleys Acidic 14 

BminPD Surface Water Gleys, ground water Gleys, Basic 6 

BminSP Shallow Surface or Ground water Gleys Basic 4 

AlluvMIN Mineral Alluvium 4 

Table 4: National Soil Database soil categories and number of grassland fungi records from 

the Co.Clare (2006), West Cork (2007) and West Mayo (2008) surveys 

From this, the preference for better drained mineral soils compared to the wetter gleys or 

blanket peats is marked. National soil datasets are however relatively broad scale and do take 

the local complexities of soils into account and this is the scale at which fungal mycelia operate. 

However, with the limitations in mind and if taken at a broad scale, such maps can help target 

possible new sites and the identification of possible sites using the soils map helped 

significantly in finding new sites. 

Other useful datasets used were Geology available from the GSI website and the Gardens 

dataset of the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (http://www.buildingsofireland.ie). 

The latter dataset was also digitised allowing them to be plotted in GIS for identifying possible 

large estate lawns and included them in site search planning. All churches marked on the 

1:50,000 maps were also digitised in a new layer to highlight their presence. 

Another incredibly useful datasource is Google StreetView. This is particulary comprehensive 

in Ireland and allowed me to view the sites in advance eliminating sites that were too wet or 

churchyards with no lawn. Without this targeting, this survey would be a lot more difficult with 

more spent driving than on the ground. 

Using all these datasets, the most likely sites within each 10km square were identified and 

driving routes for each survey day were planned in advance. Each site was visited for as long 

as was necessary. Whilst the target groups were searched for as priority, all species of fungi 

encountered were recorded. However many of these latter records were of a casual nature 

and many of the species maps produced for these species are very unrepresentative as they 

were only recorded if seen and were often not searched for. 

12

When notable species were found, specimens were taken for microscopical examination. 

Herbarium specimens were dried on a continental fruit drier and are being passed to the 

National Botanic Gardens in Glasnevin as well as the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew. The 

target species are listed in the Species Reports. 

The literature used to identify the grassland target groups were as follows: 

• Bas et al (1990) Flora Agaracina Neerlandica Vol. 2. Leiden. (Used for Camaropyllopsis) 

• Boertmann, D. (1995).The Genus Hygrocybe (Fungi of Northern Europe – I). Danish 

Mycological Society. 

• Henrici, A. (1997) Keys to British Clavariaceae. Privately circulated. 

• Knudsen, H. & Vesterholt, J. (2008) Funga Nordica. Nordsvamp 

• Noordeloos, M.E. (1992) Entoloma, s.l. (Fungi Europaei 5 and 5a). Saronno: Libreria editrice 

Giovanna Biella. 

• Spooner, B. (1998). ) Keys to the British Geoglossaceae (draft). Privately circulated. 

• Vesterholt, J. (2002) Contribution to the knowledge of species of Entoloma subgenus Leptonia. 

Edizioni Candusso 

• Watling, R. & Turnbull, E. (1998) 8. Cantharellaceae, Gomphaceae and Amyloid and Xeruloid 

members of the Tricholomataceae: British Fungus Flora Vol.8. Royal Botanic Gardens, 

Edinburgh (Used for Dermoloma and Porpoloma) 

Results 

Weather and Fungal Fruiting 

The fruiting of fungi is particularly affected by weather. Fruiting is often best after warm 

summers which are followed by a damp autumn. Generalising, during the warm summer, the 

underground mycelia extend and then during the damp autumn, fruiting occurs and uses up a 

considerable amount of moisture. However, if there is too much rain and the top soil layers 

become waterlogged, the anaerobic conditions hinder the production of fruiting bodies 

(Rotheroe 1999). Containing so much moisture, fungi can be hit badly by frosts but on the 

other hand, early frosts in October and early November seem to quickly initiate a new batch of 

fruiting of waxcaps as long as the frosts do not continue for a long period of time. Although 

some species of waxcaps can fruit in July (even as early as May), the main flush is usually in 

late October and early November. In coastal areas in Ireland, the fruiting period can continue 

through December even into January due to the infrequency of frosts. 

Met Éireann provide summary weather statistics for various parts of the country. The nearest 

weather station is Valentia Island which was particularly relevant for this survey (see 

http://www.met.ie/climate/monthly-data.asp?Num=2275 ) and were noted on December 01. 

Total Rainfall in millimetres for Valentia Island 

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual 

2012 156.7 67.6 42.3 119.1 53.5 128.3 169.1 163.9 74.6 136.2 213.2 1327.3 

2011 107.8 188.9 59.6 68.1 164.6 118.5 80.0 91.7 160.2 192.8 298.9 1883.6 1719.7 

mean 173.8 123.7 123.8 96.7 93.5 95.3 99.0 114.9 125.4 177.1 169.3 164.9 1557.4 

Mean Temperature in degrees Celsius for Valentia Island 

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual 

2012 9.0 8.8 10.1 8.3 11.6 13.4 14.4 15.6 13.5 10.8 8.0 11.2 

2011 5.5 8.3 7.9 11.6 11.9 12.3 13.9 14.0 14.1 12.5 11.2 8.4 11.0 

mean 7.3 7.2 8.2 9.4 11.6 13.8 15.4 15.4 14.1 11.7 9.3 7.8 10.9 

These figures emphasise just what a wet year 2012 has been with staggering figures for June, 

July and August. September and October were drier than average however but this 

13

combination is not good for fungi. The wet cool summer leads to wet, sodden anoxic soils in 

which are not ideal for mycelial growth followed by a drier spell just when the fungi need more 

water to produce the fruiting bodies. 

Date Rainfall (mm) Max Temp 

(°C) 

Min Temp 

(°C) 

Grass min 

Temp 

Sunshine 

Hours 

20/10/12 0 14.9 9.5 6.8 2.4 

21/10/12 0 15.9 13.1 12.0 4.4 

22/10/12 0 15.6 11.8 9.2 1.5 

23/10/12 0 14.8 8.2 4.5 0.1 

24/10/12 0 13.1 12.1 10.7 0 

25/10/12 0 13.5 10.2 9.5 0.5 

26/10/12 0 10.3 4.0 1.7 5.5 

27/10/12 0 9.2 2.8 -2.1 8.6 

28/10/12 6.9 10.4 8.3 5.3 0 

29/10/12 0.5 11.7 5.8 1.4 2.9 

30/10/12 1.6 10.8 7.2 5.6 1.6 

31/10/12 12.3 10.4 4.0 0.4 3.3 

01/11/12 7.6 9.1 3.9 2.5 

02/11/12 6.4 9.7 1.7 -1.1 

03/11/12 4.3 9.0 4.8 2.3 

04/11/12 7.8 10.0 6.3 4.8 

05/11/12 2.0 10.8 4.8 0.9 

06/11/12 0 10.9 7.4 2.6 

07/11/12 1.6 11.7 9.6 10.1 

08/11/12 0.9 12.1 8.8 7.2 

09/11/12 11.3 11.7 5.7 2.7 

10/11/12 6.8 9.4 6.3 5.0 

Table 5 – Daily weather statistics from Valentia Island over the study period 

In terms of waxcap fruiting, one important measurement not readily available is number of 

frost days. As fungi are largely water, frosts can destroy the fruiting bodies. From the above 

daily figures, the nights immediately before the start of the survey had a frost and the 

temperatures did not pick up until the second week. The first week was also particularly wet 

which was not good given the sodden ground. 

The weather for 2012 played a significant role in the fungal fruiting pattern and it was not 

conducive to good fruiting for the reasons mentioned. This was not restricted to Ireland and 

the feeling amongst mycologists in Wales looking at grassland fungi was that it was also a 

poor year there. Woodland fungi were also poor in southern England (Henrici, 2012). 

The very wet summer was not reflected everywhere in Ireland though with the more northern 

weather stations of Belmullet and Malin Head reporting a normal or drier than average August 

and July figures not as significantly high as Valentia Island. Hence it would be fascinating to 

know what grassland fungal fruiting was like in these areas. 

14

Summary Results 

There are 41 x 10km squares in the North Kerry study area although some of these have very 

small amounts of lands within them. 78 sites in 31 x 10km squares were visited and a distance 

of 754 miles was covered within the survey area in the process. Many of these sites were 

small churchyards but others were large and took most of the day to survey. Due to time 

restrictions as I was trying to cover as large an area as possible, sites were not visited that 

involved long walk ins or if it was difficult to organise permissions onto the land. Weather 

conditions prevented visits to the islands of Great Blasket, Inishvickillane and Illauntannig 

which were planned and permissions had been obtained for these islands. This was a great 

shame as these were possibly the best sites in the study area. Details of all the sites and the 

species found are shown in Appendix 2. 

The headlines from this survey are: 

• Overall, this was the poorest survey in this series along the Irish west coast 

• Only 237 records were made of the target species compared to 430 in West Galway 

(Mitchel, 2010), 524 in West Cork (Mitchel, 2007) and 546 in West Donegal (Mitchel, 

2009). 

• Fairy Clubs and Entolomas were almost absent apart from a few common species 

• The best site (Glennahoo) had 15 species of waxcap and there were only 5 other sites 

with over 10 species. 

• Glennahoo is now the 32nd best site in Ireland 

• Six species new to the Republic of Ireland were found with five of these being new to 

all Ireland. 

• The species new to all Ireland were: 

o Amanita betulae 

o Arrhenia griseopallida 

o Galerina atkinsoniana 

o Hebeloma collariatum 

o Pluteus nanus 

• The species new to the Republic of Ireland was: 

o Geoglossum uliginosum 

• 48 species were recorded as new to Kerry 

15

West West West West North 

Clare Cork Mayo Donegal Galway Kerry 

Survey 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 

Hygrocybe species 

Clavariaceae 

23 29 25 30 29 22 

species 10 10 8 11 8 5 

Entoloma species 

Geoglossaceae 

12 20 7 15 10 4 

species 5 3 8 6 7 9 

Hygrocybe Records 

Clavariaceae 

228 354 329 369 317 175 

Records 27 66 30 60 37 13 

Entoloma Records 

Geoglossaceae 

18 92 25 59 34 20 

Records 

Number Target 

24 11 57 58 41 28 

Species Records 304 524 411 546 430 237 

Number Records 557 959 774 943 862 548 

Number Species 157 206 177 191 224 155 

Sites H10-14 6 6 6 16 11 5 

Sites H15+ 1 3 3 2 5 1 

Table 6 – Irish Waxcap Surveys compared 

Notable Finds 

New Irish Records 

There are no published records or records for Ireland in the Fungus Records Database for the 

British Isles (FRDBI) hosted by the British Mycological Society or the National Biodiversity 

Data Centre for the following species: 

Amanita betulae Neville & Poumarat 

16

This is species was newly described in 2004 and was possibly been recorded in the past as a 

variety of Amanita vaginata or Amanita fulva but is now a separate species. It is always found 

under Birch, has a dull brown colour rather than the grey of A.vaginata or the rich bright brown 

colour of A.fulva. Like all members of the Amanitopsis group, it does not have a ring but does 

have brown zig zag markings on the stipe. The volva (the “egg shell” at the stipe base) is not 

ochreous spotted and microscopically it contains numerous large sphaerocysts or large round 

cells (Kibby, 2011). Found in Annascaul: Sacred Heart Church (Q597019) on 31 st October 

2012. 

Arrhenia griseopallida (Desm.) Watling 

This small species with thick decurrent gills can smell very strongly of pelargonium despite its 

small size. Noted microscopically by having clamps and long narrow spores. Widely although 

not commonly recorded in Great Britain, it is surprising it has not been recorded in Ireland 

before and is possibly overlooked. For photos, see 

http://www.leifgoodwin.co.uk/Fungi/Arrhenia%20griseopallida.html or 

http://www.biopix.com/arrhenia-griseopallida_photo-97891.aspx. 

Galerina atkinsoniana A.H. Sm. 

This is an overlooked species rather than a rare species. For good photos, see 

http://www.hlasek.com/galerina_atkinsoniana.html. It is distinguished by having 1, 2 and 4 

spored basidia and numerous cystidia in the cap (pileocystidia). The latter feature 

distinguishes it from G.vittiformis. Found in Lough Adoon at Q528070 on 11 th November 2012. 

Hebeloma collariatum Bruchet 

This species is very rarely recorded in the British Isles. It is not accepted in the Checklist of the 

British Isles as there are no voucher specimens in the Kew herbarium (Legon and Henrici, 

2005) but the FRDBI does list 23 records from England. It was distinguished as a small 

17

species only up to 2cm with a cortina present, spores on average 11.6 x 6 µm, a stipe that was 

darkening to a brown colour and being associated with Salix repens in a large dune slack at 

Inch Dunes. It was found in the bare sand on the outside of a clump of Salix repens. Found at 

Q653002 on 6 th November 2012. 

Pluteus nanus (Pers.) P. Kumm. 

I was very surprised not be able to find any published or databased records for this species. 

There are 487 records for it in Great Britain which makes it one of the most commonly 

recorded members of this genus. Noted by its cellular cap structure, its dark cap colour, pale 

stipe and being found in the foredunes amongst Marram grass. Found at Banna Strand at 

Q752223 on 01/11/2012. I had reported P.griseoluridus from West Donegal in 2009 and will 

review these records as they may well be this species. 

New Records for the Republic of Ireland 

Geoglossum uliginosum Hakelier 

This earth tongue was found as a single fruiting body 6cms long with a stalk 2mm wide 

enlarging to 6mm at the head. The stipe was viscid but not as much as G.glutinosum. Spores 

were up to 70µm long and 7 septate. The paraphyses were generally apically dilated and 

constricted at the septae. In Sweden it is known from wet grassland sites and here it was 

found at Kilballylahiff at Q628088 on 4 th November 2012. It was found in a very wet spot 

surrounded by standing water but this was in exceptionally wet conditions. The slopes above 

the road were a moderately steep sheep grazed hillside with clumps of Ulex gallii, Ulex 

europaeus and Molinia caerulea. Mosses were a major constituent of the sward. When we 

were there, the whole hillside was soaking wet with surface water running down the slopes.10 

species of waxcap were found. 

18

This species has been recorded once before in Ireland in 2004 from Greenan Mountain in 

Tyrone recorded by Liz Holden during the Northern Ireland Waxcap Survey. Liz describes the 

site as a poor bit of acidic sheep walk with lots of rushes and very little of interest apart from 

the Geoglossum uliginosum which I have recorded as growing with Sphagnum (Liz Holden 

pers comm.). 

There are 5 records from Scotland and one from Wales in the FRDBI but as Johan Nitare 

wrote in the Swedish Action Plan for this species, there was thoughts that the UK records may 

represent a different species (Nitare, 2007). The specimen was thus sent to him he confirmed 

this determination making this the first confirmed record of G.uliginosum Hakelier in Ireland. 

The authority (Hakelier) is important as Johan Nitare describes that Nils Hakelier described 

the species from Sweden in 1967 (Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 61: 419-424). The problem with the 

name “G. uliginosum” is that Persoon also used this name for a fungus in 1796, but the sense 

in which he used it is unclear. The name G.uliginosum Hakelier can be seen as a younger 

homonym of G.uliginosum Pers. hence the confusion about the British records as it was not 

known which description was being followed. 

Brian Spooner’s key to the British Geoglossaceae excluded G.uliginosum Hakelier in 1997 as 

there were no herbarium specimens from the records at that time although there is now one 

specimen from Scotland from 2001 collected by Ern Emmett in Duchalton in Easterness 

(http://www.fieldmycology.net/FRDBI/FRDBIrecord.asp?intGBNum=46799). Alan Silverside’s 

key from 1997 lists G.uliginosum but not the authority but I did use this key along with Nordic 

Macromycetes Vol 1 which lists the Hakelier species to make the identification. 

This species is subject to a lot of conservation work in Sweden with its own Action Plan with a 

five year budget of SEK 250,000. The main actions were site surveys, clearing of scrub and 

controlled grazing preferably by cattle. This species has also recently been found in the Czech 

Republic and Slovakia and a paper is in preparation reporting this. The sites there looked very 

similar to Kilballylahiff with wet meadow or peat bog with Molinia caerulea, Deschampsia 

cespitosa and Sphagnum spp (Viktor Kucera pers comm). 

Kilballylahiff 

19

Other Notable Records – Target Species 

Hygrocybe calyptriformis (Berk. & Broome) Fayod 

The pink waxcap that is the talisman of the group. Found at Glennahoo on 4 th November 2012 

at Q551081. 

Hygrocybe vitellina (Fr.) P. Karst. 

Found on the West Galway survey as well, it is noted by its small stature, umbilicate cap and 

viscid edge to the gill. Found at Brandon Point on 29/10/2012 at Q525173. 

20

Geoglossum atropurpureum (Batsch) Pers. 

One of Northern Ireland’s Priority Species 

(http://www.habitas.org.uk/priority/species.asp?item=17906) and a UK BAP species. Like 

most earth tongues, it is not easy to identify in the field although a purplish tinge can be seen 

with this species. Noted under the microscope by non-septate spores 18-33µm long and with 

brown amorphous matter giving a very different look under the microscope to most earth 

tongue squashes. Which genus this species is in has always given difficulty with it often been 

placed in Thuemenidium. Recent DNA work suggests that this species is more related to 

Microglossum with more work needed to confirm this (Ohenoja et al., 2010). Retained here as 

Geoglossum atropurpureum to remain consistent with priority species lists. Found at Dunmore 

Head on 30/10/2012 at V307982 and Glennahoo on 04/11/2012 at Q551081. For photographs, 

see http://www.habitas.org.uk/priority/photo.asp?item=815 or 

Microglossum olivaceum (Pers.) Gillet 

One of Northern Ireland’s Priority Species 

(http://www.habitas.org.uk/priority/species.asp?item=17521) and a UK BAP species, this is a 

distinctive earth tongue with brown and green colours. Quite amazingly, it was found in an 

unremarkable churchyard in Ballybunnion (St John's Church) on 07/11/12 at Q866415. This 

was the only fungus in the churchyard which was very wet and squelchy. This does indicate 

though that the site should be revisited. The photograph below was on taken on Clare Island 

on the West Mayo survey (Mitchel, 2008). 

Trichoglossum walteri (Berk.) E.J. Durand 

Another of Northern Ireland’s Priority Species 

(http://www.habitas.org.uk/priority/species.asp?item=17921). A black earth tongue. Earth 

21

tongues are almost impossible to identify in the field and must be microscopically checked. 

Trichoglossums can however sometimes be recognised as with a hand lens, the black setae 

stick out like small needles on the stem. T.walteri is distinguished by the much more common 

T.hirsutum by spores that are 7 septate instead of 15 septate. Found at Glennahoo on 

04/11/2012 at Q551081. For a photo, see 

http://www.flickr.com/photos/21189203@N05/2081615731/. 

Other Notable Records – non-Target Species 

Agaricus impudicus (Rea) Pilát 

This agaric can be quite dark and scaly, sometimes vinaceous in colour when young with the 

squamules spreading out as the cap expands. If sliced, the flesh is almost unchanging but the 

lamellae bruise red especially when young. It is also noted for small spores in the range of 4.5 

– 7 x 3.2 – 4.2 µm. Known mostly as woodland species, in the west of Britain, it is also found 

in grasslands and was found on this survey at Dunmore Head on 30/10/2012 at V307982 and 

Inch dunes on 6 th November 2012 in the fixed dunes on the eastern side of the peninsula. For 

a photo, see http://www.aranzadi-zientziak.org/micologia/a or 

http://www.errotari.com/Micologia/especie.php?1007. There are a reasonable number of 

records for this species in Ireland but the habitat is worth commenting on. 

Bjerkandera fumosa (Pers.) P. Karst. 

The Big Smokey Bracket. This bracket was found on Gorse Ulex europaeus at Lough Adoon 

on 09/11/2012 at Q523088. Note the brown line between the flesh and the pores rather than a 

black line which is typical of the more common Bjerkandera adusta. This latter species has a 

line concolorous with the smoky pores. The other distinguishing features are its pale cap 

colour and slightly smaller spores. The pores on this specimen were darkening on other parts 

of the fruiting body. Only one other record in the FRDBI for this species on Gorse. Rarely 

recorded in Ireland with two modern records by Roy Anderson from Belvoir Forest in Belfast in 

1991 and by Neil Sinnot from Dunlewey Demesne in Donegal in 1970 (FRDBI). Older records 

are by Rev Lett from Narrow Water Forest in Down in 1883 and by John Templeton “near 

Belfast” in 1840. There are records from the 1880’s for Dublin and Wicklow quoted in Muskett 

and Malone (Muskett and Malone, 1980) but their references do not seem correct. It is not 

mentioned in one article (Pim and McWeeney, 1893) and the other could not be sourced. 

22

Coprinopsis ammophilae (Courtec.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 

A small ink cap found in bare sand in foredunes. Found here at Gowland Strand amongst 

marram at the very dune front at Q561123 on 05/11/2012. There are only 17 records of this 

species from Great Britain in the FRDBI. Found twice on the West Donegal survey in 2009 

from Portacurry dunes at B71531774 and Ballymastocker Dunes at C252379. Also found at 

Mullaghmore Dunes in Sligo on the BMS foray in 2000. 

Coprinopsis semitalis (P.D. Orton) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 

A rarely recorded but attractive inkcap that proved to be quite common on the Dingle 

peninsula. Microscopically it is very distinctive as their spores have a loosening outer coating 

(the perispore) that loosens and makes it look like the spores have wings! Found at 

Mullaghveal at Q469069 on 29/10/2012, Glennahoo at Q551081on 04/11/2012 Faha Grotto at 

Q492120 on 05/11/2012, St Brendan's Church, Clogher at Q931132 on 08/11/2012 and 

Lough Adoon at Q528070 on 09/11/2012. 

23

Cortinarius saturninus (Fr.) Fr. 

Only two previous records for this species from the Republic of Ireland from Glengarriff in 

West Cork in 1936 and the Vale of Clara in Wicklow on 14/10/2004 recorded by Roland 

McHugh. Recorded six times in Fermanagh on the 2000 British Mycological Society foray. 

Found here in Inch Dunes associated with Salix repens in a large dune slack beside the find of 

Hebeloma collariatum at Q653002 on 06/11/2012. 

24

Lepiota erminea (Fr.) P. Kumm. 

As it name suggest, this is a pure white Lepiota with free gills, a ring on the stipe and long 

fusiform spores. Typically found in dunes, this is reflected in its records in Ireland. Found in 

Inch Dunes at V657989 on 06/11/2012. Also found at North Bull in 1948-50 By R,G.D. Dennis, 

Inch Dunes in 1989 by Maurice Rotheroe, Cahore Dunes in Wicklow in 1998 by Roland 

McHugh and Keem Strand on Achill in 1998 also by Roland McHugh. For photos, see 

http://www.biopix.com/lepiota-erminea_photo-61035.aspx or 

http://botany.cz/cs/lepiota-erminea/ 

Macrotyphula fistulosa var. fistulosa (Holmsk.) R.H. Petersen 

A remarkable fungus, like a long needle over 10cm long. It is commonly recorded both in Great 

Britain and Northern Ireland (33 records) but, quite amazingly, this is only the third record for 

the Republic of Ireland. The only other records are from 1910 by Carleton Rea and Henry 

Hawley from Achill Island and Belclare Woods in West Mayo. The other variety, var, contorta, 

is also rarely recorded with the only modern record being from Jenny Seawright at Muckros 

Woods in Killarney in 2009 (see http://www.irishlichens.ie/pages-fungi/f-50.html). This species 

has to be under-recorded. Found at the Sacred Heart Church in Annascaul at Q597019 on 

31/10/2012. 

25

Pholiota lenta (Pers.) Singer 

Not uncommonly recorded in Great Britain but with very few records in Ireland. This is a large 

pale Pholiota with a sticky cap often found under Beech. It was found with this association in 

Glanteenassig Forest in a young Beech plantation at Q620084 on 04/11/2012. There are only 

six Irish records for this species: From Glengarriff in West Cork in 1884, Brackenstown in 

Dublin in 1893, Shaw’s Bridge in Belfast in 1930, Ross Island, Killarney in 1936 and Drumlish 

in Tyrone in 1982 and 1983 by Robert McIlwaine. For photos see 

http://www.rysch.com/pilze/Pholiota_lenta.htm or 

http://www.pilzfotopage.de/Agaricales/slides/Pholiota_lenta.html. 

Stropharia inuncta (Fr.) Quél. 

Another species commonly recorded in Great Britain but with few Irish records. Noted by its 

very slimy cap (note the slime on the top right of the photo), lack of a ring and smallish spores, 

it can have a grayish violet colour but this was a young specimen. Recorded in Ireland before 

from Brittas Bay in Wicklow in 1896, County Dublin in 1898, 1953 (Killakee Mountain) and 

1958 (North Bull) and in Newtownstewart in Tyrone in 2004 by Shelley Evans. Found here in 

Inch Dunes at V657989 on 06/11/2012. 

New Vice County Records 

155 species of fungi were recorded on this survey. Of these 48 are new to County Kerry. 

Regarding the vice counties, 79 species are new to North Kerry (H2) and 117 species are new 

to South Kerry (H1). While this may seem impressive, when species like Coprinellus 

micaceus, Flammulina velutipes, Galerina vittiformis, Lichenomphalia umbellifera or 

Panaeolus acuminatus are being added to a county list, this indicates a low level of recording. 

The species new to Kerry are shown below. 

26

Species Authority Group 

Amanita betulae Neville & Poumarat Boletes and Agarics 

Arrhenia griseopallida (Desm.) Watling Boletes and Agarics 

Bjerkandera fumosa (Pers.) P. Karst. Aphyllophoroid Fungi - Brackets 

Chanterelles etc 

Cheilymenia fimicola (De Not. & Bagl.) Dennis Ascomycetes 

Conocybe pulchella (Velen.) Hauskn. & Svrcek Boletes and Agarics 

Coprinellus micaceus (Bull.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. 

Johnson 

Coprinopsis ammophilae (Courtec.) Redhead, Vilgalys & 

Moncalvo 

Coprinopsis semitalis (P.D. Orton) Redhead, Vilgalys 

& Moncalvo 

27 

Boletes and Agarics 



Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link Ascomycetes 

Cortinarius saturninus (Fr.) Fr. Boletes and Agarics 

Crepidotus cesatii (Rabenh.) Sacc. Boletes and Agarics 

Entoloma longistriatum var. 

longistriatum 

(Peck) Noordel. Boletes and Agarics 

Entoloma sericeum (Bull.) Quél. Boletes and Agarics 

Entoloma tenellum (J. Favre) Noordel. Boletes and Agarics 

Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer Boletes and Agarics 

Galerina atkinsoniana A.H. Sm. Boletes and Agarics 

Galerina clavata (Velen.) Kühner Boletes and Agarics 

Galerina sphagnorum (Pers.) Kühner Boletes and Agarics 

Galerina tibiicystis (G.F. Atk.) Kühner Boletes and Agarics 

Galerina vittiformis (Fr.) Singer Boletes and Agarics 

Geoglossum atropurpureum (Batsch) Pers. Ascomycetes 

Geoglossum fallax E.J. Durand Ascomycetes 

Geoglossum uliginosum Hakelier Ascomycetes 

Hebeloma collariatum Bruchet Boletes and Agarics 

Heterosphaeria patella (Tode) Grev. Ascomycetes 

Hygrocybe citrinovirens (J.E. Lange) Jul. Schäff. Boletes and Agarics 

Hygrocybe flavipes (Britzelm.) Arnolds Boletes and Agarics 

Hygrocybe splendidissima (P.D. Orton) M.M. Moser Boletes and Agarics 

Hygrocybe vitellina (Fr.) P. Karst. Boletes and Agarics 

Lepista panaeolus (Fr.) P. Karst. Boletes and Agarics 

Lichenomphalia umbellifera (L.) Redhead, Lutzoni, 

Moncalvo & Vilgalys 

Macrotyphula fistulosa var. 

fistulosa 

Melanoleuca polioleuca f. 

polioleuca 


(Holmsk.) R.H. Petersen Aphyllophoroid Fungi - Brackets 

Chanterelles etc 

(Fr.) Kühner & Maire Boletes and Agarics 

Microglossum olivaceum (Pers.) Gillet Ascomycetes 

Mycena aetites (Fr.) Quél. Boletes and Agarics 

Mycena flavoalba (Fr.) Quél. Boletes and Agarics 

Omphalina subhepatica (Batsch) Murrill Boletes and Agarics 

Panaeolus acuminatus (Schaeff.) Gillet Boletes and Agarics 

Peziza ammophila Durieu & Mont. Ascomycetes

Species Authority Group 

Pluteus nanus (Pers.) P. Kumm. Boletes and Agarics 

Psathyrella conopilus (Fr.) A. Pearson & Dennis Boletes and Agarics 

Rickenella fibula (Bull.) Raithelh. Boletes and Agarics 

Rickenella swartzii (Fr.) Kuyper Boletes and Agarics 

Stropharia coronilla (Bull.) Quél. Boletes and Agarics 

Stropharia inuncta (Fr.) Quél. Boletes and Agarics 

Trichoglossum hirsutum (Pers.) Boud. Ascomycetes 

Trichoglossum walteri (Berk.) E.J. Durand Ascomycetes 

Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. Ascomycetes 

Table 7 – Species new to County Kerry 

Other wildlife observations 

Other notable wildlife observations were as follows: 

Chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) were seen at Slea Head on 30/10/2012, Kerry Head on 

01/11/2012, Clogher Head on 02/11/12, Clogher Head and Sybil Point on 03/11/2012, 

Beennaman on 03/11/12, Inch Dunes on 06/11/12 and Ballybunnion on 07/11/12. 

One Irish Hare (Lepus timidus subsp. hibernicus) were seen at Doonties Common at 

V496894 on 31/10/12 

One Pygmy Shrew (Sorex minuta) was seen at Kerry Head on 01/11/2012. This was right at 

the cliff edge where it was burrowed in the spongy Thrift turf and our walking over the turf 

made it abandon its hole looking for new cover. 

A washed up log at Ballyferriter Beach was found covered in Goose Barnacles 

(order Pedunculata) where the smell was almost overpowering. They were all dead but these 

can command a high price in southern Europe where they are a delicacy. 

28

10km square and Site Rankings 

Both the total 10km squares and individual sites were ranked according to numbers of species 

of Hygrocybe. Map 2 shows the distribution of the 10km squares surveyed and the number of 

species of Hygrocybe found in each square. Appendix 1 gives full 10km and site species lists. 

Map 2 – 10km squares surveyed with number of species of Hygrocybe recorded 

This was a difficult survey with fruiting sparse and waxcaps difficult to find. The overall number 

of records of target species found (237), the number of target species found (40) and number 

of sites with 10 or more species (6) were all the lowest numbers found in these six surveys for 

the Heritage Council (see Table 6). This does not necessarily mean that North Kerry is poor for 

waxcaps but it does mean that fruiting was poor in this two week survey period. 

Map 2 shows the distribution of species of Hygrocybe by 10km square and follows a 

predictable pattern of the best sites being in the steeply mountainous and coastal areas with 

the flatter lowlands having few species. Such lowland areas can have good sites but finding 

them is very difficult as they will be more unpredictable sites like lawns around large houses, 

churchyards or small fields which for various reasons have had little artificial fertilisers added. 

The Dingle peninsula is highly mountainous with very high rainfall. Much of the upland is 

blanket bog which is not suitable for grassland fungi so the sites found were often steep 

hillsides, especially the steep glacial valleys between Slievanea to Stradbally Mountain where 

the classic U shaped valleys cut deep into the hills provided the best sites on this survey. 

29

Dingle has three mountainous bulks. This central range, the western range of Mount Brandon, 

the second highest mountain in Ireland and the eastern Slieve Mish range. The Mount 

Brandon area was not as good as the valleys cutting into the hills were not as steep and were 

hence wetter and boggier. Slieve Mish was also more rounded and very wet and boggy 

although some of the possible sites involved very long speculative walk-ins and so there was 

not enough time to visit these sites. 

The offshore islands have without doubt the greatest potential. Offshore islands have been the 

best sites on all the surveys bar the Clare survey (Mitchel, 2006) on which no islands were 

visited. All effort should be made to visit at least Great Blasket although all the Blaskets except 

for Tearaght are probably good. The Maharees have also potential although are lower and 

more accessible but are also worth visiting. 

Great Blasket from Dunmore Head 

30

Rank Site Grid Ref 10k H C E G 

1 Glennahoo Q551081 Q50 15 1 1 2 

2 Lough Adoon Q528070 Q50 12 1 1 1 

3 Lough Annascaul Q581052 Q50 11 0 1 2 

3 Slea Head V318971 V39 11 2 2 1 

5 Faha Grotto Q492120 Q41 10 0 0 0 

5 Kilballylahiff Q628088 Q60 10 0 0 1 

7 Ballynahow Q433124 Q41 9 1 1 0 

7 Dunmore Head V307982 V39 9 1 2 1 

9 Bull's Head/Doonties Common V497975 V49 8 1 3 0 

10 Eask Tower V436983 V49 7 0 1 0 

10 Lough Slat Q607078 Q60 7 0 1 1 

10 Tarbert House R072485 R04 7 1 0 1 

13 Connor Pass South Q478050 Q40 6 0 1 0 

13 Sybil Point Q311060 Q30 6 0 1 2 

15 Clogher Head Q305027 Q30 5 2 0 1 

15 Kerry Head Q678314 Q63 5 1 1 1 

Table 8 – Sites ranked by number of Hygrocybe 

H=Hygrocybe; C=Clavariaceae; E=Entoloma; G=Geoglossaceae 

The best site on the survey was Glennahoo, a very steeply sided glacial valley cutting between 

Binn an Tuair and Beenbo mountains with 15 species of waxcap found. Notable species found 

were Hygrocybe calyptriformis, Hygrocybe flavipes, Geoglossum atropurpureum and 

Trichoglossum walteri. Also of note were the large amounts of Coprinopsis semitalis. The 

valley sides are steep, grassy and well drained with especially the spurs between the streams 

descending straight down the slopes being dry and rich in waxcaps. The valley has been 

farmed in the past with numerous earth bank walls which were very good for waxcaps. Only 

the eastern slopes were searched so the western slopes could be searched on future visits 

although being more shaded, they be wetter. Following the track up the valley, the first part 

that was of interest was from Q546089 to Q547091 with the best areas being the high earth 

bank walls alongside the track. These were very rich. Once past Q547091, the valley slopes 

became good as well with the dry spur at Q553080 being particularly good. Grazing is mainly 

by sheep but horses were also present. 

31

Glennahoo 

Glennahoo 

32

The next best site was Lough Adoon just to the west of Glennahoo with 12 species of waxcap 

(a very low number for the second best site on a survey – this would only have been the 11 th 

best site in West Donegal). Also a steeply side glacial corrie, this valley is full of archaeological 

interest and has also been inhabited in the past. The steep slopes are however not as 

extensive as Glennahoo. The best area is possibly the eastern slopes but with the previous 

night’s rain built on a week of rain, the river was far too large and dangerous to cross. The 

sward was wetter than Glennahoo with mosses more dominant and subsequently waxcaps 

were not as good. Hygrocybe pratensis and H.punicea were particularly common and 

H.splendidissima was also found in good numbers. Galerina atkinsoniana was found here for 

the first time in Ireland. 

Lough Adoon 

33

The third best sites was both had 11 species of waxcap. One was Lough Annascaul just to the 

south of Glennahoo. A very similar site with steep valley sites, this is probably much better 

than the 11 species found. The fields on the other side of the lough (again difficult to access 

from the public carpark due to the river) looked the most promising area and would be worth 

visiting. This would involve a walk in from a farm at Dromavally. Hygrocybe punicea was 

present in large numbers. 

Lough Annascaul 

The other site with 11 species was a coastal site which has all the hallmarks of a very good site. 

It was on Slea Head overlooking the Blaskets. The steep fields through which the Dingle Way 

passes directly above the road were full of waxcaps and it has the “feel” that it should be much 

better. The very steep slopes below the road also looked good but with the drop over the cliffs 

are a bit dangerous to survey. The maze of fields above the village of Coumeenoole will have 

fields of interest without doubt. The higher fields looked less green and lush and would be the 

best ones to target. 

34

Slea Head with the area of interest marked 

Slea Head 

35

The other two sites with over ten species of waxcap were both odd sites that did not look 

promising initially. These were Kilballylahiff and Faha Grotto. Kilballylahiff was a very wet 

hillside described earlier when the find of Geoglossum uliginosum was discussed. Faha Grotto 

was a small area of interest between the car park at the start of the track up Mount Brandon to 

a grotto. Both of these sites are unlikely to be significant waxcap sites. 

Faha Grotto indicated from the lower slopes of Mount Brandon 

Other sites of note are as follows: 

• Dunmore Head which juts out into Blasket Sound is a dramatic spot with both a classic 

short coastal sward and old fields that are no longer being farmed. Unfortunately the 

sward on these fields was too thick and matted and fruiting was sparse as spots like 

that can be excellent. 9 species of waxcap were found but likely to be more. 

• Bulls Head and Doonties Common on the south coast of the peninsula to the east of 

Dingle town looked hopeful from aerial photographs but proved to be very wet with 

deep molinia and only scattered areas of grassland on the very steepest slopes at the 

cliff edges. Not worth revisiting for waxcaps. 8 species of waxcap were found. 

• Eask Tower overlooking Dingle Harbour had limited areas of grassland with most of 

the upper slopes being too wet and boggy. Some possible areas at the cliff edges on 

the south side of the tower but unlikely to be very good. 7 species found. 

• Lough Slat. In the mold of Lough Adoon, this is a steep side glacial corrie that should 

be better and is worth another visit. 7 species found. 

36

Dunmore Head from the north 

Bulls Head 

37

Eask Tower 

Lough Slat 

38

• Ballynahow. A very surprising site with 9 species found. This was the road edge from the last 

house up to car park for the Brandon coastal walk. All the surrounding mountainside was far 

too wet but this tiny piece of grass had a good number of species. The actual cliff edges at 

Beenaman were devoid of waxcaps. 

• Tarbert House. Having studied the gardens inventory for the study area, this was targeted as 

one of the best old estate houses and thanks must go to the Leslie family for their hospitality 

on this visit. The lawn was small but with 7 species in such a small area, it was good and 

could well be a site for Hygrocybe calyptriformis. 

• Sybil Point. This headland must be better. There was a long earth bank extending right the 

way out to the head but there were no fungi at all on it which was hard to explain. There is 

good grassland on the steep slopes at the point itself up to the high point by the old 

watchtower but only 6 species were found. Hard to explain. 

• Kerry Head. A very wet site with grassland restricted to the two points at the cliff edge. 

Surveying was verging on dangerous in the high winds but this site is unlikely to have more 

species. The power of the wind was awesome with large areas of turf ripped and battered by 

the winds. 5 species found. 

• Brandon Point. 3 species found but 2 additional species found on an earlier visit. This site 

looked very promising from a distance but the stone walled fields were improved and the 

land above the road was extremely wet with possible waxcap habitat restricted to the path 

side climbing up to the watchtower. A good example of how grassland fungi are squeezed 

between the intensively farmed fields and very wet natural habitat. 

Ballydavid Head from Beenaman 

39

Tarbert House 

Sybil Point 

40

Sybil Head 

Brandon Point 

41

Vesterholt et al (1999) estimated that sites with 22+ species of waxcap (which translates to 

sites with 15+ in one visit going by the graphs) are internationally important and the guidelines 

for designating SSSIs in the UK recommended that sites with 18+ species from multiple visits 

and 12+ in a single visit should be considered for SSSI status (Genney et al., 2009). 

Additionally sites with 5+ species of Clavariaceae, 12+ species of Entolomataceae or 3+ 

species of Geoglossaceae should be considered for SSSIs. This would lead to one site being 

internationally important (Glenahoo) and one site being of national importance (Lough Adoon). 

My personal thought is that some of these thresholds are a bit low for the British Isles and 15 

species in one visit is too low for international importance. I would suggest with the current 

data, Glennahoo is of national importance but this would be all. More of the Dingle sites could 

be of national importance as this was a bad fruiting year, but data is needed to back that up. 

Mount Brandon Corries 

The corries to the south east of the summit of Mount Brandon are the best montane site in 

Ireland for vascular plants and lichens (Gilbert and Fryday, 1996). This is because of the 

calcicolous influences on the mountain. In an extended visit studying the montane lichens, 

Gilbert and Fryday found the summit itself to of lesser interest with heavy sheep grazing 

reducing any terrestrial lichen interest. However they found the chain of high altitude tarns 

from Lough Cruite up to below the final climb to the summit to be “outstanding” with the tarns 

between 460m and 540m to be the best. Fungi also have a suite of montane species both of 

mycorrhizal species and of saprotrophs. The mycorrhizal fungi are found primarily in 

association with dwarf willow, Salix herbacea and Dryas Octopetala in Ireland. Saprotrophs 

can include species of Hygrocybe and Mark Wright and myself found Hygrocybe 

salicis-herbacea for the first time in the British Isles in the Cairngorms in Scotland in 1997. 

Mount Brandon corries, Lough Cruite in the background 

42

For these reasons, a visit was made to the high altitude corries of Mount Brandon to see if they 

are also mycologically important. Unfortunately very little was found and the habitat does not 

look suitable. The site where we found H. salicis-herbacea was on thin peaty and pebbly soils, 

but here the sward was deep peat and very wet. Some of the slopes were more grassy but any 

fungi were hard to find. Hygrocybe punicea, H.coccinea and H.laeta were found around the 

corrie shown in the photograph above but it is unlikely that this site will have any of the 

montane specialists. In Ireland, I would target rockier peaks with thin soils like the twelve bens 

in Connemara, Nephin or Muckish in Donegal (for the latter see(Mitchel, 2009). 

Churchyards in North Kerry 

Churchyards and graveyards can be one of the refuges for grassland fungi in an intensive 

agricultural area. A total of 32 churches or graveyards were visited on this survey and without 

fail, they were not good for waxcaps with the best sites holding 3 species – St Vincent’s 

Church at Ballyferriter (Q355033) and Church of the Sacred Heart at Curran (Q943061). Many 

of the lawns were soaking wet and just not suitable for fruiting although in drier weather 

conditions should be better. Sites like Church of the Purification at Church Hill (Q757170), Our 

Lady of Lourdes Church at Scartaglin (R039038) or St Bridget's Church at Duagh (R058299) 

all had the “feel” of a possible but no species were found. 

Graveyards often have less “grassland” as the graves take up a lot of the space. Also cutting 

the grass tends to be difficult due to the lack of contiguous space and the grass tends to be 

strimmed. With the sites visited, it was noted that grass cuttings were then left to lie and this is 

particularly damaging to grassland fungi as nutrient levels remain high. It would be good for 

biodiversity interest to see cuttings removed. 

In the six surveys for the Heritage Council to date, a total of 143 churches have now been 

visited. The top seven churches have all been in West Cork with the best having 12 species of 

waxcap – namely St Matthew’s Church, Baltimore (W046264 ) with Church of St Comghall at 

Lisheen Lower (W037313) and St Matthew’s Church, Drimoleague (W134465) having 10 

species. Hillsborough Parish Church in County Down remains the best churchyard in Ireland 

with 18 species. 

Good churchyards often seem associated with wealth and space. Some of the enormous city 

centre cathedrals are often of little interest due to lack of grassland with much space given 

over to car parks. Some of the small rural churchyards however say in West Mayo tend to be 

built on poor wet ground for farming with dry ground being at a premium. Some of the 

churches in Dingle certainly fell into this category but felt as though they should have been 

good but with nothing found left me surprised. I think this was more a function of the year than 

necessarily if the sites were devoid of interest but only more visits will tell. 

Sand Dunes in North Kerry 

Sand dune sites in Ireland are common especially north of Galway Bay. Dingle is rich in sand 

dune sites but generally they tend to be poor for waxcaps in terms of diversity. In terms of 

biomass, they can be good with huge numbers of H.conica var. conica and var. conicoides, 

H.virginea (all varieties) and H.persistens being common and with H.calciphila being the 

special find. Other mycological interest often centres around the presence of creeping willow, 

Salix repens, in the dune slacks but with surveys being around the end of October, start of 

November, it is likely that many of the mycorrhizal species have been missed as they tend to 

fruit earlier. 

Most of the sand dune sites visited on this survey were typical of Ireland in that they were dull 

mycologically. Inch Dunes was the notable exception. Although not good for waxcaps, it 

produced finds like Hebeloma collariatum, Cortinarius saturninus, Lepiota erminea and 

Stropharia inuncta. The best sand dune site for waxcaps found in Ireland to date is Murlough 

43

NNR in County Down with 15 species of waxcap. It is however noticeable that my surveys 

again with a late survey date would not have picked this site up as a significant sites. 72% of 

the waxcap finds are from before October 20 so sand dune and possibly machair sites as well, 

are maybe under-recorded in these surveys. 

44

Waxcaps in Ireland 

Rank Site County No of Species No visits 

1 The Curragh Kildare 32 23 

2 Clare Island West Mayo 26 10 

3 Slievenacloy ASSI Antrim 24 15 

4 Crossmurrin NNR Fermanagh 23 7 

5 Binevenagh NNR Londonderry 22 10 

5 Ballyprior Laois 22 5 

5 Garron Point Antrim 22 6 

5 Kebble NNR Antrim 22 6 

9 Achill Island: Keem Bay West Mayo 20 4 

9 Inishshark West Galway 20 1 

9 Monawilkin ASSI Fermanagh 20 6 

9 Divis Mountain Antrim 20 6 

13 Aghadachor West Donegal 19 2 

13 Arran More West Donegal 19 1 

13 Brookfield townland Fermanagh 19 2 

13 Murlough Bay Antrim 19 7 

16 Barnett's Park Antrim 18 25 

17 Dursey Island West Cork 18 3 

17 Hillsborough Parish Church Down 18 7 

17 Longmore Td., 1.5km NW of The 

Sheddings 

Antrim 18 1 

17 Mount Stewart Estate Down 18 10 

17 Murrevagh Maghera West Mayo 18 6 

17 Roonivoolin Td., Rathlin Island Antrim 18 1 

24 Ballynacarriga West Cork 17 1 

24 Bantry House West Cork 17 1 

24 Inishbofin West Galway 17 1 

24 Marfagh Head West Donegal 17 2 

28 Agnew's Hill Antrim 16 3 

28 Black Head Clare 16 2 

28 Foher: Killary Harbour West Galway 16 1 

28 Silent Valley, Mourne Mountains Down 16 6 

32 Cummer West Galway 15 1 

32 Drum Manor Forest Park Tyrone 15 7 

32 East Torr Td, nr Torr Head Antrim 15 1 

32 Glennahoo South Kerry 15 1 

32 Great Heath of Maryborough Laois 15 1 

32 Inis Meáin West Galway 15 1 

32 Inishturk West Mayo 15 1 

32 John McSparran Memorial Hill Farm Antrim 15 3 

32 Knockninny ASSI Fermanagh 15 3 

32 Murlough NNR Down 15 15 

32 Slemish Mountain Antrim 15 2 

32 Teelin Point West Donegal 15 1 

Table 9: Top Irish Grassland sites as of 30/11/12 

45

Sites marked in colour have been surveyed in the six recent surveys funded by the Heritage 

Council. Glennahoo, the best site in this survey is the only site that makes it onto this list at 

number 32. 

Map 3 shows the number of waxcap per 10km square in Ireland. While a comprehensive 

survey was run in Northern Ireland between 2002 and 2004, the data for the Republic is 

obviously more sparse and each 10km is often not surveyed so often as in Northern Ireland 

but a picture is building up and it is hoped that maps like this will encourage and target more 

recording. 

Map 3: Number of species of Hygrocybe by 10km square in Ireland 

46

Species Rankings 

The grassland target species were ranked according to the number of 10km squares in which 

they were found and compared to their rank in the other surveys. 

Species 

North 

Kerry 

Rank 

West 

Galway 

Rank 

47 

West 

Donegal 

Rank 

West 

Mayo 

Rank 

West 

Cork 

Rank 

Clare 

Rank Irish 

Rank 

Hygrocybe virginea var. virginea 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 

Hygrocybe pratensis var. pratensis 2 4 6 5 11 11 4 

Entoloma conferendum 3 10 10 11 8 36 8 

Hygrocybe quieta 4 12 6 18 9 5 10 

Hygrocybe coccinea 5 7 5 5 6 7 6 

Hygrocybe conica var. conica 5 4 12 8 2 1 2 

Hygrocybe laeta var. laeta 5 7 13 5 31 36 14 

Hygrocybe psittacina var. psittacina 5 2 3 3 4 7 3 

Geoglossum fallax 9 20 10 11 40 15 17 

Hygrocybe chlorophana 9 3 3 2 1 3 4 

Hygrocybe punicea 11 12 6 9 17 11 13 

Hygrocybe russocoriacea 11 6 6 4 16 4 9 

Geoglossum cookeanum 13 15 16 11 31 11 21 

Hygrocybe insipida 13 14 2 9 6 6 7 

Hygrocybe reidii 13 10 14 16 9 15 11 

Clavulinopsis helvola 16 9 16 26 5 10 12 

Hygrocybe conica var. conicoides 16 23 15 14 28 36 33 

Clavulinopsis corniculata 18 24 19 16 31 25 15 

Hygrocybe ceracea 18 27 16 21 14 36 15 

Hygrocybe persistens var. persistens 18 17 33 40 26 18 

Entoloma sericeum 21 46 33 26 20 36 41 

Geoglossum atropurpureum 21 39 49 22 55 

Geoglossum glutinosum 21 31 49 22 35 38 

Hygrocybe flavipes 21 31 33 34 20 36 47 

Hygrocybe virginea var. fuscescens 21 31 20 26 19 31 

Hygrocybe virginea var. 

ochraceopallida 

21 17 20 14 24 7 19 

Clavulinopsis fusiformis 29 39 25 26 40 25 28 

Clavulinopsis luteoalba 29 27 23 11 36 24 

Hygrocybe calyptriformis 29 27 49 26 40 29 

Hygrocybe cantharellus 29 39 38 22 20 30 25 

Hygrocybe citrinovirens 29 39 55 59 56 

Hygrocybe fornicata 29 24 25 38 40 19 26 

Hygrocybe splendidissima 29 20 25 18 24 38 

Trichoglossum hirsutum 29 15 20 20 31 11 20 

Table 10 – Species ranks and comparisons with other surveys 

The interesting points of note here are: 

• The complete absence of H.irrigata is noticeable. This also happened on the Clare 

survey which is very surprising given its middle Irish ranking (22 nd )

• The absence of Fairy Clubs like Clavaria fumosa (30 th in Ireland) and Clavaria fragilis 

(31 st in Ireland) are also surprising 

• Less common waxcaps like Hygrocybe nitrata, H.aurantiosplendens, H.mucronella 

and H.colemanniana were also missing 

• Hygrocybe conica var. conica, H.chlorophana and H.insipida were less common than 

normal 

• Species like Hygrocybe pratensis, Entoloma conferendum, H.quieta, H.laeta and 

Geoglossum fallax were more common than normal 

The reasons for these differences are not known but they are worth noting for future survey 

notes. 

Recommended sites for further survey 

This list includes sites that scored well as it is felt that they will prove to be better as well as 

sites that were seen but not visited. In Appendix 1 which gives the 10km and site details, under 

each 10km square, other possible sites are listed. Many of these are purely speculative having 

been identified in the desk top survey alone but represent my best estimation at good sites 

within each square. 

• All the Blasket Islands: Great Blasket, Inishvickillane, Inishnabro, Inishtooskert and 

Beginish. These are probably very good sites but given that the weather is so often 

unpredicatable at the key waxcap survey time (late October / early November), it will 

always be very hard to get onto them. The licence for most of the commercial boatmen 

finishes at the end of September making it difficult to organise any trips out to the 

islands. The weather has to be good for them to want to go out. 

• Glennahoo. The best site and it will be better with large areas of the valley still 

unsurveyed. 

• Lough Adoon. The eastern side of the corrie was not surveyed 

• Lough Annascaul. The eastern side of the Lough was not surveyed and permission 

should be gained for the steep fields on the western side as well. 

• Slea Head. This has the feel of a good site. Additional areas to the north at the upper 

edge of the enclosed fields could be targeted. 

• Knockbrack at Q704052 is a steep U grassy corrie that could be very good 

• Dunmore Head. Good potential for more species 

• Tarbert House. A good lawn and possible H.calyptriformis site 

• Illauntannig and the other Maharees islands. Visits to these islands were not possible 

also due to weather and are worth visiting 

• Inch Dunes: Maybe not a great waxcap site but worth surveying for other fungi 

• Connor Pass south. The road south of Connor Pass takes the western side of the 

valley. The eastern side could be interesting 

• There are a couple of fields on the western end of Cnoc na nAcrai at V562993 that 

would be worth looking at. 

• Sybil Point – this site is bound to be better and is worth revisiting 

• Binn Diarmada, the north easterly of the Three Sisters is worth looking at 

• Lough Slat – also likely to be better than on this visit 

• Some of the fields above Ballinknockane e.g. around Q448112 would be worth visiting. 

• Drishoge River valley at Q619078 

48

Recommended Fungal Priority Species for County Kerry 

There is no fungal Red Data Book for Ireland or a list of biodiversity priority species (Anon, 

2011). So the historical records collated for County Kerry along with the records from this 

survey were queried against the following lists to produce a list of recommended priority 

species for County Kerry. This is not ideal but the best method available. 

Species Authority LastRecord Source List Description 

Coprinopsis 

ammophilae 

Coprinus 

sterquilinus 

Geoglossum 

atropurpureum 

Inocybe 

vulpinella 

Microglossum 

olivaceum 

(Courtec.) 

Redhead, 

Vilgalys & 

Moncalvo 

05/11/2012 2012 

Waxcap 

Survey 

(Fr.) Fr. 03/09/1989 FRDBI 

Records 

(Batsch) Pers. 04/11/2012 2012 



Bruyl. 05/09/1989 FRDBI 

Records 

(Pers.) Gillet 07/11/2012 2012 



Onygena equina (Willd.) Pers. 07/04/1996 NIFG 

Records 

Russula aurea Pers. 14/09/1987 Tom 

Harrington 

Trichoglossum 

walteri 

(Berk.) E.J. 

Durand 

04/11/2012 2012 



49 

British Red Data List 

(2006) 


(2006) 

UK Biodiversity 

Action Plan (2007), 

NI Biodiversity 

Action Plan 


(2006) 


Action Plan (2007), 


Action Plan 


(2006) 

Vulnerable 

Vulnerable 

UK Priority 

Species, Northern 

Ireland Priority 

Species 

Vulnerable 

UK Priority 

Species, Northern 


Species 

Near Threatened 

British Red Data List Near Threatened 

(2006) 

NI Biodiversity Northern Ireland 

Action Plan, British Priority Species, 

Red Data List (2006) Near Threatened 

The following species recorded in County Kerry are also on the same designated lists but have 

not been recorded for over 30 years. Hence these should be surveyed for and added to the 

priority list. Details of all the records are at the National Biodiversity Data Centre or contact me 

at david.mitchel@nifg.org.uk. 


Entoloma 

aethiops 

Eocronartium 

muscicola 

Flammulaster 

muricatus 

Hydnellum 

concrescens 

(Scop.) G. 

Stev. 

30/09/1884 Pim, G. - 1885, 

Preliminary report on 

the fungi of Glengarriff 

and Killarney 

British Red 

Data List (2006) Vulnerable 

(Pers.) Fitzp. 31/12/1899 FRDBI Records British Red 


(Fr.) Watling 30/09/1946 Pearson, A.A. - 1950, 

New records and 

observations. 

British Red 


(Pers.) Banker 30/09/1936 FRDBI Records UK Biodiversity 

Action Plan 

(2007), NI 

Biodiversity 

Action Plan 

UK Priority 

Species, 

Northern 


Species


Hydnellum 

ferrugineum 

Hydnellum 

spongiosipes 

Hygrocybe 

lacmus 

Hygrocybe 

ovina 

Melanotaenium 

endogenum 

Phellinus 

torulosus 

Phellodon 

melaleucus 

Phellodon 

tomentosus 

Sarcodon 

squamosus 

Uromyces 

tuberculatus 

Conclusions 

(Fr.) P. Karst. 30/08/1946 FRDBI Records UK Biodiversity 

Action Plan 

(2007), British 

Red Data List 

(2006) 

(Peck) Pouzar 30/08/1946 FRDBI Records UK Biodiversity 

Action Plan 

(2007), NI 

Biodiversity 

Action Plan 

(Schumach.) 

P.D. Orton & 

Watling 

29/08/1946 FRDBI Records NI Biodiversity 

Action Plan 

(Bull.) Kühner 30/09/1884 Pim, G. - 1885, 

Preliminary report on 

the fungi of Glengarriff 

and Killarney 

(Unger) de 

Bary 

(Pers.) 

Bourdot & 

Galzin 

50 


Action Plan 

UK Priority 

Species, Near 

Threatened 

UK Priority 

Species, 



Species 



Species 



Species 

31/05/1974 FRDBI Records British Red 


31/08/1946 Wakefield, E.M. - 

1962, New and rare 

British 

Hymenomycetes 

(Aphyllophorales) 

(Sw.) P. Karst. 22/09/1936 Ramsbottom, J. (1938) 

The Killarney Foray 

(20-25. ix. 36). 

T.B.M.S. 22, 5. 

(L.) Banker 23/09/1936 Ramsbottom, J. (1938) 

The Killarney Foray 

(20-25. ix. 36). 

T.B.M.S. 22, 5. 

(Schaeff.) 

Quél. 

British Red 

Data List (2006) Near 

Threatened 


Action Plan 

(2007). NI 

Biodiversity 

Action Plan 


Action Plan 

(2007) 

31/12/1856 FRDBI Records UK Biodiversity 

Action Plan 

(2007) 

Fuckel 31/07/1934 O'Connor, P. - 1936, A 

Contribution to 

Knowledge of the Irish 

Fungi 

UK Priority 

Species, 



Species 

UK Priority 

Species 

UK Priority 

Species 

British Red 

Data List (2006) Extinct 

Grassland fungi are a particularly attractive group that are very threatened all over Europe due 

to habitat loss. Ireland, along with Great Britain, is one of the best areas in the world for these 

fungi and there are few species groups that we can actually say that for. Two sites (Glennahoo 

and Lough Adoon) would qualify for consideration for national site designation under UK SSSI 

guidelines (Genney et al., 2009) but the poor fungal fruiting during this survey means that a 

targeted repeat survey would be useful to get a better picture of the status of North Kerry 

grassland fungi sites. The Blaskets should be surveyed at the correct time of year. However, 

site protection could be considered for these two sites and it is my hope that these surveys will 

raise the profile of this beautiful group by providing the data and the context to make these 

decisions.

Site designation is only the first step though as the key target is to manage these sites 

favourably. It is unlikely that grassland fungi are identified features in the management plans 

for any of these sites and integrating the site management requirements of these fungi into the 

management plans should be looked at. Integrating their needs into agri-environment 

schemes would be another important step so it is important to know their ecological 

requirements. Advice on their management requirements can be obtained from the following 

sources: 

• Natural England’s Grassland Information Note No.4: Grassland Fungi: 

http://www.english-nature.org.uk/science/botany/pdf/FUNGI_INFO_NOTE.pdf 

• Countryside Council for Wales’s report on Habitat Management to Conserve Fungi: 

http://www.ccw.gov.uk/publications--research/research--reports/habitat-managementto-conserve.aspx 

In addition, the Fungal Conservation Forum produced a very attractive leaflet for landowners 

on Grassland fungi which is downloadable at 

http://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/plantlife-saving-species-publications.html. This contains the 

following management guidelines for grassland fungi: 

• To keep your grassland well grazed or mown so that the turf is short. Remove clippings 

wherever possible. Regular cutting does not appear to damage the fungi below ground, 

but if you want to see what you have, cut less in Autumn to allow fruiting 

• To maintain existing field drainage systems where appropriate 

• That fertilisers damage grassland fungi and should be avoided if possible 

• To try and avoid the use of fungicides or use them sparingly, as they may inadvertently 

kill useful fungi or fungi you never intended to control 

• To avoid using moss killers since these fungi may form intimate relationships with 

mosses and may even depend on them 

• To avoid lime or apply it with caution since it may damage fungi 

I am also willing to help give advice on any issue on grassland fungi at any time. 

Images 

All images of species that were taken in this survey can be used by any interested 

organisation for conservation purposes. These images and many others are available at 

www.nifg.org.uk/photos.htm. 

Acknowledgements 

Thanks must go to my wife Jolanda and son Luke for helping with the survey work as the more 

eyes there are, the more fungi are found. Thanks also to Tom Harrington and Jenny Seawright 

for providing records, Johan Nitare for confirming the identification of Geoglossum uliginosum, 

JSTOR for granting me web access to their Ireland Collection, Paul Kirk for helping with data 

from the FRDBI and all the landowners who allowed me access onto their land. 

The financial support of the Heritage Council is also gratefully acknowledged as without this, 

this survey would not have been possible and I can only hope that it helps to raise awareness 

of this wonderful group of fungi and this beautiful county. 

51

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McHugh R., Mitchel D., Wright M., Anderson R. (2001) The fungi of Irish Grasslands and 

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Council. 

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Heritage Council. 

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Ir. Acad. 80B:197-276. 

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Naturvårdsverket. 

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10:23-25. 

Spooner B. (1998) Keys to the British Geoglossaceae (draft). Unpublished. 

Vesterholt J., Boertmann D., Tranberg H. (1999) 1998 - et usaedvanlig godt ar for 

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Academy 80B:179-196. 

53

Tremella mesenterica 

Very common – found on Gorse but actually parasitising another fungus, Peniophora 

incarnata 

Lepista panaeolus 

Found in coastal grasslands at Sybil Point, Clogher Head and Dunmore Head 

54

Lactarius fulvissimus 

A dry Milkcap found in woodland at Tarbert House 

Clitocybe nebularis 

The Clouded Agaric. Found in woodland at Tarbert House 

55

Clavulina rugosa 

56

Sites Searched: 

Appendix 1 - 10km and Detailed Site Reports 

Q30 

Dunquin Church; Clogher Head; Sybil Point; Gallarus Oratory; Ballyferriter: St. Vincent's Church 

Hygrocybe: 10 Clavariaceae: 2 Entoloma: 1 Geoglossaceae: 2 Others: 0 

CHEG scores including previous records 

Hygrocybe: 10 Clavariaceae: 2 Entoloma: 4 Geoglossaceae: 2 

This should be a better square. Sybil Point is likely to hold more species and continue to be the best site in the square. Binn 

Diarmada, the north easterly of the Three Sisters would be worth looking at as would some of the fields on the north of 

Leataoibh Meanach. The beaches are not so good. The beach at Ballyferriter is not great with little dune grassland but the 

visit to the beach at Murreagh was cut short by dark and might have some of the dune species. 

Grassland Target Species Recorded 

Clavulinopsis corniculata 

Clavulinopsis helvola 

Entoloma conferendum 

Geoglossum fallax 

Trichoglossum hirsutum 

Hygrocybe chlorophana 

Hygrocybe citrinovirens 

Hygrocybe coccinea 

Hygrocybe conica 

Hygrocybe pratensis 

Hygrocybe psittacina 

Hygrocybe punicea 

Hygrocybe quieta 

Hygrocybe russocoriacea 

Hygrocybe virginea 

Additional Grassland Target Species from previous visits 

Entoloma prunuloides 

Entoloma serrulatum 

Entoloma turci 

Site Reports 

Site: Ballyferriter: St. Vincent's Church 

Date Visited: 02/11/2012 

Grid Reference: Q355033 

Hygrocybe: 

3 

Clavariaceae: 

1 

Entoloma: 

0 

Geoglossaceae: 

A reasonable area of grass surrounds this church which supported 3 species of waxcap including the notable 

Hygrocybe citrinovirens. 

Site: Clogher Head 



Hygrocybe: 

Clavariaceae: 


5 

2 

Entoloma: 

0 



1 

1 

Others: 0 


Much of this headland is wet gorse heath unsuitable for waxcaps but there are small patches of grassland amongst 

the rock outcrops on the high points. The best areas were the steep slopes at the cliff edges. Hygrocybe 

russocoriacea was particularly common but more species were expected for such a site. 

Clavulinopsis corniculata Meadow Coral 

Clavulinopsis helvola Yellow Club 


Hygrocybe chlorophana Golden Waxcap 

Hygrocybe coccinea Scarlet Waxcap 

Hygrocybe pratensis var. pratensis Meadow Waxcap 

57

Hygrocybe russocoriacea Cedarwood Waxcap 

Hygrocybe virginea var. virginea Snowy Waxcap 


Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax 


Entoloma conferendum Star Pinkgill 

Entoloma prunuloides Mealy Pinkgill 

Entoloma serrulatum Blue Edge Pinkgill 

Hygrocybe conica var. conica Blackening Waxcap 

Site: Dunquin Church 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

A very small area of grass with no species of interest 

Site: Gallarus Oratory 

0 

Entoloma: 



Hygrocybe: 

2 

Clavariaceae: 

1 

Entoloma: 

0 

0 



0 

1 



The grass areas around the oratory are of minimal interest but the turf laid on top of the stone walls surrounding the 

oratory had 2 waxcaps, an earth tongue and a fairy club. It would be interesting to know how old this laid turf is. 

Site: Sybil Point 


Hygrocybe psittacina var. psittacina Parrot Waxcap 

Hygrocybe quieta Oily Waxcap 

Hypholoma fasciculare Sulphur Tuft 

Mycena galericulata Common Bonnet 



Hygrocybe: 

6 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

1 


2 


The steep cliffs up to and around Sybil Point should really be much better . There was a high well drained earth bank 

running parallel to the cliffs for many hundred metres that should have been full of waxcaps but was completely 

barren of any fungi. 


Agaricus urinascens Macro Mushroom 

Bovista plumbea Grey Puffball 






Hygrocybe punicea Crimson Waxcap 



Lepista nuda Wood Blewit 


Marasmius oreades Fairy Ring Champignon 

Panaeolus acuminatus Dewdrop Mottlegill 

Phragmidium violaceum Violet Bramble Rust 


Trichoglossum hirsutum Hairy Earthtongue 

Q40 

Mullaghveal; Connor Pass North; Dingle: St Mary's Church; St James's Church, 


58



This square turned out to be more difficult than I expected with the much of the land very wet . The valley to the south of 

Connor Pass is probably the best site and the east side of the valley would be worth checking. Some of the fields below 

Lough Cruit are probably the next best hope. 



Geoglossum umbratile 




Hygrocybe laeta 



Hygrocybe reidii 




Hygrocybe persistens 

Site Reports 

Site: Connor Pass North 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

1 


1 


The steep slopes from Connor Pass down to Clogharee Lough looked promising from aerial photographs but were 

too wet to be of significant interest. I did not descend all the way to the Lough and from the other side of the valley, 

there could be some old fields of interest right at the lough edge but I wouldn't be too hopeful. 


Geoglossum umbratile Plain Earthtongue 

Site: Connor Pass South 



Hygrocybe: 

6 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

1 


0 


A small steep area of grassland below the road that is drier than the surrounding boggy ground . A greater range of 

species was expected. 





Hygrocybe reidii Honey Waxcap 


Site: Dingle: St James's Church of Ireland 



Hygrocybe: 

No species of interest found. 

Site: Dingle: St Mary's Church 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

A large area of lawn but no species of interest were found. 

Entoloma: 

Armillaria mellea Honey Fungus 

Rhytisma acerinum Sycamore Tarspot 

0 

59 

0 

0 



0 

0 


Others: 0

Site: Mullaghveal 

Suillus luteus Slippery Jack 



Hygrocybe: 

4 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

1 


0 


The Pilgrim's Trail ascends from the farm at Mullaghveal to the pass overlooking Glin North . Waxcap interest was 

patchy in the fields on either side of the trail by the farm and non-existant in the grassy stream sides higher up. The 

rest of the ground is too acidic and boggy for any interest. 


Coprinopsis semitalis 



Hygrocybe laeta var. laeta Heath Waxcap 



Leptosphaeria acuta Nettle Rash 

Mycena epipterygia var. epipterygia Yellowleg Bonnet 

Peniophora incarnata Rosy Crust 

Stropharia semiglobata Dung Roundhead 

Tremella mesenterica Yellow Brain 

Q41 

Ballynahow; Faha Grotto; Mount Brandon corries 


This square contains some of the best arctic alpine higher plants and lichens in Ireland but is not conducive to fungal arctic 

alpine species being very wet. Some of the fields above Ballinknockane e.g. around Q 448112 would be worth visiting. 







Hygrocybe insipida 








Site Reports 

Site: Ballynahow 



Hygrocybe: 

9 

Clavariaceae: 

1 

Entoloma: 

1 


0 


We hiked from the car park at Q433124 up to patches of grassland on the cliff edge of Beennaman but all the 

waxcaps were found at the edge of the stream alongside the carpark. This may have a few more species but will not 

be a significant site. 



Galerina sphagnorum 



Hygrocybe insipida Spangle Waxcap 







60

Site: Faha Grotto 






Hygrocybe: 

10 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


0 


A small area of grassland leading up to the grotto. After this on the path up Mount Brandon, there are patches of dry 

grassland amongst the bog on steeper slopes and or at stream banks but they are not large. 












Russula sardonia Primrose Brittlegill 


Trochila ilicina Holly Speckle 

Site: Mount Brandon corries 



Hygrocybe: 

3 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

1 


0 


The higher corries above Lough Nalackan are well known as Ireland's best area for arctic-alpine plants and lichens. 

However they proved too wet to be of interest for arctic-alpine fungi which is a specialised group of species. There 

were patches of grassland with Hygrocybe punicea, coccinea and laeta at a height of 470m but no arctic-alpine 

species. 







Omphalina ericetorum Heath Navel 


Q50 

Annascaul: Sacred Heart Church; Lough Annascaul, Glennahoo, Lough Cam 


The best square in the survey. Glennahoo is definitely worth more visits and the western side of the valley was not 

searched. The eastern side of the Lough Adoon valley looked better than the western side that was searched but the rain 

swollen river prevented a crossing to that side. Lough Annascaul is also worth a better visit with the eastern side of the 

valley looking promising but that needs separate access due to problems crossing the river. 



Clavulinopsis fusiformis 


Geoglossum atropurpureum 


Geoglossum glutinosum 

Geoglossum umbratile 

Trichoglossum walteri 

Hygrocybe calyptriformis 





61

Hygrocybe flavipes 









Hygrocybe splendidissima 


Site Reports 

Site: Annascaul: Sacred Heart Church 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


0 


The grassland around the church is extremely wet and not favourable for waxcaps. However, under a birch tree in 

the church grounds…. 

Site: Glennahoo 

Amanita betulae 

Coprinellus micaceus Glistening Inkcap 

Cystoderma amianthinum Earthy Powdercap 

Macrotyphula fistulosa var. fistulosa Pipe Club 

Melampsoridium betulinum Birch Rust 




Hygrocybe: 

15 

Clavariaceae: 

1 

Entoloma: 

1 


2 


This deep U shape valley is very good site for waxcaps. The valley sides are steep and well drained so the spurs are 

well drained and rich in waxcaps. The valley has been farmed well in the past so there are also numerous earth bank 

walls which were also very good for waxcaps. Only the eastern slopes were searched so the western slopes could be 

searched on future visits. The first part that was of interest was from Q546089 to Q547091 which was mainly the 

earth bank walls alongside the track. These were very rich. Once past Q547091, the valley slopes became good as 

well with the dry spur at Q553080 being particularly good. The waxcap interest did not diminish with height. Notable 

species found were Hygrocybe calyptriformis, Hygrocybe flavipes, Geoglossum atropurpureum and Trichoglossum 

walteri. Also of note was the large amounts of Coprinopsis semitalis. 



Dacrymyces stillatus Common Jellyspot 


Flammulina velutipes Velvet Shank 

Geoglossum atropurpureum Dark-purple Earthtongue 

Hygrocybe calyptriformis Pink Waxcap 

Hygrocybe ceracea Butter Waxcap 




Hygrocybe flavipes Yellow Foot Waxcap 









Hygrocybe splendidissima Splendid Waxcap 

Mycena aetites Drab Bonnet 

Mycena flavoalba Ivory Bonnet 

Omphalina pyxidata 




Trichoglossum walteri 

Tricholomopsis rutilans Plums and Custard 

62

Site: Lispole: St John the Baptists Church 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

The lawn here was sopping wet and there were no species of interest at all. 

Site: Lough Adoon 



Hygrocybe: 

12 

Clavariaceae: 

1 

Entoloma: 

0 

1 



0 

1 



This site, like Glennahoo and Lough Annascaul both of which are in the same square , is a steeply sloped glacial 

corrie. Full of archaeological remains, it has been inhabited in the distant past. Only the slopes on the western side of 

the Lough were searched as with the previous night's rain built on the previous fortnight's rain, the river at the head of 

the lough was far too large and wild to cross. This was a shame as the west facing slopes possibly looked better than 

the east and north east facing slopes that we looked at. These slopes were a bit too moss rich and wet to be as good 

as Glennahoo but the west facing slopes, as they get more sun, looked drier with a tighter sward. These would be 

well worth surveying. Another difference with Glennahoo was the lack of earth bank walls which were so productive 

at that site as this corrie has not been inhabited in recent centuries. 

Armillaria gallica Bulbous Honey Fungus 

Bjerkandera fumosa Big Smoky Bracket 

Clavulinopsis fusiformis Golden Spindles 




Galerina atkinsoniana 

Geoglossum umbratile Plain Earthtongue 













Rhopographus filicinus Bracken Map 




Site: Lough Annascaul 



Hygrocybe: 

11 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

1 


2 


The unenclosed grassland from the car park at Lough Annascaul at Q 581052 up to the waterfalls at Q573064 were 

searched at this site is very promising. It would definitely be worth getting permission for the enclosed fields on the 

steep slopes on both sides of the lough. Hygrocybe punicea was present in large quantities usually indicating a better 

range of species. 












63

Site: Lough Cam 








Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


0 


This lough is higher than Lough Slat and was surrounded by bog rather than grassland. There were occasional areas 

of grass mainly associated with amenity areas but nothing was found. 


Clavulina coralloides Crested Coral 

Laccaria laccata Deceiver 

Russula ochroleuca Ochre Brittlegill 

Stereum hirsutum Hairy Curtain Crust 


Q51 

Barrack; Fermoyle Island;Stradbally; Cloghane: St Brendans Church; Brandon Point; Gowlane Strand 




Not an easy square. Many of the fields around Brandon Point are fertilised or very wet. The dunes are intensively farmed 

right up to the foredunes. Some of the higher fields above Stradbally village may be the best hope. 



Geoglossum cookeanum 






Hygrocybe vitellina 




Site Reports 

Site: Barrack 



Hygrocybe: 

Clavariaceae: 


1 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 



The dunes in the Barrack area of this dune system are either deep thick marram grass or part of the Barrack golf 

course. The restricted fungi interest was found in the rough at the edges of the fairways but was restricted. 


Hygrocybe virginea var. ochraceopallida 




Hygrocybe persistens var. persistens Orange Waxcap 

Hygrocybe persistens var. persistens Persistent Waxcap 

64 

1 


Site: Brandon Point 



Hygrocybe: 

Clavariaceae: 


3 

0 

Entoloma: 

1 



1 


The fields below the road all look too fertilised to be of interest. Even small fields within the bog had received fertiliser 

and had no interest. Above the road, the open moor starts and grassland is of patchy occurrence mainly around the 

old watchtower and along the cliff edges. The higher we ascended, the more acidic the soils were and interest soon 

petered out past the watchtower. 

Hygrocybe pratensis and H.virginea were also recorded from here on a previous visit. 


Galerina tibiicystis 




Hygrocybe vitellina 





Panaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus Petticoat Mottlegill 







Site: Cloghane: St Brendan's Church 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

A small amount of grass surrounds the church but no mushrooms were found at all. 

Site: Fermoyle Island 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 

0 



0 

0 



Grassland and dune edge at western end of Fermoyle Strand. The fields are very heavily grazed and are unlikely to 

be good for waxcaps although I would expect at least a few species. 


Site: Gowlane Strand 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

Agricultural fields run right up to the foredunes leaving little room for waxcap interest. 

Coprinopsis ammophilae Dune Inkcap 

Site: Stradbally: Atlantic Waves Cottage 



Hygrocybe: 

1 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

65 

0 

0 



0 

0 



A small moss rich domestic lawn 


Galerina clavata 


Panaeolina foenisecii Brown Mottlegill 

Lough Slat; Kilballylahiff; Inch Dunes 



Q60 


Another very good square with the mixture of good dunes at Inch and upland acid grassland meaning this will be better than 

found so far. Probably the best sites in this square were found but the Drishoge River valley at Q619078 could be visited as 

well. Some of the upper fields on Emlagh mountain above Inch looked possible as well. 





Geoglossum uliginosum 















Entoloma griseocyaneum 

Entoloma sericellum 

Entoloma serrulatum 

Entoloma undatum 

Hygrocybe cantharellus 

Hygrocybe constrictospora 

Site Reports 

Site: Glanteenassig Forest 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


1 


The Coilte managed forest surrounding Lough Slat and Lough Cam was also searched. The beech plantation around 

the entrance was the most interesting mycologically and the earth tongue, Geoglossum fallax was found around the 

car park. 

Clavulina coralloides Crested Coral 

Clavulina rugosa Wrinkled Club 

Clitocybe fragrans Fragrant Funnel 

Cortinarius acutus 



Laccaria amethystina Amethyst Deceiver 


Lactarius subdulcis Mild Milkcap 

Leotia lubrica Jellybaby 

Melampsoridium betulinum Birch Rust 

Pholiota lenta 

66

Russula betularum Birch Brittlegill 

Russula ochroleuca Ochre Brittlegill 

Scleroderma citrinum Common Earthball 

Stereum hirsutum Hairy Curtain Crust 

Stereum rugosum Bleeding Broadleaf Crust 


Xylaria hypoxylon Candlesnuff Fungus 

Site: Kilballylahiff 



Hygrocybe: 

10 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


1 


The slopes above the road from Q629089 to Q625086 were searched. The slopes at times were very wet with 

surface water but there were slightly steeper drier sections in between where the waxcaps were. Species were 

fruiting as well along the road edge itself. This site will probably have some more species but feels unlikely to be a 

very good site. However the species of note found here was the earth tongue Geoglossum uliginosum. This was in 

an extremely wet spot which was odd for an earth tongue. For notes on the species, see the Notable finds section. 

Site: Lough Slat 

Geoglossum uliginosum 

















Hygrocybe: 

7 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

1 


1 


The steep grassy slopes around Lough Slat were searched. At times they were very wet but there were drier parts 

associated with stream edges, old earth bank walls or steeper slopes that were reasonably productive. 



Galerina vittiformis Hairy Leg Bell 









Q61 

Kilshannig; Fahamore Dunes; Camp: Kilgobbin Church of Ireland; Castlegregory: St Mary's Church 




This square will not be great but the dune grassland at Lough Naparka is extensive and must hold more species than were 

found. 




67








Site Reports 

Site: Camp: Kilgobbin Church of Ireland 



Hygrocybe: 

1 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

An old burial ground adjoins the church but only one target species was found. 





Site: Castlegregory: St Mary's Church 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

No species found in this small grassland 

Site: Fahamore Dunes 

Entoloma: 



Hygrocybe: 

3 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

0 

Entoloma: 

1 

0 

0 




0 

0 

1 




The higher fixed dunes in this peninsula have well grazed grassy spots within the marram and should be better for 

grassland fungi. So typical of Irish dunes, this area was dominated by a few species and was not species rich at all. 

There is good quantities of Salix repens but this had no mycorrhizal fungi associated with them. 


Hygrocybe conica var. conicoides Dune Waxcap 


Hygrocybe virginea var. fuscescens 



Rhytisma salicinum 

Stropharia coronilla Garland Roundhead 

Site: Killiney: Church of the Saviour 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

An old churchyard but no grassland fungi found 

Site: Kilshannig 

0 

Entoloma: 




Hygrocybe: 

Clavariaceae: 


2 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 

0 




Machair along the edge of Scraggane Bay. Hygrocybe coccinea was also recorded from here on a previous visit. 

68 

0 

1 



Armillaria mellea Honey Fungus 

Clitocybe rivulosa Fool's Funnel 









Kerry Head 


Q63 

Very wet on much of the head with only the headlands themselves having any grassland . Extreme winds prevented safe 

surveying and the southern head at Q676305 was not visited. 



Entoloma longistriatum 


Hygrocybe cantharellus 

Hygrocybe pratensis var. pallida 




Site Reports 

Site: Kerry Head 



Hygrocybe: 

5 

Clavariaceae: 

1 

Entoloma: 

1 


1 


Most of the unenclosed land down to the headland grades between blanket bog and wet heath and has little waxcap 

interest. The waxcaps were found down at the cliff edge past the wind stunted heather that was broken into clumps 

battered by the wind. The promontory to the south would also be of interest but in the severe winds, surveying here 

was bounding on dangerous. 



Collybia dryophila Russet Toughshank 

Entoloma longistriatum var. longistriatum 


Hygrocybe cantharellus Goblet Waxcap 

Hygrocybe pratensis var. pallida Pale Waxcap 





Melanoleuca polioleuca f. polioleuca Common Cavalier 

Mycena pura var. pura Lilac Bonnet 



Sorex minutus 


Q70 

Beehenagh; Boolteens: St Gobnait's Church; Knockglass Beg 




69

The Slieve Mish mountains are not easy to survey. Much of it is very wet but there are possible sites around Coumbrack 

Lake but that is a long speculative walk in. The best site however is likely to be Knockbrack at Q704052 and this could be 

good. However there was heavy building work going on in the area making access difficult . This would be worth visiting 

another time. 










Site Reports 

Site: Beehenagh 



Hygrocybe: 

Clavariaceae: 


3 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 



1 


A small area of grassland on either side of the road as it steeply climbs up the hill from the start of the Caherconree 

walk. Unlikely to be a good waxcap site. 









Site: Boolteens: St Gobnait's Church 



Hygrocybe: 

1 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

A reasonable area of grassland but generally too wet to be of interest. 


Site: Knockglass Beg 



Hygrocybe: 

2 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 

0 



0 

0 



We followed the Dingle Way starting from Knockglass Beg but it was extremely wet and the surrounding fields had 

only a few waxcaps. After a kilometre, the path and surroundings got wetter and there was no further reason to 

survey this site. 

Cordyceps militaris Scarlet Caterpillarclub 









70


Q71 

Church Hill: Church of the Purification; Derrymore Strand; Curraheen: St Brendan's Church 


Unlikely to be a good square. Derrymore Strand has little interest and the northern slopes of Slieve Mish are bog. The 

churchyard at Church Hill looked good but had little. Fenit was not visited and Fenit House itself may be interesting. The 

southern end of Banna Strand or the golf course may be the best sites. 



Site Reports 

Site: Curraheen: St Brendan's Church 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


A more promising churchyard that was not as wet but only Melanoleuca polioleuca was found. 




Site: Derrymore Strand 



Hygrocybe: 

1 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


0 

0 



This long beach has virtually no waxcap interest. The width of the dunes is tiny as the intensive fields or saltmarsh 

back right onto the other side of the single line of dunes leaving no room for waxcaps. 



Melanoleuca cinereifolia 


Q72 

Ardfert: St Brenden's Church; Ardfert Cathedral; Banna Strand; Ballyteigue: 




Banna Strand is such a large area of dunes, there will be more species but not many given the restricted fungal biodiversity 

on most Irish dunes. 







Site Reports 

Site: Ardfert Cathedral 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


A decent area of grass surrounds the cathedral ruin and burial ground but no fungi were found. 

71 

0 


Site: Ardfert: St Brenden's Church 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

A small amount of grass that again yielded nothing. 

Site: Ballyheige: St Mary's Church 

0 

Entoloma: 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

Another moss rich lawn with no fungi at all. 

Site: Banna Strand 

Entoloma: 



Hygrocybe: 

2 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 

0 

0 




0 

0 

1 




An enormous length of beach with a thin set of dunes behind. Only the dunes to the north and south of the car park 

at Q752223 as the visit was curtailed by a vicious storm. However the dunes to the north of the car park were a 

dense thick thatch of marram and grass through which nothing could fruit. To the south, cattle grazing had created 

more open areas of dune grassland which were more interesting but apart from large quantities of Hygrocybe 

virginea and Geoglossum cookeanum, there was little fungal diversity found in these dunes. 


Cheilymenia fimicola 


Heterosphaeria patella 


Hygrocybe virginea var. fuscescens 




Pluteus nanus Dwarf Shield 

St Dahillans Well 


Q73 

A difficult square with the upland areas on Kerry Head being very wet . Some of the northern cliffs may have some species 

but are difficult to access. 




Site Reports 

Site: St Dahillans Well 



Hygrocybe: 

1 

Clavariaceae: 

A small area of lawn around the holy well. 

0 

Entoloma: 




Mycena flavoalba Ivory Bonnet 

72 

1 


0 




Rickenella fibula Orange Mosscap 

Rickenella swartzii Collared Mosscap 

Castlemaine: St Cartagh's Church 


Q80 

Unlikely to be very good. Mostly churchyards and very wet mountains. 




Site Reports 

Site: Castlemaine: St Cartagh's Church 



Hygrocybe: 

2 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


0 


A drier which had two waxcaps. Most of the trees were leylandii unfortunately thus not supporting other types of fungi 




Lacrymaria lacrymabunda Weeping Widow 


Stropharia pseudocyanea Peppery Roundhead 

Ballyseede Castle 


Q81 

Churchyards and estate lawns are the best hope in this square and given that this is the 'wealthy' square, there should be 

one site that is good here. 



Site Reports 

Site: Ballyseede Castle Hotel 



Hygrocybe: 

1 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


The castle was a big hope as large landed estates like this can have excellent lawns surrounding the house. 

However it was very disappointing. The lawns were largely soaking wet and fungi were almost non-existant. The 

avenue up to the castle was equally wet so the issue is was this typical or the atypical result of a very wet year? 


Ascocoryne sarcoides Purple Jellydisc 

Coprinopsis atramentaria Common Inkcap 

Crepidotus cesatii 

Ganoderma australe Southern Bracket 



Inocybe geophylla var. lilacina Lilac Fibrecap 




73 

0 



Q82 

Abbeydorney Abbey; Kilflynn: St Mary's Church; Kilflynn: St Columbanes Church 


A square of intensive lowland agriculture. Churchyards the best hope but none were good. 



Site Reports 

Site: Abbeydorney Abbey 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


0 


No waxcaps found again. Here it was obvious that the grass cuttings were being left in situ which is not favourable 

for any waxcap interest. 


Site: Kilflynn: St Columbanes Church 



Hygrocybe: 

1 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

A good area of grassland that should have supported more than one waxcap. 



Site: Kilflynn: St Mary's Church 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

Entoloma: 

Tiny areas of grass on either side of the church but no species were found 


0 

Q83 

Causeway: St John's Church; Ballybunion Golf Course 

0 

0 




0 

0 



A square of intensive lowland agriculture. Churchyards or Ballybunion Golf Course are the best hope but none were good. 






Site Reports 

Site: Ballybunion Golf Course 



Hygrocybe: 

1 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


1 


Much of the dune front at Ballybunion features hard engineering with large boulders fixing the dune front along the 

golf course edge. This means there is no fungal interest in this habitat. The golf course itself had a few species in the 

rough alongside some of the holes. 

74

Bolbitius titubans Yellow Fieldcap 




Site: Causeway: St Johns Church 



Hygrocybe: 

1 

Clavariaceae: 

1 

Entoloma: 

A small area of grass that finally yielded one waxcap - Hygrocybe quieta. 







Rickenella fibula Orange Mosscap 

Stropharia pseudocyanea Peppery Roundhead 

Q84 

0 


Ballybunion: Cliff Walk; Ballybunion: St John's Church, Rehy Hill (Clare Survey) 


The cliff edges are probably the best hope but intensive farming goes right up to the cliff edges on many occasions . Also 

part surveyed on the Clare Waxcap Survey, that survey found the only waxcaps in this square from Rehy Hill. 


Microglossum olivaceum 

Site Reports 

Site: Ballybunion: Cliff Walk 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


0 

0 



No species of interest were found on the cliff walk which is a narrow strip between a caravan park or fields and the 

cliff. The grass is far to rank to be able to support any fungi. 



Site: Ballybunion: St John's Church 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


Bizarrely on this church lawn which is often wet and with no waxcaps or any other fungi, the very notable earth 

tongue Microglossum olivaceum was found 


Microglossum olivaceum Olive Earthtongue 

Currans: Church of the Sacred Heart 


A square of intensive lowland agriculture. Churchyards the best hope but none were particularly good. 


Hygrocybe fornicata 



Q90 

75 

1 


Site Reports 

Site: Currans: Church of the Sacred Heart 



Hygrocybe: 

3 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


0 


A good area of grass that could hold more species of interest . Curiously, the only site for Hygrocybe fornicata on this 

survey. 


Hygrocybe fornicata Earthy Waxcap 




Q91 

Ballymacelligott Church of Ireland; Clogher: St Brendan's Church; Glenageenty 


A lot of intensive agriculture but also the southern part of the Stack Mountains . These hills are extremely wet or planted with 

conifers and have little interest. 





Site Reports 

Site: Ballymacelligott Church of Ireland 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


Little of interest with only a small area of grass with the rest of the surroundings to the burial ground being quite 

unkempt. 


Site: Clogher: St Brendan's Church 



Hygrocybe: 

1 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


0 

0 



An interesting churchyard although there was only one target species. The large mature beech trees will support a 

number of mycorrhizal fungi apart from the Tricholoma sciodes recorded today . 

Clitocybe nebularis Clouded Funnel 


Exidia nucleata Crystal Brain 


Tricholoma scalpturatum Yellowing Knight 


Site: Glenageenty 



Hygrocybe: 

1 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


1 


The common of Nohaval was the potential site but it turned out to be extremely wet and dominated by Molinia and 

Gorse so was not visited. The delightful lane of hazel flanking the small road through Glenageenty was searched 

instead.The earthtongue, Geoglossum fallax was found along with more typical woodland species. Notable finds 

were Hygrophorus nemoreus and Pseudoclitocybe ----- 


Clavulina rugosa Wrinkled Club 


76



Hypoxylon fuscum Hazel Woodwart 


Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis Goblet 

Russula cyanoxantha Charcoal Burner 

Stereum rugosum Bleeding Broadleaf Crust 

Tricholoma fulvum Birch Knight 


Knockreagh: St Senan's Church 


Q92 

Intensive agriculture and the northern part of the wet boggy Stack Mountains. 


Site Reports 

Site: Knockreagh: St Senan's Church 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

A very wet lawn surrounded the church and no species of interest were found. 


Phragmidium tuberculatum 


Ballydonohoe: St Teresa's Church 

Q93 

0 



A square of intensive lowland agriculture. Churchyards the best hope but none were good. 


Site Reports 

Site: Ballydonohoe: St Teresa's Church 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


Another wet church lawn with no species of interest although it was getting rather dark and things may have been 

missed. 


Tricholoma scalpturatum Yellowing Knight 

Q94 

Ballylongford: St Michael's Church; Astee: St Mary's Church; Beal Strand 


0 

0 



A square of intensive lowland agriculture. The fields around Beal Point are the best hope but were fairly intensively farmed. 

Churchyards the other best hope but none were good. 

77




Site Reports 

Site: Astee: St Mary's Church 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

Another very wet church lawn with no species of interest 

Site: Ballylongford: St Michael's Church 

0 

Entoloma: 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

Entoloma: 

A well maintained lawn that suprisingly had no species of interest 

Site: Beal Strand 


Taphrina alni Alder Tongue 



Hygrocybe: 

2 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 

0 

0 




0 

0 

0 




Part of this sand dune site is in Q84 but there were no species of interest in this part as the dunes have a gravel front 

and are thick dense marram grass. Farmed fields run up to behind the first row of dunes in Q84 and so have little 

interest. The eastern part of the dunes is more interesting with a depositional environment creating foredunes but 

none of the characteristic foredune species were found. The grazed fields behind the dunes are probably of most 

interest for waxcaps but I did not have permission to visit these. 





R00 

Scartaglin: Our Lady of Lourdes Church 


A square mainly dominated by agriculture. The churchyards at Castleisland did not look promising. The churchyard at 

Cordal could be worth visiting. 




Site Reports 

Site: Scartaglin: Our Lady of Lourdes Church 


Grid Reference: R039038 

Hygrocybe: 

2 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


0 


An interesting churchyard on sloping ground meaning drier ground. Possibly has more waxcaps than those found, 




R02 

78


Duagh: St Bridget's Church 


St Bridget's church is likely to have some waxcaps but in a square dominated by agriculture and low wet hills, finding 

interesting waxcap sites is not obvious. 


Site Reports 

Site: Duagh: St Bridget's Church 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

Again a very wet church lawn had no species of interest 


0 

Entoloma: 


Collybia butyracea f. butyracea Butter Cap 

Coprinus comatus Shaggy Inkcap 


R03 

0 


0 


Knockanure: Burial Ground; Knockanure: Corpus Christi Church; Moyvane: Church of the Assumption 


A square dominated by agriculture and unlikely to have any sites of significant interest. 




Site Reports 

Site: Knockanure: Burial Ground 



Hygrocybe: 

1 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


0 


A large burial ground with one waxcap. The burial ground had recently been strimmed and most of the cuttings had 

been left to lie which is not beneficial for biodiversity. 




Site: Knockanure: Corpus Christi Church 



Hygrocybe: 

1 

Clavariaceae: 

A reasonable area of grassland but again very wet 

0 

Entoloma: 



Site: Moyvane: Church of the Assumption 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 

0 



There were some drier areas in this church lawn so it was surprising no species of interest were found 



79 

0 

0 




Tarbert House 

R04 


A square dominated by agriculture leaving lawns like at Tarbert House or churchyards the best sites . There is good potential 

for the Tarbert House lawn being a much better site even though it is quite small . 


Clavaria acuta 



Hygrocybe flavipes 






Site Reports 

Site: Tarbert House 



Hygrocybe: 

7 

Clavariaceae: 

1 

Entoloma: 

0 


1 


A small area of lawn surrounds this old house and it held seven species of waxcap including Hygrocybe flavipes . This 

lawn could well have more species and is a potential Hygrocybe calyptriformis site. The surrounding woodland has 

some old beech trees and is an interesting mycological site. 


Clavaria acuta Pointed Club 

Clitocybe nebularis Clouded Funnel 

Collybia butyracea f. butyracea Butter Cap 

Exidia nucleata Crystal Brain 

Ganoderma australe Southern Bracket 



Hygrocybe flavipes Yellow Foot Waxcap 







Hypoxylon fuscum Hazel Woodwart 

Inocybe geophylla var. lilacina Lilac Fibrecap 

Lacrymaria lacrymabunda Weeping Widow 

Lactarius fulvissimus Tawny Milkcap 


Lycoperdon perlatum Common Puffball 

Lycoperdon pyriforme Stump Puffball 

Mycena galericulata Common Bonnet 

Oudemansiella mucida Porcelain Fungus 

Psathyrella conopilus Conical Brittlestem 


Russula nigricans Blackening Brittlegill 


Tricholoma ustale Burnt Knight 


Xylaria carpophila Beechmast Candlesnuff 


Xylaria polymorpha Dead Man's Fingers 

V39 

80


Ventry Beach; Ventry: St Catherine's Church; Slea Head; Dunmore Head 




Three good sites in this square - Slea Head, Dunmore Head and the eastern slopes of Mount Eagle. Slea Head is the best 

of them with some of the steep fields below the road down to the cliffs also possible . Some of the upper fields in the maze of 

stone walled fields above the village of Coumeenoole could also be possible as were clearly not as green as the lower 

fields. 



Clavulinopsis luteoalba 


Entoloma longistriatum 

Entoloma sericeum 

Geoglossum atropurpureum 















Entoloma hispidulum 

Hygrocybe pratensis var. pallida 

Site Reports 

Site: Dunmore Head 


Grid Reference: V307982 

Hygrocybe: 

Clavariaceae: 


9 

1 

Entoloma: 

2 



1 


This headland has steep slopes falling into the sea and it is the steep slopes that are of interest along with the old 

earth bank field boundaries and a small set of old now unenclosed fields facing the mainland. There were traces of 

lazy beds in these fields. Again the feeling was that this area should have been better and would be worth revisiting. 

Agaricus impudicus 

Agaricus urinascens Macro Mushroom 

Calocybe carnea Pink Domecap 

Clavulinopsis luteoalba Apricot Club 

Cordyceps militaris Scarlet Caterpillarclub 


Entoloma sericeum Silky Pinkgill 

Geoglossum atropurpureum Dark-purple Earthtongue 











Marasmius oreades Fairy Ring Champignon 

81




Site: Slea Head 

Hygrocybe pratensis var. pallida Pale Waxcap 



Hygrocybe: 

11 

Clavariaceae: 

2 

Entoloma: 

2 


1 


The steep fields above the road through which the Dingle Way passes had good fruiting of waxcaps with Hygrocybe 

punicea particularly common. Many of the fruiting bodies especially of H.punicea and H.pratensis were very small 

giving the impression that fruiting had been affected by the preceding cold week and was only starting again now . 

The area of interest was a bit restricted with higher ground becoming very acidic and wet but given the amount of 

H.punicea found, I would have hoped for more species and was slightly disappointed. It would be worth revisiting this 

site and searching the extension of this field to the north and some of the other fields in the maze of fields above the 

road. Some of these fields will be of interest especially some of the upper ones but many of the lower fields looked 

too green and fertilised. 


Arrhenia griseopallida 


Clavulinopsis luteoalba Apricot Club 

Conocybe pulchella 


Entoloma longistriatum var. longistriatum 




















Site: Ventry Beach 



Hygrocybe: 

1 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 


1 


Behind the line of dunes, the marram grass is very thick and dense and then there are fertilised fields so there is little 

opportunity for waxcaps. As the beach is a low energy environment and the foredunes are not being eroded, some 

interesting dune specialists like Melanoleuca cinerifolia and Peziza ammophila were found. 



Peziza ammophila Dune Cup 


Puccinia lagenophorae 

Site: Ventry: St Catherine's Church 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

A very small wet lawn had no soil fungi at all. 

0 

Entoloma: 

82 

0 


0 




V49 

Dingle: An Scoth; Bull's Head/Doonties Common; Eask Tower 


The best sites were visited (Eask Tower and Bull's Head) and there may be more species to be found here. Bull's Head and 

Doonties Common were disappointing as the amount of potential grassland on the site was actually quite small. 




Entoloma sericeum 

Entoloma tenellum 












Site Reports 

Site: Bull's Head/Doonties Common 



Hygrocybe: 

8 

Clavariaceae: 

1 

Entoloma: 

3 


0 


This site was very hard going. It is very wet dominated by deep heather, molinia and western gorse and getting round 

was very difficult. Patches of grassland are rare being largely restricted to the cliff edges , earth bank walls and the 

odd patch of grassland probably related to farming activity at some stage in the distant past. The best areas were at 

Bull Head itself at V497975, the very steep slopes at V491984 and V493980 and patches around the holy well at 

V494987. Other spots that looked hopeful at V503978 and V504979 yielded nothing being far too wet and having 

possibly had fertiliser added to them. There is no chance of the rest of the site being of waxcap interest. 

Bovista nigrescens Brown Puffball 




Entoloma sericeum Silky Pinkgill 

Entoloma tenellum 

Galerina clavata 










Lepidus timidus hibernica 





Site: Dingle: An Scoth 



Hygrocybe: 

3 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

83 

0 


0 


A small amount of unfertilised grassland around the watchtower at the entrance into Dingle Harbour on rocky ground . 

Only a restricted number of species was found. 

Site: Eask Tower 









Hygrocybe: 

7 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

1 


0 


Waxcaps were only found in the scattered grassland patches on the summit of the hill by the beacon , Eask Tower. 

Below this, the fields were improved and were not of interest. There is only a small strip of natural grassland along 

the cliff edges on the south side of this headland. 











Doonties Common 


V59 

Not so much land in this square. Small patches of grassland on the eastern part of Doonties Common were searched with 

little success. The other headlands in the square are also unlikely to be good. There are a couple of fields on the western 

end of Cnoc na nAcrai at V562993 that would be worth looking at. 




Site Reports 

Site: Minard Castle 



Hygrocybe: 

0 

Clavariaceae: 

0 

Entoloma: 

Access was forbidden to the castle but it looked too lush and green to be of interest. 




Inch Dunes 

V69 

0 



Inch Dunes is a gigantic dune system with large areas of good mossy dune slacks and grassland and this is well worth 

another long visit. Irish dunes are often not species rich in terms of fungi but this could be one of the exceptions. 






84 

0 



Site Reports 

Site: Inch Dunes 



Hygrocybe: 

Clavariaceae: 


4 

0 

Entoloma: 

0 



1 


An enormous set of dunes with an interesting wide flat dune front before the high dunes started. Curiously none of 

the characteristic species of foredunes could be found in this area. The dunes behind have many excellent moss rich 

dune slacks rich in Salix repens. In terms of waxcaps, fruiting was sparse and earth tongues were particularly rare. 

Interesting species however were found associated with the Salix repens. Hebeloma colliaratum is new to Ireland 

and rarely recorded in Great Britain. Cortinarius saturninus was also found for the first time in Kerry. 

Agaricus impudicus 

Bolbitius titubans Yellow Fieldcap 


Clitocybe rivulosa Fool's Funnel 

Cortinarius saturninus 

Cystoderma amianthinum Earthy Powdercap 


Hebeloma collariatum 





Lepiota erminea 

Lycoperdon lividum Grassland Puffball 

Mycena pura var. pura Lilac Bonnet 

Omphalina subhepatica 



Stropharia inuncta Smoky Roundhead 



Entoloma griseocyaneum Felted Pinkgill 

Entoloma sericellum Cream Pinkgill 

Entoloma serrulatum Blue Edge Pinkgill 

Hygrocybe cantharellus Goblet Waxcap 


85

Clavaria acuta Fr. 

Pointed Club 

A white Fairy Club with larger spores than C.fragilis 

Clavulinopsis corniculata (Fr.) Corner 

Meadow Coral 

A common coralloid Fairy Club 

Appendix 2 - Species Maps 

Grassland Target Species 

86

Clavulinopsis fusiformis (Sowerby) Corner 

Golden Spindles 

A yellow clumped Fairy Club that is most common in acid grassland 

Clavulinopsis helvola (Pers.) Corner 

Yellow Club 

The most common Fairy Club 

Clavulinopsis luteoalba (Rea) Corner 

Apricot Club 

A common apricot Fairy Club 

87

Entoloma conferendum (Britzelm.) Noordel. 

Star Pinkgill 

A common Entoloma 

Entoloma longistriatum var. longistriatum (Peck) Noordel. 

A brown Entoloma with a smooth brown stem. The gill edge is often brown. 

Entoloma sericeum (Bull.) Fr. 

Silky Pinkgill 

A common brown Nolanea 

88

Entoloma tenellum (J. Favre) Noordel. 

A brown Nolanea 


Dark-purple Earthtongue 

A notable species 

Geoglossum cookeanum Nannf. 

Can be the largest species of earth tongue growing to several centimetres tall 

89

Geoglossum fallax E.J. Durand 

The most common earth tongue on acid grassland 

Geoglossum glutinosum Pers. 

An earth tongue that is very viscid 


A viscid earth tongue with 7 septate spores and paraphyses with swollen tips 

90

Geoglossum umbratile Sacc. 

Plain Earthtongue 

An earth tongue 

Hygrocybe calyptriformis (Berk. & Broome) Fayod 

Pink Waxcap 

The flagship species of waxcap. Unmistakable with its pink, conical cap that often splits and curls up. 

Hygrocybe cantharellus (Schwein.) Murrill 

Goblet Waxcap 

A waxcap usually found in acid grassland. Noted by its dry, red scurfy cap and decurrent gills. 

91

Hygrocybe ceracea (Wulfen) P. Kumm. 

Butter Waxcap 

A yellow waxcap - not uncommon 

Hygrocybe chlorophana (Fr.) Wünsche 

Golden Waxcap 

One of the most common waxcaps 

Hygrocybe citrinovirens (Lange) Jul. Schäff. 

Citrine Waxcap 

Often an early species. Large and lemon yellow 

92

Hygrocybe coccinea (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. 

Scarlet Waxcap 

One of the most common red waxcaps 

Hygrocybe conica var. conica (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. 

Blackening Waxcap 

Very common blackening waxcap. Very variable but may be more than one species in this group. 

Hygrocybe conica var. conicoides (P.D. Orton) Boertm. 

Dune Waxcap 

Some authors give this variety species rank. Usually found in sand dunes 

93

Hygrocybe flavipes (Britzelm.) Arnolds 

Yellow Foot Waxcap 

Grey waxcap with a pale stipe with a yellow base. Look out for the similar H.lacmus that does not have the yellow base. 

Hygrocybe fornicata (Fr.) Singer 

Earthy Waxcap 

A grey to brown species with ascending gills 

Hygrocybe insipida (Lange ex S. Lundell) M.M. Moser 

Spangle Waxcap 

Very common small viscid waxcap. Often with very red stipe at apex contrasting with yellow gills. 

94

Hygrocybe laeta var. laeta (Pers.) P. Kumm. 

Heath Waxcap 

Common especially in acid grassland 

Hygrocybe persistens var. persistens (Britzelm.) Singer 

Persistent Waxcap 

Often confused with H.conica but does not blacken. One of the earlier waxcaps to fruit. 

Hygrocybe pratensis var. pallida (Cooke) Arnolds 

Pale Waxcap 

Also recorded as H.berkeleyi 

95

Hygrocybe pratensis var. pratensis (Pers.) Fr. 

Meadow Waxcap 

One of the largest waxcaps that can be very abundant 

Hygrocybe psittacina var. psittacina (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. 

Parrot Waxcap 

Usually very common and distinguised by its green colours 

Hygrocybe punicea (Fr.) P. Kumm. 

Crimson Waxcap 

Large and notable with a dull crimson colour and fibrous stipe 

96

Hygrocybe quieta (Kühner) Singer 

Oily Waxcap 

Noted for its oily smell 

Hygrocybe reidii Kühner 

Honey Waxcap 

Recognised by its honey smell especially if rubbed. Not uncommon 

Hygrocybe russocoriacea (Berk. & Mill.) P.D. Orton & Watling 

Cedarwood Waxcap 

Noted by its amazing smell of cedar wood 

97

Hygrocybe splendidissima (P.D. Orton) P.D. Orton & Watling 

Splendid Waxcap 

Large scarlet waxcap smelling of honey if the stipe is rubbed. Usually found in acid grassland 

Hygrocybe virginea var. fuscescens (Bres.) Arnolds 

A variety with a brown centre to the cap 

Hygrocybe virginea var. ochraceopallida (P.D. Orton) Boertm. 

This variety is usually found in calcareous grassland 

98

Hygrocybe virginea var. virginea (Wulfen) P.D. Orton & Watling 

Snowy Waxcap 

Very common species 


A distinctive waxcap with a yellow umbilicate cap and a viscid edge to the gills 


Olive Earthtongue 

The olive green earth tongue that does have a number of colour variants 

99

Trichoglossum hirsutum (Pers.) Boud. 

Hairy Earthtongue 

An earth tongue with noticeable setae (especially on the stipe) like hairs 


A notable earth tongue 

100


Appendix 3 - Other Species Distribution Maps 


A dark red brown Agaric that hardly discolours when sliced 

Agaricus urinascens (F.H. Møller & Jul. Schäff.) Singer 

Macro Mushroom 

More commonly known as Agaricus macrosporus that can grow to very large sizes 


A large brown Amanita with no ring under Birch 

101

Armillaria gallica Merxm. & Romagn. 

Bulbous Honey Fungus 

The most common Honey Fungus in much of Ireland with a bulbous base. Not as pathogenic as A.mellea. 

Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. 

Honey Fungus 

The pathogenic species with a slender cylindrical stipe 


A small fungus strongly smelling of pelargonium 

102

Bolbitius titubans (Bull.) Fr. 

Yellow Fieldcap 

A common species found on decaying grass or dung. More commonly known as B.vitellinus 

Calocybe carnea (Bull.) Donk 

Pink Domecap 

Not uncommon in grasslands 

Clitocybe fragrans Sowerby 

Fragrant Funnel 

Not uncommon in grasslands 

103

Clitocybe nebularis (Batsch) Quél. 

Clouded Funnel 

A common saprophyte in leaf litter. Often appearing late in the season. 

Clitocybe rivulosa (Pers.) Fr. 

Fool's Funnel 

A poisonous species more commonly known as C.dealbata 

Collybia butyracea f. butyracea (Bull.) P. Kumm. 

Butter Cap 

A common saprophyte in leaf litter 

104

Collybia dryophila (Bull.) P. Kumm. 

Russet Toughshank 

A very common species although rarer further north in Ireland 

Conocybe pulchella (Velen.) Hauskn. & Svrcek 

A small brown fungus in lawns 

Coprinellus micaceus (Bull.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson 

Glistening Inkcap 

Grows in clumps on dead wood. With a glistening, miceceus like cap. 

105


Dune Inkcap 

A small inkcap found in embryo dunes associated with Marram Grass 

Coprinopsis atramentaria (Bull.) Fr. 

Common Inkcap 

Should never to eaten along with alcohol 


Very distinctive spores with a loosening perispore or outer layer that make the spores look like they have wings 

106

Coprinus comatus (O.F. Müll.) Gray 

Shaggy Inkcap 

The Shaggy Inkcap 

Cortinarius acutus (Pers.) Fr. 

A small Telamonia 


On Salix repens in dunes 

107

Crepidotus cesatii (Rabenh.) Sacc. 

A small hairy Crepidotus on twigs 

Cystoderma amianthinum (Scop.) Fr. 

Earthy Powdercap 

A common grassland species 

Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer 

Velvet Shank 

Found on wood with a velvet stipe 

108


A Galerina with abundant cystidia in the cap 

Galerina clavata (Velen.) Kühner 

A Galerina with no clamps in the hyphae 

Galerina sphagnorum (Pers.) Kühner 

A Galerina only identified microscopically 

109

Galerina tibiicystis (G.F. Atk.) Kühner 

With cystidia with a swollen head 

Galerina vittiformis (Fr.) Singer 

Hairy Leg Bell 

Will be more common as it was not systematically looked for. 


Small Hebeloma with a cortina on Salix repens. Very similar to H.mesophaeum but with larger spores. 

110

Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) P. Kumm. 

Sulphur Tuft 

Very common saprophyte 

Inocybe geophylla var. lilacina Gillet 

Lilac Fibrecap 

Common purple ectomycorrhizal species with brown spore print 

Laccaria amethystina Cooke 

Amethyst Deceiver 

Totally purple in colour and very attractive 

111

Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Fr. 

Deceiver 

The Deceiver which as its name suggests is very variable 

Lacrymaria lacrymabunda (Bull.) Pat. 

Weeping Widow 

With dark drops on the gills 

Lactarius fulvissimus Romagn. 

Tawny Milkcap 

Large and distinctive with a dry bright orange cap 

112

Lactarius subdulcis (Bull.) Fr. 

Mild Milkcap 

Very common brown milkcap under beech 


Pure white Lepiota in dunes with a ring on the stipe 

Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke 

Wood Blewit 

Very common in grassland as well as woods and gardens 

113

Lepista panaeolus (Fr.) P. Karst. 

Unusual species of Lepista with grey brown colours 

Marasmius oreades (Bolton) Fr. 

Fairy Ring Champignon 

Common in grasslands, it has a very tough stipe and often found in rings 

Melanoleuca cinereifolia (Bon) Bon 

A grey Melanoleuca with grey gills found in embryo dunes 

114

Melanoleuca polioleuca f. polioleuca (Fr.) Kühner & Maire 

Common Cavalier 

Often recorded as M. melaleuca in the past but the latter lacks cystidia 

Mycena aetites (Fr.) Quél. 

Drab Bonnet 

A small Mycena often found in grasslands 

Mycena epipterygia var. epipterygia (Scop.) Gray 

Yellowleg Bonnet 

Has a cap with a viscid layer that can peel off. 

115

Mycena flavoalba (Fr.) Quél. 

Ivory Bonnet 

A small common white species in grassland 

Mycena galericulata (Scop.) Schaeff. 

Common Bonnet 

Common on wood 

Mycena pura var. pura (Pers.) P. Kumm. 

Lilac Bonnet 

Common species of woodland and grassland with strong radish smell 

116

Omphalina ericetorum (Pers.) H.E. Bigelow 

Heath Navel 

Small white fungus with decurrent gills often in very acidic ground 

Omphalina pyxidata (Bull.) Quél. 

A small Omphalina with strongly decurrent gills 

Omphalina subhepatica (Batsch) Murrill 

A small Omphalina with very decurrent gills on dune grassland 

117

Oudemansiella mucida (Schrad.) Höhn. 

Porcelain Fungus 

A very viscid white fungus commonly fruiting on beech trees 

Panaeolina foenisecii (Pers.) Maire 

Brown Mottlegill 

Very common in domestic lawns 

Panaeolus acuminatus (Schaeff.) Gillet 

Dewdrop Mottlegill 

Very common "little brown job" with mottled gills 

118

Panaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus (Bull.) Quél. 

Petticoat Mottlegill 

Very common - includes P.sphinctrinus 


A pale capped Pholiota 


Dwarf Shield 

A dark Pluteus here found in dunes 

119

Psathyrella conopilus (Fr.) A. Pearson & Dennis 

Conical Brittlestem 

A psathyrella with very distinctive cap cells 

Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis (Bull.) Singer 

Goblet 

A dark funnel shaped cap with decurrent gills 

Rickenella fibula (Bull.) Raithelh. 

Orange Mosscap 

Small orange fungus with decurrent gills found in grassland 

120

Rickenella swartzii (Fr.) Kuyper 

Collared Mosscap 

Small fungus with a distinct black spot in centre of cap and decurrent gills. 

Russula betularum Hora 

Birch Brittlegill 

Small red Russula that can fade to white. Firey taste to the gills 

Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. 

Charcoal Burner 

A variable edible Russula with waxy gills. 

121

Russula nigricans (Bull.) Fr. 

Blackening Brittlegill 

Large blackening Russula with very distant gills. Very common 

Russula ochroleuca (Pers.) Fr. 

Ochre Brittlegill 

Very common yellow Russula found under a range of trees 

Russula sardonia Fr. 

Primrose Brittlegill 

Similar to R.queletii but found under Pinus. The gills go pink with a drop of ammonia 

122

Stropharia coronilla (Bull.) Quél. 

Garland Roundhead 

A small thin Stropharia with smaller spores than S.halophila 


Smoky Roundhead 

A very slimy Stropharia 

Stropharia pseudocyanea (Desm.) Morgan 

Peppery Roundhead 

An interesting grassland species often with blue and yellow colours. Has to be checked against S.caerula which has 

numerous cells at the gill edge filled with yellow material (chrysocystidia) 

123

Stropharia semiglobata (Batsch) Quél. 

Dung Roundhead 

Very common on dung 

Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel 

Slippery Jack 

Large and slimy with a ring - found under Pine 

Tricholoma fulvum (Bull.) Bigeard & H. Guill. 

Birch Knight 

Common species under Birch 

124

Tricholoma scalpturatum (Fr.) Quél. 

Yellowing Knight 

A grey capped ectomycorrhizal species with yellowing gills 

Tricholoma ustale (Fr.) Quél. 

Burnt Knight 

Viscid red brown Tricholoma with a smooth cap under Beech 

Tricholomopsis rutilans (Schaeff.) Singer 

Plums and Custard 

Distinctive species with a plum coloured cap and custard coloured gills. Always associated with wood although it may be 

buried. 

Aphyllophoroid Fungi - Brackets Chanterelles etc 

125


Big Smoky Bracket 

Bracket with grey pores and a brown line seperating the pores and hymenium 

Clavulina coralloides (L.) J. Schröt. 

Crested Coral 

A white, common, woodland Fairy Club 

Clavulina rugosa (Bull.) J. Schröt. 

Wrinkled Club 

A woodland species of Fairy Club 

126

Ganoderma australe (Fr.) Pat. 

Southern Bracket 

A large perennial bracket fungus. Often mixed with G.applanatum but the spore sizes are quite different. 


A very distinctive woodland club. Could only be mistaken for M.juncea which has a thinner fruiting body and smaller 

spores 

Peniophora incarnata (Pers.) P. Karst. 

Rosy Crust 

A pink crust on Gorse 

127

Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Gray 

Hairy Curtain Crust 

Small hairy bracket. Very common 

Stereum rugosum (Pers.) Fr. 

Bleeding Broadleaf Crust 

A crust on trees that reddens if scratched 

Bovista nigrescens Pers. 

Brown Puffball 

Gasteroid Fungi 

Subglobose fruitbody that can persist in dried state for months. Unlike puffballs, whole fruiting body breaks up to release 

spores. 

128

Bovista plumbea Pers. 

Grey Puffball 

Common on grasslands. Smaller than B.nigrescens 

Lycoperdon lividum Pers. 

Grassland Puffball 

A puffball usually found in grasslands as its name suggests 

Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. 

Common Puffball 

Common woodland puffball 

129

Lycoperdon pyriforme (Schaeff.) Pers. 

Stump Puffball 

Puffball always found on wood 

Scleroderma citrinum Pers. 

Common Earthball 

The most common earth ball with a very thick "skin" 

Dacrymyces stillatus Nees 

Common Jellyspot 

Jellies 

Small orange jelly found on wood, often on treated, fence posts or benches. 

130

Exidia nucleata (Schwein.) Burt 

Crystal Brain 

A grey almost translucent jelly on twigs and branches 

Tremella mesenterica Retz. 

Yellow Brain 

Yellow brain fungus parasitic on hyphae of Peniophora species 

Ascomycetes 

Ascocoryne sarcoides (Jacq.) J.W. Groves & D.E. Wilson 

Purple Jellydisc 

Purple jelly on dead wood 

131

Cheilymenia fimicola (De Not. & Bagl.) Dennis 

Orange discomycete on cow dung 

Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link 

Scarlet Caterpillarclub 

The Caterpillar Killer which parasitises moth pupae in grassland 

Heterosphaeria patella (Tode) Grev. 

A black spot on umbelliferae 

132

Hypoxylon fuscum (Pers.) Fr. 

Hazel Woodwart 

Very common black spots on Hazel 

Leotia lubrica (Scop.) Pers. 

Jellybaby 

A small ascomycete with a cap that looks just like a jelly baby. 

Leptosphaeria acuta (Moug. & Nestl.) P. Karst. 

Nettle Rash 

Pointy black spots on dead nettle stems. Very common 

133

Peziza ammophila Durieu & Mont. 

Dune Cup 

A cup fungus found in embryo dunes with a buried stem in the sand 

Rhopographus filicinus (Fr.) Nitschke ex Fuckel 

Bracken Map 

A ubiquitous species on Bracken. Will be much more common as not systematically looked for 

Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr. 

Sycamore Tarspot 

Tar spot fungus found on Sycamore leaves 

134

Rhytisma salicinum (Pers.) Fr. 

Found on Salix leaves 

Taphrina alni (Berk. & Broome) Gjaerum 

Alder Tongue 

The tongues found on Alder cupules 

Trochila ilicina (Nees) Greenh. & Morgan-Jones 

Holly Speckle 

Very common on Holly leaves 

135

Xylaria carpophila (Pers.) Fr. 

Beechmast Candlesnuff 

Hard black fingers found on beech mast 

Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev. 

Candlesnuff Fungus 

Very common on wood 

Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. 

Dead Man's Fingers 

Chunky and charcoal in texture. On wood. 

Rusts 

136

Melampsoridium betulinum (Pers.) Kleb. 

Birch Rust 

A common rust on Birch leaves 

Phragmidium tuberculatum J.B. Müll. 

A rust on roses 

Phragmidium violaceum (Schultz) G. Winter 

Violet Bramble Rust 

Very common rust on Bramble. Will be more common as not systematically looked for 

137

Puccinia lagenophorae Cooke 

A rust on Groundsel 

138

Appendix 4 - County Kerry Biodiversity Fungi Species List 

This list is dated 01 December 2012 and pulls together records from the published sources listed at the end of this appendix 

and records from the Fungus Records Database of the British Isles. The names used are the current name used in the 

FRDBI checklist so the name quoted may vary from that quoted in the reference. It is also available in Excel form at 

www.nifg.org.uk/downloads.htm. If you know of any other records that could be added to this list, please contact David 

Mitchel at david.mitchel@nifg.org.uk 

H1 = South Kerry; H2 = North Kerry 

Abortiporus biennis (Bull.) Singer 

H1: No H2: Yes Last record: 22/09/1936 Source: Ramsbottom, J. (1938) 

Abrothallus bertianus De Not. 


Lichenicolous Fungi 

H1: Yes H2: Yes Last Record Unknown Source: Fox, H. (2001) 

Abrothallus microspermus Tul. 



Abrothallus parmeliarum (Sommerf.) Arnold 



Abrothallus parmotrematis Diederich 


H1: No H2: Yes Last Record Unknown Source: Fox, H. (2001) 

Agaricus arvensis Schaeff. 


H1: Yes H2: No Last record: 05/09/1989 Source: FRDBI Records 

Agaricus campestris var. campestris L. 


H1: Yes H2: Yes Last record: 05/10/1996 Source: FRDBI Records 

Agaricus comtulus Fr. 





H1: Yes H2: Yes Last record: 06/11/2012 Source: 2012 Waxcap Survey 

Agaricus langei (F.H. Møller) F.H. M°ller 



Agaricus silvaticus Schaeff. 


H1: Yes H2: Yes Last record: 01/11/2001 Source: NIFG Records 

Agaricus urinascens (F.H. Møller & Jul. Schäff.) Singer 


H1: Yes H2: No Last record: 02/11/2012 Source: 2012 Waxcap Survey 

Agaricus xanthodermus Genev. 


H1: No H2: Yes Last record: 31/10/1942 Source: O'Connor, P. (1949) 

Agrocybe erebia (Fr.) Singer 



Alatospora acuminata Ingold 

Anamorphic Fungi 

H1: No H2: Yes Last record: 11/09/1989 Source: FRDBI Records 

Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze 

Oomycetes 

H1: Yes H2: Yes Last record: 31/03/1943 Source: O'Connor, P. (1949) 

Albugo tragopogonis var. tragopogonis (DC.) Gray 

Oomycetes 

H1: Yes H2: No Last record: 30/06/1935 Source: O'Connor, P. (1936) 

Aleuria aurantia (Pers.) Fuckel 

Ascomycetes 





Amanita citrina var. alba (Gillet) Rea 


H1: No H2: Yes Last record: 01/11/2002 Source: NIFG Records 

Amanita citrina var. citrina Pers. 



Amanita excelsa var. spissa (Fr.) Neville & Poumerat 


H1: No H2: Yes Last record: 30/09/1884 Source: Pim, G. (1885) 

Amanita fulva (Schaeff.) Fr. 



Amanita muscaria var. muscaria (L.) Pers. 



139


Amanita pantherina (DC.) P. Kumm. 


H1: No H2: Yes Last record: 13/09/1987 Source: Tom Harrington 

Amanita phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr.) Link 



Amanita porphyria Alb. & Schwein. 



Amanita rubescens var. annulosulphurea Gillet 



Amanita rubescens var. rubescens Pers. 



Amanita vaginata (Bull.) Fr. 



Amanita virosa (Fr.) Bertill. 


H1: Yes H2: No Last record: 23/09/1936 Source: Ramsbottom, J. (1938) 

Anthostomella appendiculosa (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. 

Ascomycetes 


Antrodiella semisupina (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Ryvarden 


Appendiculella calostroma (Desm.) Höhn. 


Ascomycetes 


Arcyodes cinerea (Bull.) Pers. 

Myxomycetes - slime moulds 

H1: Yes H2: Yes Last Record Unknown Source: Ing & McHugh (1988) 

Arcyodes denudata (L.) Wettst. 



Arcyodes incarnata (Pers.) Pers 



Arcyodes obvelata (Oeder) Onsberg 



Arcyodes pomiformis (Leers) Fr. 



Arcyria cinerea (Bull.) Pers. 



Arcyria denudata (L.) Wettst. 


Arcyria incarnata (Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) Pers. 




Armillaria gallica Marxm. & Romagn. 



Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. 



Arnium hirtum (E.C. Hansen) N. Lundq. & J.C. Krug 

Ascomycetes 





Arrhenia spathulata (Fr.) Redhead 



Arthonia clemens (Tul.) Th. Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


Arthonia diploiciae Catalayud & Diederich 


H1: Yes H2: No Last Record Unknown Source: Fox, H. (2001) 

Arthonia graphidicola Coppins 



Arthonia thelotrematis Coppins 



140


Arthonia varians (Dav.) Deak 



Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa R.Sant. & Tønsberg 



Ascobolus carbonarius P. Karst. 

Ascomycetes 


Ascobolus equinus (O.F. Müll.) P. Karst. 

Ascomycetes 


Ascobolus immersus Pers. 

Ascomycetes 


Ascochyta teretiuscula Sacc. & Roum. 



Ascocoryne sarcoides (Jacq.) J.W. Groves & D.E. Wilson 

Ascomycetes 


Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körb. 

Ascomycetes 


Asterophora lycoperdoides (Bull.) Ditmar 



Athelia arachnoidea (Berk.) Jülich 



Auriscalpium vulgare Gray 



Bachmanniomyces uncialicola (Zopf) D.Hawksw. 



Badhamia affinis Rost. 


H1: Yes H2: No Last Record Unknown Source: Ing & McHugh (1988) 

Basidioradulum radula (Fr.) Nobles 


Bauhinus scabiosae (Sowerby) R.T. Moore 




Biatoropsis usnearum Räsänen 



Bisporella citrina (Batsch) Korf & S.E. Carp. 

Ascomycetes 


Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.) P. Karst. 




Blarneya hibernica D.Hawksw., Coppins & P. James 





Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer 

Powdery Mildews 


Bolbitius titubans (Bull.) Fr. 



Boletus badius (Fr.) Fr. 



Boletus calopus Pers. 



Boletus chrysenteron Bull. 



Boletus edulis Bull. 



Boletus erythropus Pers. 



141


Boletus ferrugineus Schaeff. 



Boletus luridiformis var. luridiformis Rostk. 



Boletus luridus var. luridus Schaeff. 



Boletus pulverulentus Opat. 



Boletus queletii Schulzer 



Boletus reticulatus Schaeff. 



Boletus rubellus Krombh. 



Boletus satanas Lenz 



Boletus subtomentosus L. 



Botryobasidium aureum Parmasto 


Botryobasidium candicans J. Eriká. 

H1: No H2: Yes Last record: 30/09/1936 Source: Wakefield, E.M. (1962) 

Botryobasidium laeve (J. Eriká.) Parmasto 


Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel 




Ascomycetes 


Botrytis cinerea Pers. 



Bovista nigrescens Pers. 



Bovista plumbea Pers. 



Bremia lactucae Regel 

Oomycetes 


Brevicellicium olivascens (Bres.) K.H. Lará. & Hjortstam 


Bulbillomyces farinosus (Bres.) Jülich 


Calocera cornea (Batsch) Fr. 



Jellies 

H1: Yes H2: No Last record: 28/08/1996 Source: NIFG Records 

Calocybe carnea (Bull.) Donk 



Calocybe gambosa (Fr.) Donk 



Calomyxa metallica (Berk.) Niewland 


H1: No H2: Yes Last Record Unknown Source: Ing & McHugh (1988) 

Caloplaca polycarpa (A.Massal.) Szatz. 



Calvatia gigantea (Batsch) Lloyd 



Cantharellus aurora (Batsch) Kuyper 


Cantharellus cibarius Fr. 


142 


Aphyllophoroid Fungi - Brackets Chanterelles etc


Cantharellus tubaeformis (Bull.) Fr. 


Cantharellus tubiformis var. tubiformis Fr. 


Capnobotrys dingleyae S. Hughes 





Cecidonia xenophana (Körb.) Triebel & Rambold 



Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa var. fruticulosa (O.F. Müll.) T. Macbr. 


Ceratium hydnoides (Jacq.) Alb. & Schwein. 


Ceriporia reticulata (Hoffm.) Domanski 


Cerrena unicolor (Bull.) Murrill 


Chalciporus piperatus (Bull.) Bataille 






H1: Yes H2: Yes Last record: 25/09/1936 Source: Ramsbottom, J. (1938) 

Chamaemyces fracidus (Fr.) Donk 



Cheilymenia fimicola (De Not. & Bagl.) Dennis 

Ascomycetes 


Cheilymenia raripila (W. Phillips) Dennis 

Ascomycetes 


Cheimonophyllum candidissimum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Singer 



Chlorociboria aeruginascens (Nyl.) Kanouse ex C.S. Ramamurthi, Korf & L.R. Ascomycetes 

Bat 


Chlorophyllum rhacodes (Vittad.) Vellinga 



Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar 


Chromocyphella muscicola (Fr.) Donk 




Chroogomphus rutilus (Schaeff.) O.K. Mill. 



Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries 



Cladosporium magnusianum (Jaap) M.B. Ellis 



Clavaria acuta Sowerby 


Clavaria fragilis Holmsk. 


Clavaria fumosa Pers. 

H1: Yes H2: No Last record: 31/10/1973 Source: Bullock, D.J. (1975) 

Clavariadelphus pistillaris (L.) Donk 


Clavariopsis aquatica De Wild. 







Claviceps purpurea var. purpurea (Fr.) Tul. 

Ascomycetes 


Clavulina cinerea f. cinerea (Bull.) J. Schröt. 


143 

Aphyllophoroid Fungi - Brackets Chanterelles etc


Clavulina coralloides (L.) J. Schröt. 


Clavulina rugosa (Bull.) J. Schröt. 


Clavulinopsis corniculata (Fr.) Corner 


Clavulinopsis fusiformis (Sowerby) Corner 


Clavulinopsis helvola (Pers.) Corner 


Clavulinopsis luteoalba (Rea) Corner 


Clitocybe candicans (Pers.) P. Kumm. 









Clitocybe fragrans (With.) P. Kumm. 



Clitocybe gibba (Pers.) P. Kumm. 



Clitocybe infundibuliformis (Schaeff.) Quél. 



Clitocybe nebularis (Batsch) P. Kumm. 



Clitocybe phaeophthalma (Pers.) Kuyper 



Clitocybe phyllophila (Pers.) P. Kumm. 



Clitocybe rivulosa (Pers.) P. Kumm. 



Clitocybe vermicularis (Fr.) Gillet 



Clitopilus prunulus (Scop.) P. Kumm. 



Coleosporium tussilaginis (Pers.) Lév. 

Rusts 

H1: Yes H2: Yes Last record: 17/08/1964 Source: Doppelbaur, H. (1975) 

Coleroa robertiani (Fr.) E. Müll. 

Ascomycetes 


Collaria arcyrionema (Rost.) Nann.-Brem. 



Collybia aquosa (Bull.) P. Kumm. 



Collybia butyracea f. butyracea (Bull.) P. Kumm. 



Collybia confluens (Pers.) P. Kumm. 



Collybia distorta (Fr.) Quél. 



Collybia dryophila (Bull.) P. Kumm. 


H1: No H2: Yes Last record: 01/11/2012 Source: 2012 Waxcap Survey 

Collybia hariolorum (Bull.) Quél. 



Collybia maculata (Alb. & Schwein.) P. Kumm. 



Collybia peronata (Bolton) P. Kumm. 



144


Coltricia perennis (L.) Murrill 


Comatricha nigra (Pers.) Schroet. 




Comatricha nigra (Pers.) J. Schröt. 



Comatricha pulchella (C.Bab.) Rost 



Conocybe apala (Fr.) Arnolds 



Conocybe dunensis T.J. Wallace 



Conocybe pubescens (Gillet) Kühner 



Conocybe pulchella (Velen.) Hauskn. & Svrcek 



Conocybe tenera (Schaeff.) Fayod 



Coprinellus disseminatus (Pers.) J.E. Lange 



Coprinellus micaceus (Bull.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson 






Coprinopsis atramentaria (Bull.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 



Coprinopsis nivea (Pers.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 






Coprinopsis stercorea (Fr.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo 



Coprinus comatus (O.F. Müll.) Pers. 



Coprinus sterquilinus (Fr.) Fr. 



Coprobia granulata (Bull.) Boud. 

Ascomycetes 


Cordyceps longisegmentis Ginns 

Ascomycetes 

H1: Yes H2: No Last Record Unknown Source: Tom Harrington 

Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link 

Ascomycetes 


Cordyceps ophioglossoides (Ehrh.) Link 

Ascomycetes 


Cortinarius acutus (Pers.) Fr. 



Cortinarius anomalus (Fr.) Fr. 



Cortinarius armeniacus (Schaeff.) Fr. 



Cortinarius armillatus (Fr.) Fr. 


H1: Yes H2: No Last record: 14/08/1997 Source: Tom Harrington 

Cortinarius balteatus (Fr.) Fr. 



145


Cortinarius bivelus (Fr.) Fr. 



Cortinarius bolaris (Pers.) Fr. 



Cortinarius brunneus (Pers.) Fr. 



Cortinarius cinnamomeus (L.) Gray 



Cortinarius claricolor (Fr.) Fr. 



Cortinarius decipiens var. decipiens (Pers.) Fr. 



Cortinarius flexipes (Pers.) Fr. 



Cortinarius hinnuleus (Sowerby) Fr. 



Cortinarius impennis Fr. 



Cortinarius infractus (Pers.) Fr. 



Cortinarius largus Fr. 



Cortinarius livido-ochraceus (Berk.) Berk. 



Cortinarius obtusus (Fr.) Fr. 



Cortinarius ochroleucus (Schaeff.) Fr. 



Cortinarius odorifer Britz. 



Cortinarius pseudosalor J.E. Lange 



Cortinarius purpurascens (Fr.) Fr. 



Cortinarius rufo-olivaceous (Pers.) Fr. 



Cortinarius sanguineus (Wulfen) Fr. 






Cortinarius scaurus Fr. 



Cortinarius semisanguineus (Fr.) Gillet 



Cortinarius stillatitius Fr. 



Cortinarius suillus Fr. 



Cortinarius torvus (Fr.) Fr. 



Cortinarius trivialis J.E. Lange 



Cortinarius umbrinolens P.D. Orton 



146


Cortinarius uraceus Fr. 



Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers. 


Craterium minutum (Leers) Fr. 




Craterium muscorum B. Ing 



Crepidotus applanatus var. applanatus (Pers.) P. Kumm. 



Crepidotus calolepis (Fr.) P. Karst. 



Crepidotus cesatii (Rabenh.) Sacc. 



Crepidotus mollis (Schaeff.) Staude 



Crepidotus variabilis (Pers.) P. Kumm. 



Cribraria argillacea (Pers.) Pers. 



Cribraria aurantiaca Schrad. 


Cribraria cancellata (Batsch) Nann.-Brem. 




Cribraria macrocarpa Schrad. 



Cribraria microcarpa (Schrad.) Pres. 



Cribraria mirabilis (Rost.) Massee 



Cribraria persoonii Nann.-Brem. 



Cribraria rufa (Roth) Rost. 



Cribraria violacea Rex 



Crocicreas cyathoideum var. cyathoideum (Bull.) S.E. Carp. 

Ascomycetes 


Cryptocoryneum condensatum (Wallr.) E.W. Mason & S. Hughes 



Cudoniella acicularis (Bull.) J. Schröt. 

Ascomycetes 


Cyathus striatus (Huds.) Pers. 



Cylindrobasidium laeve (Pers.) Chamuris 


Cymadothea trifolii (Pers.) F.A. Wolf 


Ascomycetes 


Cyphelium sessile (Pers.) Trevisan 



Cystoderma amianthinum (Scop.) Fayod 



Dacrymyces stillatus Nees 

Jellies 


147


Dactylospora lobariella (Nyl.) Hafellner 



Dactylospora parasitica (Flörke) Zopf 



Dactylospora parellaria (Nyl.) Hafellner 



Dactylospora scapanaria (Carrington) ined. 



Dendrospora erecta Ingold 



Dermoloma cuneifolium (Fr.) Bon 



Diaporthe circumscripta Fuckel 

Ascomycetes 


Diaporthe dulcamarae Nitschke 

Ascomycetes 


Diatrype stigma (Hoffm.) Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


Diderma chondrioderma (de Bary & Rost.) G. List. 



Diderma lucidum Berk. & Br. 



Diderma ochraceum Hoffm. 



Didymium bahiense Gottsberger 



Didymium difforme (Pers.) S. F. Gray 



Didymium minus (List.) Morg. 



Didymium nigripes (Link) Fr. 



Didymium squamulosum (Alb. & Schw.) Fr. 



Diplocarpon rosae F.A. Wolf 

Ascomycetes 


Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R.Sant. 



Discostroma corticola (Fuckel) Brockmann 

Ascomycetes 


Echinostelium minutum de Bary 



Elaphomyces granulatus Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


Elaphomyces muricatus Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


Enerthenema papillatum (Pers.) Rost. 



Entoloma aethiops (Scop.) G. Stev. 



Entoloma chalybaeum var. chalybaeum (Pers.) Noordel. 



Entoloma chalybaeum var. lazulinum (Fr.) Noordel. 



148


Entoloma chloropolium (Fr.) M.M. Moser 



Entoloma conferendum (Britzelm.) Noordel. 



Entoloma corvinum (Kühner) Noordel. 



Entoloma euchroum (Pers.) Donk 



Entoloma formosum (Fr.) Noordel. 



Entoloma griseocyaneum (Fr.) P. Kumm. 



Entoloma hebes (Romagn.) Trimbach 



Entoloma hispidulum (M. Lange) Noordel. 



Entoloma infula var. infula (Fr.) Noordel. 



Entoloma jubatum (Fr.) P. Karst. 



Entoloma lampropus (Fr.) Hesler 



Entoloma longistriatum var. longistriatum (Peck) Noordel. 



Entoloma mammosum (L.) Hesler 



Entoloma papillatum (Bres.) Dennis 



Entoloma pascuum (Pers.) Donk 



Entoloma prunuloides (Fr.) Quél. 



Entoloma queletii (Boud.) Noordel. 



Entoloma rhodopolium (Fr.) P. Kumm. 



Entoloma sericellum (Fr.) P. Kumm. 



Entoloma sericeum (Bull.) Quél. 



Entoloma serrulatum (Fr.) Hesler 



Entoloma sinuatum (Pers.) P. Kumm. 



Entoloma solstitiale (Fr.) Noordel. 



Entoloma tenellum (J. Favre) Noordel. 



Entoloma turbidum (Fr.: Fr.) Quél. 



Entoloma turci (Bres.) M.M. Moser 



Entoloma undatum (Gillet) M.M. Moser 



149


Entyloma ficariae Thüm. & A.A. Fisch. Waldh. 

Smuts 


Entyloma microsporum (Unger) J. Schröt. 

Smuts 


Eocronartium muscicola (Pers.) Fitzp. 


Epibryon bryophilum (Fuckel) Döbbeler 


Ascomycetes 

H1: Yes H2: No Last record: 31/10/1898 Source: Dublin Microscopical Club (1899) 

Epichloë typhina (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul. 

Ascomycetes 


Epilichen scabrosus (Ach.) Clem. 



Erysiphe alphitoides (Griffon & Maubl.) U. Braun & S. Takam. 



Erysiphe circaeae L. Junell 



Erysiphe euonymi-japonici (Vienn.-Bourg.) U. Braun & S. Takam. 



Erysiphe heraclei Schleich. ex DC. 



Erysiphe lonicerae DC. 



Erysiphe penicillata (Wallr.) Fr. 



Erysiphe polygoni DC. 



Erysiphe trifolii var. trifolii Grev. 



Exidia albida (Huds.) Bref. 

Jellies 


Exidia glandulosa (Bull.) Fr. 

Jellies 


Exidia nucleata (Schwein.) Burt 

Jellies 


Exidia recisa (Ditmar) Fr. 

Jellies 


Exidiopsis grisea (Pers.) Bourdot & Maire 

Jellies 


Exobasidium japonicum Shirai 

Jellies 


Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) With. 


Flammulaster muricatus (Fr.) Watling 



H1: No H2: Yes Last record: 30/09/1946 Source: Pearson, A.A.(1950) 

Flammulaster siparius (Fr.) Watling 



Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer 



Fuligo muscarum Alb. & Schw. 



Fuligo septica (L.) Web. 



Fuligo septica var. septica (L.) F.H. Wigg. 


150 

Myxomycetes - slime moulds


Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis (Sacc.) Arx & D.L. Olivier 

Ascomycetes 

H1: Yes H2: Yes Last record: 31/08/1915 Source: Dublin Microscopical Club (1915) 




Galerina clavata (Velen.) Kühner 



Galerina hypnorum (Schrank) Kühner 


H1: Yes H2: Yes Last record: 31/10/1973 Source: Bullock, D.J. (1975) 

Galerina pumila (Pers.) Singer 



Galerina sphagnorum (Pers.) Kühner 



Galerina tibiicystis (G.F. Atk.) Kühner 



Galerina vittiformis (Fr.) Singer 



Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. 


Ganoderma australe (Fr.) Pat. 





Ascomycetes 


Geoglossum cookeanum Nannf. 

Ascomycetes 


Geoglossum fallax E.J. Durand 

Ascomycetes 


Geoglossum glutinosum Pers. 

Ascomycetes 



Ascomycetes 


Geoglossum umbratile Sacc. 

Ascomycetes 


Gliomastix convoluta (Harz) E.W. Mason 



Gloeocystidiellum porosum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Donk 


Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk 


Ascomycetes 


Gloniopsis praelonga (Schwein.) Underw. & Earle 

Ascomycetes 


Golovinomyces cichoracearum var. cichoracearum (DC.) V.P. Heluta 



Gomphidius glutinosus (Schaeff.) Fr. 



Gomphidius roseus (Fr.) Fr. 



Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray 

H1: No H2: Yes Last record: 21/10/2012 Source: Tom Harrington 

Guepiniopsis buccina (Pers.) L.L. Kenn. 


Jellies 


Gymnopilus junonius (Fr.) P.D. Orton 



Gymnopilus penetrans (Fr.) Murrill 



151


Handkea excipuliformis (Scop.) Kreisel 



Handkea utriformis (Bull.) Pers. 






Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull.) Quél. 



Hebeloma flocculentus (Pollich) anon. 



Hebeloma longicaudum (Pers.) P. Kumm. 



Hebeloma mesophaeum var. mesophaeum (Pers.) Quél. 



Hebeloma sinapizans (Paulet) Gillet 



Helvella crispa (Scop.) Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


Helvella elastica Bull. 

Ascomycetes 


Helvella macropus (Pers.) P. Karst. 

Ascomycetes 


Hemimycena cucullata (Pers.) Singer 



Hemimycena lactea (Pers.) Singer 



Hemimycena tortuosa (P.D. Orton) Redhead 



Hemitrichia calyculata (Speg.) M.L. Farr 


Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. 



Heterosphaeria patella (Tode) Grev. 


Ascomycetes 


Hohenbuehelia atrocaerulea (Fr.) Singer 



Homostegia piggotii (Berk. & Br.) P.Karst. 



Hydnellum concrescens (Pers.) Banker 


Hydnellum ferrugineum (Fr.) P. Karst. 


Hydnellum spongiosipes (Peck) Pouzar 


Hydnum repandum L. 


Hydnum rufescens Pers. 


Hygrocybe calyptriformis (Berk.) Fayod 








Hygrocybe cantharellus (Schwein.) Murrill 



Hygrocybe ceracea (Wulfen) P. Kumm. 



152


Hygrocybe chlorophana (Fr.) Wünsche 



Hygrocybe citrinovirens (J.E. Lange) Jul. Schäff. 



Hygrocybe coccinea (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. 



Hygrocybe colemanniana (A. Bloxam) P.D. Orton & Watling 



Hygrocybe conica var. conica (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. 



Hygrocybe conica var. conicoides (P.D. Orton) P.D. Orton & Watling 



Hygrocybe constrictospora Arnolds 



Hygrocybe flavipes (Britzelm.) Arnolds 



Hygrocybe fornicata (Fr.) Singer 



Hygrocybe insipida (J.E. Lange ex S. Lundell) M.M. Moser 



Hygrocybe intermedia (Paá.) Fayod 



Hygrocybe lacmus (Schumach.) P.D. Orton & Watling 



Hygrocybe laeta var. laeta (Pers.) P. Kumm. 



Hygrocybe miniata (Fr.) P. Kumm. 



Hygrocybe mucronella (Fr.) P. Karst. 



Hygrocybe nitrata (Pers.) Wünsche 



Hygrocybe ovina (Bull.) Kühner 



Hygrocybe persistens var. persistens (Britzelm.) Singer 



Hygrocybe pratensis var. pallida (Cooke) Arnolds 



Hygrocybe pratensis var. pratensis (Pers.) Murrill 



Hygrocybe psittacina var. psittacina (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. 



Hygrocybe punicea (Fr.) P. Kumm. 



Hygrocybe quieta (Kühner) Singer 



Hygrocybe reidii Kühner 



Hygrocybe russocoriacea (Berk. & T.K. Mill.) P.D. Orton & Watling 



Hygrocybe splendidissima (P.D. Orton) M.M. Moser 



Hygrocybe turunda (Fr.) P. Karst. 



153


Hygrocybe virginea var. fuscescens (Bres.) Arnolds 



Hygrocybe virginea var. ochraceopallida (P.D. Orton) Boertm. 



Hygrocybe virginea var. virginea (Wulfen) P.D. Orton & Watling 






Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Wulfen) Maire 



Hygrophorus cinereus (Pers.) Fr. 



Hygrophorus eburneus (Bull.) Fr. 



Hygrophorus melizeus Fr. 



Hygrophorus persoonii Arnolds 



Hymenoscyphus splendens Abdullah, Descals & J. Webster 

Ascomycetes 


Hymenoscyphus tetracladius Abdullah, Descals & J. Webster 

Ascomycetes 


Hyphoderma argillaceum (Bres.) Donk 


Hypholoma elongatum (Pers.) Ricken 




Hypholoma ericaeum (Pers.) Kühner 



Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) P. Kumm. 



Hypocrea schweinitzii (Fr.) Sacc. 

Ascomycetes 


Hypomyces chrysospermus Tul. & C. Tul. 

Ascomycetes 


Hyponectria buxi (DC.) Sacc. 

Ascomycetes 


Hypoxylon fragiforme (Scop.) J. Kickx f. 

Ascomycetes 


Hypoxylon fuscum (Pers.) Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


Hypoxylon multiforme (Fr.) Fr. 

Ascomycetes 

H1: Yes H2: Yes Last record: 20/05/2011 Source: Bioblitz 2011 

Inocybe agardhii (N. Lund) P.D. Orton 



Inocybe asterospora Quél. 



Inocybe bongardii (Weinm.) Quél. 



Inocybe cervicolor (Pers.) Quél. 



Inocybe cookei Bres. 



Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina Quél. 



154


Inocybe dulcamara P. Kumm. 



Inocybe eutheles (Berk. & Broome) Quél. 



Inocybe fraudans (Britzelm.) Sacc. 



Inocybe geophylla var. geophylla (Fr.) P. Kumm. 



Inocybe geophylla var. lilacina (Peck) Gillet 



Inocybe halophila R. Heim 



Inocybe lanuginosa var. lanuginosa Cooke 



Inocybe maculata Boud. 



Inocybe napipes J.E. Lange 



Inocybe petiginosa (Fr.) Gillet 



Inocybe phaeodisca var. phaeodisca Kühner 



Inocybe plumosa (Bolton) Quél. 



Inocybe praetervisa Quél. 



Inocybe rimosa (Bull.) P. Kumm. 



Inocybe tomentosa (Jungh.) Quél. 



Inocybe vulpinella Bruyl. 



Inonotus dryadeus (Pers.) Murrill 


Inonotus radiatus (Sowerby) P. Karst. 

H1: No H2: Yes Last record: 20/05/2011 Source: Bioblitz 2011 

Iodophanus carneus (Pers.) Korf 



Ascomycetes 


Kotlabaea deformis (P. Karst.) Svrcek 

Ascomycetes 


Kretzschmaria deusta (Hoffm.) P.M.D. Martin 


Kuehneola uredinis (Link) Arthur 


Rusts 


Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.) Singer & A.H. Sm. 



Laccaria amethystina (Huds.) Cooke 



Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cooke 



Laccaria proxima (Boud.) Pat. 



Lachnella villosa (Pers.) Donk 



155


Lachnum controversum (Cooke) Rehm 

Ascomycetes 


Lacrymaria lacrymabunda (Bull.) Pat. 



Lactarius aurantiacus (Pers.) Gray 



Lactarius blennius (Fr.) Fr. 



Lactarius camphoratus (Bull.) Fr. 



Lactarius chrysorrheus Fr. 



Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray 



Lactarius deterrimus Gröger 



Lactarius fluens Boud. 



Lactarius fuliginosus (Fr.) Fr. 



Lactarius fulvissimus Romagn. 



Lactarius glyciosmus (Fr.) Fr. 



Lactarius hepaticus Plowr. 



Lactarius insulsus (Fr.) Fr. 



Lactarius lacunarum Romagn. ex Hora 



Lactarius lilacinus (Lasch) Fr. 



Lactarius mammosus Fr. 



Lactarius obscuratus (Lasch) Fr. 



Lactarius pallidus Pers. 



Lactarius piperatus (L.) Pers. 



Lactarius pubescens (Fr.) Fr. 



Lactarius pyrogalus (Bull.) Fr. 



Lactarius quietus (Fr.) Fr. 



Lactarius spinosulus Quél. 



Lactarius subdulcis (Pers.) Gray 



Lactarius subumbonatus Lindgr. 



Lactarius tabidus Fr. 



156


Lactarius torminosus (Schaeff.) Pers. 



Lactarius turpis (Weinm.) Fr. 



Lactarius uvidus (Fr.) Fr. 



Lactarius vellereus (Fr.) Fr. 



Lactarius vietus (Fr.) Fr. 



Lactarius violascens (J. Otto) Fr. 



Lactarius volemus (Fr.) Fr. 



Lactarius zonarius (Bull.) Fr. 



Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Bondartsev & Singer 


Laetisaria fuciformis (McAlpine) Burds. 


Lamproderma columbinum (Pers.) Rost. 





Lanzia echinophila (Bull.) Korf 

Ascomycetes 

H1: No H2: Yes Last record: 31/12/1969 Source: Palmer, J.T. (1970) 

Lasiosphaeria hirsuta (Fr.) Ces. & De Not. 

Ascomycetes 


Lasiosphaeria spermoides (Hoffm.) Ces. & De Not. 

Ascomycetes 


Lasiosphaeropsis supersparsa (Zopf) Triebel 



Leccinum crocipodium (Letell.) Watling 



Leccinum duriusculum (Kalchbr.) Singer 



Leccinum holopus (Rostk.) Watling 



Leccinum rigidipes P.D. Orton 



Leccinum roseofractum Watling 



Leccinum scabrum (Bull.) Gray 



Leccinum variicolor Watling 



Leccinum versipelle (Fr. & Hök) Snell 



Lemonniera aquatica De Wild. 



Lentinellus cochleatus (Pers.) P. Karst. 


Lenzites betulinus (L.) Fr. 


Leocarpus fragilis (Dicks.) Rost. 





157


Leotia lubrica (Scop.) Pers. 

Ascomycetes 


Lepidoderma tigrinum (Schrad.) Rost. 



Lepiota castanea Quél. 



Lepiota cristata (Bolton) P. Kumm. 






Lepista flaccida (Sowerby) Pat. 



Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke 



Lepista panaeola (Fr.) P. Karst. 



Lepista panaeolus (Fr.) P. Karst. 



Lepista saeva (Fr.) P.D. Orton 



Lepista sordida (Fr.) Singer 



Leptosphaeria acuta (Moug. & Nestl.) P. Karst. 

Ascomycetes 


Leptotrochila cerastiorum (Wallr.) Schüepp 

Ascomycetes 


Leptotrochila ranunculi (Fr.) Schüepp 

Ascomycetes 


Licea biforis Morgan 



Licea kleistobolus Martin 



Licea marginata Nann.-Brem 



Licea parasitica (Zukal) Martin 



Licea pusilla Schrad. 



Licea pusilla Schrad. 



Licea scyphoides Brooks & Keller 



Lichenoconium erodens M.S.Christ. & D.Hawksw. 



Lichenoconium xanthoriae M.S.Christ. 



Lichenomphalia umbellifera (L.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys 



Lindtneria trachyspora (Bourdot & Galzin) Pilát 


Lophiostoma macrostomum (Tode) Ces. & De Not. 


Ascomycetes 


Lophiostoma vagabundum (Sacc.) Sacc. 

Ascomycetes 


158


Lophodermium foliicola (Fr.) P.F. Cannon & Minter 

Ascomycetes 


Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad.) Chevall. 

Ascomycetes 


Lycogala epidendrum (J.C. Buxb. ex L.) Fr. 


Lycoperdon lividum Pers. 




Lycoperdon mammiforme Pers. 



Lycoperdon nigrescens Pers. 



Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. 



Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeff. 



Lycoperdon umbrinum Pers. 



Lyophyllum decastes (Fr.) Singer 



Lyophyllum fumosum (Pers.) P.D. Orton 



Macbrideola cornea (G. List. & Cran) Alexop. 



Macrolepiota excoriata (Schaeff.) Waáer 



Macrolepiota mastoidea (Fr.) Singer 



Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer 

H1: No H2: Yes Last record: 20/05/2011 Source: Bioblitz 2011 

Macrotyphula fistulosa var. contorta (Holmsk.) Nannf. & L. Holm 





Marasmiellus ramealis (Bull.) Singer 





Marasmius androsaceus (L.) Fr. 



Marasmius cohaerens (Pers.) Cooke & Quél. 



Marasmius curreyi Berk. & Broome 



Marasmius hudsonii (Pers.) Fr. 



Marasmius oreades (Bolton) Fr. 



Marasmius rotula (Scop.) Fr. 



Marchandiomyces corallinus (Roberge) Diederich & D.Hawksw 



Massarina arundinacea (Sowerby) Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


Massarina eburnea (Tul. & C. Tul.) Sacc. 

Ascomycetes 


159


Mastigosporium muticum (Sacc.) Gunnerb. 



Megacollybia platyphylla (Pers.) Kotl. & Pouzar 



Melampsora epitea var. epitea Thüm. 

Rusts 

H1: Yes H2: No Last record: 25/08/1964 Source: Doppelbaur, H. (1975) 

Melampsora euphorbiae (C. Schub.) Castagne 

Rusts 


Melampsora hypericorum G. Winter 

Rusts 


Melampsora laricis-populina Kleb. 

Rusts 


Melampsora lini var. lini (Ehrenb.) Desm. 

Rusts 


Melampsoridium betulinum (Pers.) Kleb. 

Rusts 


Melanconis stilbostoma (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. 

Ascomycetes 


Melanconium bicolor Nees 



Melanoleuca cinereifolia (Bon) Bon 



Melanoleuca grammopodia (Bull.) Pat. 



Melanoleuca humilis (Pers.) Pat. 



Melanoleuca polioleuca f. polioleuca (Fr.) Kühner & Maire 



Melanoleuca subpulverulenta (Pers.) Singer 



Melanophyllum haematospermum (Bull.) Kreisel 



Melanotaenium endogenum (Unger) de Bary 

Smuts 


Melaspilea diplasiospora (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. 



Meripilus giganteus (Pers.) P. Karst. 


Metatrichia floriformis (Schwein.) Nann.-Bremek. 




Metatrichia floriformis (Schw.) Nann.-Brem. 



Microdiscula phragmitis (Westend.) Höhn. 




Ascomycetes 


Micropodia pteridina (Nyl.) Boud. 

Ascomycetes 


Microsphaera grossulariae (Wallr.) Lév. 



Microstroma album (Desm.) Sacc. 

Smuts 


Microthyrium microscopicum Desm. 

Ascomycetes 


160


Miladina lecithina (Cooke) Svrcek 

Ascomycetes 


Milesia magnusiana (Jaap) Faull 

Rusts 


Milesina blechni (Syd. & P. Syd.) Syd. 

Rusts 


Milesina murariae Syd. & P. Syd. 

Rusts 


Milesina scolopendrii (Faull) D.M. Hend. 

Rusts 


Miyagia pseudosphaeria (Mont.) Jørst. 

Rusts 


Mollisia cinerea (Batsch) P. Karst. 

Ascomycetes 


Mollisia hydrophila (P. Karst.) Sacc. 

Ascomycetes 


Mollisia uda (Pers.) Gillet 

Ascomycetes 


Mucilago crustacea var. crustacea P. Micheli ex F.H. Wigg. 


Muellerella pygmaea (Körb.) D.Hawksw. 




Mycena acicula (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. 



Mycena adscendens (Lasch) Maas Geest. 



Mycena aetites (Fr.) Quél. 



Mycena alcalina (Fr.) P. Kumm. 



Mycena amicta (Fr.) Quél. 



Mycena aurantiomarginata (Fr.) Quél. 



Mycena bulbosa (Cejp) Kühner 



Mycena capillaripes Peck 



Mycena corynephora M. Geest. 



Mycena dissiliens (Fr.) Bres. 



Mycena epipterygia var. epipterygia (Scop.) Gray 



Mycena filopes (Bull.) P. Kumm. 



Mycena flavoalba (Fr.) Quél. 



Mycena galericulata (Scop.) Gray 



Mycena galopus var. galopus (Pers.) P. Kumm. 



Mycena inclinata (Fr.) Quél. 



161


Mycena leptocephala (Pers.) Gillet 



Mycena olida Bres. 



Mycena pelianthina (Fr.) Quél. 



Mycena polygramma (Bull.) Gray 



Mycena pura var. pura (Pers.) P. Kumm. 



Mycena rorida (Fr.) Quél. 



Mycena rubromarginata (Fr.) P. Kumm. 



Mycena stylobates (Pers.) P. Kumm. 



Mycena vitilis (Fr.) Quél. 



Mycena vulgaris (Pers.) P. Kumm. 



Mycoacia fuscoatra (Fr.) Donk 


Mycoacia uda (Fr.) Donk 


Mycosphaerella clymenia (Sacc.) Johanson ex Oudem. 



Ascomycetes 


Mycosphaerella depazeiformis (Auersw.) Lindau 

Ascomycetes 


Mycosphaerella fragariae (Tul.) Lindau 

Ascomycetes 


Mycosphaerella hedericola (Desm.) Lindau 

Ascomycetes 


Mycosphaerella idaeina (Hazsl.) Lindau 

Ascomycetes 


Mycosphaerella isariophora (Desm.) Johanson 

Ascomycetes 


Mycosphaerella peregrina (Cooke) Lindau 

Ascomycetes 


Mycosphaerella podagrariae (Fr.) Petr. 

Ascomycetes 


Mycosphaerella rubi Roark 

Ascomycetes 


Mycosphaerella superflua (Auersw.) Petr. 

Ascomycetes 


Mycosphaerella tassiana (De Not.) Johanson 

Ascomycetes 


Mycosphaerella tulasnei (Jancz.) Lindau 

Ascomycetes 


Mycovellosiella murina (Ellis & Kellerm.) Deighton 



Myriosclerotinia curreyana (Berk. ex Curr.) N.F. Buchw. 

Ascomycetes 

H1: Yes H2: Yes Last record: 31/12/1969 Source: Palmer, J.T. (1970) 

Myriosclerotinia dennisii (Svrcek) J. Schwegler 

Ascomycetes 

H1: Yes H2: Yes Last record: 31/12/1969 Source: Palmer, J.T. (1970) 

162


Naohidemyces vacciniorum (J. Schröt.) Spooner 

Rusts 


Naucoria escharioides (Fr.) P. Kumm. 



Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


Nectria coccinea (Pers.) Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


Nectria galligena Bres. 

Ascomycetes 


Nectriella santessonii Lowen & D. Hawksw. 

Ascomycetes 


Nectriopsis lecanodes (Ces.) Diederich & Schroers 



Neoerysiphe galeopsidis (DC.) U. Braun 



Nidularia deformis (Willd.) Fr. 



Nolanea proletaria (Fr.) Gillet 



Omphalia muralis (Sowerby) Fr. 



Omphalina pyxidata (Bull. ex Pers.) Quél. 



Omphalina subhepatica (Batsch) Murrill 



Onygena equina (Willd.) Pers. 

Ascomycetes 


Opegrapha brevis Coppins 



Opegrapha parasitica (A.Massal.) H.Olivier 



Opegrapha pertusariicola Coppins & P. James 



Opegrapha physciaria (Nyl.) D.Hawksw. & Coppins 



Opegrapha thelotrematis Coppins 



Orbilia auricolor (A. Bloxam ex Berk.) Sacc. 

Ascomycetes 


Orbilia leucostigma (Fr.) Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


Orbilia sarraziniana Boud. 

Ascomycetes 


Orbilia xanthostigma (Fr.) Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


Ossicaulis lignatilis (Pers.) Redhead & Ginns 



Otidea alutacea (Pers.) Maáee 

Ascomycetes 


Oudemansiella mucida (Schrad.) Höhn. 



Panaeolina foenisecii (Pers.) Maire 



163


Panaeolus acuminatus (Schaeff.) Gillet 



Panaeolus fimiputris (Bull.) Quél. 



Panaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus (Bull.) Quél. 



Panaeolus semiovatus var. semiovatus (Sowerby) S. Lundell 



Panellus mitis (Pers.) Singer 



Panellus stipticus (Bull.) P. Karst. 



Panus conchatus (Bull.) Fr. 


Paradiacheopsis solitaria (Nann.-Brem.) Nann.-Brem. 




Parasola leiocephala (P.D. Orton) Redhead, Vilgalys & Hopple 



Parasola plicatilis (Curtis) Redhead, Vilgalys & Hopple 



Passalora bacilligera Fr. & Mont. 



Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Pers. 



Peniophora cinerea (Pers.) Cooke 


Peniophora incarnata (Pers.) P. Karst. 


Peniophora lycii (Pers.) Höhn. & Litsch 


Peniophora quercina (Pers.) Cooke 


Perichaena chrysosperma (Curry) List. 







Perichaena corticalis. (Batsch) Rost. 



Peridiothelia grandiuscula (Anzi) D. Hawksw. 

Ascomycetes 


Perigrapha superveniens (Nyl.) Hafellner 



Peronospora agrestis Gäum. 

Oomycetes 


Peronospora alsinearum Casp. 

Oomycetes 


Peronospora alta Fuckel 

Oomycetes 


Oomycetes 


Peronospora farinosa (Fr.) Fr. 

Oomycetes 


Peronospora grisea (Unger) de Bary 

Oomycetes 


Peronospora linariae Fuckel 

Oomycetes 


164


Peronospora parasitica Tul.{?} 

Oomycetes 


Peronospora sordida Berk. 

Oomycetes 


Peronospora trifoliorum de Bary 

Oomycetes 


Peziza ammophila Durieu & Mont. 

Ascomycetes 


Peziza succosa Berk. 

Ascomycetes 


Phacellium alborosellum (Desm.) U. Braun 



Phacellium rufibasis (Berk. & Broome) U. Braun 



Phacopsis oxyspora (Tul.) Triebel & Rambold 

Ascomycetes 


Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat. 


Phaeospora parasitica (Lönnr.) Arnold 




Phaeospora supersparsa Arnold 

Ascomycetes 


Phaeosporobolus alpinus R.Sant, Alstrup & D.Hawksw. 



Phallus impudicus L. 



Phanerochaete velutina (DC.) Fr. 


Phellinus ferruginosus (Schrad.) Bourdot & Galzin 


Phellinus torulosus (Pers.) Bourdot & Galzin 


Phellodon melaleucus (Sw.) P. Karst. 


Phellodon tomentosus (L.) Banker 


Phlebia radiata Fr. 


Phloeospora pseudoplatani Bubák 









Pholiota gummosa (Lasch) Singer 






Pholiota squarrosa (Weigel) P. Kumm. 



Phoma arundinacea (Berk.) Sacc. 



Phoma everniae D.Hawksw. 



Phoma hedericola (Durieu & Mont.) Boerema 



Phoma herbarum Sacc. 



165


Phomatospora dinemasporium J. Webster 

Rusts 


Phragmidium bulbosum (F. Strauá) Schltdl. 

Rusts 


Phragmidium fragariae (DC.) Rabenh. 

Rusts 


Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl. 

Rusts 


Phragmidium potentillae (Pers.) Grev. 

Rusts 


Phragmidium rosae-pimpinellifoliae Dietel 

Rusts 


Phragmidium tuberculatum J.B. Müll. 

Rusts 


Phragmidium violaceum (Schultz) G. Winter 

Rusts 


Phyllachora graminis var. graminis (Pers.) Fuckel 

Ascomycetes 


Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr.) Lév. 



Phylloporia ribis (Schumach.) Ryvarden 


Physarum leucophaeum Fr . 



H1: No H2: No Last Record Unknown Source: Ing & McHugh (1988) 

Physarum nitens (G. List.) B. Ing 



Physarum nutans Pers. 



Physarum vinide (Bull.) Pers. 



Physarum virescens Ditm. 



Physisporinus sanguinolentus (Alb. & Schwein.) Pilát 


Pilobolus crystallinus var. kleinii (Tiegh.) R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen 


Zygomycetes 


Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.) P. Karst. 


Plasmopara crustosa (Fr.) Jørst. 


Oomycetes 


Plasmopara densa (Rabenh.) J. Schröt. 

Oomycetes 


Plasmopara pygmaea (Unger) J. Schröt. 

Oomycetes 


Plectocarpon lichenum (Sommerf.) Diederich & Etayo 



Pleospilis ascaridiella (Nyl.) D. Hawksw. 

Ascomycetes 


Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenh. ex Ces. & De Not. 

Ascomycetes 


Pleuroflammula ragazziana (Bres.) E. Horak 


H1: No H2: Yes Last record: 29/08/1946 Source: Pearson, A.A.(1950) 

Pleurotus limpidus (Fr.) Quél. 



166


Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. 



Pluteus cervinus P. Kumm. 



Pluteus chrysophaeus (Schaeff.) Quél. 






Pluteus umbrinellus (Sommerf.) Gillet 



Podosphaera euphorbiae (Castagne) U. Braun & S. Takam. 



Podosphaera fusca (Fr.) U. Braun & Shishkoff 



Podosphaera pannosa (Wallr.) de Bary 



Podospora granulostriata N. Lundq. 

Ascomycetes 


Polycoccum microsticticum (Leight.) Arnold 



Polyporus leptocephalus (Jacq.) Fr. 


Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr. 


Polyporus tuberaster (Jacq.) Fr. 


Poria vaporaria var. vaporaria Pers. 


Postia caesia (Schrad.) P. Karst. 


Postia tephroleuca (Fr.) Jülich 


Pronectria echinulata Lowen 









Pronectria santessonii (Lowen & D.Hawksw.) Lowen 



Protomyces macrosporus Unger 

Ascomycetes 


Psathyrella ammophila (Durieu & Lév.) P.D. Orton 



Psathyrella conopilus (Fr.) A. Pearson & Dennis 



Psathyrella corrugis (Pers.) Konrad & Maubl. 



Psathyrella panaeoloides (Maire) M.M. Moser 



Psathyrella piluliformis (Bull.) P.D. Orton 



Psathyrella spadicea (Schaeff.) Singer 



Pseudoboletus parasiticus (Bull.) Šutara 



Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis (Bull.) Singer 



167


Pseudocraterellus undulatus (Pers.) Rauschert 


Pseudoperonospora urticae (Lib.) E.S. Salmon & Ware 


Oomycetes 


Pseudopeziza trifolii (Biv.) Fuckel 

Ascomycetes 


Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr.) P. Kumm. 



Puccinia acetosae Körn. 

Rusts 


Puccinia annularis (F. Strauá) Röhl. 

Rusts 


Puccinia brachypodii var. brachypodii G.H. Otth 

Rusts 


Puccinia buxi DC. 

Rusts 


Puccinia calcitrapae DC. 

Rusts 


Puccinia calthae Link 

Rusts 


Puccinia caricina var. caricina DC. 

Rusts 


Puccinia chrysosplenii Grev. 

Rusts 


Puccinia circaeae Pers. 

Rusts 


Puccinia cnici H. Mart. 

Rusts 


Puccinia cnici-oleracei Pers. ex Desm. 

Rusts 


Puccinia conii (F. Strauá) Fuckel 

Rusts 


Puccinia coronata Corda 

Rusts 


Puccinia glechomatis DC. 

Rusts 


Puccinia graminis subsp. graminis Pers. 

Rusts 


Puccinia heraclei Grev. 

Rusts 


Puccinia hieracii var. hieracii (Röhl.) H. Mart. 

Rusts 


Puccinia hieracii var. hypochaeridis (Oudem.) Jørst. 

Rusts 


Puccinia hordei G.H. Otth 

Rusts 


Puccinia iridis Wallr. 

Rusts 


Puccinia lagenophorae Cooke 

Rusts 


Puccinia lapsanae Fuckel 

Rusts 


Puccinia malvacearum Bertero ex Mont. 

Rusts 


168


Puccinia menthae Pers. 

Rusts 


Puccinia nitida (F. Strauá) Röhl. 

Rusts 


Puccinia obscura J. Schröt. 

Rusts 


Puccinia oxalidis Dietel & Ellis 

Rusts 


Puccinia petasiti-pendulae Gaum. 

Rusts 


Puccinia phragmitis (Schumach.) Körn. 

Rusts 


Puccinia poarum E. Nielsen 

Rusts 

H1: No H2: Yes Last record: 06/08/1964 Source: Doppelbaur, H. (1975) 

Puccinia porri G. Winter 

Rusts 


Puccinia primulae Duby 

Rusts 


Puccinia punctata Link 

Rusts 


Puccinia punctiformis (F. Strauá) Röhl. 

Rusts 


Puccinia recondita Desm. 

Rusts 


Puccinia saniculae Grev. 

Rusts 


Puccinia senecionis-acutiformis Hasler, Mayor & Cruchet 

Rusts 


Puccinia smyrnii Biv. 

Rusts 


Puccinia tumida Grev. 

Rusts 


Puccinia umbilici Guépin 

Rusts 


Puccinia valantiae Pers. 

Rusts 


Puccinia veronicae J. Schröt. 

Rusts 


Puccinia vincae Berk. 

Rusts 


Puccinia violae DC. 

Rusts 


Pucciniastrum circaeae (Schumach.) Speg. 

Rusts 


Pycnostysanus azaleae (Peck) E.W. Mason 



Pyrenidium actinellum Nyl. 



Ramaria stricta (Pers.) Quél. 


Ramariopsis kunzei (Fr.) Corner 


Ramularia calcea (Desm.) Ces. 





169


Ramularia circaeae Allesch. 



Ramularia didyma Unger 



Ramularia filaris var. lappae Bres. 



Ramularia interstitialis (Berk. & Broome) Gunnerb. & Constant. 



Ramularia kriegeriana Bres. 



Ramularia lactea (Desm.) Sacc. 



Ramularia lapsanae (Desm.) Sacc. 



Ramularia lychnidicola Cooke 



Ramularia parietariae Paá. 



Ramularia primulae Thüm. 



Ramularia primulana (P. Karst.) P.M. Kirk ined. 



Ramularia purpurascens G. Winter 



Ramularia rhei Allesch. 



Ramularia rubella (Bonord.) Nannf. 



Ramularia sambucina Sacc. 



Ramularia scrophulariae Fautrey & Roum. 



Ramularia sphaeroidea Sacc. 



Ramularia spiraeae Peck 



Ramularia taraxaci Sacc. 



Ramularia variabilis Fuckel 



Ramularia veronicae Fautrey 



Rectipilus fasciculatus (Pers.) Agerer 



Refractohilum lichenicola (De Not.) D. Hawksw. 



Resinomycena saccharifera (Berk. & Broome) Redhead 



Reticularia lycoperdon Bull. 



Reticularia splendens Morgan 



Rhinotrichum thwaitesii Berk. & Broome 



170


Rhizopogon luteolus Fr. & Nordholm 



Rhopographus filicinus (Fr.) Nitschke ex Fuckel 

Ascomycetes 


Rhymbocarpus cruciatus (Sherwood, D.Hawksw. & Coppins) Etayo & Diederich Lichenicolous Fungi 


Rhymbocarpus cruciatus (Sherwood, D. Hawksw. & Coppins) Etayo & Diederich Ascomycetes 


Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


Rhytisma salicinum (Pers.) Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


Rickenella fibula (Bull.) Raithelh. 



Rickenella swartzii (Fr.) Kuyper 



Ripartites tricholoma (Alb. & Schwein.) P. Karst. 



Rosenscheldia abundans (Dobrozr.) Petr. 

Ascomycetes 


Russula aeruginea Fr. 



Russula albonigra (Krombh.) Fr. 



Russula amoenolens Romagn. 



Russula atropurpurea (Krombh.) Britzelm. 



Russula aurea Pers. 



Russula betularum Hora 



Russula caerulea (Pers.) Fr. 



Russula chloroides (Krombh.) Bres. 



Russula claroflava Grove 



Russula consobrina (Fr.) Fr. 



Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. 



Russula delica Fr. 



Russula densifolia Secr. ex Gillet 



Russula emetica (Schaeff.) Pers. 



Russula farinipes Romell 



Russula fellea (Fr.) Fr. 



Russula foetens Pers. 



171


Russula fragilis var. fragilis (Pers.) Fr. 



Russula grata Britzelm. 



Russula ionochlora Romagn. 



Russula lutea (Huds.) Gray 



Russula nigricans (Bull.) Fr. 



Russula nitida (Pers.) Fr. 



Russula nobilis Velen. 



Russula ochroleuca Pers. 



Russula parazurea Jul. Schäff. 



Russula puellaris Fr. 



Russula risigallina (Batsch) Sacc. 



Russula rosea Pers. 



Russula sanguinaria (Schumach.) Rauschert 



Russula sardonia Fr. 



Russula smaragdina Quél. 


H1: Yes H2: No Last record: 03/09/1946 Source: Pearson, A.A.(1950) 

Russula versicolor Jul. Schäff. 



Russula vesca Fr. 



Russula violeipes Quél. 



Russula virescens (Schaeff.) Fr. 



Russula xerampelina (Schaeff.) Fr. 



Rutstroemia firma P. Karst. 

Ascomycetes 


Sarcodon squamosus (Schaeff.) Quél. 


Sawadaea bicornis (Wallr.) Miyabe 




Schizopora paradoxa (Schrad.) Donk 


Sclerococcum sphaerale (Ach.) Fr. 




Scleroderma areolatum Ehrenb. 



Scleroderma bovista Fr. 



172


Scleroderma citrinum Pers. 



Scleroderma verrucosum (Bull.) Pers. 



Sclerotium roseum Moug. 



Scopuloides hydnoides (Cooke & Maáee) Hjortstam & Ryvarden 


Scutellinia scutellata (L.) Lambotte 


Ascomycetes 


Sebacina epigaea (Berk. & Broome) Neuhoff 

Jellies 


Sepedonium roseum Fr. 



Septoria brissaceana Sacc. & Letell. 



Septoria convolvuli Desm. 



Septoria dianthi Desm. 



Septoria rubiae (Pat.) Bubák & Ranoj. 



Septoria scabiosicola Desm. 



Septoria senecionis-silvaticae P. Syd. 



Septoria tormentillae Roberge ex Desm. 



Septoria unedonis Roberge ex Desm. 



Septoria veronicae Roberge ex Desm. 



Septoria violae-palustris Died. 



Sesquicillium buxi (J.C. Schmidt ex Link) W. Gams 



Skyttea gregaria Sherwood, D.Hawksw. & Coppins 



Skyttea nitschkei (Körb.) Sherwood, D.Hawksw. & Coppins 



Skyttea pyrenulae Diederich, Etayo & Coppins 



Sordaria fimicola (Roberge ex Desm.) Ces. & de Not. 

Ascomycetes 


Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr. 


Sphacelotheca hydropiperis (Schumach.) de Bary 


Smuts 


Sphaerobolus stellatus Tode 



Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton 



Sphinctrina tubiformis A. Massal. 



173


Spilopodia nervisequa (Pers.) Boud. 

Ascomycetes 


Spirographa fusisporella (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 



Sporendonema purpurascens (Bonord.) E.W. Mason & S. Hughes 



Sporormiella minima (Auersw.) S.I. Ahmed & Cain 

Ascomycetes 


Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes 



Steccherinum fimbriatum (Pers.) J. Eriká. 


Stemonitis axifera (Bull.) Macbr. 




Stemonitis fusca Roth 



Stemonitis fusca var. fusca Roth 



Stemonitis fusca var. rufescens Lister 



Stemonitis herbatica Peck 



Stemonitis hyperopta (Meylan) Nann.-Brem. 



Stemonitis impexus Ing & Nann.-Brem. 



Stemonitis nigrescens Rex 



Stemonitis splendens Rost. 



Stemonitis typhina (Wiggers) Nann.-Brem. 



Stemonitopsis typhina (F.H. Wigg.) Nann.-Bremek. 



Stemphylium sarciniforme (Cavara) Wiltshire 



Stereum gausapatum (Fr.) Fr. 


Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Gray 


Stereum rugosum (Pers.) Fr. 


Stictis radiata (L.) Pers. 




Ascomycetes 


Stigmidium epiramalina (Vouaux) Hafellner 



Stigmidium hageniae (Rehm) Hafellner 



Stigmidium microspilum (Körb.) D.Hawksw. 



Strobilurus esculentus (Wulfen) Singer 



Stropharia aeruginosa (Curtis) Quél. 



174


Stropharia coronilla (Bull.) Quél. 






Stropharia pseudocyanea (Desm.) Morgan 



Stropharia semiglobata (Batsch) Quél. 



Stypella crystallina (D.A. Reid) P. Roberts 

Jellies 


Stypella subhyalina (A. Pearson) P. Roberts 

Jellies 


Subulicystidium longisporum (Pat.) Parmasto 


Suillus bovinus (L.) Rouáel 




Suillus collinitus (Fr.) Kuntze 



Suillus flavidus (Fr.) J. Presl 



Suillus granulatus (L.) Rouáel 



Suillus grevillei (Klotzsch) Singer 



Suillus luteus (L.) Rouáel 



Suillus viscidus (L.) Rouáel 



Taeniolella delicata M.S.Christ. & D.Hawksw. 



Taphridium umbelliferarum (Rostr.) Lagerh. & Juel 

Ascomycetes 


Taphrina alni (Berk. & Broome) Gjaerum 

Ascomycetes 


Taphrina betulina Rostr. 

Ascomycetes 


Taphrina caerulescens (Desm. & Mont.) Tul. 

Ascomycetes 


Taphrina pruni Tul. 

Ascomycetes 


Taphrina tosquinetii (Westend.) Magnus 

Ascomycetes 


Tapinella panuoides (Fr.) E.-J. Gilbert 



Tephrocybe ambusta (Fr.) Donk 



Tephrocybe inolens (Fr.) M.M. Moser 



Tephrocybe rancida (Fr.) Donk 



Terriera cladophila (Lév.) B. Eriká. 

Ascomycetes 


Tetracladium marchalianum De Wild. 



175


Thelebolus stercoreus Tode 

Ascomycetes 


Thelephora palmata (Scop.) Fr. 


Thelotrema subtile Tuck. 


Ascomycetes 


Tilletia sphaerococca (Rabenh.) A.A. Fisch. Waldh. 

Smuts 


Tomentella asperula (P. Karst.) Höhn. & Litsch. 


Tomentella bryophila (Pers.) M.J. Larsen 


Tomentella cinerascens (P. Karst.) Höhn. & Litsch. 


Tomentella ferruginea (Pers.) Pat. 


Tomentella lapidum (Pers.) Stalpers 


Tomentella lateritia Pat. 


Tomentella punicea (Alb. & Schwein.) J. Schröt. 


Tomentella stuposa (Link) Stalpers 


Tomentella subrubiginosa Litsch. 


Tomentella viridula Bourdot & Galzin 


Trametes versicolor (L.) Pilát 


Trechispora farinacea (Pers.) Liberta 


Trechispora hymenocystis (Berk. & Broome) K.H. Lará. 


Tremella globispora D.A. Reid 














Jellies 


Tremella lichenicola Diederich 



Tremella mesenterica Retz. 

Jellies 


Tremella pertusariae Diederich 



Trichaptum abietinum (Pers.) Ryvarden 


Trichia affinis de Bary 




Trichia botrytis (Gmel.) Pers. 



Trichia botrytis var. botrytis (Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) Pers. 


Trichia decipiens (Pers.) Macbr. 




Trichia decipiens var. decipiens (Pers.) T. Macbr. 


176 

Myxomycetes - slime moulds


Trichia persimilis P. Karst. 


Trichia persimilis Karst. 




Trichia varia (Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) Pers. 


H1: No H2: Yes Last record: 31/12/1919 Source: Gunn, W.F. (1919) 

Trichia varia (Pers.) Pers. 



Trichobolus zukalii (Heimerl) Kimbr. 

Ascomycetes 


Trichoconis lichenicola D.Hawksw. 



Trichoglossum hirsutum (Pers.) Boud. 

Ascomycetes 


Trichoglossum hirsutum var. hirsutum (Pers.) Boud. 

Ascomycetes 



Ascomycetes 


Tricholoma acerbum (Bull.) Quél. 



Tricholoma album (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. 



Tricholoma atrosquamosum var. atrosquamosum (Chevall.) Sacc. 



Tricholoma atrosquamosum var. squarrulosum (Bres.) Mort. Chr. & Noordel. Boletes and Agarics 


Tricholoma columbetta (Fr.) P. Kumm. 



Tricholoma fulvum (Bull.) Bigeard & H. Guill. 



Tricholoma imbricatum (Fr.) P. Kumm. 



Tricholoma saponaceum var. saponaceum (Fr.) P. Kumm. 



Tricholoma scalpturatum (Fr.) Quél. 



Tricholoma spermaticum (Fr.) Gillet 



Tricholoma stiparophyllum (S. Lundell) P. Karst. 



Tricholoma sulphureum var. sulphureum (Bull.) P. Kumm. 



Tricholoma terreum (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. 



Tricholoma ustale (Fr.) P. Kumm. 



Tricholoma ustaloides Romagn. 



Tricholoma virgatum (Fr.) P. Kumm. 



Tricholomopsis rutilans (Schaeff.) Singer 



Tricladium angulatum Ingold 



177


Triphragmium ulmariae (DC.) Link 

Rusts 


Triposporium elegans Corda 



Triscelophorus monosporus Ingold 



Trochila craterium (DC.) Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


Trochila ilicina (Nees) Greenh. & Morgan-Jones 

Ascomycetes 


Trochila laurocerasi (Desm.) Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


Tubaria furfuracea var. furfuracea (Pers.) Gillet 



Tubifera ferruginosa (Batsch) Gmel. 



Typhula filiformis (Bull.) Fr. 


Typhula gracillima Berk. & Broome 


Typhula quisquiliaris (Fr.) Corner 


Unguiculariopsis thallophila (P.Karst.) W.Y.Zhuang 






Urocystis anemones (Pers.) G. Winter 

Smuts 


Urocystis violae (Sowerby) A.A. Fisch. Waldh. 

Smuts 


Uromyces ambiguus (DC.) Fuckel 

Rusts 


Uromyces armeriae (Schltdl.) Lév. 

Rusts 


Uromyces beticola (Bellynck) Boerema, Loer. & Hamers 

Rusts 


Uromyces dactylidis G.H. Otth 

Rusts 


Uromyces geranii (DC.) Fr. 

Rusts 


Uromyces rumicis (Schumach.) G. Winter 

Rusts 


Uromyces scrophulariae Fuckel 

Rusts 


Uromyces tinctoriicola Magnus 

Rusts 


Uromyces trifolii (R. Hedw.) Lév. 

Rusts 


Uromyces tuberculatus Fuckel 

Rusts 


Uromyces valerianae Fuckel 

Rusts 


Uromyces viciae-fabae var. viciae-fabae P. Karst. 

Rusts 


Valsa ambiens (Pers.) Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


178


Valsaria insitiva (Tode) Ces. & De Not. 

Ascomycetes 


Vascellum pratense (Pers.) Kreisel 



Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter 

Ascomycetes 


Venturia rumicis (Desm.) G. Winter 

Ascomycetes 


Verrucaria latericola Erichsen 



Vibrissea truncorum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. 

Ascomycetes 

H1: Yes H2: No Last record: 31/07/1913 Source: Praeger, R.L. (1917) 

Vouauxiella lichenicola (Linds.) Petr. & Sydow 



Vouauxiella uniseptata D.Hawksw. 



Weddellomyces epicallopisma (Wedd.) D.Hawksw. 



Weddellomyces peripherica (Tayl.) Alstrup & D.Hawksw. 



Xanthoriicola physciae (P.Karst.) D.Hawksw. 



Xerula radicata (Relhan) Dörfelt 



Xylaria carpophila (Pers.) Fr. 

Ascomycetes 


Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev. 

Ascomycetes 


179


Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. 

Ascomycetes 


· 2012 Waxcap Survey 

· Bioblitz 2011 

Kerry Fungi List - Species Record Sources 

· Bullock, D.J. (1975) Fungi collected on the Blaskets, Co. Kerry. Irish Naturalists' Journal 18: 150-151Doppelbaur, H. - 

1975, Some rust fungi from Ireland. 

· Dublin Microscopical Club (1899) Dublin Microscopical Club. Irish Naturalist 8: 20-21Dublin Microscopical Club - 1915, 

Dublin Microscopical Club. 

· Fungus Records Database for the British Isles records (www.fieldmycology.net) 

· Fox, H.F. (2001) New records of Ascomycetes from bogs in Ireland. Irish Naturalists' Journal 26: 477-478FRDBI 

Records 

· Gunn, W.F. (1919) Some Irish Mycetozoa Irish Naturalists' Journal 28, Part 4: 45-48 

· Ing, B. & McHugh, R. (1988) 

· Northern Ireland Fungus Group Records (www.nifg.org.uk) 

· O'Connor, P. (1936) A contribution to the knowledge of Irish fungi. P.R.D.S. 21, 381. 

· O'Connor, P. (1949) A further contribution to knowledge of Irish fungi. P.D.R.S. 25, 33. 

· Palmer, J. T. (1970) Additions to the Sclerotinaceae of Ireland. Investigations into the Sclerotinaceae VI. I.N.J. 16, 252. 

· Pearson, A. A. (1950) New records and observations. T.B.M.S. 32, 258. 

· Pim, G. (1885) Preliminary report on the fungi of Glengarriff and Killarney. P.R.I.A. 4 

· Praeger, R. Ll. (1917) Aquatic fungi. IN. 26, 55. 

· Ramsbottom, J. (1938) The Killarney Foray (20-25. ix. 36). T.B.M.S. 22, 5. 

· Tom Harrington 

· Wakefield, E. M. (1962) New and rare British Hymenomycetes (Aphyllophorales). T.B.M.S. 35, 34. 

180


Gowlane Strand 

Mount Brandon from Sybil Point 

Fermoyle Estuary 

181

North Kerry Waxcap Survey 2012 - the Northern Ireland Fungus Group

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