CBD Fourth National Report - Azerbaijan (English version)
CBD Fourth National Report - Azerbaijan (English version)
CBD Fourth National Report - Azerbaijan (English version)
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Country Study on Biodiversity of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic<br />
<strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong> to<br />
Convention of Biological Diversity<br />
Baku - 2010
This document has been prepared under requirements of the Convention of Biological<br />
Diversity and involves current status of biological diversity in the territory of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Republic and factors impacted upon it.<br />
The report has been drafted in the presence of all concerned parties and it based upon the<br />
opinions and proposals of the related specialists.<br />
Therefore, a deep gratitude is expressed to authors staff of the First <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong> on the<br />
Convention of Biological Diversity which plays as a framework document, for preparation of<br />
the Second <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong> on the Convention of Biological Diversity.<br />
Views and standpoints suggested in this collection express opinions of the authors and could<br />
not coincide with opinions of the United Nations or the United Nations Development<br />
Programme.
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Contents<br />
Introduction (Country Context and Socio-economic context)………………7<br />
Chapter 1. Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Treats..................23<br />
1.1. Status of Biodiversity and Ecosystems...............................................................24<br />
1.1.1. Status and quality of research on ecosystems and species......................24<br />
1.1.2. Biogeography..........................................................................................24<br />
1.1.3. Status review of ecosystems....................................................................25<br />
1.1.4. Status review of plant communities and habitats....................................30<br />
1.1.4.1. Description of key plant communities......................................30<br />
1.1.4.2. Rare, endemic or threatened plant communities habitats........31<br />
1.1.5. Status review of species...........................................................................31<br />
1.1.5.1. Microorganisms........................................................................31<br />
1.1.5.2. Protozoa....................................................................................31<br />
1.1.5.3. Fungi.........................................................................................32<br />
1.1.5.4. Flora..........................................................................................33<br />
1.1.5.5. Fauna........................................................................................34<br />
1.1.6. Key threats to biodiversity.......................................................................39<br />
1.1.6.1. Habitat loss and modification..................................................39<br />
1.1.6.2. Over-use of biological and natural resources..........................40<br />
1.1.6.3. Pollution...................................................................................43<br />
1.1.6.4. Introduced and invasive species...............................................48<br />
1.1.6.5. Natural pathogens....................................................................49<br />
1.1.6.6. Climate change and natural disasters......................................50<br />
1.2. Problem Analysis.................................................................................................54<br />
1.2.1. Current status of biodiversity..................................................................54<br />
1.2.2. Direct causes of biodiversity loss............................................................55<br />
1.2.3. Underlying causes of biodiversity loss...................................................56<br />
1.2.4. Key sectors affecting biodiversity..........................................................57<br />
1.2.5. Restrictions on protection process..........................................................58<br />
1.2.6. Opportunities for biodiversity conservation...........................................58<br />
1.2.7. Further phases.........................................................................................59<br />
Chapter 2. Current Status of <strong>National</strong> Biodiversity Strategies and Action<br />
Plans……………………………………………………………………………60<br />
2.1. Legislation and policy on use and protection of biodiversity...........................61<br />
2.1.1. Protection of the environment and legislation regulating this sphere.....61<br />
2.1.2. Laws on protected areas and sites...........................................................62<br />
2.1.3. Laws on flora and fauna.................................................................63<br />
2.1.4. Land use and legislation for development...........................................................64<br />
2.1.5. Laws stipulating legal bases for prevention of environmental<br />
pollution……………………………………………………………………….65<br />
2.1.6. Legislation on other spheres impacting upon biodiversity......................65<br />
2.1.7. International agreements and conventions..............................................66<br />
2.2. Existing programmes for biodiversity conservation.........................................67<br />
2.2.1. Biodiversity inventory, monitoring and research....................................67<br />
2.2.2. Environmental educational programmes and teaching............................67<br />
2.2.3. Public Awareness....................................................................................68<br />
2.2.4. Planning and intervention for conservation and restoration....................68<br />
2.2.5. International Projects...............................................................................69<br />
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2.3. Summary of existing measures, capacity and experience for biodiversity<br />
management.............................................................................................................................70<br />
Chapter 3. Sectoral and cross-sectoral integration or mainstreaming of<br />
biodiversity considerations................................................................................71<br />
3.1. Use and values of biodiversity.............................................................................72<br />
31.1. Agrobiodiversity......................................................................................72<br />
3.1.1.1. Crops under cultivation............................................................72<br />
3.1.1.2. Wild ancestors of crops............................................................73<br />
3.1.1.3. Livestock diversity....................................................................74<br />
3.1.1.4. Wild relatives of domesticated livestock..................................74<br />
3.1.2. Wild species of economic importance....................................................75<br />
3.1.2.1. Use of wild plants.....................................................................75<br />
3.1.2.2. Use of wild animals..................................................................77<br />
3.1.2.3. Evaluation of sustainability of use of wild species...................78<br />
3.1.3. Use of biodiversity for biotechnology and genetic collections.............. 78<br />
3.1.4. Indirect uses of biodiversity....................................................................79<br />
3.1.5. Cultural or traditional values of biodiversity...........................................79<br />
3.1.5.1. Wildlife and national cuisine....................................................79<br />
3.1.5.2. Arts, folklore, and music...........................................................79<br />
3.1.5.3. Spiritual values of biodiversity.................................................80<br />
3.1.5.4. Recreation and biodiversity......................................................80<br />
3.2. Key economic sectors affecting biodiversity.....................................................81<br />
3.2.1. Agriculture...............................................................................................81<br />
3.2.2. Forestry....................................................................................................86<br />
3.2.3. Fisheries...................................................................................................88<br />
3.2.4. Industry....................................................................................................89<br />
3.2.5. Construction............................................................................................91<br />
3.2.6. Mining industry..................................................................................... .92<br />
3.2.7. Energy and oil extraction........................................................................ 95<br />
3.2.8. Transport..................................................................................................97<br />
3.2.9. Tourism....................................................................................................98<br />
Chapter 4. Conclusions: Progress Towards the 2010 Target and<br />
Implementation of the Strategic Plan ............. ………………………….….100<br />
4.1. Protected areas system.......................................................................................101<br />
4.1.1. Description of status, location and scope of protected areas.................101<br />
4.1.2. Evaluation of gaps in protected areas system........................................106<br />
4.2. Conservation outside Protected Areas............................................................ 107<br />
4.2.1. In situ conservation measures in the wider landscape...........................107<br />
4.2.2. Ex situ conservation..............................................................................107<br />
4.3. Organizations involved in biodiversity conservation and management.......108<br />
4.3.1. Government structures and agencies.....................................................108<br />
4.3.2. Non-governmental organisations...........................................................109<br />
4.3.3. Business and the private sector..............................................................109<br />
Appendices. .......................................................................................... 111<br />
Appendix 1…………………………………………………………………....112<br />
Appendix 2…………………………………………………………………....113<br />
Appendix 3…………………………………………………………………....115<br />
Appendix 4…………………………………………………………………....144<br />
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Annexes……………………………………………………………………….145<br />
Annex 1.1.............................................................................................. 146<br />
Annex 2.1.............................................................................................. 147<br />
Annex 2.2.............................................................................................. 148<br />
Annex 2.3 ............................................................................................. 149<br />
Annex 2.4.............................................................................................. 150<br />
Annex 3.1.............................................................................................. 151<br />
Annex 4.1.............................................................................................. 155<br />
Annex 4.2 ............................................................................................. 156<br />
Annex 4.3.............................................................................................. 157<br />
Annex 5.1.............................................................................................. 158<br />
Annex 6.1 ............................................................................................. 159<br />
Annex 6.2.............................................................................................. 159<br />
Annex 6.3.............................................................................................. 159<br />
Annex 6.4.............................................................................................. 160<br />
Annex 7.1.............................................................................................. 160<br />
Annex 8.1 ............................................................................................. 161<br />
Annex 9.1.............................................................................................. 163<br />
Annex 9.2 ............................................................................................. 164<br />
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Abbreviations<br />
AIOC <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> International Operating Company<br />
ANAS <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> <strong>National</strong> Academy of Sciences<br />
BP British Petroleum<br />
BTC Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Route<br />
<strong>CBD</strong> The Convention on Biological Diversity<br />
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States<br />
CITES The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild<br />
Fauna and Flora<br />
GDP Gross Domestic Product<br />
GEF Global Environment Facility<br />
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature - The World Conservation<br />
Union<br />
NGO Non-Government Organization<br />
SOCAR State Oil Company of the <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic<br />
TRACECA Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia<br />
UN United Nations<br />
UNDP United Nations Development Program<br />
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization<br />
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INTRODUCTION<br />
Worldwide development of economy and agriculture in the current period and daily<br />
increasing direct and circumstantial pressures to the environment against demographic<br />
problems lead to violation of the natural evolution and generally, to degradation of ecosystem<br />
by destructive effects to biological masses of the planet as well as the region which had been<br />
formed over million years. In this situation protection of the environment and especially of<br />
biological diversity essential for wildlife and, study and elimination of its exhaustion hazards<br />
are very important.<br />
Geographic location, climate types of our country and other natural factors caused to<br />
generation of rich and various biological diversity elements in the territory of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Republic. However increased demand for nature and biological diversity, sometimes adverse<br />
effects of human activity and rate of economic growth observed at the present can cause to<br />
depletion of species diversity and to complete destruction of separate species by serious<br />
impacts upon countrywide biological diversity as it appeared in many nations throughout the<br />
world.<br />
In this situation adherence and joining to internationally nature conservation actions and<br />
assumption of countrywide effective measures alongside with global cooperation are very<br />
significant.<br />
It is evident that world community made considerable efforts towards preservation and<br />
sustainable use of natural resources since the second half of XX century. In particular,<br />
adoption of the Convention of Biological Diversity in the Environment and Development<br />
Conference of the United Nations held in Rio de Janeiro city of Brasilia in 1992 and<br />
ratification of the aforesaid Convention by <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic on March 2000 played an<br />
unexampled role in preservation and maintenance of valuable and exotic biological diversity<br />
resources of our country. In this respect, regular actions taken by the Government of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, especially “<strong>National</strong> Strategy on protection and sustainable use of biological<br />
diversity in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic and Action Plan” which approved by Decree №1368 dated<br />
March 24, 2006 of the President of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic can be mentioned regarding<br />
performance of obligations and commitments stipulated by the Convention. The above<br />
mentioned document paved wide-range prospects on several spheres such as sustainable<br />
protection of biological diversity, restoration of resources under exhaustion and determination<br />
and conservation of priority ecosystems the territory of the country. At the same time,<br />
declaration of 2010 by the President as an “Ecology year” and the Presidential Decree on<br />
large-scale actions to be realized hereof, obviously prove serious efforts made in focusing of<br />
this sector by the state and government officials and implementation of sustainable nature<br />
protection measures.<br />
The submitted document reflects status of execution of requirements of the Convention of<br />
Biological Diversity including analysis of issues such as countrywide present situation of<br />
biological diversity within the last 7 years, achievements obtained in this line and challenges,<br />
direct and indirect impacts effected upon biodiversity and elimination of them.<br />
“The <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong> on the Convention of Biological Diversity” has been<br />
accomplished as a result of information and analysis submitted by specialists of the Ministry<br />
of Ecology and Natural Resources which is functioning as a proper executive power in the<br />
management of environment and natural resources of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic, and related<br />
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authorities and Committees and specialized scientific institutions. There used latest data,<br />
statistics and scientific study outcomes in the preparation of IV <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong>.<br />
Country Context<br />
Geographic location, borders and land area<br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is an ancient country, situated between the continents of Europe<br />
and Asia in the southeast of the Caucasus region. It is located on the western shores of the<br />
Caspian, to the northwest of the Persian Plateau. It has an area of 86,600 km 2 , located<br />
between 38’24” and 41’54” latitude North, and between 50’51” 44’46” longitude East. It is<br />
in a favourable geo-political location, bordering five countries; the Dagestan Republic of the<br />
Russian Federation in the north (289 km of border length), Georgia in the north-west (340<br />
km), the Republic of Armenia (766 km) and Turkey (11 km) in the west, and the Islamic<br />
Republic of Iran (432 km) in the south. There is approximately 800 km of coastline along the<br />
Caspian shore in the east. The capital city of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is Baku, a port city, located on the<br />
Absheron peninsula on the shores of the Caspian Sea.<br />
A separate, physically isolated, area of land– the Autonomous Republic of Nachichevan - is<br />
situated in the southwest of the Lesser Caucasus, in a typically mountainous area. It has<br />
borders with Iran (163 km, some of which lies along the Araz River), Turkey (11 km) and<br />
Armenia (224 km). Nachichevan covers some 5,362 km 2 and at its widest the territory<br />
stretches 158 km (from north-east to south-west).<br />
Figure 1.1 –Topography of the Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
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Physical geography and topography<br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is situated in the Alp-Himalayan mountain belt. The three<br />
mountain ranges are the Greater and Lesser Caucasus, and the Talysh Mountains, together<br />
covering approximately 40% of the country. The highest point in the country is on Mount<br />
Bazarduzu (4,485 m above sea level) situated in the Greater Caucasus. Lowlands and plains<br />
make up the other 60% of the country. The average height of the country is 657 m above sea<br />
level, however 18% of the country is below sea level (see Map 1). <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is located in an<br />
active seismic zone, with particularly high activity in the southern part of the Greater<br />
Caucasus, the Ganja region in the Lesser Caucasus, and in the Autonomous Republic of<br />
Nachichevan.<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> does not extend over a large geographical area, and much of the differentiation of<br />
landscapes is due to the variation of altitude. Landscapes are influenced by climate, soil, and<br />
habitats that change with increasing altitude. Landscapes replace each other with height,<br />
graduating from lowland plains, semi desert, steppe, forest, alpine meadow to subnival<br />
communities at the greatest heights of the mountains, creating landscape zones at different<br />
altitudes. This altitudinal zonation is naturally disordered in the Lankoran region as a result<br />
of the Talysh mountains where semi arid landscapes replace the forest landscapes normal in<br />
the mountains. In Nakhichevan, forests develop in islands due to local climatic conditions.<br />
The highest point in Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic is Gapijig mountain (3,906 m).<br />
Other important mountain ranges include the Zangazur and Daralayaz ranges in the north-east<br />
of the region, where there are a number of peaks over 3,000 m. A third of the territory of<br />
Nakhichevan is covered by grassland/steppe, totalling some 172 km 2 , of which some 10,000<br />
ha is salinated.<br />
Water resources<br />
The main sources of water in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> are the surface waters. However, only 24 of the 8350<br />
rivers are greater than 100 km in length. All the rivers drain into the Caspian in the east of the<br />
country, through three main river basins - the Caspian Basin, (rivers draining directly into the<br />
Caspian), the Kura basin (in western and central <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>) and the Araz basin. The average<br />
density of river networks is 0.39 km per km 2 , with most of the rivers occurring in the Kura<br />
basin.<br />
Of the 300 natural lakes in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, only six cover more than 10km 2 of land area. The<br />
total area of these six lakes makes up 83 % (250 km 2 ) of the total lake area. The lakes of the<br />
Kura and Araz basins (in the lowlands) are affected by upstream water management, causing<br />
an increase in salinity (5000-13000 mg/L), and a reduction in fish populations. Lakes on the<br />
Absheron Peninsula (on the shores of the Caspian) have become salinated as a result of<br />
upstream management and polluted by industrial and domestic waste (especially from oil<br />
fields). In addition, the number and size of lakes in this area are being artificially increased.<br />
Lakes in the mountainous area tend to be small (the total area of the 90 mountain lakes is 2<br />
km 2 ), but face few anthropogenic threats, because of their distance from settlements and<br />
industry.<br />
In the last 40-50 years many water reservoirs have increased five-fold, so that they now cover<br />
1070 km 2 . Total volume of these artificial lakes is 22.66 km 3 , but only 11.24 km 3 is usable<br />
water. The biggest of these by far is Mingachevir Reservoir, located along the River Kura<br />
which has a total volume of 16 km 3 and covers some 625km 2 . The water in reservoirs is used<br />
primarily for electricity production and irrigation purposes. A dense network of channels<br />
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irrigates more than 1300 ha of drought prone land. The channels also carry clean water to a<br />
number of settlements, although approximately 40% of fresh water in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is taken<br />
from subsoil reserves.<br />
As more than of territory of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic situated in arid climate condition, a lack of<br />
water appeared here permanently. Demand for water is not same in separate parts of Kura<br />
river due to varied nature and diversified agriculture along its basin.<br />
Key water facilities related to hydrographic network - rivers, lakes and water reservoirs were<br />
allotted irregularly in different natural provinces of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic.<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> remains behind South Caucasus states subject to index of ground water resources<br />
per km 2 of area and per capita of population. So that 62% of total water reserve (310 bln. m 3 )<br />
of South Caucasus is shared by Georgia, 28% by Armenia and only 10% by <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Countrywide water reserves total to average 35 bln. m 3 that out of 5 bln. m 3 are underground<br />
water. No sufficient water reserve exists in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> in order to meet demand of the<br />
population for potable water and needs of agriculture.<br />
Within the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic there are around 400 water bodies, all<br />
associated with the Araz basin. The larger rivers in the territory are the Araz, Shargi<br />
Arpachay, Nakhichevanchay and Gilanchay. The area supports a number of natural lakes<br />
(including Batabat, Ganligol, Goy gol, and Salvarti gol) as well as reservoirs (including the<br />
Araz reservoir). The area also supported a number of kahrizes (systems of subterranean<br />
irrigation canals), although the number has declined significantly from 400 to around 182, and<br />
there is a danger that further springs will be lost.<br />
(See: Annex 1.1)<br />
Total 35 billion m 3<br />
Including underground water resources<br />
: 5 billion m 3<br />
70% of surface waters are formed outside of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Annual water deficit 4 billion m 3<br />
62%<br />
Current status of water resources<br />
Use of water<br />
welfare-drinking water<br />
for manufacture<br />
irrigation and agriculture<br />
Climate<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is a country of varied climates, although it is predominately subtropical. On<br />
average, there are 1900-2900 hours of sunshine annually (approximately 5-8 hours daily<br />
sunshine). In the lowlands, summers are hot, and winters are moderate, however in the<br />
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mountains, the summers are cooler, and temperatures in the mountains can reach negative<br />
figures. Recorded temperatures have reached a maximum of +43 °C, and minimum of -17°C.<br />
Humidity tends to be low, although it varies across the country. Annual rainfall on the<br />
Absheron peninsular in the west varies between 150-200 mm, whilst in the foothills of the<br />
Talysh Mountains, it averages 1600-1700mm per year. There is less than 400 mm of rainfall<br />
each year over 65% of the country. In these semi-desert and dry steppe areas, agriculture is<br />
only possible through artificial irrigation.<br />
The Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan has a particularly continental climate, with over<br />
2800 hours of sunshine annually recorded in the Araz steppes. Rainfall in Nakhichevan varies<br />
between 200 and 600 mm, with low humidity throughout. Minimum and maximum recorded<br />
temperatures in the region are -17 0 C and +43 0 C respectively. The area is characterised by hot<br />
dry winds, which blow 50-70 days of the year (above 1,000 m).<br />
Socio-economic context<br />
History of human settlement and archaeology<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> has a proud and long history. As an ancient centre of civilization, it has a great<br />
cultural heritage created over thousands of years. Prehistoric people inhabited the region, and<br />
evidence of their rock paintings and settlements still survives today. Archaeological evidence<br />
in caves and at other monuments (notably the Azikh cave) has shown evidence that some of<br />
the oldest modern humans inhabited <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> during the Stone Age.<br />
Evidence of early cities, forts, religious buildings, early farming and a legacy of legends and<br />
stories demonstrate the long history of human settlement in the Autonomous Republic of<br />
Nakhichevan. Early towns such as Kultapa and Gilan were located in this area, and Kultapa<br />
has proved of particular archaeological interest.<br />
Tribes in the region formed in the third<br />
Picture<br />
millennium BC, and political organisations<br />
were created in the first millennium BC. The<br />
state of Manna was established during the<br />
ninth century BC with a well-developed<br />
cultural and economic basis. At this time the<br />
people believed in natural phenomena, the sun<br />
and the moon. In the first part of the sixth<br />
century BC, Manna was conquered by the<br />
Midiya state. During this period, the main<br />
religion was Zoroastrianism, based around the<br />
natural gas and oil sources that ignited as they<br />
escaped from the ground. The states of Albania and Atropeana played important roles in<br />
restoring the territory as an independent state. Indeed, the word <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is a derivation of<br />
Atropat, an Atropeanan ruler from this period. From the third to the fifth centuries, the state<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> strengthened, and Christianity began to spread widely among Azeris. Islam<br />
became the main religion in the country when Arabs conquered <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> in the eighth<br />
century.<br />
During the middle ages, states such as Shirvanshah, Eldagizler, Garagoyunlu, Aggoyunlu,<br />
Safaviler were formed within the territory of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. There was a struggle by the<br />
neighbouring countries to occupy these territories resulting in the disruption of the stability of<br />
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<strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, and in the 18th century, independent and semi-independent states formed, with<br />
the state of Hanliglar also becoming part of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. At the end of the 18 th and the<br />
beginning of the 19 th centuries the antagonism and struggle amongst Iran, Turkey and Russia<br />
for occupation of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> increased. As a result, Russia and Iran signed the Treaty of<br />
Turkmenchay in 1828, marking the end of fighting between the countries. <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> and its<br />
population were divided into two parts: the northern part was occupied by Russia and<br />
southern part by Iran.<br />
In 1917, the fall of the monarchy in Russia meant that conditions became favourable for the<br />
establishment of the national liberation movement in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. On the 28th May 1918,<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> gained its independence and the independent Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> was<br />
declared. It existed for only 23 months, as on the 28 th April 1920, <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> lost its<br />
independence when the 11th Red Army occupied its territories. <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> only regained its<br />
independent status after the collapse of the Soviet empire in 1991.<br />
Demographic statistics of the country territory<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic consists of 1 Autonomous Republic, 66 regions, 77 cities, 13 districts,<br />
258 settlements, 1700 rural districts and 4253 rural settlements.<br />
Number of countrywide population totalled to 8896.9 thousand people at the beginning of<br />
2009 against 8349.0 thousand people at the beginning of 2004 by increasing 6.6% within the<br />
last 6 years. At the same time, number of urban population reached to 4818.3 thousand people<br />
from 4403.6 thousand by increasing 9.4%, but number of rural population reached to 4078.6<br />
thousand people from 3945.4 thousand by increasing 3.4%. At the present, 54.2% of<br />
countrywide population inhabited in urban area and 45.8 % in rural area. 49% of the<br />
population is comprised by men, 51% by women. 1041 women are shared by per 1000 men in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Number of countrywide population reached to 8974.0 thousand people up to October 1, 2009<br />
thus it increased as 77 thousand people or 0.9 percent within nine months. Generally, rise in<br />
number of the country population occurs subject to both natural and migration increase in the<br />
last years.<br />
2014.1 thousand people or 22.6% of the population was comprised by persons under age of<br />
labor ability, 6049.9 thousand people (68.0%) by age of labor ability and 832.9 thousand<br />
people (9.4%) over age of labor ability for the beginning of 2009. These indices were 26.4,<br />
64.2 and 9.4 accordingly for the beginning of 2004.<br />
Average 140 thousand infants are born in a year or approximately 384 new small citizens in a<br />
day in the country within the past 6 years. Birth rate for 2008 subject to per 1000 persons of<br />
the population totalled to 17.8 persons against 14.0 in 2003, but death rate totalled to 6.2<br />
persons against 6.0. Natural increase rate reached to 11.6 from 8.0 subject to per 1000 persons<br />
of the population in comparison with 2003. At the present, approximate two born children are<br />
shared within the life span of per woman average.<br />
1.7 thousand infants died in 2008 and child mortality rate declined to 11.4 from 15.5 subject<br />
to per 1000 live-born babies as compared with 2003. Maternal death per 100000 live-born<br />
babies totalled to 26.3 in 2008. Death rate is reflected in life expectancy analysis. This rate<br />
totalled to 72.6 age in past year, including 69.9 age for men and 75.4 age for women.<br />
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80.0 thousand marriages were registered and 7.9 thousand marriages were dissolved in the<br />
country within 2008. Number of marriages reached to 9.3 from 6.9 and number of<br />
divorcements increased to 0.9 from 0.8 subject to per 1000 persons of the population as<br />
compared with 2003.<br />
According to official information of Chief Employment Department, 44481 persons became<br />
officially unemployed in 2008, but 42183 persons up to November 1, 2009.<br />
According to these data, official unemployment rate totalled to 1.0% in both two periods.<br />
Social and economic condition<br />
The economy of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic and generally social-economic condition were<br />
characterized in high inflation rate at the beginning of 1990th years. Internal unstable political<br />
conditon did not enable to carry out economic reforms. Breakdown of countrywide economy<br />
caused to declining of living standards of the population. So that real volume of Gross<br />
Domestic Product totalled to 41.9 percent in 1995 as compared with 1990 (at the beginning of<br />
1990).<br />
The dissolution was prevented as from 1995 thanks to large-scale economic reforms<br />
implemented successfully under the governance of Heydar Aliyev, nationwide leader of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic. There achieved a number of positive changes resulted from execution of<br />
actions for pursuance of policy on fixed budget, finance-credit, tax and customs and,<br />
liberalization of prices, foreign economic activity and currency market and transformation of<br />
property. So that real volume of Gross Domestic Product increased as 2.6 times in the years of<br />
2003-2008. The volume of Gross Domestic Product totalled to 38005.7 million Manat,<br />
volume per capita was equivalent to 4439.9 Manat in 2008.<br />
Nevertheless economic growth occurred within these years resulted in a rise of living<br />
standards of the population generally, certain shortages and deficiencies still exist in this<br />
sphere and execution of proper actions is planned for elimination of them. In this standpoint,<br />
adequate social policy is being pursued towards supporting of key strategic goals for<br />
promotion of social welfare, provision of vulnerable groups with more targeted social<br />
assistance, improvement of provision of major health and education services and aid to<br />
refugees and internally displaced peoples.<br />
According to data of the Ministry of Economic Development, volume of Gross Domestic<br />
Product totalled to 96.6% in 2005 as compared with 1990 and to 115.9% in 2006 prevailing<br />
the rate of 1990.<br />
Share of private sector in countrywide economy enhanced considerably as a result of<br />
measures taken by the state and government towards privatization of state property and<br />
development of entrepreneurship.<br />
Share of nongovernmental sector in the GDP increased to 73.3% in 2003 and to 84.5% in<br />
2008 resulted from implementation of privatization programmes as well as development of<br />
private ownership. Key target of social-economic policy of the Government of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> for<br />
near 3-4 years aims to ensure dynamic growth of countrywide economy and necessary living<br />
standards of the population through pursuance of state policy provided for poverty reduction.<br />
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Gross Domestic Product was output to the amount of 7146.5 million Manat in 2003, 8530.2<br />
million Manat in 2004, 12522.5 million Manat in 2005 and 18746.2 million Manat in 2006 in<br />
the republic. Real growth rate of the GDP totalled to 111.2%, 126.4%, 134.5% and 110.9%<br />
accordingly within these years.<br />
It should be noted that there took place a number of changes in structure of the GDP in midterm<br />
plan. So that share of industry in the GDP increased to 57.4% in 2008 as compared with<br />
37.3% in 2003 and totalled to 49.9% within ten months of 2009. This growth emerged from<br />
operation of I phase and putting onstream of II phase of Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli fields,<br />
construction of oil export pipeline of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and commissioning of gas export<br />
pipeline of Baku-Tbilisi-Arzurum in the present period. Alongside with the above, share of<br />
construction sector in the GDP reached to 7.6-8.1% within ten months of 2008-2009 on<br />
account of these projects. Shares of agriculture, trade, transport, communication sectors in the<br />
GDP totalled to accordingly 5.8%, 5.3%, 5.1% and 1.9% in 2008 and 6.1%, 6.9%, 6.2% and<br />
2% within ten months of 2009.<br />
More than 43.7 billion USD was invested upon countrywide economy on account of all<br />
sources over the past 4 years. 20.2 billion USD (46.2%) of the investments are shared by<br />
internal sources and 23.5 billion USD (53.8%) by external sources. The investments focused<br />
on oil sector constitutes 62.1% (14.6 billion USD) of overall foreign investments.<br />
Foreign trade turnover totalled to 99.2 billion USD in the years of 2003-2008, including<br />
export to 70.7 billion USD and import to 28.5 billion USD. Total value of positive trade<br />
balance (external surplus) generated within these years equalled to 42.2 billion USD.<br />
Social security system. Improvement of social welfare of the population is one of the key<br />
lines of social policy pursued in the country. A priority is given to targeted principle and<br />
improvement of pensions, benefits and allowances for low-income families, persons who lost<br />
householders (heads of families) and martyr’s families towards measures taken in this<br />
direction.<br />
The Laws of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic “On occupational pensions” and “On social allowances”<br />
adopted on February 7, 2006, provide for bases of creation of employment pension and social<br />
allowance rights of countrywide citizens, rules for exercise of these rights and and ensuring<br />
system of them.<br />
Occupational pension for age and invalidity consists of base, insurance and accumulation<br />
parts, occupational benefit for loss of householder is comprised by base and insurance parts.<br />
There registered 1298.9 thousand pensioners (14.4% of the population) at social security<br />
agencies up to October 1, 2009 that 65% of them draw pension for age, 24% for invalidity<br />
and 11% for loss of householder. Average amount of assigned monthly pensions totalled to<br />
99.93 Manat and constituted 34% of average monthly salary. There approved “State<br />
Programme on development of insurance-pension system in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic in the years<br />
of 2009-2015” in order to ensure sustainable and dynamic development insurance-pension<br />
system and a Decree “On indexation of insurance part of occupational pensions” was signed<br />
for promotion of the pensioners’ social welfare and insurance parts of monthly pension<br />
amounts were increased regarding all kinds of occupational pensions as from January 1, 2009.<br />
Various social allowances and benefits are provided for disadvantaged families by the state in<br />
order to improve welfare and enhance social security of them. 291.3 thousand persons drew<br />
social allowances and benefits up to October 1, 2009. Number of allowance beneficiaries<br />
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totalled to 17.8 thousand persons for age, 92.2 thousand persons for invalidity, 31.7 thousand<br />
persons for loss of householders and number of disabled children under 18 age equalled to<br />
58.4 thousand persons for disabled children benefit.<br />
Also, social allowances are granted to children of low-income families. There assigned<br />
allowances and benefits to 22.4 thousand children in 11.5 thousand families up to October 1,<br />
2009. Such allowances and benefits were received by children of martyr’s families, disabled<br />
war veterans, I and II category Chernobyl invalids and active military servicemen. There<br />
assigned allowances and benefits to 991 caretakers and guardians of orphans and uncared-for<br />
children.<br />
Disadvantaged families are given targeted state social assistance as from July 1, 2006<br />
according to Law “On targeted state social assistance” dated October 21, 2005 of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Republic.<br />
691.1 thousand members of 151.6 thousand families in the country received targeted state<br />
social assistance and hereof, 351.3 thousand persons were comprised by women, 339.3<br />
thousand persons by children for October 1, 2009.<br />
Education system. There exist high literacy rate (98.8%), high school attendance and good<br />
teacher- pupil ratio (1:10) in the education system of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic. Official secondary<br />
education is 11-year, free and compulsory. Primary education contains first 4 years of this<br />
period. As evident from the studies that declining in school attendance ratio of the children is<br />
more distinctive in 8-11th classes. Number of vocational education schools and pupils<br />
studying at them reduced within the past ten years. While 82188 pupils studied at 176<br />
vocational education schools in 1990, 25184 pupils studied at 109 vocational education<br />
schools up to the beginning of 2009. Number of students studying in high education<br />
institutions within 2008-2009 academic year increased to 119137 persons as compared with<br />
107945 persons in 1991-1992 school year.<br />
In general, key parameters in the education sector are satisfactory, ecological education and<br />
training has not been established in necessary level. The existing curriculum and teaching aids<br />
do not reflect this sector in compliance with up-to-date requirements.<br />
Public health system. The actions planned by the state and government are carried out<br />
successfully for development of the medicine and safeguard of public health. New hospitals,<br />
diagnostic centres and ambulatory-polyclinics outfit with modern equipment and facilities<br />
have been constructed and handed over, there carried out capital repair works in medical<br />
institutions and, old equipment and facilities are replaced with new ones. At the same time,<br />
the population have been rendered free medical services in treatment-medical care institutions<br />
which are contained in structure of the Ministry of Health and financed by state budget since<br />
February 1, 2008.<br />
Execution of 9 State Programmes adopted on priority spheres of public health is being<br />
continued within the last years. According to these Programmes patients suffered from<br />
diabetes, chronic kidney deficiency, hereditary blood and infectious diseases are treated free<br />
of charge and supplied with medicaments on account of state resources. Number of several<br />
infectious diseases has been reduced and diseases such as diphtheria, German measles have<br />
been liquidated as a result of the actions taken.<br />
Nevertheless a number of serious difficulties in Nakhichevan AR, all major actions which<br />
had been still implemented since 1969, focused on improvement of social-economic<br />
condition. Overall output totalled to 196.8 million Manat in Autonomous Republic in 2003,<br />
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including for agriculture 71.8 million Manat (36.5%), for construction 60.1 million Manat<br />
(30.5%), for other sectors 64.9 million Manat (33.0%).<br />
Overall output totalled to 935 million Manat in 2008, including for 158.1 million Manat<br />
(16.9%), for construction 280.8 million Manat (30.0%), for other sectors 496.1 million<br />
Manat (53.1%).<br />
Overall output totalled to 798.5 million Manat within 9 months of 2009, including for 145.8<br />
million Manat (18.3%), for construction 268.7 million Manat (33.7%), for other sectors<br />
384.0 million Manat (48%).<br />
Credit outlay, currency in circulation and privatization of state property played an essential<br />
role in improvement of countrywide social-economic condition.<br />
Political situation<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is democratic, legitimate, secular and unitary republic and gained independency in<br />
1991. Fundamental Law - Constitution of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic became effective on<br />
November 27, 1995. Subject to the Constitution, power structure consists of three authority<br />
lines:<br />
1. Legislative power, is executed by Milli Majlis comprising 125 deputies which are elected<br />
through voting.<br />
2. Executive power belongs to the President elected by general secret ballot once in 5 years.<br />
Top Executive Body of the President - Cabinet of Ministers is governed by the Prime<br />
Minister.<br />
3. Judicial power is executed by elective judiciaries (Constitution Court, Supreme Court,<br />
Economic Court and etc.) working for independently.<br />
Election of Aliyev Heydar Alirza as the President of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic in 1993 put an end<br />
to anarchy and separatism dominated in the republic at that time. There achieved a ceasefire<br />
in the undeclared war with Armenia and thus, countrywide political situation was stabilized.<br />
Presently, his policy which oriented to economic development of the country and welfare of<br />
the population, is being pursued and followed successfully by Mr.Ilham Aliyev elected as the<br />
President of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic on October 15, 2003 and October 15, 2008.<br />
At the present, main factor which could prejudice stability of the political situation is<br />
characterized in occupation of approximate 20% of the territory of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic by<br />
armenian military forces and resettlement of about one million <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>ians as refugees and<br />
internally displaced peoples in other regions of the country resulted from the undeclared war.<br />
A number of political parties and public organizations are active by ruling social-political life<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic. At the present, major political force - New <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Party. Other<br />
political parties such as Mother Land Party, Democratic Owners Party, <strong>National</strong><br />
Independence Party, Musavat Party, Social-Democrat Party, Popular Front Party, Compatriot<br />
Party and etc. can be exemplified.<br />
The following elections were held for Milli Majlis of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic on November 06,<br />
2005 and there formed Parliament which comprised by representatives of major political<br />
forces working for the country dominated by New <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Party as a result of democratic<br />
elections held in the presence of international observers.<br />
There held elections to municipalities being local public authorities for the first time in history<br />
of the country in 1999 and about 2700 were established. Out of them 200 commenced as<br />
urban municipality, but 2500 as rural municipality. Municipal elections were held again on<br />
December 17, 2004. Granting of some authorities to municipalities towards decision-making<br />
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on use of land and solution of social problems was very important. Next municipal elections<br />
are expected to be held on December 23, 2009.<br />
After gaining independency of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic the first international organization which<br />
the country joined was Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (30th January<br />
1992). Then <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic became a member of the United Nations (2nd March 1992),<br />
Commonwealth of Independent States (19th September 1995) and other international<br />
institutions. At last, <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> was admitted to the Council of Europe on January 17, 2001.<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic has established close cooperation relations with several institutions of<br />
the United Nations (including United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNDP,<br />
UNICEF, World Food Programme, United Nations Environmental Programme). <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Republic also joined Framework Programme “Partnership for Peace” of NATO and takes an<br />
active part in a number actions of the aforesaid body.<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic fulfills and performs its obligations and commitments by accedence to<br />
overall 21 international conventions and protocols on environment. In view of maintenance of<br />
environment very significant documents such as “On climate changes”, “On protection of<br />
ozone layer”, “On biological diversity”, “Use and protection of interboundary water flows and<br />
international lakes” and other conventions can be emphasized.<br />
Nakhichevan is a democratic, legitimate, secular Autonomous Republic in the composition<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic subject to its legal status. The republic shall establish its Constitution<br />
and all issues related to interests of the Autonomous Republic are solved hereof. State<br />
authority is executed based upon principle of power division. Top executive of the republic<br />
is Chairman of Supreme Majlis with 5-year term of powers. Legislative power, is executed<br />
by Milli Majlis comprising 45 deputies which are elected through voting.<br />
Infrastructure and Development<br />
The formation of new market relations, and the increase<br />
Picture<br />
in demand for oil at the world market, stimulated the<br />
development of the oil industry on the Absheron<br />
peninsula in the late nineteenth century, subsequently<br />
attracting foreign investment. New technologies were<br />
developed and tested for accessing, processing, refining<br />
and storing oil. The developments in the oil industry<br />
had a positive impact on the development of other<br />
industries at this time, such as engineering, mining<br />
(copper production in Gadabay and salt production in Nakhichevan), navigation, construction,<br />
and light industries (silk treatment, cotton and food).<br />
Baku, the capital of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is the main port of the Caspian Sea, and is connected with the<br />
ports of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan by ship and ferry routes. The communication network<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is well connected to international systems.<br />
Actions towards attraction of foreign investments to other industry sectors, including<br />
development of infrastructure alonside with oil industry of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic beared fruit.<br />
So that presently a part of highway adjoining to international transportation corridor<br />
TRASECA (Europe-Caucasus-Asia) has been reconstructed in compliance with international<br />
standards and, Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil export pipeline and Baku-Tbilisi-Arzurum gas export<br />
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pipeline have been laid in order to facilitate delivery of the Caspian oil and gas to worldwide<br />
markets.<br />
Under an economic blockade by Armenia, the Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan has<br />
suffered limited access to ground transport, communication connections and energy. In line<br />
with improving economic conditions since the late 1990s, the Republic has provided finances<br />
for the development and restoration of infrastructure. Investment in industry, transport,<br />
construction, energy, education, health, agriculture and social needs has resulted in<br />
improvement of conditions for the wider population.<br />
Property rights on land<br />
Land area of 8.64 million ha composing soil reserves of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic was allocated<br />
into 3 forms of property ownership pursuant to the Law of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic “On land<br />
reform”. As a result, 4.92 million ha was in state ownership (public domain), 2.05 million ha<br />
in municipality ownership and 1.67 million ha was conveyed to private ownership. Land<br />
reforms were carried out land reforms in 2032 farm economies of our republic and there<br />
conducted partial reforms in 41 hereof and subsequently various designated state-owned<br />
agriculture enterprises were established on the basis of them and assigned to subordination of<br />
the Ministry of Agriculture.<br />
As a result of land reform there released land plot to 870.8 thousand families or 3.2 million<br />
persons in the country that it totals to 40% of the population. Only arable and noncropped<br />
lands, perennial seeds and hayfields suitable in agriculture were conveyed to ownership of the<br />
population in the course of reforms. The remaining lands were in the ownership of state and<br />
municipality.<br />
1020.0 ha agricultural lands diminished in 2008 in comparison with 2003. However irrigated<br />
areas increased as 4701.0 ha. 28.9 ha lands increased in 2008 as compared to 2003. It proves<br />
increased interest of the population to cropping. 11.25 thousand ha of noncropped lands were<br />
involved to sowing. In this period countrywide interest increased towards horticulture and<br />
vine-growing and area of them increased to 161.55 thousand ha from 158.52 thousand ha that<br />
it means an increase of 3.03 thousand ha.<br />
There diminished 22.3 thousand ha pasture-grazing area within the past period. Its main<br />
reason is characterized in use of pasture-grazing areas as sowing and hayfield, construction of<br />
temporary residential settlements (Bilasuvar, Aghdam, Tartar, Goranboy, Fuzuli, Aghjabedi<br />
and other regions) for refugees and allocation of land plots under temporary usage for their<br />
occupation with cropping and sowing. As evident from the table, nevertheless household plots<br />
(home grounds) totalled to 254.40 thousand ha in 2003, their area reached to 258.50 thousand<br />
ha by increasing 4.10 thousand ha in 2008. If every household plot is calculated as 0.08 ha<br />
average, it means provision of 51.2 thousand families with household plot. Naturally, if<br />
certain part of them is shared by IDPs, other part will be shared by the cities and villages.<br />
Usage status of lands in different regions<br />
Total area of farming lands equalled to 1.66 million ha or to 36.7% of agricultural lands in our<br />
republic in 2008. Farming lands increased as 0.7% in 2008 as compared to 2003. 18.47% of<br />
these areas (on 2008) is under state ownership, 5.35% under municipality ownership and<br />
76.18% under private ownership.<br />
Notwithstanding there were agricultural lands of 4.08 million ha in the republic in 1992, this<br />
figure reached to 4.52 million ha in 2008 as a result of adequate pursuance of countrywide<br />
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agrarian policy. Namely, additional land plot of 0.44 million ha was involved to agriculture of<br />
the republic. There exist some improvements in irrigation of the lands, too. Increase of<br />
irrigated lands appeared mainly in low-lying regions. However, share of countrywide dryfarming<br />
is comprised by 30% of all arable lands that these lands are mainly situated in<br />
mountainous and low-lying regions.<br />
Quantity of soil reserve per family is various in regions of the republic because of the<br />
population settlement. Despite this figure totalled to 0.85 ha in Lankaran-Astara region, but it<br />
equals to 5.9 ha in Absheron region and to 2-3 ha plains (lowland region). Nevertheless<br />
14.5% of rural population inhabited here, 19.7% of the soil is located in this area. Most<br />
unsuitable lands are situated in Nakhichevan and Lankaran-Astara regions. Accordingly 7.4<br />
and 12.5% population inhabited here, arable lands total to 3-5%.<br />
36.0% (595.6 thousand ha) of countrywide farmings were brought together in Lowland<br />
economic region. Also, Lowland economic region is comprised by 12.6% of farmings<br />
remained under state ownership, 38.4% of farmings remained under municipality ownership<br />
and 41.4% of farmings remained under private ownership. 6.5% of economic regions’<br />
farmings are under state ownership, 5.7% under municipality ownership and 87.8% under<br />
private ownership.<br />
The following places are taken by Mountainous Garabagh, Ganja-Gazakh and Shaki-Zagatala<br />
economic regions subject to quantity of total area of the arable lands. 34.3% of countrywide<br />
farmings are located in these regions and remaining parts are in other economic regions.<br />
First three places are taken by Nakhichevan (93.3%), Mountainous Shirvan (89.1%) and<br />
Lowland (87.8%) economic regions subject to quantity of the arable lands used under private<br />
ownership. This figure totals to 41.8% in Absheron.<br />
In view of specific geographical situation of Absheron economic region, location of Baku and<br />
Sumgayit cities in this region and development of industry, forms of arable lands are<br />
distinctive as compared to other regions.<br />
Perennial croppings take particular place among agricultural lands. The perennial croppings<br />
cover gardens, vineyards, tea plantations, berries and other fields. There existed 158.5<br />
thousand perennial plants and renascents in 2003 in the republic and area of them reached to<br />
161.5 thousand ha by increasing 3.0 thousand ha within the past period (2008). 38.8% of<br />
these lands are still under state ownership (including Mountainous Garabagh and occupied<br />
regions), 2.83% under municipal ownership and 58.4% under private ownership. Subject to<br />
total area of perennial croppings, Shaki-Zagatala (25.8%) and Guba-Khachmaz (17.4%)<br />
economic regions are ahead actually.<br />
72% of countrywide perennial croppings are comprised by Mountainous Garabagh together<br />
with economic regions. However it is a pity that 70% of Mountainous Garabagh are under<br />
occupation. 28.0% of perennial arable fields involves the remaining 7 economic regions.<br />
93.1% of perennial farmings in Guba-Khachmaz economic regions are under private<br />
ownership presently. 40.0% of countrywide perennial croppings are comprised by gardens.<br />
48% of gardens on overall property forms are located in Shaki-Zagatala and 39.0% in Guba-<br />
Khachmaz economic regions.<br />
Nevertheless total area of noncropped lands equalled to 53.0 thousand ha in 2003, this figure<br />
totalled to 41.76 thousand ha by decreasing as 11.24 thousand ha in 2008. 34.6% of these<br />
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lands was under state ownership, 9.85% of farmings remained under municipality ownership<br />
and 55.6% of farmings remained under private ownership. 23.2% of noncropped lands is<br />
shared by Lowland economic region. It means that year by year cultivation of the same lands<br />
gives its adverse effect to land capability.<br />
Despite area of countrywide hayfields totalled to 109.03 thousand ha in 2003, their area<br />
reached to 109.7 thousand ha by increasing 0.63 thousand ha in 2008. It is mainly related to<br />
preservation of pasture-grazing fields for hay-mowing and maintenance of uncropped lands<br />
for haymaking. 27.0% of hayfields is under state ownership, 2.5% under municipality<br />
ownership and 70.5% under private ownership. Nevertheless hayfields were located in all<br />
economic regions of the republic, majority of them is located Ganja-Gazakh (30.7%), Guba-<br />
Khachmaz (26.5%) and Lankaran-Astara (13.8%) economic regions. In general, 71.0% of<br />
countrywide hayfields are focused in the territories of the above 3 economic regions.<br />
Capability of hayfields is not so high. Its main reason is characterized in effects of natural<br />
factors, absence of agrotechnology, nonuse of fertilizers and unexecution of cultural-technical<br />
actions in this sphere. Average 10-15 centner hay is output of per ha (in view of fodder).<br />
Pasture-grazing fields of the republic totalled to 2.57 million ha in 2003. This figure totalled<br />
to 2.55 million ha by declining as 26.4 thousand ha in 2008. 58.5% of pasture-grazing fields is<br />
under state ownership, 41.1% under municipality ownership and 0.06% under private<br />
ownership.<br />
About 1.5 million ha area being under state ownership contain mainly winter and summer<br />
pastures. Lands under municipality and private ownership are rural surrounding pasturegrazing<br />
fields and major part of pasture-grazing fields under usage of municipality is<br />
commonly used pasture-grazing lands. Lowland (22.0%), Guba-Khachmaz (9.7%), Ganja-<br />
Gazakh (19.3%), Mountainous Shirvan (10.0%) and Mountainous Garabagh (10.2%)<br />
economic regions differ from other economic regions subject to extent of grazing-pasture<br />
fields. These lands are used in development of cattle-breeding and refer to soiling<br />
foods/forage lands. Capacity of grazing-pasture fields decrease yearly almost. Its main reason<br />
is overloading of pasture-grazing fields and nonexecution of improvement measures.<br />
Notwithstanding it is deemed expedient to keep 2-4 heads of sheeps and goats in winter<br />
pastures and 4-8 heads of sheeps and goats in summer pastures, many pasture-grazing fields<br />
are loaded more than 2 times and subsequently capability of them declines as a result of rapid<br />
development of cattle/stock raising and overbreeding of livestock in the republic. As evident<br />
from the calculations, capability of winter pastures based on fodder totals to 4-8 centner and<br />
capability of summer pastures totals to 6-10 centner.<br />
562.0 thousand ha land resources in our republic underwent to salting in any extent. 5.8%<br />
hereof are saline soil. The remaining 33.4% are weakly salted, 31.1% medium salted and<br />
29.7% strongly salted soil. 370.7 thousand ha of soil which underwent to salting, are located<br />
in the territory of Lowland economic region. 545.6 thousand ha soil in our republic became<br />
salinized in any extent.<br />
60.8% hereof refers to Lowland, 10.4% Guba-Khachmaz, 6.8% Shaki-Zagatala, 6.4%<br />
Mountainous Shirvan, 5.5% Absheron, 4.0% Ganja-Gazakh and the remaining part to other<br />
economic regions.<br />
As major part of countrywide territories consisted of mountainy terrains and uplands and<br />
precipitation of heavy spring-summer rains cause to favorable condition for development of<br />
wind and water erosion. For this reason, 515.3 thousand ha of agricultural lands underwent to<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
erosion process that 40.5% are weakly, 41.85% medium salted and 17.8% strongly eroded<br />
soil.<br />
87.6 thousand ha of eroded lands are located in Mountainous Shirvan, 78.8 thousand ha in<br />
Kalbajar-Lachin and 72.9 thousand ha in Ganja-Gazakh regions.<br />
The above can be referred to land reserves of Nakhichevan AR, too.<br />
However it should be noted that arable lands reached to 50.5 thousand ha from 36.3 thousand<br />
ha or increased as 14.2 thousand ha in 2008 as compared to 2003. It was possible mainly<br />
resulted from involvement of uncropped and pasture fields to farming turnover being more<br />
efficient from economical standpoint.<br />
(See: Annexes 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4)<br />
Extent of human impact upon environment<br />
One of factors considerably effecting to aggravation of<br />
Picture<br />
countrywide ecological situation is characterized in<br />
previously accumulated and presently generated wastes<br />
that a part of them is considered to be hazardous.<br />
According to official statistic data, there remained<br />
approximate 2.5 million tons of hazardous wastes<br />
currently which generated in landfills, enterprises and<br />
refuse dumps.<br />
Key industrial output - production of crude oil totalled to 44.5 million tons in 2008. So, the<br />
decline in oil production was prevented which continued yearly due to objective causes since<br />
1990 years. Of course, this growth considerably enhanced the extent of environmental impact.<br />
Volume of pollutants (pollutant dispersion) diverted to water reservoirs decreased as 1.6<br />
times, volume of pollutant emissions as 1.9 times in 2008 in comparison with 2002. Untreated<br />
discharged effluents diverted to water facilities totalled to 181 million m 3 in 2008 and 94% of<br />
incoming sewage are household-sanitary waste waters. Volume of pollutant emissions totalled<br />
to 923 thousand tons and 281 thousand tons out of them are shared by stationary pollution<br />
sources/ fixed sources of environmental pollution.<br />
Volume of waters incoming from countrywide water-storage basins totalled to 11.7 billion<br />
m 3 in 2008, nevertheless this figure equalled to 10 billion m 3 in 2001. Actual consumption of<br />
water was 7.9 billion m 3 , 68% hereof was used in irrigation, 26% in production and 5% for<br />
household-farming purposes. Despite strong water demand appeared in the country, 33% of<br />
intake water is lost while its delivery.<br />
Basic indices characterizing effect of human activity upon the environment are mentioned in<br />
the following table:<br />
Water taken from<br />
water sources,<br />
million m 3<br />
Water consumption,<br />
million m 3<br />
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008<br />
10012<br />
10075<br />
10772<br />
21<br />
11440<br />
12050<br />
12360<br />
12270<br />
11735<br />
6414 6754 7370 8019 8607 8865 8371 7886<br />
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Discharge of water to<br />
surface watercourses,<br />
million m 3<br />
170 163 167 160 161 163 177 181<br />
Pollutant emissions,<br />
thousand tons<br />
including:<br />
978.9 620 838 975 1054 875 970 923<br />
stationary sources 577.1 217 426 540 558 344 386 281<br />
motor transport 401.8 403 412 435 496 531 584 642<br />
Share of pollutant emissions from fixed sources of environmental pollution per m 2 area unit of<br />
the republic totals to 3.2 tons, share of of pollutant emissions per capita totals to 33 kg.<br />
Alongside with that declining in scale of construction and reconstruction of nature<br />
conservancy facilities due to insufficient investment to basic capital adversely impacted upon<br />
protection of environment. So, basic capital outlay towards protection of environment and<br />
effective use of natural resources totalled to 97.8 million Manat in 2008.<br />
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Chapter 1.<br />
Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends<br />
and Threats<br />
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1.1. Status of Biodiversity and Ecosystems<br />
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1.1.1. Status and quality of research on ecosystems and species<br />
Research into biodiversity has been conducted in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> over a number of years.<br />
Research into ecosystem classification, structure and function is relatively new and poorly<br />
developed, however much has been learnt about the country’s species and ecosystems. A<br />
range of research institutes of the <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> <strong>National</strong> Academy of Sciences are involved in<br />
this, including: the Institute of Microbiology (focusing on the distribution and applied use of<br />
microorganisms); the Institute of Botany (focusing on the distribution and ecology of lower<br />
and higher plants, including description of new species of algae from the Caspian Sea); the<br />
Institute of Zoology (focusing on the distribution, ecology, evolution and protection of animal<br />
species and species composition of zoogeographical complexes, including the description of<br />
200 new species); and, the Institute of Genetic Resources (focusing on assessments of the<br />
genetic bank, agrobiodiversity and wild relatives, assessments for sustainable use of<br />
biodiversity). The Genetic Resources Institute co-ordinates the activities of other institutions<br />
towards a national inventory and database for genetic resources (and biodiversity) of the<br />
country.<br />
Research on the ecology and introduction of useful, rare and disappearing plants is conducted<br />
by the Botanical Garden, which also hosts collections of a number of important taxa.<br />
Furthermore, at the Mardakan Arboretum on the Absheron Peninsula, research is conducted<br />
into protection of trees under natural conditions.<br />
The Ministry of Agriculture operates a number of scientific institutes which conduct<br />
research relevant to agrobiodiversity (both in terms of selection and plant preservation).<br />
These scientific research centres include: the Institute of Vegetable-Growing (focusing on<br />
vegetables and melons) the Institute of Horticulture and Subtropical Plants (focusing on<br />
fruits, nuts and tea plants); the Scientific Institute of Viticulture and Wine-Making (focusing<br />
on grapes and vines); the Institute of Fodder, Meadows and Pastures (focusing on fodder<br />
production and methods for sustainable use of pastures); and the Institute of Cotton-<br />
Growing (cotton production).<br />
In addition, applied research on fish biodiversity has been conducted by the Institute of Fish<br />
Culture, of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources.<br />
Since the early 1970s research on species and ecosystems has been carried out in<br />
Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic. The Nakhichevan Regional Scientific Institute (since<br />
2003 known as the Bio-resources Institute) and the Nakhichevan State University have both<br />
conducted research into species distribution and diversity. Although studies into a number of<br />
taxa are incomplete (including microorganisms, fungi, lower plants, protozoa and<br />
invertebrates), a wide range of species have already been documented and further studies to<br />
complete the inventory commenced in 2003. Higher plants and animals are much better<br />
studied in Nakhichevan. The “Herbarium Fund” was created in 1977 and now stores almost<br />
600,000 herbarium specimens.<br />
1.1.2. Biogeography<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> can be divided into a number of biogeographical regions, although the number and<br />
location of these regions is dependant on the method of classification. Classification using<br />
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floral and topographical distinctions defines 20 distinct regions. The country is dominated by<br />
Mediterranean plant communities (50%), boreal plant communities (30%), and Caucasus<br />
plant communities (5%).<br />
In general, the fauna of the country represent a number of different biogeographical zones –<br />
reflecting the position of the country at the junction of a number of distinct biogeographical<br />
areas (the Middle East, Asia Minor, the Mediterranean, Europe, and the Palaearctic). The Fish<br />
of six distinct geographical regions are represented in the country, with the majority<br />
belonging to the Ponto-Caspian region 1 (69 species). Amphibians from all five adjoining<br />
areas are represented, while reptile from eight distinct biogegraphical regions is represented<br />
(including species with origins in Iran, the Middle East, Asia Minor, the Mediterranean,<br />
Europe, Caucasus, the Eastern Palaearctic, and Turan). The birds of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> (242 species)<br />
(those that over-winter and breed) include trans-Paleoartic species (94 species), European<br />
species (57 species), and Mediterranean species (43 species) and others (48 species (19,8 %).<br />
Mammals of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> are specified in six biogeographical complexes. Majority of these<br />
species refer to Caucasus mesophile complex, but less part to species of Front Asia, European<br />
forest, South Asia and Turanian desert. Besides, 3 imported species exist here.<br />
Of the 20 biogeographical regions represented within <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, three are found in the<br />
Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan (Nakhichevan plain, Nakhichevan mountain and<br />
Nakhichevan high mountain zones). Nakhichevan AR is considered to be unique botanicalgeographical<br />
district in Small Caucasus, differing from surrounding areas by its floristic<br />
composition, which is dominated by xerophytes (65% of the flora), and is most similar to<br />
Middle Asia, north Iranian and Mediterranean floras. Xerophytes geographical type organizes<br />
65.36% (1889 species) of the total species. Nakhichevan supports a range of plant<br />
communities, and most of the zoological groups present in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
1.1.3. Status review of ecosystems<br />
Forest ecosystems<br />
Area of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic covered with forests constitutes 989.4 thousand ha, that it is<br />
equivalent to 11.4% of total area. 49% of forests are shared by Great Caucasus region, 34%<br />
by Little Caucasus region, 15% by Talish zone and 2% by Lowland zone (together with<br />
Nakhichevan AR).<br />
Picture<br />
Forest line ranges in the height of 1800 m in Great and<br />
Little Caucasus mountains, sometimes uprises to 2000 m.<br />
But lower bounds of forests are variable. Even height comes<br />
out of forest/green belt as a result of anthropogenous effect<br />
in the south-east slope of great Caucasus.<br />
35% of current <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> territory was covered with forests in XVIII-XIX centuries. At that<br />
time the forests covered mountain slopes and lowland areas situated outside of arid areas. At<br />
the present, only tree remnants preserved in these areas. Riparian forests and tugai along Kura<br />
and Araz rivers, woodlands and shrubwoods of Garabagh plain became extinctive and coastal<br />
1 The Ponto-Caspian region is a vast territory, encompassing the basins of the Black, the Azov, and the<br />
Caspian Seas.<br />
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forest areas of Samur-Davachi lowlands. Presently, 261 thousand ha forest lands are situated<br />
on the territories occupied by the Armenia.<br />
A diversity of tree species is found in the forests of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, however beech (Fagus spp.)<br />
represents the dominant species in 32% of the forests. It is found in all the mountainous<br />
regions, except for most of the south escarpment area of the Lesser Caucasus and<br />
Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic. Overall 14% of the total forest area is covered by oak<br />
(Quercus spp.) forest, with the majority (40%) of these being in the Greater Caucasus, with<br />
35% in the Lesser Caucasus, and 25% in the Talysh Mountains. The third most abundant type<br />
of forest is that dominated by hornbeam (Carpinus spp.). Of the 15 species of hornbeam<br />
described globally, five are found in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> 2 . Other tree species are summarised in the<br />
Table 3.1 below.<br />
Table 3.1 Tree species present in the forests of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Tree species Latin name Notes<br />
Walnut Juglans spp. Grows along river gorges and escarpments, in the<br />
southern aspect of the Greater Caucasus and in the<br />
Ganikh- Haftaran valley<br />
Lime Tilia spp. There are three species of endemic lime in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, found in the mid-altitudinal zones of the<br />
mountain ranges.<br />
Date Diospyros lotus Found in the Talysh Mountains southern Caucasus,<br />
at altitudes between 300-1000m<br />
Birch Betula spp. Grows in upland regions, where found in the<br />
foothills up to sub-alpine altitudes, and on the<br />
Absheron Peninsular; covers less than 3,000 km<br />
Iron tree Parrotia persica This relict species grows at altitudes of 200-300 m. ,<br />
mainly in Talish. These species have been reduced<br />
by human encroachment into forests<br />
Pine species Pinus spp. Only covers 0.5 % of the area of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. Found<br />
in Kapaz, Goy-gol, Zayamchay, and Asrikchay.<br />
Oriental plane Platanus orientalis This species is protected in Basitchay Strict Nature<br />
tree<br />
Reserve<br />
Juniper Juniperis spp. Found from 100-2500m, and is found in parts of<br />
Nakhichevan , and in the Caucasus<br />
Eldar pine Pinus eldarica An endemic tree only found on Ellar Oyugu<br />
Plants of Tugai 3<br />
forests<br />
mountain.<br />
- Forests are found on the banks of the Kura river and<br />
its branchs, and cover only 0.8% of the area of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
The forest cover in Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic has declined dramatically over the<br />
last century, from some 30,000 ha of forest recorded in 1917, to around 2,500 ha today. Most<br />
of the remaining forests are within the high mountain zone (1800 – 2600m), in contrast to the<br />
situation within the rest of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. The dominant tree species in these forests is the<br />
Oriental oak (Quercus macranthera; 84%). Other trees in these forests include ash (Fraxinus<br />
spp; 20%), maple (Acer spp.), juniper (Juniperus foetidissima, J. excelsa polycarpos), pear<br />
(Pyrus salicifolia) and mountain ash (Sorbus greaca). The forests in Nakhichevan<br />
Autonomous Republic regulate natural processes, and provide an important source of timber,<br />
fuel, medicinal plants, nuts and fruits. Forests have been damaged not only by overexploitation,<br />
but also by natural events such as fires and floods (in 2003 over 25 ha were<br />
2 Carpinus x. grosseserrata H. Winkl. (C. oxycarpa H. Winkl.), C. arpinus schuschaënsis H. Winkl. (C.<br />
geoktschaica Radde-Fomin), C. orientalis Mill., C. orientalis subsp. macrocarpa (Willk.) H. Winkl., and C.<br />
betulus L. (C. caucasica Grossh.).<br />
3 Tugai forests – flood-lands forests in Caucasus and Middle Asia.<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
destroyed by flooding). As well as the main forests at Batabat and Bichanak, a range of other<br />
smaller forest areas remain, although many are now fragmented and isolated. Measures top<br />
protect and restore natural regeneration in clearings and meadows may help contiguous forest<br />
to be re-established in Nakhichevan.<br />
Grassland and Desert Ecosystems<br />
Semi-desert ecosystems cover 32% of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>’s territory,<br />
Picture<br />
and are found from 27 m above sea level (the height of the<br />
Caspian Sea) to 1300m (in the Orta Araz gorge). Grassland<br />
ecosystems are found in this semi-desert zone, where annual<br />
precipitation is 200-400mm. They are found around the Kura<br />
and Caspian Basin, and in the Nakhichevan Autonomous<br />
Republic. Semi-deserts also occur over the arid foothills of the<br />
Greater Caucasus and at the lower altitudes of other mountains<br />
such as Ajinohur, and Jeyranchol.<br />
Some damage of grassland and semi-desert habitats has occurred, for example as a result of<br />
long-term irrigation the soil structure has changed in the Kura-Araz lowlands, and soils have<br />
become salinised due to the rising level of the Kura river.<br />
Grassland ecosystems cover 33% of the territory of the Autonomous Republic of<br />
Nakhichevan, mainly occurring along the Araz River. In addition, fragments of different<br />
desert ecosystems occur, including saline semi-desert systems. These areas appear to be<br />
expanding through desertification and associated saliniation is occurring due to over-use of<br />
lands, the arid climate, intensive irrigation and inappropriate drainage or irrigation systems.<br />
Saline deserts support a diverse and unique flora (around 256 species), including some<br />
halophyte species characteristic of such environments 4 . The animals associated with these<br />
ecosystems are mainly nocturnal or crepuscular (including lagomorphs and rodents), although<br />
birds such as desert partridge (Ammoperdix griseogularis) and vultures may be seen during<br />
the day. Semi-desert ecosystems are also present in Nakhichevan plains, in less saline areas at<br />
altitudes of 1100-1300m (and sometimes up to 1500m). Many of these semi-desert systems<br />
are dominated by wormwoods (Artemesia spp., such as A. fragrans.), although a range of<br />
other plants occur. Some of these semi-desert areas provide important winter pastures.<br />
Mountain Ecosystems<br />
Mountain meadow ecosystems cover 10% of the territory of<br />
Picture<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. Alpine meadow is found between 2000-4500 m<br />
above sea level, and has similar communities throughout the<br />
altitudinal zone. Many of the escarpments do not have soil, and<br />
few plant communities exist on them. The subalpine meadows of<br />
the north-east Greater Caucasus, the Garabag volcanic plateau<br />
and ranges, Shahdag, and Murovdag are covered with grain<br />
crops, along with meadow-steppe plants. Forest ecosystems also<br />
occur in mountainous regions, but are addressed in more detail above.<br />
Mountain ecosystems are characteristic of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, and include a<br />
range of communities including xerophytic scrub (including scrubby, rocky areas (gariga)),<br />
steppe-meadows (friganoid), as well as scrubby xerophyte forests, bushes, oak forests, high<br />
4 For example Halocnemum strobilaceum, Halostachis caspica, Salicornia europaea, Zejdlitsia florida, Salsola<br />
crassa, Frangenia hirsute, and Anabasis aphylla<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
mountain meadows and cliff communities. One of the dominant plant communities is<br />
friganoid steppe-meadow vegetation, a complex system that supports a diversity of plants,<br />
including aromatic herbs, such as clary sage (Salvia sclerea), lamb’s ears (Stachys spp.) and<br />
thyme (Thymus collinus), which are important economically and medically. Vetches (such as<br />
Astragalus spp.) are often characteristic in these areas, and a number of rare and endemic<br />
plants are also present, including alliums (Allium leonidi and A. mariae) and tulips (Tulipa<br />
florenski).<br />
Alpine and sub-alpine meadows in Nakhichevan are highly diverse, supporting over 890 plant<br />
species. There is a greater area of alpine meadows, which are dominated by grasses such as<br />
Agrostis alba, Phleum alpinum, Carex canescens, and Nardus stricta, and the low<br />
productivity of these areas restricts grazing potential (although cattle are still grazed on such<br />
pastures in some numbers). High mountain meadows and pastures (at 2000-3000m altitude)<br />
have been affected by over-grazing, leading to invasion by non-palatable plants. At higher<br />
altitudes (3200-3700m) the vegetation becomes shorter and more patchy, dominated by lady’s<br />
mantle (Alchemilla sericea and A. caucasica), with grass (Poa alpina), clover (Trifolium<br />
ambiguum), speedwell (Veronica gentianoides), and plantain (Plantago atrata).<br />
Wetland Ecosystems<br />
The wetland ecosystems of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> are of particular<br />
biological importance. The wetlands and lakes provide Picture<br />
an important stopover for migrants, and over-wintering<br />
birds, and are estimated to support more than 1000 000<br />
birds during the annual migrations. The lakes also<br />
support a diversity of plant species. Some of the key<br />
lakes and wetlands important for biodiversity are<br />
described below:<br />
• Lake Agzibir on the Caspian coast has no protection<br />
status, but has a high diversity of zooplankton (38 species) and macrobenthic organisms<br />
(130 species, as well as 181 bird species, including 77 species of waders. Studies have<br />
shown that migrating and over-wintering wader numbers can reach up to 200,000 birds on<br />
this lake alone.<br />
• Lake Gush in the Salyan region, fed by the Shirvan River, also has no protection status,<br />
although 79 species of wader and nine raptor species have been found. Migrating and<br />
over-wintering bird numbers can reach over 31,000 birds.<br />
• The Kura Delta on the Caspian shore consists of a number of channels and marsh areas,<br />
stretching out into the Caspian Sea, 20 km to the south-east. Reed beds dominate the<br />
wetland ecosystem. This site is of great importance for migrating birds, supporting<br />
numbers in the region of 75,000 waders. Although the Delta has no protection status, it is<br />
State owned.<br />
• Mahmudchala and Agchala Lakes to the south of Baku cover 23,000 ha, much of which is<br />
covered with reed beds. Although important for wintering birds, the area is not protected<br />
but hunting revenue helps protect the area.<br />
• Sarisu Lake is situated on the bank of the Kura River, in the Imishli region, and belongs to<br />
the State. This lake supports a notably high diversity of zooplankton and phytoplankton.<br />
It has a rich reed bed community that provides ideal nesting sites for birds. Studies in<br />
1998 showed 29 bird species breeding here, including some globally threatened species.<br />
• Aggol Lake, also on the right bank of the Kura (in Agjabadi) also has a high diversity,<br />
including 87 species of breeding birds.<br />
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• State-owned Varvara reservoir is situated on the Kura River, to the south-east of<br />
Mingachevir and covers 2,140 ha. The reservoir supports a high diversity of zooplankton,<br />
algae, phytoplankton, and higher plants. Of the 34 species of fish found in the lake, 16 are<br />
considered economically important.<br />
• Jhandargol Lake is situated on the border with Georgia and covers 1,250 ha. Its water is<br />
used for irrigation, and the lake supports an important fishing industry. The lake is rich in<br />
biodiversity, including four globally threatened bird species 5 , and an important reed bed<br />
community.<br />
There are many wetlands and water bodies in Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, which<br />
support varied hydrophytic vegetation (nearly 210 species or water, wetland or marshland<br />
plants have been recorded). Although water plants have not been well described in the<br />
Republic, they include duckweeds (Lemna spp.) and pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.). Other<br />
species are more associated with water margins and marshes 6 In general cover and<br />
productivity in these wetland and marshland systems is low.<br />
Coastal and Marine Ecosystems<br />
Picture<br />
The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of<br />
water in the world, covering 436,000 km 2 , with<br />
borders on five countries 7 . The surface of the<br />
Caspian is at 27 m below the level of the world’s<br />
oceans, although historically the level fluctuates.<br />
The deepest point is 1,023 m (the Lenkoran hollow),<br />
but the average depth is just 184 m.<br />
In general the water of the sea is not fresh, but<br />
brackish, (three times less concentrated than the oceans). The Caspian Sea is not a<br />
homogenous water body due to the influx of water with different compositions in different<br />
areas. In general the north Caspian is less salty (due to the influx of water from the Volga and<br />
Ural rivers), and more species diverse than the middle or southern areas. However, nearly all<br />
of the indigenous species are found in the middle of the Caspian where the water composition<br />
is stable.<br />
The Caspian provides a characteristic ecosystem that differs from the major oceans of the<br />
world. The sea is of global importance due to the high biodiversity, large number of endemic<br />
species (see Table 3.2), and the presence of globally threatened bird and fish species,<br />
including the economically important sturgeon. The region is also a migration route for<br />
millions of birds moving from Africa and the Mediterranean to Central Asia and India. To<br />
date 446 bird species have been recorded in the Caspian, of which 120 species breed, 62<br />
species over-winter, and 278 species migrate through.<br />
Table 3.2 Number of endemic species found in the Caspian<br />
Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass Order Number of<br />
endemics<br />
5 Lesser white-fronted goose (Anser erythropus), pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus), Dalmatian<br />
pelican (Pelecanus crispis) and imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca).<br />
6 For example, Convolvulus persicus, Heliotropium ellipticum, Halacnemum strabilaceum, Salicornia<br />
europaea, Puccinellia qiqanteae, and Chenopodium rubrum<br />
7 Russian Federation, Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, Republic of Turkmenistan and<br />
Islamic Republic of Iran.<br />
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Porиfera - - - - 4<br />
Coelenterata - - - - 2<br />
Nematoda - - - - 3<br />
Platyhelmиnthes - Turbellarиa - - 29<br />
Rotifera - - - - 2<br />
Annelиda - Olиgochaeta - - 4<br />
Polychaeta - - 4<br />
Arthropoda Crustacea Branchиpoda Diplostraca Cladocera 19<br />
Maxиllopoda Ostracoda - 3<br />
Copepoda - 23<br />
Mysиda 20<br />
Ыsopoda 1<br />
Malacostraca Eumalacostraca Amphиpoda 68<br />
Cumacea 19<br />
Decapoda 1<br />
Chelicerata Arachnida Acari Acariformes 2<br />
Mollusca - - - - 53<br />
Vertebrata - - - - 55 8<br />
In total some 450 species of plankton have been recorded from the Caspian, 140 of which are<br />
found in the territories of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. There are 87 species of algae, some of which entered<br />
the Caspian from the Black Sea after the construction of the Volga-Don channel in 1954. In<br />
addition, 380 species of zoobenthos have been recorded from 13 different animal groups, with<br />
the majority of species occurring in the middle and south of the Caspian Sea.<br />
1.1.4. Status review of plant communities and habitats<br />
1.1.4.1. Description of key plant communities<br />
Distinctive plant communities are associated with particular habitat types:<br />
• Xerophytes can tolerate dry and arid habitats and are found in areas of:<br />
− Steppes: (e.g. Festuca silcata, Stipa lessingiana, Onobrychis cornuta and<br />
Medicago coerulea);<br />
− Deserts and semi-desert: (e.g. Astragalus tribulloides, Glycirrhiza glabra);<br />
• Halophytes (e.g. Halocnemum strobilaceum, Halostachys caspica, and Sasola crassa)<br />
develop in salty places;<br />
• Psammophytes (e.g. Ceratocarpus arenarius, Convolvulus persica and Elymus gigantea)<br />
develop in sandy areas;<br />
• Hydrophytes (e.g. Polygonum hydropiper, P. amphibium and Eleocharis meridionalis)<br />
grow around water bodies and in wetland areas;<br />
• Hydrophiles (e.g. Batrachyum divaricatum, Potamogeton perfoliatum and Zannichellia<br />
palustris) develop in water bodies;<br />
• Mesophytes are the dominant form of vegetation, and can be further characterised in<br />
relation to specific habitats:<br />
− Forests: The most widespread forest commuities are dominated by hornbeam<br />
(Carpinus caucasica), Eastern oak (Quercus macranthera) and ash (Fraxinus<br />
excelsior);<br />
− Humid lowland meadows: (e.g. Heraecleum trachyloma, Aconitum nasutum and<br />
Doronicum macrophyllum);<br />
− Alpine meadows: (e.g. Festuca pratensis, F. violacea and Carum caucasicum).<br />
8 54 fish and 1 mammalian species<br />
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1.1.4.2. Rare, endemic or threatened plant communities and habitats<br />
In <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, a number of specific habitats or plant communities are rare or threatened, for<br />
example:<br />
1. Psammophytic coastal plant community (Astragalus bakuensis, Melilotus caspicus,<br />
Calligonum bakuensis, Nitradia schoberi);<br />
2. Xerophytic plant communities in Nakchivan Autonomus Republic near the village of<br />
Badanli and in Shabuz region (Dorema glabrum, Iris lycotis, Astragalus badamlensis,<br />
Thymus collinus);<br />
3. Wetland communities around Akushchay and Sarisu Lakes (Trapa hyrcana, Nelumbo<br />
caspica, Nymphaeca alba,, N. peltata);<br />
4. Dry forest communities in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> and Nakchivan (Pistacia mutica, Celtis<br />
caucasica, Punica granatum, Rhus coriaria, Juniperus oblonga, J. polycarpus, J.<br />
sabina, J. depressa, J. foetidissima);<br />
5. Eldar pine (Pinus eldarica) forest is only found on the Eldar plain in the Samukh<br />
region, and the oak forests (Quercus longipes) around the Nabran region are<br />
threatened;<br />
6. Humid, sub-tropical forest, supporting the rare and threatened iron tree (Parrotia<br />
persica), is unique to the Hyrcan forest of Lenkoran region in Talysh province;<br />
7. Rare and threatened alpine meadows around the lakes of Gey-gol and Maral-gol are<br />
typified by the lily Lilium ledebourii.<br />
Steppe communities dominated by Ferula oopoda and by Colutea comarovii are globally<br />
unique for the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic. In the mountain pastures of the Shahbuz<br />
region a rare and unique plant community is dominated by the endemic species Rheum ribes.<br />
1.1.5. Status review of species<br />
1.1.5.1. Microorganisms<br />
Although there is little information on the diversity of micro-organisms in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, there<br />
are estimated to be between 1,200 and 1,250 species, but to date no endemic micro-organisms<br />
have been described. No specific measures are in place for the protection of microorganisms.<br />
As in the rest of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, there is a lack of knowledge about the diversity of<br />
microorganisms present in the Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan. The presence of<br />
bacteria (Monera) is clear, particularly from their impacts through diseases in humans,<br />
animals and plants, and in their use in food production and processing (such as Lactobacillus<br />
etc.), and in healthcare (e. g. Penicillium). Microorganism cultures are kept in a number of<br />
institutes and epidemiological stations in the region.<br />
1.1.5.2. Protozoa<br />
Protozoa are cellular organisms that live either independently, or as part of a larger organism.<br />
Protozoa provide many varied and essential roles in an ecosystem, for example providing<br />
food for fish larvae and fry, and increasing soil fertility. They are also the pathogens of<br />
human and animal diseases. The protozoa described in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> are distributed from the<br />
following groups:<br />
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• Over 300 species of Sarcomastigofora (flagella and amoebae). Specifically 12 plant and<br />
17 animal flagella and free-living amoebae have been found in the soils of the Lenkoran<br />
area, the Shirvan steppe, and Karabakh Mountain. Over 100 species of amoebae have<br />
been found in the soils of the Sheki-Zakatala area, and in the reservoirs of the Absheron<br />
region.<br />
• Foraminiferida principally inhabit the marine benthos, attached to stones, algae and<br />
hydroids and in planktonic forms. Most forms live in salty water, but some can cope with<br />
significantly fresher water. To date 18 species have been found in the Caspian, 15 of<br />
which are believed to be endemic.<br />
• One species of Pheodarea has been found in the harbour of Baku 9 . Two marine species<br />
of Heliozoa and eight fresh water forms have been recorded either as plankton, or living<br />
on substrates.<br />
• A total of 268 species of Apicomplexa have been found in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, and all are internal<br />
parasites of vertebrates. In addition, 29 species of Microspora have been found in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> (27 of which parasitise invertebrates) and 42 species of Myxozoa (fish<br />
parasites) have been recorded.<br />
• There are over 1,000 free-living and parasitic species of Infusoria and Ciliphora in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. Of these 464 species are found in the Caspian, 300 species in lakes and<br />
reservoirs, and 126 species in soil. Parasitic Infusoria are widespread, 26 species are<br />
external parasites on fresh water and marine fish, and species within this group can be<br />
useful indicators of organic water pollution 10 .<br />
1.1.5.3. Fungi<br />
The fungi of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> have been widely studied by a number of mycologists (see Table<br />
3.3). The structure, ecology, biology or habitat of approximately 5,020 species has been<br />
studied. The majority of fungi studied to date are parasitic on plants, causing a variety of<br />
diseases, which cause particular problems in agriculture. Approximately 400 myxomycetes<br />
(slime moulds) have been described. This widespread group is found in both aquatic and<br />
terrestrial ecosystems, and is also airborne. In addition, approximately 400 basidiomycetes<br />
(club fungi) have been recorded in the country. Of particular note is the species Terfesia<br />
transcaucusica, which is endemic to <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> and is considered to be at risk of extinction.<br />
It is found in the regions of Araz, Absheron, the Lesser Caucasus, and Karaback.<br />
Table 3.3 The number of genera and species of fungi described in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> and<br />
Nakhichevan AR.<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Nakhichevan<br />
Class Number of Number of Number of<br />
genera species species<br />
Myxomycota (slime moulds) 18 40 -<br />
Phycomycota 45 240 47<br />
Ascomycota (yeasts, moulds, morels and<br />
truffles)<br />
210 1,020 67<br />
Basidiomycota (smuts, rusts, jellies, 260 2,600 35<br />
mushrooms and bracket fungi)<br />
Deuteromycota (fungi imperfecti) 130 1,120 22<br />
Total 763 5,020 171<br />
9 Cannosphaera haekelli, found in the late 19 th century<br />
10 Species of the genera Apiosoma, Epistylus, and Trichodina<br />
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A total of 171 species of fungi have been described from Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic,<br />
some of which (notably Phylostica and Septoria spp.) cause agricultural diseases (affecting<br />
tobacco, tea, apple and pear plants, as well as natural vegetation). Further details are shown in<br />
Table 3.3.<br />
1.1.5.4. Flora<br />
Lower plants<br />
Among the lower plants recorded from <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, some 249 species of algae have been<br />
described from the Caspian Sea, and of these 197 are microscopic (phytoplankton; see Table<br />
3.4). In addition, a high diversity in mosses is recorded from <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, with 774 species<br />
described from 44 different orders.<br />
Table 3.4 The number of species within the main algal classifications found from the<br />
Azeri area of the Caspian Sea<br />
Group of algae Number of species<br />
Red algae (Rhodophyta) 20<br />
Brown algae (Phaeophyta) 5<br />
Green algae (Chlorophyta) 25<br />
Microscopic species:<br />
Diatoms (Bacilliariopyta) 197<br />
Blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) 80<br />
Dinophyte (Dinophyta) 16<br />
Golden algae (Chrysophyta) 1<br />
In Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic a range of blue-green algae (approximately 25<br />
species) were recently discovered associated with mineral springs, and many of these are<br />
newly described in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, being previously only found in other countries. Diatoms have<br />
also been found in these same mineral springs, from which 46 species have now been<br />
identified. Nakhichevan also supports 24 species of mosses.<br />
Higher plants<br />
Approximately 4,500 species of higher plants are recorded in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> (Table 3.5) , which<br />
represents around 65% of the floral diversity of the Caucasus region, and 11% of the world’s<br />
flora. The main areas of plant diversity in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> are the highlands of Nakhichevan (60%<br />
of the species occur here), the Kura-Araz plain (40%), the Devechi-Kuba region east of the<br />
Greater Caucasus (38%), the centre of the Lesser Caucasus (29%), Gobustan (26.6%), the<br />
Lenkoran region in the Talysh Mountains (27%), and the Absheron region (22%).<br />
Table 3.5 Number of plant species in different groups<br />
Group<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Nakhichevan<br />
Number of species<br />
Briophyta (mosses) 346 39<br />
Sporophyta (ferns and horse tails) 63 14<br />
Gymnosperms (non flowering plants) 24 18<br />
Angiosperms (flowering plants) 4,413 11 2887 12<br />
Total 4,846 2958<br />
Over 2958 species of higher plants have been recorded from the Autonomous Republic of<br />
Nakhichevan (see Table 3.5). Over half of the plants in the country are xerophytpes, but<br />
11 Including 910 monocotyledons, and 3,503 dicotyledons<br />
12 Including 627 monocotyledons and 2260 dicotyledons<br />
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hydrophytes and halophytes are also represented. The majority of the plants described are<br />
perennials (65%) and biannuals (27%), along with bushes (6%) and trees (2%).<br />
Endemism<br />
There are over 400 species of plants endemic to <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. These include around 210<br />
endemic lower plant species (including ten endemic species of lichen). Around 16 species of<br />
algae are endemic to the Caspian Sea 13 . In addition, 210 higher plant species are considered<br />
endemic to <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, including species from 98 genera and 32 families. The centres of both<br />
higher and lower plant endemism are in the regions of Nakhichevan, the Talysh Mountains,<br />
and east of the Greater Caucasus.<br />
The Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan is an important centre of plant endemism and<br />
supports over 50% of the endemic plants found in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. Endemism is particularly high<br />
within a number of botanical families, including legumes and peas, roses and wild cherries,<br />
asters and wormwoods and grasses (Gramineae) 14 . Recent re-evaluations suggest the territory<br />
has 112 country endemics, and 219 regional (Caucasian) endemics, and an additional 73<br />
plants are locally distributed within Iran and Turkey. Approximately 65 endemic species and<br />
sub-species are found only in Nakhichevan, including Scrophularia nachiczevanica, Stipa<br />
isajevi, S. karjaginii and Pyrethrum ordubadica.<br />
Conservation status<br />
More than 10% of plants in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> are considered to be under danger of extinction, 450<br />
species of them were presented as exotic and extinct species in order to be included in second<br />
edition of the Red Book of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic. (although only 140 of them are mentioned<br />
in the current Red Book of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> 15 ) and three species are listed as globally threatened in<br />
1989 - Iris acutiloba, Calligonum bakuense and Astragalus bakuenses. In 1982 the<br />
government recognised that 2,124 plant species in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> are rare, endemic, threatened,<br />
or of economic importance (Government Order number 167).<br />
Just under 2% of the flora of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic is listed in the <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Red Data Book (54 species or subspecies are listed 16 ). In addition, some species have not<br />
been found in the territory for a number of years and may have become locally extinct 17 .<br />
1.1.5.5. Fauna<br />
Invertebrates<br />
Approximately 25 000 species of invertebrates have been recorded in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, of which<br />
90% are within the phylum Arthropoda (invertebrates with jointed legs), of which a further<br />
90% are insects (sub-phylum Insecta; see Table 3.6). The arachnids (spiders and mites)<br />
represent the second largest group of arthropods in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, with 1,870 species recorded<br />
within the three main orders (Araneae, Acariformes and Parasitiformes, each represented by<br />
700 – 800 species). Fewer crustaceans (order Crustacea) have been recorded, with a total of<br />
13 Four species of red algae, one species of brown algae (an endemic genus), one species of blue-green<br />
algae and ten diatom species.<br />
14 Endemism is high in Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae and Poaceae.<br />
15 Red Book of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> SSR, Published: Ishig, (1989). This classifies species by threat (0-4): extinct,<br />
endangered, rare, vulnerable or data deficient.<br />
16 Of particular note are Nectaroscordum tripedale, Ferula oopoda, Stenotaenia daralaghezica, Campanula<br />
radula and Salsola tamamschjana<br />
17 For example, Aristolochia bottae, Paeonia tenuifolia, Camranula minesterana and Triticum monococcum<br />
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324 described from <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. In addition, it is notable that the phylum Nematoda<br />
(nematode worms) is very numerous in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> (with 1,084 recorded species).<br />
Table 3.6 The six most diverse orders of insects in terms of the number of species<br />
recorded in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Order Number of species<br />
Lepidoptera (Butterflies) 4500<br />
Coleoptera (Beetles) 4000<br />
Hymenoptera (Ants, bees, wasps and sawflies) 2500<br />
Diptera (Flies, mosquitoes and gnats) 2000<br />
Hemiptera (True bugs) 874<br />
Homoptera (Plant bugs) 739<br />
Vertebrates<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> supports 667 species of vertebrates (Table 3.7), across the main taxonomic groups.<br />
Table 3.7 Number of vertebrate species in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, including<br />
Nakhchivan:<br />
Class Number of the species<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Including,<br />
Nakhchivan<br />
Roundnoses 1 -<br />
Fishes 101 29<br />
Amphibians 10 6<br />
Reptiles 54 35<br />
Birds 394 241<br />
Mammals 107 60<br />
• Roundnoses. 1 species of roundnoses of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> fauna - Caspian lamprey<br />
(Caspimyzon wagneri) is covered. It was included as a exotic species in I edition of the<br />
Red Book of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic.<br />
• Fish. In total there are 101 species of fish in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, of which eight introduced and<br />
seven of these have become widespread 18 . Representatives of ten orders of bony fish<br />
(Class Osteichthyes) have been recorded from within the Azeri territory of the Caspian<br />
Sea, and of 13 orders are found in the inland waters of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
• Amphibians. Ten species of amphibians from five families are recorded in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> 19 .<br />
These amphibian species live in a variety of landscapes, depending on their ability to<br />
adapt to harsh environments, and their different nutrient needs. They are commonly<br />
found in plains, semi desert habitats and the mountain foothills, where six species occur.<br />
Few species are found in deserts, high mountains or alpine meadows.<br />
18 Salmon (Salmo gardneri), trout (S. iridus), goycha salmon (Salmo iscgan), chum salmon (Oncorhynchus<br />
keta), leaping grey mullet (Liza saliens), grey mullet (L. risso), gambusia (Gambusia affinis)<br />
19 Common newt (Tritucus vulgaris), warty newt (T. cristatus), eastern spadefoot (Pelobates syriacus),<br />
Caucasian spadefood (P. cacasicus), green toad (Bufo viridis), common toad (Bufo bufo) common tree<br />
frog (Hyla arborea), H. arborea savignii, marsh frog (Rana ridibunda), R. macrocnemis.<br />
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• Reptiles. There are 54 species of reptiles found in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> 20 . Most of these species are<br />
found in semi-desert areas. Few are found in other lowlands or mountainous areas.<br />
• Birds. <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is very rich in avifauna. There are 394 species of birds recorded from<br />
60 families. Around 40% of these species are native to <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, however 27% of these<br />
species over-winter here, and 10% pass through on migration. <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is a major route<br />
for birds migrating from Asia to Europe, and millions of birds pass through the country<br />
from Eastern Europe and western Siberia to South and West Africa each year.<br />
Approximately 1.5 million birds use the wetlands of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> to rest and feed.<br />
• Mammals. Some 107 species of mammals have been recorded in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, three of<br />
which are introduced species 21 . Mammals from seven orders are represented: Insectivores<br />
(13 species in three families), Chiroptera (bats; 28 species), Lagomorpha (rabbits and<br />
hares; 2 species), Rodentia (rodents; 36 species), Carnivora (carnivores; 19 species,<br />
including one species from the suborder Pinnipeda). The most widespread species of<br />
mammal in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> include the water rat (Arvicola terrestris), gray rat (Rattus<br />
norvegicus), wolf (Canis lupus), jackal (C. aureus), fox (Vulpes vulpes), stone martin<br />
(Martes foina), badger (Meles meles) and wild boar (Sus scrofa).<br />
The aquatic fauna is particularly notable in the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, with the<br />
rivers Nakhichevanchay and Arpachay showing the highest faunal diversities – mainly<br />
constituted by invertebrates, of which a number are newly recorded in the region 22 . Around<br />
225 vertebrate species are described from Nakhichevan, and 45 of these are considered rare or<br />
have a restricted range. Fish species richness is high, and many of these fish are important<br />
economically, aesthetically or scientifically. The fish (including sturgeon species) are<br />
dependent on the rich invertebrate and zooplankton fauna of these rivers as a key food source.<br />
One fish species is endemic to the Saggarsu River.<br />
(See: Appendices 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3)<br />
Endemism<br />
It is difficult to accurately estimate endemism among invertebrate groups, as the geographical<br />
distribution of many species has not been investigated fully. Known endemics are listed in<br />
Table 3.8. Furthermore, it is difficult to determine where the centres of endemism are<br />
amongst terrestrial invertebrates in the region due to the lack of studies, and difficulties<br />
undertaking this research. However, the endemism of spiders (Aranae) is known to be higher<br />
in the Greater Caucasus than in Talysh region, and other endemic spiders are known from the<br />
Lesser Caucasus. Invertebrate endemism from the Hyrcan region are frequently recorded in<br />
the literature.<br />
20<br />
Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca), Caspian gecko (Tenuidactylus caspius), hornscaled<br />
agama (Trapelus nuderatus), Caucasian laudakia (Laudakia caucasia), toadhead agama<br />
(Phrynocephalus helioscopus), Ermias species (Eremias strauchi, E. velox, E. arguta and E. pleskei), European<br />
glass lizard (Pseudopus apodus), greenbelly lizard (Lacerta chlorogaster), Caucusus emerald lizard<br />
(Lacerta strigata), Eurasian blind snake (Typhlops vermicularis), Eryx jaculus, Dahl’s whip snake (Coluber<br />
najadum), spotted whip snake (C. ravergieri), Transcaucasian rat snake (Elaphe hohenackeri), Eirenis<br />
collaris, E. punctatolineatus, E. modestus.<br />
21 Wild island hare (Oryctolagus cuniculus), marsh beaver (Myocastor coypus), and American racoon<br />
(Procyon lotor)<br />
22 For example, Eucalamis lyra, Macrotrix rosea, Bosmina crassiocornis, Strularia lacustris, Herpobdella<br />
testacea and Hudroporus palustris<br />
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Table 3.8 Number of known endemic species from different invertebrate groups in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Group Number of endemic species<br />
Porifera (sponges) 3<br />
Coelenterata (jellyfish, corals etc) 1<br />
Platyhelminthes (flat worms) 3<br />
Acanthocephales 8<br />
Annelida 17<br />
Mollusca 126<br />
Anthropoda 738<br />
The greatest number of aquatic invertebrates is found in the Caspian Sea, which is not<br />
surprising given how the isolation of this water body may have contributed to speciation.<br />
A number of bee species are found in restricted ranges in Nakhichevan and may be unique to<br />
the Caucasus.<br />
Among vertebrates, the knowledge of endemism is much higher.<br />
• Fish. A number of fish species endemic to the Caspian Sea, mainly species from the<br />
orders Clupeiformes (herrings) and Perciformes (perch). Fifteen species, and six subspecies<br />
of Gobiidae (order Perciformes) in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> are endemic, while most of the<br />
endemic freshwater fish are from the order Cypriniformes.<br />
• Amphibians. One species is found in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> as Caucasian endemics (Pelodytes<br />
caucasicus).<br />
• Reptiles. Some species, related to Caucasian zoogeographical complex may be considered<br />
as Caucasian endemics.<br />
• Birds. Three regional (Caucasian) endemics are found in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
− The Caucasian black grouse (Tetrao mlokosiewiczi) is found in high<br />
mountain forests at altitudes of 1,700–3000m, in both winter and summer. It<br />
is considered Data Deficient by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,<br />
2000).<br />
− The Caucasian snowcock (Tetraogallus caucasicus) occurs in high<br />
mountains and meadows (at altitudes of 2,200-4,000m) and is listed in the<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Red List.<br />
− The green warbler (Phylloscopus nitidus) is found in pine and mixed forests<br />
and in sub-alpine scrub at altitudes of 1,200-2,600m.<br />
• Mammals. Although there are no strictly endemic mammals in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, there are<br />
around 15 regional endemics present in the country. The Caspian white-toothed shrew<br />
(Crocidura caspica), Hyrcan forest mouse (Sylvaemus hyrcanicus) and Schelkovnikov's<br />
vole (Microtis schelkovnikovi) have been found in the Lenkoran district, but are also likely<br />
to be found in the adjacent territory of Iran. The long-tailed hamster (Calomyscus<br />
urartensis) is found in a small area in the mid-Araz valley of the southern Caucasus, and<br />
also in Iran. Vinogradov's jird (Meriones vinogradovi) is found in the arid territory of<br />
Nakhichevan, and also in adjacent countries. However, Nazarov's vole (Terricola<br />
nazarovi) has only been found in the Murovdag Range of the Lesser Caucasus. The status<br />
of the Caucasian leopard (Panthera pardus ciscaucasica) is unclear.<br />
Species endemic to the Caucasus region and Asia Minor include the Levant mole (Talpa<br />
levantis), Rade's shrew (Sorex raddei), Shelkovnikov's water shrew (Neomys<br />
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schelkovnikovi), and the Caucasian snow vole (Chionomys gud). In addition, the Dagestan<br />
vole (Terricola dagestanicus) and Robert's snow vole (Chionomys roberti) are endemic to<br />
the Caucasian Range and the Lesser Caucasus, although the former has also been found in<br />
Asia Minor. The Dagestan tur (Capra cylindricornis) lives only in the Greater Caucasus.<br />
It is also thought that the Caucasian forest mouse (Sylvaemus ponticus) is the endemic of<br />
the Caucasus. The Caspian seal (Phoca caspica) is endemic to the Caspian Sea.<br />
(See: Appendix 3)<br />
Conservation status<br />
Forty species of invertebrates are listed in the Red Book of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> as being threatened<br />
with extinction. These are all insects (from the orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and<br />
Hymenoptera). In many cases, the insects under threat are large and attractive, and have been<br />
over collected. There are however, more species that are considered threatened by specialists,<br />
but are not included on this list. For example, there are 15 species of invertebrates that are<br />
found in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, that were included on the Red List of the former USSR 23 , but are not on<br />
the Azeri Red List.<br />
Among vertebrates, five species of fish are considered endangered in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> due to<br />
anthropogenic activities. The species of sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris) was included in the<br />
Red book of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> in 1995, however six species of sturgeon found in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> are on<br />
the IUCN red list of endangered species, and the status of sturgeons remains an issue of<br />
ongoing concern. These species are fished in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> according to the rules of CITES 24 .<br />
A species of herring (Clupeonella cultriventris) is also on the IUCN red list. There are a<br />
further seven species of fish that are recommended for inclusion in the Azeri red book 25 .<br />
Five of the ten species of amphibians found in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> are listed in the Red Data Book of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> (see Appendix 3). A number of these species (Tritirus vulgaris vulgaris, T.<br />
cristatus, Bufo bufo, Pelobates syriacus, and Pelodytes caucasicus) have all been successfully<br />
bred in ex-situ conditions. Nine species of reptiles are listed in the Red Data Book of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> (see Appendix 3). Of the bird species found in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, 21 are either<br />
considered globally or nationally threatened. These include the Critically Endangered longbilled<br />
curlew (Numenius tenuirostris), and the Endangered white-headed duck (Oxyura<br />
leucocphala). Six other species are classified as Vulnerable 26 , the other 13 are listed as<br />
Lower Risk or Data Deficient. A number of bird species are also considered to be of<br />
European importance.<br />
Around 33% of the mammals in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> are included on either the <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Red Data<br />
Book or as globally threatened in the IUCN Red List. In the Azeri Red Data Book, five<br />
species are listed as extinct, nine have limited distribution. Another ten species are<br />
23 Insects: Coenagrion mercuriale, Cordulegaster insignis, Epallage fatime, Bolivaria brachyptera, Haploembia<br />
solieri, Bradyporus multituberculatus, Saga pedo, Porphyrophora hamelii, Homoptera, Olivierina extensa,<br />
Xylocopa valga, Scolia maculata, Satanas gigas. Molluscs Pantastacus pylzovi, Eisenia muganiensis.<br />
24 CITES – The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora..<br />
25 European Chub (Leuciscus cephalus orientalis), Transcaucasian barb (Varicorhinus capoeta), Caspian<br />
barbel (Barbus brachycephalus caspius), Bulatmai barbel (Barbus capito capito), Mursa Barbus mursa),<br />
Danube bleak (Chalcalburnus calcoides longissimus), Blackbrow bleak (Acanthalburnus microlepis).<br />
26 Lesser white fronted goose (Anser erythropus), imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca), red-breasted goose<br />
(Branta ruficollis), corn crake (Crex crex), lesser kestrel (falco naumanni), marbled duck (Marmaronetta<br />
angustirostris)<br />
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recommended for inclusion in the second edition of the <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Red Data Book. Of<br />
particular note are the carnivores, as a number of carnivore species are thought to be locally<br />
extinct due to hunting and habitat change (for example striped hyena, Caucasian leopard and<br />
wild cat) all rare from Nakhichevan during the last century. Nearly a quarter of mammal<br />
species occurring in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> have naturally restricted ranges, as a result of the relic nature<br />
of the populations, specific habitat requirements, or the species being at the edge of their<br />
range.<br />
I volume (on vertebrate) of the Red Book of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic was<br />
published in 2006. 71 species of vertebrate were included in this Book. 1 specy of them refers<br />
to fish class, 1 specy to amphibia, 10 species of reptiles, 39 species of birds and 20 species of<br />
mammals. Lists of rare plant and animal species being under danger in Nakhichevan<br />
Autonomous Republic are specified in Appendix 3, Annex 3.1).<br />
1.1.6. Key threats to biodiversity<br />
1.1.6.1. Habitat loss and modification<br />
Land Con<strong>version</strong><br />
The major cause of biodiversity loss in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is the decrease in natural environments.<br />
This decrease has been due to human (anthropogenic) activities changing or destroying<br />
natural habitats. Industry and construction has had an extensive impact on natural habitats.<br />
For example, construction on the Absheron Peninsula has reduced the area of natural and<br />
unspoilt habitats, and as a result has caused a decrease in the biological diversity on the<br />
peninsula.<br />
As a result of political events, about 250,000 people fled from Armenia to <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, and<br />
more than 700,000 people were displaced from the land occupied by Armenia. These people<br />
were settled in towns, temporary camps, hostels and incomplete buildings. New settlements<br />
have been constructed in order to improve the way of life for these people, but not all people<br />
could be resettled. Lack of public amenities is causing both health and environmental<br />
problems in these areas.<br />
Land degradation<br />
A major ecological problem in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is the gradual degradation of agricultural land. At<br />
present 3.6 million ha of land are subject to erosion. The soil of large areas of land is also<br />
becoming salinated. At present 1.5 million ha of land has been salinated to the extent that it is<br />
no longer suitable for agriculture. Salination and erosion of soils tend to be a result of poor<br />
irrigation and drainage systems, ground water extraction and wood cutting. In addition, the<br />
location of refugee and displaced persons settlements near river-banks and canals can degrade<br />
the integrity of the channels.<br />
Grazing by cattle has affected large areas of natural grassland habitats, and has contributed to<br />
soil erosion. Overgrazing by cattle reduces the amounts of plant matter available to other<br />
natural herbivores in the environment, thus decreasing their numbers and changing the<br />
dynamics of the community. Overgrazing can also cause the local extinction of plants in<br />
some areas.<br />
Loss of forests is also contributing to soil erosion and land degradation. Forest cover provides<br />
a protective function to surrounding lands, without it the soils become exposed and erode, and<br />
flooding onto neighbouring lands contributes to further soil erosion.<br />
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Land is also affected by the uncontrolled use of fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides on a<br />
large scale , and such habitat modification may reduce biodiversity. In recent years there has<br />
been an increase in uncontrolled import of these chemicals into the Republic. There is also<br />
little awareness among farmers on the correct use of these chemicals. Overuse can cause a<br />
number of negative effects in natural communities and can threaten key species, especially<br />
those at the top of food chains. Over recent years, due to the decentralisation and privatisation<br />
of companies, and an increase in prices, the level of fertilizer use has decreased. At present<br />
90-95 % of fertilizers used are nitrogenous, as other types are too expensive.<br />
Habitat Fragmentation<br />
The fragmentation of ecosystems in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is prevalent in several ecosystems:<br />
Forests. The unavailability of natural gas, and other fuels has meant that some communities<br />
are using wood as their major source of fuel. Wood is taken from surrounding forests, and as<br />
well as destabilising soil complexes this unsustainable cutting fragments the forest<br />
ecosystems. In other parts of the country forests are being fragmented as economically<br />
valuable timber species (such as nut and oak) are illegally harvested at an unsustainable level.<br />
However improvement of some remote habitats with gas provision, prohibition of any use of<br />
forest resources by the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources and propaganda on usage<br />
of alternative energy sources among the population led to a positive change in this sphere.<br />
• Grasslands. Converting lowland grassy ecosystems into agricultural land, through<br />
ploughing and scrub removal is fragmenting the remaining area of natural steppes. This is<br />
also having a significant impact on the population of birds that rely on these unique<br />
ecosystems. Many of the steppe ecosystems are also fragmented by irrigation channels<br />
and associated constructions (particularly the Kura-Araz plain).<br />
• Rivers. The construction of hydrological dams on the major rivers flowing into the<br />
Caspian Sea, has created obstacles that effectively fragment the riverine habitat for some<br />
species (for example, as a result of the construction of the Mingachevir and Bahramtapa<br />
reservoirs on the Kura and Araz rivers). This has reduced the breeding areas for sturgeons<br />
because they are unable to pass the dams to reach breeding areas upstream and has<br />
resulted in a decrease in their population.<br />
The arid climate of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, characterized by extreme<br />
temperatures and low rainfall, makes the land increasingly fragile with respect to<br />
anthropogenic impacts (from agricultural and industrial uses), and water management<br />
(including irrigation) has had particular impacts on the territory. Misuse of pastures, forests<br />
and agricultural lands has reduced their productivity.<br />
Some areas of land have been significantly degraded, including wide areas of grassland<br />
habitat along the Araz River, water bodies, forests, scrub and pasturelands. Salination has<br />
affected large areas of grassland in Nakhichevan (up to 10,000 ha), particularly in the districts<br />
of Sadarak and Julfa. Little efforts have been made to restore these lands over recent years,<br />
and as a result these lands are no longer suitable for agriculture and are reverting to marshes.<br />
Modern irrigation techniques would need needed in order to recover these lands.<br />
1.1.6.2. Over-use of biological and natural resources<br />
Overgrazing of grasslands and pastures<br />
During Soviet times, land was owned by the State, and as such, the people did not view the<br />
land as theirs to protect. This resulted in the overgrazing of grasslands and plains in many<br />
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regions. Furthermore, due to the recent economic decline in the country, many people have<br />
attempted to increase their income from natural resources. This has been reflected by an<br />
increase in the area and intensity of land now grazed by cattle. The intensive use of pastures,<br />
such as in the Absheron and Gobustan area has accelerated the erosion of the soil, and the<br />
desertification of the land. Some refugee families and displaced persons have settled and now<br />
breed stock in several regions of the country. Unfortunately, because there is no summer<br />
pasture for their stock, they remain on the winter pasture all year, which leads to overgrazing<br />
to the extent that the pasture can no longer be used. Earth works and geobotanical survey<br />
were carried out in the years of 1949-1951 for the last time in natural fodder fields which<br />
located in the territory of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic and being main forage reserve of livestock<br />
(especially sheep breeding). There existed 8203.4 thousand heads of sheeps and goats on all<br />
natures of household in the republic up to January 1, 2008. 3049.1 ha winter quarters and<br />
1507.9 thousand ha summer pasture are required for provision of the sheeps and goats with<br />
winter quarters and summer pastures. As mentioned above, there exist 1395.1 thousand ha<br />
winter quarters for 2876.0 thousand heads and 563.9 thousand ha summer pastures (including<br />
areas under occupation) for 1939.4 thousand heads. Provision of the sheeps and goats with<br />
winter quarters totals to 35.1% and with summer pastures to 25.4% including pastures-grazing<br />
fields under occupation.<br />
Over use of forest resources<br />
In 1999-2000 there were many areas in the country where the local population did<br />
not have access to energy sources such as electricity, gas and coal, and imports of wood. The<br />
wood in the surrounding environment has therefore been cut for use as fuel. In many places<br />
wood has been cut at an unsustainable rate, and some of the forests that are being destroyed<br />
include those that are internationally important habitats. Forests in the occupied territories are<br />
also used unsustainably, and the volume of timber extracted from such forests by Armenians<br />
continues to increase.<br />
More grievous problem faced by countrywide silviculture is existence of 261 thousand ha (or<br />
25% of forest covered area) forest area and getting out of 10.2 thousand ha forest area from<br />
farming turnover as a result of Armenian aggression. The forests remained under the<br />
occupation are savagely cut and sacked. Cutting of valuable trees grown in these territories<br />
leads to critical limit of biodiversity protection. Intensified development of timber industry in<br />
Armenia is observed after occupation of territories of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic. So, although total<br />
volume of wood transportation equalled to 58 thousand m 3 in Armenia in 1989 it reached to<br />
206.6 thousand m 3 by increasing as 3.5 times in 1993 and volume of manufacturing and<br />
transportation of used wood reached to 14.2 thousand m 3 in 1993 from 7.2 thousand m 3 in<br />
1988 by increasing as 1.97 times. Nevertheless total area of Armenian forests is 3 times less<br />
than forest lands of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic.<br />
Despite forest area of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic is 3 times larger than Armenian forest area,<br />
Armenia Republic takes first place in fabrication of furniture among countries joined the<br />
Commonwealth of Independent States on account of forests under occupation.<br />
So that unanalogous endemic East plane forest covering small area (240 ha) at Basitchay<br />
basin in the territory of Zangilan region are savagely cut and sold to foreign countries for<br />
furniture making. Moreover, Araz oak having great umbrella and red oak disseminated on<br />
high mountain slopes in the territory of Lachin region can be exemplified. This specy being<br />
one of various species of high mountain oak is widely used in manufacturing of wine and<br />
brandy barrels and tuns because of wood redness. Ordinary nut in Lachin region and bear<br />
hazelnut, also beech, hornbeam trees and etc. are fallen incidentally without following<br />
forestry rules and handed over for furniture making. There cut off 163 walnut trees being<br />
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under state forest fund and 507 walnut trees at areas not included in state forest fund in the<br />
years of 2002-2003. “Max Wood” society obtained 587 tons of wood stumps, 478 m 3 used<br />
trees and 37 m 3 manufacturing trees within 2001-2003.<br />
Prevailing over hunting regulations<br />
There occurred positive changes in this sphere within the past 6 years, it initially proceeds<br />
from adoption of necessary statutory acts (one Law and more than ten Decisions) in<br />
regulation of hunting and fishing activities in countrywide territory. At the same time,<br />
assigning of authorities on control over hunting activity and management of hunting areas to<br />
the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources as only state body led to effective control over<br />
the above sector. However noncompliance with quotas which assigned to regulate use of<br />
relevant biological resources - hunting fields and illegal hunting (fishing) adversely impact to<br />
number growth of several biodiversity species.<br />
Furthermore, low-level ecological education and environmental consciousness result in killing<br />
of some dangerous animals, for example snakes (in many cases the people kill amphibia and<br />
reptiles without distinction in venomous and unvenomous snakes) and, in failure to adhere<br />
hunting rules and regulations.<br />
Pet trade<br />
Efforts of smuggling in rare and exotic species of rich flora and especially fauna of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic is regularly observed and recorded. For example, due to a need of<br />
species such as valuable falcons including falco cherrug and ordinary falcon (falco<br />
peregrinus) for hunting purposes in arabian countries and sold on sufficiently expensive price,<br />
there exist facts on immigration of citizens of foreign countries (Iran Islamic Republic, Syria,<br />
Lebanon and etc.) and illegal poaching in order to capture and smuggle them. At the same<br />
time, selling of spawn of sturgeons on most expensive price in foreign market causes to<br />
efforts towards poaching in countrywide territory and smuggling.<br />
Water extraction<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is rich in natural resources, and industrial development provides many<br />
opportunities for the country. Nevertheless, ecological problems have occurred because of<br />
the unsystematic use of these natural resources, and because modern technologies are not<br />
always applied to prevent these problems. The extraction of water resources is a particular<br />
issue. Of the 35 milliard m 3 of water resources in the country, 5 milliard m 3 of is ground<br />
water, and 21,4 milliard m 3 is in the 38 reservoirs, and 900 miilion m 3 in 450 lakes.<br />
According to State sources, approximately 10 milliard m 3 of water is used each year, and just<br />
under 3 milliard m 3 of this water is lost due to poor transportation systems. Of the water used,<br />
70% is from neighbouring countries, and there is an annual water deficiency of 4 milliard m 3 .<br />
In Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic over-grazing has affected the productivity of<br />
pasturelands, and many areas are suffering from erosion and other indications of degradation.<br />
For example, grass is scarce and unproductive in the Araz plains, which act as the winter<br />
pastures. These lands would now sustainably support up to ten cows/ha, but densities of up to<br />
300 cows/ha are still recorded. The most productive lands remain within Sharur district, and<br />
in some parts of Sadarak district. Nakhichevan’s forests have also been over-used as a source<br />
of fuel, charcoal and construction materials.<br />
Hunting is prevalent in Nakhichevan, and hunting quotas appear to be generally exceeded.<br />
Range of animal rare species is hunted. Fishing is popular for sport, recreation, subsistence<br />
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and commerce. However, the fish catch exceeds official quotas, and in addition a range of<br />
illegal fishing methods are used and fish are illegally hunted during the spawning season. Fish<br />
populations are also affected by other factors such as: lack of regulation of water levels; lack<br />
of fish protection equipment in reservoirs; and pollution. Trade in a number of wild species is<br />
reported from Nakhichevan. These include wild boar, mouflon, mountain goat (bezoar), quail,<br />
venomous snakes, and wild plants such as tulips and orchids.<br />
Water extraction is an important issue in Nakhichevan, given its abundance of water bodies<br />
and underground water sources. The breakdown, inefficiency and leakage from irrigation<br />
systems and reservoirs result in losses of up to 40% of water due to be used for irrigation.<br />
Hunting is widely spread in Nakhichevan and violation of the assigned hunting and fishing<br />
quotas is allowed, plus a number of illegal hunting methods are broadly being used.<br />
Taking off water from water basins and underground water layers is very important for<br />
Nakhichevan. The accidents and unregulated fetching of water from irrigation system and<br />
water reservoirs lead to loss of water to the extent of 40% for irrigation purposes.<br />
1.1.6.3. Pollution<br />
Water pollution<br />
Challenges related to water resources serve as a background for problems on protection of<br />
environment in the region. Demand for countrywide water reserves and protection from<br />
pollution is put forward as a main strategic security action.<br />
As 3/4 part of territories of the country located in lower relief of Kura river basin being the<br />
largest water through-passage, pollution of river in the territories of neighbouring states<br />
causes ecological burden. So that average 350 million m 3 polluted waters are diverted to Kura<br />
river basin from Armenian territory, average 330 million m 3 polluted waters from Georgia<br />
territory. Di<strong>version</strong> of untreated sewages by neighbouring states to Kura river basin adversely<br />
impacts to its hydrochemical process and water quality. As a result of transboundary<br />
pollution, water basins underwent to pollution in any extent, self-regeneration process<br />
disrupted hereof and they became dangerous source while using. During recent studies there<br />
observed sufficiently high density of copper, molibdenum, zinc, phenol and petroleum<br />
derivatives (10 times more than allowable norm/tolerance pollution standard) in river waters<br />
resulted from transboundary pollution .<br />
Usage of river waters which undergone to serious pollution, by 80% of the countrywide<br />
population in potable water supply and agriculture causes a danger for human health.<br />
Probability of infection of people with different diseases is built up due to use of poor potable<br />
waters.<br />
It was determined as a result of recent observations carried out on transit river flows by proper<br />
authorities of the country that majority of incoming transit flows are polluted with ingredients<br />
could cause a number of complications. Phenols and copper compounds take particular place<br />
among such ingredients. So as a result of analyses it was determined that in boundary zones<br />
with Armenia quantity of phenols in Araz river is 8-10 times more than tolerance pollution<br />
standard, copper compounds are 6-8 times more and accordingly the above in Aghstafa river<br />
are 4-9 and 7-11 times more than tolerance pollution standard.<br />
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Aghstafa river as a right distributary of Kura river comes in countrywide territory in Gazakh<br />
region passing through territory of Armenia Republic. Main reason for pollution of this river<br />
is characterized in direct di<strong>version</strong> of mill waters and household-sanitary sewages in big cities<br />
of Armenia without treatment and disinfection. Aghstafa storage pond was founded in 1971<br />
and has water capacity of 120 million m 3 . Considering usage of waters of this storage pond in<br />
irrigation of areas in Gazakh and neighbouring regions, as well as in potable water supply of a<br />
part of Gazakh population, extent of ecological aggression can be imagined clearly.<br />
Waste waters of copper-molibdenum enterprises and big cities of Armenia are directly<br />
discharged into Okhchu river without treatment. Density of copper, molibdenum and other<br />
heavy metals in river waters in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>-Armenia border are observed to be 10 times more<br />
than tolerance because of overpollution of these waters. As a result, microflora and fauna in<br />
river waters devastated, self-purification process stopped and subsequently, river basin<br />
became “dead zone”.<br />
Also, Sarsang water storage basin located in the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh which<br />
occupied by Armenia, is used as a pressure medium. Waters of the storage basin at 560<br />
million m 3 capacity are diverted to villages and habitats comprised by <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>i population<br />
without considering seasonal needs of the area in winter and as a consequence, sharp water<br />
lack appears in this area during summer season. Habitats, agricultural fields and<br />
communication lines are undergone water flooding in winter. But in summer the people suffer<br />
from water deficiency and as a result of desertification, soil degradation is observed. Thereby,<br />
it complicates poor living condition of the local population, especially of internally displaced<br />
people and refugees.<br />
As 20% of the territories of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic was occupied by Armenian forces, severely<br />
exploitation of our natural resources and overpollution of water resources are observed<br />
resulted from isolation of these areas from ecological control and hereof, obtaining of exact<br />
information on pollution of Kura river basin became difficult to the last extent.<br />
Forest cover plays a specific role in solution of problems related to water resources. So, being<br />
sparsely forested country, totally 11% of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> territory is covered with forest. Besides,<br />
25% of overall forest cover is under occupation as a consequence of Armenian aggression.<br />
Thus, insufficiency of forest resources can lead to exhaustion of natural water reserves<br />
gradually.<br />
At the present, all transit rivers of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> undergo strong pollutant effect in upstreams and<br />
upcurrents. It can be characterized in very dangerous ecological tendency.<br />
At the same time, use of water factor by Armenian Republic as a scare gives rise to anxiety.<br />
In this standpoint, necessity of strictly addressing ecological safety factors must be taken into<br />
account as one of most significant challenges while establishing international safety systems.<br />
Practical actions should be carried out by regional states for prevention of transboundary<br />
pollution of water reserves in South Caucasus and specific steps should be taken for solution<br />
of current problems.<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic has ratified Helsinki convention “On protection and use of boundary<br />
water flows and international lakes” in order to solve problems of interfrontier water<br />
basinswithin the framework of international norms in regional level, but neighbouring states<br />
have not joined this convention.<br />
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Main reason for unefficient use of countrywide water resources and occurrence of water<br />
basins pollution is characterized in insufficient provision of republic city and region centres<br />
and other dwelling places with sewerage system as well as enterprises with water treatment<br />
facilities and unsuitability of operated units and facilities. Untreated industrial and household<br />
waste waters of large cities in the country play a major role in pollution of water basins.<br />
22 mechanical and biological treatment facilities are functioning for purification of sanitarywaste<br />
waters in territory of the republic. It should be noted that nonoperation of the existing<br />
facilities in compliance with the regulations causes to pollution of water basins.<br />
Di<strong>version</strong> of industrial and household sewages without complete purification to water<br />
sources, including to the Caspian sea causes to generation of other ecological problems.<br />
Encountering of biological resources in the sea is related to enhancement of adverse effects of<br />
anthropogenous factors.<br />
There exist more than 200 lakes with total area of 3325 ha in Absheron peninsula. Long-term<br />
use of old and obsolete technologies in oil mines caused to pollution of soil with oil and<br />
produced waters. These areas play a major role in pollution of the Caspian sea. The lakes lead<br />
to degradation and salinization of soil by impacting upon the environment and to<br />
underflooding of additional lands resulted from ground water rise and to emission of<br />
hydrocarbons and other repugnant substances resulted from evaporation and to underflooding<br />
of habitats, roads and communication lines.<br />
Fluctuation of level, pollution of sea waters and aggravation of ecological situation hereof, are<br />
main ecological problems of the Caspian sea.<br />
Key pollution sources of the Caspian sea consist of sewage waters of cities and industrial<br />
facilities located on its coasts and various pollutants coming from sea transport and oil mines.<br />
Sewage waters diverted to the Caspian sea which coming from coastal cities are considered to<br />
be major pollutants. Moreover operation of offshore oil fields and delivery of petroleum<br />
derivatives as well as sea transport pollute the Caspian waters more and more.<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
At the present, the Government of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> carries out relevant actions in protection of the<br />
Caspian sea from pollution. <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is an only country among the Caspian states that takes<br />
part in maintenance of environmental balance in the Caspian sea thorugh large-scale projects.<br />
“Integrated Actions Plan on improvement of ecological situation in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic for<br />
the years 2006-2010” stimulated greatly to works carried out in protection of countrywide<br />
environment.<br />
Allocation of funds for implementation of measures provided by the Integrated Actions Plan<br />
realizes timely solution of these problems.<br />
Different projects are executed on account of countrywide budget funds and under support of<br />
international financial institutions. Projects on water supply and treatment of waste sewages<br />
are implemented in small cities. There established “Azersu” Joint Stock Company in order to<br />
promote management in this sphere and to provide management of problems solution related<br />
to water supply and waste waters by an integrated body. This step which taken in solution of<br />
current problems in the country serves to reconstruction and enhancement of water supply and<br />
sewerage systems.<br />
Construction and reconstruction of water reservoirs, water pipelines, water supply and<br />
treatment facilities are performed by proper authorities under credit of the World Bank, Asia<br />
Development Bank and other financial institutions, including on account of the budget funds<br />
in order to improve quality of potable water.<br />
Thereby purification of water in compliance with requirements of relevant statutory<br />
documents in water treatment stations and supply of water consumers with uninterrupted and<br />
safe potable water are provided in phases.<br />
Presently, actions are ongoing in supply of villages of countrywide different regions with<br />
module water treatment facilities and installations which functioning in off-line/autonomous<br />
mode. There set and commissioned module type water treatment facilities in 122 habitats of<br />
12 regions with 224 thousand people overall by the Government according to Decrees of the<br />
President of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic concerning improvement of ecologically pure water supply<br />
of the population who used waters of Kura and Araz rivers. In general, as a result of execution<br />
of the Presidential Decrees water delivered for 800 thousand rural peoples will be purified in<br />
conformity with norms and regulations of the World Health Organization through installation<br />
of module type water treatment facilities in more than 500 thousand villages which limited in<br />
qualitative water opportunities.<br />
Soil pollution<br />
One of the existing key ecological challenges is undergoing of soil to erosion and degradation.<br />
Main reasons of the problem are natural climate condition, absence of farming continued for a<br />
long time, exceeding of livestock number as compared to ecological capacity of the lands and<br />
unregular grazing of the livestock, unexecution of cropping/cultivation rules, declining of<br />
forests, woodlands and greenery, deteriorated state of collector-drainage systems and other<br />
human-caused factors. Approximate 3 million ha area has undergone to salting, erosion and<br />
corrosion inthe republic. Zones surrounding Plain Garabagh, Upstream Shirvan, Central<br />
Mughan, Mughan-Salyan collectors was undergone to salting and soil erosion mostly.<br />
As a consequence of long-term incidental exploitation of natural resources, nonapplicability of<br />
new technologies, expansion of unlawful interventions in nature and other intensive<br />
anthropogenous impacts, major part of soil in Absheron peninsula was polluted with petroleum<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
derivatives and processing, sanitary and etc. wastes and subsequently, there appeared a number<br />
of serious ecological problems in the region.<br />
Total area of lands degraded as a result of anthropogenous impacts in Absheron peninsula is<br />
33.3 thousand ha, including oil pollution areas 10.6 thousand ha. Lands mostly polluted with<br />
oil and petroleum derivatives are situated in the territories of Garadagh, Binagadi, Sabunchu,<br />
Surakhany, Azizbayov and Sabayil districts.<br />
Management of solid domestic wastes (urban ore)<br />
There exist serious problems related to management of solid domestic wastes in the country,<br />
especially in large cities of the republic. Absence of compliance with rules on sorting,<br />
transportation and disposal of wastes and refuse according to standards and nonutilization of<br />
them became danger source for public health alongside with pollution of the environment.<br />
125 illegal dump sites exist in Absheron peninsula together with 5 solid waste landfills.<br />
Current landfills do not meet ecological norms and standards. On the other hand, no any<br />
technologies are applied in utilization and treatment of plastic and polyethylene packing<br />
materials. 63587 thousand plastic packing materials were manufactured and removed after<br />
usage in the country in 2008.<br />
Management of hazardous wastes<br />
Overall quantity of hazardous process wastes totalled to 1650 thousand tons remained at areas<br />
of countrywide manufacturing enterprises for the end of 2008. Storage condition of the wastes<br />
do not satisfy ecological norms and standards in many cases and causes to source of danger<br />
for the environment and human health.<br />
No any technologies are applied in utilization and treatment of many hazardous wastes<br />
(scavenge fuel-lubricative materials, mercury lamps, accumulators and rubber tires). There<br />
accrued 47585 tons of fuel-lubricative materials, 0.8 tons of used mercury lamps, 313.3<br />
thousand accumulators and 693.6 thousand rubber tires in the country in 2008.<br />
Pollution of atmosphere<br />
Quantity of overall emissions from stationary and mobile pollution sources decreased due to<br />
declining of industrial activity in the country territory since 1990 year. Level of air pollution<br />
was in most serious state at processing units of oil-gas production and oil refinery and<br />
chemistry industry in large-scale cities such as Baku and Sumgayit. Emissions from mobile<br />
pollution sources increased considerably as a result of growth of vehicles number within the<br />
past period.<br />
Large cities in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> suffered from pollution level of atmosphere precedently that it was<br />
deemed to be hazardous for public health. Declining of industrial production improved air<br />
quality considerably, but the situation can be varied towards deterioration due to gradually<br />
accruing vehicles. At the present, key sectors mostly polluting the atmosphere are comprised<br />
by transport, industry and energetics. Wastes from stationary pollution sources were less as<br />
80%, emissions from mobile sources were higher as 34% in 2008 as compared to 1991.<br />
Nevertheless total quantity of emissions from stationary sources equalled to 515 million tons<br />
2000, this figure totalled to 281 thousand tons in 2008. But intensive growth of vehicles<br />
number in the republic, especially in Baku city enhanced volume of deleterious gas emissions<br />
from mobile pollution sources within the last years. Harmful emissions from mobile sources<br />
equalled to 69.5% of overall wastes in 2008.<br />
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Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Data about quantity of overall emissions on the country since 2000 and emissions on sources<br />
in 2008 are shown in the following diagrams:<br />
Quantity of emissions on the country,<br />
thousand ton (2000-2008 years)<br />
48<br />
Quantity of emissions on sources in 2008<br />
(thousand ton)<br />
As evident from outcomes of the monitoring, the atmosphere in large cities of the republic is<br />
undergone to pollution in various extent depending on lines of business working for<br />
countrywide large industrial cities. Volume of specific air pollutants such as dust, carbon<br />
monoxide, nitrided 4-oxide, fume and furfurol exceeds tolerance in several days in Baku city.<br />
Specific air pollutants such as chlorine, nitrided 4-oxide, hydrogen fluoride and others are<br />
referred to Sumgayit city. Out of repugnant substances only volume of hydrogen fluoride<br />
exceeds tolerance in Ganja city. Pollution of the atmosphere with nitrided 4-oxide is more<br />
peculiar in Shirvan city. It was observed that the atmosphere in Nakhichevan, Shaki,<br />
Mingachevir and Lankaran cities did not undergo to pollution.<br />
The Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan faces a particular threat from water and soil<br />
pollution. At present the area lacks any modern facilities to clean water, and each day 2.4<br />
million m 3 of polluted water from Nakhichevan city is released into the Nakhichevan River,<br />
which in turn flows into the Araz River. This contributed to the increasing pollution levels in<br />
this river, which also receives 4-5 million m 3 of untreated water from Armenia every day,<br />
from both residential and industrial sources (including chemical factories). Sediment loads in<br />
the river have increased dramatically, heavy metals may be as much a five times greater than<br />
recommended safe levels, and nitrates are particularly high. Salination of land and associated<br />
pollution, as a result of poor irrigation practices, is also a major problem in Nakhichevan.<br />
Air pollution is less of a problem in Nakhichevan than in some of the larger cities of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, however concerns are increasing over the impact of vehicle emissions in the<br />
territory, particularly from trucks transporting goods over the mountain passes to Iran and<br />
Turkey. Lime and cement works in Nakhichevan may also contribute to air pollution. There is<br />
an increasing problem in relation to waste disposal from residential, industrial, market and<br />
office sources.<br />
1.1.6.4. Introduced and invasive species<br />
total stationary<br />
sources<br />
vehicles<br />
There are several notable species that are considered to be invasive in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. One of the<br />
most notable is the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi - an introduced species that invaded the<br />
Caspian through the Volga Don channel. Its population has now multiplied to the extent that<br />
2009
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
the biomass of the population has exceeded the general productive biomass of the sea. There<br />
are no predators for this jelly in the Caspian, and climatic conditions favour its growth and<br />
reproduction. It feeds on animal plankton, including the planktonic larvae of fish, and as such,<br />
it is capable of seriously undermining economically and biologically important fish<br />
populations. This could also impact the rest of the food chain, as top predators, such as the<br />
Caspian seal and sturgeon species, are reliant on healthy fish populations.<br />
Of the 21 introduced samples of the invasive species American racoon (Procyon lotor), ten<br />
males and eleven females were released in the Ismayilli region in 1941 from where they have<br />
spread to other regions of the Republic. They are now widely spread throughout the forest<br />
ecosystems of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, and hunting of this species is encouraged throughout the year.<br />
Regarding plants adventitious weedery such as ambrosia artemisiifolia L, cuscuts L.,<br />
acroptilion repens DC., solanium rostratum Dun spreaded out in countrywide flora and<br />
squeeze out thelocal species seriously. Plant ambrosia artemisiifolia L is widely spread in<br />
North Caucasus. Local people who had been awared of this plant as a quarantine weed since<br />
ancient times clean it throughout all areas massively in spring months of every year. Pollens<br />
of this plant lead to death of children under 10 age by splashing into their throats and cause<br />
illness of adults by infection.<br />
One of adventitious species which causes huge damage to greenery of nature and<br />
agrobiocenoses in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, is American white butterfly. Dissemination of this specy<br />
becomes more hazardous year by year in enduring all preventive control actions.<br />
1.1.6.5. Natural pathogens<br />
In <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> there are many natural pathogenic viruses and bacteria that affect livestock and<br />
other animals. Their impact on the animal can be varied, however a high load of parasites<br />
weakens an animal and can reduce its immune response. Some of these pathogens are<br />
naturally occurring (such as rabies, a highly infectious virus that damages the central nervous<br />
system of animals). Viruses and parasitic fungi can affect plants, and many have a damaging<br />
effect on crop plants. Pathogenic parasitic protozoa are not great in number. However some<br />
are present that infect animal species.<br />
A great number of parasitic worms have been recorded in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, including over 4,000<br />
species of Platyhelminthes (flatwoms) and 789 Nemathelminthes (nematodes) (of the 24<br />
species to animals and 318 species to plants cause diseases). Diseases caused by parasitic<br />
nematodes include a disease in foxes (particularly worrying because of the close links<br />
between the habitations of humans and foxes), a fatal disease found in populations of wild and<br />
domestic pigs, and other diseases that are found in domestic and wild animal populations.<br />
The impact of such disease on populations of wild animals is not fully understood.<br />
There observed and recorded H1N1 and H1N5 pathology virus diseases appeared in wildlife<br />
and occurred with human infection within the last years, namely since 2005. For the purpose<br />
of prevention and prophylactics of the diseases, State Commission was established attached to<br />
the Cabinet of Ministers in presence of high officials of proper authorities.<br />
Introduced pests (such as the Colorado beetle) have affected a number of agricultural systems<br />
in the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, as a result of lack of quarantine controls on<br />
imports. An agreement of trade and plant quarantine restrictions was reached between<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> and Iran in 2002, allowing for new regulations on transfer of seeds and other<br />
agricultural products, and avoids accidental transfer of key species likely to pose a threat to<br />
agriculture (including bacteria, fungi, nematodes, insect pests and weeds).<br />
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1.1.6.6. Climate changes and natural disasters<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Climate change is an ecological problem on a global scale that poses a recognized threat to all<br />
ecosystems and associated biodiversity. Predictions suggest that climate change is likely to<br />
have a negative impact on ecosystems in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> and may result in increased flooding and<br />
desertification, fragmentation of habitats, and species extinction. Over the last century the air<br />
temperature in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> has increased on average by around half a degree Celsius, with the<br />
highest changes in temperature recorded from the Greater Caucasus and the Kura-Araz<br />
lowland (0.5 - 0.6 o C) ans lowest changes recorded in Minor Caucasus and along Caspian<br />
shoreline.<br />
Based on global models of climate change, experts estimate that average temperatures in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> could increase by as much as 2 o C. Associated with this it is expected the incidence<br />
of temperature extremes will increase, as will extreme weather events. Particularly important,<br />
is a predicted decrease in humidity for much of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Such increases could affect the availability of water (particularly in arid regions), which could<br />
in turn impact on irrigation, drinking water, and power production. Biological systems would<br />
also be affected under this scenario, with predictions of changed ecosystem dynamics and<br />
degradation of forest zones. The predictions suggest that the area of deciduous forest will<br />
decrease by 20%, while coniferous woodland will increase by 12%, and scrub coverage could<br />
increase by as much as 70%. The area of oak forest could reduce by 2-3%, although areas of<br />
beech would increase by 15% and hornbeam by 19%.<br />
The warmer climate could increase productivity for a number of plants, and this would favour<br />
increased agriculture (including vineyards, cotton and fodder production). However, the<br />
increase in evapo-transpiration from the soil could result in increased salination and erosion,<br />
ultimately leading to desertification.<br />
Insufficiency of water resources and their irregular distribution on areas and seasons lead to<br />
problems in use of water in many cases. Only 5-20% of annual water flows of rivers fall on<br />
vegetation period depending on the region. On the other hand, nevertheless water deficiency<br />
is observed in low-water periods, but flooding and overflowing appear in abundant water<br />
seasons. Enhancement of such occurrences was observed within the last years (Picture 1.1).<br />
Picture 1.1. Tendency of floods observed in the years of 1999-2008<br />
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Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Depending on surface fluctuation of the Caspian sea, rising of ground water level caused to<br />
overflood of surrounding areas at length of 200 km from outfall of Kura river during<br />
inundation period since 1993. Riverside villages of Salyan, Neftchala, Sabirabad regions and<br />
bank areas of Shirvan city which located on riverside of Kura undergo underflows as a<br />
consequence of floods and inundations. As a result, large-scale facilities, farms, household<br />
plots, home grounds and dwelling houses in these areas seriously suffer hereof. (Picture 1.2).<br />
Picture<br />
Picture 1.2. Flooding observed in Kura river in the territory of Salyan region in 2003<br />
There observed heavy floods and overflows in the rivers refulted from snowmelt on<br />
mountainous areas and showery rains because of a sharp rise in temperatures over mountainy<br />
areas of Great and Little Caucasus within 2003-2008.<br />
2 persons died in Amirvar village of Dashkasan region caused by flood passing through<br />
Shamkir river in the evening on Aprel 6, 2003 due to snowmelt in uplands of Little Caucasus<br />
because of a sharp rise in temperature and 3 persons underwent to drowning death caused by<br />
flood passing through Gilgil river in Davachi-Siyazan region on May 18, 2003. Arable lands,<br />
houses and bridges were damaged as a result of short-term floodings in the rivers of Tala,<br />
Kurmuk, Kish, Shin, Dashaghil, Khalkhal, Alinja, Gala and Damiraparan in Balakan-Shaki<br />
and Oghuz-Gabala regions on May 22-23, at local time 22 00 -05 00 .<br />
There occurred floods in the rivers of Balakan-Shaki-Gabala region on July 10, 2004 at local<br />
time 03 50 -08 30 . Thus floods and inundations were observed in the rivers of Kish, Shin,<br />
Kurmuk, Tala, Gara, Katekh, Balakan and Mazim. Pedestrian overpass/footbridge in<br />
Mahamalar village of Balakan region was undergone overflows. Therefore potable water<br />
supply of Balakan and Shaki regions was disrupted. As a consequence of shower rains (hails,<br />
wind) in the evening on July 22, short-term overflows passed through Goshgar river across<br />
Dashkasan region and finally, 4 persons drowned in the river, electric piles were broken<br />
down, some houses were destructed and arable lands were damaged.<br />
As a result of shower rains on July 29, 2006 floods and overflows passed through the rivers of<br />
Mazim, Balakan, Gara, Katekh, Tala, Kurmuk, Kish, Shin, Ayri, Dashaghilcha in Balakan-<br />
Shaki region. As a consequence of overflow passing through Kish, Shin and Dashaghilcha<br />
rivers surrounding villages were damaged considerably and arable lands, underground<br />
telephone lines, roads and intervillage footbridges underwent to flooding. Therefore potable<br />
water supply of Shaki region was disrupted and some houses remained under flows. A flood<br />
was observed in Saraturk river as a result of shower rain on September 27 at local time 19 45 .<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Level of water rised as 95 cm, water consumption exceeded 15 m 3 /cm. Subsequently, 2<br />
persons died in overflow while rescuing cows.<br />
Araz water reservoir was completely filled up due to sharp rise in surface level of Araz river<br />
in first ten days of May 2007. There emerged overflows in lower parts of Givrag and Araz<br />
water reservoir. As a result of shower rains (35 mm in five minutes) in mountainous area of<br />
Shahbuz region on May 27 at local time 21 00 -23 00 a flood was observed in Bichanak and<br />
Garababa points of Nakhichevan river and subsequently, Yukhary Gishlag village was<br />
damaged considerably and 2 persons died in overflow. There emerged flooding and<br />
inundations in Asrik and Zayam rivers flowing through territory of Tovuz region as a result of<br />
shower rains on June 20 at local time 19 00 , they resulted in damages to roads and bridges in<br />
up and middle reaches of the rivers and there appeared a flood in Chair river resulted from<br />
heavy rains in area of Slavyanka village of Gadabay region and as a consequence, 2 vehicles<br />
and newly constructed bridge remained under flooding and territory of the region were<br />
damaged considerably.<br />
Due to shower rains (Guba 33mm, Khachmaz 23mm, Rustov 59mm, Gusar 38mm, Tangaalty<br />
20mm, Kupchal 16mm) on July 8 2008 at local time 20 10 , floods and overflows passed<br />
through the rivers of Gusar, Gudiyal, Valvala, Guru, Jaghajug, Gilgil. Level of water surface<br />
rised to 2 m. As a result, level meter units underwent to flooding, hydraulic works were<br />
damaged and some habitats, electric piles, roads and bridges suffered considerably, finally 1<br />
person died in overflow. Due to shower rains (Dashkasan 24mm and Goygol 22mm) on July<br />
8-9, floods and overflows passed through the rivers of Goshgar, Kurak, Dastafyurd and<br />
Ganja. As a result, level meter units underwent to flooding, hydraulic works were damaged,<br />
arable lands were out of use, telephone and electric piles were broken down, private cars<br />
turned over, roadways suffered and 1 military serviceman died in overflow while passing<br />
across the river. Level of water surface rised as 157 cm in Lankaran river, 105 cm in Sefidor<br />
river and 117 cm in Vasharu river due to shower rains (Dashdatuk 49.8 mm and Lankaran<br />
25.6 mm) on October 2-3 (in the evening and at night). There emerged short-term floods in<br />
Pensar river flowing across territory of Astara region and subsequently 2 persons, i.e. mother<br />
and her child remained under floods while passing through footbridge. Horned livestock and<br />
bridges underwent to flooding in some villages.<br />
Territory of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic is included in the list of areas, where floods and inundations<br />
are observed mostly along the world. Appearance of floods in Great and Little Caucasus<br />
mountain ranges which cover almost half of countrywide territory, occurs more intensively.<br />
Most floods and inundations happen in uplands of South slope of Great Caucasus and<br />
Nakhichevan AR. Countrywide economy suffers to the extent of 18-25 million USD because<br />
of floods occurred every year. The expected climate changes can cause serious difficulties in<br />
the future by increasing recurrence of floods and overflows.<br />
Glaciers<br />
Main glacier fields of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> are situated in basin of Gusar river throughout Great<br />
Caucasus (Picture 1.3). It was determined as a result of studies carried out within the past 110<br />
years that area of glaciers diminished to 2.4 km 2 from 4.9 km 2 in this period and at the<br />
present, their freezing level passes through average 3500m altitude elevation.<br />
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(Picture 1.3)<br />
Underground waters<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Underground waters constitute 24 million m 3 in a day (8.8 km 3 in a year) being formed in<br />
foothills of Great and Little Caucasus and plain areas, Nakhichevan and Talish ranges of the<br />
country. Presently, 5 million m 3 or only 20% of overall resources are used in a day. It shows<br />
possibility of widely usability of underground water potential of the country in water<br />
deficiency period.<br />
Hail<br />
Most recurrence of hail precipitations is observed in uplands and foothills of Great and Little<br />
Caucasus. Agriculture plants mostly suffer from frequent hail-hits.<br />
Strong wind<br />
Orographic features of the area enable west winds to become stronger along Kura river basin<br />
and west coasts of the Caspian sea as well as east winds in the territory of Nakhichevan AR.<br />
An increase tendency of number of very strong windy days (more than 25 m/second) is<br />
observed in the republic within the last years according to statistic analyses carried out. So<br />
that within 2002-2008 maximum speed of wind in territory of the republic reached to 38-40<br />
m/second in Baku and Absheron cities, Ganja-Shamakhy-Zardab-Zagatala regions (Alibay) in<br />
August 2005, in March 2006 and February, March, August, September 2007.<br />
Temperature extremums<br />
Temperature stresses adversely effects wildlife and vegetation. Exceedence of absolute<br />
maximums and minimums of air temperature were observed within past 15 years in the last<br />
century. Declining of minimum temperature in a considerable extent in winter led to damages<br />
for subtropic plants. Within 2002-2008 maximum air temperature in territory of the republic<br />
totalled to 40-43 0 hot (July 2005, August 2007) in some Central Lowland regions, minimal<br />
temperature equalled to 14-17 0 frost (February 2005, March 2006) in uplands. Minimum air<br />
temperature in Baku and Absheron peninsula was observed as 8.7 0 frost in January 2008 that<br />
it is a record.<br />
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Fires<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Deciduous/leaf bearing forests dominate mainly in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, therefore forest fires are not<br />
specific for the republic. But fires happened as a result of anthropogenous impacts can cause<br />
to extinction of various species of flora and fauna. Majority of fires occur due to burning of<br />
fields after corn reaping mainly in arid cycle. So that 7 forest fires happened in 2002 covered<br />
46 ha area. But fire-fanging of hay, then trees appears in spring-summer seasons in Talish<br />
ranges. Six forest fires happened in 2007 covered 88.3 ha area, four forest fires in 2008<br />
covered 25.3 ha area.<br />
Surface fluctuation of the Caspian sea<br />
Beginning from 1978 up to 1995 485 km 2 coast line of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> remained under water at<br />
the result of the growth of sea level 2.5 m in the Caspian Sea. At the result of the growth of<br />
the level in the Caspian Sea the sea is re-polluted with the oil products. Biogenic elements,<br />
organic substance, and heavy metals amounts increase at the result of washing the areas<br />
under water or water pressure. Also there were changes in the estuary of the Kura; so in<br />
comparison with 1979 the thickness of the sludge grew 1.2-1.4 m. According to the modern<br />
research results high humidity will be kept in the Caspian Sea basin as the result of climate<br />
heating. If the level grows 150 centimeter, in the Caspian Sea 87,7 thousand ha will remain<br />
under water and it will occupy 1,6% of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> area. At the result of expected growth at<br />
the Caspian Sea level is one of the important factors to influence the multiply of mine fish.<br />
The multiply of mine fish in the river will decrease; the quality of the water on the coastline<br />
will deteriorate and the places for spawning will get to worth in shallow coastal areas<br />
because of the growth in the sea level.<br />
Surface level of the sea equalled to -27,12 m Bsn in 2008. Surface level of the Caspian sea<br />
was remembered with large fluctuations within the history. Surface level fluctuations cause<br />
great damages to the economy of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic. According to opinions of some<br />
specialists, surface level of the Caspian can rise up as 1.2 m until 2020.<br />
1.2. Problem Analysis<br />
1.2.1. Current status of biodiversity<br />
Declining of countrywide biological diversity observed in the last years occurs due to human<br />
caused environmental impacts. In this standpoint, human impacts upon natural complexes can<br />
emerge in direct or indirect, open or closed, serious and nonsensitive way. Unsufficient use of<br />
soil and water resources impacts upon atmosphere and climate features and is related to<br />
overuse of them in many cases. Change in climate and atmosphere features effects upon<br />
function of ecosystem and subsequently, causes to decreasing of biodiversity.<br />
At the present, very endangered and more sensitive ecosystems in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic are in<br />
Kura-Araz plains. Incorrect use of lands of these ecosystems resulted in erosion.<br />
Semidesert areas of Absheron peninsula underwent upon more anthropogenous impact. Other<br />
ecosystems undergone strong human-caused impact are shared by mountainous ecosystems.<br />
Declining process of mountain forest lines accelerated considerably in the last decades.<br />
Cutting off forests, illegal and unefficient use of summer pastures led to intensification of<br />
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erosion processes and multiple floods and slides. <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is one of sparsely forested<br />
countries. Illegal use and loss of forestries cause to anxiety and trouble (for example, loss of<br />
tugai forests).<br />
At the same time, construction of highways and pipelines in the areas enriched with<br />
biodiversity which resulted from countrywide economic development within the last years<br />
seriously impacts upon ecosystem by causing fragmentation, intensification of desertification<br />
and even local climate changes.<br />
Intensive grazing of the pastures results in decreasing of vegetation and, stagnation and<br />
variation of plant species in ranges and subsequently, generation of poisonous and harmful<br />
grasses and enhancement of erosion processes and finally, degradation of proper ecosystem.<br />
In addition, <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>’s wetlands are significantly affected by anthropogenic impacts. Some<br />
natural lakes in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> (such as Mehman, Garasu and Marso) have almost completed<br />
dried out as a result of over-extraction, and others have been severely impacted as a result of<br />
the construction of irrigation and drainage systems (such as Bozgobu and Sarisu lakes).<br />
Many of these lakes were once important breeding grounds for fish. Lowland lakes are<br />
generally fed from drainage channels (as the main rivers are regulated) and this increases their<br />
salinity, and dramatically impacts aquatic life, including fish. A number of these lakes are<br />
also polluted with outflows from industrial and domestic sources, and may be contaminated<br />
with oil from unsealed wells, the ecological situation of these wetlands is becoming acute.<br />
The situation in the Caspian Sea is a matter of both national and international concern. As a<br />
closed system, this sea is particularly vulnerable to human impacts, and its biodiversity is at<br />
risk from a number of factors, including the recent accidental introduction of Mnemiopsis<br />
leidyi, pollution loads and over-fishing (particularly of valuable fish, such as sturgeon).<br />
Disruption of balance in ecosystems leads to complete demolition of vegetation and animals<br />
being an integral part hereof. Areals of several valuable and economically important tree and<br />
plant species diminished considerably within the last 50 years caused by human activity.<br />
Besides, it is recommended to include 450 plant species and 220 animal species (total 670<br />
species) to the Red Book of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> which undergone to extinction. Disruption of natural<br />
habitats of animals lead to rapid extinction of a majority of them, especially invertebrates.<br />
Animals (such as striped hyena, namely Hyaena hyaena) from invertebrate ones accustomed<br />
to restricted areas undergo special danger. As a result of overmuch and unefficient use, wild<br />
vegetables and herbs, fruits and berries suffer, too. Particularly, en masse collection of herbs<br />
for sale encounter exhaustion of resources and some species for endangering.<br />
Plant and animal species have also been affected by hunting and over-collection, and by the<br />
impacts of parasites and diseases.<br />
1.2.2. Direct causes of biodiversity loss<br />
Human activity underlies most of the causes of biodiversity losses in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, and<br />
humankind has significantly affected much of the land, through activities such as:<br />
• Land con<strong>version</strong>, predominantly for agriculture, but also for construction and industry,<br />
has reduced the area of natural habitat in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> and results in fragmentation of the<br />
remaining landscape.<br />
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• Land degradation, resulting from overuse, erosion and fertilizer burdens reduces<br />
productivity and affects the likelihood of natural habitats reestablishing. It is estimated<br />
that 70% of pastures have undergone erosion, particularly the more fragile summer<br />
pastures.<br />
• Pesticide use, particularly the legacy of high levels of application of toxic chemicals<br />
during the Soviet era, has resulted in long term pollution of some soils, and leaching into<br />
waterways. Pesticide use is currently under improved State control, however some illegal<br />
application of imported and unregistered pesticides is thought to occur.<br />
• Irrigation has impacted much of the lowlands, and canals have fragmented much of the<br />
wider natural habitat, preventing free migration of animal species (especially as they lack<br />
appropriate bridges or escape paths for wildlife). Over recent years the collapse of these<br />
systems due to lack of repair has resulted in changes in the chemical composition of soil,<br />
increase in the ground-water level and gradual increases in salinity in some areas.<br />
• Water regulation, including the construction of dams and management of water flows<br />
and extraction levels, has affected aquatic habitats significantly, particularly in the absence<br />
of adequate measures for protection of fisheries and other aquatic species<br />
• Pollution, including the legacy from Soviet industry and agriculture, and ongoing<br />
pollution of waterways from domestic and industrial sources. In some cases older<br />
infrastructure relating to the oil industry is a source of pollution. The outflow of rivers into<br />
the Caspian Sea contributed to the pollution loads detected in the marine habitat.<br />
• Transport infrastructure (including over 2,000 km of railway, 25,000 km of roads and<br />
4,000 km of oil and gas pipelines) has caused habitat fragmentation, and represent barriers<br />
to the movement of wildlife, resulting in genetic isolation of sub-populations.<br />
• Over-use of biological resources has been ongoing, with difficult economic conditions<br />
resulting in overexploitation of forests, medicinal plants and animals (including fish). Of<br />
particular note has been the decline in fisheries from both the Caspian Sea and inland<br />
waterways as a result of over-catch along with other factors such as water extraction and<br />
pollution. The sturgeon issue is one that requires international collaboration in order to<br />
prevent further over-fishing.<br />
• Invasive species. Delivery of Mnemiopsis leidyi into the Caspian sea caused to extinction<br />
of tens of alevins and generally, feed provision of fishes.<br />
Regarding plants adventitious weedery such as ambrosia artemisiifolia L, cuscuts L.,<br />
acroptilion repens DC., solanium rostratum Dun spreaded out in countrywide flora and<br />
squeeze out thelocal species seriously.<br />
• Climate changes. Global climate changes effect to countrywide biodiversity in any<br />
extent. As a result of overall climate warming, biodiversity more undergoes effect of<br />
stress factors by rising up of humidity index in some arid areas and by declining of<br />
cloudage and moisture in other areas, at the same time climate changes result in serious<br />
change of hydrological regime of many rivers and lakes that it adversely impact upon<br />
water bioresources.<br />
1.2.3. Underlying causes of biodiversity loss<br />
A range of issues drive the ongoing decline of biodiversity in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, as in the rest of the<br />
world:<br />
• Economic development. Over the last decade the Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> has seen major<br />
social and economic change, resulting from independence, economic downturn, and<br />
subsequent market reforms and recovery. The legacy of Soviet overuse of natural<br />
resources persists with regard to high pollution and pesticide burdens. In addition, the<br />
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economic downturn affected the maintenance of infrastructure, including irrigation<br />
systems, leading to its deterioration and subsequent environmental impacts. The problems<br />
associated with market reforms, coupled with the costs of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict,<br />
resulted in reduced living standards for much of the population, and greater reliance on<br />
natural resource use.<br />
• Land use. In order to feed the population and to support economic growth, significant<br />
areas of land have been converted from natural ecosystems to agricultural use. In addition,<br />
to this loss of natural habitat, other ecosystems are also affected by ongoing use –<br />
particularly with regard to grazing in lowland plains and mountain meadows. The lack of<br />
regulation of some grazing activities, and inappropriate use of meadow habitats, is<br />
contributing to soil erosion and changes in plant community compositions, which<br />
ultimately affect biodiversity.<br />
• Conflict. The ongoing conflict with Armenia over Karabakh has contributed significantly<br />
to biodiversity declines. All terrestrial ecosystems have been affected – either directly or<br />
indirectly – by the conflict over Karabakh, which has resulted in destruction of extensive<br />
areas of woodland (mainly through fire) and ecological impacts to fauna and flora within<br />
the occupied territories. The occupation of territories by Armenian forces has resulted in a<br />
significant increase in refugees and internally displaced people (together representing<br />
around 1 million people or 12% of the population). The long-standing conflict has affected<br />
the country’s economy and living conditions, resulting in greater exploitation of natural<br />
resources. Refugees and internally displaced people often live in temporary settlements,<br />
and rely on intensive grazing and use of fuel wood, resulting in local land degradation<br />
around these settlements. In addition, a number of the Strict Nature Reserves and<br />
significant forest reserves are located within the occupied territories.<br />
1.2.4 Key sectors affecting biodiversity<br />
A number of economic sectors directly impact biodiversity in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
• Agriculture. Reform of the agricultural sector over the last few years has reduced its<br />
impact on biodiversity. Previously under the Soviet system productivity was maintained<br />
by extensive use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, and through the establishment of<br />
extensive monocultures. However, a significant portion of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>’s land remains<br />
under cultivation, and the associated biodiversity is still directly affected (for example, the<br />
regulations in place to protect wildlife during harvesting are not always observed, fields<br />
are burnt after harvest, unregistered pesticides and inappropriate fertilizers are used;<br />
pastures are intensively grazed, and irrigation systems affect soil and water bodies).<br />
• Forestry. In general, the area of forest continues to decrease in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, and species<br />
composition and structure of woodland is changing. Lack of sources of fuel (such as gas)<br />
result in a reliance on wood for fuel, which is probably the greatest impact on forest<br />
resources. In addition, timber is cut illegally for construction, which results in the removal<br />
of older trees from the forests.<br />
• Industry. Although pollution from industrial sources has decreased over the last decade<br />
as the economic status of the country changed, the legacy of pollution from previous years<br />
remains a problem, with poor decommissioning procedures leaving behind untreated<br />
industrial waste and obsolete equipment.<br />
• Transport. The density of roads and growth in the transport infrastructure (including<br />
canal construction) has resulted in greater fragmentation of the habitat. In addition, there is<br />
now a growth in pollution from vehicle emission sources.<br />
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• Construction. In many cases new buildings are constructed without appropriate planning<br />
or impact assessment, based on local regulations, without effective State oversight. As a<br />
result some houses have been built in inappropriate areas (for example in pipeline buffer<br />
zones, and on the protected shores of lakes and the Caspian Sea).<br />
• Oil Industry. Oil extraction and refining industries have had significant effects on<br />
biodiversity and on the general environment. For decades ground (soil) tanks and open<br />
canals have been used to collect oil flowing from onshore wells and to ensure flow of oil<br />
to processing centres. The lack of the necessary technologies, inappropriate drilling<br />
regimes, poor maintenance and disregard of environmental protection measures have<br />
contributed to impacts in both onshore and offshore ecosystems. On the Absheron<br />
Peninsula 7,400 ha has been badly contaminated, and the legacy of earlier oil extraction<br />
remains in polluted lakes, soil and ground water. The extent of oil extraction and<br />
processing has now decreased and new technological processes have been introduced.<br />
However the State oil company is still considered to be a major contributor to atmospheric<br />
pollution, and the issue of waste water discharge into the Caspian Sea remains a cause for<br />
concern<br />
• Mining. The mining industry affects biodiversity in a number of ways, including direct<br />
destruction of natural habitats (such as destruction of pastures for quarrying), widespread<br />
erosion and pollution, increases in the transport network, extensive slag heaps covering<br />
surrounding areas, coupled with lack of appropriate restoration of the lands. Mining<br />
activities affect significant areas of mountain habitats in particular, and these have been<br />
related to increasing erosion in these areas. Many of the by-products of mining contain<br />
heavy metals contaminate surrounding soils and water courses.<br />
• Tourism. If unregulated, tourism can significantly affect natural habitats and species.<br />
Unplanned and inappropriate construction in natural areas (for example in coastal, forest<br />
or green zones), coupled with increased transport and development of new paths in<br />
ecologically sensitive areas, increased collection of rare plants and increased litter are all<br />
problems.<br />
1.2.5. Restrictions on protection process<br />
Main factors impacting upon protection and rehabilitation of biological diversity:<br />
• Deficiency of financial opportunities;<br />
• Lack of information on proper management methods;<br />
• Weak and incomplete execution mechanism of the adopted laws;<br />
• Low-level environmental conscious and culture of the population;<br />
• Weakness of ecological education and enlightenment;<br />
• Underdevelopment or absence of regional cooperation;<br />
• Dullness of economic encouragement in protection of biological diversity;<br />
• Delay of the country adherence to a number of necessary international conventions<br />
(Bonn Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, Rotterdam<br />
Convention on prejustified reconciliation procedure on international trade for several<br />
dangerous chemicals and pesticides).<br />
1.2.6. Opportunities for biodiversity conservation<br />
A number of developments will support further efforts to improve biodiversity conservation<br />
in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
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The Constitution of the Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> outlines the core principles of environmental<br />
protection, and the legislative basis for this has been put in place, along with an improved<br />
environmental management structure has been developed. The Constitution, which was<br />
adopted after a national referendum in 1995, sets out the principles of environmental<br />
protection, ownership of natural resources and the regulation of this sector. Since then the<br />
Milli Mejlis (Parliament) has further developed the legislative basis for regulating<br />
environmental protection, and around 20 laws have been adopted to bring the country in line<br />
with international standards on environmental protection.<br />
The Government of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic pays great attention to solution of ecological<br />
problems, including protection and management of biological diversity. In this regard, lines of<br />
priority importance have been defined.<br />
According to Convention of Biological Diversity of the United Nations, there established<br />
State Commission in order to fulfill obligations and commitments undertaken by <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Republic and to ensure implementation of integrated measures for prevention of extinction<br />
danger of genetic resources of plants, animals and microorganisms.<br />
“<strong>National</strong> Programme on Ecologically Sustainable Social-Economic Development” which<br />
aimed at protection of current ecological systems and economic potential and efficient use of<br />
natural resources to provide needs of the existing and future generations of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Republic and “<strong>National</strong> Programme on forest renewal and enhancement in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Republic” aimed at renewal of forests through regionalized species and increasing of quality<br />
and productivity and, enhancement of countrywide vegetation by planting new forests and<br />
greeneries through addtional land plots which approved by Decree №1152 dated February 18,<br />
2003 of the President of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, create wide opportunities for protection and conservation<br />
of biological diversity.<br />
“<strong>National</strong> Strategy on protection and sustainable use of biological diversity in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Republic and Action Plan” approved by Decree №1368 dated March 24, 2006 of the<br />
President of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic seriously stimulated and promoted definition and execution<br />
of priority commitments.<br />
The Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources established under Decree dated May 23, 2001<br />
and organized its countrywide activity efficiently. As evident from one fact, only total area of<br />
protected areas reached to 10.1% by increasing from 4.5% in relation to the country territory<br />
in the course of the Ministry activity.<br />
About 60 NGOs from more than 400 ones established in the republic work for ecology sector.<br />
(See: Annexes 9.1 and 9.2)<br />
1.2.7. Further phases<br />
This document was prepared based on the requrements of Convention of Biological Diversity<br />
and involves current status of biological diversity in the territory of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic and<br />
factors impacted upon it.<br />
The report has been drafted in the presence of all concerned parties in view of their opinions<br />
and proposals.<br />
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Chapter 2<br />
Current Status of <strong>National</strong> Biodiversity<br />
Strategies and Action Plans<br />
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2.1. Legislation and policy on use and protection of<br />
biodiversity<br />
Legislative framework in protection and use of biological diversity of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is created as<br />
follows:<br />
- Laws of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic providing for public administration in protection of the<br />
environment, including air protection, conservation and use of wildlife areas, organization of<br />
hunting and game husbandries, implementation of hunting activity and protection,<br />
enhancement and use of shooting preserves and organization of protected areas;<br />
- decrees and orders of the President of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic and decisions of the Cabinet of<br />
Ministers ensuring execution of provisions stipulated in Laws of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic;<br />
- statutory acts of central executive powers (ministry and etc.) providing for proper actions in<br />
conservation of the environment and protection of biological diversity.<br />
<strong>National</strong> legislation on protection of biological diversity is established in view of international<br />
treaties (Agreements and Conventions) to which <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic adhered.<br />
2.1.1. Protection of the environment and legislation regulating this sphere<br />
Principles for protection of the environment, belonging of natural resources and regulation of<br />
this sphere were stipulated in the Constitution of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic adopted by all-people's<br />
referendum on November 12, 1995. According to the Constitution natural resources belong to<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic without prejudice to rights and benefits of any individuals or legal<br />
entities, it is duty of every citizen to protect the environment and everybody has right to life in<br />
safe environment. Also it was established that everybody has right to collect information<br />
about current position of the environment and to compensation for damages to his/her health<br />
and property due to ecological disruption. Nobody can endanger or cause damage to the<br />
environment and natural resources more than tolerance provided by law. It is specified that<br />
the state ensures and maintenance of ecological balance and conservation of legally set<br />
species of wild plants and animals.<br />
The state should adopt scientific bases and modern methods developed in order to preserve<br />
soil, earth core, wildlife, purity of air and water and, to use them efficiently and to provide<br />
increase of human beings under scientific bases and to improve and enhance the environment<br />
for benefit of current and future generations welfare.<br />
Legislation of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic on protection of the environment is comprised by the<br />
Constitution of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic, Law of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic “On nature conservation”<br />
and statutory acts on preservation and use of separate components of the environment (water,<br />
soil, atmosphere, forest and etc.).<br />
It should be noted that there created legal framework in accordance with local and<br />
international standards and legal norms on nature conservancy as applied in other spheres of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> after gaining independency. More than 20 laws regulating nature conservation<br />
were adopted in the last years.<br />
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2.1.2. Laws on protected areas and sites<br />
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According to Law of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic “On nature conservation”, state nature reserve fund<br />
is a collection of environmental sites contains ecological, scientific-research, rare origin,<br />
educational and historical values. Protection of state nature reserve fund possesed scientific,<br />
ecological, historical and genetic values is provided by imposing restrictions and bans upon<br />
usage of them. Protected areas are comprised by natural complexes and sites of importance<br />
like special ecological, scientific, cultural, aesthetic and sanitation in nature conservation and,<br />
areals of rare and endangered fauna and flora species and, land and water basin (aquatory)<br />
areas which excluded from farming turnover completely or partially, permanently or<br />
temporarily and air space above them.<br />
According to Law of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic “On protected areas and sites” organization and<br />
conservation of protected areas are based upon principles such as preservation of biological<br />
diversity and natural ecological system, rational utilization of protected areas and sites,<br />
efficient use hereof for development of science, culture, education and enlightenment and,<br />
growth of tourism and recreation in view of social-economic factors and interests of the local<br />
population, state regulation and control over protected areas and sites, paid-for usage of<br />
protected areas and sites in legally provided cases, participation of peoples and communities<br />
in conservation of protected areas and sites and international cooperation. Protection,<br />
sanitary-protection and other safeguard zones can be established in land and water areas<br />
adjoining protected areas and sites in order to ensure special protection. Any kinds of activity<br />
might adversely impacting upon natural complexes and sites of protected areas are prohibited<br />
in lands of these zones.<br />
Lands of protected areas and sites include nature preservation, nature reserve, sanatoria, rest<br />
(recreation) and historical-cultural sites subject to rational utilization and legal regime.<br />
Putting into use of other category lands is governed by the land legislation of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Republic for the purpose of protected areas organization.<br />
Land plots under private ownership, use and lease can be purchased, use and lease rights<br />
hereof can be terminated in a manner provided by the land legislation of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic<br />
and according to terms and conditions stipulated in Civil Code of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic in<br />
order to organize protected areas.<br />
Land plots where protected areas and sites located on, are used by consent of owners, users<br />
and tenants without disappropriation of them or subject to easement (right to a restricted<br />
utilization of someone’s land plot) by court decision.<br />
Pursuant to the Land Code of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic, lands of protected areas are as follows:<br />
- nature conservancy lands (lands of surface water flows and water protection zones of water<br />
reservoirs; protection zone for spawning; safeguarding forests; forest plantations for<br />
protection of pastures, fields, waters and against erosion and other land plots for nature<br />
preservation);<br />
- nature reserve lands (lands of reserves, sanctuaries (except to hunting sanctuaries), natural<br />
monuments, natural (national) dendrological and zoological parks, botanical gardens);<br />
- sanatoria lands (lands of sanatoria and resorts (beaches, mineral water sources, therapy oil,<br />
mud fields and etc.) used and can be used for arrangement of diseases prophylactics and<br />
treatment which contain favourable natural treatment factors);<br />
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- rest (recreation) lands (lands planned and used for organization of rest, tourism, physical<br />
culture and sport activity);<br />
- historical-cultural lands (historical-cultural reserves, commemorative parks, cemeteries,<br />
graves, archaeological sites and rare geological formation).<br />
Furthermore, protection and sanitary zones are created around reserve lands, habitats,<br />
sanitation zones, rivers, springs, water basins, hydrotechnical and water intake facilities,<br />
potable and technical water supply sources.<br />
Water facilities of preferential scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic and nature conservative<br />
importance are considered to be protected water facilities. They are referred to protected<br />
water facilities of countrywide, regional and local importance and are excluded from farming<br />
turnover completely or partially, permanently or temporarily under the legislation.<br />
Protected water facilities can exist as a separate natural area or a part of natural area of<br />
preferential protection provided by the legislation of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic. Following<br />
categories of protected water facilities are specified in Water Code of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic:<br />
- Areas of internal waters of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic and section waters of the Caspian sea (lake)<br />
belonged to <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>;<br />
- wetlands;<br />
- running waters and water reservoirs referred to exotic natural landscapes;<br />
- protection zones around source and outfall of water facilities;<br />
- spawning and hibernation/wintering grounds of valuable fish species;<br />
- water facilities being an integral part of forests, wildlife and other protected natural<br />
resources.<br />
There defined water protection zones for maintenance of water facilities in compliance with<br />
ecological requirements and prevention of pollution, contamination and exhaustion of surface<br />
and subsurface waters as well as conservation of fauna and flora areal and, coastal protection<br />
zones along boundaries of them.<br />
“General framework and principles for soil zonation”, “Rules for categorization of protected<br />
water facilities”, “Rules for determination of water protection zones and extent/scope,<br />
boundaries and use of coastal protection zones”, “Rules for referring of forests to protective<br />
categories and transfer of forests from one protective category to another protective category”<br />
and etc. which approved by proper decisions of the Cabinet of Ministers of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Republic, are applied in determination of the protected areas.<br />
2.1.3. Laws on flora and fauna<br />
No specific law on protection of biological diversity exist in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic. But many<br />
laws regarding conservation and use of biological sites adopted in the last years. The laws on<br />
conservation and use of flora and fauna are as follows:<br />
- On wild fauna (1999);<br />
- On fishing (1998);<br />
- On Forest Code (1997);<br />
- On protected areas and sites (2000);<br />
- On hunting (2004);<br />
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Proper decisions were adopted by the Cabinet of Ministers in relation to execution of these<br />
laws and rules regulating this sphere were approved by the same decisions hereof. A number<br />
of statutory documents were compiled and approved by central executive powers (the<br />
Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, the Ministry of Agriculture) providing for<br />
relevant actions in nature conservation and protection of biological diversity in order to<br />
ensure execution of such laws and decisions. But there emerged a necessity of relevant<br />
amendments to the Law “protected areas and sites” in order to ensure full effectiveness of<br />
laws and to eliminate discrepancies and gaps. Information on biosphere rezerves were added<br />
and elaborated again by the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources in view of adequate<br />
amendments, thus the opinions of proper ministries and bodies were submitted to the<br />
Government for review of draft Law.<br />
It should be noted that adoption of relevant laws is deemed expedient to ensure entire<br />
conservation and use of genetic resources and flora of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic.<br />
There elaborated draft Law of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic “On safety during activity of gene<br />
engineering” regulating the relations in promotion of safety in gene engineering activity,<br />
nature conservation and protection of public health and, proper additions and amendments<br />
were made in the draft considering opinions and proposals of the related ministries and other<br />
organizations. The draft Law will be submitted to the Government to be accepted and<br />
adopted.<br />
2.1.4. Land use and legislation for development<br />
The land legislation of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic is comprised by Land Code and other statutory<br />
acts. The lands of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> had been under state and collective farm-cooperate ownership.<br />
As a result of the reforms countrywide lands were granted to state, municipal and private<br />
ownership.<br />
As it been in all spheres, a need had arisen for legal framework entirely covering the process<br />
and ensuring its dynamism in order to regulate land relations and to implement land reform.<br />
In this regard, the following laws and more than 40 other statutory documents were adopted in<br />
the last years:<br />
- On land reform (1996);<br />
- On earth core (1998);<br />
- On state land cadastre, lands monitoring and land regulation (1998);<br />
- On soil fertility/land capability (1999);<br />
- On land market (1999);<br />
- Areas and lands of municipalities (1999).<br />
Principles for implementation of land reforms were established in the Laws of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Republic such as “On reform for state owned farms and collective farms” (1995) and “On<br />
land reform” (1996). The Laws of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic adopted afterward - Land Code of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic (1999), Decree of the President of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic “On some<br />
actions regarding acceleration of agrarian reforms” (1999) and other statutory acts created a<br />
strong legal framework for land reform.<br />
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It should be noted that there emerged a necessity of additions and amendments in relevant<br />
statutory acts, i.e. bringing into line with each other of them, in relation to enforcement of the<br />
Laws adopted within the last years.<br />
2.1.5. Laws stipulating legal bases for prevention of environmental pollution<br />
Legislative acts on prevention of environmental pollution include relevant Laws of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic, decrees and orders of President of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic, decisions of the<br />
Cabinet of Ministers, inctructions/directions of central executive powers and other documents.<br />
The following laws on nature conservation and its regulation were adopted in the last 5 years:<br />
- On nature conservation (1999);<br />
- On ecological safety (1999);<br />
- On air protection (2001);<br />
- On production and household wastes (1998);<br />
- On water supply and sewage (1999);<br />
- On hunting (2004)<br />
- On phytosanitary control (2006).<br />
- On beekeeping (2009)<br />
It should be noted that proper clauses were stipulated regarding prevention of environmental<br />
pollution in the laws of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic related to natural resources such as Water Code<br />
(1997), Land Code (1999), Hydrometeorology activity (1998), On wild fauna (1999), On<br />
fishing (1998), On radiation safety of population (1997).<br />
Furthermore, the Cabinet of Ministers of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic adopted relevant decisions on<br />
environmental pollution in view of enforcement of the above laws and a number of Rules<br />
regulating this sphere hereof were approved.<br />
2.1.6. Legislation on other spheres impacting upon biodiversity<br />
It is very essential to establish administrative, civil and criminal responsibility due to violation<br />
of requirements of legislative enactments on protection and use of biological diversity.<br />
Fine sanctions were contemplated against natural persons, public officers and legal entities in<br />
38 clauses of Administrative Offence Code of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic for administrative<br />
infractions contrary to regulations on environmental conservation, nature use and ecological<br />
safety.<br />
Compensation of any damage upon nature can be subject to civil action, which might arise<br />
resulted from violation of regulations on environmental conservation, nature use and<br />
ecological safety. Damage incurred fishes, water animals and invertebrates is fixed according<br />
to “Rules of types, grades and imposing of payments for use of fish resources and penalties<br />
for illegal fishing” approved by the Decision №146 dated September 16, 1999 of the Cabinet<br />
of Ministers of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic.<br />
Damage incurred wildlife is fixed according to “Rules of types, grades and imposing of<br />
payments for use of wildlife and penalties for poaching” approved by the Decision#176 dated<br />
November 6, 2004 of the Cabinet of Ministers of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic.<br />
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Accordingly approved norms are applied in calculation of damage incurred other spheres.<br />
Application of fees for natural resources and of fine payments for pollutant emissions and<br />
discharges is carried out by “Rules on fees for natural resources and of fine payments for<br />
repugnant substances emitted to the environment and use of these payments” approved by the<br />
Cabinet of Ministers of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic.<br />
Proper penalties on ecological crimes were stipulated in 15 clauses (247-261) of Crime Code<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic.<br />
Pursuant to Decision №134 July 12, 2005 of the Cabinet of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic, “Rule of<br />
creation and use of special funds and aids of proper bodies established for management and<br />
conservation of Protected Areas” were approved. Aids of the fund are spent in maintenance<br />
and development of Protected areas. The Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources and<br />
proper authorities carry out control over efficient use of aids of the fund. Aids of the fund to<br />
the extent of 10% can be assign to social security and material incentive fund.<br />
2.1.7. International agreements and conventions<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is a member of most international agreements and conventions relating to<br />
biodiversity (Table 6.1).<br />
Table 6.1 International environmental conventions ratified by <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
International convention Year ratified<br />
UNESCO Convention on Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage 1994<br />
UN Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous<br />
Wastes and their Disposal (Basel Convention)<br />
2001<br />
UNESCO Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as<br />
Waterfowl Habitat’ (Ramsar Convention)<br />
2000<br />
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 1995<br />
Protocol on UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto Protocol) 2000<br />
UN Convention on Biological Diversity (<strong>CBD</strong>) 2000<br />
UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decisionmaking<br />
and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention)<br />
1999<br />
UNECE Convention on Environment Impact Assessment in the Trans-boundary<br />
Context (Espoo Convention)<br />
1999<br />
UNECE Convention on Long-range Trans-boundary Air Pollution 2002<br />
Convention on Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern<br />
Convention)<br />
1999<br />
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and<br />
Flora (CITES), and Agreement on Protection of Sturgeons<br />
1998<br />
UN Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) 1998<br />
UNECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Trans-boundary Watercourses<br />
and International Lakes (Helsinki Convention)<br />
2000<br />
FAO Convention on Plant Protection 2000<br />
UN Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna Convention) 1996<br />
Agreement on Mutual Cooperation of Commonwealth of Independent States in<br />
the area of Hydrometeorology<br />
1998<br />
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ( Montreal) 2000<br />
European Agreement about Transportation of Dangerous Loads on International<br />
Routes<br />
2000<br />
20. Agreement between the Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> and Russian Federation on the<br />
“Sttaus, utilize principles and conditions of Gabala sttaion (RLS “Daryal”)”<br />
2002<br />
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2.2. Existing programmes for biodiversity conservation<br />
2.2.1. Biodiversity inventory, monitoring and research<br />
A number of organizations render assistance in evaluation and monitoring of the environment<br />
and biodiversity. There established <strong>National</strong> Monitoring Service attached to the Ministry of<br />
Ecology and Natural Resources of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic since 2001 and its activity was<br />
organized in compliance with high standards for the purpose of arrangement of monitoring<br />
observations on main components of the environment, water facilities, soil and atmosphere<br />
space and, assessment, forecasting, regulation and management of anthropogenous impacts<br />
upon its features. Furthermore, study on biological diversity is carried out by Department of<br />
Biological Diversity Protection and Specially Protected Nature Areas Development of the<br />
Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources and the Caspian Integrated Ecological Monitoring<br />
Office within the framework of proper authorities.<br />
However, further investment is needed to continue to support environmental monitoring<br />
activities. A range of scientific institutions (research institutes and universities) collect data<br />
directly relevant to biodiversity and its conservation, including inventories of fauna and flora,<br />
description of habitats, assessment of genetic diversity, evaluation of limits for sustainable<br />
use, and testing of appropriate methods for ecosystem restoration.<br />
In addition, the private sector also contributes to monitoring and research on biodiversity. For<br />
example, British Petroleum (BP) monitors biodiversity both on- and off-shore (including<br />
populations of fish, birds and mammals), and were also involved in biodiversity related<br />
activities such as the Trans-boundary Diagnostic Analysis, a workshop on Mnemiopsis, an<br />
investigation into the causes of mortality in Caspian seals and environmental data sharing.<br />
2.2.2 Environmental educational programmes and teaching<br />
Although there are a great number of specialists in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, until recently environmental<br />
educational and training in the country was rather unsystematic. Over the last ten years the<br />
situation has improved, and courses about environmental issues have been included in school<br />
curricula, and some schools even offer advanced courses in ecology. However, the standard of<br />
teaching relating to ecology and the environment is constrained by lack of resources, such as<br />
specialist books and other materials. In addition, the improvement of training in this area goes<br />
hand in hand in broader education reforms, which allow teachers greater freedom in what and<br />
how they teach. The further improvement of efforts in environmental education will be<br />
supported by legislation, as a result of a Presidential Decree on public ecological education,<br />
which was passed at the start of 2003. Under this decree a special Commission was<br />
established to prepare a five-year action plan to be delivered by the Ministry of Education.<br />
Preparation and publication on textbooks, education materials and visual aids were put in<br />
order for “Ecology” subject taught in high and secondary schools.<br />
This will also address access to environmental education materials, as well as the<br />
establishment of school reserves, ecological parks, and resource centres around wildlife<br />
reserves.<br />
The Ministry of Education has a State Ecological Training and Education Centre, which runs<br />
a series of environmental education centres in different regions, for children and young<br />
people. This centre draws experts from Institutes of the <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> <strong>National</strong> Academy of<br />
Sciences, state and non-governmental organizations, and provides courses with the aim of<br />
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developing environmental responsibility among the next generation. In addition, other<br />
ecological teaching programmes and ecological clubs have been developed for schools.<br />
As well as the above activities, a number of non-governmental organizations, and the private<br />
sector (notably oil companies) have run biodiversity awareness projects focusing specifically<br />
on environmental education of children. Other resources exist for environmental education,<br />
such as a number of zoological museums and collections (including the Baku City Zoological<br />
Park).<br />
2.2.3. Public Awareness<br />
Organization of population enlightenment and effective propaganda work is one of the<br />
necessary elements in arrangement of PAs conservation and biological diversity protection.<br />
Beside Department of Propaganda established in the composition of the Ministry of Ecology<br />
and Natural Resources, sectors of Propaganda are functioning within the related Regional<br />
Area Departments. At the same time, job descriptions of employees working for tourism and<br />
science field of PAs include enlightenment of population and propaganda/agitation works.<br />
There is a special section on PAs in webpage (www.eco.gov.az) of the Ministry of Ecology<br />
and Natural Resources.<br />
Flexible collaboration has been created with Mass Media in view of delivery of information<br />
related to coverage of changes and innovations in PAs and protection of biological diversity.<br />
The population can regularly obtain any information and data about PAs through the Ministry<br />
of Ecology and Natural Resources and “Hot Line” service working for in the structure of<br />
proper Department.<br />
Organization of activity for different categories and subcohorts of the population is<br />
particularly effective in enlightenment and propaganda works. In this standpoint, a particular<br />
attention is paid to actions on enlightenment of pupils and youth especially upon PAs in the<br />
past three years. Time and again knowledge competitions and contests are arranged among<br />
children at subject and theme of biological diversity protection in <strong>National</strong> Parks every year.<br />
Entry of pupils to national parks has been allowed for under the legislation without any<br />
charge and payment in order to raise interest of them toward nature.<br />
There conducted competitions on painting at the subject of “The nature in outlook of<br />
children” by the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources every year. There published and<br />
distributed ten thousands of booklets and posters about PAs among the population, especially<br />
local communities. Literary programmes and advertising spots at the subject of nature<br />
conservation, including biological diversity protection were repeatedly shown in telecasts as<br />
being mass media in public awareness.<br />
2.2.4 Planning and intervention for conservation and restoration<br />
The need to ensure environmental sustainability is recognized as being as important as peace,<br />
political stability, social-economic development and democracy at a global, regional and<br />
national level. Thus environmental policies are developed to ensure ecological security and<br />
environmental protection and rehabilitation. Challenges such as loss of the ozone layer,<br />
climate change, desertification, biodiversity loss and environmental pollution must all be<br />
addressed by national policy development.<br />
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The legislative base for environmental protection has been established in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. In<br />
response to this activities are already underway to improve environmental conditions, such as<br />
redevelopment of water ways and drainage systems, tree planting to provide parks and to<br />
prevent erosion (including areas along the Caspian coast), and a number of nature reserves<br />
and protected zones were created for flora and fauna.<br />
2.2.5. International projects<br />
A number of projects have been prepared under the international financial support related to<br />
biodiversity issues in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic:<br />
• Strategy on Biodiversity of the Caspian Sea and Ecological Programme of the<br />
Caspian Sea (CEP). Several donor organizations render assistance in this Programme<br />
(GEF, UNDP, UNEP, The World Bank and TACIS) and purpose of the Programme<br />
aims at solution of interboundary ecological problems such as pollution and loss of<br />
biodiversity through coordinated actions. “Strategy on Biodiversity of the Caspian Sea<br />
and Action Plan” was drafted in the presence of five Caspian states in 2001 under<br />
leadership of the CEP and and it is implemented regularly.<br />
• Project on Rehabilitation and Accomplishment of Irrigation and Drainage<br />
Infrastructure. The World Bank has supported 5-year programme oriented towards<br />
improvement of water supply and drainage works in order to enhance agricultural<br />
products. A number of irrigation systems were rehabilitated according to this Project<br />
until 2006.<br />
• Project on Construction of Sturgeon Plant. This Project was completed within the<br />
framework of urgent environmental investment project of the World Bank in 2003.<br />
Presently, modern plant is functioning at its full capacity which constructed for the<br />
purpose of breeding alevin sturgeons in order to let them into Kura river and the<br />
Caspian sea.<br />
• Project on Preservation of Leopards in Caucasus Ecoregion. This project of World<br />
Wildlife Fund (WWF) was established to determine status of Caucasus leopard<br />
species in the region and to ensure preservation of them. The Project aims at<br />
strengthening of current and planned protected areas, intensification of ecological<br />
education and promotion of actions against poaching. “<strong>National</strong> Action Plan on<br />
conservation of leopards” was drafted by the Ministry of Ecology and Natural<br />
Resources in 2009.<br />
• Ecoregional Planning for Caucasus. WWF and Critical Ecosystems Partnership<br />
Fund (CEPF) lead a process on strategy building for conservation and sustainable use<br />
of biological resources in Caucasus. German Development Corporation (KfW),<br />
Conservation International and other international NGOs took a great part in<br />
determination of capital outlay priorities upon biodiversity of region together with<br />
representatives of every Caucasus states. As a result, investment strategy document of<br />
the CEP was prepared and a long-term programme focusing on range of landscape<br />
corridors along Caucasus region. Actions, such as development of current protected<br />
areas and establishment of new ones, species conservation arrangements and<br />
awareness raising among decision-makers are ongoing in the course of the project<br />
commenced since August of 2003.<br />
• Establishment of Samur-Yalama <strong>National</strong> Park. According to “Programme on<br />
Ecoregional Nature Conservation for South Caucasus” relevant works are carried out<br />
under the financial support (2 500 000 Euro) of German Financial Cooperation (KFW)<br />
as per Contract dated December 5, 2005. Bid Commission was established and<br />
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prequalification procedure was conducted according to Order dated February 2, 2009<br />
of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources for the purpose of selection of<br />
experienced and highly qualified consulting companies and specialists in view of the<br />
project implementation.<br />
• Establishment of Zagatala Biosphere Reserve. According to item 1 of Clause 1 of<br />
Final Protocol of Intergovernmental negotiations conducted between Germany Federal<br />
Republic and <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic, it is planned to allocated fund to the extent of<br />
4000000 Euro for the project “Ecoregional programme on nature conservation in<br />
South Caucasus, III phase, Zagatala biosphere reserve”. In this regard, preevaluation<br />
works were carried out and completed in the area and signing of Memorandum of<br />
Understanding is intended for commencement of the project.<br />
2.3. Summary of existing measures, capacity and<br />
experience for biodiversity management<br />
Environmental protection is strongly engrained in State policy, and ongoing economic<br />
reforms, socio-economic development and infrastructure rehabilitation can be managed so as<br />
to ensure that development is sustainable and does not compromise ecological protection, in<br />
line with international standards. Through the development of institutions responsible for<br />
biodiversity conservation (such as the State Commission of Genetic Resources on<br />
Biodiversity and the Ministry for Ecology and Natural Resources) the government has already<br />
taken important steps to ensure effective environmental protection. In particular, the Ministry<br />
for Ecology and Natural Resources is tasked to implement State policy on the study, use,<br />
protection and restoration of natural resources, on the provision of ecological security, and on<br />
ensuring the conservation of biodiversity.<br />
Other recent achievements within the Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> include the approval of a<br />
<strong>National</strong> Environment Programme (dealing with issues of both sustainable development and<br />
forest rehabilitation), and the expansion of the protected areas system in 2003, including the<br />
creation of the Ordubad <strong>National</strong> Park.<br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> also has a number of successful international projects relating to<br />
protection of biological resources and protected areas, in co-operation with UNDP, UNEP,<br />
World Bank, WWF, and the European Environmental Fund. In addition, a number of local<br />
NGOs operate in the field of biodiversity protection.<br />
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Chapter 3<br />
Sectoral and cross-sectoral integration or<br />
mainstreaming of biodiversity<br />
considerations<br />
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Biodiversity has significance to mankind in a range of ways, which may be economic or<br />
intrinsic. Biodiversity in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is used directly in a large number of ways, and in<br />
addition a range of cultural and aesthetic values are placed on species and ecosystems in the<br />
country.<br />
3.1.1. Agrobiodiversity<br />
In general, the Caucasus region is recognized as an important centre of origin for<br />
agrobiodiversity. Within this context <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> supports a number of wild relatives and<br />
varieties important for agriculture. The cereals and livestock varieties are particularly<br />
significant.<br />
3.1.1.1. Crops under cultivation<br />
Cereals<br />
Of 454 species of gramineous plants (Poaceae) in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, 25 are cultivated. <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
is one of the centres of origin for cereal crops, and shows<br />
Picture<br />
particular variety in the forms of wheat described. Some<br />
species of wheat are particularly important for agriculture,<br />
including so-called ‘tough wheat’ (Triticum durum) of<br />
which 43 varieties are described from <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, and ‘soft<br />
wheat’ (T. aestivum), which is represented by at least 87<br />
varieties, including a range of hybrid types. Although a<br />
range of native varieties of wheat have been developed over<br />
time, more recently a number of forms have been<br />
introduced associated with more intensive agricultural systems.<br />
Other forms of cereals found in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> include barley (Hordeum spp.), rye (Secale spp.),<br />
triticale (Triticale spp.), maize (Zea spp.) and rice (Oruza spp.). Ten species of barley have<br />
been recorded from <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, of which two are cultivated (of which 500 genetic varieties,<br />
including a number of native forms, have been described) while five species of rye occur,<br />
although only one of these (Secale cereale) is cultivated. Only one species of maize is widely<br />
grown in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> (Zea mays), and 90 distinct genetic varieties are registered. Similarly<br />
although only one species of rice is grown in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> (Oryza sativa), over 80 local<br />
varieties have been registered, including a number of traditional cultivars. In the case of<br />
triticale (a hybrid of wheat and rye) 326 varieties have been described.<br />
A wide range of other crops are grown in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, including vegetables, potatoes, vines,<br />
fruit, tobacco, tea and cotton.<br />
Horticulture<br />
A range of wild plants are widely cultivated in gardens, with domesticated varieties of fruits<br />
and berries having been developed from wild relatives, including apples, pears, walnuts,<br />
hazelnuts, blackberries, medlar and others. Over 6000 fruit and berry samples of 150 species<br />
are cultivated, many in a range of local forms including notably apricots (Armeniaca<br />
vulgaris), cherries (Serasus spp.), pomegranates (Punica granatum) and grapes (Vitis<br />
vinifera).<br />
Wheat, barley and sweetcorn are currently the main crops grown in the Nakhichevan<br />
Autonomous Republic, with wheat being the most extensive crop (both ‘tough’ (durum<br />
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wheat) and ‘soft’ forms are grown). Although millet and rye were once important crops, they<br />
are no longer commercially grown. The extent of land planted with grain increases each year,<br />
and ongoing efforts are made to increase productivity. In 2009, 103625 tonnes of grain was<br />
produced in the territory, representing over 12 varieties of wheat and three types of barley.<br />
A range of plants have been grown in gardens in Nakhichevan since ancient times, and fruit<br />
from the area (particularly from the Ordubad region) is considered to be of high quality.<br />
Currently, nearly 2270 ha of land in Nakhichevan is cultivated in gardens, to grow grapes, a<br />
wide range of apricot varieties, peaches, plums, apples, mirabelle, cherries, quince, pear,<br />
almond, mulberry, lemon, walnuts, pomegranates, blackberries, strawberries, and dates. In<br />
2009, around 37782 tonnes of fruit were produced. It is suggested that the Ordubad region<br />
may be suitable for increased productivity of certain fruits (particularly lemons) for export to<br />
world markets. Natural orchards of wild pomegranates grow around Kilit village in Ordubad.<br />
3.1.1.2. Wild ancestors of crops<br />
Cereals<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is significant for being a centre of origin for a number of crops, particularly<br />
cereals. Wild relatives of wheat, including single-grain wild wheat (Triticum boeoticum) and<br />
Ararat wheat (T. araraticum), are found in the lowlands and foothills, and to some extent in<br />
more mountainous areas. In addition, six wild barley species are common in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> 27 and<br />
rye is represented in four wild forms 28<br />
Other crops<br />
Unfortunately, although <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> originally possessed a diversity of wild relatives of corn,<br />
beans, vegetables, fruits, berries and grapes, along with a range of traditional local varieties,<br />
most of these have since been lost due to poor protection and discontinued selection of these<br />
forms. Currently, a number of scientific research institutes within the Ministry of Agriculture,<br />
along with the Genetic Resources Institute of <strong>National</strong> Academy of Sciences, are undertaking<br />
collection, study and maintenance of examples of agricultural crops and their wild ancestors,<br />
to provide the basis for future selective breeding. Research is being carried out on arable<br />
crops (cereals, corn, beans and tobacco), vegetables, berries, grapes, fodder species and<br />
cotton. Since 1996 significant efforts have been made to increase the collection of genetic<br />
material relating to important crops, under the Republican Crop Genetic Resources Program<br />
(see Table 4.1).<br />
Some wild ancestors of wheat (Triticum monococcum, T. araratum, and T. urartu occur in<br />
Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, mainly in the area of Garagush Mountain (2600 m).<br />
Table 4.1 Number of species/forms and number of samples of different crop types<br />
collected to date under the Republican Crop Genetic Resources Program<br />
Crop Number of species/forms Number of samples<br />
Corn 18 15,900<br />
Grain 20 3,500<br />
Vegetables 64 643<br />
Fodder 50 1,500<br />
Cotton 2 1,000<br />
27 Wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum), blue barley (H. glaucum), bulbed barley (H. bulbosum), violet<br />
barley (H. violaceum), and rye barley (H. secalinum)<br />
28 Weed-field rye (Secale segetable), Transcaucasian rye (S. vavilovi), Anatoly rye (S. anatolicum), and<br />
wild rye (S. silvestre)<br />
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Tobacco 2 90<br />
Fruit, berry and grape 116 7000<br />
3.1.1.3. Livestock diversity<br />
Cattle<br />
Three species of long-horned cattle are found in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> - neat, buffalo and zebu. A range<br />
of long-horned cow breeds are found in the country, including brown Caucasus (a local<br />
breed), black-light, Simmental, Kostroma, Svis, brown Lithuania, Lebedin, red desert, red<br />
Eston, Holstin Friz, Aberdeen Angus, Limousine and Hallovey. Buffalo numbers in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> are significant (over 300,000) with most being privately owned, and these are an<br />
important source of milk and meat.<br />
Sheep<br />
Sheep-breeding has been widely developed in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, with a range of breeds specialised<br />
for fine fleeces, rough fleeces and meat/milk. Traditional forms include <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> mountain<br />
merinos, Bozakh, “Shirvan”, “Garabakh”, Mazex, Balbas, Jaro, and Herik, while a number of<br />
other breeds (Sovet merinos, Askaniya, Prekos) have been introduced into the country.<br />
Goats<br />
Goats have been selectively bred in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> since ancient times. Since 1936 these native<br />
breeds have been supplemented by Angora goats from Turkey (concentrated in the Ganja-<br />
Gazakh and Upper Karabakh regions).<br />
Pigs<br />
Four breeds of pigs are regularly kept in private farms in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> - big white pig,<br />
Ukrainian white desert pig, white Lithuanian pig and big black pig.<br />
Horses<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is one of the countries where the horse was first domesticated and bred in ancient<br />
times. A number of famous horse breeds originated in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> – including the “Karabakh”<br />
and “Dilbaz” breeds, and the less well-known “Guba” and “Shirvan” forms. Three key<br />
genetic forms of horse are recognised in the country: (i) Lower Caucasus type which<br />
originated in the foothills region of little Caucasus; (ii) Large Caucasus type, which are<br />
smaller forms originating from the higher mountain areas; and (iii) plain type – a larger<br />
workhorse from the Kura-Araz plateau. In addition a range of foreign horse breeds have been<br />
imported over the last 50 years (including <strong>English</strong>, Arab, Terek, Turkman, Budyonni, and<br />
Traken races).<br />
Poultry<br />
A number of common domesticated chickens (white rus, Leggorn Red Aylend Nyu-hempshir<br />
and Broyler-6) are bred for meat and eggs, alongside more traditional local hen breeds. Local<br />
Indian hen breeds are found in Guba-Khachmaz, Upper Karabakh, Shirvan, Ganja-Gazakh<br />
regions. Domesticated ducks (Pekin) were introduced in 1956, while a range of different<br />
local goose breeds have been developed in the Republic. These forms are adapted to local<br />
climatic conditions and do not require supplementary feeding as long as pasture is available.<br />
3.1.1.4. Wild relatives of domesticated livestock<br />
Goats<br />
Two species of wild goat are found in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. Notably, the bezoar or cliff goat (Capra<br />
aegagrus) is a species dating from prehistoric times, and is smaller than other wild goats, with<br />
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a body length of 140-160 cm and height of less than 85 cm. The species is also distinguished<br />
from other goat species by the shape of its horns and its colouration (reddish-brown). Bezoar<br />
goats are distributed in the Lesser Caucasus (including the mountain chains of Shahdag and<br />
Murovdag), in the Upper Garabag, in Lachin and Kalbajar rayons, and in Nakhichevan are<br />
common in the mountain chains of Zangezur and Nasirvaz.<br />
Sheep<br />
The Asian mouflon (Ovis orientalis) occurs in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. It is a small species (standing up<br />
to 83 cm high, with a body length of less than 115 cm), with a short tail and curved horns.<br />
The species is found in the southern Caucasus (Alinja, Ilandag, Nasirvaz, Gapijig, Nehramdag<br />
and surrounding chains).<br />
Pigs<br />
Wild boar (Sus scrofa) is common throughout the Caucasus where a sub-species has been<br />
described. Wild boar are found in all forests and reed thickets in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> and are the most<br />
common wild hoofed mammals in the Republic, and are a focus for hunting.<br />
A range of local domesticated breeds of buffalo, goat, and sheep are found in the Autonomous<br />
Republic of Nakhichevan, along with wild ancestors of livestock such as mouflon and bezoar<br />
goat and wild boar live in the territory.<br />
3.1.2. Wild species of economic importance<br />
3.1.2.1. Use of wild plants<br />
Food plants<br />
A wide range of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>’s flora is used as a source of food. Key food species and their<br />
uses are listed in Table 4.2 below.<br />
In addition, a number of other wild plants produce fruits and vegetables used in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>,<br />
including cherries, plums, cornel tree, hawthorn, forest strawberry (Fagaria vesca), Russian<br />
cherry-plum (Grossularia reclinata), sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), apple, medlar,<br />
cherry-plum, blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), raspberry (Rubus caesius), dog-rose (Rosa spp.),<br />
blackberry (different varieties of Rubus), garlic (Allium sativum), onion (Allium cepa), and<br />
leeks (A. porrum).<br />
Table 4.2 Key food species and their uses<br />
Common name Botanical name Use<br />
Chestnut Castanea sativa The nut is eaten roasted or raw; chestnut flour<br />
is made from the nut, and is combined with<br />
wheat flour to bake bread<br />
Hazel-nut Corylus avellana Hazel nuts are eaten roasted or raw, and are<br />
widely used in bakery and confectionery<br />
products<br />
Beech Fagus orientalis Fruits are eaten instead of sunflower seeds,<br />
and valuable oil is also acquired from its fruit<br />
Linden Tilia caucasica Flowers and leaves are used for teas and<br />
tisanes, and linden flowers are a source of<br />
nectar for honey production<br />
Shepherd's purse Capsella bursa pastoris Young leaves are used in making soup and<br />
borsch<br />
Millet Echinochloa oryzoides Thick roots are pickled and eaten fresh<br />
Ferula Prongos ferulaceae Cooked or pickled<br />
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Cow-parsnip Heracleum trachyloma Leaves and stem are eaten.<br />
Sorrel Rumex spp. Leaves and stem are used<br />
Caper Capparis herlacea Buds are pickled<br />
Sugar cane Sorghum saccharatum Used to produce syrup and doshab (boiled<br />
down fruit juice)<br />
Cockspur Echinochloa crusgalli Nutritional uses (America)<br />
American Millet Milium effusum Seeds are used in baking bread<br />
Chervil Chaerophyllum aureum Seeds are used as fodder for domestic animals<br />
and poultry<br />
Timber<br />
Around 400 species of trees and bushes are recorded in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> (representing nearly 10%<br />
of the country’s flora) and approximately 11% of the land area is forested. Timber provides a<br />
source of materials for construction and furniture making. Key timber species include<br />
hornbeam (Caprinus spp.), Georgian oak (Quercus iberica) and beech (Fagus spp.). Since<br />
2005 it was prohibited by the MENR to use forest materials as a firewood.<br />
Medicinal plants<br />
Around 800 plant species of medicinal value have been recorded in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, including 150<br />
species used in pharmacology. Key medicinal plants include elecampagne (Inula helenium),<br />
origanum (Origanum vulgare), coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara), valerian (Valeriana officinalis),<br />
and Helychrisum arenarium, with 33 dried products obtained from these plants, which are<br />
mainly traded by “Azerfarm Ltd”. In addition a range of oil-based products are developed<br />
through cold pressing of various plants (including various nuts and fruits), and a traditional<br />
medicine called doshab (a concentrated syrup, usually of mulberry) is produced from a range<br />
of wild plants, including mulberries, medlar and rosehips. Currently there is a growing<br />
recognition of the importance of extending the cultivation of medicinal plants, and moves<br />
towards certification is necessary to broaden the access to European markets.<br />
Plants in foreign trade<br />
A number of plants from <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> have attracted foreign businessmen, and some valuable<br />
plants are exported abroad, including cultivated liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), linden (Tilia<br />
cordata), cane (Phragmites australis), reed (Arundo donax) and nettle (Urtica dioica).<br />
Export of plants to foreign countries is regulated under relevant permits (licences) issued by<br />
proper authorities.<br />
The population of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic use wild plants for medicinal,<br />
food, wood, dyes and other purposes. Many of the species collected are rare, endemic or<br />
endangered. A great number of plants (up to 750 species) are used in traditional remedies and<br />
medicines, and resources of Nakhichevan can be seen as a ‘natural pharmacy’. The level of<br />
collection of some natural products is relatively extensive. 29 A few of these are currently<br />
commercially cultivated (by the “Scientific-Production Co-operative for Medical Plants”, and<br />
further expansion of cultivation may be an option in future.<br />
29 Figures for 1988 indicate production as follows: rose hips (83 tonnes), hawthorn (82 tonnes), wild<br />
apples and pears (157 tonnes) and thyme (56 tonnes).<br />
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Some plants are recognized as important sources of pollen and nectar for honey 30 , and others<br />
provide flavourings for natural beverages and teas 31 . A number of plants are used as food,<br />
either raw, cooked or preserved 32 . A wide range of plants are recognized as important sources<br />
for aromatic and essential oils 33 , camphor 34 and other extracts 35 , and Carpodium platycarpum<br />
is recognized as a plant of potential medical and economic importance, restricted to<br />
Nakhichevan. Commercial production of essential oils from these plants may be possible in<br />
Nakhichevan. Other species of note include liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), and decorative<br />
plants such as tulips and Caucasian oak.<br />
3.1.2.2. Use of wild animals<br />
Hunting<br />
Species of some mammals (hare, fox, jackal, yenot, raccoon, Dagestan urus/aurochs, wild<br />
boar) and birds (ducks, geese, coot, pigeons, quail, pheasant and etc.) are traditionally used in<br />
hunting activity. There raised a keen interest of foreign tourists/hunters towards hunting of<br />
some species (Dagestan urus/aurochs, wild boar) of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> fauna in the last years. Proper<br />
permits (licences) are issued by local authorities of Ministry of Ecology and Natural<br />
Resources for hunting activity in order to regulate such hunting. A ban has been imposed<br />
upon baiting of brown bear since 2004, upon bird hunting since 2005 concerning avian flu.<br />
Fishing<br />
Fishing occurs in freshwater internal water systems (Mingachevir reservoir, the Kura and<br />
Araz rivers), as well as in the Caspian Sea, utilising the many valuable kinds of fish found in<br />
Picture<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. Most economically valuable are the<br />
sturgeon (Acipenseridae), which is a high fatcontent<br />
fish and is the source of caviar. Four<br />
species of the genus Acipenser are considered to<br />
have a particularly fine taste: ship sturgeon<br />
(Acipenser nudiventris), sterlet (A. ruthenus),<br />
Russian sturgeon (A. guldenstadti), and Kura<br />
sturgeon (Acipencer stellatus cyrensis). There are<br />
several hatchery programmes that release juvenile<br />
fish to support the existing populiatons. Spawn<br />
and caviar of species of this family are sold in domestic and foreign market on expensive<br />
price.<br />
In addition, other species that are fished commercially include a number of Clupeiformes<br />
(herring). Sprats (Clupeonella spp.) are a source of bone meal for use in agriculture (for both<br />
poultry and livestock). The local population also uses a number of other species of the family<br />
Cypriniformes (carp) which are considered to be good to eat, including: Asp (Aspius a.<br />
30 For example Chamaenerium angustifolium, Melilotus officinalis, Lamium album, Onobrychis transcaucasica<br />
and Salvia limbata<br />
31 For example, Berberis vulgaris, Padus mahaleb, Jornus mas, Malus orientalis, Orchis mascula, Origanum<br />
vulgare, Prinus divaricata, Pyrus salicifolia, Ribes bibersteini, and Rubus iberica<br />
32 For example, Rhehum ribes, Dorema glabra, Prongos ferulaceae, Chaerophillum auranta, Eremurus<br />
spektabilis, Falcaria sioides, Heracleum trachiloma, and Carum caucasicum<br />
33 For example, Caropodium platycarpum, Nepeta cataria, Thymus transaucasica<br />
34 Extracted from Siberian white pine (in Soviet times)<br />
35 For example Betula pendula, Conium maculatum, Valeriana sisymbriifolia, V.tiliifolia, Inula helenium, Cris<br />
sulphure, Chenopodium botrys, Zizifora spp., Mentha longifolia, and Tanacetum millifolium<br />
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taeniatus), Balic vimba (Vimba v. persa), Black Sea roach (Rutilus frisii kutum), common<br />
carp (Cyprinus c. carpio), North Caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus), Caspian bream (Abramis<br />
brama orientalis), Kura bleak (Chalcalburnus chalcoides guldenstadt) and Danubian bleak<br />
(Ch. chalcoides longissimus).<br />
Medical use<br />
Leeches (Hirudinea medicinalis) are used by the general public for the treatment of different<br />
diseases and hirudin 36 from leeches is considered to be a precious medical remedy. In<br />
addition, until the mid 1990’s a special institution existed to collect venom from the Levetine<br />
viper (Macrovipera lebetine) populations.<br />
There is a long history of the use of wild animals in Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic,<br />
including hunting of birds (such geese, ducks, bustards, quail, and partridge). Among the<br />
birds hunted in Nakhichevan are a number of locally endemic sub-species of non-migratory<br />
birds, which may be at particular risk from over-exploitation combined with loss of habitats<br />
and fires 37 . In addition, other species caught by the general population include mountain<br />
goats, mouflon, fox, wolf, jackal, and vipers (including Radde’s viper).<br />
A wide range of fish is caught within Nakhichevan’s rivers and lakes, particularly from the<br />
Araz River and reservoir. There is also fishing on the Iranian bank of the Araz. Fish<br />
populations have declined as a result of unsustainable offtake (particularly during the<br />
sensitive spawning period), use of illegal fishing devices, and overfishing from the Iranian<br />
side of the Araz reservoir) and as a result of pollution, changes in water composition and<br />
reduced invertebrate populations in the Araz River.<br />
3.1.2.3. Evaluation of sustainability of use of wild species<br />
The fauna and flora of different areas of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> face different anthropogenic threats,<br />
resulting in inconsistent patterns of distribution of key biological resources. For example, the<br />
biological resources of the Caspian Sea are threatened as a result of its isolation from other<br />
oceans, and the intensity of pressure on its resources. In addition, the steppe and semi-deserts<br />
of the Kura-Araz and Absheron plains are threatened, as are the forest resources of the<br />
Greater and Lesser Caucasus Mountains. The regions with greater resilience to use of<br />
resources include the wetter areas in the subtropical regions (such as Astara and Lankaran),<br />
where the dry subtropical forests recover well and can be sustainably managed.<br />
At the same time, expansion of protected areas network enables rapid and effective<br />
rehabilitation of fauna resources of areas covered their scope (10.1% part of the country is<br />
comprised by protected areas).<br />
3.1.3. Use of biodiversity for biotechnology and genetic collections<br />
Biodiversity is used for scientific and industrial purposes through biotechnology. Genetic<br />
material is sourced from wild and cultivated plant species and is maintained in vitro for both<br />
conservation and scientific goals. Forms of tomato, tobacco, wheat and roses have been<br />
developed under laboratory conditions. In industry, genetic material from wild and cultivated<br />
plants is used to develop hybrids with specific characteristics.<br />
36 From the saliva glands of the leech<br />
37 Quail (Coturnix coturnix coturnix), rock partridge (Alectoris graeca jaujisijus), grey partridge (Perdix<br />
perdix janesjens), Caspian snowcock (Tetraogallus caucasicus taurijus).<br />
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<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> provides suitable conditions for the development of ecotourism, particularly for<br />
holidays based on bird-watching. Interesting bird populations can be observed at all times of<br />
year (for wintering, migration and breeding), and large colonies of herons, cormorants, gulls<br />
and tern can be seen in reed beds and islands. In winter extensive flocks of little bustards,<br />
eagles, and griffon vultures are seen in the lowlands, and large populations of water birds<br />
gather are concentrated along the Caspian coast and in inland water systems.<br />
Creation of initial <strong>National</strong> Parks in the country since 2003 has played a legal framework role<br />
for development and rational organization of in-place ecotourism and aesthetic pleasure of<br />
tourists in its boons without damage to the environment and allowed to growth of ecotourism<br />
activity.<br />
3.1.5. Cultural or traditional values of biodiversity<br />
3.1.5.1. Wildlife and national cuisine<br />
In <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, the national cuisine reflects the traditional methods of food preparation, but<br />
incorporates the availability of foods and requirements of a modern diet. A range of<br />
agrobiodiversity and wild species are traditionally used within the national diet. Most dishes<br />
are prepared from veal, mutton and poultry. The region is also rich in fish - the main species<br />
consumed are sturgeon caught in the lake, rivers, and the sea. Meals are often prepared with a<br />
variety of ingredients to add taste. Ingredients include lemon, olives, vinegar, pomegranate<br />
syrup, plums, grapes, cherries, apricots, fruit paste, and sumakh spice.<br />
Meals are accompanied by rice, bread, and a variety of vegetables, predominantly aubergine,<br />
tomato, sweet peppers, cabbage, spinach, sorrel, beetroot, turnip, and onion. Herbs such as<br />
saffron, caraway, anise, laurel leaf, coriander, mint, dill, parsley, celery, tarragon, basil and<br />
thyme are also commonly served with, and accompany meals. These ingredients are also<br />
combined into salads. Other popular foods include caviar, omelette with vegetables or<br />
walnuts, fried beans and walnut, and other snacks. Mixes of garlic, aubergine, and hot<br />
pepper, are preserved with salt or vinegar and are served with meat courses.<br />
Meals usually start with strong black tea, to aid digestion, and for social reasons. Tea is often<br />
served with fruit preserves made from quince, watermelon, cherry, peach, plum, walnut and<br />
mulberry. The tea is sometimes flavoured with herbs and spices, such as thyme, cloves and<br />
cardamom to add flavour. In addition, the natural waters of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> are rich in minerals<br />
and are believed to promote good health.<br />
3.1.5.2. Arts, folklore, and music<br />
Picture<br />
Located between the Middle East, Europe and Asia,<br />
on the ancient ‘Silk Route’, <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> has<br />
historically played an important part in the world<br />
economy and exchange of culture. This history is<br />
reflected in the creative culture existing today through<br />
highly skilled musicians, astrologists, sculptures and<br />
craftsmen. <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> has a great artistic history, with<br />
craft methods passed down through families. Many<br />
types of folklore are depicted through art, music,<br />
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dance, and in the history of architecture, and much of this folklore is related to the natural<br />
resources of the region and reflect the close relationship between culture and natural history.<br />
The culture is globally renowned for its cultural and spiritual achievements. Ancient customs<br />
and traditions remain significant in the spiritual lives of modern Azeris. Families have played<br />
a central role in maintaining these traditions through the generations. Religious events are<br />
celebrated as national holidays, such as ‘Gurban Bayrami’ (the day of the sacrificial slaughter<br />
of an animal). The 21st of March (the equinox) is ‘Novruz Bayramy’, a celebration of the<br />
coming spring. Rural communities also celebrate the harvest on ‘Harvest holiday’. For all<br />
these celebrations Azeris prepare food as gifts for friends and relatives.<br />
<strong>National</strong> crafts reflect the rich biological resources of the country. The main crafts are<br />
carpets, silks, jewellery, and wood, stone and metal carvings. The internationally renowned<br />
carpet makers are found in Guba, Shamakhi, Ganja, Gazakh, Garabach, and the villages<br />
around Baku. Carpets traditionally are made using plant dyes and wool.<br />
Azeri literature depicts the many ancient traditions of the country, and many great authors<br />
(such as Khagani, Nizami, Fizuli, Nazimi, Vagif, Sabir, Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, and<br />
Husseyn Javid) reveal the close relationship between the culture of the region and its<br />
biodiversity.<br />
3.1.5.3. Spiritual values of biodiversity<br />
One of the unique aspects of Azeri culture is the variety of religions that are currently and<br />
historically practiced (see Chapter 2). Many religions teach the importance of biodiversity. In<br />
particular, islamic religion worhipped by <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> nation emphasizes advocating of nature<br />
care and affection in sacred and holy Koran (even some of suras are titled with names of<br />
animals - bee, cow and etc.).<br />
3.1.5.4. Recreation and biodiversity<br />
Due to the need to house more than one million refugees in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, there is great pressure<br />
on recreation sites. The areas traditionally used for recreation and spas are now used for<br />
sheltering these people. Of the 12,000 tourist sites, 10,000 are occupied by refugees - despite<br />
the fact that these sites are unsuitable as permanent settlements.<br />
The main areas used for tourism and spa use are within the Absheron, Nabran, Kura, and<br />
Lenkoran coastal resorts, and tourists visit such resorts over five months of the year. Changes<br />
in the level of the Caspian Sea have caused a great number of recreational centres on the coast<br />
to be flooded. Other areas in the forested mountain regions of Guba, Shemakha-Ismailli,<br />
Belokan-Gabala, Kelbajar, Karabakj, Kedabek, Nakhichevan and Ganja-Naftalan are visited<br />
because of the presence of thermal springs and medicinal mud volcanoes. Over 300<br />
recreational sites have been identified in these regions, within a total area of 35,000 ha (much<br />
of which is forested).<br />
Establishment of initial <strong>National</strong> Parks in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> in 2003 - i.e. Ordubad <strong>National</strong> Parks<br />
named after H.Aliyev, Shirvan and Aghgol <strong>National</strong> Parks, then organization of Hirkan and<br />
Altiaghaj <strong>National</strong> Parks in 2004, Absheron <strong>National</strong> Park in 2005, Shahdagh <strong>National</strong> Park<br />
in 2006, Goygol <strong>National</strong> Park in 2008 as continuance of regular actions carried out on this<br />
purpose, created a favorable condition for arrangement of ecotourism activity in natural areas<br />
where rich historical monuments, unique landscape, geological and climate features and<br />
various biodiversity exist.<br />
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3.2. Key economic sectors affecting biodiversity<br />
3.2.1. Agriculture<br />
One of general indices of national reporting system is accompanied by growth rate of Gross<br />
Domestic Product (GDP) to be key indicator by characterizing outcomes of performance of<br />
economic units-residents in both material production and services and, being assessed with<br />
volume of additional value of these units on output and services for final consumption and,<br />
featuring situation in countrywide economic and social spheres. Share of agriculture in the<br />
GDP totalled to 14.0% in 2002, 9.2% in 2005 and 6.0% in 2008. There produced output to the<br />
extent of 3.3 million Manat in agriculture in the same year that is higher 535.0 million Manat<br />
than the figure of 2007.<br />
According to data of the State Statistics Committee, overall product of agriculture in 2008<br />
increased as 6.1% in relation to 2007 under fixed prices. This increase was possible because<br />
of mainly actions carried out in the country towards execution of commitments arising from<br />
“State Programme on proverty reduction and economic development in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic<br />
for 2003-2005 years”, “State Programme on social-economic development of regions of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic (2004-2008 years)” and other adopted documents. Application of “Rules<br />
on aids under state budget funds for fuel and engine oil used by agricultural producers in<br />
cultivation of arable lands and privileged sale of mineral fertilizers to agricultural producers<br />
by individuals” in the country with the Decision#32 dated February 15, 2007 of the Cabinet of<br />
Ministers of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic subject to execution of the Decree №1907 dated January 23,<br />
2007 of the President of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic “On state support to agricultural producers” has<br />
brought its positive results.<br />
There approved “Rules on aids under state budget funds on purpose of promotion of financial<br />
interest of corn-growers and stimulation of corn production” in order to provide aid for corngrowers<br />
under the Decision dated November 16, 2007 of the Cabinet of Ministers.<br />
Countrywide agricultural production increased mainly in 2009 as compared to 2002.<br />
№ Agricultural products (thousand ton) 2009 2002 Difference ±<br />
1 Corn 2988.3 2195.8 +792.5<br />
2 Potato 979.1 694.9 +284.2<br />
3 Vegetable 1161.7 974.6 +187.1<br />
4 Truck crops 409.9 330.3 +79.6<br />
5 Fruit 704.5 516.8 +187.7<br />
6 Meat (in cut weight) 175.6 124.6 +51<br />
7 Milk (physical weight) 1381.6 1119.8 +261.8<br />
8 Wool (physical weight) 14.8 11.8 +3.0<br />
9 Egg (million pieces) 1008.7 561.6 +447.1<br />
Role of farming economy increased considerably in enhancement of volume of output<br />
production. More than 99.0% of produced agricultural output is shared by non-state sector.<br />
80-85% of main foodstuffs consumed by the population is shared by non-state sector.<br />
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Lands under crop increased yearly. So that despite 1224.8 thousand ha land were used for<br />
cultivation purpose in 2002, this figure equalled to 1852.0 thousand ha in 2009. One of its<br />
main reasons is intensification of state support to agricultural producers, also another factor is<br />
existence and development of different farming economies. There existed 36 state farmings<br />
(limited liability companies) in the country up to January 1, 2009 and 2613 individuals (who<br />
established legal entities), 2 collective farm-cooperative ownership, 2258 agricultural<br />
enterprises, 873618 family farm corporations, 220 other state farms (scientific-research,<br />
training, practice and etc.).<br />
Number of employed people in labor market was equivalent to 4194 thousand persons and<br />
hereof, totalled to 46.9% of the countrywide population up to beginning of 2009.<br />
39.8% of the employed population are those working for agriculture.<br />
Animal raising: Animal breeding sector was developed in dynamic way in 2009 as compared<br />
to 2002, thus number of horned livestock, sheeps and goats increased. There existed 2178.6<br />
thousand heads of horned livestock, 6986.4 thousand heads of sheeps and goats in the country<br />
within 2002 and these figures reached to 2569.6 thousand and 8276.2 thousand heads in 2008<br />
and totalled to 2356.3 thousand and 7630.9 thousand heads accordingly.<br />
Also, number of birds and swines/boars increased in the compared period. Number of birds<br />
totalled to 17137.5 thousand heads in 2002 year, 19000.0 thousand heads in 2005 year,<br />
2352.9 thousand heads in 2009 and number of swines/boars equalled to 19.8 thousand heads,<br />
22.9 thousand heads in 2005 and 10.3 thousand heads in 2009 accordingly.<br />
Share of cows and buffaloes totalled to 48.5% among horned livestock and hereof, preserved<br />
its growth tendency. Share of cows and buffaloes as 55-60% in cattle is deemed to be normal.<br />
Development of cattle breeding together with plant growing is one of the most significant<br />
tasks of employees working for agrarian sector on the basis of responsibilities arising from<br />
“State Programme on reliable provision of foodstuffs and nutritions of the population in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic within 2008-2015 years” approved by the Decree dated August 25, 2008<br />
of the President of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic, the Decree dated August 21, 2008 of the President of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic “On some issues related to additional support to supply of agricultural<br />
producers with seeds, fertilizers and pedigree livestock” as well as the Decision#46 dated<br />
February 14, 2006 of the Cabinet of Ministers of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic “On additional actions<br />
for development of animal breeding in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic”.<br />
As a result of expedient measures taken, share of the imported key foodstuffs is being<br />
declined and its share in export is being enhanced year by year.<br />
Energy value of daily consumed foodstuffs of the countrywide population per capita reached<br />
to 2445 kcal in 2009 as compared to 2343 kcal in 2002 is more than normal rate<br />
recommended by the World Health Organization and demanded in physiological standpoint<br />
(daily food consumption to the extent of 2100 kcal per capita is recommended by the World<br />
Health Organization).<br />
A tendency rised up towards efficient use of the existing lands and cultivated fields enhanced<br />
for sale purpose resulted from declining of share of croplands farmed for families only.<br />
Increase in number of cattle and birds in the last years is also related to growth of the<br />
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population engaged in animal breeding. A tendency to obtain profit from current lands<br />
strengthens gradually.<br />
Control over quality of foodstuffs consumed by the population has been intensified.<br />
According to the Decision#154 dated August 16, 2005 of the Cabinet of Ministers of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic, proper bodies of Ministry of Economic Development, Ministry of<br />
Agriculture, Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources and State Committee on<br />
Standardization, Metrology and Patent execute control over adherence by legal entities and<br />
individuals to technical, ecological, sanitary, veterinary and phytosanitary standards, norms,<br />
rules and requirements providing for terms on quality and safety of foodstuffs and, conditions<br />
on production, transportation, storage, packing, labeling and sale.<br />
Livestock breeding and pastures<br />
The extent of livestock has increased significantly in recent years. In 2002 there were<br />
estimated to be 2,153,000 cattle and 6,800,000 sheep and goats in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, an increase<br />
since 1993 of 49% and 51% respectively. As a result of land privatization, livestock are now<br />
owned by private companies and individuals.<br />
In the last 20 years, out of 80 infection<br />
and invasive diseases that are included<br />
in the International Epizodic Bureau<br />
list A and B, 38 diseases have been<br />
found in the livestock of the country.<br />
Foot and Mouth Disease has been a<br />
problem amongst CIS countries since<br />
2001, and remains the main health<br />
problem for livestock in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Sixteen control points have been<br />
established for meat inspection, but<br />
disease control is hindered by lack of<br />
finances and equipment.<br />
Picture<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> has the greatest extent of pastureland within the southern Caucasus region,<br />
totalling 3,873,800 ha (including 1,548,900 ha of winter pastures, 602,900 ha of summer<br />
pastures and 1,722, 000 ha around villages) (According to the information for 1.12.2009).<br />
Despite the existence of such large areas of natural pasture, only 43% of winter pasture, and<br />
29% of summer pasture was provided for sheep in 2002, and just 24% of the pasture<br />
surrounding the villages was used to graze cattle. However, grazing densities for cattle were<br />
high, and were estimated to be over twice recommended grazing norms. Intensive use leads<br />
to erosion, changes in the structure of the pasture community and an increase of invasive<br />
species. Productivity of pasture lands in some places has reduced by 2-3 times, and the level<br />
of fodder has reduced by 50-60%, and it is thought that 70% of pastures are threatened by<br />
erosion, and 16-20% had become salinated. Research shows that the area of land suitable for<br />
both winter and summer pastures has been significantly reduced. Despite this, there are few<br />
measures are being followed to maintain the productivity of the pastures, and some pastures<br />
are being used inappropriately (for example for con<strong>version</strong> into cropland, which destroys the<br />
pasture and increases risks of salinisation and erosion).<br />
Summer and winter pastures, cattle grazing fields and moving roadways have been assigned<br />
to ownership of local executive powers or municipalities being referred to state land fund of<br />
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<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic. These pastures are handed to use or lease in due manner for 10-15 years<br />
subject to fee by individuals and legal entities having sheeps and goats in ownership and use.<br />
According to data dated 01.01.2010 of Ministry of Agriculture, there exist 873618 families<br />
gained lands in rural regions of the country. 5969.0 thousand heads of sheeps and goats are<br />
kept by these families. There exist 1395.1 thousand ha winter pasture with capacity of 2946.0<br />
thousand heads and 570 thousand ha summer pasture with capacity of 1941.0 thousand heads<br />
in their usage.<br />
As a result of the agricultural land reforms, local executive bodies and municipalities have<br />
been given ownership of the pastures. These are then leased to organizations or individuals<br />
for 10–15 year terms. According to the Ministry of Agriculture figures for 2003, 785,400<br />
families own the lands in the rural regions of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, to keep a total of 5,969 thousand<br />
animals. Out of owned 1,395,100 hectares of winter pastures and 570,000 hectares of summer<br />
pastures only 2,946,000 and 1,941,000 of animals accordingly may be kept. However, in<br />
some cases there are problems with this system as people wish to avoid the charges associated<br />
with leasing land. In addition, the influx of refugees and internally displaced people into rural<br />
areas has placed additional pressure on the agricultural environment, as use is intensified<br />
around refugee camps and centres.<br />
Fertilizers. Rural chemical service enterprises of the republic are mainly privatized and no<br />
any centralized provision service exist. Mineral fertilizers are imported from foreign countries<br />
by several individuals and legal entities and delivered to consumers. Organic fertilizers are<br />
procured and used in farmings engaged in animal breeding and poultry.<br />
It should be noted that volume of mineral fertilizers imported to the country declined, also its<br />
application was in very low up to 2002 resulted from absence of centralized provision,<br />
individual approach to production of majority of the farmers, escalation of prices and<br />
generally diminishing of previous economic relations.<br />
Nevertheless there was demand for mineral fertilizers subject to total 301.0 thousand ton<br />
affective substance in the country in a year, 140.1 thousand ton was used in 1990 year, 52.6<br />
thousand ton in 1994 year, 13.4 thousand ton in 2000 year and only 10.5 thousand ton in 2001<br />
year. The used fertilizers were mainly (90-95%) comprised by nitrogenous manures.<br />
Subject to affective substance for agricultural plants there delivered 14.3 thousand ton (12.9<br />
thousand ton nitrogen, 1.43 thousand ton phosphorous) in 2002 year, 17.6 thousand ton (15.8<br />
thousand ton nitrogen, 1.8 thousand ton phosphorous) in 2003 year, 20.6 thousand ton (16.9<br />
thousand ton nitrogen, 1.8 thousand ton phosphorous and 1.9 thousand ton potassium) in 2004<br />
year, 23.7 thousand ton (19.5 thousand ton nitrogen, 2.0 thousand ton phosphorous and 2.2<br />
thousand ton potassium) in 2005 year, 25.2 thousand ton (20.7 thousand ton nitrogen, 2.5<br />
thousand ton phosphorous and 2.0 thousand ton potassium) in 2006 year, 20.1 thousand ton<br />
(16.5 thousand ton nitrogen, 2.0 thousand ton phosphorous and 1.6 thousand ton potassium)<br />
in 2007 year, 40.7 thousand ton (31.7 thousand ton nitrogen, 4.5 thousand ton phosphorous<br />
and 4.5 thousand ton potassium) in 2008 year (Collection of data for 2009 has not been<br />
completed yet). As evident from table 5.2 and 5.3, quantity of mineral fertilizers given per ha<br />
of agricultural plants increases year by year. Rise in keen interest to grain growing is<br />
distinctive in stable increasing of manure use in this sphere.<br />
(See: Annexes 4.1, 4.2, 4.3).<br />
Protection and phyto-sanitary control of plants. Right usage of pesticides plays great role<br />
in protection of the environment. Harmful chemical products which commonly adopted and<br />
permitted, were used in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> during Soviet regime. Including, application of long-term<br />
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used pesticides which decompounded lately, hardly solved in water, had toxicity and<br />
hazardous for human and wildlife, caused to pollution of the environment.<br />
At the present, usage of more than 100 pesticides recorded at state registration is permitted in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. Import and sale of pesticides were implemented on the basis of special permit<br />
(licence) up to 2002. But after cancellation of licences multiple unregistered toxical pesticides<br />
are delivered and it should be prevented categorically in governmental level.<br />
On the other hand, new biological and other prevention methods must be priority in order<br />
gradually minimize chemical prevention methods.<br />
As many states (Iran, Turkey, Russia Federation, Georgia and etc.) of the world situated in<br />
border with geographical location of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, quarantine features of the imported<br />
vegetable (phytogenous) foodstuffs, seed and saplings which have special hazard and are not<br />
characteristic for <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, should be prevented and phyto-sanitary measures should be<br />
carried out.<br />
Adoption of relevant statutory documents on status in delivery, use and sale of pesticides<br />
would be deemed expedient.<br />
In spite of the existing difficulties, there produced 103625 tons of corn including maize grain<br />
on agricultural entities of all categories of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic in current<br />
year. Average 28.3 centner product was output of per ha.<br />
In current year (2009) output of several key agricultural products by producers in view of<br />
demand of domestic market is as follows. So that 37423tons of potato, 63627 tons of<br />
vegetable, 39583 tons of truck crops, 37782 tons of fruit, 13790 tons of grape, 15783 tons of<br />
sugar beet and 4.0 tons of tobacco were produced. In Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic,<br />
as elsewhere in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, recent land reform has had significant impacts on agriculture,<br />
resulting in upturn in this sector. Over 99% of agricultural output is now produced by the<br />
private sector. In 2000, agricultural products were worth 269 billion manats, which was<br />
29.6% higher than the previous year. As a result of internal markets, production was<br />
increased for almost all products, apart from tobacco for which production fell by 81%<br />
between 1999 and 2000. Livestock numbers have also risen. Despite a drought in 2002<br />
agricultural output remained high 38 . In 2001, 15,724 ha of land were under cultivation (an<br />
increase of 46% on 1999), and productivity of this land also increased over this period,<br />
particularly in terms of grain production. However, one identified threat to ongoing<br />
production is the spread of a number of weed species, and measures are needed to prevent<br />
their further expansion. Weeds are also invading a number of pastures and hayfields,<br />
associated with their over-use and degradation, and some of these weeds are poisonous to<br />
livestock. As elsewhere in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, Nakhichevan relies on irrigation systems to support<br />
intensive agriculture, and much of the irrigation infrastructure is in a poor state of repair.<br />
Salination contributes to land degradation and the change in grassland communities to more<br />
salt-tolerant forms.<br />
Limited access to pastures results in overstocking (with densities of up to 150 head/ha), and<br />
privately owned flocks from villages are often pastured freely on communal land, with little<br />
awareness of regulated use, resulting in trampling of vegetation, erosion, change in plant<br />
communities and destruction of natural habitats.<br />
38 Agricultural output in 2002 included 54,428 tonnes of grain, 13, 454 tonnes of potatoes, 42,723 tonnes<br />
of vegetables, 33,567 tonnes of melons, 28,444 tonnes of fruits, 14,015 tonnes of grapes, 45,499 tonnes<br />
of sugar-beet and 28,200 tonnes of tobacco were produced<br />
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Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is referred to sparsely forested countries. Overall area of forest fund is 1213.7<br />
thousand ha (out of them 989.5 thousand ha is covered with forest) and totalled to 11.4% of<br />
the countrywide territory. 0.14 ha forest area is shared by per capita in the country.<br />
Forests of the republic is referred to first category and carries functions of soil protective,<br />
water- hold and climate sensitivity and it is prohibited to conduct top cutting in these forests.<br />
Major forest areas were referred to state forest fund (934.5 thousand ha) and public and<br />
community facilities (54.0 thousand ha). Adequate protection and conservation regimes are<br />
applied in forests because of their categories.<br />
Forests on area spreaded out unevenly. Share of Great Caucasus in overall forest area -<br />
48.8%, Little Caucasus - 34.2%, Talish - 14.5%, Kura-Araz plain - 2.5%, Nakhichevan -<br />
0.5%. There exist areas of thick forests (Balakan - 49.3%, Lankaran - 44.1%, Zagatala -<br />
41.5% and etc.) alongside with bare and woodless fields (Zardab, Bilasuvar, Salyan and etc.).<br />
Wood reserve of the forests totalled to 59.73 million m 3 in beech forests, to 27.97 million m 3<br />
in oak forests and to 59.73 million m 3 in hornbeam forests. Overall wood reserve in montane<br />
forests totalled to 110.92 million m 3 or 81.4%. Total wood reserve of overall broadleaf trees is<br />
114.85 million m 3 or 94.67%.<br />
Spread out of forests on density is various. 13.7% of the countrywide forests is in low density,<br />
65.2% in medium density, 18.3% in normal density and 2.8% in high density (0.9-1.0). Total<br />
average density of the forests is determined as 0.5. High density forests total to 22.6 thousand<br />
ha of forest areas being remained mainly in outlying and inaccessible forest lands.<br />
(See: Annex 5.1)<br />
The greatest difficulties in forest preservation, forest renewal/ reforestation and<br />
implementation of actions in this line are made by forest peoples and other concerned parties.<br />
Demand for firewood and wood as fuel causes to occurrence of illegal cut-offs in the forests.<br />
Most significant of problems to be necessarily solved in forest conservation and preservation<br />
is to minimize illegal wood cutting.<br />
Analysis of statistic reports on last period shows that illegal forest cut-offs decline year by<br />
year. Fuel shortage and deficiency can be mentioned as main reason for wood cut-offs in all<br />
cases. Replacement of demand for wood as fuel type with other fuel types can diminish<br />
impact of the rural peoples upon forests. Gasification of regions as well as villages has been<br />
expanded throughout the republic recently. Continuance of rural gasification is one of<br />
important issues for deterioration in demand for wood.<br />
Usable wood gained from environmental harvesting and sanitation cutting in countrywide<br />
forests totalled to a few part of the need. As evident from analysis of the situation that 2 lines<br />
should be in focus to slow down demand for usable wood and woodware/timber materials and<br />
subsequently, to minimize pressure on forest resources:<br />
1. Organization of more efficient usage of the existing forests.<br />
2. Enhancement of volume of the imported usable wood and woodware.<br />
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Moreover, forestry of the republic has faced with more grevious challenge. 261 thousand ha<br />
(or 25% of wood covered area) forest area remained under occupation and getting out of 10.2<br />
thousand ha forest area from farming turnover due to Armenian aggression.<br />
Forests of the republic are conserved and reafforested by proper structural authorities of the<br />
Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources. 40 forest guard and forest replantation<br />
enterprises are engaged in protection, preservation, renewal and reforestation. There approved<br />
“<strong>National</strong> Programme on forest renewal and enhancement in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic” by the<br />
Decree №1152 dated February 18, 2003 in order to provide elimination of problems appeared<br />
in forestries within the last years and development of forests. Execution of this <strong>National</strong><br />
Programme was entrusted with the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources.<br />
Main purpose in adoption of the <strong>National</strong> Programme is to implement management of<br />
countrywide forestry more effectively and to increase density of I category forests having<br />
water hold, air cleaning, sanitary-hygienic and social-ecological functions and to enhance<br />
valuable tree and bush species. Goals and objectives of the Programme included partial<br />
satisfaction of people’s demand for small usable wood through cultivation of short-duration<br />
and quickly growing trees, expansion of protective forest strips and belts, preservation of<br />
agricultural lands, prevention of soil erosion, conservation of water sources and protection of<br />
forests from fires and harmful insects.<br />
The Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources commenced execution of the <strong>National</strong><br />
Programme and completed it successfully in 2008 since approval of the <strong>National</strong> Programme.<br />
Forest Development Department of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources and its<br />
local divisions overfulfilled forecasts planning of forest renewal and reforestation provided<br />
for every year since spring season of 2003 including 2008. So that forests were regenerated<br />
and reafforested in approximate 60 thousand ha field within the past period. This figure was<br />
higher as two times in comparison with the previous 5 years.<br />
There established forest plantation enterprises such as Jangi, Garadagh, Gilazi, Zardab and<br />
Nakhichevan and regional forest seed orchards such as Absheron, Guba and Kura in order to<br />
create forest landscape by modifying wild landscape in arid and semidesert areas which<br />
deprived of natural vegetation peculiarized with the hardest forest planting condition, to<br />
change soil and climate condition of the area, to prevent erosion processes and to avoid<br />
desertification. 213 million plant materials were cultivated in various cultivars and strains<br />
comprised by trees and shrubs at seed orchards within 2003-2008. Seed harvesting totalled to<br />
1127 tons.<br />
One of priority features of the aforesaid <strong>National</strong> Programme is to renew sparse woodlands in<br />
the country, to improve its species, to reafforest in bare and nonwood areas and thereby to<br />
pave the way for enhancement of countrywide forest covered areas and rising up to<br />
international norms.<br />
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Forests are sparse in Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, they are functioning as park and<br />
have been fragmented. There exist no any forests in Sadarak and Sharur regions. There are<br />
3365 ha forest at balance of Nakhichevan AR and 1348 ha are covered with forests. At the<br />
present, area forests became sparse and cut-off forest fields have been replaced with<br />
shrublands due to undergoing intensive human impacts. Natural recovery and restoration<br />
stopped due to mowing and grazing of forestside meadows and forest glades. On one hand,<br />
biological diversity of forest lands is impacted by hard ecological factors and on the other<br />
hand, by farming activity of people as well as disease and insects. Assignment of a part of<br />
forest lands to the population as a lot impacted its destructive effect upon forests within the<br />
last years.<br />
Large-scale forestry and greenery works started in the territory of Nakhichevan Autonomous<br />
Republic in the last years. So that there carried out forest plantation and reforestation works<br />
and more than 400 thousand tree saplings and flower shrubs were planted in 486 ha area in<br />
spring season of 2008 and 2009. It means that every person has planted one tree in the<br />
Autonomous Republic. Furthermore schemes and layouts of areas to be planted in cities,<br />
settlements, villages, roadsides of highways and around of water reservoirs and water canals<br />
have been drafted and dislocation plan of plant fields has been elaborated through selection<br />
of trees and seeds in compliance with soil and climate features. Hundreds ha of differently<br />
salinized and eroded soil have been recovered for arable rotation as a result of multiple<br />
actions. Green belts are planted not only in water reservoir areas of the Autonomous<br />
Republic. Many gardens exist in the region being planted in bench form on hillock and<br />
slopes. Experience gained in several foreign countries are successfully used while planting<br />
new woodlands. One of them is application of drop irrigation system.<br />
Nature guard and its enrichment are internationally important with global peculiarities.<br />
Nevertheless greenery areas totalled to 0.6% of the territory of the Autonomous Republic in<br />
2000, this figure reached to 1.6% in 2008. Volume of greenery per capita rised up to 0.021<br />
ha from 0.012 ha.<br />
3.2.3. Fisheries<br />
There constructed and commissioned fish rearing station for Khilly sturgeon in 2003 in order<br />
to preserve and recover resources of sturgeons in the Caspian sea.<br />
Serious problems appeared in procurement of sturgeon spawning fishs in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> within<br />
the past years as been in all Caspian countries. These problems adversely impacted upon<br />
quantity indicators of artificial propagation of sturgeons. Dependence of sturgeon fish rearing<br />
stations on private companies in view of spawning procurement cause this problem to be<br />
salient. Creation of repair-spawning fund in Khilly sturgeon fish rearing station started since<br />
2004 in order to eliminate this problem partially even. At the present, 400 thousand fishes of<br />
various cohort are represented in this fund. Use of these fishes as spawner is intended in the<br />
nearest future. Application of hard roe method without killing spawners is one of the actions<br />
oriented towards solution of this problem. Besides, all these will serve to declining of pressure<br />
upon resources of such valuable fishes existing in nature.<br />
Conducting of marine expeditions in the Caspian was renewed by <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Scientific-<br />
Research Fishery Institute in 2004 after a long time (1998-2004). Fishery resources, quality<br />
and quantity indices, dissemination of fishes in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> waters of the Caspian, feeds<br />
provision and areal are studied through expeditions carried out by “Alif Hajiyev” research<br />
vessel that it ensures fishery on scientific basis.<br />
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Decline in fishing as compared to 2003 was possible mainly on account of sprat and<br />
sturgeons. Its reason is related to reduction as 12-16 times of number and biomass of<br />
zooplanctons which sprats feeded with and subsequently, diminishing of volume of sprat<br />
fishery due to impact of Mnemiopsis Leidiyi being alien specy for the Caspian.<br />
Notwithstanding national quotas were allocated by the Bioresources Commission in 2006 and<br />
2009 no requests were addressed for industrial fishing of sturgeons by the organizations<br />
engaged in fishing and fish trade, because export quota has not been ratified by the<br />
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.<br />
(See: Annexes 6.1, 6.2 , 6.3 and 6.4)<br />
3.2.4. Industry<br />
As a result of downswing in industrial production under<br />
Picture<br />
economic crisis condition at the beginning of 1990 years,<br />
generation of social-economic crisis situation within the<br />
following five years and nonoccurrence of new socialeconomic<br />
relations quantity of industrial wastes decreased.<br />
But the problems accrued from the previous years remained<br />
unsolved. Most significant problems - pollution of the<br />
environment (mainly soil and water sources) with industrial<br />
wastes in industry zones and surrounding fields and expiry<br />
of operating life of old technologies and equipment.<br />
In this situation involvement of foreign investors for application of ecologically safe modern<br />
technologies is put forward.<br />
As a result of large-scale and fundamental reforms in countrywide economy essential<br />
outcomes were obtained in the industry within 1995-2008. Contracts on joint activity in oil &<br />
gas industry which signed with advanced companies representing worldwide developed<br />
countries on September 20, 1994 stimulated rapid growth of oil and gas industry.<br />
Production of cash registers, microcalculators, telephone sets, household electricity<br />
appliances, plastic doors and window units, special pipes for oil transportation and other<br />
output were digested in the last years. Launching production in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> of a part of many<br />
goods previously imported from foreign countries enabled enrichment of our domestic market<br />
and almost elimination of import dependency.<br />
All these gave a strong push for enhancement of business activity in the industry and<br />
development of small entrepreneurship. It is a result of “open door” policy pursued by the<br />
President that number of foreign and joint enterprises increased as three times. Presently,<br />
about 200 foreign investment enterprises are working for in the industry which representing<br />
63 states and, there created thousands of work places. Considerable increase of newly<br />
generated economies, expansion and dynamic growth of small enterpises and engagement of<br />
individuals in business are accompanied by gradual rise of non-governmental sector.<br />
So that share of non-state sector in overall output of industrial product increased to 75% in<br />
2008 as compared to 5.5% in 1995.<br />
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Dynamic growth of oil sector will pave a strong way for more acceleration of non-oil sectors<br />
development. Moreover, favourable investment atmosphere created in non-oil sector, ongoing<br />
privatization process and other reforms will provide more intensive development of non-oil<br />
sector within 2008-2012.<br />
Industrial output to the extent of 28 billion Manat was produced in 2008 and increased as 6%<br />
in comparison with 2007. There produced 44.5 million tons of oil and 16.3 billion m 3 of gas<br />
within 2008 that it is higher as 4.6% and 50.4% as compared to 2007.<br />
Untreated discharged effluents diverted to water facilities totalled to 181 million m 3 in 2008.<br />
Volume of pollutant emissions totalled to 923.0 thousand tons and 281 thousand tons out of<br />
them are shared by stationary pollution sources/ fixed sources of environmental pollution.<br />
Volume of sewage diverted to water reservoirs decreased as 1.7 times, volume of pollutant<br />
emissions as 3.1 times in 2008 in comparison with 1990.<br />
Volume of waters incoming from countrywide water-storage basins totalled to 11.735 billion<br />
m 3 in 2008. Volume of waters taken from countrywide water sources decreased as 1.4 times<br />
in 2008 as compared to 1990. Actual consumption of water was 7.886 billion m 3 , 68% hereof<br />
was used in irrigation, 26% in production and 4.4% for household-farming purposes. Despite<br />
strong water demand appeared in the country, 32.8% of intake water is lost while its delivery.<br />
Basic indices characterizing effect of human activity upon the environment are mentioned in<br />
the following table:<br />
Water taken from<br />
water sources, million<br />
m 3<br />
Water consumption,<br />
million m 3<br />
Discharge of water to<br />
surface watercourses,<br />
million m 3<br />
Pollutant emissions,<br />
thousand tons<br />
including:<br />
stationary sources<br />
motor transport<br />
1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008<br />
16176<br />
12477<br />
303<br />
2846.1<br />
2108.5<br />
737.6<br />
13976<br />
10223<br />
134<br />
1325.4<br />
878.6<br />
446.8<br />
90<br />
11110<br />
6588<br />
171<br />
908.1<br />
515.4<br />
392.7<br />
12050<br />
8607<br />
161<br />
1054<br />
558<br />
12360<br />
8865<br />
163<br />
875<br />
344<br />
12270<br />
8371<br />
177<br />
970<br />
386<br />
11735<br />
Share of pollutant emissions from fixed sources of environmental pollution per m 2 area unit of<br />
the republic totals to 3.2 tons, share of of pollutant emissions per capita totals to 33 kg.<br />
496<br />
531<br />
7886<br />
It should be noted that one of factors considerably effecting to aggravation of countrywide<br />
ecological situation is characterized in previously accumulated and presently generated<br />
hazardous wastes. At the present, there remained approximate 2.5 million tons of hazardous<br />
wastes in landfills, enterprises and refuse dumps.<br />
Alongside with that declining in scale of construction and reconstruction of nature<br />
conservancy facilities due to insufficient investment to basic capital adversely impacted upon<br />
584<br />
181<br />
923<br />
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protection of environment. So, basic capital outlay towards protection of environment and<br />
effective use of natural resources totalled to 97.8 million Manat in 2008.<br />
Table 3.10. Air pollutants in the largest four cities of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
(exceeded norm for some times)<br />
Pollutant Baku Sumgayit Mingachevir Shirvan<br />
Dust 1-1.2 2 2-2.3 2<br />
Sulphur anhydride -- -- 1-1.2 --<br />
Carbon oxide -- -- 1-1.5 --<br />
Nitrogen 4-oxide 1.5-2 2-2.2 1-1.5 1.6-1.8<br />
3.2.5. Construction<br />
Economic and social progress of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> was closely related to the extent of construction<br />
in the years of 2003-2008. Production and non-production designated large buildings and<br />
facilities were constructed and commissioned, the existing ones were expanded and<br />
reconstructed in the country territory within these years.<br />
38.1 billion Manat investment was laid on basic capital by enterprises and organizations of all<br />
ownership forms for development of countrywide economy and social sphere. 13.6 billion<br />
Manat (35.8%) of the used investment are shared by state owned organizations, 24.5 billion<br />
Manat (64.2%) by non-state owned organizations. The investment laid on basic capital<br />
totalled to 9.9 billion Manat in 2008 and it is higher as 3.0 times in comparison with 2003.<br />
There spent 1.5 billion Manat or funds to 3.8% of overall investment on basic capital by the<br />
population in order to improve current social condition. Commissioning of new production<br />
facilities was provided in these years by spending 31.1 billion Manat or funds to 81.7% of<br />
overall investment towards development of countrywide production sector.<br />
Favorable condition created together with foreign investors in the course of market economy<br />
transition resulted in outlay of more investments for economy growth in the country by them.<br />
Foreign investment totalled to 18.5 billion Manat (48.6%) of overall volume of investment<br />
laid on basic capital within 2003-2008.<br />
There spent investment of 24.1 billion Manat (63.2%) for development of industry branch of<br />
the economy, 2.7 billion Manat (7.2%) for housing, 4.5 billion Manat (11.9%) for transport<br />
and 0.6 billion manat (1.7%) for trade and service in the years of 2003-2008.<br />
Individual dwelling houses to the extent of 6.0 million m 2 were put into usage on account of<br />
personal funds within these years and 2.5 million m 2 i.e. 41.4% of them were constructed in<br />
rural areas.<br />
But it should be noted that in many cases dwelling houses and facilities are constructed<br />
without agreement of proper organizations and state expertise for relevant documents on<br />
allocation of land plots. For example, we can mention building massive allocated for property<br />
development in sanitory zone of Jeyranbatan water reservoir on sides of Baku-Rostov<br />
highway. Such developments were carried out in Absheron peninsula and Nabran-Khudat<br />
areas in sanitary-protection zones of the Caspian coast within the last years. Construction,<br />
repair-refurbishment and reconstruction works in Baku city were performed in violation of<br />
key design principles and requirements of applicable master plot plan in many cases.<br />
Dwelling houses and other facilities were constructed in protection zones of oil and gas<br />
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pipelines, water mains, multiple underground communication lines and power substations<br />
and, even in green zones. Such cases were observed in territories of other regions, too.<br />
Absence of connection to relevant public utilities and nonavailability of necessary<br />
infrastructure cause to pollution of the environment.<br />
Impacts upon the environment enhanced due to construction of many facilities in coastal areas<br />
without adherence to ecological and sanitary norms in the last years. The Decree dated<br />
January 13, 2003 of the President of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic is very important in ensuring<br />
regulation of use of the Caspian beach and shore.<br />
Establishment of industrial complexes, plants and other like designated enterprises on<br />
construction materials, reinforced-concrete, brick, marbled travertine and etc.in Nakhichevan<br />
Autonomous Republic having rich and multiple building materials, enabled delivery of<br />
building materials to worldwide markets. Construction-assembly and building-repair works<br />
carried out hereof, are provided on account of internal construction materials and funds.<br />
Presently, 62 construction-assembly organizations exist in the region that out of them 38 are<br />
large-scale, 24 are small and medium production-scale units. Capital outlay on construction<br />
increased as 5.2 times in comparison with the previous years within the past 6 years and<br />
there performed construction-assembly works to the amount of 813.4 million Manat in the<br />
Autonomous Republic in this period.<br />
3.2.6 Mining industry<br />
Proper geological study of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> territory started from 1930 years and a number of<br />
industrial fields and deposits such as iron Fe, molibdenum, cobalt, polymetal were discovered<br />
at the shortest time and put into operation.<br />
Field development works were carried out by russian, german, english and partially local<br />
manufacturers in cobalt deposits of Dashkasan, copper deposits of Gadabay, Bittibulag and<br />
Balakan from 40 years of XIX century to 20 years of XX century because of library materials.<br />
There extracted 56 thousand tons of copper, 6.3-12.7 tons of gold, 120.6-126.1 tons of silver<br />
from Gadabay copper deposit, 608 tons of cobalt ore from Dashkasan cobalt deposit, 16000<br />
tons of copper ore from Bittibulag copper deposit and they were transported to Germany by<br />
“Siemens” firm within 1867-1914 years.<br />
Beginning of geological prospecting works and mining industry in the territory of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Republic fell on the second half of XIX century.<br />
Current status and prospects of mineral raw materials base of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> territory and<br />
involvement of foreign and national investments on mining industry and geological survey of<br />
countrywide earth core create wide opportunities for integration of mining products into<br />
world market. Pursuant to the Decree №782 dated September 2, 2002 of the President of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic “On improvement of rules for issuance of special permit (licence) to<br />
some activities”, activity on use of earth core has not been included in the register and<br />
therefore, issuance of licences has been suspended.<br />
According to the Decision №1 dated January 9, 1999 of the Cabinet of Ministers of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic, 470 Acts like “Mining certificate” were issued for geological survey of<br />
earth core, use of subsurface waters and development of non-metallic deposits by<br />
governmental, private and foreign organizations in the years of 2003-2009.<br />
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At the present, territory of the republic was divided into Shaki-Balakan, Lok-Garabagh,<br />
Lachin-Kalbajar, Vejnali, Araz and Talish geological-economic regions in compliance with<br />
feature of mineralization and, Zagatala-Balakan, Shaki-Gonagkand, Gadabay-Dashkasan,<br />
Mehmana, Murovdagh, Gazakh, Aghjakand, Khojavand, Joyja-Akara, Kalbajar-Gochaz,<br />
Vejnali, Astara-Lerik, Ordubad, Sharur, Nakhichevan regions subject to structure formation<br />
and structure metallogeny zones, industrial development and prospectivity of metallic ore<br />
mineral deposits and peculiarity of its oil bearing was reviewed.<br />
Current mineral-raw materials base and industrial resources of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic contain<br />
460 deposits, including 20 ore minerals (iron, alunite, copper, lead, gold, cobalt, mercury,<br />
molibdenum), 39 nonmetallic minerals (bentonite clay, rock salt, dolomite, gypsum, sulphur,<br />
kaolin clay, quartz sand, mineral color, flux and limestone for soda production), 303 building<br />
materials (saw stone, ornamental/cap stone, clay, cement raw meal, building stone, sandgravel<br />
mix, mortar sand, bitumen sands, perlite and etc.) and 98 subsurface water deposits<br />
(iodine-bromide, potable, mineral and thermal) which appropriately recorded at state<br />
registration and area balance.<br />
68 of them are under occupation, including 6 ore, 4 nonmetallic, 47 building materials and 11<br />
subsurface water deposits are situated in the occupied territories.<br />
According to the Decree dated February 5, 1996 of the President of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic “On<br />
prospecting and development of several gold deposits in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic” for purpose of<br />
creation of gold-mining industry in the republic, there signed an agreement on prospecting,<br />
development and production sharing of prospective gold deposits such as Gadabay, Gosha,<br />
Ordubad range (Pyazbashy, Aghyurd, Shakardara, Kalaki), Soyudlu, Gizilbulag and Vejnali<br />
gold deposits between former “Azergizil” State Company and “RV Investment Group<br />
Services” LLC of USA on August 20, 1997 and additional survey works were launched in<br />
other deposits except to Soyudlu (Zod), Gizilbulag and Vejnali deposits located in the areas<br />
occupied by armenians since 2005.<br />
There signed an Agreement “On survey, exploration, prospecting, development and<br />
production sharing of Garadagh, Chovdar, Goydagh, Dashkasaman ore fields, Kohnamadan<br />
area and Kurakchay deposits” between the Government of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic and “Londex<br />
Resources S.A”, “Will and Mayris S.A”, “Fargeit Mining Copogeyhn”, “Olobex International<br />
LLR” and “Mitsui Mineral Development Engineering Co. Ltd” on December 30, 2006<br />
according to the Decree №1877 dated December 28, 2006.<br />
303 mineral deposits being in operation and reserve - 27 ore deposits (including 7 deposits in<br />
the occupied territory), 84 nonmetallic deposits (20 deposits in the occupied territory), 191<br />
building material deposits (47 deposits in the occupied territory) and 1 subsurface water<br />
deposit were recorded at field balance.<br />
It should be noted that total 142 mineral deposits and appearances of various types remained<br />
in the occupied territories of the republic.<br />
The environment is damaged in a great number during open type operation of mineral<br />
deposits.<br />
Ten thousands ha of winter pasture fields in Absheron peninsula and Gobustan area became<br />
unsuitable due to operation of building materials.<br />
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At the present, there exist quarries in the above areas. Millions m 2 surface rocks and mineral<br />
rocks flow out surrounding areas because of operation works and subsequently, sparse<br />
vegetative environment is suffered seriously. A progress has been achieved in this sphere<br />
related to land reform implemented after gaining independency of our republic.<br />
Geoecological works and seismic-hydrogeodynamic survey are ongoing in ore-based regions<br />
and adjoining plain areas of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> in the last years in order to assess changes occurred in<br />
the environment as well as to observe and forecast development of Exogen Geological<br />
Processes which considerably damage countrywide economy resulted from various scale<br />
geological, geophysical, hydrogeological and engineering geoplanning works and, operations<br />
on exploration and prospecting of solid mineral and subsurface potable water deposits and,<br />
pollution of the country territory and subsurface waters by technogen impacts.<br />
Mining works to the overall extent of ten thousands cubic meters are carried out every year in<br />
the course of exploration and prospecting of mineral deposits and roads to the overall extent<br />
of hundred thousands cubic meters are paved in slopes and small squares and grounds are laid<br />
for drilling of bore wells. The environment suffer seriously while performing such works. Soil<br />
erosion processes intensify as a result of mining excavations and recovery of the laid<br />
roadways after completion of geological exploration and prospecting works and, vegetation<br />
fall out due to slopes washout and appearance of ravines.<br />
Thousands ha of areas become unusable resulted from flowout to surrounding areas of<br />
industrial wastes (slag/refuse burnout, ash and etc.) generated upon processing of minerals.<br />
Production wastes disrupt vegetation, input repugnant compounds to the migration and<br />
contaminate air, water and soil. Polluted river waters intoxicate wildlife upon flowing in sea.<br />
Heavy metals take dominany place among pollutants of the environment. Major and adjoining<br />
minerals in ore deposits discovered in Little Caucasus and southern slopes of Great Caucasus<br />
contain mainly high-toxic heavy metals. Usually, there happens pollution of the environment<br />
with heavy metals comprising deposits in areas where such deposits situated in.<br />
Mining excavations and the paved roadways should be recovered in the course of exploration<br />
and prospecting of mineral deposits after completion of field works and, quarry places should<br />
be recultivated and soil-vegetation should be restored after completion of operation works in<br />
the quarries in order to protect biodiversity.<br />
Sufficient prospectivity of molibdenum, zinc, lead, building lime and rock salt resources<br />
which produced based on raw source of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, is evident. Rock<br />
salt reserve of Duzlag deposit was calculated as 100 thousand tons, reserve of Nehram rock<br />
salt deposit totals to 1-1.2 billion tons being the richest deposit. Sustan salt deposit has reserve<br />
of 750 thousand tons. Reserve of Nehram dolomite deposit equals to 130 million tons.<br />
Shahtakhly lining reserve totals to 8 million m 3 .<br />
Non-ferrous metals of Mehri-Ordubad area such as lead, zinc, molibdenum, copper and,<br />
Gumushlu lead-zinc, Aghdara polymetal, Paraghachay, Gapijig, Aghyurd, Diakhchay, Kilit<br />
copper-molibdenum, Kotam cobalt, Munundara and Pezbashy gold deposits are very<br />
important. Copper-molibdenum minery is operated in the territory of Ordubad region. There<br />
exist rich mineral and thermal water resources in the territory of the region.<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Reserves of fuel & energetics being one of the most advanced branches of countrywide<br />
industry totalled to 44.1 million tons of fuel equivalent in 2001 that it was less than the figure<br />
of 1990 as 45.6 million tons or 51%, but higher than the figure of 1995 as 4.6 million tons or<br />
12%. 28% of the consumed fuel was spent for production of electric and heat energy.<br />
Production of electric energy totalled to 21.6 billion kilowatt-hour in 2008 and it increased as<br />
1.7% in comparison with 2003. 88.2% of electric energy produced in 2008 is shared by heat<br />
Picture<br />
power stations, 6.8% by water power stations and 0.8% by mobile generators. Heat power<br />
stations cause to high level air pollution because of their functioning with gas and heavy oil<br />
(residual).<br />
There observed a decline in fuel equivalent spent for per kilowatt-hour of electric energy<br />
produced in power stations within the past years. In this period average 300 gram fuel<br />
equivalent was spent for per kilowatt-hour in a year.<br />
Considering electric energy production of 19.1 billion kilowatt-hour in heat power stations<br />
within 2008, then air pollution extent can be imagined.<br />
Oil extraction industry historically played a leading role in industrial complex of the country.<br />
This sector constituting a basis of fuel-energetics material supply determined structure of our<br />
economy and led to creation of industry branches such as oilrefinery, oil-chemistry and<br />
chemistry. At the present, role of this sector increased more.<br />
There established State Oil Company including enterprises on oil refinery and end products<br />
after gaining independency of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. This body was granted authorities necessary for<br />
execution of prospecting and development of oil & gas fields onshore and in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
sector of the Caspian sea in order to provide development of oil-gas complex and to satisfy<br />
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fully demand of consumers for energy sources. Presently, the Company carried out oil & gas<br />
operations in 22 thousand ha area onshore and 10 thousand km 2 area offshore.<br />
The SOCAR employs 60400 persons, including 15500 women. Out of them 46000 work for<br />
oil & gas production, 6050 for refinery complex and 8350 for construction and other<br />
supporting units.<br />
At the present, there extracted oil and gas from 54 fields. 37 of them are situated in onshore<br />
area, 17 in shelf of the Caspian sea. All fields became wateriness in high extent due to longterm<br />
operation, except to Gunashli and Chirag offshore fields and oil production decreased<br />
sharply. As more than 70% of well stock are technically unsuitable, they are considered to be<br />
potential pollution source. Trestle and trestleside scaffolds and stationary/fixed platforms<br />
which expired its operation life, pollute the sea, too.<br />
Joint development of three large oil fields (Azeri, Chirag and deepwater sections of Gunashli)<br />
launched in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> sector of the Caspian sea according to Contract signed between the<br />
SOCAR and the Consortium in which eleven foreign companies from six countries included<br />
on 1994 in order to eliminate the current situation. There established <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> International<br />
Operating Company (AIOC) for implementation of the Contract. Following this Contract<br />
more 20 large-scale oil contracts were signed with foreign oil companies on joint prospecting,<br />
development and production sharing of offshore and onshore oil fields and exploration<br />
targets. Good results were obtained under these contracts - Ashrafi oil field, Garabagh and<br />
Shah Daniz gas condensate fields were discovered. Shah Daniz field having one trillion m 3<br />
gas and 300 million condensate reserve is very important in growth of countrywide economy.<br />
At the present, construction of Baku-Tbilisi-Arzurum export gas pipeline and Baku-Tbilisi-<br />
Ceyhan export oil pipelines have been completed and commissioned. Length of the pipeline<br />
passing through <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is 443 km and width 44 m. Protection zone of the pipelines cover<br />
2517.8 ha area in 58 m width and surface technical facilities involve 25.3 ha area and these<br />
lands were leased for 60 years.<br />
It should be noted that the Environment Impact Assessment documents are compiled and<br />
agreed with the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources in all phases of oil fields<br />
development in order to minimize environmental impact.<br />
Production of crude oil totalled to 44.5 million tons in 2008, including 96% offshore and 4%<br />
onshore. So, the decline in oil production was prevented which continued yearly due to<br />
objective causes since the end of 1960 years and oil production was higher as 2.9 times in<br />
comparison with 2003. Gas recovery totalled to 15.5 billion m 3 (including 99.2% offshore) in<br />
2008 and it increased as three times in comparison with 2003. Oil production totalled to 42.3<br />
million tons and gas recovery to 13.5 billion m 3 that within ten months of 2009 that it equals<br />
to 112.1% and 102.8% as compared to similar period of the previous year.<br />
Oil extraction and oil refinery industry had great impact upon the environment, including<br />
biological diversity. There started oil extraction by industrial method in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> in 1871 in<br />
Balakhany-Sabunchu-Ramana fields of Absheron peninsula. Then new oil & gas fields were<br />
discovered and on stream without performance of necessary technical accomplishment works<br />
following one another in the peninsula and other onshore areas of the republic and <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
sector of the Caspian. Land storages and open canals were used in collection and<br />
transportation of well products for tens years. Ecosystems of both onshores and offshores<br />
were seriously damaged resulted from usage of elementary technical means in initial phases<br />
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and, absence of adherence to operational and maintenance conditions in drilling, operation<br />
and refurbishment of wells and, indifferent attitude to nature conservancy actions.<br />
Particularly, land resources of Absheron suffered considerably and 7400 ha area became<br />
completely unusable together with boring and oil sludge, produced waters, various chemical<br />
reagents, heavy metals and other repugnant wastes. Natural lakes were polluted and there<br />
appeared multiple artificial lakes. Oil and petroleum derivatives settled down to 3 m or more<br />
and polluted subsurface waters hereof. Local areas contaminated with natural radioactive<br />
nuclides were discovered in sites of major mines. It should be noted that Absheron peninsula<br />
is one of the passage routes of migratory birds.<br />
A great extent of lands were contaminated with petroleum derivatives in areas of oil fields in<br />
Guba-Caspian zone and medium and lower Kura valley.<br />
30 thousand m 3 household-sanitary sewages diverted to the Caspian, 81 thousand tons of<br />
repugnant substances, including 58 thousand tons of hydrocarbons emitted in 2003. Presently,<br />
pollution of the environment is ongoing due to overdepreciation and obsolescence of oil<br />
mining and treatment facilities.<br />
Oil & gas extraction enterprises intermediately impact upon environmental components and<br />
other industry branches. Pollution of sea waters adversely impact to its fauna and flora and<br />
restricts shipping and fishery in any extent.<br />
Energy shortage occurs in electricity networks of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic.<br />
Therefore, power energy is transmitted from neighbouring Iran and Turkey with intervals.<br />
Water power station over Araz river constructed jointly with Iran does not satisfy demand<br />
for energy. Great difficulties emerge in delivery of gas and pit coal fuels because of being<br />
under blockade condition of the region by Armenia Republic.<br />
No any oil are not extracted in Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, but geological<br />
prospecting works conducted in many areas of the region proved existence of oil hereof.<br />
Presently, capital works are planned to be started in this sphere.<br />
3.2.8. Transport<br />
Rise in transportation volume through International Eurasia transport corridor functioning<br />
within the framework of TRASECA programme, increased number of transport enterprises<br />
and individuals engaged in automobile transport as well as growth in industry, agriculture,<br />
construction and other major production lines of the country in comparison with the previous<br />
years, seriously effect to development of transport.<br />
Number of transport enterprises which recorded at State Register of accounting units as legal<br />
entities, increased as 1.7% in comparison with the previous year totalled to 1220 and natural<br />
persons engaged in automobile transport without establishment of legal entity totalled to<br />
40000 by increasing as 28.4% up to January 1, 2009.<br />
Number of vehicles existing in the republic increased as 860.1 thousand in 2008 or as 348.6<br />
thousand in comparison with 2003. 81.4% of vehicles is shared by cars, 13.1% by trucks,<br />
3.4% by buses and remaining part by other automobiles. Number of private cars subject to per<br />
hundreds families equalled to 36 in the past year. Cargo transportation by legal entities and<br />
natural persons working for transport sector in 2001 increased as 183.1 million tons or 66.4%<br />
in comparison with 2003.<br />
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Rehabilitation of ancient Silk Way is one of the successful milestones during independency of<br />
our country. Creation of favorable condition in useful and safe transportation and delivery of<br />
cargo on mutual basis among countries of Asia-Caucasus-Europe since 1996 continued its<br />
good outcomes in the past years and it has become a corridor could compete with regional<br />
transport corridors and, remained to be one of key factors seriously effecting upon<br />
development of countrywide economy and forming of ground transport complex. Cargo<br />
transportation through the corridor increased as 19.0%, transit cargo transportation as 37.3%<br />
and amount of income generated from cargo transportations increased as 29% in 2008 in<br />
comparison with 2003.<br />
It should be noted that emissions from motor transport are dominant in pollution of<br />
countrywide atmosphere. 642 thousand tons or 70% of overall volume of noxious emissions<br />
generated from automobile transport.<br />
Density of transport routes and construction of highways and pipelines result in fragmentation<br />
of living circumstances and it impacts upon protection and recovery of biological diversity .<br />
(Annex 7.1)<br />
3.2.9. Tourism<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is a country possesses rich nature, historical and cultural potential for development<br />
of tourism. <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> became a place could cause to keen interest of both internal and<br />
foreign tourists during the Soviet regime. There were various sites serving for tourists in<br />
majority regions of the republic. But such sites became unserviceable due to uncared attitude<br />
until the last years, approximate 30% of tourist sites were out of order and 60% of them were<br />
settled by the refugees.<br />
However, favorable natural climate condition and enrichment of cultural-historical sites of the<br />
republic as well as rapid development of tourism infrastructure and services to the level of<br />
worldwide standards led to yearly growth of number of the tourists arriving in the country and<br />
thus, tourism has become one of the priority lines of the country economy.<br />
The Ministry of Culture and Tourism executes state tourism policy in the country. “State<br />
Programme on Tourism Development for 2002-2005 years” was compiled and implemented<br />
successfully by this body in 2002. Considering prospectivity of this sphere and in view of<br />
enhancement of tourist flows to the country in future, “State Programme on Tourism<br />
Development for 2009-2013 years” has been compiled as a continuance of reforms and<br />
presently, it is under ratification. Besides, according to proper Decree of the President of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic there established special tourism and recreation zones in order to<br />
integrate internal tourism market into international tourism market.<br />
Several exhibitions are held for organization of countrywide tourism propaganda and<br />
involvement of foreign investors to this sector and thematic publications are issued to<br />
introduce local traditions, national kitchen and cultural-national heritage. Tourism Institute<br />
was established<br />
in 2006, then regularly working courses on different professions were arranged attached to it<br />
and furthermore, various training programmes are implemented under support of the World<br />
Trade Organization and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey in order to raise<br />
qualification and upgrade professional skills of employees working for tourism.<br />
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At the present, more than 300 hotels and inns and more than 250 tourism centers work for the<br />
country. Significant works are carried out towards construction of hotel centers meeting<br />
international standards and, improvement of service quality. Number of foreign citizens who<br />
visit to our country, rises up every year. Number of persons arriving in the country totalled to<br />
two millions in 2008 that it is higher as 42% in comparison with 2007.<br />
International experience and practice are used for achievement of the successes planned on<br />
tourism. So that there signed agreements on tourism cooperation with 20 countries and such<br />
draft agreements with 27 countries are discussed. <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> cooperates with many<br />
international regional organizations on tourism, including the World Tourism Organization,<br />
Islamic Conference Organization, Economic Cooperation Organization, Organisation of<br />
Economic Cooperation and Development, Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization,<br />
GUAM and Tourism Council of the CIS member nations.<br />
Picture<br />
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Chapter 4. Conclusions: Progress Towards<br />
the 2010 Target and Implementation of the<br />
Strategic Plan<br />
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4.1. Protected areas system<br />
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4.1.1. Description of status, location and scope of protected areas<br />
Pursuant to legislation of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic, protected areas and sites are national wealth of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic and cover natural complexes having specific ecologic, scientific and<br />
aesthetic value.<br />
Protected areas of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic differed in conservation goals and usage features are<br />
assigned the following status:<br />
- state nature reserves, including biosphere reserves<br />
- national and natural parks<br />
- ecological parks<br />
- natural monuments<br />
- state nature sanctuaries<br />
- zoological parks<br />
- botanical and dendrological parks<br />
- sanatoria and resorts.<br />
Activity of the existing protected areas necessitates execution of the scientific, conservative<br />
and tourism designated functions that it constitutes basis of activity of the same areas and<br />
their institutional commitments.<br />
According to the Law №840/IG dated March 14, 2000 “On protected areas and sites” of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic:<br />
State nature reserves - areas having status of nature conservative and scientific-research<br />
institutions, which established for the purpose of preservation of typical and exotic natural<br />
complexes and sites in natural condition and study of progress of natural processes and<br />
occurrences. Functions of the state nature reserves are as follows:<br />
- to carry out conservation of natural areas in order to preserve natural condition of genebank,<br />
biological diversity, ecological systems, natural complexes and sites;<br />
- to organize and conduct scientific researches and to compile “Nature chronicle”;<br />
- to implement ecological monitoring within the framework of state monitoring of the<br />
environment and natural resources;<br />
- to participate in state ecological expertise of location designs and schemes of farming areas<br />
and other facilities;<br />
- to assist in training of scientific personnel and specialists on environmental protection and<br />
nature conservation.<br />
<strong>National</strong> parks - areas having status of nature conservative and scientific-research institutions<br />
where natural complexes of preferential ecological, historical, aesthetic and likewise<br />
importance located on and, used for nature conservative, enlightenment, scientific, cultural<br />
and other purposes. Functions of the national parks are as follows:<br />
- to preserve natural complexes, exotic and standard natural zones, historical-cultural sites;<br />
- to create opportunities for tourism and rest (recreation);<br />
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- to develop and apply scientific methods of nature conservation and ecological<br />
enlightenment;<br />
- to enlighten the population from ecological standpoint;<br />
- to implement ecological enlightenment;<br />
- to restore the damaged natural and historical-cultural complexes and sites.<br />
State natural sanctuaries - areas of particular importance for protection or restoration of<br />
natural complexes and or their components as well as for maintenance of ecological balance.<br />
State natural sanctuaries can be organized in land plots of owners, users and tenants without<br />
disappropriation of them in a manner provided by the legislation. Functions of the state<br />
natural sanctuaries are as follows:<br />
- to protect or restore natural complexes and or their components;<br />
- to maintain ecological balance;<br />
- to ensure adherence to restrictions set in farming activity of land owners, users and tenants<br />
depending on establishment profile (objective);<br />
- to implement scientific, cultural, educational and limited farming activities.<br />
First preservations, i.e. Goygol, Zagatala and Gizilaghaj state nature reserves were established<br />
in 30 th years of the last century in order to protect charming nature of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. Adoption of<br />
“Law on <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Nature Conservation” in 1969 caused a rise in number and growth of the<br />
reserves in our country. As a result, additional 6 other protected areas - Shirvan, Basitchay,<br />
Garayazi, Aghgol, Ismayilly, Ilisu and Altiaghaj state nature reserves were established.<br />
It should be noted that there existed 14 state nature reserves and 20 state nature sanctuaries<br />
with total area of 478000 ha in the territory of our country till 2001.<br />
For conformity with up-to-date requirements of protected areas system in the Republic,<br />
conservation of all necessary ecosystems and key species and creation of buffers and<br />
protective zones, departments and administrations at status of <strong>National</strong> Park have been<br />
established since 2003 for the first time in the country history through more sustainable<br />
actions within the last years. Actions carried on enhancement and expansion of Protected<br />
Areas since 2003 were continued according to “Towards effective protected areas system - A<br />
guide for action on implementation of PAs Work Programme of Convention of Biological<br />
Diversity” and presently, there exist protected areas at total 876236.1 ha, including 8 <strong>National</strong><br />
Parks, 11 state nature reserves and 24 state nature sanctuaries in our country.<br />
Coverage of Protected Areas of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic<br />
(ha)<br />
361980<br />
102<br />
218335.2<br />
295920.90<br />
<strong>National</strong> Parks State Nature Reserves State Nature Sanctuaries<br />
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Moreover, Gobustan state nature reserve and Baku Seaside <strong>National</strong> Park (area of 80 ha) are<br />
functioning, there exist 2083 centennial trees, 37 geological and paleontological sites and 15<br />
thousand ha endemic and valuable forest lands.<br />
While speaking on countrywide protected areas and their potential it should be noted<br />
regretfully that Basitchay and Gara-gol state nature reserves, Dashalty, Lachin, Gubadly,<br />
Arazboyu state nature sanctuaries and a number of valuable and exotic natural monuments left<br />
uncared in the territories of our republic, which occupied as a consequence of armenian<br />
aggression. There are hundreds of centennial trees, 13197.5 ha valuable forestries, 6<br />
geological sites in the conserved regions with total area of 44.3 thousand ha which undergone<br />
occupation and are being destroyed by armenian plunderers savagely.<br />
Brief information on national parks and state nature reserves of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic<br />
Shirvan <strong>National</strong> Park<br />
Established at 54373.5 ha in administrative areas of Garadagh district of Baku, Salyan and<br />
Neftchala regions on July 5, 2003. Shirvan <strong>National</strong> Park is located at 54373.5 ha of protected<br />
area overall 65580.0 ha in south-eastern Shirvan plain of Kura-Araz lowland, Shirvan State<br />
Nature Reserve at 6232.0 ha and Bandovan State Nature Sanctuary at 4930.0 ha.<br />
Key objective in establishment of <strong>National</strong> Park aims to conserve semidesert landscape,<br />
gazelles included in the Red Book of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic and fauna species specific for the<br />
area.<br />
Aghgol <strong>National</strong> Park<br />
Established at 17924 ha in administrative areas of Aghjabedi and Beylagan regions on July 5,<br />
2003. Shirvan <strong>National</strong> Park is located at 54373.5 ha.<br />
Aghgol was included in “Ramsar List” of Ramsar Convention on wetlands of international<br />
importance as main habitats of water birds, being wintering place of migratory bird species as<br />
significant wetland.<br />
Hirkan <strong>National</strong> Park<br />
Established on February 9, 2004. The <strong>National</strong> Park is located in south-eastern of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, i.e. in administrative areas of Lankaran and Astara regions. Its area is 40358<br />
ha. Main purpose in establishment of <strong>National</strong> Park aims at complex protection of nature in<br />
the same area and conservation of unique relic and endemic plant species of III era.<br />
Altiaghaj <strong>National</strong> Park<br />
Established in administrative areas of Khizi and Siyazan regions on August 31, 2004. Its area<br />
is 11035 ha.<br />
Main purpose in establishment of the <strong>National</strong> Park aims at conservation of natural<br />
landscapes, flora and fauna species of south-eastern slopes of Great Caucasus.<br />
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Established at 783 ha in administrative area of Azizbayov district of Baku city on February 8,<br />
2005. The <strong>National</strong> Park is located in south-eastern end of Absheron peninsula - Shah Dili<br />
area.<br />
Main purpose in establishment of Absheron <strong>National</strong> Parks aims at conservation of rare<br />
nature complexes, sites, Khazar seal, gazelle and wetlands.<br />
Shahdagh <strong>National</strong> Park<br />
Established in administrative areas of Guba, Gusar, Ismayilly, Gabala, Oghuz and Shamakhy<br />
regions on December 8, 2006. Its area totals to 115895 ha. Ismayilly and Pirgulu State Nature<br />
Reserves were included in area of the <strong>National</strong> Park.<br />
Objective in establishment of Shahdagh <strong>National</strong> Park is to restore and protect globally<br />
important mountain forests and pasture ecosystem located in uplands including multiple<br />
endemic and endangered species and transboundary migratory animals.<br />
Goygol <strong>National</strong> Park<br />
Established in administrative areas of Khanlar, Dashkasan and Goranboy regions on April 1,<br />
2008. Its area totals to 12755 ha.<br />
The <strong>National</strong> Park was established for the purpose of conservation of typical landscape, fauna<br />
and flora of Little Caucasus.<br />
Gizilaghaj State Nature Reserve<br />
Established on July 3, 1929. Its area is 88360 ha. There exists Little Gizilaghaj State Nature<br />
Sanctuary at 10.7 thousand ha area together with the reserve.<br />
Main purpose in establishment of the reserve aims at creation of favorable condition for study<br />
of natural complex in the area, protection and growth in number of wildlife inhabited here.<br />
Gizilaghaj State Nature Reserve was included in “Ramsar List” of Ramsar Convention on<br />
wetlands of international importance as main habitats of water birds in 1976 and therefore, it<br />
is considered to be internationally important reserve.<br />
Considering possible attraction of multiple local and foreign tourists to the area by variety of<br />
the reserve nature and richness of flora and mainly of fauna, it is planned to establish first<br />
seaside national park at the area of approximate 100000 ha on the basis of the reserve in the<br />
future.<br />
Zagatala State Nature Reserve<br />
Established in administrative areas of Zagatala and Balakan regions in 1929. Its area totals to<br />
47349 ha.<br />
Main purpose in establishment of Zagatala State Nature Reserve aims at conservation of<br />
natural complex, flora and fauna of south slope of Great Caucasus.<br />
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Turyanchay State Nature Reserve<br />
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Established on May 6, 1958. Its area is 22488 ha. The reserve is located in administrative<br />
areas of Aghdash, Oghuz, Yevlakh and Gabala regions.<br />
Objective in establishment of Turyanchay State Nature Reserve is to protect one of arid forest<br />
areas, i.e. Bozdagh arid forest landscape complex being the principal one.<br />
Shirvan State Nature Reserve<br />
Established in administrative areas of Salyan and Neftchala regions on April 30, 1969. Its area<br />
is 6232 ha.<br />
Objective in organization of the reserve is to conserve and rehabilitate gazelles included in the<br />
Red Book of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic and other fauna species specific for this area. The reserve is<br />
functioning in the composition of Shirvan <strong>National</strong> Park.<br />
Basitchay State Nature Reserve<br />
Established in administrative area of Zangilan region on July 4, 1974. Its area totals to 107 ha.<br />
It was arranged for conservation of rare natural plane forest.<br />
The reserve is under occupation of armenian aggressors presently and rare natural plane trees<br />
located in the reserve area are savagely cut off by the armenians.<br />
Garayazy State Nature Reserve<br />
Established in administrative area of Gazakh region on March 2, 1978. The area is 9658 ha.<br />
Nature complex of well-known tugai (riparian) forests is protected in the reserve.<br />
Ilisu State Nature Reserve<br />
Established in administrative area of Gakh region on February 20, 1987. Area of the reserve is<br />
17381.5 ha.<br />
Objective in organization of the reserve is to conserve and restore natural complex.<br />
Garagol State Nature Reserve<br />
Established in administrative area of Lachin region on October 17, 1987. The area totals to<br />
240 ha and is one of the high mountainous lakes being particularly interesting. Alp has<br />
landscape complex. This lake is characterized in important hydrological and economy.<br />
The reserve is under occupation of armenian aggressors presently.<br />
Eldar Shamy State Nature Reserve<br />
Established in administrative area of Samukh region on December 16, 2004. The area covers<br />
1686 ha.<br />
Objective in establishment of the reserve is to conserve rare Eldar shamy forest.<br />
State Nature Reserve for Mud volcanoes range of Baku and Absheron peninsula<br />
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Established on August 15, 2007. 52 mud volcanoes were titled as state nature reserve.<br />
Objective in establishment of the reserve is to organize elimination of anthropogen impacts<br />
upon mud volcanoes and protection of them which located in Baku and Absheron<br />
peninsula.<br />
Korchay State Nature Reserve<br />
Established in administrative area of Goranboy region on April 1, 2008. The area covers<br />
4833.6 ha.<br />
Objective in establishment of the reserve is to conserve rare animal and bird species.<br />
There created Zangazur <strong>National</strong> Park named after academician Hasan Aliyev on the basis of<br />
Ordubad <strong>National</strong> Park and Shahbuz State Nature Reserve on November 25, 2009. Area of<br />
<strong>National</strong> Park is 42797.4 ha.<br />
Alongside with <strong>National</strong> Park, Ordubad State Nature Sanctuary is located in 27870.0 ha of the<br />
protected area.<br />
Objective in establishment of Zangazur <strong>National</strong> Park aims at protection of separate<br />
components in the area, availability of the unique climate, relief and other physicalgeographical<br />
features and conservation of various animals, including endemic species.<br />
There created Arpachay State Nature Sanctuary in 68911 ha area of Sharur region on June 26,<br />
2009.<br />
Objective at establishment of Protected Areas aimed to protect rich and endemic vegetation<br />
and wildlife.<br />
(Appendix 3)<br />
4.1.2. Evaluation of gaps in protected areas system<br />
Gaps existing in protected areas of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic are as follows:<br />
a) uncontrolled existence and destruction of Basitchay and Garagol State Nature<br />
Reserves, Dashalty, Lachin, Gubadly, Arazboyu State Nature Sanctuaries, more than<br />
150 centennial trees, 13197.5 ha valuable forestries and 6 geological sites in the<br />
occupied territories of our republic caused by Armenian aggression;<br />
b) development of countrywide livestock farming, especially sheep-breeding and<br />
subsequently, appearance of facts of illegal grazing in PAs because of need for pasture<br />
lands (number of countrywide sheep exceeds 8 millions);<br />
c) low level knowledge of conservation employees, lack of highly educated personnel,<br />
including scientific workers due to insufficiency of salaries and wages;<br />
d) non-availability of vehicles (car, marine transport and horse) for efficient organization<br />
of the conservation as a result of shortage in supply of all PAs with vehicles;<br />
e) absence of air transport means for inventory taking of wild animals in PAs and<br />
operative organization of conservation work and lack of proper funds for their lease<br />
hereof;<br />
f) noncompletion of infrastructure building fully up today and lack of management plans<br />
and modern radio receiver sets in major PAs notwithstanding there carried out largescale<br />
actions towards creation of necessary infrastructure in PAs within the last years;<br />
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g) driving of livestock and cattle into the area and coming of people hereof for the<br />
purpose of recreation, hunting and wood procurement due to absence of border marks<br />
in major parts of PAs boundaries and nondigging of protection trenches in necessary<br />
parts;<br />
h) weakly organization of enlightenment of local communities living in frontier with PAs<br />
and absence of interest for them in protection of these areas;<br />
i) low level knowledge of specialists for arrangement of ecotourism in <strong>National</strong> Parks<br />
and poor necessary conditions for tourists in recreational zones and etc.<br />
In Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic a number of villages are located along the borders of<br />
the protected areas, and summer pastures near Zangazur <strong>National</strong> Park and Ordubad State<br />
Nature Sanctuary are significantly overgrazed, being used by up to 250,000 head of livestock<br />
each year.<br />
4.2. Conservation outside Protected Areas<br />
4.2.1. In situ conservation measures in the wider landscape<br />
The President of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic signed a Decree №1152 dated February 18, 2003<br />
“<strong>National</strong> Programme on forest renewal and enhancement in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic” and<br />
according to the Decree the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources prepared <strong>National</strong><br />
Programme on forest renewal and enhancement by involving state and local self-governing<br />
bodies and scientific organizations. There carried out actions for forest renewal and<br />
reafforestation at 69700 ha area under the Programme. 66400 ha of them are shared by the<br />
Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources.<br />
There established regional forest seed orchards such as Absheron, Guba and Kura (Hajigabul)<br />
in order to create plant materials containing various trees and shrubs required for<br />
establishment of protective forest lands in Caspianside sandy places. More than 21 million<br />
various trees and shrubs were cultivated in the above regional forest seed orchards from their<br />
establishment time up today. The Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources carried out<br />
reafforestation works at total 60674 ha area from its establishment time up today that 24132<br />
ha are shared by newly planted forests. At the same time, total 200 million plant materials<br />
were cultivated in various cultivars and strains comprised by trees and shrubs within this<br />
period. Seed harvesting totalled to 1155 tons.<br />
Moreover, launching of <strong>National</strong> Monitoring system on 2001 aims at collection of<br />
environmental monitoring data and tracking of processes in water basins, soil and atmosphere<br />
and, assessment of anthropogenous impacts upon the environment. The Ministry of Ecology<br />
and Natural Resources has created special network engaged in collection of information and<br />
data on biodiversity monitoring, i.e. vegetation and forests and animal population within this<br />
structure.<br />
4.2.2. Ex situ conservation<br />
In general, there is little ex-situ propagation or reintroduction of rare native species in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, despite recent efforts to improve the situation including legislation to support exsitu<br />
conservation 39 . In particular, there is a real lack of local expertise in ex-situ conservation.<br />
39 Presidential Decree No 675 IQ (1999) and Cabinet of Ministers Decree No 117 (2000)<br />
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There is a need to develop a coherent strategy for ex-situ conservation, captive breeding and<br />
reintroduction in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>, in line with international (IUCN) guidelines. As a start, laws are<br />
currently in force, that protect threatened species from unlicensed collection for unofficial<br />
breeding or propagation programmes.<br />
Plant propagation and botanic gardens<br />
The main collection and site for plant propagation in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is the Mardakan Tree<br />
Nursery, which was established in 1926 on a 12 ha site on the Absheron Peninsula, 40km<br />
from Baku. This garden hosts a wide collection of specimens, both of exotic and native<br />
species.<br />
(See: Annex 8.1)<br />
Captive breeding<br />
The main centre for captive breeding in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> is at the Baku City Zoological Park, which<br />
has a collection of nearly 200 different species. The zoo is active, and the size of collections<br />
has grown over the period 2001 to 2003. The collection includes a number of species that are<br />
listed on the <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Red Book, including Mediterranean turtle (Testudo graeca), greater<br />
flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus), Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus), purple gallinule<br />
(Porphyrio porphyrio), mute swan (Cygnus olor), tawny eagle (Aguila rapax), Peregrine<br />
falcon (Falco peregrinus), lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus), and goitred gazelle (Gazella<br />
subgutturosa).<br />
In addition, the zoo is actively involved in breeding a number of animals, including native<br />
species such as European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis), Mediterranean turtle (Testudo<br />
graeca), Caspian gecko (Cyrtopodion caspius), Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), purple gallinule<br />
(Porphyrio porphyrio), golden jackal (Canis aureus), wolf (Canis lupus), badger (Meles<br />
meles), and goitred gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa).<br />
According to the Decree №109 dated 26, 2008 of the President of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic, works<br />
are ongoing towards creation of Zoological Park to the extent of 200 ha area responding the<br />
highest standards by the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources.<br />
4.3. Organizations involved in biodiversity conservation<br />
and management<br />
4.3.1. Government structures and agencies<br />
The underlying legislative base pertaining to conservation of biological resources is<br />
developed by the Milli Mejlis (Parliament). Under this framework, a number of government<br />
institutions exist which contribute to the delivery of environmental policy.<br />
• The Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources. Established by Presidential Decree in<br />
2001, the Ministry manages forestry and hunting activities (including oversight of hunting<br />
quotas and permits), oversees protection and rehabilitation of fish stocks (and other<br />
aquatic bioresources) in marine and freshwater habitats, and is also responsible for<br />
biodiversity conservation. It develops strategies for long-term and short-term approaches<br />
to sustainable development and sustainable use of biological resources. The activity of the<br />
Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources is divided into six areas: (i) ecological policy<br />
development; (ii) ecological protection; (iii) water monitoring and management; (iv)<br />
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protection of marine (Caspian) bioresources; (v) forest management; and (vi) protected<br />
areas. Further information about the work of the Ministry can be found on their website<br />
(www.eco.gov.az).<br />
• The Ministry of Agriculture. As a major land user and the biggest user of water<br />
resources in the country (using 75% of supplies) agriculture has a significant impact on<br />
biodiversity. The Ministry of Agriculture carries out work on plant protection and on the<br />
rural environment. It runs a number of research institutes, focusing on crop and vegetable<br />
cultivation, horticulture, cultivation of cotton, grapes and fodder and livestock breeding,<br />
In addition, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Youth, Sport and Tourism, and the State<br />
Committee of Land and Cartography conduct some activities which are relevant to<br />
biodiversity conservation. Other relevant state organizations include:<br />
• State Commission of Genetic Resources on Biodiversity. This was established by<br />
Presidential Decree in December 2002, to implement measures in line with <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>’s<br />
commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity in order to prevent the loss of<br />
genetic resources of plants, animals and microorganisms.<br />
• <strong>National</strong> Academy of Sciences. This is key national scientific research organization, and<br />
operates a series of research institutes, many of which conduct work relevant to<br />
biodiversity conservation (including, among others, the Institutes of Geography, Botany,<br />
Zoology, Genetic Resources, Microbiology, Oil-Chemistry Processes and Soil Research).<br />
Further information about the work of the ANAS can be found on their website<br />
(www.science.az).<br />
4.3.2. Non-governmental organisations<br />
At present there are over 60 ecological NGOs and associations, of which up to 30 are on<br />
biodiversity (See Annex 9.2). Among these are scientific groups undertaking basic<br />
biodiversity research (such as the Society of Botanists, the Society of Zoologists, the Society<br />
of Geographers, the Society of Mammologists and the <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Centre for the Protection of<br />
Birds). A number of other NGOs are active in environmental education relating to<br />
biodiversity, and have an important role in raising public awareness.<br />
4.3.3. Business and the private sector<br />
In addition to local private entrepreneurs a number of international corporations operate in the<br />
Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. Representatives of local private businesses have not yet taken an<br />
active role in solving environmental problems, mainly due to the relatively early stage of<br />
business development in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. In general, foreign investors have been more involved in<br />
ecological protection that the local business sector. In particular, the oil sector (including<br />
companies such as BP, Exxon Mobil) has been directly involved in biodiversity protection<br />
activities, as a result of their recognition of both potential corporate impacts and social<br />
responsibility.<br />
Of particular note is the work undertaken to date by BP, whose local operation (BP<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong>) has developed the Biodiversity Strategy, in full consultation with local<br />
stakeholders. Under this strategy BP will support both short-term local projects (to be<br />
delivered by local NGOs under a small grants scheme) and longer-term regional initiatives<br />
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(such as work to rehabilitate Tugai forest along the Kura river), and will also support<br />
activities to increase public awareness about biodiversity.<br />
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Appendices<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Appendix 1 - Information concerning reporting Party<br />
Contracting Party Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Full name of the institution<br />
Name and title of contact<br />
officer<br />
Mailing address<br />
NATIONAL FOCAL POINT<br />
Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Mrs.Sadagat Mammadova<br />
Head of Sector<br />
Division of Environment and Nature Protection Policy<br />
Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources<br />
B.Aghayev str. 100 A, AZ 1073<br />
Baku, Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Telephone + (994 12) 439 11 11, + (994 12) 492 73 69<br />
Fax + (994 12) 492 59 07<br />
E-mail sagagat.biodiv@mail.ru<br />
CONTACT OFFICER FOR NATIONAL REPORT (IF DIFFERENT FROM ABOVE)<br />
Full name of the institution<br />
Name and title of contact<br />
officer<br />
Mailing address<br />
Telephone<br />
Fax<br />
E-mail<br />
Signature of officer<br />
responsible for submitting<br />
national report<br />
Date of submission<br />
SUBMISSION<br />
Submitted on the 24 th of February 2010 to the Secretariat of<br />
<strong>CBD</strong><br />
112<br />
2009
113<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Appendix 2 - Information concerning the preparation of national<br />
report<br />
<strong>National</strong> Consultants<br />
The steering committee in the frame of the preparation of the IV <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong> consists of<br />
following members:<br />
Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Haziyev Mammad<br />
Ahadov Sabir<br />
Huseynov Gurbanali<br />
State Statistic Committee of the Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Lazimova Rena<br />
State Land and Cartography Committee of the Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Amirquluyev Hikmat<br />
Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Gahramanov Mahir<br />
Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Division of Law<br />
Shakaraliyev Teymur<br />
Bakirov Anar<br />
Division of Environment and Nature Protection Policy<br />
Abdulhasanov Mutallim<br />
Division of Industry Policy<br />
Orujov Zamin<br />
Department of Biological Diversity Protection and Specially Protected Nature Areas<br />
Development<br />
Alizade Hikmat<br />
Mammadova Solmaz<br />
Abdurahmanova Nigar<br />
Pashayev Jeyhun<br />
Ismayilov Emin<br />
Majidov Elshan<br />
Mustafayev Arzu<br />
2009
Department of Envionment Protection<br />
Mammadov Fuzuli<br />
Department of Reproduction and Protection of Aquatic Bioresources<br />
Zahidli Gahraman<br />
Hashimov Tahir<br />
Department of Forestry Development<br />
Aliyev Loghman<br />
Mammadova Gulnare<br />
<strong>National</strong> Hidrometeorological Department<br />
Taghiyeva Umayra<br />
114<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
2009
115<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Appendix 3 – Progress towards Targets of the Global Strategy for<br />
Plant Conservation and Programme of Work on Protected Areas<br />
More than 10% of plants in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> are considered to be under danger of extinction, 450<br />
species of them were presented as exotic and extinct species in order to be included in second<br />
edition of the Red Book of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Republic. (although only 140 of them are mentioned in<br />
the current Red Book of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> 40 ) and three species are listed as globally threatened in 1989<br />
- Iris acutiloba, Calligonum bakuense and Astragalus bakuenses. In 1982 the government<br />
recognised that 2,124 plant species in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> are rare, endemic, threatened, or of economic<br />
importance (Government Order number 167).<br />
Just under 2% of the flora of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic is listed in the <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Red<br />
Data Book (54 species or subspecies are listed 41 ). In addition, some species have not been found<br />
in the territory for a number of years and may have become locally extinct 42 .<br />
Threatened Species recorded from <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> 43<br />
Scientific name <strong>English</strong> and/or Azeri<br />
Common name(s)<br />
PLANTS<br />
Sporophyta – Ferns and horsetails<br />
Dryopteris raddeana (Fomin)<br />
(1911)<br />
Status (IUCN<br />
and CITES)<br />
<strong>National</strong><br />
Status<br />
Радде айыдюшяйи - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Gymnospermae - Gymnosperms<br />
Pinus eldarica Medw. (1902) Елдар шамы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
Pinus kochiana Klotzsch ex C.<br />
Koch, (1849) (Pinus hamata<br />
(Stev.) Sosn.)<br />
Кох шамы (гармагвари шам) -<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Juniperus foetidissima Willd. Аьырийли ардыж - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Angiospermae - Angiosperms<br />
Monocotyledonus – Monocotyledons<br />
Nectaroscordum dioscoridis (Sibth.<br />
et Smith.) Stank (1966)<br />
Nectaroscordum tripedale (Trautv.)<br />
Grossh. (1940)<br />
Galanthus caucasicus (Baker)<br />
Grossh. (1924)<br />
Рянэли нектароскордум - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Цчфутлу нектороскодум<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Гафгаз хядижяэцлц - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
40 Red Book of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> SSR, Published: Ishig, (1989). This classifies species by threat (0-4): extinct,<br />
endangered, rare, vulnerable or data deficient.<br />
41 Of particular note are Nectaroscordum tripedale, Ferula oopoda, Stenotaenia daralaghezica, Campanula radula<br />
and Salsola tamamschjana<br />
42 For example, Aristolochia bottae, Paeonia tenuifolia, Camranula minesterana and Triticum monococcum<br />
43 In total 303 species are considered to be nationally or internationally threatened, and these are listed<br />
here.<br />
2009
Sternbergia colchiciflora Waldt. et<br />
Kit. (=S.alexandre Sosn.) (1936)<br />
Sternbergia fisheriana (Herb.) M.<br />
Roem.<br />
Sternbergia lutea (L.) Spreng.<br />
(1847)<br />
Danae racemosa (L.) Moench<br />
(1974)<br />
Гышда чичякляйян<br />
штернберэийа, Фишер<br />
штернберэийасы<br />
116<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Фишер штернберэийасы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Winter daffodil (Сары<br />
штернберэийа)<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Будаглы данайа - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow (1907) Щиркан бикявяри - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Crocus caspius Fisch. et Mey.<br />
(1838)<br />
Gladiolus halophilis Boiss. et<br />
Heldr. (1853)<br />
Iridodictyum reticulatum (Bieb.)<br />
Rodionenko=Iris reticulata Bieb.<br />
(1808)<br />
Хязяр зяфяраны - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Шоран гарьасоьаны - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Торлу иридодиктиум - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Iris acutiloba C. A. Mey. (1831) Итикянарлы сцсян - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Iris camillae Grossh. Камилла сусяни - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Iris elegantissima Sosn. (1915) Гяшянэ сцсян - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Iris grossheimii Woronow ex<br />
Grossh. (1928)<br />
Гроссщейм сцсяни - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Iris iberica Hoffm. (1806-08) Эцржц сцсяни - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Iris lycotis Woronow (1915) Гурдгулаьы сцсян - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Iris paradoxa Stev. (1820) Парадоксал сцсян - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Iris prilipkoana Kem.-Neth. Прилипко сцсяни - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Fritillaria grandiflora Grossh.<br />
(1919)<br />
Lilium ledebourii (Baker) Boiss.<br />
(1884)<br />
Merendera candissima Micz. et<br />
Grossh. (1928)<br />
Muscari elegantissimum Schchian<br />
(1947)<br />
Иричичяк лалявяр - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Ледебун замбаьы Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Аьаран данагыран - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Гяшянэ илансоьаны - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
2009
Ornithogalum hyrcanum Grossh.<br />
(1929)<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Щиркан хынжалаусу - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Scilla atropatana Grossh. (1935) Атропатен зцмрцдчичяйи - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Tulipa biebersteiniana Schult.et<br />
Schull. Fil. (1829)<br />
Биберштейн даьлалялси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Tulipa florenskyi Woronow (1924) Флоренски даьлаляси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Tulipa julia C.Koch (1948) Йулийа даьлаляси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Tulipa karabachеnsis Grossh.<br />
(1936)<br />
Гарабаь даьлаляси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Tulipa schimidtii Fomin (1909) Шмит даьлаляси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Tulipa eichleri Regel. ейхлер даьлаляси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Cеphalanthеra longifolia (L.)<br />
Fritsch. (1888)<br />
Himantoglossum formosuм (Stcv.)<br />
C.Koch = Loroglossum formosum<br />
Stеv. (1908)<br />
Limodorum abortivum (L.) SW<br />
(1799)<br />
Узунйарпаг тозбаш сящляб - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Гяшянэ гайышлячяк - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Натамам лимодорум - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Orchis purpurea Huds.(1762) Фырфыр сящляб - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Ophrys caucasica Woronow ex<br />
Grossh.<br />
Steveniella satyrioides (Stev.)<br />
Schlechter (1918)<br />
Paeonia mlokoscwilschii Lomak<br />
(1897)<br />
Гагаз гаш сящляби - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Сатириодвари стевениелла - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Млокосевиж пиону - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Ammochloa palaestina Boiss. (1853) Фялястин гумоту - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Avena ventricosa Bal. (1854) Шишкин вялямир, Шишкин<br />
щажагуйруг<br />
Stipa pellita (Trin, el Rupr.) Tzvel.<br />
(1966)<br />
117<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Тукжцклц шийав - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Triticum monococcum L. (1753) Тякдянли бцьда - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Dicotyledonae – Dicotyledons<br />
Dorema glabrum Fisch. et Mey. Dorema (Чылпаг дорема) - Included in the<br />
2009
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
(1835) Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Caropodium platycarpum (Boiss et<br />
Hanskn.) Schishk.<br />
Ferula caspica Bieb. = F. caucasica<br />
Korov. (1808)<br />
Ferula oopoda (Boiss. et Buhse)<br />
Boiss. (1872)<br />
Орагмейвя капоподиум - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Гафгаз илaнкюлэяси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Йумуртавари иланкюлжяси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Ferula persica Willd.(1797) Иран иланкюлэяси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Ferula szowitsiana D. C. Шовитс иланкюлэяси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Smyrniopsis oneberi Boiss. (1936) Оше лялякливяси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Stenotaenia macrocarpa Freyn et<br />
Sinl. ex Freyn. = S. daralaghezica<br />
(Takhl.) Schischk. (1949)<br />
Иримейвя стенотенийа - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Ilex hyrcana Pojark. (1947) Щиркан шцмшяси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Hedera pastuchowii Woronow<br />
(1932)<br />
Aristolochia bottae Jaub. et Spach<br />
(1842-43)<br />
Cladochaeta candissima (Bieb.) DC.<br />
(1837)<br />
Пастухов дашсармашыьы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Ботта зярвянди - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Парлаг кладохета - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Gundelia tournefortii L. (1753) Турнефор гунделийасы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Lactuca takhtadzhianii Sosn. Тахтажан сцдлямяси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Pyrethrum komarovii Sosn. (1945) Камаров биряоту - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Pyrethrum kotschyi Boiss. (1855) Кочи биряоту - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Scorzonera grossheimii Lipsch. et<br />
Vass.<br />
Гроссщейм тякясаггалы, кечи<br />
йемлийи<br />
Scorzonera pulchra Lomak. (1897) Эюзял тякясаггалы, кечи<br />
йемлийи<br />
118<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Scorzonera pusilla Pall. (1804) Кичик тякясаггалы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Telekia speciosa Schred.)<br />
Baumg.(1816-46)<br />
Эюзял телекийа - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Alnus subcordata C. M. Mey. Црякйарпаг гызылаьаж - Included in the<br />
2009
(1831)<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Betula raddeana Trautv.(1887)<br />
Радде тозаьажы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Physoptychis caspica (Habl.) V.<br />
Boczan.= P. gnaphalodes (DC)<br />
Boiss. (1867)<br />
Pseudovesicaria digitata (C. A.<br />
Mey.) Rupr.(1869)<br />
Buxus sempervirens L. = B. colchica<br />
Pojark.+ B. hyrcana Pojark.(1907)<br />
Gleditsia caspia Desf.(1809)<br />
Campanula radula Fisch. ex Tchih.<br />
(1860)<br />
Euonymus velutina Fisch. et Mey<br />
(1838)<br />
Anabasis brachiata Fisch. et Mey.<br />
ex Kar. et Kir. (1842)<br />
Хязяр бозговаж - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Бармагвари говаг - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Common box (Щямишяйашыл<br />
шумшад)<br />
119<br />
LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Каспи, Хязяр шейтанаьажы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Шцалы зянэчичяйи - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Мяхмяри эярмяшов - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Шамданвари юлдцрэян - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Anabasis eugeniae lljin (1937) Йевэени юлдцрэяни - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Corylus colurna L.=C. cervorum<br />
V.Petrov.(1936)<br />
Diospyros lotus L.(1753)<br />
Rhododendron caucasicum Pall.<br />
(1784)<br />
Turkish hazelnut (Марал<br />
фындыьы)<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Date plum (Гафгаз хурмасы) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Гафгаз ханымяли - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Rhododendron luteum Sweet (1830) Сары ханымяли - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Euphorbia grossheimii Prokh.(1930) Гроссщейм сцддцйяни - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Astragalus bakuensis Bunge (1868) Бакы эявяни - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Astragalus nachitschevanicus Rzazade<br />
(1954)<br />
Нахчыван эявяни - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Astragalus kubensis Grossh. (1933) Губа эявяни - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Astragalus paradoxus Bunge (1859) Гярибя эявяни - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Astragalus prilipkoanus Grossh.<br />
(1936)<br />
Castanea sativa Mill.<br />
Прилипко эявяни - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
European chestnut (Ади - Included in the<br />
2009
Quercus boissieri Reult.=Q. araxina<br />
(Traulv.) Grossh. (1930)<br />
Quercus castaneifolia<br />
C.A.Mey.(1831)<br />
Platanus orientalis L. Oriental planetree (шярг<br />
чинары)<br />
Gentiana lagodochiana<br />
(Kusn.)Grossh. (1932)<br />
Globularia trichosantha Fisch.et<br />
Mey.(1879)<br />
Parrotia persica (DC.) C.A.Mey.<br />
(1831)<br />
шабалыд)<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Боасийе палыды, Араз палыды - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Шабалыдйарпаг палыд - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
120<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Лaгодех ажычичяйи - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Дарлячяк глобуларийа - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Дямираьажы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Anogramma leptophylla (l.) Link Назикйарпаг анограмма - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Hypericum formossimum Takht. Эюзял дазы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Pterocarya pterocarpa (Michx.)<br />
Kunth exI.Iljinsk.(1824)<br />
Acantholimon schemachense<br />
Grossh. (1931)<br />
Acantholimon tenuiflorum Boiss.<br />
(1846)<br />
Ганадмейвя йалангоз - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Шамахы тыс-тысы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Назикчичяк тыс-тыс - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Alcea kusariensis (Iljin) Iljin ((1949) Гусар эцлхятми - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Alcea lenkoranica Iljin (1949) Лянкяран эцлхятми - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Alcea sachsachanica Iljin (1940) Саьсаьан эцлхятми - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Marsilea strigosa Willd. Сярттцклц марсилийа - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Ficus hyrcana Grossh. Щиркан янжири - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Albizia julibrissin Durazz. (1772)<br />
Nelumbo caspica (DC) Fisch.<br />
(Nelumbium caspica (DC.) Fisch.)<br />
(1823)<br />
Nymphaea alba L. (1753)<br />
Лянкяран эцлябришини, Ипяк<br />
акасийасы<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Шанаэцлля - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
European white waterlily (Аь<br />
сузанбаьы)<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Nymphaea candida J. et C. Persl Гар сузанбаьы - Included in the<br />
2009
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Calligonum bakuense Litv. (1922) Бакы жузгуну - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Calligonum polygonoides L. (1753) Гырхбуьум жузгун - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Rheum ribes L. (1973) Гараьат рявянди - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Primula juliae Kusn.(1899) Йулийа новрузчичяйи - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Cyclamen elegans Boiss. et Buhse Зяриф мешяноврузэцлц - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Punica granatum L. Pomegranate (Ади нар) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Anemone kuznetzowii Woronow<br />
et Grossh.(1930)<br />
Frangula grandiflora (Fisch. el<br />
Mey.) Grub.(1949)<br />
Кузнетсоv ясмяси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Ирийарпаг кювряк мцрдяшир - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Coteneaster saxatilis Pojark. (1938) Гайа довшаналмасы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Laurocerasus officinalis M.<br />
Roem.(1847)<br />
Padus avium Miel.=P. racemosa<br />
(Lam.) Gilib.(1785)<br />
Дярман дяфняэилянары - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Гуш мешяэиласы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Pyrus boissierana Buhse(1860) Буасийе армуду - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Pyrus eldarica Grossh.(1944) Елдар армуду - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Pyrus hyrcana Fed.(1952) Щиркан армуду - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Rosa pulverulenta Bieb. (Rosa<br />
azerbajdzhanica Novopokr.et Rzazade(1947))<br />
Pyracantha coccinea (L.) M. Roem.<br />
(1847)<br />
Азярбайжан итбурнусу - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Scarlet firethorn (Гырмызы<br />
тубульа)<br />
121<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Rosa karjaginii Sosn.(1944)<br />
Гарйаэин итбурну - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Rosa nisami Sosn.(1944) Низами итбурну - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Rosa canina L. (Rosa sosnovskyi<br />
Chrishan.(1951))<br />
Dog rose (Итбурну) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Salix kuznetzowii Laksch ex Kuznetsov’s willow (Кузнетсов - Included in the<br />
2009
Goerz. сюйцдц)<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Atropa caucasica Kreyer (1925) Caucasian belladonna (Гафгаз<br />
ханымоту)<br />
122<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Staphylea colchica Stev. Колхида Стафуласы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Taxus baccata L. <strong>English</strong> yew (эиляли<br />
гаражющря)<br />
Daphne transcaucasica Pobed. Transcaucasian daphne<br />
(загафгазийа жанаварэиляси).<br />
Stelleropsis magakjanii (Sosn.)<br />
Pobed. . (1940)<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Магакйан жинжилимжяси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Trapa hyrcana Woronow(1917) Щиркан суфындыьы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) C.Koch<br />
(1892)<br />
Вялясйапаг азат LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Valeriana alliarifolia Adams (1805) Сарымсагйарпаг пишикоту - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Vitis sylvestris C.C.Gmel. (1905) Мешя цзцмц - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Woodsia alpina R. Br. (1823) Alpine woodsia, Northern<br />
woodsia, Woodsie alpine (Алп<br />
vудйасы)<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Lactuca takhtadzhjanii Sosn. (1941) Тахтажан сцдлямяси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Salsola tamamsahjanae Iljin (1936) Тамамшйан шоранэяси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Zeravschania pauciradiata<br />
(Tamamsch.) M. Pimen.<br />
(Peuecedanum paucirodiatum Tam.<br />
(1936))<br />
Азшцалы даьчятири - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
ANIMALS<br />
Phylum: Annelida<br />
Class: Hirudinoidea<br />
Order: Arhynchobdellae<br />
Family: Hirudinidae<br />
Hirudo medicinalis Linnaeus, 1758 Тибби зяли (Medicinal leech) LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Phylum: Molluska<br />
Class: Gastropoda<br />
Order: Stylommatophora<br />
Family: Vertiginidae<br />
Vertigo angustior Jeffreys, 1830 Narrow-mouthed Whorl Snail LR/cd<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Vertigo moulinsiana Dupuy, 1849 Des Moulin’s Snail LR/cd<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Phylum Arthropoda<br />
Class Insecta<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
2009
Order Hymenoptera<br />
Family Apoidae<br />
Bombus (Mg.) portchinsky<br />
Radoszkowski, 1883<br />
Bombus (Th.) mlokosievitzii<br />
Radoszkowski, 1877<br />
Bombus (Ev.) persicus<br />
Radoszkowski, 1883<br />
Order: Odonata<br />
Family: Cordulegastridae<br />
Cordulegaster mzymtae Bartenev,<br />
1929<br />
Family: Gomphidae<br />
Onychogomphus assimilis<br />
(Schneider, 1845)<br />
Portchinskii’s Bumblebee<br />
(Порчински золаглы арысы)<br />
Mlokosievitz’s Bumblebee<br />
(Млокосевич золаглы арысы)<br />
Persian Bumblebee (Фарс<br />
золаглы арысы)<br />
Order Coleoptera<br />
Family Cerambycidae (Longhorned Beetles)<br />
Rosalia alpina Linné, 1758 Rosalia longicorn (Алп<br />
розалийасы)<br />
123<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
- VU B1+2c<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Mallosia scovitzi Fald., 1837 Scovitz’s longhorned beetle<br />
(Сковитз узунбыьы)<br />
Purpuricenus talyschensis Reitt.,<br />
1891<br />
Purple talysh longhorned<br />
beetle (Тцндгырмызы талыш<br />
узунбыьы)<br />
Dorcadion talyschense Gang., 1883 Talysh root-eating longhorned<br />
beetle (Талыш кюкйейяни)<br />
Parandra caspia Men., 1832 Caspian parandra (Хязяр<br />
парандрасы)<br />
Family Carabidae (Ground Beetles)<br />
Carabus clypeatus talyschensis<br />
Men., 1832<br />
Carabus scabrosus caucasicus<br />
Adams, 1817<br />
Talysh three-bladed runner<br />
(Цчпярли талыш гачаьаны)<br />
Caucasian splashing snaileater<br />
(Гафгаз илбизйейян<br />
фышгырданы)<br />
Calosoma sycophanta L., 1758 Pretty ground beetle (Гяшянэ<br />
бюжяк)<br />
Megacephalus euphraticus Latr.,<br />
1885<br />
Family Buprestidae (Jewel Beetles)<br />
Ancylocheria salomoni Thomson,<br />
1878<br />
Euphrates runner (Фярят<br />
чапаьаны)<br />
Solomon’s jewel beetle<br />
(Соломон гызыл бюжяйи)<br />
- VU B1+2c<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
d- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
VU A1c<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Order: Orthoptera<br />
Family: Tettigonidae<br />
Saga pedo (Pallas, 1771) Predatory bush cricket VU B1+2bd<br />
-<br />
-<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Order Lepidoptera – Butterflies and moths<br />
Family Papillonidae<br />
Parnassius apollo L., 1758 Apollo butterfly (Аполлон) VU A1cde<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
-<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
2009
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Parnassius nordmanni Men., 1849 Нордман аполлону - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Zerynthya cericyi caucasica Led.,<br />
1850<br />
Papilio alexanor orientalis Rom.,<br />
1884<br />
Гафгаз зеринтийасы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Шярги алексанор йелкянжили - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Anthocharis gruneri Chr., 1870 Шяфягсачан - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Zegris menestho Men., 1832 Ейфема - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Colias thisoa Men., 1832 Алп сарыжасы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Colias caucasica Strgr., 1871 Гафгаз сарыжасы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Colias aurorina H.-S., 1850 Аврорина сарыжасы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Colias chlorocoma Chr., 1888 Кцрд сарыжасы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Danais chrysippus L., 1758 Хризип - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Pararge adrastoides Bien., 1870 Талыш мяхмяри кяпяняйи - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Melanargia hylata Men., 1882 Щилата - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Satyrus alpina Stgr., 1879 Алп сатири - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Thaleropis jonia Fisch., 1851 Ионийа бяргвураны - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Argynnis alexandra Men., 1832 Александра сядяфлиси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Heodes ochimus H.-S., 1851 Охим гызылы кяпяняйи - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Tomares romanovi Ch., 1882 Романов томареси - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Manduca atropos L., 1758 "Кялля шякилли" щаф - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Daphnis nerii L., 1758 Олеандр щафы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Rethera komarovi Chr., 1885 Комаров щафы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
124<br />
2009
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Hippotion celerio L., 1758 Ири тяняк щафы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Brahmaea christophi Strg., 1885 Талыш брамейасы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Axiopoena maura Eichw., 1832 Тутгун айыжа - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Zygaena Tamara Chr., 1889<br />
Family: Lycaenidae<br />
Тамара алажасы - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Lycaena dispar (Haworth, 1802) Large Copper LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
-<br />
Maculinea arion (Linnaeus, 1758) Large Blue LR/nt<br />
-<br />
Maculinea nausithous (Bergstrasser,<br />
1779)<br />
Order: Sphingidae<br />
Hyles hippophaes<br />
(Esper, 1793)<br />
Proserpinus proserpina (Pallas,<br />
1772)<br />
Phylum Chordata<br />
Pisces - fish<br />
Class Cephalaspidomorphi<br />
Order Petromyzontiformes<br />
Family Petromyzontidae<br />
Caspiomyzon wagneri Kessler, 1870 Caspian Lamprey<br />
(Иланбалыьы)<br />
125<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Dusky Large Blue LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
- DD<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Willowherb Hawkmoth DD<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Class Actinopterygii - ray-finned fishes<br />
Order Acipenseriformes<br />
Family Acipenseridae - Sturgeons<br />
Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt, Russian Sturgeon (Рус няряси) EN A2d<br />
1833<br />
ver 2.3 (1994),<br />
CITES<br />
(appendix II)<br />
Acipenser nudivetntris Fringebarbel sturgeon (Кялямо,<br />
Гайабалыьы)<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
EN A1acde+2d<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
CITES<br />
(appendix II)<br />
Acipenser persicus Borodin, 1897 Persian sturgeon EN A2d<br />
ver 2.3 (1994),<br />
CITES<br />
(appendix II)<br />
Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771 Starry sturgeon (Узунбурун) EN A2d<br />
ver 2.3 (1994),<br />
CITES<br />
(appendix II)<br />
Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758 Sterlet (Чюкя) VU A1c+2d<br />
ver 2.3 (1994),<br />
CITES<br />
(appendix II)<br />
Huso huso Linnaeus, 1758 Beluga, European Sturgeon,<br />
Giant Sturgeon, Great Sturgeon<br />
(Бюлэя)<br />
EN A2d<br />
ver 2.3 (1994),<br />
CITES<br />
(appendix II)<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
2009
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Order Salmoniformes<br />
Family Salmonidae - Salmonids<br />
Salmo trutta fario Linnaeus, 1758<br />
Order Clupeiformes<br />
Brown trout (Гызылхаллы) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Family Clupeidae (Herrings, shads, sardines)<br />
Clupeonella cultriventris<br />
Nordmann, 1840<br />
Black Sea sprat (ади килкя) DD<br />
ver 2.3 (1994),<br />
Not included in<br />
the Red book of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
A. pontиca (A. pontиca kesslerи, A. Волга сийяняйи вя Грабел<br />
DD<br />
-<br />
p. volgensиs)<br />
Order Cypriniformes<br />
сийяняк(Pontиc shad)<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Family Cyprinidae (Minnows and carp)<br />
Abramis sapa Pallas, 1814 White-eye bream (Пору) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Pelecus cultratus Linnaeus, 1758 Ziege (Гылынжбалыг) DD Included in the<br />
ver 2.3 (1994) Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Rutilus frisii (Nordmann, 1840)<br />
Фясиля: Cobitidae<br />
Кцтцм, зийад (Black Sea Roach) DD<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
-<br />
Sabanejewia aurata (De Filippi, Гызылы илишкян (Goldside<br />
DD<br />
-<br />
1863)<br />
Order Perciformes<br />
Family Percidae (Perches)<br />
Loach)<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Lucioperca marine Cuvier, 1928 Marine Zander (Дяниз сыфы) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Class Amphibia - Amphibians<br />
Order Caudata<br />
Family Salamandridae - Salamanders<br />
Triturus vulgaris Linneus.,1758 (In Smooth Newt (Ади тритон) - Included in the<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Triturus vulgaris lantzi<br />
Red Data Book<br />
threatened)<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Triturus cristatus Laur., 1786 (In Great Crested Newt (Дараглы LR/cd Included in the<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Triturus cristatus тритон)<br />
ver 2.3 (1994) Red Data Book<br />
karelini threatened)<br />
Order Anura<br />
Family Pelobatidae<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Pelobates syriacus Boettger., 1889 Eastern Spadefoot (Сурийа<br />
сарымсагийли гурбаьасы)<br />
Family Hylidae<br />
Hyla arborea Common Tree Frog (Ади аьаж<br />
гурбаьасы)<br />
Family Pelodytidae<br />
Pelodytes caucasicus Boul., 1896 Caucasian Parsley Frog (Гафгаз<br />
хачлыжасы)<br />
Family Bufonidae - Toads<br />
Bufo verucosиssma (Pallas,1813) Гафгаз гуру гурбаьасы<br />
(Caucasиan Toad)<br />
Class Reptilia - Reptiles<br />
Order Testudines<br />
126<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
-<br />
-<br />
2009
Family Testudinidae<br />
Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 Common Tortoise, Greek<br />
Tortoise, Moorish Tortoise,<br />
Spur-thigned Tortoise (Аралыг<br />
Дянизи Тысбаьасы)<br />
Order Squamata<br />
Suborder Sauria (Lacertidae)- Lizards<br />
Family Agamidae - Agamas<br />
Trapelus ruderatus Rastegar-<br />
Pouyani, 2000<br />
Phrynocephalus helioscopus<br />
Engelmann et al, 1993<br />
Family Scincidae - Skinks<br />
Mabuya aurata Greer &<br />
Nussbaum, 2000<br />
Ablepharus bivittatus Engelmann<br />
et al, 1993<br />
Horn-scaled Agama<br />
(Харабалыг кялязи)<br />
Sunwatcher Toadhead Agama<br />
(Эирдабаш йовшанлыг<br />
кяртянэяляси)<br />
Golden Grass Mabuya (Гызылы<br />
мабуйа)<br />
Twin-striped Skink (Золаглы<br />
чылпагэюз кяртянэяля)<br />
Suborder Ophidia (Serpentes) – Snakes<br />
Family Colubridae - Colubrids<br />
Coluber longissimus Laurenti, 1768 Aesculapean Snake (Ескулап<br />
иланы)<br />
127<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
VU A1cd<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Elaphe situla (Linnaeus, 1758) Leopard snake DD<br />
Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus<br />
Engelmann et al, 1993<br />
Natrix megalocephala Engelmann<br />
et al, 1993<br />
Palestine Kukri Snake<br />
(Гарабаш ринхокаламус)<br />
Bighead-European Grass<br />
Snake, Large-headed Water<br />
Snake<br />
Vipera raddei raddei Boettger, 1890 Caucasus Viper (Кичик асийа<br />
эцрзяси)<br />
Vipera dinniki McDiarmid,<br />
Campbell & Toure<br />
Dinnik's Viper VU C1+2a<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
-<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
VU A1d, C1<br />
-<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Class Aves - Birds<br />
Order Pelecaniformes<br />
Family Pelecanidae - Pelicans<br />
Pelecanus onocrotalus Linn.1758 White pelican (Чящрайы гутан) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Pelecanus crispus Bruch, 1832 Dalmatian pelican<br />
(Гыврымляляк гутан)<br />
Family Phalacrocoracidae<br />
Phalacrocorax pygmaeus Pall.,1773 Pygmy cormorant (Кичик<br />
гарабатдаг)<br />
Order Ciconiiformes<br />
Family Threskiornithidae<br />
LR/cd<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
red data book<br />
-<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
-<br />
2009
128<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Platalea leucorodia Linn.,1758 Spoonbill (Ярсиндимдик) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Family Ciconidae<br />
Ciconia nigra Linn.,1758 Black stork (Гара лейляк) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Order Ciconiformes<br />
Family Phoenicopteridae<br />
Phoenicopterus ruber Pall.,<br />
Linn.,1758<br />
Greater flamingo (Гызылгаз) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Order Anseriformes<br />
Family Anatidae<br />
Branta ruficollis Pallas., 1769 Brent goose (Гырмызыдюш газ) VU B1+2c<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Anser erythropus Linnaeus, 1758 Lesser white-fronted goose<br />
(Аьгаш газ)<br />
VU A1acd+2bcd<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
red data book<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
-<br />
Cygnus olor Gm., 1789 Mute swan (Фысылдайан гу) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Cygnus columbianus bewickii<br />
Varrell, 1830<br />
Marmaronetta angustirostris<br />
Menetr.,1832<br />
Bewick’s swan (Кичик гу) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Marbled teal (Мярмяр жцря) VU A1cd+2cd,<br />
C1<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Aythya nyroca Guld., 1770 Ferruginous duck (Аьэюз<br />
дальыж)<br />
Oxyura leucocephala Scop., 1769 White-headed duck<br />
(Эюйдимдик)<br />
LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
EN A1acde<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
-<br />
Order Falconiformes<br />
Family Accipitridae<br />
Pandion haliaetus Linn.,1758 Osprey (Чай гарагушу) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Haliaeetus albicilla Linn.,1758 White-tailed (sea) eagle<br />
(Аьгуйруг дяниз гарталы)<br />
LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
-<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Accipiter gentilis Linn., 1758 Goshawk (Тетрачалан) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Accipiter badius Gmelin, 1788 Shikra (Тцркцстан тцвцйц) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Aquila nipalensis Temm.,1828 Steppe eagle (Чюл гарталы) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
2009
Aquila clanga Pall.,1811 Greater spotted eagle (Кичик<br />
гарталча)<br />
129<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
VU C1<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Aquila heliaca Savigny, 1809 Imperial eagle (Мязар гарталы) VU C1<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
-<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Aquila chrysaetus Linn.,1758 Golden eagle (Бяргуд) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Gypaetus barbatus Linn.,1758 Lammergeier or Bearded<br />
vulture (Тоьлуэютцрян)<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Aegypius monachus Linn., 1758 Black vulture (Гара кяркяс) LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
-<br />
Circaetus gallicus Gmelin,1788 Short-toed eagle (Иланйейян) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Circus macrourus Gm., 1771 Pallid harrier (Чюл<br />
белибаьлысы)<br />
LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Family Falconidae<br />
Falco cherrug Gray., 1834 Saker falcon (Цтялэи) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 Peregrine (Шащин, лачын) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Falco naumanni Fleischer, 1818 Lesser kestrel (Чюл муймулу) VU A1bce+2bce<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
-<br />
Order Galliformes<br />
Family Tetraonidae<br />
Tetrao mlokosiewiczi Taczan., 1875 Caucasian black grouse<br />
(Гафгаз тетрасы)<br />
Tetraogallus caspiсus Gm.,1784 Caspian snowcock (Хязяр<br />
улары)<br />
Tetraogallus caucasicus Pall., 1811 Caucasian snowcock (Гафгаз<br />
улары)<br />
Family Phasianidae<br />
Francolinus francolinus Linn.,1758 Black francolin, black partridge<br />
(Тураж)<br />
Phasianus colchicus talischensis<br />
Lor.,1888<br />
Order Gruiformes<br />
Family Gruidae<br />
Pheasant (Гырговулун талыш<br />
йарымнювц)<br />
DD<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
-<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
2009
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Grus leucogeranus Pall., 1773 Siberian crane (Аь дурна) CR A2cde<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
-<br />
Crex crex Linn.,1758 Corn crake (Живдимдик) VU A2c<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
-<br />
Family Rallidae<br />
Porphyrio porphyrio Linn.,1758 Purple gallinule (Султан<br />
тойуьу)<br />
Family Otididae<br />
Otis tarda Linn.,1758 Great bustard (Довдаг) VU A2c<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Otis tetrax Linn.,1758 Little bustard (Бязэяэ) LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Chlamydotis undulata Jacuin, 1784 Houbara bustard (Эяшянэ<br />
довдаг, Жек)<br />
Order Charadriformes<br />
Family Charadriidae<br />
Vanellus gregarius Pall., 1771 Sociable plover (Чюкцкбурун<br />
жцллцт)<br />
Vanellus (= Chettusia) leucura<br />
Licht., 1823<br />
Family Scolopaciadae<br />
Numenius tenuirostris Vieillot,<br />
1718<br />
White-tailed lapwing<br />
(Аьгуйруг чюкцкбурун)<br />
Slender-billed curlew (Кичик<br />
кроншнеп)<br />
130<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
VU A1ac+2bc,<br />
-<br />
C1<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
CR C2b, D<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Gallinago media Latham, 1787 Great snipe (Тямбял бекас) LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Family Glareolidae<br />
Glareola nordmanni Nordm., 1842 Black-winged pratincole (Чюл<br />
щачагуйруг жцллцтц)<br />
Order Columbiformes<br />
Pterocles orientalis Linn., 1758 Black-belled Sandgrouse<br />
(Гарагарын баьрыгара)<br />
Order Passeriformes<br />
Family Turdidae<br />
Irania gutturals Guerin, 1843 White-throated Robin (Аьбоьаз<br />
бцлбцл)<br />
DD<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
-<br />
-<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Family Parinae<br />
Parus hyrcanus Loscot, 1977 Hircan tit (Щиркан arыquшu) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
2009
Rhodopechys githaginea (=<br />
Bucanetes githagineus) Licht., 1823<br />
Trumpeter finch (Сящра<br />
гаргушу)<br />
Class Mammalia – Mammals<br />
Order Chiroptera – Bats<br />
Rhinolophus euryale Blasius, 1835 Mediterranean horseshoe bat<br />
(жянуб налбуруну)<br />
Rhinolophus mehelyi Matschie,<br />
1901<br />
Mehely’s horseshoe bat<br />
(Мещели налбуруну)<br />
131<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
VU A2c<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
VU A2c<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Rhinolophus blasii Peters, 1866 Blasius’s horseshoe bat LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum<br />
Schreber, 1774<br />
Rhinolophus hipposideros<br />
Bechstein, 1800<br />
Greater horseshoe bat LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Lesser horseshoe bat VU A2c<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Miniopterus schreibersi Kuhl, 1817 Common bentwing bat,<br />
Schreiber’s long fingered bat<br />
LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Nyctalus lasiopterus Schreber, 1780 Giant noctule LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Nyctalus leisleri Kuhl, 1817 Lesser noctule LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Тadarida teniotis Rafinesque, 1814 European fretailed bat<br />
(Бюйцкдодаг енлийарпаг)<br />
Barbastella barbastellus Schreber,<br />
1774<br />
Western barbastelle VU A2c<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Myotus bechsteini Kuhl, 1817 Bechstein’s bat (Берштейн<br />
шябпяряси)<br />
Myotus emarginatus É. Geoffroy,<br />
1806teniotis<br />
Geoffroy’s bat (Цчрянэ<br />
шябпяря)<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
-<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
VU A2c<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
VU A2c<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
2009
Order Carnivora<br />
Suborder Feliformia<br />
Family Felidae – Cats<br />
Panthera tigris virgata Illiger,<br />
1815 44<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Tiger, turan tiger (Пялянэ) EN C2a(i)<br />
ver 3.1 (2001)<br />
Lynx lynx Linnaeus, 1758 Eurasian lynx (Вашаг) LT<br />
ver 3.1 (2001)<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Panthera pardus Linnaeus, 1758 Leopard (Бябир (халлы пялянэ) Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Felis silvestris Schreber, 177545 Wild cat (чюл пишийи) - Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Otocolobus manul Pallas, 1776 Pallas' cat (Манул пишийи) NT<br />
ver 3.1 (2001)<br />
Sub-order Pinnepedia<br />
Family Phocidae<br />
Phoca caspica Gmelin, 1788 Caspian Seal (Хязяр суити) VU B1+2e<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Family Hyaenidae – Hyaenas<br />
Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus, 1758 Striped hyaena (Золаглы<br />
кафтар)<br />
Family Mustelidae – Mustelids<br />
Vormela peregusna Güldenstädt,<br />
1770<br />
Marbled Polecat (Сафсар<br />
(сарыглы))<br />
LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Lutra lutra L., 1758 Common Otter (Чай самуру) VU A2cde<br />
Order Rodentia – Rodents<br />
Family Hystricidae – Scirtidae<br />
Sciurus anomalus Güldenstädt,<br />
1785<br />
Caucasian Squirrel, Persian<br />
Squirrel (Загафгазийа<br />
синжабы)<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
44 The last recorded Turan tiger was killed in the Talysh region (Prishib village) in 1932. <strong>Report</strong>s of tigers<br />
in the Lenkoran region persisted since 1950, however there was thought to be some confusion with<br />
observation of leopards, and the tiger was listed in the Red Book subsequent to its extinction in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
45<br />
The steppe form of wild cat, which is distributed across Africa and Asia, is protected in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
2009<br />
132<br />
-<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
-<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Family Didodidae<br />
Sicista betulina Pallas, 1779<br />
Family Myxodae<br />
Northern Birch Mouse LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
-<br />
-
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Glis glis Linnaeus, 1766 Fat dormoise LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
-<br />
Family Muridae<br />
Apodemus hyrcanicus Vorontsov,<br />
Boyeskorov & Mezhzherin, 1992<br />
Calomyscus urartensis Vorontsev<br />
& Kartavseva, 1979<br />
Caucasus field mouse DD<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Urartsk mouse-like hamster LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
Chionomys nivalis Martins, 1842 European snow vole, snow<br />
vole<br />
Order Artiodactyla<br />
Family Bovidae<br />
Gazella subgutturosa Güldenstädt,<br />
1780<br />
Goitred Gazelle, Sand Gazelle<br />
(Жейран)<br />
Capra cylindricornis Blyth, 1841) Eastern Caucasian Tur<br />
(Даьыстан туру, Даь кяли)<br />
Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777 Wild goat (Безоар кечиси, Гайа<br />
кечиси)<br />
Rupicapra rupicapra L., 1758 Alpine chamois (Кюэяр<br />
(Гарапача))<br />
Ovis orientalis Gmelin, 1774 Mouflon (Кичик Асийа Муфлону,<br />
Вящши гойун)<br />
133<br />
LR/nt<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Not included in<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> red<br />
data book<br />
NT<br />
ver 3.1 (2001)<br />
VU A1d+2de,<br />
C1<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
VU A2cde<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
- Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
VU A2cde<br />
ver 2.3 (1994)<br />
Included in the<br />
Red Data Book<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
2009
134<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Rare plant species listed in the Red Book of Nakhchivan<br />
Autonomous Republic<br />
Latin name Status Localities<br />
Nektaroskordum tripedale (Trautv)<br />
Grossh.<br />
Population declining, endemic Demirlidag, Soyugdag<br />
Carapodium platicarpum (Boiss. et Rare, at risk of extinction Kuku, Arafsa, Nasirvaz,<br />
Hausskn.) Schischk.<br />
Nusnus<br />
Dorema glabrum Fisch. et Mey. Rare, at risk of extinction Duzdag, Daridag,<br />
Nehramdag<br />
Ferula oopoda (Boiss. et Buhse)<br />
Boiss<br />
Rare, in danger of disappearing Duzdag<br />
Ferula persica Willd. Rare, habitat declining Sederek, Validag<br />
Ferula szowitsiana DC. Rare, habitat declining Duzdag, Validag,<br />
Nehramdag<br />
Peucedanum pauciradiatum<br />
Tamamsch.<br />
Rare, endemic Ordubad, Genze, Saridag<br />
Smyrniopsis oneberi Boiss. Rare, limited habitat Kechli, Bijenek, Kuku,<br />
Nurs<br />
Stenotaenia daralaghezica Takth. Rare, Caucasus habitat Arinch, Kuku, Upper<br />
Remeshen<br />
Aristolochia bottaee Jaub. et Spach Rare, reducing Within Garababa village<br />
Gundelia tournefortii L. Rare, Eurasian species Bashkend, Gazanchi,<br />
Hanaga, Aza<br />
Lactuca takhtadzhianii Sosn. Rare, population declining Novruz village, Garababa<br />
Pyrethrum komarowii Sosn. Rare, endemic Ordubad, Paraga,<br />
Nasirvaz<br />
Scorzonera pusilla Pall. Rare, habitat declining Duzdag, Sahtaxti<br />
Physoptychis gnaphaloides ( DC. )<br />
Boiss.<br />
Rare, small population Demirlidag, Gemigaya<br />
Sampanula radula Fisch. et Tchih Rare, restricted habitat Aznaburd, (now<br />
Chalhangala)<br />
Anabasis eugeniae Iljin Rare, restricted habitat Kirna, Diza, Daridag<br />
Salsola tamamschjanae Iljin Rare, restricted habitat Velidag<br />
Juniperus foetidissima Willd. Rare, small population Batabat, Bijanak,<br />
Ilanlidag<br />
Eurhorbia grosshejmii Pokh. Rare, endemic Julfa, Ordubad, Kotam,<br />
Kilit<br />
Astragalus nachitsceanicus Rare, endemic, restricted habitat Garababa, Kotam, Kechili<br />
Astragalus paradoxus Bunge Rare, restricted habitat Nehrem, Jannab,<br />
Alinchachay<br />
Astragalus prilipkoana Grossh. Endemic, restricted habitat Bilev, Paraga<br />
Globularia trichosantha Fisch. et Rare, low-numbered Garagurd, Garagush<br />
Mey<br />
mountains<br />
Hypericum formosissimum takht. Rare, endemic, restricted habitat Aznaburd (Chalhangala)<br />
Iris grosshejmii Woronow ex Grossh. Rare, restricted habitat Shixyurdu, Soyugdag<br />
Iris elegantissima Sosn. Rare, endemic Around Sederek<br />
Iris lycotis Woronow Rare, endemic Aznaburd , Daridag, Aza,<br />
Arafsa<br />
Iris paradoxa Stev. Rare, endemic Around Nahchivan<br />
Iris prilipkoana Kem.-Nat. Rare, endemic Bijanak, Batabat, Kuku<br />
Iridodictium reticulate Bieb. Rare, small population Arafsa (Hazina)<br />
Scilla atropatana Qrossh. Rare, small population Dirnis, Nusnus<br />
Tulipa eichlnri Regel. Rare, endemic, restricted habitat Nusnus ( Sari mountains)<br />
Tulipa karabachensis Qrossh. Rare, endemic, restricted habitat Kotam, Kilit, Horhatdag<br />
Tulipa florenskyi Woronow Rare, habitat declining Nusnus, Galaguney,Dirnis<br />
Tulipa julija C. Koch. Rare, restricted habitat Bijenek, Arachidag,<br />
2009
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Goydag<br />
Tulipa schmidtii Fomin Endemic species Nusnus (Diah,<br />
Fahladarasi)<br />
Platanus orientalis L. Population declining, relict specie Nahchivan, Ordubad,<br />
Nusnus<br />
Avena ventricosa Bal. ex Coss. Rare, small population Payiz, Chalhangala<br />
Triticum monococcum L. Rare, at risk of extinction Chalhangala, Garagush,<br />
Payiz<br />
Calligonum polygonoides L. Rare, declining and at risk of extinction Velideg, Kotam-Kilit<br />
Rheum ribes L. Rare, at risk of extinction Duzdag, Daridag, Kolani<br />
,Kuku<br />
Punica qranatum L. Reducing in numbers Around Kotam, Kilit,<br />
Nehrem<br />
Coteneaster saxatilis Pojark Rare, endemic Around Ahura, Hemzeli,<br />
Havus<br />
Padus avium Mill. Declining and at risk of extinction, rare Ahura-Havus, Bijenek,<br />
Batabat<br />
P. racemosa (Lamp.) Gilib. Declining and at risk of extinction, rare Ahura-Havus, Bijenek,<br />
Batabat<br />
Rosa azerbajdzhanica Novopokr et Rare, endemic Around Kuku<br />
Rzazade<br />
Rosa karjaginii Sosn. Rare, small population Around Urmis<br />
Rosa nizami Sosn. Rare, endemic Kuku, Bijenek<br />
Rosa sosnowskyi Chrshan. Rare, endemic Batabat, Bicenek<br />
Daphne transcaucasica Pobed. Rare, declining habitat Payiz, Chalhangala,<br />
Bijenek<br />
Stelleropsis magakjanii ( Sosn. ) Rare, endemic Around Kuku<br />
Pobed.<br />
Valeriana alliarifolia Adam. Rare, habitat specific Hurs, Nurgut, Kuku,<br />
Bayahmed<br />
135<br />
2009
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Endemic plant species recorded in Nakhchivan Autonomous<br />
Republic 46<br />
Latin plant names<br />
136<br />
Endemism<br />
Caucasus <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Nakhichevan<br />
AR<br />
Also in<br />
neighbouri<br />
ng regions<br />
Allium dictyoprasum C.A.Mey.ex Kunth. +<br />
A. affine Ledeb.(A.transcaucasium Grossh.) +<br />
A. pseudoampeloprasum Miscz. ex Grossh. +<br />
A. leucanthum C. Koch +<br />
A. mariae Bordz. + +<br />
A .woronowii Miscz.ex Grossh. + +<br />
A. leonidii Grossh. + +<br />
A. kunthianum Vved. + +<br />
A. syntamanthum C.Koch + +<br />
A. materculae Bordz. + +<br />
A. viride Grossh. + +<br />
Alchimilla sedelmeyeriana Juz. + +<br />
A. amicta Juz. + +<br />
A. grossheimii Juz. +<br />
A. ortotricha Juz. +<br />
A. epipsila Juz. +<br />
A. smirnovii Juz. +<br />
A. venosa Juz. +<br />
Aethionema diastropis Bunge +<br />
Anabasis eugeniae Iljin + +<br />
Asparagus persicus Baker (A.leptophyllus Schischk.) +<br />
Aconitum nasutum Fisch.ex Reichenb. +<br />
Atropatenia rostrata (N. Busch.) F. K. Mey. + +<br />
Arabis carduchorum Boiss.(A. armena N. Busch) +<br />
Amyqdalus natrica Fed. et Takht. +<br />
Androsace kozo-poljanskii Ovez.- (A. barbulata Ovez.) +<br />
A. raddeana Somm.et Levier +<br />
A. lehmanniana Spranq. +<br />
Arctium transcaucasium Sosn. +<br />
Astragulus cancellatus Bunge (A. perrarus Boiss.) + +<br />
Astragalus szovitsii Fisch. + +<br />
A. shelkovnikovii Grossh. + +<br />
A. conspicus Boriss. + +<br />
A. aznabjurticus Grossh. + +<br />
A. schachbuzensis Rzazade + +<br />
A. nachitschevanicus Rzazade + +<br />
A. euoplus Trautv. +<br />
A. insidiosus Boriss. + +<br />
A. badamlensis Chalilov + +<br />
Astragalus karakuschensis Gontsch. + +<br />
A. regelii Trautv. + +<br />
A. gezeldarensis Grossh. +<br />
A. kochianus Sosn. +<br />
A. hajastanus Grossh. +<br />
A. goktschaicus Grossh. +<br />
A. chalilovii Grossh. et Fed. + +<br />
A. ordubadensis Grossh. + +<br />
A. prilipkoaunus Grossh. + +<br />
A. achundovii Grossh.ex Fed. + +<br />
A. erivanensis Bornm.et Woronow +<br />
46 331 species are listed as endemic<br />
2009
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
A. montis-aqulis Grossh. + +<br />
A. johannis Rzazade + +<br />
Astracantha barba-carpinus (AI. Theod., Fed. et Rzazade)<br />
Podlech<br />
+ +<br />
A.vedicus (Takht.) Czer. (Astraqalus vedicus Takht..) Podlech +<br />
A. jucundus (AI. Theod., Fed. et Rzazade) Podlech + +<br />
A. gudrathi (AI. Theod., Fed. et Rzazade) Podlech + +<br />
A. flavirubens (AI. Theod., Fed. et Rzazade) Podlech +<br />
Alyssum stapffii Vierh.(A. buschianum Grossh.) + +<br />
Aphanopleura trachysperma Boiss. +<br />
Bellevalia longistila (Miscz.) Grossh. + +<br />
B. pycantha (C. Koch) Losinsk +<br />
B. zygomorpha Woronow. +<br />
Bromus tzvelevii Musayev et Sadichov + +<br />
Camelina sativa (L.) Grantz. +<br />
Carlina acaulis L. +<br />
Cymatocarrus grossheimii N Busch. + +<br />
Cirsium tricholoma Fisch. ex C. A. Mey. + +<br />
C. sinuatum (Trautv.) Boiss. + +<br />
C. megricum Charadze +<br />
C. schelkownikowii Petrak. +<br />
Сarum caucasicum (Bieb.) Boiss. + +<br />
Crataegus caucasica C. Koch. + +<br />
C. armena Pojark. +<br />
C. cynovskisii Kassumova + +<br />
Colutea komarovii Takht. + +<br />
Cephalaria nachiczevanica Grossh. + +<br />
C. armeniaca Bordz. +<br />
Cephalorrynchus kirpicznikovii Grossh. + +<br />
Campanula karakuschensis Grossh.(C.minsteriana Grossh) + +<br />
C. bayerniana Rupr.(C. elegantissima Grossh.) +<br />
C. daralaghezica (Grossh.) Kolak. et Serdjukova<br />
(Symphyandra daralaqhezica Grossh.)<br />
+ +<br />
C. zangezura (Lipskyi) Kolak et Serdjukova (Symphyandra<br />
zangezura Lipsky)<br />
+ +<br />
C. trautvetteri Grossh. ex Fed. +<br />
Chamerion transcaucasicum Manden +<br />
Ch. caucasicum (Willd.) Boiss. +<br />
Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. +<br />
Colchicum szovitsii Fisch. et C. A. Mey. +<br />
C. zangezurum Grossh. +<br />
Celtis caucasica + +<br />
Carduus seminudus Bieb. +<br />
Cousinia lomkinii C. Winkl. +<br />
Centaurea fischeri Schlecht + +<br />
Coteneaster saxatilis Pojark + +<br />
Crepis karakuschensis Czer. + +<br />
Draba bruniifolia Stev. +<br />
D. bryoides DC. +<br />
D. siliguosa Bieb. + +<br />
Dianthus raddeanus Vierh. + +<br />
D. subulosus Freyn et Conrath +<br />
Delphinium foetidium Lomak. +<br />
D. flexuosum Bieb. +<br />
D. buschianum Grossh. +<br />
D. caucasicum C. A. Mey. +<br />
D. lomakinii Kem.-Nath. + +<br />
Doronicum macrophyllus Fisch.ex Hornem. +<br />
137<br />
2009
D. oblongifolium DC.<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
+<br />
Dorema glabrum Fisch. et C.A.Mey. + +<br />
Dracocephalum botryoides Stev. + +<br />
D. multicaule Montbr. + +<br />
Echinops orientalis Trautv.(E.arachinus Mulk.) + +<br />
E. polygamus Bunge (E. grossheimii Iljin) +<br />
Elytrigia heydemaniae Tzvel. + +<br />
Eurhrasia georgica Kem.-Nath. +<br />
E. caucasica Juz.-Qafqaz g. +<br />
Euphorbia leucographus Bunge +<br />
E. marschalliana Boiss.<br />
E. nutans Lag.<br />
+ +<br />
E. grossheimii Prokh + +<br />
Eryngium wanaturi Woronow +<br />
Erysimum chazarjurti N. Busch. +<br />
E. lilacinum Steinb. +<br />
E. leptophyllum (BIeb.) Andrz. (E. feodorovii M. Kassumov) + +<br />
E. buschii M. Kassumov + +<br />
E. subulatum J. Gay (E. Iljinii M. Kassumov) + +<br />
E. crassipes Fisch.et C. A. Mey.(E. transcaspium M.<br />
+ +<br />
Kassumov)<br />
E. wagifii M. Kassumov + +<br />
E. nachiczevanicum M. Kassumov + +<br />
Fritillaria caucasica Adams + +<br />
Fuernrohria setifolia C, Koch. +<br />
Ferula oopoda (Boiss.et Buhse) Boiss. + +<br />
Gagea alexeenkoana Miscz. + +<br />
G. caroli-kochii Grossh. + +<br />
G. improvisa Grossh. + +<br />
Galium czerepanovii Pobed. + +<br />
G. consanguineum Boiss.(G. majmechense Bordz.) +<br />
G. achurense Grossh. + +<br />
G. atropatanum Grossh. + +<br />
G. bulbatum Lipsky + +<br />
G.hyrcanum C.A.Mey (G.grossheimii Pobed.) + +<br />
Gypsophila szovitsii Fisch.etC.A.Mey.ex Fenz + +<br />
G. stevenii Fisch.ex Schrank +<br />
G. lipsky Schischk. +<br />
Dianthus caucasicus Smith.(G.discolor Smith.) +<br />
D. raddeanus Vierh. +<br />
D. subulosus Freun et Conrath. +<br />
Hylotelephium caucasicum H. Ohba.(Sedum caucasicum<br />
+<br />
Grossh.)<br />
Hypericum formosissimum Takht. + +<br />
H. atropatanum Rzazade + +<br />
H. helianthomoides (Spach)Boiss. + +<br />
Haplophyllum villosum (Bieb.)G.Don fil. + +<br />
H.schelkovnikovii Grossh. + + +<br />
Hedysarum ibericum Bieb. + +<br />
H. cericeum Bieb. + +<br />
H. caucasicum Bieb. +<br />
Helichrisum araxinum Takht.et Kirp. + + +<br />
Hieracium cincinnatum Fries. +<br />
H. perileucum(Schischk. et Zahn.)Juxip +<br />
H. akinfiewii Woronow et zahn. +<br />
Heracleum pastinacifolium C.Koch. + +<br />
H. schelkownikovii Woronow +<br />
Iris spuria subsp.I.musulmanica Fomin + +<br />
I. paradoxa Stev. + +<br />
I. iberica Hoffm. + +<br />
I. prilipkoana Kem.- Nat. +<br />
I. grossheimii Woronow ex Grossh. + +<br />
I. limbata Lindl.(I.sulphurea C.Koch.) +<br />
138<br />
2009
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
I. lycotis Woronow + +<br />
Irydodictyum hyrcanum (Woronow ex Grossh.) Rodionenko +<br />
Juno schischkini (Grossh.)Czer. + +<br />
I. caucasica (Hoffm) Klatt. +<br />
I. pseudocaucasica (Grossh.) + +<br />
Inula mariae Bordz. +<br />
Jurinea spectabilis Fisch.etC.A.Mey. +<br />
Lathyrus rotundifolius Willd. + +<br />
L. atropatanus (Grossh/.)Sirj.(Orobus atropatanus Grossh.) + +<br />
Lactuca georgica Grossh. +<br />
Lotus caucasicus Kuprian.ex Juz +<br />
Limonium fischeri (Trautv.) Lincz. + +<br />
Linum subbiflorum Juz. + +<br />
L. hypericifolium Salisb. + +<br />
Linaria zangezura Groosh. +<br />
L. megrica Tzvel.(L.ordubadica Tzvel.) +<br />
L. schelkownikowii Schischk. +<br />
Cardaria propingua Fisch.et C.A.Mey.(Lepidium<br />
propinguum Fisch.)<br />
+<br />
Medicago caucasica Vass. + +<br />
Melica schischkinii Iljinsk. + +<br />
Milium transcaucasium Tzvel. + +<br />
Muscari leicostomum Woronow ex Gzerniak +<br />
Malabaila sulcata Boiss. +<br />
Marrubium nanum Knorr. + +<br />
Melampurum chlorostachyum Beauverd +<br />
M. caucasicum Bunge. +<br />
Melilotoides biflora (Griseb.) Czer.(Melissitus biflorus<br />
Griseb.)<br />
+<br />
Nepeta stricitifolia Pojark.(N.grossheimii Poyark.) + +<br />
N. zangezura Groosh. + +<br />
N. mussinii Spreng.(N.transcaucasica Grossh.) +<br />
N. noraschenica Grossh . + +<br />
N. trautvetteri Boiss.et Buhse (N.velutina Pojark) +<br />
N. schischkinii Pojark. + +<br />
N. betonicifolia C.A.Mey. + +<br />
N. erivanensis Pojark. +<br />
Neurotropis armena (N.Busch) Czer.(Thlaspi armena<br />
N.Busch)<br />
+ +<br />
N. szovitsiana (Boiss.)C.A.Mey.(Thlaspi szovitsianum Boiss) + +<br />
Noccaea tatianae (Bordz.) F.K.Mey.(Thlaspi tatianae<br />
Bordz.)<br />
+ +<br />
Nonnea rosea (Bieb.) Link. + +<br />
Onobrychis transcaucasica Grossh. + +<br />
O. hajastana Groosh. + +<br />
O. heteropylla C.A.Mey. + +<br />
O. radiata (Desf.)Bieb. +<br />
O. cyri Grossh +<br />
Orobanche raddeana G.Besk + +<br />
Ornithogalum brachystachys C.Koch. + +<br />
O. schelcovnikovii Groossh +<br />
O. balansae Boiss.(Schmalhausenii Albov) + +<br />
O. trancaucasicum Miscz.ex Grossh. +<br />
Oxytropis karjaginii Grossh. + +<br />
O. lupinoides Groosh.exFed. + +<br />
Onosma gracilis Trautv +<br />
Pimpinella aromatica Bieb. +<br />
Populus canascens (Ait.)Smith (P.hibrida Bieb.) +<br />
P. sosnovskyi Grossh. +<br />
P. gracilis Grossh. +<br />
Pyrus zangezura Maleev +<br />
P. voronovii Rubtz. +<br />
P. nutans Rubtz. +<br />
P. medvedevii Rubtz. +<br />
139<br />
2009
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
P. raddeana Woronow +<br />
Potentilla lomakinii Lomakini +<br />
P. conferta Bunge (P.agrimonioides Bieb.) + +<br />
P. szovitsii Th. Wolf + +<br />
Pyrethrum ordubadense Manden + +<br />
P. komarovii Sosn. + +<br />
P. punctatum (Desr.)Bordz.ex Schischk. +<br />
Polygala hohenaskeriana Fisch.et C.A.Mey. + +<br />
Polygonum bellardii All.(P.tiflisensis Kom.) +<br />
Peducularis crassirostris Bunge. +<br />
Peltariopsis grossheimii N.Busch. + +<br />
Ribes biebersteinii Berl.ex DC. +<br />
Rubus ibericus Juz. +<br />
Rosa tuschetica Boiss. +<br />
R. nizami Sosn. + +<br />
R. sachokiana P.Jarosch. +<br />
R. karjaginii Sosn. + +<br />
R. marschalliana Sosn. +<br />
R. zangezura P.Jarosch +<br />
R. sosnovskyana Tamamsch. +<br />
R. kazarjanii Sosn. +<br />
R. hracziana Tamamsch. +<br />
R. sosnovskiana Chrshan. +<br />
R. brotherorum Chrshan. +<br />
R. pulvurulenta Bieb.(R.azerbajdzhanica Novopokr et<br />
Rzazade )<br />
+ +<br />
R.buschiana Chrshan. +<br />
R. orientalis Duront ex Ser (R.vanheurckiana Crep.) +<br />
Ranunculus grandiflorus L.( R.elegans C.Koch) +<br />
Rhynchocorys orientalis (L)Benth. +<br />
Salsola cana C.Koch +<br />
S. futilis Iljin + +<br />
S. tomentosa (Mog.) Spach, (S. flavovirens Iljin, S.<br />
takhtadzijani Iljin)<br />
+ +<br />
S. nitraria Pall.(S.macera Litv.) +<br />
S. tamamschjanae Iljin + +<br />
S. dzulphensis Grossh. + +<br />
S. nodulosa (Mog.)Iljin + +<br />
Salvia pachystachya Trautv. + +<br />
S. limbata C.A.Mey.(S. prilipkoana Grossh., S. fominii<br />
Grossh.)<br />
+ +<br />
S. suffruticosa Montbr.et Auch,ex Benth.(S. alechandrii<br />
+ +<br />
Pobed)<br />
S. reuteriana Boiss.(S. nachiczeanica Pobed.) + +<br />
S. andreji Pobed. + +<br />
Scilla mischtchenkoana Grossh.(S. zangezura Grossh.) + +<br />
S. sibirica Haw. +<br />
S. armena Grossh. +<br />
Scorzonera czerepanovii R.Ram.(S. lanata (L)Hoffm + +<br />
Scrophularia atropatana Groosh. + + +<br />
S. nachitschevanica Grossh. + +<br />
S. cinerascens Boiss.(S. grossheimii Schischk.) +<br />
S. thesoides Boiss.et Buhse. + +<br />
S. variegata Bieb.-Ala q. + +<br />
Sedum corymbosum Grossh. + +<br />
Silene prilipcoana Schischk. + + +<br />
S. depressa Bieb. +<br />
S. caucasica (Bunge)Boiss. +<br />
S. tatjanae Schischk. +<br />
S. longipetala Vent.(S./chloropetala Rupr.) +<br />
S. iberica Bierb. +<br />
Smyrniopsis aucheri Boiss. + +<br />
Swertia iberica Fisch.et C.A.Mey. +<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Stachys fruticulosa Bieb.(S. grossheimii Kapell.) + +<br />
S. intlata Benth. +<br />
S. fomini Sosn. + +<br />
Symphytum asperum Lepech. + +<br />
S. caucasicum Bieb. +<br />
Sameraria glastifolia (Fisch.et C.A, Mey.) Boiss. + +<br />
Senecio lipsky Lomak. +<br />
Stenotaenia macrocarpa Freyn et Sinth. + +<br />
Stipa issaevii Musayev et Sadychov + +<br />
S. karjaginii Musayev et Sadychov + +<br />
S. gaubae Bor. (S. nachiczevanica Musayev et Sadychov) + +<br />
S. olosericea Trin.et Rupr. +<br />
Salix aegyptiaca L.(Phlomoides Bieb.) +<br />
Seseli grandivittatum (Somm.et Levier.) Schischk. +<br />
Scutellaria karjaginii Grossh. + +<br />
S. rhomboidalis Grossh. + +<br />
S. darriensis Grossh. + +<br />
S. sevanensis Sosn.et Grossh. +<br />
Saxifraqa pontica Albov +<br />
S. juniperifolia Adams +<br />
Solidago armena Kem-Nath.ex Grossh. +<br />
Serratula haussknechtii Boiss. (S. trancaucasica Bornm.) +<br />
S. serratuloides (Fich. et C.A.Mey.) Takth. +<br />
Stizolophus balsamita (Lam.) Cass.ex Takht. +<br />
Thesium szovitsii A.DC. + +<br />
Thymus migricus Klok.et Shost. + +<br />
Th. nummularies Bieb. + +<br />
Th. collinus Bieb. +<br />
Tragopogon marginatus Boiss. + +<br />
T. nachitschevanicus (Kunth) N.Pop. + +<br />
T. sosnowskyi Kuth. +<br />
Taraxacum desertorum Schischk. + +<br />
T. prilipkoi Czer. (T.praticola Schischk.) +<br />
Tomanthea daralaghezica (Fomin) Takht. +<br />
Trinia leiogona (C.A.Mey.) B.Fedtsch. + +<br />
Tulira eichleri Regel +<br />
Trifolium fontanum Bobr. +<br />
Vicia anatolica Turrill. (V. hajastana Grossh.) + +<br />
V. ciceroidea Boiss.(V. rafigae Tamamsch) + +<br />
V. grossheimii Ekvtim +<br />
Vavilovia formosa (Stev.)Fed. + +<br />
Verbascum erivanicum E.Wulf + +<br />
V. georgicum Benth. +<br />
V. paniculatum E.Wulf + +<br />
Zeravschanica pauciradiata (Tamamsch.) M.Pimen + +<br />
Zizirhora denticulate Juz. +<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Specially Protected Nature Areas of the Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
The Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources established under Decree dated May 23, 2001<br />
and organized its countrywide activity efficiently. As evident from one fact, only total area of<br />
protected areas reached to 10.1% by increasing from 4.5% in relation to the country territory in<br />
the course of the Ministry activity.<br />
For conformity with up-to-date requirements of protected areas system in the Republic,<br />
conservation of all necessary ecosystems and key species and creation of buffers and protective<br />
zones, departments and administrations at status of <strong>National</strong> Park have been established since<br />
2003 for the first time in the country history through more sustainable actions within the last<br />
years. Actions carried on enhancement and expansion of Protected Areas since 2003 were<br />
continued according to “Towards effective protected areas system - A guide for action on<br />
implementation of PAs Work Programme of Convention of Biological Diversity” and presently,<br />
there exist protected areas at total 876236.1 ha, including 8 <strong>National</strong> Parks, 11 state nature<br />
reserves and 24 state nature sanctuaries in our country.<br />
Moreover, Gobustan state nature reserve and Baku Seaside <strong>National</strong> Park (area of 80 ha) are<br />
functioning, there exist 2083 centennial trees, 37 geological and paleontological sites and 15<br />
thousand ha endemic and valuable forest lands.<br />
№ Name of the SPNA Administrative territory Area Date of<br />
establishment<br />
1<br />
<strong>National</strong> Parks<br />
Shirvan NP Garadagh district of Baku<br />
city, Salyan and Neftchala<br />
regions<br />
54373,50 2003<br />
2 Aghgol NP Aghjabadi and Beylagan<br />
regions<br />
17924,00 2003<br />
3 Hirkan NP Lankaran and Astara<br />
regions<br />
40358,00 2004<br />
4 Altiaghaj NP Khizi and Siyazan regions 11035,00 2004<br />
5 Absheron NP Azizbayov district of Baku 783,00 2005<br />
city<br />
6 Shahdagh NP Guba, Gusar, Ismayilly,<br />
Gabala, Oghuz and<br />
Shamakhy regions<br />
7 Goygol NP Goygol, Dashkasan and<br />
Goranboy regions<br />
115895,00 2006<br />
12755,00 2008<br />
8 Zangazur NP<br />
named after<br />
Academician<br />
H.Aliyev<br />
Nakhichevan AR 42797,4 2009<br />
State Nature Reserves<br />
1 Gizilaghaj SNR Lankaran region 88360,00 1929<br />
2 Zagatala SNR Zagatala and Balakan<br />
regions<br />
47349,00 1929<br />
3 Turyanchay SNR Aghdash, Oghuz,Yevlakh<br />
and Gabala regions<br />
22488,00 1958<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
4 Shirvan SNR Salyan and Neftchala<br />
regions<br />
6232,00 1969<br />
5 Basitchay SNR Zangilan region 107,00 1974<br />
6 Garayazy SNR Gazakh region 9658,00 1978<br />
7 Ilisu SNR Gakh region 17381,60 1987<br />
8 Garagol SNR Lachin region 240,00 1987<br />
9 Eldar shamy SNR Samukh region 1686,00 2004<br />
10 Mud volcanoes Baku and Absheron<br />
20000,00 2007<br />
SNR<br />
peninsula<br />
11 Korchay SNR Goranboy region 4833,60 2008<br />
State Nature Sanctuaries<br />
1 Lachin SNS Lachin region 20000,00 1961<br />
2 Korchay SNS Goygol and Goranboy<br />
regions<br />
15000,00 1961<br />
3 Bandovan SNS Salyan region and<br />
Garadagh district<br />
4930,00 1961<br />
4 Shaki SNS Shaki region 10350,00 1964<br />
5 Gusar SNS Gusar region 15000,00 1964<br />
6 Shamkir SNS Shamkir region 10000,00 1964<br />
7 Gil island SNS Gil island 400,00 1964<br />
8 Garayazy-Aghstafa Aghstafa region<br />
SNS<br />
10000,00 1964<br />
9 Barda SNS Barda and Aghdam regions 7500,00 1966<br />
10 Zuvand SNS Lerik,Yardimly regions 15000,00 1969<br />
11 Ordubad SNS Ordubad region 27869,00 1969<br />
12 Ismayilly SNS Ismayilly and Gabala<br />
region<br />
23438,00 1969<br />
13 Qubadlı SNS Qubadlı, Lachin region 20000,00 1969<br />
14 Lesser Gizilaghaj<br />
SNS<br />
Lankaran region 10700,00 1978<br />
15 Dashaltı SNS Shusha region 450,00 1981<br />
16 Qızılja SNS Gedebey region 5135,00 1984<br />
17 Arazboyu SNS Zangilan region 2200,00 1993<br />
18 Gabala SNS Gabala region 39700,00 1993<br />
19 Gakh SNS Gakh region 36836,00 2003<br />
20 Hirkan SNS Lankaran and Astara<br />
regions<br />
1553,00 2005<br />
21 Arazboyu SNS Nakhichevan AR 9118,00 2005<br />
22 Zagatala SNS Zagatala and Balakan<br />
regions<br />
6557,00 2008<br />
23 Arpachay SNS Nakhichevan AR , Sharur<br />
region<br />
68911,00 2009<br />
24 Rvarud SNS Lerik region 1333,00 2009<br />
2009
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Appendix 4 – <strong>National</strong> indigators used in the report.<br />
Refer to the Chapter 1.<br />
144<br />
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Annexes<br />
2009
Annex 1.1<br />
146<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
The morphometric description of the main rivers in the Republic is given below.<br />
River Where the river<br />
flows into (to<br />
which bank)<br />
Length, km Water<br />
collecting area,<br />
km 2<br />
Height situation, m<br />
origin outfall<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6<br />
Kura river Caspian sea 1515 188000 2740 -27<br />
Ganikh Mingachevir<br />
reservoir<br />
413 16920 2560 75<br />
Gabirri Mingachevir<br />
reservoir<br />
389 4840 2560 51<br />
Khram Kura river (right) 220 8340 2422 255<br />
Aghstafachay Kura river (right) 133 2586 3000 210<br />
Kurakchay Kura river (right) 126 2080 3100 18<br />
Araz Kura river (right) 1072 102000 2990 -11<br />
Arpachay Araz (left) 126 2630 2985 780<br />
Hakarichay Araz (left) 128 5540 3080 268<br />
Samur Caspian sea 216 4430 3600 -27<br />
Pirsaat Caspian sea 199 2280 2400 -11<br />
Bolgarchay Mahmudchala lake 168 2170 1710 -17<br />
2009
Annex 2.1<br />
Status of the countrywide land use<br />
147<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
YEARS 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Difference on<br />
2003-2008<br />
Total area 8641506 8641506 8641506 8641506 8641506 8641506 + -<br />
Agricultural 4524980 4524776 4528272 4524825 4524073 4523960<br />
1020<br />
lands, including 1282267 1287326 1289452 1287500 1287361 1286968<br />
irrigated, total<br />
4701<br />
Arable lands, 1630813 1635420 1640964 1638301 1650153 1659672 28859<br />
irrigated hereof 1102045 1107734 1112595 1110068 1106065 1107371 5326<br />
Uncropped 53011 49893 45688 45788 45630 41761<br />
11250<br />
lands, irrigated<br />
hereof<br />
20432 16945 14915 15176 15076 13434<br />
6998<br />
Perennial 158521 155752 155505 155070 158591 161549 3028<br />
arable lands,<br />
irrigated hereof<br />
113186 110417 109710 110046 114070 116484<br />
3298<br />
Hayfield, 109031 109027 109629 109549 109689 109689 658<br />
irrigated hereof 6253 6304 6304 6302 6302 6302<br />
49<br />
Pastures, 2573604 2574684 2576486 2576117 2560010 2551289 22315<br />
irrigated hereof 40351 45926 45928 45908 45848 43377<br />
3026<br />
Household 254401 255306 255601 256732 258095 258454 4053<br />
plots, irrigated<br />
hereof<br />
137308 137459 136910 138281 138855 139157<br />
1849<br />
2009
Annex 2.2<br />
Status of the land use by the economical regions (information on December 2009)<br />
Econimical<br />
regions<br />
Overall area<br />
Rural<br />
populatio<br />
n (1000<br />
persons)<br />
Annual<br />
plants<br />
Parennial<br />
plants<br />
148<br />
Noncropp<br />
ed lands<br />
Househol<br />
d plot<br />
(arable<br />
area)<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Total<br />
Arable<br />
lands<br />
Meadow<br />
and<br />
pasture<br />
areas<br />
1000 hektares<br />
Total<br />
agricultur<br />
elands<br />
Absheron 525.5 34.6 21.8 4.2 4.8 2.7 35.7 152.1 187.8<br />
Guba-<br />
Khachmaz<br />
801.0 316.1 128.4 31.6 2.1 11.7 170.5 276.0 446.5<br />
Zagatala-<br />
Balakan<br />
987.7 405.9 179.9 46.7 1.8 19.1 241.2 221.1 462.3<br />
Shirvan 1196.4 526.1 299.3 17.8 8.7 38.2 362.3 390.1 752.4<br />
Ganja-Gazakh 1249.4 607.2 189.6 12.9 3.2 36.6 242.0 550.2 792.2<br />
Garabagh-Mil 886.8 548.4 266.1 25.3 2.8 15.6 314.3 256.2 570.5<br />
Mugan-<br />
Salyan<br />
776.8 488.7 286.7 25.0 3.9 28.4 327.8 251.5 579.3<br />
Lankaran-<br />
Astara<br />
493.7 459.2 66.6 10.2 2.1 25.4 92.4 105.4 197.8<br />
Nakhchivan 536.3 271.1 27.9 2.9 7.9 12.9 54.6 116.2 170.8<br />
Total 7453.5 3657.2 1466.3 176.6 37.3 190.6 1840.9 2318.8 4159.7<br />
Occupied<br />
areas<br />
The Republic<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
- total<br />
1188.0 387.7 171.4 38.0 7.1 13.2 224.9 356.4 581.3<br />
8641.5 4044.9 1637.7 214.6 44.4 203.8 2065.7 2675.2 4741.0<br />
2009
Annex 2.3<br />
Distribution of the arable lands and average limits of the farm<br />
Name of<br />
the<br />
economical<br />
regions<br />
Number<br />
of the<br />
rural<br />
families<br />
(the end<br />
of<br />
2009)<br />
149<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Mountanous area Plain area Total<br />
Total<br />
arable<br />
lands<br />
(1000<br />
ha)<br />
Land<br />
area<br />
for per<br />
familiy<br />
(ha)<br />
Number<br />
of the<br />
rural<br />
families<br />
(the end<br />
of 2009)<br />
Total<br />
arable<br />
lands<br />
(1000<br />
ha<br />
Land<br />
area<br />
for per<br />
familiy<br />
(ha<br />
Number<br />
of the<br />
rural<br />
families<br />
(the end<br />
of<br />
2009))<br />
Total<br />
arable<br />
lands<br />
(1000<br />
ha<br />
Land<br />
area<br />
for per<br />
familiy<br />
(ha<br />
Absheron 1671 7.4 4.43 4996 28.3 5.66 6667 35.7 5.35<br />
Guba-<br />
Khachmaz<br />
- - - 64821 170.5 2.63 64821 170.5 2.63<br />
Zagatala-<br />
Balakan<br />
- - - 84736 241.2 2.85 84736 241.2 2.85<br />
Shirvan 30216 117.1 3.87 78644 245.3 3.12 108860 362.4 3.33<br />
Ganja-<br />
Gazakh<br />
21872 20.0 0.91 103371 222.0 2.15 125243 242.0 1.93<br />
Garabagh-<br />
Mil<br />
- - - 124046 314.3 2.53 124046 314.3 2.53<br />
Mughan-<br />
Salyan<br />
- - - 124106 327.8 2.64 124106 327.8 2.64<br />
Lankaran-<br />
Astara<br />
24014 33.6 1.40 76811 58.9 0.77 100825 92.5 0.92<br />
Nakhchivan - - - 56774 54.6 0.96 56774 54.6 0.96<br />
Total 77773 178.1 2.29 718305 1662.8 2.31 796078 1840.9 2.31<br />
Occupied<br />
areas<br />
The<br />
Republic of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> -<br />
total<br />
77540 224.9 2.90 - - - 77540 224.9 2.90<br />
155313 403.0 2.59 718305 1662.8 2.31 873618 2065.8 2.36<br />
2009
Annex 2.4<br />
Land use status in Nakhchican AR<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
YEARS 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008<br />
Total area 536300 536300 536300 536300 536300 536300<br />
Agriculture lands,<br />
including irrigated<br />
total<br />
Arable lands,<br />
irrigated hereof<br />
Noncropped,<br />
irrigated hereof<br />
Perennial arable<br />
lands,<br />
irrigated hereof<br />
Hayfield,<br />
irrigated hereof<br />
Pastures,<br />
irrigated hereof<br />
Household plots,<br />
irrigated hereof<br />
162447<br />
43201<br />
36321<br />
33623<br />
5750<br />
3687<br />
706<br />
706<br />
3340<br />
607<br />
116330<br />
4578<br />
14577<br />
13046<br />
162447<br />
43652<br />
36711<br />
34821<br />
4992<br />
2446<br />
732<br />
732<br />
3336<br />
658<br />
116676<br />
4995<br />
14201<br />
12684<br />
162447<br />
43652<br />
41326<br />
36100<br />
2551<br />
1409<br />
490<br />
490<br />
3336<br />
658<br />
114744<br />
4995<br />
14206<br />
12684<br />
162423<br />
43628<br />
41188<br />
35687<br />
2975<br />
1754<br />
549<br />
549<br />
3336<br />
658<br />
114375<br />
4980<br />
14392<br />
12690<br />
162391<br />
43596<br />
41257<br />
35735<br />
2874<br />
1674<br />
549<br />
549<br />
3336<br />
658<br />
114375<br />
4980<br />
14424<br />
12722<br />
162382<br />
43587<br />
50535<br />
39403<br />
194<br />
32<br />
549<br />
549<br />
3336<br />
658<br />
107768<br />
2945<br />
14439<br />
12731<br />
2009
Annex 3.1<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Rare and endangered animal species included in the Red<br />
Data Book of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic<br />
Latin names of the species Status Areal<br />
Aegypius monachus L. Decreasing area, close to danger Open landscape uplands, sparse<br />
Accipiter brevipes Severtzov Restricted area, sensitive, exotic<br />
juniper wooded rocky areas, wintering<br />
lowland zone<br />
Hayfield forest of Shahbuz State<br />
specy<br />
Allactaga williamsi Thomas Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology, close to danger<br />
Nature Reserve<br />
Boyukduz and Julfa flats, as well as up<br />
to 2500 m height above sea level in<br />
mountainous and xerophytes/<br />
xerophilous plants covered areas in<br />
Nakhichevan AR<br />
Anser erythropus Linn. Sensitive, exotic specy Coasts of the Caspian sea, Gizilaghaj<br />
reserve, Aghgol, Sarisu, Gushgol,<br />
Jandargol and, Araz river of<br />
Ammoperdix griseogularis<br />
(B.R.)<br />
Restricted area, sensitive, exotic<br />
specy<br />
Nakhichevan AR<br />
Lanscapes surrounded by low-lying<br />
hills and rocky places and covered<br />
with xerophilous plants in the territory<br />
of Nakhichevan AR<br />
Shahbuz, Ordubad (1200 m) and Julfa<br />
Aquila chrysaetos Linn. Minor numbered, endangered,<br />
restricted area, sensitive regions in Nakhichevan AR<br />
Aquila heliaca Savigny Close to endangering by Upland and foothill zones of<br />
continually declining abundance<br />
dynamics<br />
Nakhichevan AR<br />
Aythya nyroca Guld. Decreasing area, poorly studied Caspian seacoast part of Gizilaghaj<br />
biology, close to danger bay, water cross-sections of Araz river<br />
Barbastella leucomelas Restricted area, minor Kilit cave of Ordubad region of<br />
Cretzchmar<br />
numbered,<br />
specy<br />
sensitive, exotic Nakhichevan AR<br />
Bucanetes githagineus (Licht.) Decreasing area, poorly studied Daridagh part, around Aza village of<br />
biology, close to danger, exotic<br />
specy<br />
Julfa region of Nakhichevan AR<br />
Calomuscus urartensis Vor. Et Decreasing area, poorly studied Frontiers of medium mountainous zone<br />
Kar.<br />
biology, close to danger of Nakhichevan river<br />
Capra aegagrus Erxleben Restricted area, sensitive, exotic<br />
specy<br />
Ilanlidagh, Nehramdagh, Zangazur<br />
Circaetus gallicus Gmel. Decreasing area, minor Araz sloping plain (Boyukduz and<br />
numbered, close to danger, Darasham) and medium mountainous<br />
exotic specy<br />
zones<br />
Circus macrourus G.M. Decreasing area, poorly studied Araz plain and grey forest soil of<br />
biology, close to danger Nakhichevan AR<br />
Chlamydotis undulata Jacquin Specy in critically limited Araz valley and flat, crippled<br />
natural condition and probably<br />
endangered<br />
semidesert zones<br />
Chettusia gregaria Pall. Endangering specy by declining Arazside zone of Kangarli region and<br />
abundance<br />
Alinja bank of Julfa region in<br />
Crex crex Linn. Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
Nakhichevan AR<br />
Boyukduz and Julfa flats of Araz plain<br />
biology, exotic specy by in Nakhichevan AR<br />
2009<br />
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declining abundance, close to<br />
danger<br />
Cygnus cygnus Linn. Decreasing area, poorly studied Araz river of Nakhichevan AR<br />
biology, close to danger<br />
Elaphe hohenackeri Strauch. Restricted area, sensitive, exotic<br />
specy by sharply declining<br />
abundance<br />
Eremias strauchi Kessl. Exotic specy by continually<br />
declining abundance<br />
Eremophila alpestris Linn. Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology, close to danger<br />
Eumeces schneideri Daud. Decreasing area, close to danger,<br />
minor numbered, exotic specy<br />
Falco biarmicus Temm. Restricted area, sensitive, exotic<br />
specy by declining abundance<br />
Falco peregrinus Tunstall. Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology, exotic specy by<br />
declining abundance, close to<br />
danger<br />
Falco naumanni Fleischer Restricted area, sensitive, exotic<br />
specy by gradually declining<br />
Felis libyca Forster Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology, close to danger<br />
Felis manul Pallas Restricted area, sensitive, exotic<br />
specy<br />
Felis lynx Linn. Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology, close to danger<br />
Felis silvestris Schreber Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology<br />
Glareola nordmanni Nordm. Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology, exotic specy by<br />
Gypaetus barbatus Linn.<br />
continually declining abundance,<br />
close to danger<br />
Minor numbered, endangering,<br />
restricted area, sensitive<br />
Gyps fulvus Habl. Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology, close to danger<br />
Haliaeetus albicilla Linn. Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology, exotic specy close to<br />
danger<br />
Hyaena hyaena Linn. Specy in critically limited<br />
natural condition and probably<br />
endangered<br />
152<br />
Bichanak village of Shahbuz region<br />
and vicinity of Yukhary Andamij and<br />
Ganza villages of Ordubad region in<br />
Nakhichevan AR<br />
Surroundings of Nakhichevan city,<br />
Daridagh and Soyugdagh areas<br />
High mountain belt of Nakhichevan<br />
AR, Arazside areas and surroundings<br />
of Nakhichevan city in winter<br />
Semideserts and plains adjoining to<br />
Arazside part of Julfa and Ordubad<br />
regions<br />
Around Kuku mountain area<br />
(Daraboghaz) and rocky place in the<br />
vicinity of Gizil Gishlag of Shahbuz<br />
region in Nakhichevan AR<br />
Garagush mountain of Sharur region,<br />
Gilanchay and Nurgut villages of<br />
Ordubad region, around Kolany village<br />
of Shahbuz region in Nakhichevan AR<br />
Tugai forests, oases and sparsely<br />
wooded open areas<br />
Mughan and Salyan plains, Hajinohur<br />
flats and Araz river valley in<br />
Nakhichevan AR<br />
Validagh areas of Sadarak region<br />
adjacent to Araz river and Darasham<br />
area of Julfa region in Nakhichevan<br />
AR<br />
South slopes of Great Caucasus<br />
(Shaki-Zagatala, Ismayilly and<br />
Shamakhy forests) - north east utmost<br />
ends (Guba and Davachi regions),<br />
Nakhichevan AR and Lankaran region<br />
Areas of Great Caucasus and Little<br />
Caucasus and, Bichanak and Tillak<br />
forests of Nakhichevan AR<br />
Araz sloping plain and medium<br />
mountainy zones of Nakhichevan AR<br />
Ilanlidagh, Darasham and Batabat<br />
areas in Nakhichevan AR<br />
Rocky places of medium and high<br />
mountainy zones of Nakhichevan AR<br />
Plains and, coasts of the Caspian and<br />
banks of Araz river<br />
Bottoms of Bozdagh and, Aghdam and<br />
Fizuli regions, areas of Ilanlidagh,<br />
Paradash of Julfa region and Gilanchay<br />
2009
Hystrix indica Kerr. Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology, close to danger<br />
Irania gutturals G.M. Decreasing area, exotic specy<br />
close to danger<br />
Lacerta parva Boul. Specy in critically limited<br />
Lanius senator Linn.<br />
natural condition and probably<br />
endangered<br />
Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology, close to danger<br />
Larus ichthyaetus Pall. Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology, close to danger<br />
Marmaronetta angustirostris Endangering, sensitive, exotic<br />
Men.<br />
specy<br />
Mabuya aurata Linneus Decreasing area, close to danger,<br />
restricted area, exotic specy by<br />
declining abundance<br />
Miniopterus schreibersi Kühl. Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology, minor numbered, exotic<br />
specy<br />
Otis tarda Linn. Specy by declining abundance,<br />
close to endangering<br />
Ovis orientalis Gmelin. Close to endangering by<br />
continually declining abundance<br />
dynamics<br />
Oxyura leucocephala Scop. Specy by continually declining<br />
abundance and needed for<br />
preferential protection<br />
Panthera pardus Linn. Specy in critically limited<br />
natural condition and probably<br />
endangered<br />
Pelobates syriacus Boettger Decreasing area, close to danger,<br />
restricted area, minor numbered,<br />
exotic specy<br />
Pelecanus onocrotalis L. Disseminated in limited areas,<br />
sensitive, exotic specy<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
valley of Ordubad region in<br />
Nakhichevan AR<br />
Lankaran zone, Mountainous<br />
Garabagh and, areas of Kotam, Ganza,<br />
Vanand, Dirnis, Gilanchay, Bilav and<br />
Tivi villages in Nakhichevan AR<br />
Araz valley, down to lowland belt<br />
Territory of Julfa region of<br />
Nakhichevan AR<br />
Dry climate shrublands of low-lying<br />
and foothill regions<br />
The Caspian sea, Mingachevir, Araz<br />
river<br />
Araz river of Nakhichevan AR<br />
Surroundings of Old Kotam, Ganza<br />
and Kilit of Ordubad region of<br />
Nakhichevan AR<br />
Cavern areas covered with phryganoid<br />
vegetation of medium mountain belt<br />
Kura-Araz, Lankaran areas and,<br />
Boyukduz and Darasham flats of Araz<br />
sloping plain in Nakhichevan AR<br />
Zangazur, Daralayaz and Ilanlidagh<br />
ranges of Nakhichevan AR<br />
Surroundings of the Caspian coasts<br />
and water cross-section of Araz river<br />
Zangazur and Daralayaz ranges of<br />
Nakhichevan AR<br />
Surroundings of Araz river<br />
Araz river of Nakhichevan AR,<br />
vicinity of Arpachay water reservoir<br />
Pelecanus crispus Bruch. Globally protected specy Lankaran and Kura-Araz lowlands,<br />
water sources in the Caspian coasts,<br />
Araz river and Arpachay water<br />
Phalacrocorax pygmaeus Pall. Endangered,<br />
specy<br />
sensitive, exotic<br />
Phrynocephalus helioscopus Minor numbered, restricted area,<br />
Pall.<br />
exotic specy<br />
reservoir in Nakhichevan AR<br />
Araz river of Nakhichevan AR<br />
Uzunoba village of Babek region,<br />
Dasta village of Ordubad region,<br />
Gulustan village of Julfa region<br />
of Nakhichevan AR, Zuvand and<br />
Absheron peninsula (Garadagh<br />
district)<br />
Phoenicopterus roseus Pall. Decreasing area, close to danger Gizilaghaj bay, Aghgol and Araz river<br />
bank of Nakhichevan AR<br />
Phylloscorus collybita Viell. Decreasing area, poorly studied Forest and shrublands of Shahbuz and<br />
biology, close to danger Babek regions, Nabatat garden of<br />
2009
Plecotus auritus Linn. Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology, minor numbered, exotic<br />
specy disseminated in limited<br />
area<br />
Platalea leucorodia Linn. Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
Psammophis lineolatum<br />
Brandt.<br />
biology, close to danger<br />
Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology, close to danger<br />
Pterocles alchata Linn. Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology, close to danger<br />
Pterocles orientalis Linn. Restricted area, close to danger,<br />
sensitive, exotic specy<br />
Rhinolophus euryale Blasius Restricted area, minor<br />
numbered,<br />
specy<br />
sensitive, exotic<br />
Rhinolophus hipposideros Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
Bechstein<br />
biology, close to danger<br />
Rhinolophus mehelyi Matschie Restricted area, minor<br />
numbered, sensitive, exotic<br />
specy<br />
Rhinolophus blasii Peters Decreasing area, poorly studied<br />
biology, minor numbered, close<br />
to danger<br />
Rhynchocalamus<br />
melanocephalus Jan. 1993<br />
Specy in critically limited<br />
natural condition and probably<br />
endangered<br />
Restricted area, minor<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Nakhichevan city in Nakhichevan AR<br />
Kalaki village (1600 m above sea<br />
level) of Ordubad region, cavities and<br />
fissures on garrets, tree hollows in<br />
Nakhichevan city of Nakhichevan AR<br />
Aghgol, reedy and bulrush areas of<br />
Araz river banks<br />
Surroundings of Jamaldin village of<br />
Julfa region and Diza village of<br />
Ordubad region<br />
Semidesert and desert zones of Araz<br />
plain in Nakhichevan AR<br />
Boyukduz and Julfa flats of Araz plain<br />
in Nakhichevan AR<br />
Cavern in the vicinity of Kilit village<br />
of Ordubad region and Araz river in<br />
Nakhichevan AR<br />
Medium and high mountain zones in<br />
the territory of Nakhichevan AR<br />
Cavern in the vicinity of Maralik<br />
village of Shahbuz region in<br />
Nakhichevan AR<br />
Maralik village of Shahbuz region,<br />
Sirab village of Babek region and<br />
caverns in the vicinity of Ordubad<br />
region in Nakhichevan AR<br />
Ordubad, Kotam, around Kilit and<br />
Arazside zone in Nakhichevan AR<br />
Salmo trutta morpho fario<br />
Goygol, Sakkarsu, Ayrichay*,<br />
Linneus, 1758<br />
numbered, exotic specy Unuschay, Gilanchay<br />
Sitta tephronata Scharp. Decreasing area, poorly studied Slopes of rocky places and sparse<br />
biology, exotic specy close to shrublands of medium and high<br />
danger<br />
mountains<br />
Testudo graeca L. Minor numbered, restricted area, Garagush mountain of Sharur region,<br />
sensitive, exotic specy<br />
Jin mountain of Shahbuz region,<br />
Mazra village of Ordubad region in<br />
Nakhichevan AR<br />
Tetraogallus caspicus Gmel. Restricted area, sensitive, exotic<br />
specy by declining abundance<br />
Shahbuz, Ordubad and Julfa mountains<br />
Tichodroma muraria Linn. Restricted area, sensitive, exotic Rocky places and ravines of lowland<br />
specy<br />
and upland zone in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Ursus arctos Linn. Restricted area, sensitive, exotic Great Caucasus and Small Caucasus,<br />
specy<br />
Talish and Nakhichevan forests,<br />
bottom of Daralayaz and Zangazur<br />
ranges in Nakhichevan AR, Batabat<br />
forest of Shahbuz State Nature<br />
Reserve, zone of Khurs and Nasirvar<br />
forests<br />
Vipera xanthina Gray Restricted area, sensitive, exotic Nakhichevan AR, namely areas<br />
(V.Raddei Boett)<br />
specy by sharply declining covered with mountainous and<br />
abundance<br />
xerophytes/xerophilous plants at 1100-<br />
2500 m height<br />
Vormela peregusna Güld., Decreasing area, close to danger Julfa, Babek and Ordubad regions of<br />
Nakhichevan AR<br />
2009
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Annex 4.1<br />
№ Name of the indigators<br />
(thousand areas)<br />
Quantity<br />
1 Overall area of the irrigated agriculture lands 1450.0<br />
2 Total of the drainaged area of the irrigated agricultural lands 609.7<br />
3 Distribution of the irrigated areas on the incline degree of the subsoil Less than 1.0 m 68.7<br />
waters (metre)<br />
1.0-1.5 171.6<br />
1.5-2.0 314.5<br />
2.0-3.0 358.9<br />
3.0-5.0 234.9<br />
More than 5.0 296.3<br />
4 Distribution of the irrigated agriculture lands on the mineralization Less than 1.0 m 489.6<br />
degree of the subsoil waters (g/l)<br />
1.0-3.0 506.0<br />
More than 3.0 m 449.3<br />
5 Distribution of the irrigated agriculture lands on the mineralization Less than 1.0 m 1201.0<br />
degree of the irrigation waters<br />
1.0-2.0 243.9<br />
More than 2.0 m -<br />
6 Distribution of the irrigated agriculture lands on the saltiness degree Salty 757.2<br />
(on 0-100 sm layer of earth)<br />
Weak salty 387.1<br />
Medium salty 185.5<br />
Strong and very strong salty 115.1<br />
7 Distribution of the irrigated agriculture lands on the saline degree Non-saline 978.6<br />
(on 0-100 sm layer of earth)<br />
Weak saline 375.3<br />
Medium and strong saline 43.2<br />
8 Evaluation of the land-reclamation status of the irrigated areas on Good 396.1<br />
the incline depth and saltiness degree of lands<br />
Satisfactory 663.7<br />
Non-satisfacrory 385.1<br />
Including According to the depth of waters 103.4<br />
According to the saltiness of the lands 115.1<br />
According to the depth of waters and the<br />
saltiness of the lands<br />
166.6<br />
2009
Annex 4.2<br />
I n f o r m a t i o n<br />
on the amount of the mineral fertilizers used per hectares of the agricultural plant seedings<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
(kg affective substance is taken into consideration)<br />
№ Name of the plants 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008<br />
1 Gorn 86.0 95.0 65.0 72.4 80.4 83.5 91.0<br />
2 Cotton 77.0 80.1 51.6 50.7 45.2 43.2 40.0<br />
3 Tobacco 30.8 37.0 42.0 34.5 30.0 26.7 25.2<br />
4 Vegetable-potato 17.5 17.9 26.0 46.8 50.3 60.0 64.7<br />
5 Fruit 21.8 18.5 30.4 37.1 46.7 50.4 56.2<br />
6 Fodder crops - - - - - - -<br />
2009
Annex 4.3<br />
I n f o r m a t i o n<br />
on the fertilizers used for agricultural plants<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
(thousand ton affective substance is taken into consideration)<br />
№ Name of the plants 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008<br />
1 Gorn 6.5 8.3 8.6 8.7 11.9 15.0 32.3<br />
2 Cotton 4.6 4.0 6.4 9.2 8.9 0.8 0.9<br />
3 Tobacco 0.06 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1<br />
4 Vegetable-potato 2.14 3.33 4.4 4.3 3.2 3.1 5.1<br />
5 Fruit 1.3 1.9 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 2.3<br />
6 Fodder crops 0.02 0.02 - - - - -<br />
Total 14.62 23.7 20.6 23.5 25.2 20.1 40.7<br />
Including : N 12.9 15.8 16.9 19.5 20.7 16.5 31.7<br />
P 1.72 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.5 2.0 4.5<br />
K - - 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.6 4.5<br />
2009
Annex 5.1<br />
Information reflecting situation of forestry is given in the following table under the statistic data of 2002-2008.<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Name of the actions 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total<br />
Renewal of the governmentally important forests, ha<br />
including:<br />
Forest plantation and sowing, ha<br />
Forest plantation in ravines, gorges, sandy places and<br />
inarable lands of other land users, ha<br />
Referring of young trees in the governmentally<br />
important forest lands<br />
to category of cultivated valuable woodlands, ha<br />
including:<br />
by forest plantation, ha<br />
7750<br />
3150<br />
214<br />
4403<br />
1122<br />
Fire occurred forest lands, ha 46 9 77 21 15 88 25 281<br />
Forest service and sanitary cutoffs, ha 5807 2836 9991 3462 3536 5477 4514 35623<br />
Wood procurement for sale, cubic meter 64665 22064 31355 32082 31312 51599 36248 269325<br />
Protection of forest from insects and diseases by<br />
biological method, thousand ha<br />
- - 10 15 7 8 - 40<br />
8721<br />
3701<br />
136<br />
3851<br />
1265<br />
9126<br />
3705<br />
159<br />
3844<br />
1349<br />
9737<br />
3850<br />
55<br />
3803<br />
948<br />
10140<br />
3848<br />
76<br />
4863<br />
700<br />
10500<br />
3853<br />
20<br />
4350<br />
1475<br />
10960<br />
3898<br />
349<br />
4232<br />
1481<br />
66934<br />
26005<br />
1009<br />
29346<br />
8340<br />
2009
Fish species<br />
Storgeons<br />
(ton)<br />
Kilka<br />
(thousand)<br />
Annex 6.1<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Information on the setting free young fishes in the Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Name of the<br />
fish<br />
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009<br />
Sturgeons<br />
(million)<br />
12,02 19,89 16,96 16,03 9,68 12,49 7,67<br />
Salmonids<br />
(thousand)<br />
0,073 0,078 0,113 0,095 0,118 0,174 0,180<br />
Minnows/carps<br />
(million)<br />
440,65 436,38 427,51 432,13 435,91 409,68 408,50<br />
Total: 452,74 456,34 444,58 448,26 445,71 422,35 416,35<br />
Annex 6.2<br />
Quota for fish hunting in the Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> and its assimilation<br />
Annex 6.3<br />
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009<br />
limit fact limit fact limit fact limit fact limit fact limit fact limit fact<br />
104,59 104,48 104 88 100 84 90 8 90 73 90 72 90 3<br />
22 6,07 41,12 8,89 23,46 8,63 18,96 3,66 23 2,45 23 1,02 23 0,748<br />
Number of hunted fishes in the Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> during 10 months in 2003-2009<br />
ton)<br />
(thousand<br />
Fish species 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008<br />
10<br />
months in<br />
2009<br />
Sturgeon 0,10 0,088 0,084 0,008 0,073 0,072 0,003<br />
Carp 0,211 0,21 0,219 0,238 0,328 0,324 0,206<br />
Kilka 6,07 8,89 8,63 3,66 2,45 1,02 0,748<br />
Shad 0,05 0,06 0,06 0,068 0,096 0,10 0,073<br />
Total: 6,431 9,248 8,993 3,974 2,947 1,516 1,03<br />
NOTE: Decline in fishing as compared to 2003 was possible mainly on account of sprat and sturgeons. Its<br />
reason is related to reduction as 12-16 times of number and biomass of zooplanctons which sprats feeded<br />
with and subsequently, diminishing of volume of sprat fishery due to impact of Mnemiopsis Leidiyi being<br />
alien specy for the Caspian.<br />
Notwithstanding national quotas were allocated by the Bioresources Commission in 2006 and 2009 no<br />
requests were addressed for industrial fishing of sturgeons by the organizations engaged in fishing and fish<br />
trade, because export quota has not been ratified by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered<br />
Species.<br />
2009
Annex 6.4<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Information on the factual expenses, factual budget allocation and demand for budget allocation during<br />
2003-2008 for the financing the Department of Reproduction and Protection of Aquatic Bioresources and<br />
its subordinated institutions (thousand manats)<br />
№ Indicators Unit of<br />
measure<br />
1 Budget allocation<br />
requied for the<br />
support of the<br />
2<br />
Annex 7.1<br />
institutions<br />
Budget allocation<br />
affirmated according<br />
to the requiement<br />
3 Factual transferred<br />
resource from the<br />
affirmated budget<br />
allocation<br />
4 Factual expences<br />
from the affirmated<br />
budget allocation<br />
5 Less resource than<br />
the requiment was<br />
affirmated<br />
6 Less than the<br />
affirmated resource<br />
was financed<br />
7 So the resource<br />
transferred late, it<br />
wasn’t possible to<br />
use it and it was<br />
returned back to the<br />
Minstry of Finance<br />
of the Republic of<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
ment<br />
Thousan<br />
d manat<br />
Density of the connection roads in the Republic area<br />
(for the end of the year; km road for per 1000 km 2 area)<br />
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008<br />
641,6 627,4 668.0 1605.0 1866.0 5027.7<br />
-«- 210,9 275,0 379,1 1172,7 1683,0 1898.6<br />
-«- 209,9 257,6 379,1 1125,6 1562,2 1733.2<br />
-«- 192,3 246,5 360,8 811,5 1242,6 1400.6<br />
-«- 430,7 352,4 288,5 432,3 183,0 3129.1<br />
-«- 1 17 0 47 121 165<br />
«- 75 25<br />
2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009<br />
Railway - total 37,7 35,3 34,5 34,3 34,3 33,7 33,7<br />
Transport sector 24,4 24,5 24,5 24,5 24,5 24,2 24,2<br />
Non-transport areas 13,3 10,8 10,0 10,0 9,8 9,5 9,5<br />
Main pipelines 50,8 48,5 52,0 47,3 53,1 61,1 61,1<br />
Main oil-pipelines 16,2 16,2 16,2 16,2 21.9 21,4 21,4<br />
Main gas-pipelines 34,6 32,3 35,8 31,2 31,2 39,7 39,7<br />
Firm-coated roads - total 217,0 217,1 217.1 217,1 217,1 217,4 218,3<br />
2009
Annex 8.1<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and <strong>Fourth</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Species found in captivity or<br />
in ex situ conditions in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> 47<br />
Scientific name Common name(s) IUCN<br />
listing<br />
CITES<br />
status<br />
<strong>National</strong><br />
Threat<br />
Status<br />
Mammals<br />
Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758) Lion (Африка Асланы) VU C2a(i) II -<br />
Panthera tigris longipilis (Fitzinger, Siberian tiger, Siberian tiger EN C2a(i) I -<br />
1868)<br />
(Амур пялянэи)<br />
Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) Mountain lion, Puma (Пума) NT II -<br />
Felis chaus (Schreber, 1777) Jungle cat (Гамыш пишийи) - II -<br />
Ursus arctos (Linnaeus, 1758) Brown bear (Гонур айы) - II -<br />
Ursus americanus (Pallas, 1780) American black bear, black bear<br />
(Гара айы)<br />
- II -<br />
Canis lupus (Linnaeus, 1758) Gray Wolf (Боз жанавар) - II -<br />
Papio hamadryas (Linnaeus, 1758) Hamadryas baboon, Sacred<br />
baboon (Павиан-гамадрил)<br />
LR/nt II -<br />
Chlorocebus aethiops (Linnaeus, Green monkey, Vervet monkey - II -<br />
1758)<br />
(Йашыл меймун)<br />
Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, Rhesus macaque, Rhesus<br />
LR/nt II -<br />
1780)<br />
monkey (Макака резус)<br />
Cercopithecus cephus (Linnaeus, Moustached monkey<br />
- II -<br />
1758)<br />
(Мависифят меймун)<br />
Capra cylindricornis (Blyth, 1841) East Caucasian tur (Даьыстан VU - -<br />
туру)<br />
A1d+2de,<br />
C1<br />
Gazella subgutturosa (Güldenstädt, Goitred gazelle, Sand gazelle<br />
NT - Endangered<br />
1780)<br />
(Жейран)<br />
Lama guanacoe Llama (Лама гуанако) - II -<br />
Sciurus anomalus (Güldenstädt, Caucasian squirrel, Persian<br />
LR/nt - -<br />
1785)<br />
squirrel (Гафгаз (фарс) синжабы)<br />
Sciurus vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Birds<br />
Eurasian red squirrel, Red<br />
squirrel (Ади синжаб)<br />
NT - -<br />
Struthio camelus (Linnaeus, 1758) Ostrich (Африка дявягушу) - I -<br />
Pelecanus crispus (Linnaeus, 1758) Dalmatian pelican (Гыврымляляк LR/cd I Rare,<br />
гутан)<br />
declining<br />
Platalea leucorodia leucorodia Spoonbill (Ярсиндимдик) - II Rare,<br />
declining.<br />
Phoenicopterus roseus( Pall., 1758) Flamingo (Гызыл газ) - II Rare,<br />
declining<br />
Alopochen aegyptiacus (Linnaeus,<br />
1766)<br />
Нил газы - - -<br />
Aix galericulata (Linnaeus, 1758) Мандарин юрдяк - - -<br />
Branta canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758) Canada goose (Канада<br />
казаркасы)<br />
- I -<br />
Porphyrio porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758) Purple swamphen, purple - - Rare species.<br />
gallinule (Султан тойуьу)<br />
Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766) Hen harrier (Чямянлик - II -<br />
белибаьлысы)<br />
Circus aeruginosus Marsh harrier (Батаглыг - II -<br />
Aythya nyroca (Guldenstadt, 1770)<br />
белибаьлысы)<br />
Ferruginous duck, Ferruginous LR/nt III -<br />
47 Includes a number of foreign species which are of conservation importance, with nationally threatened<br />
species are identified in the final column.<br />
2009<br />
161
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
pochard, White-eyed porchard<br />
(Аьэюз дальыж)<br />
Aegypius monachus (Linnaeus, 1766) Black vulture, Cinereous Vulture<br />
(Гара гриф)<br />
LR/nt II -<br />
Aquila chrysaetus (Linnaeus, 1758) Aigle royal, golden eagle<br />
- II Rare,<br />
(Беркут)<br />
declining<br />
Aquila heliaca (Savigny, 1809) Spanish imperial eagle (Мязар VU C1 I Rare,<br />
гарталы)<br />
declining<br />
Aquila nipalensis (Hodgson, 1833) Чюл гарталы - II -<br />
Gyps fulvus (Hablizl, 1783) Griffon vulture (Аьбаш кяркяс) - II -<br />
Gypaetus barbatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Lammergeier, bearded vulture<br />
(Тоьлуэютцрян)<br />
- II Endangered<br />
Falco peregrinus (Tunstall, 1771) Peregrine falcon (Ади шащин<br />
- I Rare,<br />
(сапсан))<br />
declining<br />
Buteo buteo (Linnaeus, 1758) Buzzard (Ади сар) - II -<br />
Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus, Egyptian vulture (Лешйлдян - II -<br />
1758)<br />
гартал)<br />
Ara ararauna (Linnaeus, 1758) Ara (Ара тутугушу) II -<br />
Amazona albifrons (Sparrman, 1788) Аьбаш амазон - -<br />
Psittacula eupatria (Linnaeus, 1766) Бюйцкхалталы тутугушу - II -<br />
Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769) Rose-ringed parakeet (Кичик - III -<br />
Poicephalus senegalus (Linnaeus,<br />
1766)<br />
халталы тутугушу)<br />
Сенегал тутугушу - II -<br />
Eos histrio (Muller, 1776) Red and blue lory (Эюй-гырмызы EN A2cd, II -<br />
лори тутугушу)<br />
B1+2abcde<br />
Psittacus erithagus Linnaeus, 1758 Ъако тутугушусу - II -<br />
Psephotus<br />
1838)<br />
haematonotus (Gould, Охуйан тутугушу - II -<br />
Chrysolophus pictus (Linnaeus, 1758) Гызыл гырьовул - - -<br />
Chrysolophus<br />
(Leadbeater, 1829)<br />
amherstiae Алмас гырьовулу - - -<br />
Lophura swinhoii (Gould, 1863) Swinhoe’s Pheasant (Тайван LR/nt I -<br />
Lophura leucomelana (Latham, 1790)<br />
гырьоиулу (Свайнo))<br />
Непал гырьовулу - - -<br />
Bubo bubo (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Reptiles and amphibians<br />
Eagle owl (Ири йапалаь) - II -<br />
Python molurus bivittatus (Kuhl Asian rock python, Burmese LR/nt I -<br />
1820)<br />
python (Тцндпялянэи питон)<br />
Eunectes notaeus (Cope 1862) Yellow anaconda (Парагвай - II -<br />
Boa constrictor (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
анакондасы)<br />
Boa constrictor (Император<br />
удавы)<br />
- II -<br />
Varanus niloticus (Fitzinger, 1826) Nile monitor (Нил вараны) - II -<br />
Testudo graeca ibera (Pallas, 1814) Common tortoise, Greek Tortoise<br />
(Аралыг дянизи тысбаьасы)<br />
Emys orbicularis (Blanford, 1876) European pond turtle (Батаглыг<br />
тысбаьасы)<br />
Caiman crocodilus (Conant & Common caiman (Тимсащвари<br />
Collins, 1991)<br />
кайман)<br />
162<br />
VU A1cd I Declining<br />
range and<br />
population<br />
- - -<br />
- II -<br />
2009
Annex 9.1<br />
Money spent in the frame of the nature protection<br />
163<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
(thousand manat)<br />
№ Directions of the expenses<br />
Years<br />
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008<br />
1. Current expenses for the environment protection measures<br />
including<br />
11648.6 15192.0 21110.5 21395.8 26036.8 36007.8 61382.5<br />
• For the protection and rational utilization of the water<br />
stocks<br />
9817.1 10957.8 17590.3 17899.3 21024.6 28603.3 37732.6<br />
• For the protection of atmosphere air 1421.2 2196.2 2591.0 2100.3 2866.4 2562.1 2607.7<br />
• For the protection against waste matters of the<br />
manufacture and consumption<br />
346.4 818.7 383.4 971.2 1336.9 3698.9 11474.0<br />
• For the restoration of the soil 63.9 1219.3 545.8 425.0 808.9 1143.5 9568.2<br />
2. Expenses for the capital repairs of the main production<br />
funds on the environment protection<br />
1158.8 1743.2 1809.3 1860.8 1790.4 2978.1 5482.1<br />
3. Expenses for the support of reserves, protection and<br />
rehabilitation of wild animals<br />
321.3 434.8 398.4 1026.0 1544.4 2461.4 2882.5<br />
4. Operation expenses for forestry 444.0 367.7 2834.8 3710.8 4329.1 7275.0 7969.0<br />
5. Investment on the main capital directed to the rational<br />
utlization of the natural resources and environment<br />
protection<br />
including<br />
2404.9 2965.1 1911.3 2912.3 8879.4 55504.6 97885.5<br />
• On the protection and rational utilization of the water<br />
stocks<br />
944.7 1949.8 1706.5 1309.8 6838.1 18762.8 78830.2<br />
• On the protection of atmosphere air 1426.1 879.1 204.8 1503.9 1601.9 1091.8 929.6<br />
• On the protection and rational utilization of the soils<br />
• Investment to the other measures<br />
34.1 136.2 98.6 439.4 35650.0 18125.7<br />
Sum of expenses for all nature protection measures 16986.1 22230.1 28064.3 30905.7 42580.1 104226.9 175601.6<br />
2009
Annex 9.2<br />
Environmental NGO’s in <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
<strong>English</strong> Name Contact person Phone /Fax E-mail Address<br />
Alive Nature <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Flora<br />
and Fauna Founders Club<br />
Ana Kur International<br />
Ecological Society<br />
Association for Control of the<br />
Human and Animal's Protozoons<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Center for Protection<br />
of Birds<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Demographers<br />
Association (ADA)<br />
Aynur Surkhayeva 69504,<br />
722771<br />
Sumgayit, 23, 17th<br />
District, apt. 34<br />
Israil Aliyev 567901 Ganja, 273, Ataturk<br />
Avenue<br />
Hamida Gayibova,<br />
Mehdi Aliyev<br />
935773<br />
Elchin Sultanov 927052,<br />
3161651<br />
gamida_gaib@hot<br />
mail.com<br />
sultanov@azeurot<br />
el.com<br />
Niyazi Mursagulov 711909 mursakulovnn@az<br />
net.org,<br />
mursakulov@hot<br />
mail.com<br />
Baki, 27, <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> av.,<br />
apt.22<br />
Baki, 370073, passage<br />
1128, mehelle 504<br />
Baki, 63 a , M.Hadi, apt.<br />
97<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Ecological Union Manaf<br />
396123 Baki, 28a, Inshaatchilar<br />
Suleymanov<br />
av., apt. 43<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Green Movement Farida Huseynova, 3299391, Guseynovafk@azn Baki, 370001, 47/17,<br />
Khalid Aliyev 958939 et.org<br />
Istiglaliyyet str.<br />
Branches in Mingechevir<br />
and Sumgayit.<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> <strong>National</strong> Committee Magbet Mamedov, 474068, farda@azerin.com Baki, 370148, 23<br />
on International Hydrologist Farda Imanov 390501,<br />
Khalilov academician<br />
Program<br />
673156<br />
str., Baki State<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Society of Study of Aydin Eyvazov, 920882,<br />
University<br />
Baki, 27 U.Hajibeyov<br />
Local Lore<br />
Seyran Veliyev 987903,<br />
987903<br />
str.<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Society of Zoologists Musa Musayev, 397371, zoology@deacs.ab Baki, 370073, 1128<br />
Barat Akhmedov, 397359, .az<br />
block, pass 504<br />
Tahir Kerimov 917783<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Society for Protection<br />
of Animals<br />
Caucasus Int'l Center of Study of<br />
Local Lore & Ecotourism<br />
Cultural Ecological Center Goy<br />
Gurshagy<br />
Azer Garayev,<br />
Gunduz Rahimov<br />
940304, (850)<br />
125089<br />
Elchin Orujev 712468,<br />
3271273<br />
Dalga Charitable Society Seyidzadeh M.,<br />
Ahmedov I.<br />
aspa@azintex.com Baki, 370014, 53, Fizuly<br />
str., apt. 96; Branch in<br />
Kazahstan<br />
cavcin@azdata.net Baki, 370123, 26,<br />
R.Mamedov, apt.154<br />
Ismayil Sadikhly 42294 Sheki 20, 5 Sary Torpag<br />
str., pereulok 4<br />
766365 Baki, 95, Babek av., apt.<br />
54. Branch in<br />
Mingechevir<br />
Eco-TES Chingiz Nazarov 61598 ekotes@mail.ru Mingechevir, 1, Y.<br />
Ecolex - <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Samir Isayev, 683359, Ecolex@azdata.ne<br />
Mansurov str., apt. 16<br />
Baki, 4th district, 29a,<br />
Environmental Law Center Sevil Isayeva 3121439,<br />
683359<br />
t<br />
Javadkhan str., apt. 99<br />
Ecological Biophysics Ralfrid Hasanov 398608 Baki, 40, Patamdar road<br />
(2, Metbuat av.), Botany<br />
Institute<br />
International Youth Ecological Valida<br />
776184, azimovar@aznet.o Baki, 370001, 47,<br />
Center<br />
Khanbabayeva, Ali<br />
Azimov<br />
204537 rg<br />
Istiglaliyat str., apt. 17<br />
Ecological Fund Elshad Mamedov (22) 573578,<br />
575660<br />
azti@ganca.net Ganja, 103, 28 May str.<br />
Ecological Problems Research Kamran<br />
760042 ngo@isar-az.org Baki, 36, Ganja av., apt.<br />
Center<br />
Mahmudov<br />
35<br />
Ecology and Health Gulnara<br />
33827, 34461 Khachmaz, 74,<br />
Agarahimova<br />
Narimanov str.<br />
Ecology Teachers Charitable Suveyrat<br />
710609 Baki, 22b, Zikh road,<br />
Society<br />
Hasanova, Elmira<br />
Gabulova<br />
apt. 129<br />
Ecopark Organization Hikmet Salahov,<br />
sum@sec.sumgait. Sumgayit, 373200, 16,<br />
Arif Islamzade<br />
az<br />
Nizamy str.
Ecores Information Analytic<br />
Environmental Agency<br />
Rafig Verdiyev 958368,<br />
951223,<br />
983181,<br />
929961<br />
ECOS - Ecological Stability Ayten Poladova 951247,<br />
316589<br />
Ecosaf Rasim Aliyev 237778,<br />
552783, (855)<br />
7781923<br />
Ecosphere Social Ecological Firuza Sultanzade, 924348,<br />
Center<br />
Zuleykha Aliyeva 3320034<br />
165<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
ecores@iatp.baku.<br />
az<br />
fidan8@azintex.co<br />
m<br />
rasimaliyev@yahoo.co<br />
m<br />
ecosphera@azeuro<br />
tel.com<br />
Baki 370002, 157 Sh.<br />
Azizbekov str., apt. 23<br />
Baki, 370014, 54, Bul-<br />
Bul Avenue<br />
Baki, 14, A.Manafov<br />
str., apt.36<br />
Baki, 3, Lermontov str.,<br />
apt. 61<br />
Ekoil - Scientific Ecological Muslim Gurbanov 941214 mgurbanov@hotm Baki, 370014, 31a, H.<br />
Society<br />
ail.com<br />
Javid av.<br />
Elsevenler Society Chingiz Verdiyev 32145 Ganja, 80, Ozan str.<br />
Fevgal Association of Specialists Habib Ojagov, 390775, Fovgal@azeronlin Baki, 370073, 5, Ayna<br />
on Emergency Situations and Gayibeli<br />
395452 e.com<br />
Sultanova<br />
Security of Human Life Activity Hajimetov<br />
For Clean Caspian Sea Yegana Mehdi 758946 Yeganam@yahoo.<br />
com<br />
Public Ecological Foundation<br />
named after Gasan Aliyev<br />
Golden Beehive Beekeepers<br />
Society<br />
Baki, 21, Hojaly str.,<br />
apt.6<br />
Garib Mamedov 392261 Baki 370073, 31 G.<br />
Javid av.<br />
Yevdokiya<br />
Khanbeyova, Kh.<br />
Aliyev, G.<br />
Huseynzade<br />
924686,<br />
3468917<br />
goldenhive@hotm<br />
ail.com<br />
Baki, 370004, 15, 1st<br />
Yasr povorot, apt. 2<br />
Gyulyum Irada Guliyeva 975291, 21century@azdata Baki, 2 bulvar, 5b<br />
902292 .net<br />
Mamedyarov str., apt.18<br />
Healthy Society Group Aydin Samedov 614540 Baki, 3a S.Akhundov<br />
str., apt. 7<br />
Human and Environment Ismayil Ismayilov 973867 ismayilov@bak.ne Baki, 370001, 29/3,<br />
t.az<br />
Mukhtarov str.<br />
Independent Ecology & Tural Jamalov, 267057, max-asif@usa.net Baki, Bakikhanov<br />
Economics Organization Asif Makhmudov 268578<br />
settlement., bloc # 4083,<br />
2, apt.27<br />
Intellect Regional Humanitarian Tahir Novruzov, 25773, 25165 Shamkir, 8 M. Sabir str.<br />
Ecological Education Center Zahid Abbasov<br />
Kur-Khazar Charity Society T. Mehdiyeva, B.<br />
Mikayilov<br />
663156,<br />
981179,<br />
907227<br />
Baki, 38, Gadirbeyova<br />
str. Branches in<br />
Neftchala, Ganja, Salyan<br />
Lapirchy Alkhan Garayev 973103 Shamakhy region,<br />
Galaybugurd village<br />
Mother nature Natural Hygiene<br />
Center<br />
<strong>National</strong> Center of Environmental<br />
Forecasting<br />
Arshad Azimov 52137,<br />
3168197<br />
school<br />
Guba, 2a, Fatalykhan<br />
str., apt 39<br />
Telman Zeynalov 945342 Baki, 13, Mirza Aga<br />
Aliyev str., apt. 14<br />
Nature and Society Sammadin 52232 Guba, 21, Fataly khan<br />
Hajialiyev<br />
str.<br />
Our House Caucasus Firuza Amirova, 406330, ourhome@azdata. Baki 370025, 45/57,<br />
International Children Ecological<br />
Union<br />
Rufat Alekperov 955994, (855)<br />
7826165,<br />
922327<br />
net;<br />
www.azer.web.co<br />
m/ourhome/<br />
Nobel av. Branches in<br />
Ali-Bayramli and<br />
Nakhichevan.<br />
Protection of the Natural Reyhan Aslanova 660 Khachmaz, Yalama<br />
Resources Society<br />
village<br />
Rostok (Sprout) Garib Akhmedov 315575 Baki, 4 microrayon, 13,<br />
Jabiyev str., apt. 6<br />
Ruzgar Ecological Social Union Islam Mustafayev 769801, IMustafaev@iatp. Baki, 370119, 124/128,<br />
394113 baku.az<br />
G.Garayev str.<br />
<strong>Azerbaijan</strong> Society for Protection Sabir Israfilov, 697357, (850) isabir@azdata.net Baki, 7 M/district, 5,<br />
of Nature<br />
Chingiz<br />
3396998<br />
S.Sani Akhundov str., 5.<br />
Mageramov, Samir<br />
Branches in 36 regions<br />
Isayev<br />
of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>.<br />
Society for Protection of Farmers Solmaz Asadova, (172) 71292,<br />
Khachmaz, Resource<br />
Rights<br />
Eyvaz Javadov, 33025<br />
Center, Gimil Gimlag<br />
Hadija Eldarova<br />
village<br />
2009
Chinar Society for Protection of<br />
Flora and Fauna<br />
Sorge Children Care Charity<br />
Society<br />
South Eco-SOS Society for<br />
Nature Protection<br />
TETA Hazri Public Association<br />
for Development and Research<br />
World is our home Peace and<br />
Travelling Center<br />
Yashil Dalga Youth Ecological<br />
Center<br />
166<br />
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The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Vugar Mehdiyev 714022 Baki, 36 Abilov str.,<br />
apt.1<br />
Tamara<br />
Dadasheva, Aygun<br />
Shahbazova,<br />
Valida Aliyeva<br />
312201,<br />
943810,<br />
300034, (850)<br />
3137299<br />
Elvin Sadigov (171) 47907,<br />
(850) 3642899<br />
Lydiya Gulizadeh 680351,<br />
3362648<br />
Haji Hajiyev,<br />
Orkhan Eyyubov<br />
Salman<br />
Suleymanov<br />
Yashil Dunya (Green World) Elmar Babayev,<br />
Ilgar Zeynalov<br />
931438<br />
azsorge@bakinter.<br />
net<br />
el_len_eco@yaho<br />
o.com<br />
Baki, 79, Zardabi str.<br />
Lenkoran, 90, Nizami<br />
str.<br />
azgeog@geo.ab.az Baki, 3 microrayon, 28,<br />
Javadkhan str., apt. 37<br />
far@monitor.baku.<br />
az<br />
Baki, 3, R.Behbutov str.<br />
235121 Baki, B. Chobanzadeh,<br />
41-2<br />
319128,<br />
2131652,<br />
3208683<br />
Lbey@excite.com<br />
Baki, 68 A. Maharramov<br />
Str., apt. 102<br />
Young Agrobusiness Association Azer Humbetov 67652, 57838 Ganja, 15, Ganja str.<br />
International Youth<br />
Environmental Center<br />
Vafa Jafarova,<br />
Rasim Ashumov<br />
776184,<br />
204537,<br />
677791<br />
Human and Peace Irada Mikayilova 51450, (850)<br />
3281381<br />
Ozone Social Ecological Public Azad<br />
(850) 3350174<br />
Union<br />
Allahverdiyev .<br />
Damiragach Public Ecological<br />
Union<br />
Sabir Suleymanov,<br />
Novruz Guliyev<br />
Mammalogists of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong> I. Rakhmatulina,<br />
Development of Mountain<br />
E. Askerov<br />
Jahangir Najafov,<br />
Regions of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Dilara Veliyeva<br />
Public Union For the Sake of<br />
Health Environment<br />
Scientific Research Institute on<br />
Prognosis and Studying of<br />
Earthquakes<br />
Public Union of Information and<br />
Technical Support to the<br />
Development of Entrepreneurship<br />
Public Union of Creative<br />
Intelligentsia Seyyah RITM<br />
Public Union of Assistance to the<br />
Development of Entrepreneurship<br />
Eko-Ay<br />
Public Union for Protection of<br />
Nature Dalga<br />
Public<br />
Environment<br />
Union Health<br />
Sheki branch of the Union of<br />
Afghanistan Veterans of The<br />
Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Rahim Kalantarov,<br />
Vugar Aliyev,<br />
Enver Rustamov<br />
Elchin Khalilov,<br />
Abbas Guvalov<br />
Anar Garibov,<br />
Fahraddin<br />
Ibrahimov<br />
Gurban Dostalizade,<br />
Rafail<br />
Hasanov<br />
370001, Baki, 31<br />
Istiglaliyyet<br />
floor<br />
str., 5-th<br />
Guba city, 68, Sulh<br />
Avenue<br />
Guba region, Hajigayib<br />
village<br />
42445 Lenkoran, 63, Koroglu<br />
Street<br />
953312 zoology@dcacs.ab<br />
.az<br />
948654,<br />
978775,<br />
3219880,<br />
958662<br />
Baki, 127, S. Askerova<br />
Street<br />
adria@yahoo.com Baki, 56, J.<br />
Mamedguluzade Street,<br />
apt. 9<br />
54264 Lenkoran, 31, Mir<br />
Mustafa-han Street, apt.<br />
6<br />
981415,<br />
938400<br />
931153<br />
Ilgar Namazov (22) 562346,<br />
564259,<br />
561677, (22)<br />
enitech@yahoo.co<br />
m<br />
sitiyar@hotmail.c<br />
om<br />
Baki, Nasimi district, 18,<br />
Mardanov gardashlary<br />
Street<br />
Baki, 16/7, U. Hajibeyov<br />
Street<br />
399838 Baki, N. Narimanov<br />
Street, house 2, tupic 1<br />
532346<br />
Natig Hatamov (154) 55537,<br />
(850) 3455842<br />
ilgarn@mail.ru Ganja, 90/81, S.I.Khatai<br />
Avenue<br />
Imishli region, 25, Fizuli<br />
Street<br />
Zemfira Sadikhova 624880 Baki,<br />
Avenue<br />
33/40 Ataturk<br />
Nazim Yusifov, 43894, 48891 Sheki city, 175,<br />
Vugar Ilyasov<br />
M.E.Rasulzade Street<br />
Nature and Person Kamil Ilyasov 54105, (850)<br />
3146358<br />
Guba, 2a, Vagif Street<br />
Shafag Ecoturism Union Ali Dovlatov 40731 Lenkoran, 48, Sattarhan<br />
Street<br />
Objective Public Organization of Heydar Gasimov, (850) 3284457 obyektiv@yahoo.c Lenkoran, 3, Tofik<br />
Artists<br />
Nazim Gubadov<br />
om<br />
Ismayilov Street, Floor 4<br />
2009
167<br />
Country Study on Biodiversity and First <strong>National</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
The Republic of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong><br />
Dirchelish Eynulla<br />
Kheyrullayev<br />
51450 Guba, 68 Sulh Avenue<br />
Caspian Children Ecological Elnara<br />
766306,<br />
Baki, 6, Ahmed Javad<br />
Club<br />
Asadullayeva 388580<br />
Street, apt. 58<br />
Union of Women-Journalist Gulnaz Bagvanova 396072 Baki, 87a, Javid Avenue,<br />
Ecologists<br />
apt. 740<br />
Hayajan Nature Protection and<br />
Rehabilitation Organization<br />
Organization of Protection of<br />
Environment "Soil"<br />
Social Ecological Association<br />
Green Way<br />
Tahir Aydinov 924591 zootair@bakuaz.net<br />
Hikmat Mamedov (171) 53104 hikmatbodybuilder@hot<br />
Vadim Garayev,<br />
N. Mustafayev, R.<br />
Ahmedov<br />
Ganja Agrobusiness Association Amin Babayev,<br />
Vugar Babayev,<br />
Vugar Agayev<br />
936111, (850)<br />
3126905<br />
mail.com<br />
Baki, 39, Bakihanov Str.<br />
Lenkoran city, 18, M.E.<br />
Rasulzade Street<br />
Baki, 130, M. Alizade<br />
Str.<br />
569400 gaba@ganca.net Ganja, 24, Ganja Street<br />
2009