The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology

The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology 

Abbreviation: Eur. J. Plant Sci. Biotech. 

Print: ISSN 1752-3842 

Scope and target readership: The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology accepts reviews and original papers that focus 

on any aspect of plant science, fundamental or applied. The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology forms part of the 

Global Science Series that focuses on plant science research originating from Europe, reflecting a European cultural and/or geographical 

influence. In general the author(s) should be from a European country, or if a foreign team of researchers is involved, then at least one of 

the authors should be European. 

Agricultural and Agronomic 

Science (D1) 

Emilio Cervantes, Spain 

Suriyan Cha-um, Thailand 

Thomas Dubois, Uganda 

Hany A. El-Shemy, Egypt 

Faouzi Haouala, Tunisia 

Pranab Hazra, India 

Xinhua He, Japan 

Hashem Hussein, Egypt 

Domingo Iglesias, Spain 

Xinxian Li, Japan 

Moahammad J. Malakouti, Iran 

Reda Moghaieb, Egypt 

Pio Colepicolo, Brazil 

P. Ponmurugan, India 

Gamal Hassan Rabie, Egypt 

M. Mehdi Sharifani, Iran 

Aluri Jacob Solomon Raju, India 

S. Sudhakaran, India 

James T. Tambong, Canada 

Daniel Valero, Spain 

Rajeev K. Varshney, India 

Teferi Yeshitela, South Africa 

Bioremediation and 

Bioavailability (D3) 

Abdolkarim Chehregani, Iran 

Jude C. Igwe, Nigeria 

Anushree Malik, India 

Benkeblia Noureddine, Japan 

Geert Potters, Belgium 


Functional Plant Science and 

Biotechnology (D8) 

Niranjan Baisakh, USA 

Chhandak Basu, USA 




Tracey Cuin, Australia 

James F. Dat, France 

Samir C. Debnath, Canada 

Alberto Dias, Portugal 


David E Evans, UK 

Attila Fehér, Hungary 

Patricia Dias Fernades, Brazil 

Manuel Fernandes-Ferreira, Portugal 

C. Gopi, India 

Jürg Gertsch, Germany 


Kathleen Hefferon, USA 

Luke Hendrickson, Australia 


Editor-in-Chief 

Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva, Japan 

Technical Editor 

Kasumi Shima, Japan 

Editorial Board and Advisory Panels 


Igor Kovalchuk, Canada 

Maurizio Lambardi, Italy 


Ramamurthy Mahalingam, USA 


Ezaz A. Mamun, Australia 



Suprasanna Penna, India 

Edouard Pesquet, France 


Gopi K. Podila, USA 


Moshe Reuveni, Israel 

Shyamal K. Roy, Bangladesh 

Sanjai Saxena, India 

Sergey Shabala, Australia 

Dharini Sivakumar, South Africa 

Alan Smith, USA 


Klára Szentmihályi, Hungary 

Lining Tian, Canada 

Kin-Ying To, Taiwan 

Ernő Tyihák, Hungary 


Boris B. Vartapetian, Russia 

Hao Yu, Singapore 

Genes, Genomes and Genomics 

(D10) 

Michèle Amouyal, France 

Niranjan Baisakh, USA 







Asad U. Khan, India 

Igor Kovalchuk, Canada 


Karsten Melcher, UK 


Gopi K. Podila, USA 


David J. Timson, UK 


Rajeev K. Varshney, India 


Horticulture, Floriculture and 

Ornamental Plant Science and 

Biotechnology (D11) 



Jer-Chia Chang, Taiwan 





Attila Fehér, Hungary 

Manuel Fernandes-Ferreira, 

Portugal 


S. Dutta Gupta, India 

Faouzi Haouala, Tunisia 



Sladjana Jevremovic, Serbia 

Puthiyaparambil JoseKutty, New 

Zealand 

Maurizio Lambardi, Italy 




Ákos Máthé, Hungary 



Suprasanna Penna, India 

Edouard Pesquet, France 



Moshe Reuveni, Israel 


Shigeru Satoh, Japan 


M. Mehdi Sharifani, Iran 

Dharini Sivakumar, South Africa 


Judith Thomas, USA 





Adnan Younis, Pakistan 


Pathology (D13) 




Blanca Sansegundo, Spain 


Pharmacology (D14) 


Manuel Fernandes-Ferreira, 

Portugal 

Patricia Dias Fernades, Brazil 


Mercedes G. Lopez, Mexico 

Ákos Máthé, Hungary 




Klára Szentmihályi, Hungary 

Anand K. Yadav, USA 


Proteins and Proteomics (D15) 

Emil Alexov, USA 

Anjali Dash, India 


Nikos E. Labrou, Greece 


David J. Timson, UK 

Soil Systems (D16) 


Xinhua He, Japan 

Harminder Pal Singh, India 




James T. Tambong, Canada 

Terrestrial and Aquatic 

Environmental Toxicology (D17) 


Zeng-Yei Hseu, Taiwan 

Jude C. Igwe, Nigeria 

Anushree Malik, India 


Geert Potters, Belgium 



Harminder Pal Singh, India 

S. Sudhakaran, India

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Cover photos: Top: Hydroponic cultivation of cherry tomato (More details in Passam et al., pp 1-21); center right: Ripe 

highbush blueberry berries (More details in Prodorutti et al., pp 44-56); bottom: Romanian peach var. ‘Tina’ (More details 

in Ivascu and Stinga, pp 107-110). 

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Printed in Japan on acid-free paper.

CONTENTS 

Harold C. Passam, Ioannis C. Karapanos, Penelope J. Bebeli, Dimitrios Savvas (Greece) A Review of Recent Research on 

Tomato Nutrition, Breeding and Post-Harvest Technology with Reference to Fruit Quality 

Fabio Stagnari (Italy) A Review of the Factors Influencing the Absorption and Efficacy of Lipophilic and Highly 

Water-Soluble Post-Emergence Herbicides 

Rosario Nicoletti, Francesco Raimo, Gaetano Miccio (Italy) Diplotaxis tenuifolia: Biology, Production and Properties 

Daniele Prodorutti, Ilaria Pertot, Lara Giongo, Cesare Gessler (Italy) Highbush Blueberry: Cultivation, Protection, 

Breeding and Biotechnology 

Yaşar Akça, A. Aytekin Polat (Turkey) Present Status and Future of Walnut Production in Turkey 

Lena Ekelund, Fredrik Fernqvist (Sweden) Organic Apple Culture in Sweden 

Kalomira Elena (Greece) Asparagus Diseases 

Antónia Šrobárová, Ľubomíra Kakalíková (Slovak Republic) Fungal Disease of Grapevines 

Mateja Germ, Vekoslava Stibilj, Ivan Kreft (Slovenia) Metabolic Importance of Selenium for Plants 

Jolita Radušienė (Lithuania) Conservation and Evaluation of Selected Medicinal and Aromatic Plants from Lithuania 

Antonia Ivascu, Adriana Stinga (Romania) Collecting, Preserving and Using Gene Sources from Germplasm Found in Peach 

(Prunus persica L. Batsch.) Breeding in Romania 

Dobrivoje Ogašanović, Slobodan Milenković, Olga Mitrović, Miodrag Kandić, Branislav Zlatković, Ljiljana Babić 

(Serbia) Serbian Dried Fruit Research 

A. Šrobárová (Slovak Republic), M. Buśko, J. Perkowski (Poland) Kinetics of DON, NIV and ERG Formation in Grain of 

Two Wheat Cultivars after Inoculation with Three Isolates of Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc. 

1 

22 

36 

44 

57 

65 

76 

84 

91 

98 

107 

111 

117

The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology, VOLUME 1, NUMBER 1, 2007 

Harold C. Passam, Ioannis C. Karapanos, Penelope J. Bebeli, Dimitrios Savvas (Greece) A Review of Recent Research 

on Tomato Nutrition, Breeding and Post-Harvest Technology with Reference to Fruit Quality (pp 1-21) 

ABSTRACT 

Special Feature: The continued importance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) as a vegetable and salad commodity is 

reflected by the large volume of research on virtually all aspects of the crop. Since 2000, over a thousand scientific papers per 

year relating to tomato research have been published, not including those in the less widely read literature, conference and 

workshop proceedings. In the present paper, we survey recent findings in the areas of tomato nutrition, the influence of salinity 

on nutrition and growth, tomato breeding and genetic resources, and the post-harvest physiology, storage and ripening of fruit. 

Research findings are considered particularly with respect to fruit quality, as reflected in the quality standards of the European 

Union. 

Fabio Stagnari (Italy) A Review of the Factors Influencing the Absorption and Efficacy of Lipophilic and Highly Water-Soluble 

Post-Emergence Herbicides (pp 22-35) 

ABSTRACT 

Invited Review: It is well known that post-emergence herbicide uptake into plant foliage and efficacy varies with plant and 

chemicals, and can be greatly influenced by adjuvants and environmental conditions. The penetration of herbicides into plant 

leaves is related to the physicochemical properties of the active ingredients, especially molecular size and lipophilicity. For a 

specific herbicide, uptake varies greatly with plant species and there is no simple method at the moment to quickly evaluate the 

leaf surface permeability of a plant. Furthermore, current evidence suggests that highly-water soluble, ionic herbicides may be 

more sensitive to some environmental conditions (low humidity and rapid drop drying) than lipophilic herbicides. Various 

adjuvants are being used to increase the penetration of herbicides into target plant foliage, but their effect varies with chemicals 

and plant species. The mechanisms of action of adjuvants in enhancing herbicide uptake remain unclear despite the effort 

made during the last three decades. A better understanding of the transcuticular transport of herbicides and the mode of action 

of adjuvants should lead to a more rational use of herbicides and minimize their negative impact on the environment. 

Rosario Nicoletti, Francesco Raimo, Gaetano Miccio (Italy) Diplotaxis tenuifolia: Biology, Production and Properties (pp 

36-43) 

ABSTRACT 

Invited Mini-Review: Perennial wallrocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC) is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the 

Brassicaceae native of the Mediterranean area and western Asia, but has now become cosmopolitan. Once harvested as a 

spontaneous herb, today it is a crop species whose importance is increasing especially in Europe after the diffusion of 

ready-to-use salads. Leaves present interesting nutritional properties depending on their content in glucosinolates and some 

antioxidant compounds, such as vitamin C and flavonoids, and their consumption is recommended in the prevention of cancer 

and cardiovascular diseases. Italy is the main producer country in the world with over 1100 hectares cropped in 2003. However, 

production in home gardens and harvesting from the wild are still quite significant, which makes figures concerning the overall 

production underestimated. It is cultivated both in open fields and under plastic tunnels, mostly in rotation with other vegetable 

crops in areas of intensive horticulture. Besides its relevance as a food crop, it is also thought to possess therapeutic properties 

that have stimulated its use in the traditional medicine of several peoples in the Mediterranean and the Near East areas. An oil 

rich in erucic acid can be extracted by the seeds, introducing possible relevance for industrial applications. Aspects concerning 

biology, diffusion, cultivation, crop protection, industrial processing, nutritional properties and uses of perennial wallrocket are 

considered in this review.

Daniele Prodorutti, Ilaria Pertot, Lara Giongo, Cesare Gessler (Italy) Highbush Blueberry: Cultivation, Protection, Breeding 

and Biotechnology (pp 44-56) 

ABSTRACT 

Invited Review: Highbush blueberry is one of the most commercially significant berry crops. It is mainly cultivated in the United 

States and Canada, but also in Europe, Australia, Chile and New Zealand. Production of this crop is likely to increase in 

response to increased consumer demand for healthy foods, including the antioxidant-rich blueberry. This review describes 

several issues and developments in sustainable blueberry farming, including agronomical and cultural techniques (mulching, 

irrigation, the beneficial effects of mycorrhizae and fertilization), disease management (biology and control of common and 

emerging diseases), pest management, pollinators (effects on fruit set and production), conventional breeding and molecular 

techniques for examining and engineering blueberry germplasm. This paper describes past problems and current challenges 

associated with the commercial production of highbush blueberry, as well as new approaches and techniques for improving 

crop quality and future perspectives for innovative research. 

Yaşar Akça, A. Aytekin Polat (Turkey) Present Status and Future of Walnut Production in Turkey (pp 57-64) 

ABSTRACT 

Invited Review: Turkey is one of the most important producers of walnut in the world. In 2005, Turkey ranked fourth in world 

production with 133,000 t of production. According to the average 2000-2005 statistics, Turkish walnut production accounts for 

8.89% of the World’s total walnut production. This important role is due to Anatolia being a germplasm center, and to its suitable 

ecological conditions. Walnut has an exceptionally wide natural distribution in Turkey and it is a plant which does not need much 

labour and annual high operating costs. In general, walnut has been grown at the edge of farmlands in recent years in Turkey. 

Cultivated mainly for its nutritious nuts, it is used as a food, in the chocolate industry, for baked foods, and in the pharmaceutical 

and cosmetic industries. The leaves and green shells are used as a pigment in Turkey. Continuous seed propagation for 

thousands of years in Turkey has given rise to a great number of seedling walnut trees, which represent valuable walnut gene 

resources. The number of native trees is estimated to be over 6 million and they possess large genetic variability in yield, nut 

and kernel characteristics, late bud breaking, late flowering, winter hardiness, tolerance to disease. After recognition of the 

importance of propagation by grafting and budding by growers in recent years, the orchards are being established by standard 

cultivars. These standard walnut orchards are generally planted with cultivars selected in Turkey. 

Lena Ekelund, Fredrik Fernqvist (Sweden) Organic Apple Culture in Sweden (pp 65-75) 

ABSTRACT 

Invited Review: Sweden is a net importer of all fruit, including apples – the fruit favoured by Swedish consumers. Domestic 

apple production holds a market share of a fifth of the total supply, while the domestic market share of organic apples is only 

11%. The fact that organic imports are transported long distances may be in conflict with the environmental arguments. The 

organic share of around 1% of total apple consumption is significantly lower than the 3% organic share of all food sales. The 

price premium of organic apples is an additional two thirds of the conventional price. Organic apple culture constitutes of less 

than 10% of total Swedish apple acreage, while the area certified by the association KRAV is less than 5%. This label has been 

crucial in the marketing of organics but may now be replaced by EU certification. A few vertically integrated retail chains, with 

continuously fewer and bigger units, dominate the Swedish food marketing system, but organic apples are often sold directly to 

the consumers, as fresh or as processed products, which may give the producer a higher share of the price premium paid for 

organic products. Considering the brand strategies of the supermarkets, the key to market success may be to find a niche in the 

small-scale system, possible with ties to the tourist industry, since this offers a channel for small volumes and a wide range of 

unusual varieties. This combines the advantages of local products with those of organics. 

Kalomira Elena (Greece) Asparagus Diseases (pp 76-83) 

ABSTRACT 

Invited Review: Crown and root rot is the most serious disease of asparagus worldwide resulting in plant yellowing, dieback 

and wilting. As the disease progresses, root parenchyma is completely destroyed whereas crown interior is discolored. The 

fungi that play major role to this disease are species of the genus Fusarium. The two dominant species are F. oxysporum f. sp. 

asparagi and F. proliferatum. The species F. solani, F. culmorum, F. subglutinans and Phytophthora spp. are less frequently

isolated from diseased asparagus plants. Besides, Fusarium species are the main biotic factors responsible for asparagus 

decline syndrome. Seeds, crowns, root residues and field soil consist the pathogen inoculum sources. Yield loss results from 

plant death and from smaller and fewer spears. Other economically important fungal diseases are asparagus rust, caused by 

Puccinia asparagi that infects asparagus green parts and the purple spot, caused by Stemphylium spp. which appears as brown 

lesions with dark purple margins on the main stems, branches and cladophylls. Both diseases cause a severe drop of 

cladophylls while the plants turn yellow or brown; they also reduce the vitality of the root system resulting in the subsequent 

year yield reduction. Other fungal diseases of asparagus include stem blight caused by Phomopsis asparagi, and Cercospora 

blight caused by Cercospora asparagi causing subsequent yield loss, particularly in humid areas. Furthermore, several viruses 

have been found to infect asparagus causing latent infections. 

Antonia Ivascu, Adriana Stinga (Romania) Collecting, Preserving and Using Gene Sources from Germplasm Found in Peach 

(Prunus persica L. Batsch.) Breeding in Romania (pp 84-90) 

ABSTRACT 

Invited Mini-Review: The collection, preservation and use of peach genetic resources from the germplasm found in 

SCDP-Baneasa is focused on disease and pest resistance (especially to Taphrina deformans, Sphaerotheca pannosa var. 

persicae, Monilinia, Cytospora cincta, Myzus persicae, Cydia molesta, and Anarsia lineatella), fruit quality (especially taste and 

flavour), seasonality (with a ripening calendar that exceeds 3-4 months), adaptability of cultivars and rootstocks to adverse 

environmental conditions and also on high yield potential. The use of different sources of genes, including germplasm from 

China, or other areas with a large biodiversity confers resistance to diseases of the new peach and nectarine varieties bred and 

created in Romania. Open pollination, hybridizations and back-crosses have been used as breeding methods, and have been 

combined with screening of progenies in the juvenile stage in greenhouse to reduce selection cycles and evaluation time. 

Mateja Germ, Vekoslava Stibilj, Ivan Kreft (Slovenia) Metabolic Importance of Selenium for Plants (pp 91-97) 

ABSTRACT 

Invited Mini-Review: Selenium (Se) is a trace element that is both an essential nutrient for humans and animals and an 

environmental toxicant; the boundary between the two roles is narrow and depends on its chemical form, concentration, and 

other environmentally influenced variables. Se is important in the metabolism of cyanobacteria and some plants, being involved 

in their antioxidative processes. The essentiality of Se to higher plants, however, is still under debate. Although it is harmful for 

plants in high concentrations, it can exert beneficial effects at low concentrations. It can increase the tolerance of plants to 

UV-induced oxidative stress, delay senescence, and promote the growth of ageing seedlings. Recently it has been shown that 

Se is able to regulate the water status of plants under conditions of drought. It is widely distributed on the Earth’s surface and 

available for plants in at least small traces. Cultivation of plants enriched with Se could be an effective way of producing Se-rich 

foodstuffs which can be beneficial to health. Se is also a major contaminant in the effluents from some oil refineries, power 

plants, and in mine drainage water. Se has become the primary element of concern in much environmental contamination 

because of its bioaccumulation in food webs. Bioaccumulation of Se is leading to toxic impact and changes in communities. 

However, it is possible to remove it from soils and Se-contaminated agricultural drainage water using plants in a 

phytoremediation process. 

Jolita Radušienė (Lithuania) Conservation and Evaluation of Selected Medicinal and Aromatic Plants from Lithuania (pp 

98-106) 

ABSTRACT 

Invited Mini-Review: This review focuses on research of medicinal and aromatic plants in Lithuania and describes how the 

conservation of genetic resources of these plants is considered. Biological peculiarities of species and their sources of raw 

material determine the mode of conservation including in situ and ex situ methods. The data on evaluation of essential oils of 

native species (Achillea millefolium, Acorus calamus, Origanum vulgare, Helichrysum arenarium, Hypericum perforatum, 

Thymus ssp., Tanacetum vulgare) of commercial value in herbal medicine are presented. The morphological, chemical and 

ecological markers support the selection and taxonomical identification of intra-specific diversity and are essential for 

germplasm conservation and utilization. The exploitation of the chemical diversity of evaluated species may be a potential 

source of genetic variation to allow selecting the valuable material for breeding.

Antónia Šrobárová, Ľubomíra Kakalíková (Slovak Republic) Fungal Disease of Grapevines (pp 107-110) 

ABSTRACT 

Invited Mini-Review: Grapes have the longest history of all the cultivated fruits and are among the most widely grown. Cooler 

temperatures and high relative humidity and/or moisture favour the development of fungal diseases of grapes. These diseases 

affect the leaves, shoots, stems and fruit. Fungal diseases can render fruit unusable and can very easily cause severe losses in 

yield. Grapevines are fairly adaptable plants, growing in a wide variety of soil types, from light sand to packed clay, and 

flourishing around the globe in the temperate bands between 20° and 50° latitude, north or south of the Equator. Black rot 

(Guignardia bidwellii (ELL.) V. et R. (anamorph: Phyllosticta ampelicida (Engelm.) van der Aa), white rot (Metasphaeria 

diplodiella (Viala et Ravaz) Berl. anamorph: Coniella diplodiella (Speg.) Pet. et Syd.), powdery mildew (Uncinula necator 

(Schein.) Burr. anamorph: Oidium tuckeri Berk.), downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola (Berk.et Curt.) Berl.et de Toni) and grey 

mould (Botrytis bunch rot – B. fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel) are the most common fungal diseases of grapevine. Recently, 

decline symptoms (Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (W. Gams, Crous, M. J. Wingf. & L. Mugnai) in young grapevines have 

increased in areas with new planted vineyards resulting in poor vineyard establishment. In this review we describe symptoms of 

disease and their management, and the effect of climatic factors. 

Dobrivoje Ogašanović, Slobodan Milenković, Olga Mitrović, Miodrag Kandić, Branislav Zlatković, Ljiljana Babić 

(Serbia) Serbian Dried Fruit Research (pp 111-116) 

ABSTRACT 

Invited Mini-Review: Serbia has a very long tradition of plum drying, and it used to be a recognized prune exporter on both a 

European and global scale. Investigations in the field of fruit drying have not always been in accordance with production and 

export of dried fruits, prunes in particular. In times of the largest production and export, no adequate attention was devoted to 

the development and advancement in the respective field, i.e. application of the results of the study, which accodingly resulted 

in a decrease in production and export in the ensuing period. Research aimed at advancing the technology and suitability of 

particular cultivars for drying as well as quality of prune have been pursued ever since the 1960s. Convective drying is the most 

common method of fruit drying, especially plum drying, and is the major drying method in Serbia. The latest investigations 

include current research in the field of kinetics of convective drying, study of newly developed and/or combined methods of fruit 

drying (osmotic, vacuum, lyophilization, etc.) as well as procedures applicable to finishing of dried fruits. 

A. Šrobárová (Slovak Republic), M. Buśko, J. Perkowski (Poland) Kinetics of DON, NIV and ERG Formation in Grain of Two 

Wheat Cultivars after Inoculation with Three Isolates of Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc. (pp 117-124) 

ABSTRACT 

Original Research Paper: During two vegetative periods – the end of September to the end of July – the grain of two wheat 

cultivars (‘Hana’ and ‘Samanta’) was inoculated with three isolates of F. culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc. Isolate I1 (KF 350) was 

the nivalenol (NIV)-producing chemotype while I2 (Haniska) and I3 (Vranov) were deoxynivalenol (DON)-producing 

chemotypes. In all experiments as well as in controls analysis of group B-trichothecenes (NIV, DON) and ergosterol (ERG) 

concentration was performed. Both wheat cultivars possessed resistance to invasion and to toxin accumulation and 

degradation (mainly ‘Hana’). This component of resistance can be seen by kinetics curves where increased toxin production 

appears mainly after 14 and 21 days after inoculation. In spite of this, toxin production had a linear kinetics and small 

concentrations could be observed. However, a slight deviation from linearity was observed in 1998 at the 2 nd and 3 rd week of 

vegetation while in 1999 at the 3 rd and 4 th week. The kinetics of ERG biosynthesis can be described as linear but the amount of 

fungal biomass production depends on the environmental condition. F. culmorum isolates could be differentiated according to 

their chemotype; mycotoxigenicity was also confirmed. This is the first report of trichothecene contamination and their 

distribution during vegetation harvest in Slovakian wheat.

The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology

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